the medical community has long warned against overusing antibiotics in farm animals because of the potential threat to human health. excessive and unnecessary use of the drugs, which are similar to what doctors prescribe for people ' s ear infections, strep throats and other illnesses, can lead to super - resistant strains of bacteria that can cause serious human diseases that have no cure. to keep the drugs working effectively, they should be used judiciously and sparingly. that ' s why it ' s so troubling that the food and drug administration is expected to approve a powerful cattle antibiotic to treat a common pneumonia - like illness, according to a recent report in the washington post. never mind that the agency ' s own panel of advisers urged that the drug be rejected, citing concerns that it could promote emergence of drug - resistant bacteria and that the drug belongs to an class of drugs needed as a last line of defense against serious human infections. or that the american medical association and several other health groups also warned against its use in cattle. it ' s believed that it would be difficult for the fda to deny approval because of its own animal - drug guidelines, which critics say are too industry - friendly. in response to the post story, stephen sundlof, director of the fda center for veterinary medicine, said the agency has not reached a decision and is still collecting information. but the entire debate seems unnecessary. the drug was developed to treat bovine respiratory disease in cattle, yet there already are more than a dozen effective medicines on the market. and if cattle had less - crowded and more hygienic living conditions, disease wouldn ' t be as much of an issue in the first place. in addition to evaluating the drug ' s effect on human health, the fda should consider whether approval would facilitate factory farming. this is bad for the animals, bad for the soil, bad for the environment and, ultimately, bad for us. the drugs turn up in waterways, threatening fish, plants and drinking water, and they also are in manure, used to fertilize farm fields. hl2 style = " briefs ( underscore ) subhead " > medicine in your rice the u. s. department of agriculture has given a provisional go - ahead for genetically modified rice containing human genes to be grown in kansas, despite concerns that the proteins from the pharma rice could find their way into the food chain. the rice would be able to make human proteins that could help reduce bouts of diarrhea in children by about


human genes to be grown in kansas, despite concerns that the proteins from the pharma rice could find their way into the food chain. the rice would be able to make human proteins that could help reduce bouts of diarrhea in children by about a day. meanwhile, the company behind the new rice varieties, ventria bioscience, has talked to the fda about putting the proteins into health foods such as yogurt and granola bars. given the fda ' s track record on ensuring the safety of prescription drugs, the public has good reason to be leery of medicinal food. a scathing report by the national academy of sciences ' institute of medicine called the fda " disorganized and demoralized " and said its system for testing new drugs is deeply flawed. the usda, meanwhile, has demonstrated poor oversight of biotechnology. in less than a year, u. s. regulators have confirmed three incidents of genetically modified rice contamination, including one that has disrupted rice exports. the national academy of sciences has warned that it is virtually impossible to keep plant - made pharmaceuticals from entering the food supply when food crops are engineered to produce them. until this problem is solved, pharmaceutical crops shouldn ' t be cultivated outside. you have until march 30 to submit comments to the usda. if approved, ventria will begin planting rice in the next few months. hl2 style = " briefs ( underscore ) subhead " > a run on glass baby bottles concerns about the chemical bisphenol a, used in many plastic goods, including shatterproof polycarbonate baby bottles, have sparked a run on glass baby bottles from evenflo, according to natural baby. in the last three weeks, " we have had had at least 1, 000 more orders than normal for glass baby bottles alone, " said jen thames, general manager of natural baby. the interest in glass was triggered largely by a california environment research and policy center report that warns about the dangers of bpa, which can leach from certain bottles into breast milk or formula. animal studies have shown that bpa can have reproductive effects. a federal advisory panel studying the safety of the chemical has delayed releasing its finding. to get in line for glass bottles, you can place an order at naturalbabyhome. com. babies " r " us also carries glass bottles, according to evenflo. * e - mail julie deardorff at jdeardorff @ tribune. com and visit her blog at chicagotribune. com / julie. send health and


two astronomers at jet propulsion laboratory have seen halley ' s comet with the naked eye, the first report of persons viewing the comet unaided during its current visit. " we jumped around and gave a few yells into the night air for the coyotes to hear, " astronomer charles morris said. morris and steve edberg, another jpl astronomer who is also the coordinator for amateur observations for the international halley watch, saw the comet early friday morning from a turnout off angeles crest highway near mount waterman, 7, 000 feet above sea level. " it ' s the first naked - eye sighting to my knowledge, " said brian marsden, director of the central bureau for astronomical telegrams, a clearing house for such sightings in cambridge, mass. the comet is still far too dim for most people to be able to see it, although if the weather permits, it should be visible this weekend through binoculars. the two astronomers found the comet first with binoculars and then were able to observe it without optical aids because they knew exactly where to look. halley will grow in brightness for several months before it disappears on the other side of the sun in february. when it reappears in march, it should look more like a comet, sporting a tail. the comet will be at its brightest just before dawn the first week in april.


it ’ s president ’ s day! and what ’ s a better way to celebrate than to honor two of our most remembered presidents : george washington and abraham lincoln than to highlight some of their green achievements. you may think that going “ green ” is a relatively new movement, but some people have been watching out for our earth for centuries. even though neither george washington nor abraham lincoln are known for environmentalism, both made their mark and set good examples for generations to follow. president washington may be known for his outstanding leadership in the military, and his exemplary work as the first president, but what i bet you didn ’ t know is how much he was into the environment. his first true love was farming. he was out in the yard every day before his days in the office. don ’ t believe us? just take a trip to mount vernon where it all began. not only did washington admire his gardens, but he revolutionized them. have you ever used a repository for dung, or maybe rotated your crops? both of these ideas came from him. yes, our former first president, george washington used to spend his time experimenting with manure. he was the first one to construct a separate building to create natural fertilizer. he hoped that by experimenting with the dung, he could find out what works best in the fields. president washington may have been into the environment in his mature days, but i don ’ t think any of us have forgotten about his infamous cherry tree myth. but that ’ s just it.. is it myth or fact? regardless of the truth, i think washington would be very proud of each one of us who plant a tree to honor this day. for us new englanders or others living in cold climates, who cannot go out and plant that tree, you can always donate to a supporting tree foundation. as far as president abraham lincoln goes, he has certainly done us a favor. i don ’ t know about you guys, but i love being able to take a stroll in a beautiful park and enjoy mother nature. president lincoln was the first person to establish land preserves for our collective enjoyment. the first two areas of land were california ’ s yosemite valley and mariposa grove. the creation of these protected forests began the foundation for national park systems. this tall president was bigger than parks though. although in the midst of civil war, lincoln established the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) in 1862 and the national academy of sciences in 1863. without his help who knows where our organic


mawson, c. o. s., ed. ( 18701938 ). rogets international thesaurus. 1922. class iv. words relating to the intellectual faculties division ( i ) formation of ideas section iv. reasoning processes confutation, refutation ; answer, complete answer ; disproof, conviction, redargution, invalidation ; exposure, exposition, expose [ f. ], clincher [ colloq. ], retort, reductio ad absurdum [ l. ] ; knock - down - ; tu quoque - argument ; sockdolager [ slang, u. s. ]. confute, refute ; parry, negative, disprove, redargue, expose, show up, show the fallacy of, rebut, defeat ; demolish ( destroy ) [ see destruction ] ; overthrow, overturn ; scatter to the winds, explode, invalidate ; silence ; put -, reduce - to silence ; clinch - an argument, - a question ; give one a setdown [ colloq. ], stop the mouth, shut up ; have, have on the hip, have the better of ; confound [ archaic ], convince. not leave a leg to stand on, cut the ground from under ones feet ; smash all opposition ; knock the bottom out of an argument [ colloq. ]. be confuted & c. ; fail ; expose -, show - ones weak point. confutable, confutative, refutable ; confuting, confuted, & c. v. ; capable of refutation. condemned - on ones own showing, - out of ones own mouth ; hoist with his own petar [ hamlet ]. the argument falls to the ground. it does not hold water. suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo. terence thy speech bewrayeth thee. bible now, infidel, i have you on the hip. merchant of venice


hans christian andersen. ( 18051875 ) tales. the harvard classics. 190914. the constant tin soldier there were once five - and - twenty tin soldiers ; they were all brothers, for they had all been born of one old tin spoon. they shouldered their muskets and looked straight before them ; their uniform was red and blue, and very splendid. the first thing they had heard in the world, when the lid was taken off their box, had been the words tin soldiers! these words were uttered by a little boy, clapping his hands ; the soldiers had been given to him, for it was his birthday ; and now he put them upon the table. each soldier was exactly like the rest ; but one of them had been cast last of all, and there had not been enough tin to finish him ; but he stood as firmly upon one leg as the others on their two ; and it was just this soldier who became remarkable. on the table on which they had been placed stood many other playthings, but the toy that attracted most attention was a neat castle of card - board. through the little windows one could see straight into the hall. before the castle some little trees were placed round a little looking - glass, which was to represent a clear lake. waxen swans swam on this lake, and were mirrored in it. this was all very pretty ; but the prettiest of all was a little lady, who stood at the open door of the castle ; she was also cut out in paper, but she had a dress of the clearest gauze, and a little narrow blue ribbon over her shoulders, that looked like a scarf ; and in the middle of this ribbon was a shining tinsel rose, as big as her whole face. the little lady stretched out both her arms, for she was a dancer, and then she lifted one leg so high that the tin soldier could not see it at all, and thought that, like himself, she had but one leg. that would be the wife for me, thought he ; but she is very grand. she lives in a castle, and i have only a box, and there are five - and - twenty of us in that. it is no place for her. but i must try to make acquaintance with her. when the evening came, all the other tin soldiers were put into their box, and the people in the house went to bed. now the toys began to play at visiting, and at war, and giving balls. the tin soldiers rattled in their


