the time less every day will naturally remain usable longer. however correct this observation of critical criticism against its own false conclusion, it must, on the other hand, be conceded that sir james graham said that under a ten hour bill the machine would have to work quicker in the proportion that its working time was reduced ( criticism itself quotes this in [ heft ] viii, page 32 ) and that in that case the time when it would be worn out would be the same — twelve years. this must all the more be acknowledged as the acknowledgment contributes to the glory and exaltation of " criticism " ; for only criticism both made the false conclusion and then refuted it. criticism is just as magnanimous towards lord john russell, to whom it imputes the wish to change the political form of the state and the electoral system. from this we must conclude either that criticism ' s urge to produce stupidities is uncommonly powerful or that lord john russell must have become a critical critic within the past week. but criticism only becomes truly magnificent in its fabrication of stupidities when it discovers that the english workers — who in april and may held meeting after meeting, drew up petition after petition, and all for the ten hour bill, and displayed more agitation throughout the factory districts than at any time during the past two years — that those workers take only a " partial interest " in this question, although it is evident that " legislation limiting the working day has also occupied their attention " criticism is truly magnificent when it finally makes the great, the glorious, the unheard - of discovery that “ the apparently more immediate help from the repeal of the corn laws absorbs most of the wishes of the workers and will do so until no longer doubtful realisation of those wishes practically proves the futility of the repeal " — proves it to workers who drag anti - corn - law agitators down from the platform at every public meeting, who have seen to it that the anti - corn - law league no longer dares to hold a public meeting in any english industrial town, who consider the league to be their only enemy and who, during the debate of the ten hour bill — as nearly always before in similar matters — had the support of the tories. criticism is superb, too, when it discovers that " the workers still let themselves be lured by the sweeping promises of the chartist movement ", which is nothing but the political expression of public opinion among the workers. criticism is superb, too, when it realises, in the depths of its


discovers that " the workers still let themselves be lured by the sweeping promises of the chartist movement ", which is nothing but the political expression of public opinion among the workers. criticism is superb, too, when it realises, in the depths of its absolute spirit, that “ the two party groupings, the political one and that of the landowners and mill - owners, no longer wish to merge or coincide ". it was so far not known that the party grouping of the landowners and the mill - owners, because of the numerical smallness of either class of owners and the equal political rights of each ( with the exception of the few peers ), was so comprehensive that it was completely identical with the political party groupings, and not their most consistent expression, their peak. criticism is splendid when it suggests that the anti - corn - law leaguers do not know that, ceteris paribus, a drop in the price of bread must be followed by a drop in wages, so that all would remain as it was ; whereas these people expect that, granted there is a drop in wages and a consequent lowering of production costs, the result will be an expansion of the market. this, they expect, would lead to a reduction of competition among the workers, and consequently wages would still be kept a little higher in comparison with the price of bread than they are now. freely creating its opposite — nonsense — and moving in artistic rapture, criticism, which only two years ago exclaimed " criticism speaks german, theology speaks latin! ", has now learnt english and calls the estate - owners " landeigner " ( landowners ), the factoryowners " muhleigner " ( mill - owners ) — in english a mill means any factory with machinery driven by steam or water - power — and the workers " hande " ( hands ). instead of " einmischung " it says interferenz ( interference ) ; and in its infinite mercy for the english language, the sinful mass nature of which is abundantly evident, it condescends to improve it by doing away with the pedantry with which the english place the title " sir " before the christian name of knights and baronets. where the mass says " sir james graham ", it says " sir graham ". that criticism reforms english history and the english language out of principle and not out of levity will presently be provided by the thoroughness with which it treats the history of herr nauwerck.


november health awareness american diabetes month® the vision of the american diabetes association is a life free of diabetes and all of its burdens. raising awareness of this ever - growing disease is one of the main efforts behind the mission of the association. american diabetes month® ( adm ) is an important element in this effort, with programs designed to focus the nation ' s attention on the issues surrounding diabetes and the many people who are impacted by the disease. here are just a few of the recent statistics on diabetes : - nearly 26 million children and adults in the united states have diabetes. - another 79 million americans have pre - diabetes and are at risk for developing type 2 diabetes. - the american diabetes association estimates that the total national cost of diagnosed diabetes in the united states is $ 174 billion. american diabetes month takes place each november and is a time to come together as a community to stop diabetes®. please visit this link to become a part of the movement. lung cancer awareness month november is lung cancer awareness month! this is a national campaign that brings the lung cancer community together to raise awareness and increase attention to this disease. click on the following links to see how you can help in your community. national healthy skin month national healthy skin month is sponsored by the american academy of dermatology, which has as its mission the achievement of the highest quality dermatologic care for all americans. for additional information, please click on the following link.


by alan d. wolfelt, ph. d. holidays are often difficult for anyone who has experienced the death of someone loved. rather than being times of family togetherness, sharing and thanksgiving, holidays can bring feelings of sadness, loss and emptiness. love does not end with death since love does not end with death, holidays may result in a renewed sense of personal grief - a feeling of loss unlike that experienced in the routine of daily living. society encourages you to join in the holiday spirit, but all around you the sounds, sights and smells trigger memories of the one you love who has died. no simple guidelines exist that will take away the hurt you are feeling. we hope, however, the following suggestions will help you better cope with your grief during this joyful, yet painful, time of the year. as you read through this article, remember that by being tolerant and compassionate with yourself, you will continue to heal. talk about your grief during the holiday season, don ' t be afraid to express your feelings of grief. ignoring your grief won ' t make the pain go away and talking about it openly often makes you feel better. find caring friends and relatives who will listen - without judging you. they will help make you feel understood. be tolerant of your physical and psychological limits feelings of loss will probably leave you fatigued. your low energy level may naturally slow you down. respect what your body and mind are telling you. and lower your own expectations about being at your peak during the holiday season. eliminate unnecessary stress you may already feel stressed, so don ' t overextend yourself. avoid isolating yourself, but be sure to recognize the need to have special time for yourself. realize also that merely " keeping busy " won ' t distract you from your grief, but may actually increase stress and postpone the need to talk out thoughts and feelings related to your grief. be with supportive, comforting people identify those friends and relatives who understand that the holiday season can increase your sense of loss and who will allow you to talk openly about your feelings. find those persons who encourage you to be yourself and accept your feelings - both happy and sad. talk about the person who has died include the person ' s name in your holiday conversation. if you are able to talk candidly, other people are more likely to recognize your need to remember that special person who was an important part of your life. do what is right for you during the holidays well - meaning friends and family often try to prescribe what is good for you during the holidays.


are more likely to recognize your need to remember that special person who was an important part of your life. do what is right for you during the holidays well - meaning friends and family often try to prescribe what is good for you during the holidays. instead of going along with their plans, focus on what you want to do. discuss your wishes with a caring, trusted friend. talking about these wishes will help you clarify what it is you want to do during the holidays. as you become aware of your needs, share them with your friends and family. plan ahead for family gatherings decide which family traditions you want to continue and which new ones you would like to begin. structure your holiday time. this will help you anticipate activities, rather than just reacting to whatever happens. getting caught off guard can create feelings of panic, fear and anxiety during the time of the year when your feelings of grief are already heightened. as you make your plans, however, leave room to change them if you feel it is appropriate. embrace your treasure of memories memories are one of the best legacies that exist after the death of someone loved. and holidays always make you think about times past. instead of ignoring these memories, share them with your family and friends. keep in mind that memories are tinged with both happiness and sadness. if your memories bring laughter, smile. if your memories bring sadness, then it ' s alright to cry. memories that were made in love - no one can ever take them away from you. renew your resources for living spend time thinking about the meaning and purpose of your life. the death of someone loved created opportunities for taking inventory of your life - past, present and future. the combination of a holiday and a loss naturally results in looking inward and assessing your individual situation. make the best use of this time to define the positive things in life that surround you. express your faith during the holidays, you may find a renewed sense of faith or discover a new set of beliefs. associate with people who understand and respect your need to talk about these beliefs. if your faith is important, you may want to attend a holiday service or special religious ceremony. as you approach the holidays, remember : grief is both a necessity and a privilege. it comes as a result of giving and receiving love. don ' t let anyone take your grief away. love yourself. be patient with yourself. and allow yourself to be surrounded by loving, caring people.