. when the evening came, all the other tin soldiers were put into their box, and the people in the house went to bed. now the toys began to play at visiting, and at war, and giving balls. the tin soldiers rattled in their box, for they wanted to join, but could not lift the lid. the nut - cracker threw somersaults, and the pencil amused itself on the table ; there was so much noise that the canary woke up, and began to speak too, and even in verse. the only two who did not stir from their places were the tin soldier and the dancing lady ; she stood straight up on the point of one of her toes, and stretched out both her arms : and he was just as enduring on his one leg ; and he never turned his eyes away from her. but when the morning came, and the children got up, the tin soldier was placed in the window ; and whether it was the goblin or the draught that did it, all at once the window flew open, and the soldier fell, head over heels, out of the third story. the servant - maid and the little boy came down directly to look for him, but though they almost trod upon him they could not see him. if the soldier had cried out, here i am! they would have found him ; but he did not think it fitting to call out loudly, because he was in uniform. and they made a boat out of a newspaper, and put the tin soldier in the middle of it ; and so he sailed down the gutter, and the two boys ran beside him and clapped their hands. goodness preserve us! how the waves rose in that gutter, and how fast the stream ran! but then it had been a heavy rain. the paper boat rocked up and down, and sometimes turned round so rapidly that the tin soldier trembled ; but he remained firm, and never changed countenance, and looked straight before him, and shouldered his musket. but the stream became stronger and stronger. the tin soldier could see the bright daylight where the arch ended ; but he heard a roaring noise, which might well frighten a bolder man. only thinkjust where the tunnel ended, the drain ran into a great canal ; and for him that would have been as dangerous as for us to be carried down a great waterfall. now he was already so near it that he could not stop. the boat was carried out, the poor tin soldier stiffening himself as much as he could, and


that would have been as dangerous as for us to be carried down a great waterfall. now he was already so near it that he could not stop. the boat was carried out, the poor tin soldier stiffening himself as much as he could, and no one could say that he moved an eyelid. the boat whirled round three or four times, and was full of water to the very edgeit must sink. the tin soldier stood up to his neck in water, and the boat sank deeper and deeper, and the paper was loosened more and more ; and now the water closed over the soldiers head. then he thought of the pretty little dancer, and how he should never see her again ; and it sounded in the soldiers ears : o, how dark it was in that fishs body! it was darker yet than in the drain tunnel ; and then it was very narrow, too. but the tin soldier remained unmoved, and lay at full length, shouldering his musket. the fish swam to and fro ; he made the most wonderful movements, and then became quite still. at last something flashed through him like lightning. the daylight shone quite clear, and a voice said aloud, the tin soldier! the fish had been caught, carried to market, bought, and taken into the kitchen, where the cook cut him open with a large knife. she seized the soldier round the body with both her hands, and carried him into the room where all were anxious to see the remarkable man who had travelled about in the inside of a fish ; but the tin soldier was not at all proud. they placed him on the table, and thereno! what curious things may happen in the world! the tin soldier was in the very room in which he had been before! he saw the same children, and the same toys stood upon the table ; and there was the pretty castle with the graceful little dancer. she was still balancing herself on one leg, and held the other extended in the air. she was faithful too. that moved the tin soldier : he was very near weeping tin tears, but that would not have been proper. he looked at her, but they said nothing to each other. the tin soldier stood there quite illuminated, and felt a heat that was terrible ; but whether this heat proceeded from the real fire or from love he did not know. the colors had quite gone off from him ; but whether that had happened on the journey, or had been caused by grief, no one could say. he looked at the little lady


corn kernels await planting at a farm in rural angola. " get biotechnology on the agenda for africa " op - ed, the japan times june 30, 2008 author : calestous juma, professor of the practice of international development ; director, science, technology, and globalization project ; principal investigator, agricultural innovation in africa leaders at the group of eight industrialized nations ' summit in hokkaido next month need to take strong measures to promote cooperation in using biotechnology to address africa ' s food challenges. at present there is resistance from europe, and even japan is dragging its feet on this vital issue. critics often argue that using modern biotechnology in african agriculture would harm farmers, wreck the environment and expose consumers to unknown risks. but by failing to adopt biotechnology, africa puts its poor populations at greater risk of starvation. without substantial investment in biotechnology to address critical challenges such as drought, africa will continue to experience food deficits. the g8 summit should encourage africa and its partners to design new models of cooperation that involve partnerships between government, industry and academia. an example of such creative institutional arrangements is the water efficient maize for africa initiative funded by the bill and melinda gates foundation and the howard g. buffett foundation. the aim of the $ 47 million grant to the african agricultural technology foundation ( aatf ) is to develop drought - tolerant and royalty - free maize varieties for africa. it will use marker - assisted technology and other biotechnologies. the first drought - tolerant variety will be available in seven years. critics argue that intellectual property rights prevent african countries from obtaining technologies to meet basic needs. but new drought - tolerance techniques have already been licensed to aatf without charge. they can be developed, tested and distributed to small - scale african farmers without charge. under this novel arrangement, the international maize and wheat improvement center ( cimmyt ) avails itself of conventionally developed drought - tolerant, high - yielding maize varieties suited to african conditions. in addition to cimmyt ' s expertise, monsanto will offer proprietary genetic material and advanced breeding techniques. monsanto and basf will offer royalty - free, drought - tolerant genes arising from their collaboration. participating countries ( kenya, uganda, tanzania and south africa ) will provide additional expertise available in farmers ' groups and local companies. considerable effort has gone into forging partnerships that let african countries enter into genuine partnership with companies in industrialized countries as envisaged in the " freedom to innovate " report commissioned by the african union and the new economic partnership for africa ' s development. this partnership illustrates the


i ’ ve observed a constellation of ideas that has been a part of western thinking for a long time, but became most influential beginning with the enlightenment. it has to do with notions of freedom and determinism ( specifically in terms of materialism and mechanism, environmentalism and communitarianism / socialism ) along with heretical views about god and nature, specifically such views as deism and pantheism / panentheism. it, of course, involves criticisms of biblical literalism and the rise of modern biblical studies in general, the enlightenment idea being that faith and revelation doesn ’ t trump reason. an early origin of this constellation has to do with the stoics. they dealt with the problems of human fate. it was from the stoics that the early christians inherited natural law. freewill was a major issue for christian theologians in those first several centuries. augustine was heavily impacted by his experience as a manichaean, and through this he introduced elements of manichaeism into catholicism. he particularly struggled with evil and freewill. this led him to a compromised position of original sin and the necessity of the church as a proxy to enforce god ’ s will and hence enforce social order. later on, the reformation era was a major factor in setting the stage for the enlightenment. take erasmus as an example. he helped form modern biblical criticism and the humanistic tradition. he also was involved with a famous debate with luther about freewill. my focus on these ideas, however, isn ’ t as directly related to religion. the specific constellation of ideas can be seen in hobbes ’ writings, but more clearly takes form with spinoza and locke ( the latter two born in the same year ). spinoza and locke represent the two sides of the enlightenment, radical and moderate. locke isn ’ t part of my main focus at the moment, although he forms an obvious context for most people in thinking about the development of the western tradition. instead, the more radical spinoza has been on my mind. this constellation of ideas can be seen in the entire enlightenment tradition and represents a core element, but it is most clearly manifest in the radical enlightenment with its tendency toward deism. in light of spinoza, hobbes has come to my attention. hobbes is a precursor to the moderate enlightenment, but he does share at least one thing in common with spinoza. both were determinists. hobbes saw human nature as dangerous. so, he put forth a secularized version of the


jefferson ’ s deism and his original draft of the declaration of independence that declared all people equal, no matter their religion, race or gender ). if freedom is part of natural law, then it is destined to be. god isn ’ t arbitrary. god ’ s will is the law of this world, i. e., natural law. as such, all of the world chafes at the reigns of oppression for, from this view, it is unnatural and unsustainable. during lincoln ’ s life, marxism and socialism were having great impact. many of the left - wing revolutionaries in europe had immigrated to america, some even joining lincoln ’ s administration or the leadership of the union army. more of marx ’ s writings had been published in a republican newspaper than anywhere else in the world and that newspaper was regularly read by lincoln. marx was another thinker who was influenced by spinoza, and some marxists today have attempted to rehabilitate marxism by way of spinoza. socialism is closely related to environmentalism for the environment includes both the social environment and the natural environment. this also brings us to the whole deep ecology angle which relates to the nature ’ s god of the deists and so goes back to spinoza. the original influence on deep ecology came from a philosophical pessimist, peter wessel zapffe. there is the common idea of the environment influencing or determining human behavior, an idea that was implicit if often submerged in the enlightenment project. different theorists go in diverse directions about this environmental influence, but it has becoming increasingly central to the ideas most clearly formulated by the first enlightenment thinkers. ideas about freedom have a close history with ideas about fate. this reminds me, as many things do, of the trickster archetype. there is the liminal space between seemingly polar concepts. they are secretly connected and can ’ t be divided for it goes beyond mere philosophy. this is moreso about human nature than about any particular ideology. this constellation of ideas can lead to many ideologies. what makes me wonder is the factor that causes these ideas to constellate in the fist place. what is their affinity? in the trickster archetype, there are issues of egalitarianism in terms of bringing the high down low and there are issues of charisma that offers a vision of egalitarianism and empowerment. thinkers such as paine and lincoln certainly weren ’ t lacking in charisma. i ’ m not sure what all this adds up to. just some thoughts


carbon monoxide is an odorless, tasteless, colorless gas which can build up in your home and become a very real health threat. it is produced when fuels are not burned completely. these fuels are commonplace in both the home and work environments. carbon monoxide is produced by any vehicle, motor, appliance, generator or power equipment that runs on fuel. these fuelsinclude : wood, coal, kerosene, home heating oil, diesel fuel, natural and propane gas, and charcoal. anything that burns can produce carbon monoxide. according to the consumer product safety commission, each year there are over 170 reported deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning. many people are aware of the dangers of leaving a car running in a closed garage, but more deaths occur from malfunctioning fuel powered appliances than car exhaust. these appliances are common in almost every household and include, gas ranges, oil burners, fireplaces – both gas and wood – hot water heaters, gas dryers, generators, room heaters and wood and coal stoves. fatalities due to carbon monoxide poisoning rises in the winter months, during power outages and the use of gas powered generators or gas stoves are used for heat. emergency rooms treat several thousand people suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning each year. the key to avoiding carbon monoxide poisoning is prevention. - fuel supplied heating systems – gas, oil, wood, coal - should be checked and serviced once a year by a professional. make sure when the heating system is serviced or inspected that special attention is given to exhaust venting systems such as chimneys and flues. the venting system also needs to be checked for corrosion, loose connections and disconnection of chimney parts. wood and coal burning stoves and fireplaces should have their chimneys cleaned at least once a year. - even though the garage door may be open, never run any type of gas powered machinery or appliance in the garage. generators, mowers, automobiles and fuel engine driven machines will exhaust carbon monoxide. also, never use a camp stove or any portable stove, barbecue, etc in the garage, house or any enclosed space. carbon monoxide can very easily creep into the house and build up in enclosed places quickly reaching poisonous levels and may be fatal. - when appliances such as gas ranges and dryers are installed, always use a professional to do this. they will make sure it is installed to manufacturer ’ s specifications and meets all building code standards. this ensures they are operating properly and are


fatal. - when appliances such as gas ranges and dryers are installed, always use a professional to do this. they will make sure it is installed to manufacturer ’ s specifications and meets all building code standards. this ensures they are operating properly and are not a source of carbon monoxide poisoning. another good preventative is installing carbon monoxide sensors. they should be installed in the hallway by bedrooms and on every level of the house. be sure to purchase one that meets current safety standards and test the batteries twice a year. the average life span of a sensor is 2 years. follow the manufacturer ’ s guideline for how often they need to be replaced. if you suspect carbon monoxide in your home, you can check by using a badge or test kit. this is an inexpensive device which can be placed in a suspected area. the badge will change color within 15 minutes if carbon monoxide is detected. even a slight change of color needs to be investigated immediately. if the badge does not change color it can be left in place for 60 - 90 days depending on what the manufacturer suggests. symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning : - mental confusion - flue like symptoms that come on suddenly with no fever - shortness of breath if you or your family have these symptoms and you suspect or have tested positive for levels of carbon monoxide, take immediate steps. - clear the house! - open the windows to ventilate and go to the emergency room! do not stay in the house or area as the undetectable gas can make a person very ill in a very short time, depending on the concentration. the symptoms can rapidly progress to unconsciousness and death. awareness and prevention are the best way to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning.


jezreel expedition update july 2012 by jennie ebeling associate professor of archaeology university of evansville by norma franklin the zinman institute of archaeology university of haifa members of the jezreel expedition headed by co - directors norma franklin ( zinman institute of archaeology, university of haifa ) and jennie ebeling ( department of archaeology and art history, university of evansville ) conducted an intensive landscape survey of greater jezreel in june 2012. the main goal of the inaugural season was to record surface features in a three square kilometer area to the west, north, and east of tel jezreel in order to identify areas for excavation in summer 2013 ( figure 1 ). the jezreel team documented more than 360 features, including cisterns, cave tombs, rock - cut tombs, agricultural and industrial installations, terrace and village walls, quarries and more ; most of these features had never been systematically recorded before. the results of this survey shed light on the extent of different settlements at jezreel from late prehistory through to the 20th century ce palestinian village of zerin. in preparation for the 2012 season, maps, plans, aerial photographs, and various other unpublished materials relating to the site were collected from sources in israel, great britain, and elsewhere. in february 2012, the jezreel team commissioned a lidar ( light detection and ranging ) airborne laser scan of ca. 7. 5 square kilometers of greater jezreel from ofek aerial photography, ltd. the lidar scan provided us with accurate locational and height data that enabled the creation of a three - dimensional model of the land surface ( figure 2 ). the resultant model was examined to identify historic and natural features and georeferenced with aerial photographs ( the earliest of which dates to 1918 ) ; this provided us with data concerning the landscape before mechanized farming and other modern surface - changing events took place. this is the first time that aerial lidar has been used by an archaeological project in israel. land to the west, north, and east of the tel was divided into survey areas based on the lidar model ; when possible, natural, and modern features delineated these large areas. each identified feature was assigned a locus / feature number and information was recorded along with one or more sketch plans on a locus sheet. coordinates and elevations were taken for each feature using a handheld gps ( garmin etrex hc ), and a digital camera was used to document each feature from several angles ( figure 3 ).


with one or more sketch plans on a locus sheet. coordinates and elevations were taken for each feature using a handheld gps ( garmin etrex hc ), and a digital camera was used to document each feature from several angles ( figure 3 ). since the goal of this survey was to identify surface features, pottery and other artifacts were not systematically collected other than in area t, located on the terrace that overlooks ein jezreel ( the spring ) ( figure 4 ). pottery, lithic, and ground stone artifacts were collected on the terrace to the west and the east of the masha, or uncultivated area that was too overgrown to properly survey, designated area s. to the west of the masha, the team collected pottery from the early bronze, intermediate bronze, middle bronze, iron age, roman, byzantine and modern periods ; to its east, wadi rabah, chalcolithic, early bronze, intermediate bronze, iron, and byzantine pottery was collected. this information, along with the results of earlier surveys conducted by n. zori and members of the tel aviv british school of archaeology excavation team in the 1990s led by p. croft, suggest that the site was inhabited continuously from as early as the late neolithic period until the byzantine period. the team plans to open an excavation area on the terrace in 2013 in order to investigate the occupational phases of this lower site. other excavation areas are also planned in selected areas on the tel and on the north and east slopes. the 2012 jezreel expedition team included norma franklin ( university of haifa ) and jennie ebeling ( university of evansville ), ian cipin ( university college london ), julye bidmead ( chapman university ), noga blockman ( tel aviv university ), and deborah appler ( moravian theological seminary ) along with eight archaeology majors and alumni from the university of evansville : megan anderson, nathan biondi, sarah carlton, emma dunleavy, kelly goodner, michael koletsos, emily mella, and hilda torres ( figure 5 ). john egerton, deborah graf, and rebekah thomas of moravian theological seminary participated for several days, as well did jeff anderson ( wayland baptist university ), willie ondricek ( university of the holy land ), and daria trumbo. technical support was provided by peter ostrin ( university of leicester ) and matthew bradley in oxford. the team wishes to thank former co - director of the tel jezreel excavations david ussishkin


), and daria trumbo. technical support was provided by peter ostrin ( university of leicester ) and matthew bradley in oxford. the team wishes to thank former co - director of the tel jezreel excavations david ussishkin ( tel aviv university ) as well as mina weinstein - evron and michael eisenberg ( university of haifa ) for their support of this project, and deborah cantrell ( vanderbilt university ), shimon gibson ( university of the holy land ) and eran arie ( tel aviv university ) for their advice and assistance. we have benefited from cooperation with the megiddo expedition and the generosity of directors israel finkelstein and david ussishkin ( tel aviv university ) and eric cline ( george washington university ). we also wish to thank sheila bishop, president of the foundation for biblical archaeology, for her generous assistance. the jezreel team lodged in the partnership house at kibbutz yizreel for the month of june and enjoyed the warm hospitality of kibbutz members. for more information about the jezreel expedition, please visit our website : www. jezreel - expedition. com figures 1 and 4 courtesy of todd bolen. use the form below to submit a new comment. comments are moderated and logged, and may be edited. you must provide your full name. inappropriate material will not be posted.


oikodome : ( the act of ) building, a buildingoriginal word : οικοδομη, ης, η part of speech : noun, feminine phonetic spelling : ( oy - kod - om - ay ' ) short definition : the act of building, a building, edification definition : ( a ) the act of building, ( b ) a building, ( c ) met : spiritual advancement, edification. cognate : 3619 oikodome – properly, a building ( edifice ) serving as a home ; ( figuratively ) constructive criticism and instruction that builds a person up to be the suitable dwelling place of god, i. e. where the lord is " at home. " see 3618 ( oikodemeo ). word origin from oikos and the same as doma ( the act of ) building, a building building ( 8 ), buildings ( 3 ), edification ( 5 ), edifying ( 1 ), upbuilding ( 1 ). strongs nt 3619 : οικοδομη οικοδομη, οικοδομης, η ( οικος, and δεμω to build ), a later greek word, condemned by phryn., yet used by aristotle, theophrastus, ( ( but both these thought to be doubtful ) ), diodorus ( 1, 46 ), philo ( vit. moys. i. § 40 ; de monarch. ii. § 2 ), josephus, plutarch, the sept., and many others, for οικοδομημα and οικοδομησις ; cf. lob. ad phryn., p. 481ff, cf. p. 421 ; ( winer ' s grammar, 24 ) ; 1. ( the act of ) building, building up, equivalent to το οικοδομειν ; as, των τειχεων, 1 macc. 16 : 23 ; του οικου του θεου, 1 chronicles 26 : 27 ; in the n. t. metaphorically, " edifying, edification, i. e. the act of one who promotes another ' s growth in christian wisdom, piety, holiness, happiness " ( see οικοδομεω


n. t. metaphorically, " edifying, edification, i. e. the act of one who promotes another ' s growth in christian wisdom, piety, holiness, happiness " ( see οικοδομεω, b. β '. ( cf. winer ' s grammar, 35 ( 34 ) ) ) : romans 14 : 19 ; romans 15 : 2 ; ( 1 corinthians 14 : 26 ) ; 2 corinthians 10 : 8 ( see below ) ; ; ephesians 4 : 29 ; with a genitive of the person whose growth is furthered, υμων, 2 corinthians 12 : 19 ( cf. 10 : 8 ) ; εαυτου ( tdf. αυτου ), ephesians 4 : 16 ; του σωματος του χριστου, ephesians 4 : 12 ; της εκκλησιας, 1 corinthians 14 : 12 ; equivalent to το οικοδομουν, what contributes to edification, or augments wisdom, etc. λαλειν, λαβειν, οικοδομην, 1 corinthians 14 : 3, 5. 2. equivalent to οικοδομημα, a building ( i. e. thing built, edifice ) : mark 13 : 1f ; του ιερου, matthew 24 : 1 ; used of the heavenly body, the abode of the soul after death, 2 corinthians 5 : 1 ; tropically, of a body of christians, a christian church ( see οικοδομεω, b. β '. ), ephesians 2 : 21 ( cf. πας, i. 1 c. ) ; with a genitive of the owner or occupant, θεου, 1 corinthians 3 : 9. < 1 > feminine ( abstract ) of a compound of oikos and the base of doma ; architecture, i. e. ( concretely ) a structure ; figuratively, confirmation - - building, edify ( - ication, - ing ). see greek oikos see greek doma οικοδομαι οικοδομαι οικοδομα