image collection : medical anatomy and illustrations - all ( 557 ) - allergic skin disorders ( 31 ) - viral skin diseases ( 26 ) - bacterial skin diseases ( 29 ) - fungal skin diseases ( 17 ) - bites and infestations ( 27 ) - noncancerous, precancerous and cancerous tumors ( 56 ) - diseases of pigment ( 26 ) - papules, scales, plaques and eruptions ( 47 ) - vascular, lymphatic and systemic conditions ( 48 ) - scalp, hair and nails ( 26 ) - pregnancy stages ( 9 ) the knee is a joint where the bone of the thigh ( femur ) meets the shinbone of the leg ( tibia ). the knee is the largest joint in the body. it acts like a hinge, allowing the knee to flex ( bend ) and extend ( straighten ). there are four ligaments of the joint ( the medial and lateral collateral ligaments and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments ) that provide stability and steady the knee movement. cartilage within the joint provides cushioning to protect the bones from the regular trauma of walking, running, and climbing. articular cartilage lines the joint surfaces of the bones in the knee ( tibia, femur, and patella, or kneecap ). the medial and lateral meniscus are two thicker wedge - shaped pads of cartilage attached to the leg bone ( tibia ). each meniscus is curved in a c - shape, with the front part of the cartilage called the anterior horn and the back part called the posterior horn. if the meniscus is damaged, irritation occurs with each flexion or extension of the knee. damage to the meniscus may occur due to a twisting or over - flexing injury. meniscal cartilage can also deteriorate or wear out because of age and overuse. a tear of, or rent in, the cartilage in the knee is called a torn meniscus. tears are described by how they look and where they are located. this information is usually found during a diagnostic procedure, like an mri or knee arthroscopy. common meniscus tears are described according to how they look, including longitudinal, bucket handle, parrot beak, and transverse. text : medicinenet, inc. guide to understanding the image collection categories :


washington - - the possible link between anesthesia exposure and brain development in young children is still too poorly understood to sound the alarm bells, an fda advisory panel decided. however, anesthesia should only be used to sedate a child when necessary and always at the lowest doses possible, the anesthetic and life support drugs advisory committee agreed. the advisory panel met thursday to discuss what to do with the growing body of research that anesthesia use may have long - term neurocognitive effects when used in children whose brains are still developing. but the bulk of the research has been performed in animals, and it ' s unclear whether those results are applicable to humans. " we need to definitively answer the questions of whether anesthetic use in children poses a risk to their development and, if so, under what circumstances, " bob rappaport, md, who heads the fda ' s anesthesia and analgesia products division, and colleagues wrote in a perspective article published wednesday in the new england journal of medicine ( nejm ). but it doesn ' t appear that question can be answered yet. in the past decade, a growing number of studies have shown that exposure to anesthesia appears to be linked to neuroapoptosis, or cell suicide, in the brains of young rats and monkeys, and a 2009 epidemiological study found a link between the number of exposures to anesthesia during early childhood and an increased incidence of learning disabilities. in the retrospective cohort study, children with two exposures to anesthesia before age 4 were 59 % more likely than unexposed children to be diagnosed with learning disabilities. the committee agreed with what rappaport and colleagues wrote in nejm : that there is lack of information to " draw any firm conclusions regarding an association between anesthetic exposure and subsequent learning disabilities " and that additional studies are warranted. the panel was also tasked with figuring out what the message, if any, the fda should communicate to parents about the risk of putting their kids under for medical and surgical procedures. the majority of panelists felt the risk of anesthesia in a pediatric population was still too undefined to warrant issuing a statement to parents. rappaport told the panel that he thought issuing a public statement would be premature. " to come out with a public statement would be saying we know more than we do, " he said. " on the other hand, i think that could come from other organizations and not us. " panelist jayant deshpande, md, mph,


- acceptance essays - business, money and economy - current events - custom papers - health and wellness - literature : fiction, theater and poetry - planet earth : weather and natural disasters - social issues - the environment search mega essays onthe electoral college ( 1360 5 ).... the state " tms votes, when counted, then determine which candidate receives the absolute majority, one over a half, and then receives that state " tms entire.... electoral college in todays world ( 1916 8 ).... i learned that every four years you vote. when you vote, each individual vote helps decide which candidate receives your state " tms electoral votes..... the electoral college ( 847 3 ).... go into the house of representatives to determine the president and into the senate to determine the vice president if no candidate receives the majority of.... the electoral college ( 1052 4 ).... federal government. in most states the popular vote determines which candidate receives that states electoral votes. for a presidential.... electorasl college ( 3542 14 ).... if no candidate receives a majority of the vote, the responsibility of selecting the next president falls upon the house of representatives..... electoral reform ( 1561 6 ).... if no candidate receives a quota on the first count, the least popular candidate is excluded and his or her votes are transferred, and this continues until all.... electoral college ( 1609 6 ).... if no candidate receives a majority ( which is 270, as of today ), then the election is thrown into the house of representatives to decide the president..... the permanent campaign ( 1682 7 ).... with all of the media exposure that a candidate receives these days every candidate by 1980 had a full time media strategist on had to control spin..... comparision of the french and german political systems ( 2154 9 ).... there are multiple ballots if no candidate receives 50 % on the first ballot, any candidate with 12. 5 % one the first ballot can continue on to the second ballot.... powers of the constitution ( 1536 6 ).... president. if no candidate receives a majority of the votes for president - the house of representatives must decide the issue. likewise.... campaign strategy ( 659 3 ).... the candidate who receives 270 votes becomes president


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releasing the study, dr javaid rahi, national secretary of trcf, said that new research has proved that the gujjar race had been one of the most vibrant identities of central asia in the bc era, and later ruled over many princely states in northern india for hundreds of years, and also left their imprints in the himalayan ranges and inscribed them in such a way, that they could not be destroyed even thousands of years later. the study further revealed that the 5000 - year history of gujjars, unexpectedly, is similar to that of the tribes of turkish origins, who left for koh - e kaf during the era of christ along with their camels and other domestic animals. the study said that in the state of jammu and kashmir, ‘ turk ’ ( gotra ) is one of the most important casts of gujjars, and hundreds of turk gujjars reside in different districts of the kashmir valley. the study said that in gojri, there are a number of words which are turkish in origin, thereby linking the history of the gujjars with that of the turks. what is also surprising is that the tribal folk art and costumes of nomadic gujjars still resemble those of the turkish tribes. the anthropological study said that, amazingly, the physical features and facial expressions of gujjars resemble those of turkish tribals. the study further said that one ger ( gujjar ) khan of turkistan was a commander in babur ’ s army, and he had done remarkable work in binding various ethnic groups together. dr rahi further explained that the trcf is in correspondence with, and seeks help from, turkish missions in india with regards conducting genetic surveys of gujjars to establish their roots in central asia, from where they are believed to have migrated to different parts of the world ; especially the sub - continent. the study further said that in central asia, places like gurjarni, gujari pil, and gujreti are named after the gujjar clans or ‘ gots ’, linking this ethnic group with its roots. the study suggested that the scholars, anthropologists, and historians of countries like turkey, georgia, iran, pakistan, india, etc. should come forward and study this connection through anthropological, archaeological, and historical evidence. the conclusion of the study stressed for an inter - disciplinary and in - depth research at a national and international level with the help of these countries to study the rich culture of these no