- - building, edify ( - ication, - ing ). see greek oikos see greek doma οικοδομαι οικοδομαι οικοδομαι οικοδομας οικοδομας οικοδομας οικοδομας οικοδομη οικοδομη οικοδομη οικοδομη οικοδομην οικοδομην οικοδομην οικοδομην οικοδομης οικοδομης οικοδομης oikodomai oikodomai oikodomas oikodomas oikodomas oikodome oikodome oikodome oikodome oikodomen oikodomen oikodomen oikodomen oikodomes oikodomes oikodomes oikodomes strong ' s greek 3619 οικοδομαι — 1 occ. οικοδομας — 2 occ. οικοδομη — 2 occ. οικοδομην — 11 occ. οικοδομης — 2 occ. matthew 24 : 1 n - afp bib : αυτω τας οικοδομας του ιερου nas : out the temple buildings to him. kjv : him the buildings of the temple. int : to him the buildings of the temple mark 13 : 1 n - nfp bib : και ποταπαι οικοδομαι nas : stones and what wonderful buildings! kjv : and what buildings [ are here ]! int : and what [ wonderful ] buildings mark 13 : 2 n - afp bib : τας μεγαλας οικοδομας ου μη nas : great buildings? not one stone kjv : these great buildings? there shall not int : great buildings no not romans 14 : 19 n - gfs bib : τα της ο


afs bib : παντα προς οικοδομην γινεσθω nas : be done for edification. kjv : be done unto edifying. int : all things for building up let be done 2 corinthians 5 : 1 n - afs bib : σκηνους καταλυθη οικοδομην εκ θεου nas : we have a building from god, kjv : we have a building of int : tabernacle be destroyed a building from god 2 corinthians 10 : 8 n - afs bib : κυριος εις οικοδομην και ουκ nas : gave for building you up and not for destroying kjv : us for edification, and not int : lord for building up and not 2 corinthians 12 : 19 n - gfs bib : της υμων οικοδομης nas : and all for your upbuilding, beloved. kjv : for your edifying. int : your building up 2 corinthians 13 : 10 n - afs bib : μοι εις οικοδομην και ουκ nas : gave me for building up and not for tearing down. kjv : me to edification, and not int : me for building up and not ephesians 2 : 21 n - nfs bib : ω πασα οικοδομη συναρμολογουμενη αυξει nas : the whole building, being fitted together, kjv : all the building fitly framed together int : whom the whole building fitted together increases ephesians 4 : 12 n - afs bib : διακονιας εις οικοδομην του σωματος nas : of service, to the building up of the body kjv : for the edifying of the body int : of [ the ] ministry for building up of the body ephesians 4 : 16 n - afs bib : ποιειται εις οικοδομην εαυτου εν nas


here is one method of front suspension for a bicycle that came out in 1889! this was patented by j. s. copeland. when the front wheel hits a bump, it can travel up in relation to the frame. it also has a cool spoon brake, which was the norm before caliper brakes were invented. it is the same idea as shown in the softride shock absorber stem above, which is also a parallelogram with a strong spring, to cushion some shock from hard bumps. but in the softride version, the wheel doesn ’ t travel up, the handlebars travel down. my friend kurt inutah really likes his softride stem, and has used it for years. here is a pretty well developed full suspension bike patented in 1890, a year before mcglinchey ’ s full suspension velocipede, and 32 years before telescoping forks of sage. as far as i know, becker is the first inventor of the full suspension bicycle here is a rear suspension bike from 1891 which used springs in a tube to give some give to the rear wheel. here is another candidate for the first rear suspension bicycle design, from 1891. its modern counterpart is shown below. here is a very early version of front suspension on a bike. in this patent from 1891 there is a spring in the headset, and the fork assembly can move back and forth to absorb road shock. this front suspension seems to be the precursor to early springer motorcycle forks. the beefy springs allowed the front wheel and forks to move upward and absorb some road shocks. those old bike designers tried a lot of ways to cushion the ride of the safety bike on the rough roads found at the end of the 19th century. here is a different way to employ springs on the front forks to cushion the ride. this appears to be a front suspension bike, patented in 1891. the seat and cranks are attached solidly to the rear wheel, but if the front wheel hit a bump it would be allowed to raise up against the spring located near the crank. interesting. many other early suspension designs are in the bicycle technology section of the patent pending blog. in the top version of this bike, steering is by handles by the saddle, which is connected to the front wheel by cables. there is no traditional handlebar. i think the inventor was trying to allow the rider to sit upright and not have to lean forward to steer the front wheel. that might really relieve some back strain. here is a good way to have multiple speeds on


this is called the " thrifty gene hypothesis " which was first used to explain why diabetes is so common. basically it suggests that these alleles would have provided some kind of advantage, over the other possible alleles at that loci, until the environment changed. then the environment changed and the allele became harmful. environments are always changing and therefore favour different alleles ( variant of a loci ). i suggest the genes linked to obesity in the modern world would, if tested on the old world populations would have been linked to being of a healthy weight. further, those without it may have been skinnier and more likely to suffer from the disadvantages of being in such condition. however, this paper present some counter arguments to the thrifty gene hypothesis. speakman suggests that the genes responsible spread via genetic ( allelic ) drift rather than by positive selection. it is worth remembering that drift is very poor at spreading new mutations through large populations so there are also weaknesses to his arguments. one example of a change in the favoured allele caused by an environmental shift is the ddt resistance gene in drosophila which was present in the population at very low levels for a long period of time. as an aside, it possibly remained this way because it was subject to sexually antagonistic selection - beneficial to females whilst detrimental to males. it then spread through the population when ddt pesticides were used because it obviously became highly beneficial. many other examples of environmental change leading to different selection are around, this is just one off the top of my head. another is the galapagos finches in a drought in the late 20th century. hth, if not please ask more and if it does then please accept it!


research carried william g. christen harvard medical school in boston united states showed that consumption of fish containing omega - 3 can significantly reduce the risk of age - related mucular degenerations ( amd ). in his research, reviewing data christen 38. 022 women who previously suffered blindness due to aging. this research is one part of a long - term study called the women ’ s health study. the women ’ s diet was studied through interviews at the beginning of the study, including information regarding the intake of fatty acid dha ( docosahexaenoic acid ) and epa ( eicosapentaenoic acid ) – omega - 3 fatty acids found in fish. the study also tracks consumer intake of aa ( arachidonic acid ) and linoleic acid which is an omega - 6 fatty acids. after monitoring for about 10 years, researchers found 235 cases of amd among the respondents. the research, published in the journal archives of ophthalmology found that women who consumed the most dha recorded 38 percent lower risk of suffering from amd than those who consume the lowest amounts. consumption of one or more servings of fish contain omega 3 in a week, compared with the intake of one serving of fish per month, with regard to 42 percent lower risk of amd. “ this lower risk is present mainly in the consumption of tuna and dark meat ( dark meat ), ” said christen.


high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a common yet serious health condition affecting about 1 out of every 3 adults in the u. s. it is often called the “ silent killer ” because it greatly increases the risk of heart attack and stroke yet many people with hypertension do not have the classic symptoms of high blood pressure : sweating, nervousness, or trouble sleeping. with this being national high blood pressure education month, we thought we would help dispel harmful misconceptions surrounding this condition. myth 1 : high blood pressure runs in my family so i will get it too. while a family history of hypertension does increase your risk of developing it, that doesn ’ t mean you can ’ t avoid it. these healthy lifestyle factors can help prevent high blood pressure : - eat a healthy diet that consists of fruits and vegetables, lean protein and whole grains. limit unhealthy saturated fats, sodium and fast carbs ( sugar and processed flour ) - get regular physical activity – about 30 minutes a day - maintain a healthy weight - manage stress - avoid tobacco and limit alcohol consumption to 1 drink per day for women and 2 for men. myth 2 : i feel fine. i don ’ t have to worry about high blood pressure. even if you feel good and have no family history or other risk factors for high blood pressure, that doesn ’ t mean you are safe. many people don ’ t have symptoms. be sure to get your blood pressure checked at least once every two years. myth 3 : if my blood pressure is 119 / 79 ( considered normal ) then i ’ m in good shape. not so fast. normal blood pressure for a healthy person may be 119 / 79 ( or below ) but if you have other health conditions such as diabetes, excess body weight or high cholesterol, then your doctor may want your blood pressure even lower. myth 4 : kosher and sea salt are low sodium alternatives to table salt. like table salt, both kosher and sea salt contain 40 % sodium and count the same toward total sodium consumption. myth 5 : i was diagnosed with high blood pressure but i have it under control now so i can stop taking medication. high blood pressure can be a life - long disease. don ’ t stop taking your medication, but do speak with your doctor about your concerns and prognosis. for more ways to lower your risk of hypertension or keep it in check try these 10 top ways to manage blood pressure naturally. american heart association