migraine headaches are not just about throbbing head pain ; sufferers of migraine have strong sensitivity to smells, resulting in olfactory aura - an indicator of an approaching migraine attack. migraine odors usually include unpleasant imagined smells such as burnt food, cigarette smoke, or rotten garbage. what causes migraine headaches? millions of people suffer from migraine symptoms, such as severe headaches, nausea, and dizziness, but nobody has come up with a universal migraine cure. however, by determining migraine triggers and experimenting with various migraine remedies many - if not all - migraine suffers are able to find a measure of relief from their debilitating migraine symptoms. what is a migraine aura? a migraine aura appears during the migraine prodrome stage - generally, just a few minutes before the migraine attack strikes. alice in wonderland syndrome is one example of a migraine aura that includes distorted body image, auditory hallucinations, loss of spatial awareness, and temporary jumbled, confused speech patterns. typical migraine auras are bright lights and voids, such as blue - green zigzagging lines, eclipses, and blind spots. sometimes, migraine patients report smelling weird, unusual odors before a migraine attack - odors that don ’ t actually exists, save for them. thes olfactory auras are called parosmia. the majority of migraine patients describe imagined smells as putrid, smoky odors. common descriptions are : - burning wood - toxic - smelling aromas - sewer - like stenches - decomposed garbage. read more about migraine illness : image credits, from top : tags : imagined smells, migraine attacks, migraine causes, migraine cure, migraine headaches, migraine odors, migraine prodrome, migraine remedies, migraine sensitivity to smell, migraine sensitivity to smells, migraine smells, migraine symptoms, migraine triggers, olfactory aura, olfactory hallucinations


walking, but not running, with the real ' hobbits ' by stephanie guzik, ( volunteer science writer ) scientists are a big step closer to understanding the evolution of walking in humans. bipedalism — or walking upright on two feet — has long been considered one of the hallmarks of human evolution, signaling the transition from an ape - like reliance on arms and hands for locomotion to an upright gait using the legs and feet. in the cover story of the may 7, 2009 issue of the scientific journal nature, a global team of scientific collaborators, led by william l. jungers of stony brook university medical center and co - authored by smithsonian ’ s matt tocheri of the department of anthropology ’ s human origins program, investigates the foot anatomy and bipedalism in a primitive human species called homo floresiensis — more commonly referred to as the “ hobbit. ” since the discovery of the first hobbit skeleton in 2003 on the indonesian island flores, researchers have marveled over the scientifically intriguing hominin ( human - like ) species. the first and most complete hobbit skeleton is exceedingly small for an adult human — only 3 ½ feet tall with a brain size similar to that of a chimpanzee. similarly, the anatomy of the hobbit skull, shoulder, and wrist is highly reminiscent of other earlier hominin species that predate the origin of modern humans roughly 200 thousand years ago. the current research conducted by jungers and colleagues focused on the hobbit ’ s relatively complete feet — a rare find in hominin fossil discoveries — and their analyses uncover an intriguing mix of both human - and ape - like features. jungers notes, " a foot like this one has never been seen before in the human fossil record, " and it " offers the most complete glimpse to date of how a primitive bipedal foot was designed and differed from that of later hominins and modern humans. " the hobbit ' s big toe - - or hallux - - illustrates this dichotomy : it is adducted, meaning that like in modern humans, the big toe points in the same direction as the other ( lateral ) toes ; but it is considerably shorter than the lateral toes which is a characteristic reminiscent of chimpanzees and other apes. meanwhile, the hobbit ' s lateral toes ( the forefoot ) are proportionally long compared with the ankle bones ( the hindfoot ) in a manner that, again,


is a characteristic reminiscent of chimpanzees and other apes. meanwhile, the hobbit ' s lateral toes ( the forefoot ) are proportionally long compared with the ankle bones ( the hindfoot ) in a manner that, again, is similar to apes. furthermore, the relative proportions of the hobbit ’ s foot in comparison to its leg bones intriguingly also share similarities with chimpanzees. the length of the hobbit foot from the heel to the longest toe is exceedingly long compared to the rest of the leg — almost 70 % of the femur ( thigh bone ) length — in contrast to modern human feet which are approximately half the length of the femur, regardless of whether you are short or tall. combining an overall flat - footed bone structure in the hobbit ’ s foot with a relatively short big toe and long lateral toes, as well as a relatively long foot and short legs, hobbits were definitely bipeds ( walked upright ) but they would not have moved with the same gait that we have today. hobbits would have required a different leg motion to compensate for these large differences in leg and foot proportions and they likely would not have been able to run as efficiently as modern humans do. since the hobbit was first unearthed, its skeleton has been the focus of both scientific intrigue and controversy. some scientists have provided data that suggest the hobbits are a different species of human that are closely related to, but distinct from, our own species, homo sapiens, and other hominins like neandertals ( homo neanderthalensis ). others believe the hobbits are simply modern humans with a disease resulting in small stature. the results reported by jungers and colleagues add more evidence that the hobbits are a distinct human species, homo floresiensis, noting that there are no known diseases that cause alterations in limb proportions as seen in the hobbit. moreover, the authors argue that the many primitive features seen in the hobbit skeleton suggest this novel species may not owe its recent ancestry to homo erectus, the hominin species credited with the first migration out of africa roughly 1. 8 million years ago, but rather to another more primitive species of the genus homo. although more fossil discoveries and analyses are needed to fully elucidate the interwoven evolutionary stories of homo floresiensis and bipedalism in hominins, the striking combination of human - and ape - like traits of the hobbit


revell 1 : 48 messerschmitt bf 109 f - 4 the " 109 " was the " standard fighter aircraft " of the german air force during the whole of the war. its strengths included good take - off performance and acceleration in the dive. the bf 109e was the first large scale mass production model. a revision of aerodynamics in the nose area including the db 601 engine resulted in the bf 109f. from april 1941 onwards the bf 109f formed the main part of mass production, whilst the f - 4 first appeared in june of that year. the f - 4 / trop had a sand filter in front of the air intake and other equipment for deployment in tropical and dusty areas such as north africa and southern russia. one of the most successful 109 fighter pilots was captain joachim marseille, who was mortally wounded in 1942. - detailed surfaces with recessed panel joints - detailed cockpit including instrument panel - detailed db 601 engine - 2 engine mounted mg ' s - choice to include tropical intake filter - detailed undercarriage - moving propeller - multi - part cockpit canopy - decal set for two luftwaffe versions, j marseille and the iii / jg2 requires assembly and painting. | no. of parts | | 98 | modelzone uses an external service to give independent and honest product reviews. overall rating for this product :


walnuts are one of the best plant sources of protein. when it comes to health benefits, walnuts definitely are not a hard nut to crack. this delicious nut is rich in fiber, b vitamins, magnesium, and antioxidants such as vitamin e. nuts in general are high in plant sterols and fat - but mostly monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats ( omega 3 fatty acids - the good fats ). omega 3 is a protective fat the body cannot manufacture. walnut ’ s concentration of omega 3s has many potential health benefits ranging from cardiovascular protection, to the promotion of better cognitive function, to anti - inflammatory benefits helpful to asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis. in addition, walnuts contain an antioxidant compound called ellagic acid that supports the immune system and appears to have several anticancer properties. more than a decade of scientific evidence shows that incorporating walnuts in a healthy diet reduces the risk of heart disease by improving blood vessel elasticity and plaque accumulation. omega 3 has also been shown to lower ldl cholesterol. walnuts have often been thought of as a “ brain food ”, not only because of the wrinkled brain - like appearance of their shells, but because of their high concentration of omega - 3 fats. your brain is more than 60 % structural fat. in order for your brain cells to function properly, this structural fat needs to be primarily the omega - 3 fats such as those found in walnuts. melatonin, a powerful antioxidant, has also been discovered in walnuts, in a bio - available form. melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, which is involved in inducing and regulating sleep. melatonin has been shown to help improve sleep for night shift workers and people suffering from jet lag. maintaining a healthy level of this hormone is important for everyone over the age of 40 since the amount of melatonin produced by the human body decreases with age. studies show that enjoying just four walnuts a day significantly increased blood levels of omega - 3 essential fatty acids and alpha linolenic acid. this proves even a very simple change in diet can have a highly beneficial and lasting effect on our health. boosting your body ’ s supply of omega 3 fatty acids couldn ’ t be any easier. just add a few walnuts to your morning cereal or daily salad or grab a handful for an afternoon snack.


bruxism ( teeth grinding ) bruxism is chronic, involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth. it usually occurs during sleep, but it may also occur while awake. the exact cause of bruxism is unknown, but it is believed to be related to : - stress and anxiety - abnormal alignment of the teeth or jaws risk factors that increases your chance of getting bruxism include : - chronic stress or anxiety - aggressive or competitive personality - abuse of drugs or alcohol ( especially methamphetamines ) - post - traumatic stress disorder - age : 40 or younger ; especially common in women aged 27 - 40 - family member with bruxism - facial or oral trauma - use of psychiatric medications, especially antidepressants - prior serious head injury symptoms may include : - grinding sounds during sleep - teeth that are sensitive to heat, cold, or brushing - tense facial or jaw muscles - hairline cracks of the enamel on some teeth - sore teeth - inflammation of the gums ( gingivitis ) - headache, especially when waking in the morning - damage to the inside of the cheek ( from biting or chewing ) - temporomandibular joint disorder ( tmd ) the doctor or dentist will ask about your symptoms and medical history. an examination of your teeth and jaw will be done. with bruxism, teeth will have flattened tips, excessive wear, or thin enamel. methods of treatment include : behavioral or cognitive treatment this method focuses on changing behavior through various techniques, such as : - stress management - relaxation therapy or exercises your dentist may recommend a protective mouth appliance, such as a night guard. it can absorb the pressure of constant night grinding. the same methods used to treat bruxism can be used to prevent the condition. academy of general dentistry american dental association canadian dental association the canadian dental hygienists association bruxism. university of virginia health system website. available at : http : / / uvahealth. com / services / dentistry / conditions - treatments - 1 / 11995 /? searchterm = bruxism. accessed january 22, 2013. chang h. botulism toxin : use in disorders of the temporomandibular joint. dent today. 2005 ; 24 : 48, 50 - 1 ; quiz 51. tan ek, jankovic j. treating severe bruxism with botulinum toxin. j am dent assoc. 2000 ; 131 : 211 - 216. teeth grinding. american dental association ' s mouth healthy website. available at : http


by barry rivman, senior staff writer, musician ' s friend the art of recording starts with selecting the right tool for the job — the essence of the craft is microphone selection and placement. it can take volumes to describe everything you need to know. the goal here is not to blind you with science, just give you enough understanding of how certain elements of mic design will help you choose the right mic for any situation. so here ' s a crash course on mic selection. there are three elements combined that most affect proper mic selection : transducer type, diaphragm size and mass, and polar ( or pickup ) pattern. before we get into it, there are a few terms you need to know : diaphragm : the diaphragm is a surface inside a mic that vibrates when struck by sound waves, which in turn generates a voltage that becomes an audio signal. a smaller diaphragm responds better to high frequencies, a larger diaphragm responds better to low frequencies. the lighter and thinner the diaphragm, the faster it will respond to transients. transient : a transient is the leading edge and initial attack of a sound envelope, such as the crack of a snare. compliance ( transient response ) : how fast a diaphragm responds to transients is referred to as compliance. if a mic doesn ' t have good transient response, the sound will have less attack and percussiveness. tip : boosting treble to bring out a dull high end will cause the instrument to lose its midrange in a mix and will make it sound thin and scratchy. fix it at the sound source by recording with a more compliant mic. sensitivity : how far a mic ' s diaphragm travels in response to sound - pressure waves determines how great the output voltage will be. a high - sensitivity mic will have greater output voltage. if the output voltage is higher than a preamp can handle, distortion results. spl - handling : a mic ' s ability to withstand high - pressure waves is measured as spl ( sound pressure level ). signal - to - noise ratio : put simply, a ratio of how much desired sound ( signal ) a mic picks up versus how much noise is picked up by the mic. moving a mic closer to a sound source improves the signal - to - noise ratio. tip : proximity to the source determines output voltage. a high - spl source will produce a higher output. low - sensitivity mics can be closer to


mic. moving a mic closer to a sound source improves the signal - to - noise ratio. tip : proximity to the source determines output voltage. a high - spl source will produce a higher output. low - sensitivity mics can be closer to high - spl sources without distortion, which has the added bonus of higher signal - to - noise ratio. if you want to use a high - sensitivity mic in front of a high - spl source, move it back, but watch your signal - to - noise. proximity effect : an increase in bass or low - frequency response when a sound source is close to a mic. depending on the mic design, proximity effect may easily result in a boost of up to 16db, usually focused below 100hz. vocalists tend to like proximity effect since it fattens their voice, but a constantly varying bass boost can wreak havoc on headroom and carefully set levels. three basic transducer types : there are three general types of microphones : the moving coil or dynamic mic, the condenser mic, and the ribbon mic. the physical components and operating principles of each type of transducer determine sound quality and use. dynamic ( moving coil ) - this approach employs a circular diaphragm attached to a coil that moves back and forth within a magnetic field, which induces a voltage that becomes the audio signal. the diaphragm of a dynamic mic has the most mass of all three types, which makes it the least compliant since it must overcome greater inertia. it also provides an advantage : the dynamic mic ' s diaphragm is the most durable of the three and therefore well suited to the demands of live sound reinforcement and high - spl sound sources. condenser - also called a capacitor mic, it has two oppositely charged thin metal plates placed a small distance from one another. the rear plate is fixed while the front plate moves back and forth. this configuration mimics function of a capacitor. the movement of the diaphragm in response to pressure waves produces an oscillating voltage from the capacitor, proportional to the original pressure oscillation. the diaphragm is very thin and lightweight, making condensers high - sensitivity, highly compliant mics. ribbon mics operate under the same principle as the moving coil, but the diaphragm is a long, thin, corrugated metal ribbon that fluctuates between two magnets of opposite charge. however, instead of creating current


mics. ribbon mics operate under the same principle as the moving coil, but the diaphragm is a long, thin, corrugated metal ribbon that fluctuates between two magnets of opposite charge. however, instead of creating current in a coil as it vibrates back and forth, current is generated in the ribbon diaphragm itself. the ribbon has much less mass than a moving coil and is therefore much more compliant. it responds better to percussive sounds and high frequencies depending on the length of the ribbon. ribbons are very low sensitivity and require a clean preamp with around 65 - 70db of gain. though traditionally ribbon mics were fragile, today ribbons, such as the royer r121, are more durable and can handle high - spl sources. tip 1 : unless the manufacturer states otherwise, do not expose a ribbon mic to phantom power, since + 48v will travel along the ribbon and burn it out. tip 2 : even though ribbons are tougher these days, never blow into a ribbon mic to see if it ' s working ; when walking with a ribbon mic, cover the grille with your hand to protect the ribbon. from the information we have so far, we can deduce that a compliant, small - diaphragm mic ( condenser ) is good for recording high - frequency percussive sounds such as a triangle, cymbals ( drum overheads ), or acoustic guitar. a compliant large - diaphragm mic ( condenser ) would be good for recording vocals and acoustic bass. a less - compliant, large - diaphragm mic ( dynamic ) would be useful for recording high spl sources such as a kick drum and electric bass. a less - compliant small - diaphragm mic ( dynamic ) would be good for recording electric guitars and snare drums ( also high - spl sources ). however, depending on the sound you ' re going for and how you envision the texture of guitars in a mix, any type of mic is fair game. just keep their characteristics in mind and you can make an informed choice. polar or pickup patterns basically describe the physical area or directional characteristics of the mic ' s " hearing. " any mic capsule can be made to have any polar or pickup pattern. this is mainly achieved by the design of the housing. most microphones have one polar pattern, however, there are also mics that have multiple patterns, which can be accessed either by switch or by interchangeable capsules