introduction to the issue the origination of cheerleading in this country has been traced back to supportive fans right here at the university of minnesota in 1898 ( boden, tacchetti, & mueller, 2003 ). unfortunately, the activity of cheerleading, both in high school and collegiate settings, has become much more complicated today. injuries resulting from cheerleading, both minor and severe, are increasing at an alarming rate and there has not been enough done to prevent these regrettable injuries. most people consider cheerleading to be a relatively safe sport, especially compared to other contact sports, like football ( magna ’ s campus legal, 2006 ). however, cheerleading injuries, especially catastrophic injuries, have been dramatically rising over the last twenty - five years and are continuing to do so ( magna ’ s campus legal, 2006 ). it is estimated that there are about one million participants in cheerleading activities in the united states, ranging from elementary school through professional sport levels ( jacobson, redus, & palmer, 2005 ). four - hundred and fifty thousand of those participants are in high schools and colleges. cheerleading has quickly become more appealing and is now one of the four most popular organized sports activities for females in high school ( boden, tacchetti, & mueller, 2003 ). even though the number of participants in cheerleading activities is increasing, the rates of injuries are still disproportionately high. the national center for catastrophic sports injury research ( nccsi ) has included a special section on severe cheerleading injuries in their 2007 annual report ( mueller & cantu, 2007 ). the report has indicated that cheerleading is the leading cause of direct catastrophic injuries for all high school and college females, accounting for 55 % of all high school direct catastrophic injuries, and 59. 3 % of comparable college injuries. the 2007 nccsi annual report also indicated that cheerleading injuries are a major cause of all sports - related fatalities for females ( mueller & cantu, 2007 ). there were 75 direct deaths reported among high school and college female athletes from the fall of 1982 to the spring of 2007. forty - two of these deaths resulted from cheerleading injuries. high school deaths totaled 25, and college deaths totaled 17. the majority of the deaths that were not caused by cheerleading were the result of gymnastics. the two sports share a variety of dangerous movements ( e. g. tumbling ). there is a wide variety of injuries experienced by cheerleaders, varying also in severity. in an attempt to identify those most likely to experience injury and what type of injury is most common


a variety of dangerous movements ( e. g. tumbling ). there is a wide variety of injuries experienced by cheerleaders, varying also in severity. in an attempt to identify those most likely to experience injury and what type of injury is most common, jacobson, redus, & palmer conducted a study of 30 division ia schools in 2005. the median age of active cheerleaders responding was just over 20 years, and 78 % of all respondents had been injured at some point in their cheerleading career. most had been injured multiple times, with a median of 3. 5 total career injuries and 16. 7 % reporting 5 or more career injuries. roughly 87 % of the injuries required treatment by a doctor and 40 % required surgery. there is definitely a large amount of serious injuries resulting from this once relatively harmless activity. the most common site for injury is the ankle ( 44. 9 % ). other sites include wrist / hand ( 19. 3 % ), back ( 9. 2 % ), and knee ( 11. 2 % ). varying sources cite that head and neck injuries, which tend to be much more serious, account for between 7 and 10 % of all cheerleading - associated injuries ( jacobson, redus, & mueller, 2005 ). as the data indicates, cheerleading injuries occur most often in females. this is predominantly because the overwhelming majority of cheerleading participants are female. females are also more likely to be the ones that perform the most dangerous aspect of stunts, such as being a “ flyer ” ( one who is tossed or held up in the air by other cheerleaders ). data is unclear on male cheerleading injuries. sometimes they are even intentionally left out of statistical studies ( mueller & cantu, 2007 ). photo source : nationalspirit. com - - cheerleading has become much more dangerous over the past few decades - - at the same time, it is increasing in popularity, and has many more participants - - even with increased participation, the rates of injuries are still disproportionately high - - cheerleading is the leading cause of direct catastrophic injuries for all high school and college females - - 42 out of 75 sports - related direct deaths resulted from cheerleading injuries - - according to a recent study, 78 % of cheerleaders are injured at least once in their cheer career, varying in severity - - head / neck injuries account for 7 - 10 % of all sustained injuries


1. the pre - islamic arab romance of antara and the maley islamic hikayat of mohammad hanafiah dafari, saleh salim sahlan al -, and mohammad hanafiah. “ the pre - islamic arab romance of antara and the malay islamic hikayat of mohammad hanafiah : a comparative study. ” gombak review 1. i ( 1996 ) : 59 - 66. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 14 apr. 2011. 2. the hostage, or who was who? gelder, geert jan van, and geert jan van gelder. “ the hostage, or who was who? a story from pre - islamic arabia. ” middle eastern literatures 11. ii ( 2008 ) : 127 - 137. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 14 apr. 2011. the development of arabic literature would coincide with the history of the middle east. with increased contact with the west, arab writers would begin to try new literature styles. prior to that time, most writers focused on writing poems or told stories orally. arabs would take the western form of the short story and make it their own. it took a while for the short story to take root in the arab culture but once it did it would soon flourish faster than even the west. common themes of stories in the early period were focused on religion and common occurrences of everyday life, and there was little room or comfort for writers to really break the box of creative writing. a period arouse in arabic literature that would allow writers to begin to look more closely into their own lives – the romantic period. writers from egypt to iraq were writing about their own country. this sense of “ home ” coincided with nationalistic sentiments that were occurring in society. in addition, these writers were very connected to their country and therefore were very emotional in their descriptions, and were also very detailed as well when describing daily events, the land, social issues, etc. however, this very romantic idea of life did not last long as things took a different turn in the arab world. writers would begin to portray a more realistic depiction of social events. as sentiments of nationalism began to dwindle, more divides in society were beginning to appear. several divisions in society included the country vs. city, tribal vs. modernity, rich vs. poor – these divisions in society would begin to be written about by arab writers. social issues were beginning to be addressed more directly. writers in general felt more comfortable writing outside the comfort


country vs. city, tribal vs. modernity, rich vs. poor – these divisions in society would begin to be written about by arab writers. social issues were beginning to be addressed more directly. writers in general felt more comfortable writing outside the comfort zone of not just religion, but being creative and analyzing such social issues like the corruption of the upper class. the realistic period would highlight prominent issues in the middle east, like the arab israeli conflict, the conflicting morality of humans, to name a few. the short story in the middle east has had a major influence on society. it provided an outlet for writers to talk about social issues, weather they did so indirectly or directly through the stories they told. these short stories act as great historical documents of how different parts of the middle east lived and responded to events. 1. women in pre - islamic poetry by d. amaldi amaldi, d. “ women in pre - islamic poetry. ” verse and the fair sex : studies in arabic poetry and in the representation of women in arabic literature. a collection of papers presented at the 15th congress of the union europeenne des arabisants et islamisants ( utrecht / driebergen … 1990 ). ed. f. de jong. 77 - 84. utrecht : houtsma stichting, 1993. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 16 mar. 2011. 2. classical poems by arab women by adbullah udhari ( isbn : 0863560474 ) 3. love poetry by arab women by gert borg please search on the american university of cairo website to get access to these dissertation ’ 1. a study of linguistic patterning in pre - islamic arabic poetry by mary catherine kassarjian 2. the concept of allah as the highest god in pre - islamic arabia : a study of pre - islamic arabic religious poetry by sayuti najmah – dissertation at the american university of cairo 3. the concept of the hero in pre - islamic and early islamic poetic texts by amin hosny bonnah 4. the symbol of wine in pre - islamic poetry by mohamed ahmad birairy and the american university of cairo 5. the mu ’ allaqa of imru ’ al - qays : its sturcture and meaning by adnan faud haydar 6. old age and lost youth in early arabic poetry by al - ruhayli and sauud dakhil 1. the pre - islamic languages 2. arabic patterns ( link from cornell university ) - in arabic 3.


faud haydar 6. old age and lost youth in early arabic poetry by al - ruhayli and sauud dakhil 1. the pre - islamic languages 2. arabic patterns ( link from cornell university ) - in arabic 3. arabic metre ( link from cornell university ) 4. semetic languages by edward lipinksi 5. tradition and modernity in arabic language and literature by jr smart ( isbn : 0700704116 ) 6. futures of literature ( doi : 10. 1353 / dia. 0. 0036 ) by jeffrey sacks 7. the adverbs of place in arabic grammar and poetry by ahmed taher hassanein 8. reflections on the lingusitic map of pre - islamic arabia macdonald, m. c. a. “ reflections on the linguistic map of pre - islamic arabia. ” arabian archaeology and epigraphy 11. i ( 2000 ) : 28 - 79. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 16 mar. 2011. 9. languages of pre - islamic arabia beeston, a. f. l. “ languages of pre - islamic arabia. ” arabica 28. ( 1981 ) : 178 - 186. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 16 mar. 2011. 1. general background information 2. link from cornell university to amr ibn kulthum ’ s mullaqat 1. the seven golden odes of pagan arabia by lady anne blunt 2. the mu ’ allaqat 3. a prose translation of the mo ’ allaqah of labid by william wright by u. shedler 4. the social context of pre - islamic poetry : poetic imagery and social reality in the mu ’ llaqat brown, jonathan a. c. “ the social context of pre - islamic poetry : poetic imagery and social reality in the muʿllaqat. ” arab studies quarterly 25. iii ( 2003 ) : 29 - 50. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 16 mar. 2011. 5. the moallakat in english literature by issam al - khatib khatib, issam al -. ” the moallakat in english literature. ” adab al rafidayn 3. ( 1971 ) : 1 - 25. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 16 mar. 2011. 6. mystic mythopoiesis of pre - islamic arabic odes urbonaite, dalia. “ mystic mythopoiesis of pre - islamic arabic odes. ” acta oriental


february 20, 2013 people who live by large, inland bodies of water have a phrase in their lexicon that describes the blizzards that hit them throughout the winter : “ lake - effect snow. ” when wintry winds blow over wide swaths of warmer lake water, they thirstily suck up water vapor that later freezes and drops as snow downwind, blanketing cities near lake shores. these storms are no joke : a severe one dumped nearly 11 feet of snow over the course of week in montague, n. y. before new year ’ s day, 2002 ; another week - long storm around veteran ’ s day in 1996 dropped around 70 inches of snow and left more than 160, 000 residents of cleveland without power. other lake - effect snowstorms, such as those that skim the surface of utah ’ s great salt lake, are more of a boon, bringing fresh, deep powder to ski slopes on the leeward side of nearby mountains. but new research shows that mountains don ’ t just force the moisture - laden winds to dump snow. mountains upwind can actually help guide the cold air patterns over lakes, helping to produce severely intense snowstorms. mountains far afield can also deflect cold wind away from water, reducing a lake ’ s ability to fuel large storms. if these forces work with smaller topographic features, they may help illuminate whether gently rolling hills near the great lakes contribute to the creation and intensity of lake - effect snow. the research, published yesterday in the american meteorology society ‘ s journal, monthly weather review, focused on wind patterns that swirl around the great salt lake. “ what we ’ re showing here is a situation where the terrain is complicated – there are multiple mountain barriers, not just one, and they affect the air flow in a way that influences the development of the lake - effect storm over the lake and lowlands, ” said the study ’ s senior author jim steenburgh, in a statement. steenburgh, a professor of atmospheric sciences at the university of utah, and lead author trevor alcott, a recent doctoral graduate from the university and now a researcher at the national weather service in salt lake city, became interested in studying utah ’ s winter weather after they noticed that current weather forecast models struggle to anticipate the intensity of the dozen or so lake - effect storms that strike their state ’ s major cities each winter. these models don ’ t include the effects of topography, such as the wasatch range ( which forms the eastern border of the valley that


the intensity of the dozen or so lake - effect storms that strike their state ’ s major cities each winter. these models don ’ t include the effects of topography, such as the wasatch range ( which forms the eastern border of the valley that encloses the great salt lake ), the oquirrh mountains ( which forms the western border of the valley ) or the mountains along the north and northwest borders of utah some 150 miles away from the population centers of salt lake city and provo. so alcott and steenburgh ran a computer simulation that incorporated mountains close to the lake as well as those closer to the idaho and nevada borders to mimic the creation of a moderate lake effect storm that occurred over the great salt lake from oct. 26 - 27, 2010, which brought up to 11 inches of snow to the wasatch. after their first simulation – their “ control ” – was complete, they ran several more simulations that plucked out geographic features. using this method, “ we can see what happens if the upstream terrain wasn ’ t there, if the lake wasn ’ t there, if the wasatch range wasn ’ t there, ” steenburgh explained. when they removed the lake and all mountains from their simulation, the model didn ’ t produce any snowfall. when they kept all the mountains but removed the lake, only 10 % of the snow simulated the model of the real storm fell. keeping the lake but flattening all the mountains resulted in only 6 percent of the snow falling. resurrecting the wasatch range but removing the other mountains yielded 73 percent of the snow compared to the simulation of the real storm. but the real surprise is what happened when both the wasatch and oquirrh ranges were retained, but the ranges in northern utah at the idaho and nevada borders were removed. the result? 61 percent more snowfall than simulated in the real storm. the wasatch and oquirrh ranges form a funnel, guiding wind over the lake and enhancing snowfall in the downwind cities of salt lake city and provo. further, without the barrier of the northern mountains, which range between 7, 600 feet to 10, 000 feet in peak elevation – considerably less than the wasatch ’ s peak elevation of nearly 12, 000 feet, waves of cold air can reach the great salt lake without deflection. in effect, utah ’ s major cities are shielded by moderately sized mountains that together cast a long snow shadow! sign up for our free email newsletter and receive the


by john brewer, administrator of the foreign agricultural service i ’ m here in tegucigalpa to recognize honduras as one of the western hemisphere ’ s leaders in incorporating biotechnology in agricultural and energy production. biotechnology is a powerful tool that can be used to boost agricultural productivity and food security, reduce environmental impact, combat climate change, and build prosperity among the rural poor – a vision that usda and the u. s. government share with honduras. last night and this morning i met with honduran government officials from the agroforestry sector and the honduran biotechnology and biosafety commission ; the inter - american institute for cooperation in agriculture ; academic and think tank scholars ; and local farmers. each of these groups work together to implement the use of biotechnology in the fields and to gain acceptance by society. while 25 countries around the world are currently planting genetically engineered ( ge ) crops, honduras is the only central american country doing so. i chose to come to honduras because their leadership in the implementation of bio - safety regulations can be a model for other countries in the region. ge crops provide a multitude of tangible benefits to both producers and consumers. pest - resistant crops reduce the need for pesticides and save on fossil fuel usage and carbon emissions. increased productivity per acre ensures food security and keeps food prices down, while enhanced nutritional value helps to alleviate hunger. planting ge crops isn ’ t the only area where honduras can be a leader in our hemisphere. the u. s. government is committed to working with willing partners such as honduras to simultaneously combat climate change and provide alternate sources of energy. under president obama ’ s energy and climate partnership of the americas honduras is a priority country for collaboration with usda ’ s renewable biomass energy project. this program aims to improve agriculture and forestry practices, increase scientific exchanges, and enhance biomass production. today i encouraged honduras to ramp up production of renewable biomass energy with usda ’ s assistance through this program. president lobo ’ s government has stated that each hectare of biomass harvested in honduras could create 1. 5 jobs directly and 2 jobs indirectly. the u. s. government fully supports honduras in realizing this potential. since 2007, honduras has reduced or eliminated taxes and tariffs on biofuels and implemented a mechanism to mix biofuels with fossil fuels to lower harmful emissions from cars, making this sector attractive for investments. by offering energy alternatives to fossil fuels right in our own hemisphere, honduras is increasing energy security for the united states too. i ’ ve appreciated meeting the people making these advances possible.


the burr oak attains immense size in indiana and some other northern states. a gentleman living in marion county, indiana, told the writer : " the bun - oaks in this neighborhood attain the diameter of six feet, and with a stem, in one instance, of sixty feet high without a limb. " the following description of the burr oak is given by dr. p. p. hoy, of pacine, an accomplished naturalist, and member of the philadelphia academy of natural sciences : " this is, perhaps, the most ornamental of our oaks. nothing can exceed the graceful beauty of these trees when not crowded or cramped in their growth, but left free to follow the laws of their development. who has not admired these trees in our extensive burr - oak openings? its large leaves are a dark green above and a bright silvery white beneath, which gives the tree a singularly fine appearance when agitated by the wind. the wood is tough, close - grained, and more durable than the white oak, especially when exposed to frequent changes of moisture and dryness. did the tree grow to the same size it would be preferred for most uses. abundant and richly worthy of cultivation, both for utility and ornament, burr oaks in wisconsin do not generally attain more than one foot in diameter, and the limbs grow near the ground, making a sort of espalier, and rarely growing higher than thirty to forty feet, straight, with very rough bark. the acorn is enclosed in a burr something like a chestnut, hence their name. " this is the most useful of all trees. loudon describes somewhere in the neighborhood of one hundred and twenty, and this number has since been added to. these trees are found mostly in the temperate zone ; those that we find in the tropics are in elevated positions. it is found distributed over europe and north america. these trees are of a beautiful appearance, and have not been paid sufficient attention as ornamental trees. bryant says : " in many of the oaks the form of the leaves varies so much with different conditions of the tree, or different stages of its growth, that it constitutes an uncertain characteristic by which to distinguish the species. consequently, where the wood is similar, different species are sometimes confounded under one name. the fructification affords a more certain mode of distinction. " it seems to be the opinion of many that the oak should be left where it grows from the seed, but throughout europe the tree - planters affirm that it is best to transplant them. some


affords a more certain mode of distinction. " it seems to be the opinion of many that the oak should be left where it grows from the seed, but throughout europe the tree - planters affirm that it is best to transplant them. some botanists call the scarlet oak merely a variety of the black oak ; but it differs in some particulars, viz., the leaves turn to a bright red in the fall ; the acorns have a white kernel, and not yellow, as in the black oak. the wood is of a very poor quahty, and for fuel and timber i cannot say that it is to be recommended very highly for cultivation. height, eighty feet ; diameter, six feet ; and is the fastest - growing of the oaks. is a very handsome and ornamental tree, and will grow on almost any soil, either rich or poor. it is found all over the united states. the wood is coarse - grained, of a red color, open pores, and of little durability. it is sometimes used when timber is not abundant. this is a large, ornamental tree, coarse - grained, open - pored, and not very durable. it thrives best in moist ground. it has a conical head and a light - green, beautiful foliage. the willow oak grows to the height of fifty or sixty feet. its leaves very much resemble those of the willow. the wood is very coarse - grained and strong, but it is not fit for fuel. if any amateur has any curiosity on the subject of this tree i would advise him to cultivate it, but that is the only time i would recommend it for cultivation. this tree usually reaches from forty to fifty feet in height, and is about two feet in diameter. it much resembles the laurel in its fohage, and so takes its name. it is used in rural districts for rails ; sometimes for house - frames. the wood is coarse - grained and not valuable. the only use i ever found this tree put to was for fuel, and as such it is esteemed more than any other of the oak family. it is a small tree, with generally a very crooked trunk. it grows in any soil, but is found in the most barren. it seldom exceeds thirty feet in height. this tree is sometimes confounded with the red oak, whose wood it very much resembles. it is common in the maritime parts of the southern states and southern illinois, but is scarce in the mississippi valley. in favorable situations