any polar or pickup pattern. this is mainly achieved by the design of the housing. most microphones have one polar pattern, however, there are also mics that have multiple patterns, which can be accessed either by switch or by interchangeable capsules. directional pickup patterns include cardioid, supercardioid, hypercardioid, and shotgun. directional mics pick up mainly from the front and reject sounds that come from the rear and sides. directional mics provide more gain before feedback and greater isolation, which makes them very popular for live sound reinforcement. super and hypercardioid mics are more directional than cardioid, rejecting more sound from the sides. but they do pick up some sound from the rear ( hyper more than super ), so don ' t place your floor monitors directly behind them. shotgun is a very directional pattern with extended reach. bidirectional or figure - 8 mics pick up from the front and rear of the mic while completely rejecting sounds from the sides. the advantage of the figure - 8 pattern is the ability to add some room tone to vocals or instruments without off - axis coloration. ribbon mics are bidirectional, while some condensers have a switchable figure - 8 pattern. figure - 8 mics are also an essential component of mid - side stereo recording. omnidirectional : omnis pick up sound equally from all directions … well, mostly. omnis give you the sound of " being there ; " can handle extremely high spl ; do not suffer from proximity effect ; and are not that sensitive to wind, pop, or handling noise. however, omnis are more prone to feedback, therefore not widely used in live sound. tip : never wrap your hands around a vocal mic directly behind the capsule ( as so many singers do at an emotional peak ). this effectively blocks the ports in the capsule that enable rear rejection and turns a cardioid mic into an omni, which is more prone to feedback ( squeal!!!, emotional peak ruined ). dynamic, ribbon, or condenser? you should have at least one of each, but if your preamp lacks sufficient gain for a ribbon mic, an l - d and s - d condenser and a dynamic should get you through all recording chores. however, as platinum producer michael wagener ( ozzie, motley crue, alice cooper ) says, " two sm57s and an sm58. i can make a record with those. "


in 1925 a group of czech immigrants settled the town of masaryktown in central florida. they established orange groves, which were destroyed in the hard frost of 1926. the enterprising immigrants then turned to the growing of chickens, and that proved to be a successful venture. not only did the chickens bring them fortune, but eventually brought fame to the small settlement. the town was chosen by the guinness book of world records as home of the fastest chicken - pluckers in the universe. each year the town of nearby spring hill played host to the world ’ s championship plucking contest. alas, as the years flew by the descendents of those original settlers eschewed poultry raising and moved on to other opportunities and masaryktown faded into obscurity. if only they had waited for colonel sanders and yes, even former president herbert hoover, who promised “ a chicken in every pot. ” the chicken has contributed mightily to the culinary world. it has been around for centuries and piqued the interest of charles darwin, who studied their beginnings. he theorized that all modern breeds of chickens were offspring of a common ancestor. modern chickens ’ ancestors go back to a jungle fowl, gaullus bankiva, still found in the rainforest of burma ( myanmar ), northern india, thailand and sumatra. the first domesticated chickens were raised in india sometime around 3200 b. c. and were originally bred for the sport of cockfighting. in 1607, the settlers of the jamestown colony introduced poultry raising and breeding. those original chicks came from mother england and the colonists began cross - breeding and selling the chickens throughout the surrounding countryside. other chickens were imported from asia, and these also remain the foundation for the modern day species. many of those early chickens escaped from the colonists ’ farms and ventured into what is now the delmarva peninsula in delaware. these chickens were the ancestors of purdue chickens and several other breeds. the peninsula is now the largest producer of chickens in the country. the chicken is not a fortunate member of the animal kingdom. billions are slaughtered every year, for they not only produce eggs and delicious meat, they also are the world ’ s most efficient producer of meat protein. it only requires less than 2 pounds of feed to yield 1 pound of food. chicken is an international culinary tradition and is a major food source in almost every nation on earth. a serving of chicken provides more than half a day ’ s protein requirement while a 3 - ounce serving of roasted chicken has fewer than 150 calories.


. chicken is an international culinary tradition and is a major food source in almost every nation on earth. a serving of chicken provides more than half a day ’ s protein requirement while a 3 - ounce serving of roasted chicken has fewer than 150 calories. chicken is probably the most versatile meat available for human consumption. chicken is a healthful and inexpensive food, so it is not surprising that it ranks as the most popular meat prepared in home kitchens. it takes ingenuity and creativeness to come up with new ways to serve chicken. culinary experts maintain that if one can successfully roast a chicken they are considered a master chef. so here goes : perfect roast chicken ½ teaspoon salt or to taste 5 pound roasting chicken ½ teaspoon sage ½ teaspoon thyme ½ teaspoon rosemary 1 bay leaf 1 cup chopped onion 1 cup chopped celery, including leaves 1 cup chopped carrot generous sprig fresh parsley 1 clove garlic, minced ¼ cup hot water or chicken stock ■ rub salt into cavity of chicken, add thyme, sage, rosemary and bay leaf to cavity. combine onion, celery, carrot and parsley. spread over bottom of large roasting pan. place chicken breast side down on vegetables. bake in preheated 450 - degree oven for 30 minutes. ■ turn chicken breast side up. sprinkle garlic over breast and legs. reduce heat to 400 degrees. bake 1 hour. ■ transfer chicken to serving platter and remove fat the bay leaf from roasting pan. add the hot water of stock to vegetables in pan. heat until drippings and vegetables are loosened from pan. ■ transfer to food processor and puree, adding additional liquid for proper gravy consistency. after allowing the chicken to sit for about 15 minutes, carve, pass the gravy and enjoy the accolades. note : the real secret is to select the very best chicken you can buy. the chicken should have a meaty feeling, free of any blemishes and have a full and moist breast. q : some friends are bringing their boat to naples shortly and have invited us to go cruising with them. i have been asked to fix a salad and would like a recipe for a salad that is suitable to be served aboard. — candace lutringer, marco island a : this salad originated in switzerland and is almost a complete meal in itself. it ’ s ideal for summer outings. gypsy salad ( zigeunersalat ) ½ pound smoked salami, cut into ½


candace lutringer, marco island a : this salad originated in switzerland and is almost a complete meal in itself. it ’ s ideal for summer outings. gypsy salad ( zigeunersalat ) ½ pound smoked salami, cut into ½ - inch cubes ½ cup thinly sliced dill pickle ¼ cup pearl onion, parboiled for 5 minutes, drained and thinly sliced * 1 large ripe tomato, diced ¼ pound gruyere cheese, cut into ½ - inch cubes 2 hard - boiled eggs, thinly sliced 2 tightly packed cups of salad green, torn into bit - sized pieces ¼ cup fresh peas, parboiled for 2 minutes, drained or if frozen, thawed 2 anchovy fillets, minced ¼ cup extra virgin olive oil 2 tablespoons red wine, sherry or cider vinegar 1½ teaspoons prepared mustard pinch of paprika 2 teaspoons minced fresh dill salt and pepper to taste ■ toss the salami, pickles, onions, tomato, cheese, eggs, greens, peas and anchovies in a salad bowl. ■ place the vinegar, mustard, paprika, dill, salt and pepper in a jar with a tight lid and shake well. pour over the salad and toss well. ■ refrigerate, covered for 2 to 24 hours. toss again before serving. serves 4 to 6. * fresh pearl onions may be replaced by either frozen or canned ones. doris reynolds is the author of “ when peacocks were roasted and mullet was fried ” and “ let ’ s talk food. ” they are available for sale in the lobby of the naples daily news. also available is a 4 - part dvd. “ a walk down memory lane with doris reynolds. ” for comments and information regarding today ’ s column, e - mail doris reynolds : firstname. lastname @ example. org.