the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. scientific and medical of aspects : human reproductive cloning to refer to individuals that have identical nuclear dna but different mitochondrial dna. how is reproductive cloning done? two methods are used to make live - born mammalian clones. both require implantation of an embryo in a uterus and then a normal period of gestation and birth. however, reproductive human or animal cloning is not defined by the method used to derive the genetically identical embryos suitable for implantation. techniques not yet developed or described here would nonetheless constitute cloning if they resulted in genetically identical individuals of which at least one were an embryo destined for implantation and birth. the two methods used for reproductive cloning thus far are as follows : • cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer ( scnt ). this procedure starts with the removal of the chromosomes from an egg to create an enucleated egg. the chromosomes are replaced with a nucleus taken from a somatic ( body ) cell of the individual or embryo to be cloned. this cell could be obtained directly from the individual, from cells grown in culture, or from frozen tissue. the egg is then stimulated, and in some cases it starts to divide. if that happens, a series of sequential cell divisions leads to the formation of a blastocyst, or preimplantation embryo. the blastocyst is then transferred to the uterus of an animal. the successful implantation of the blastocyst in a uterus can result in its further development, culminating sometimes in the birth of an animal. this animal will be a clone of the individual that was the donor of the nucleus. its nuclear dna has been inherited from only one genetic parent. the number of times that a given individual can be cloned is limited theoretically only by the number of eggs that can be obtained to accept the somatic cell nuclei and the number of females available to receive developing embryos. if the egg used in this procedure is derived from the same individual that donates the transferred somatic nucleus, the result will be an embryo that receives all its genetic material — nuclear and mitochondrial — from a single individual. that will also be true if the egg comes from the nucleus donor ’ s mother, because mitochondria are inherited maternally. multiple clones might also be produced by transferring identical nuclei to eggs from a single donor. if the somatic cell


the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. states, the authors estimate the national costs of adverse events to be $ 37. 6 billion and of preventable adverse events to be $ 17 billion. the total national costs associated with adverse events was approximately 4 percent of national health expenditures in 1996. in 1992, the direct and indirect costs of adverse events were slightly higher than the direct and indirect costs of caring for people with hiv and aids. it has been estimated that for every dollar spent on ambulatory medications, another dollar is spent to treat new health problems caused by the medication. 97 studies of the direct costs of medication - related errors fall into three categories ; ( 1 ) population - based studies of patients in a community or health plan ; ( 2 ) studies of medication - related errors that occur in hospitals ; and ( 3 ) studies of medication - related errors that occur in nursing homes. one estimate places the annual national health care cost of drug - related morbidity and mortality in the ambulatory setting as high as $ 76. 6 billion in 1994. 98 not all drug - related morbidity and mortality is preventable, but numerous studies document errors in prescribing, 99, 100 dispensing by pharmacists, 101 and unintentional nonadherence on the part of the patient. 102 medication - related errors occur frequently, most do not result in actual harm, but those that do are costly. one recent study conducted at two prestigious teaching hospitals found that almost two percent of admissions experienced a preventable ade, resulting in an average increased length of stay of 4. 6 days and an average increased hospital cost of nearly $ 4, 700 per admission. 103 this amounts to about $ 2. 8 million annually for a 700 - bed teaching hospital, and if these findings are generalizable, the increased hospital costs alone of preventable adverse drug events affecting inpatients are about $ 2 billion for the nation as a whole. in a matched case - control study of all patients admitted to a large teaching hospital from january 1990 through december 1993, it was found that adverse drug events complicated 2. 43 admissions per 100. 104 controls were matched to cases on primary discharge diagnosis related group ( drg ), age, sex, acuity, and year of admission. the occurrence of an ade was associated with an increased length of stay of 1. 91 days


is widely believed by thais, that theirs was one of the countries that asoka sent buddhist missionaries to in the 3rd century bc. while this is quite possible, there is at present no evidence to support this belief. however by the 6th century ad buddhism was well established in south and central areas of what is now thailand. later mahayana and tantra together with hinduism became the prominent religions. but in the 13th and 14th centuries monks from sri lanka succeeded in establishing theravada buddhism and it has remained the state religion ever since. having been conquered by the colonial powers, thailand was never subjected to assaults by christian missionaries or imposed western influence, and today some 94 % of thais call themselves buddhists. in the 19th century king mongkut, himself a former monk, conducted a campaign to reform and modernise the monkhood, a movement that has continued in the present century under the inspiration of several great ascetic monks from the north - east of the country. the western disciples of one of these monks, ajhan cha, have successfully founded thriving monasteries in the u. k., australia, new zealand and several other countries. a history of buddhism in siam, bangkok, 1965 ; k. e. wells thai buddhism - its rites and activities, k. kusalasaya, buddhism in thailand - its past and present,


food shouldn ' t be a source of stress. in fact, food should be one of your best stress - busting allies. our bodies use food to help affect our ability to respond to a moment ' s tension or a long - standing stress. some foods can make us jumpy, while other foods can steady our energy and equip us to handle challenges as they arise. and yet no one food could be labelled " best stress - buster. " by eating a healthy and balanced diet, you give your body almost everything it needs to function well under pressure. that said, there are a few foods you should try to add to your diet to help you work through the tension. when stress strikes, your body may crave carbohydrates. eat carb - filled foods and your body creates serotonin, which sends good - mood messages to your brain. to get " carb calm " you need to eat complex carbohydrates, like whole grains. complex carbs are digested more slowly than simple carbs found in sugary foods. if you eat sweets, any " carb calm " you feel will be cancelled out by the surge of insulin that will lower your blood sugar and make you feel hungry again. slow carbs will keep you full for longer, too, so you won ' t have to stress over hunger pangs or digestive dramas. stress less snacks : fill up on fibre - rich foods like oatmeal or whole - grain breads, rice, and pasta to help you stay calm, cool, and collected. most starchy vegetables and legumes will fit the bill, too. try starchy sweet potatoes, crunchy carrots, baked beans, or just about any green vegetable! give your daily diet a vitamin c boost to balance your body ' s output of stress hormones. some studies show that with enough vitamin c during tense times, your body may be able to slow down the production of cortisol. that ' s the chemical stuff of stress that sends us into that " fight - or - flight " frenzy we experience when challenged or threatened. cortisol is good for our bodies in healthy doses, but too much cortisol on a regular basis can make us more vulnerable to depression, learning and memory difficulties, and physical illness - all sources of further stress. stress less snacks : oranges aren ' t the only source of c in the bushel. papaya bursts with vitamin c, as do strawberries, cantaloupe, and ki


difficulties, and physical illness - all sources of further stress. stress less snacks : oranges aren ' t the only source of c in the bushel. papaya bursts with vitamin c, as do strawberries, cantaloupe, and kiwi fruit. munch on raw bell pepper, a sprig of parsley, or steam some greens like broccoli, brussels sprouts, or kale. fat is usually the bad guy, but when you ' re stressed out, fat can be your friend. if you trim the fat during lean times, you leave yourself vulnerable and ill - equipped to handle stress. in one study, women put on a low - fat diet experienced swings in their mood, showing more irritability than the group on a normal - fat diet. don ' t go for any old fat, though. since stressful times boost your body ' s cortisol levels, any excess calories you eat can quickly turn to unhealthy belly fat. instead, opt for healthy fats, like those found in foods rich in omega - 3 fatty acids. these fats may help support your body with a steadier attitude toward stress. stress less snacks : net the benefits of omega - 3s by eating more oily fish, including salmon, mackerel, herring, and light tuna. if fish isn ' t your thing, omega - 3 fatty acids can also be found in walnuts, flaxseed, beans, tofu, and olive oil. monounsaturated fats are another healthier choice. creamy avocados will give you the fit fat, along with other nuts like almonds, cashews, and peanuts. a body under stress pumps out cortisol, which then borrows from the body ' s vitamin storage to power all of those dreaded stress symptoms. fight back against cortisol by stockpiling b vitamins. this complex of vitamins - including folate, niacin, and riboflavin - supports the nervous system. stress less snacks : feast on green leafy vegetables and whole grains, and you ' ll meet most of your body ' s b requirement. getting b6 and b12 can be tricky for vegetarians and vegans, as these nervous - system supporting vitamins are mostly found in animal products. if organ meats, fish, liver, eggs, poultry, and milk are not on the menu, try adding brown rice and soybeans or taking supplements. reacting to stress


theory of elasticity the theory of elasticity means, when the property of solid materials to deform under the application of an external force and getting back to their original shape after the external force is removed. the external force which is applied on the external force is said to be stress, the amount of deformation is called the strain. when the material has a force applied to it, let say, the compressive force is acting at each end of a bar ; there will be an internal reaction to that force. this leads to the newton ’ s third law, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. the internal reaction of the bar has the magnitude which is equal to the applied force. this will be very useful for engineers for considering the reactive force which is equally distributed over the cross sectional area of the bar. when the material has applied force on it, that material will be deformed neither plastically ( permanently ) nor elastically. in elastic structures such as buildings and bridges, if the force is removed the change in shape will disappear. strain is nothing but, the degree of deformation extension, compression, shear or torsion as a proportion of the original size of a material. strain is a proportion, or ratio, so it is dimensionless, i. e. it does not have units. depending on the amount of deformation, the strain can be expressed in percentage. the use of stress and strain in place of load and deformation will make the calculation easier for engineers. the linearized theory of elasticity the linearized theory of elasticity has played the vital role in the analysis of engineering. the engineers have used the linearized theory of elasticity from the cast iron and steel truss bridges of the eighteenth century till the international space station. they are using them in making design decisions effecting the strength, stiffness, weight, and cost of structures and components. the linearized theory of elasticity includes a comprehensive introduction to tenor analysis, specification of boundary conditions, and a survey of solution methods for important class of problems. it covers two and three dimensional problems, torsion of noncircular cylinders, variational methods and complex variable method. an widespread treatment of important solutions and solution methods, including the use of potentials, variational methods, and complex variable methods, follows the development of the linearized theory.