astronauts to vote from space in this day and age, people engage in their right to vote from all over the world. but this nov. 4, few ballots will have traveled as far as those cast by two nasa astronauts. commander edward michael fincke and flight engineer and science officer greg chamitoff are living and working onboard the international space station. though they are 220 miles above earth and orbiting at 17, 500 miles per hour, they will still be able to participate in the upcoming election. a 1997 bill passed by texas legislators sets up a technical procedure for astronauts - - nearly all of whom live in houston - - to vote from space. a secure electronic ballot, generated by the harris and brazoria county clerk ' s office, is uplinked by nasa ' s johnson space center mission control center. an e - mail with crew member - specific credentials is sent from the county clerk to the crew member. these credentials allow the crew member to access the secure ballot. the astronauts will cast their votes and a secure completed ballot is downlinked and delivered back to the county clerk ’ s office by e - mail to be officially recorded. to highlight their unique voting situation and to encourage others to exercise their civic duty, fincke and chamitoff sent a special message that will air on nasa tv starting monday, oct. 27. + view message joined by expedition 18 flight engineer yury lonchakov, fincke and chamitoff also beamed down a message celebrating the upcoming 10th anniversary of the station ' s launch. the first station piece, the bus - sized zarya module, was launched from the baikonur cosmodrome, kazakhstan, on nov. 20, 1998. in the 10 years since, 76 flights have been launched to the complex. the orbiting laboratory has now grown to a mass of almost 600, 000 pounds and an inside volume larger than a four - bedroom house.


photograph by matthieu paley, photonica / getty images photograph by becky hale fredrik hiebert, archaeologist and explorer, has traced ancient trade routes overland and across the seas for more than 20 years. hiebert has led excavations at ancient silk road sites across asia, from egypt to mongolia. his excavations at a 4, 000 - year - old silk road city in turkmenistan made headlines around the world. he also conducts underwater archaeology projects in the black sea and in south america ' s highest lake, lake titicaca, in search of submerged settlements. hiebert completed his doctoral dissertation at harvard university in 1992 and held the robert h. dyson chair of archaeology at the university of pennsylvania before joining the national geographic society in 2003. he rediscovered the lost bactrian gold in afghanistan in 2004 and was the curator of national geographic ' s exhibition afghanistan : hidden treasures from the national museum, kabul which toured major museums in the united states and internationally. as national geographic ' s archaeology fellow, he extends the enthusiasm for archaeology to the public in lectures, presentations, films, and museum exhibits. hiebert also holds positions with the university of pennsylvania museum of archaeology and anthropology, the institute for nautical archaeology, and robert ballard ' s institute for exploration. among other honors, hiebert received the chairman ' s award from the national geographic committee for research and exploration in 1998. latest explorer news follow @ natgeoexplorers on twitter inside national geographic magazine for a country shattered by decades of war, evidence of a glorious past inspires a renewed sense of national pride. in their words imagine the tangibility of picking up something that ’ s four thousand years old and thinking : i ’ m the first person to pick this up for four thousand years. it could be just a piece of pottery, but it ’ s a thrill. follow along as fred hiebert and his team search for a sunken palace in kyrgyzstan. concealed from invading soviets, later from the taliban, and feared lost, a trove of precious antiquities reveals the rich cultures that came together at one of history ' s great crossroads. ng fellow fred hiebert describes his excitement on finding an artifact over 800 years old. listen to fredrik hiebert hear an interview with hiebert on national geographic weekend. 00 : 08 : 00 fred hiebert now you can enter the world of indiana jones and experience the adventure of field archaeology. lucasfilm ltd. and national geographic have teamed up to bring you “ indiana jones and the adventure of archaeology, ” an


twenty - two b - 36as were built in four production blocks. the - a model featured the domed canopy first seen on the yb - 36 and a redesigned four - wheel main landing gear system that replaced the single - wheel main landing gear of the two earlier aircraft ( xb - 36 and yb - 36 ). the first flight of the b - 36a was on aug. 28, 1947. the - a model actually flew six months earlier than the yb - 36, but this was because the first production b - 36a ( s / n 44 - 92004 ) was completed with just enough equipment to make a ferry flight to wright field, ohio. once at wright field the aircraft was used as a test bed for structural tests. these tests were often conducted to test maximum loads until structural failure occurred. thus, the first b - 36a was destroyed. although the b - 36a was technically a production aircraft, no defensive armament was installed. the - a model was used by the 7th bomb group at carswell air force base, texas, for crew training and testing only. initial production block technical notes : armament : designed for 10. 50 - cal. machine guns and five 37mm cannon plus 72, 000 lbs of bombs ( no defensive armament was actually installed ) engines : six pratt & whitney r - 4360 - 25 radials of 3, 000 hp each ( takeoff power ) maximum speed : 345 mph at 32, 000 ft. cruising speed : 202 mph range : 3, 380 miles with 10, 000 lbs. bomb load. ( estimated combat radius ) ; 9, 136 - mile ferry range service ceiling : 39, 100 ft. span : 230 ft. 0 in. length : 162 ft. 1 in. height : 46 ft. 8 in. weight : 310, 380 lbs. ( maximum gross weight ) crew : 15 serial numbers : 44 - 92004 to 44 - 92025


| multimillionaire steel baron andrew carnegie cheerfully pronounced that " individualism, private property, the law of accumulation of wealth, and the law of competition " were the very height of human achievement. politicians and indian reformers simply sought to apply these to the indian tribes with no real understanding of tribal cultures. privatizing indian land through the allotment act of 1887 was done through adherence to this ideology. it was felt that this would force indians into the modern world and enable them and their children to have a future. the more practical realized that this would simply separate the indians from their land and allow large corporate interests to prosper. by the 1920s it was obvious to the most casual observer that there were major economic, social, and health problems on the reservations. america ' s prosperity was not reaching indian people. the poverty on the reservations was undeniable to any who had even a casual relationship with them. in 1923 an elite panel known as the committee of 100 was convened to advise on indian policy. the committee supported the goal of assimilation, but called for a greater sensitivity to indian customs and the protection of tribal land. the following year, the committee of 100 recommended that indian education be improved with better school facilities, better trained personnel, an increase in the number of students in public schools, and scholarships for high school and college. in 1926 secretary of the interior hubert work authorized an economic and social study of indian conditions. lewis meriam led the study for the institute for government research, a privately endowed foundation ( funded by the rockefeller foundation ). to conduct the research, meriam put together a team of specialists from various disciplines, including some native americans. henry roe cloud ( winnebago ), a graduate of yale university, served as the indian adviser. henry roe cloud is shown above. the research team conducted field work in 23 states, selected because they had more than 1, 000 native american inhabitants. they visited 95 reservations, agencies, hospitals, and schools. in 1928, meriam ' s study entitled the problem of indian administration ( more commonly called the meriam report ) was published. this was the most comprehensive study of indian reservations ever done. the report strongly repudiated the philosophy of indian policy which had prevailed since 1871. while there were, and still are, many people who feel that poverty is a condition which indian people have brought upon themselves, and that government policies can neither ameliorate nor create poverty, the report states : " several past policies adopted by the government in dealing with the indians have been


many people who feel that poverty is a condition which indian people have brought upon themselves, and that government policies can neither ameliorate nor create poverty, the report states : " several past policies adopted by the government in dealing with the indians have been of a type which, if long continued, would tend to pauperize any race. " beginning in 1871, indian policy in the united states had been guided by the ideology of private property, that only through private property could indians ( and all other people ) prosper and that economic development should be based on small, privately owned family farms. according to the report : " it almost seems as if the government assumed that some magic in individual ownership of property would in itself prove an educational civilizing factor, but unfortunately this policy has for the most part operated in the opposite direction. " the report also states : " in justice to the indians it should be said that many of them are living on lands from which a trained and experienced white man could scarcely wrest a reasonable living. in some instances the land originally set apart for the indians was of little value for agricultural operations other than grazing. " the meriam report recognized the economic potential of indian arts and crafts. the report recommended that the indian office coordinate the marketing of indian arts and crafts so that genuineness, quality, and fair prices could be maintained. indian arts and crafts were seen as a way of improving the social and economic conditions on the reservations. the report also recommended that tribes be incorporated and that the tribal councils be given some decision - making powers. the goals of indian education during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were to convert indian children to christianity ; to give them christian names, particularly surnames, so that the inheritance of property could be easily traced ; to provide them with the concept of greed ; and to train them as laborers and household workers. education was often carried out through boarding schools in which indian children were forcibly removed from their homes and the influences of their cultures. with the meriam report the non - indian public is made aware of kidnapping, child labor, emotional and physical abuse, and lack of health care in bureau of indian affairs schools. while the report draws attention to abuses, the assimilationist po¬licies of indian education continues for another 40 years. the report is particu¬larly critical of the boarding schools : " the survey staff finds itself obligated to say frankly and unequivocally that the provisions for the care of the indian children in boarding schools are grossly inadequate. " while indian education