april 2013 weather and its impacts on missouri commercial agriculture / university of missouri extension preliminary data from missouri indicated april temperatures averaged nearly 3 degrees below normal for the state, and ranked as the coolest april since 1997. it was a continuation of a cool weather pattern, contrary to the recent trend, where march and april combined to be the coolest start to meteorological spring in nearly 3 decades, or since 1984, figure 1. with the exception of a few warm days during the second week of april, and a handful of mild days thereafter, maximum and minimum temperatures remained mostly cooler than normal, and abruptly fluctuated from one extreme to another as contrasting air masses swept through the state, figure 2. april temperature anomalies varied across missouri with largest departures found across northwestern sections, averaging more than 5 degrees f below normal. the below normal temperature departures were not as large traveling southeastward through the state, where southeastern sections averaged only 1 - 2 degrees below normal for the month. the clash of air masses contributed to an unsettled weather pattern during april with numerous periods of showers and thunderstorms impacting the region, including an unusual snow event during the last week of the month. preliminary data indicated a statewide average monthly rainfall of 6. 22 inches, making it the fourth consecutive month with above normal precipitation, figure 3. total statewide precipitation for the first quarter of the year was 16. 54 inches, more than 5 inches above normal for the period, and the 7th wettest january through april on record, or since 1895. it was the wettest first quarter of the year since 2008. precipitation varied regionally with heaviest totals, ranging from 6 - 10 inches, reported over parts of southwestern missouri and extending into central and northeastern sections. cocorahs observers in boone, cole, marion and randolph counties reported the highest monthly totals of 9. 09, 9. 34, 10. 20, and 10. 42 inches, respectively. the lowest precipitation totals occurred over parts of northwestern and south central missouri where 3 - 4 inches were reported. the farm service agency office in platte co. reported only 3. 08 inches for the month. a notable and widespread heavy rain event impacted much of the midwest during the middle of the month and resulted in flooding along several streams and rivers in the upper mississippi river watershed. several inches of rain fell over a 48 - hour period, on april 17 - 18, and contributed to major flooding along the mississippi river, figure 4. it was the worst early spring flooding along the mississippi river, north of st. louis,


. several inches of rain fell over a 48 - hour period, on april 17 - 18, and contributed to major flooding along the mississippi river, figure 4. it was the worst early spring flooding along the mississippi river, north of st. louis, since 1973. in addition to flooding, severe thunderstorms with 7 documented tornadoes impacted the state during the month. five tornadoes were reported on april 10, impacting east central ( st. louis and franklin co. ) and southeastern missouri ( butler and stoddard co. ), and two were documented on april 17 in monroe county. the strongest tornado was classified as an ef - 2 tornado ( 115 - 125 mph ) and impacted the st. louis county communities of bridgeton, hazelwood and florissant. residential, structural and tree damage were observed with this tornado, but there were no serious injuries reported. an unusual spring snow event impacted parts of northwestern and west central missouri during the early morning hours of april 24. several locations reported totals ranging from a trace to 2 inches of snow. the communities of grant city and conception, in far northwestern missouri, reported 1 and 2 - inches of snow, respectively. the cool, wet weather during the month delayed spring tillage and planting opportunities across the state. according to the missouri agricultural statistics service, spring tillage near the end of the month was 38 % complete compared to the 5 - year average of 56 %. only 15 % of the corn crop had been planted and was more than 2 weeks behind normal. topsoil and subsoil moisture conditions were mostly in adequate to surplus status. source : pat guinan, 573 - 882 - 5908


the parable of the prodigal son is one of the greatest teachings in the bible, illustrating the importance of viewing one ' s own shortcomings objectively and embarking on a path of self - improvement. the turning point is when the son recognizes and admits to himself that he was applying a double standard against his own father. - jesus said, " a man had two sons. the younger son said to his father, ' father, give me my share of your inheritance. ' and his father gave him half of his wealth. - soon afterward the younger son took everything he could and left for a distant land, where he wasted his life through careless, sinful behavior. but after he had lost everything, a terrible famine struck the land, he began to go hungry. he latched onto a citizen there, who sent him into his fields to feed the pigs. and he would have given anything to eat the same food that the pigs enjoyed, yet no man gave him anything. - he came to his senses, saying, ' how many of my father ' s servants have plenty of bread, and yet i ' m starving to death! ' i will get up and go to my father, and will say to him, ' father, i have sinned against heaven, and against you, and i am unworthy of being called your son : treat me as you would a hired hand instead. ' - and so he got up, and headed back to his father. but when he was still far from home, his father saw him, and had compassion, and ran to him, and embraced him, and kissed him. and the son said to him, ' father, i have sinned against heaven, and against you, and i am unworthy of being called your son. ' - but the father said to his servants, ' bring forth the best robe, and put it on him ; and put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet. and bring the finest calf here, and butcher it ; and let us eat, and celebrate. for my son was dead, and is alive again ; he was lost, and is found. and they began to celebrate. - now his elder son was in the field : and as he came and drew near the house, he heard music and dancing. and he called to one of the servants, and asked what these things meant. and the servant replied, ' your brother has come home ; and your father is serving the finest calf, because he has been returned to


, he heard music and dancing. and he called to one of the servants, and asked what these things meant. and the servant replied, ' your brother has come home ; and your father is serving the finest calf, because he has been returned to him safe and sound. ' and he was angry, and would not go in : therefore his father came out, and pleaded with him. - and in answer to his father he said, ' look, in all these many years i have served you, i have never gone against your will : and yet you never gave me such a feast, that i might celebrate with my friends : but as soon as this son returned, who had squandered his inheritance from you on prostitutes, you ' ve given up your finest calf in honor of him. ' and the father responded, saying ' son, you are always with me, and all that i have is yours. it is fitting that we should celebrate though, and be glad : for this man your brother was dead, and is alive again ; and was lost, and is found. " the parable has several key elements. the prodigal ( wasteful ) son does not return until he begins to judge his own conduct and situation objectively. until that point, he is like others who insist on rejecting god for something far worse than what god routinely provides to everyone, family and worker alike. when the prodigal son does return, his father ( god ) rushes out to meet him " while he was still a long way off. " finally, god ' s rejection of his other son ' s objection shows that god ' s forgiveness is always available, regardless of inconsistent treatment of those seeking for it. put another way, it is never too late to ask for forgiveness from god.


pneumothorax is a condition in which air or gas collects in the " pleural space " or " pleural cavity, " which is the space between the lungs and the chest cavity. this can cause the lung to collapse. normally, the lungs sit next to the inner surface of the chest wall. thin membranes called pleura cover both the lungs and the chest wall. a pneumothorax occurs when air either escapes the lung or leaks in through the chest wall and builds up in the pleural space between them. this build - up of air can result in the collapse of the affected lung. there are different types of pneumothorax, and each one is defined by its cause. occurs when there is no other underlying lung disease. it is often caused by the rupture of an air - filled sac in the lung, called a bleb or bulla. smoking is associated with a higher incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax. occurs as a complication of another lung disease. lung diseases which are associated with the development of pneumothorax include : occurs as a result of a traumatic injury to the chest. the injury could be penetrating, such as a bullet or stab wound, or blunt, such as a blow to the chest or automobile accident. a traumatic pneumothorax can complicate other medical procedures that may be necessary following a traumatic injury. rib fractures with pneumothorax copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. tension pneumothorax occurs when excessive pressure builds up around the lung and forces it to collapse. this pressure can also affect the heart ’ s ability to pump blood. for this reason, tension pneumothorax is considered the most serious type. the following factors increase your chance of developing pneumothorax : - spontaneous pneumothorax occurs most often in tall, thin men who are between the ages of 20 - 40 - having a family history of pneumothorax - having other lung diseases such as copd, asthma, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, or pertussis - suffering a trauma injury to the chest - infants who require ventilator assistance are at a higher risk of developing tension pneumothorax - more men than women experience pneumothorax if you experience any of the symptoms listed below, do not assume it is due to pneumothorax. these symptoms are


higher risk of developing tension pneumothorax - more men than women experience pneumothorax if you experience any of the symptoms listed below, do not assume it is due to pneumothorax. these symptoms are often caused by other, less serious health conditions. if you experience any of them, see your physician. symptoms of pneumothorax may occur while you are awake or while you are asleep. they can include : - sudden, sharp pain in the chest that becomes worse during coughing or taking deep breaths - acute shortness of breath - fever ( mild ) - tightness in the chest - rapid heartbeat - bluish color of the skin due to a lack of oxygen - flaring of the nostrils anxiety, stress, and tension - hypotension, or low blood pressure - a distended abdomen your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. he or she may notice that the affected side of your chest has reduced or absent breath sounds during the stethoscope examination. other tests may be performed, such as : - chest x - ray — may be performed to determine if there is air outside the lung. - ct scan — may be performed instead. — an alternative option for those who can ’ t be moved, commonly used in trauma cases. - ekg — reads electrical activity in the heart. - pulse oximetry — noninvasive way to measure your oxygen status. since the development of pneumothorax can be delayed in the case of traumatic pneumothorax, repeating x - rays the day after the injury may be needed. while a small pneumothorax will usually resolve itself without intervention in a week or two, a larger pneumothorax often requires treatment. oxygen is commonly administered. treatment focuses on removing the air from the pleural space so the lung can again expand to its full capacity. this can be accomplished by inserting a needle and syringe or inserting a chest tube. - in this procedure, the doctor will insert a small tube between the ribs into the pleural cavity where the pneumothorax is located. before the procedure, you may receive sedation, your doctor will then numb the area where the tube is to be inserted using local anesthesia. next, he or she will make an incision, insert the tube, and connect it to a bottle or canister that contains sterile liquid. a su