##u¬larly critical of the boarding schools : " the survey staff finds itself obligated to say frankly and unequivocally that the provisions for the care of the indian children in boarding schools are grossly inadequate. " while indian education has often assumed that indians are to be trained for manual labor, the report states : " the indian service should encourage promising indian youths to continue their education beyond the boarding schools and to fit themselves for professional, scientific, and technical callings. not only should the educational facilities of the boarding schools provide definitely for fitting them for college entrance, but the service should aid them in meeting the costs. " with regard to religion, the report urges the continuation of cooperation with christian missionaries, but cautions : " the missionaries need to have a better understanding of the indian point of view of the indian ' s religion and ethics, in order to start from what is good in them as a foundation. too frequently, they have made the mistake of attempting to destroy the existing structure and to substitute something else without apparently realizing that much in the old has its place in the new. " with regard to indian health, the report simply stated : " the health of the indians compared with that of the general population is bad. " according to the report, the general death rate and the infant mortality rate were high. tuberculosis and trachoma ( a disease that produces blindness ) were very prevalent. with regard to the health care services provided to indians by the government, the report states : " the hospitals, sanatoria, and sanatorium schools maintained by the service, despite a few exceptions, must generally be characterized as lacking in personnel, equipment, management, and design " according to the report, the government - run health care institutions do not provide adequate care for their patients. overall, the meriam report set the stage for a new era in indian policy, an era in which policy could be based on actual data rather than ideological or theological fantasies. some of the report ' s recommendations were incorporated into the 1934 indian reorganization act.


in just 3 - 4 months, juvenile oysters can triple in size. these oysters are ready to go to their new home on the reef. juvenile oyster clusters the nature conservancy ' s kristin ward and ray konisky plant juvenile oysters in the oyster river. the oyster restoration project was recently featured on nh chronicle! " our tightly - coupled systems are breaking down. but recovery of oysters gives us real hope. ” pop quiz : how many gallons of water can one adult oyster filter per day? a. 2 gallons b. 5 gallons c. 15 gallons d. 20 gallons chosen your answer? great! at the height of feeding in summer an adult oyster can filter a whopping 20 gallons of water per day! 1, 000 oysters can together filter the entire volume of your average swimming pool - about 20, 000 gallons - every day. back in 1970, research suggests that 900 acres of oyster reefs in great bay were able to filter the volume of the entire estuary every 4 days. after 40 years of decline from disease, overharvest, and siltation, that rate is now about 274 days – a not even enough to make a blip. the decline is staggering to say the least. recognizing that healthy oyster populations are essential in improving the water quality of great bay, dr. ray konisky has been hard at work in the water. ray, along with university of new hampshire ’ s dr. ray grizzle and krystin ward at the jackson estuarine laboratory, completed another season of oyster restoration work in october by planting 200, 000 juvenile oysters on a newly created 1 - acre clamshell reef in the oyster river. in december, a sampling for live oysters indicated excellent initial survival rates, along with an added settlement of 7, 000 – 15, 000 naturally spawned oysters on the clamshell. combined with restoration efforts in 2009, our work over the past two years has added 1. 2 acres of live reef and nearly a quarter of a million new oysters to the great bay estuary. we may be far from filtering the entire bay every 4 days, but it ’ s a start. “ oysters are unique, ” says ray. “ we have too many nutrients and too much algae in the [ great bay ] system. oysters clear the water and help eelgrass meadows which in turn provide places for more fish, lobsters, and crabs. our tightly - coupled systems are breaking down. but recovery of oysters gives us real hope. ”


great bay ] system. oysters clear the water and help eelgrass meadows which in turn provide places for more fish, lobsters, and crabs. our tightly - coupled systems are breaking down. but recovery of oysters gives us real hope. ” 2010 also saw the fifth year of the oyster conservationist volunteer program. 32 volunteers at 21 locations around great bay participated in this year ’ s program, successfully raising more than 3, 000 healthy juvenile oysters. these oysters joined those hatched at the jackson estuarine laboratory on the newly constructed reef in october. a very heartfelt thank you goes out to all our “ oyster nannies ”! hatchery - raised oyster spat are happiest developing on oyster shell. to provide some of that shell, our partners at the coastal conservation association ( cca ) coordinate the collection of used shell from local restaurants and fish markets ( see our fall 2010 newsletter for an in - depth look at the cca shell recycling program ). new participants are added all the time. to see which businesses in your area participate, visit the cca ’ s website at www. ccanh. org. over 225 tons of clam shell recently left their winter home at the unh kingman farm and moved to the docks in preparation for 2011 reef construction. the goal is to restore two acres of historic reef at the mouth of the lamprey river this summer. with unh hatchery seeding and some help from mother nature, this site should be the new home for ½ million oysters by year ’ s end! as these reefs and the existing reefs in the oyster river mature, we might just start turning the tide on the nutrient threat. our efforts are underway thanks to generous grants to the nature conservancy and unh jackson estuarine laboratory from the piscataqua region estuaries partnership, noaa, nh moose plate program and conservancy member donations. funds are largely in place for 2011 but looking ahead, we are going to need lots more help. to learn how you can support our efforts, contact marne perreault at 603. 224. 5853, extension 12, or email @ example. com. there ' s lots more on the oyster restoration program! april 30, 2012


behavioral differences explain the gender learning gap february 12, 2013 a new study to be released soon in the journal of human resources provides insight into the phenomenon of boys scoring as well or better than girls on most standardized tests while simultaneously being less likely to get good grades, take advanced classes or attend college, says christina hoff sommers, a resident scholar at the american enterprise institute. - the study analyzes data from more than 5, 800 students and concludes that, regardless of racial group or subject area, boys make lower grades than their test scores predict because of their classroom behavior. - gender differences in noncognitive skills - - like the ability to sit still and work independently - - begin as early as kindergarten. - as women have achieved equality in the workplace, their educational outcomes have surpassed that of men so that now 60 percent of bachelors, masters and ph. d. s are awarded to men. trends like the decline of recess, zero - tolerance disciplinary policies, the tendency to criminalize minor juvenile misconduct and the turn away from single - sex schools adversely affects boys ' innate skills and characteristic sensibilities. - if boys start school with grade disparities, lifelong success may be reduced as the door to higher education, advanced classes, enrichment programs and honors societies is shut. - globalization necessitates that the united states achieve the most educated workforce before other nations, which will only be possible if the problems with male education are solved. - improving minority education is strongly correlated with improving male education because minority women are more likely to earn a college degree than minority men. to address the problems of male underachievement, sommers suggests following the british lead of indulging boys ' tendency to be inattentive by assigning more boy - friendly reading assignments, offering more recess, creating more single - sex classes and hiring more male teachers. she also highlights the success of vocational high schools in engaging male students. the aviation high school in new york city, for example, has received incredibly high marks by providing an aeronautical education above and beyond the standard curriculum. acknowledging the gender gap and making efforts to reverse it will ensure that all of america ' s students receive an education that best endows them with skills for the future. source : christina hoff sommers, " the boys at the back, " new york times, february 2, 2013. browse more articles on education issues


netwellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. netwellness is commercial - free and does not accept advertising. saturday, may 25, 2013 bullae in both lungs my 6 year old son was seen in the er for viral symptoms and a ct was ordered to rule out an appendix problem and was diagnosed with bullae bilaterally in the bases of the lungs. he is active and has never had shortness of breath. what is the prognosis for some one so young diagnosed with this? bullae at the bases of both lungs are quite unusual in a healthy 6 - year - old with no previous history of pneumonia. it is difficult to say what this might mean without seeing the films. i do know that 6 - year - olds are often not good at holding their breath while going through a ct scanner. if they are breathing as the scan of the lungs is done, the lung tissue can look abnormal. this might be contributing to what is being seen on the ct of his abdomen. i would recommend getting copies of the films ( usually provided on cd ) and taking them with you to an appointment with a pediatric pulmonologist. they, and their " go - to " pediatric chest radiologist, can look at the films and decide if the finding is " artifact " ( blurring ) or significant. either way, if not done yet, a ct of his entire chest will likely be ordered in order to clarify matters. they will also see if your son can do some breathing tests to help determine how well his lungs are functioning. elizabeth d allen, md clinical associate professor of pediatrics college of medicine the ohio state university


times are tough in the newspaper business. for example, the new york times used to have a robust fact - checking department. either the staff has been laid off or maybe they can ' t keep up with the errors, either of which could explain the op - ed piece " europe energized. " hill ' s piece is classic cheerleading. he would have us believe that europe has significantly reduced its reliance on oil, as its governments have enticed the citizenry out of cars and into mass transit and planes. starting with the contention that europe has the same standard of living as the united states, he indicates that europe has made much greater progress in reducing energy use and carbon emissions. in fact, europe does not enjoy the same standard of living as the united states. in 2009, the gross domestic product ( purchasing power parity ) was approximately one - third less ( $ 14, 000 less ). for most households in europe and the united states, that is a not an inconsequential amount of money. one reason for europe ' s lower rates of energy consumption is its historically lower income levels. hill claims substantial reductions in oil consumption relative to the united states. however, europe has not sworn off oil. indeed, according to international energy agency ( iea ) data, europe ' s oil consumption per capita dropped only marginally more than that of the united states between 1980 and 2006. nor has europe done a better job of becoming more energy efficient. measured in tons of oil equivalence, the united states has reduced its per capita energy consumption more than europe since 1980, again based upon iea data. it is, of course, easier to reduce oil consumption with near static population growth. eu data indicates that mass transit ' s market share in europe has been declining for decades ( like in the united states ). further, despite all the new high speed rail lines, cars and airplanes have accounted for the greatest travel increases. in 1995, airplanes carried a slightly smaller volume ( passenger kilometers ) than passenger railways, including high speed rail. by 2008, airlines were carrying 37 % more passenger kilometers than rail, despite a huge expansion of high speed rail. since 1995, at least 15 passenger kilometers have been traveled by car for every additional passenger kilometer traveled by rail, high speed or not. meanwhile, europe ' s truck dependent freight system is less fuel efficient than america ' s, which relies to a greater degree on freight railroads. none of this is to suggest that europe does not lead the united states in some fields. there is no question


led ' s and light country : united states date : march 2006 first off i ' m not sure if this should have been a question asked in the computer section but here it goes. i know that light bulbs produce light via heat. tungsten filament, argon gas environment so it does not ignite. seems simple enough. leds ( light emitting diodes ) give off light via an aluminum gallium arsenide semi - conductor ( i think ). however, how exactly is electrical current turned into light in leds? according to me physics and chemistry teachers there is little to no heat given off, and technically the light is not being " converted " to light. i am not sure what they mean exactly. so how does an led produce light? and why do they never burn out? ( unless of course you exceed the 50 ma limit ). what your teachers mean by " no heat given off " is that led ' s do not * radiate * infrared light, as light bulbs do. led ' s do give off heat. in fact, most of the energy that goes into an led comes out as heat. less than 20 % is converted to light. led ' s give off light when electrons drop from a high energy state to a low energy state. the material in which this occurs has a junction between two kinds of semiconductors, each of which permits electrons to have only specific amounts of potential energy, and the energies permitted in the two materials are different. when electrons move from one material to the other, they are no longer permitted to have the energy they had in the so they drop down to a lower energy state that is permitted, and the energy difference is emitted as a photon. led ' s do burn out, though not in the same way light bulbs do. the heat produced gradually changes the properties of the semiconducting material. this reduces the light output. many commonly available white - light led ' s go dim in just a few months of continuous use. low - power led ' s, and some high - power led ' s with carefully engineered paths by which heat can be extracted from the semiconductor material, last much longer. a detailed explanation of " how do led ' s work? is too long for a forum like newton. the most basic principle is that electrons are driven from a state of high energy to a state of low energy in a semiconductor diode. the energy gap between the two states falls in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and the energy is released as a photon


ellis - van creveld syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects bone growth. chondroectodermal dysplasia ; evc causes, incidence, and risk factors ellis - van creveld is passed down through families ( inherited ). it is caused by defects in one of two ellis van creveld syndrome genes ( evc and evc2 ) that are next to each other. the severity of the disease varies from person to person. the highest rate of the condition is seen among the old order amish population of lancaster county, pennsylvania. it is fairly rare in the general population. call your health care provider if your child has symptoms of this syndrome. if you have a family history of ellis - van creveld syndrome and your child has any symptoms, visit your health care provider. genetic counseling can help families understand the condition and how to care for the patient. genetic counseling is recommended for prospective parents from a high - risk group, or who have a family history of ellis - van creveld syndrome. chad haldeman - englert, md, wake forest school of medicine, department of pediatrics, section on medical genetics, winston - salem, nc. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.


children ' s environmental health and disease prevention research center at dartmouth margaret r. karagas, ph. d. the children ' s environmental health and disease prevention research center at dartmouth studies the effects of arsenic exposure on children ' s health. arsenic naturally occurs in well water in parts of the united states and is harmful to our health. it can be present in rocks and soil and exposure can occur through contaminated drinking water, food, or air. exposure to arsenic in large or small amounts over time can cause skin lesions, cancer, and other health problems. despite the significant potential public health impact of arsenic, the effect of arsenic exposure on fetal development and maternal and child health is not yet known. the center informs the public about ways to minimize risks from arsenic exposure and collaborates with local communities to reduce the risk of environmental threats to children ' s health. project leader : margaret r. karagas, ph. d. this research is part of an ongoing study of 1, 000 women and infants in new hampshire who get their drinking water from private wells, a potential source of arsenic exposure in this region. this work will help reveal whether arsenic exposure via drinking water and food in the first year of life increases risk of infection during pregnancy or during the infant ' s first year of life. the project will also assess how individual variation in arsenic metabolism and lifestyle factors such as maternal smoking alters the effects of arsenic exposure in children. project leader : kathryn l. cottingham, ph. d. building on a study of women and children enrolled as part of dartmouth ’ s superfund program, this project explores dietary sources of arsenic exposure in infancy through the first year of life. the goal is to identify the contribution of diet to both arsenic exposure and the ability to reduce arsenic toxicity through dietary changes such as folate, iron, and vitamin b. the project focuses on exposure through breast milk and infant formula and is also collecting data on the period when infants transition to solid foods, such as rice cereals, which may contain low levels of arsenic. project 3 : an integrated geospatial and epidemiological study of associations between birth defects and arsenic exposure in new england project leader : xun shi, ph. d. previous studies have suggested a link between arsenic exposure during pregnancy and birth defects, the onset of asthma, and other respiratory illnesses. this project is integrating information on where people live and their health to characterize the spatial distribution of birth defects in new england in relation to environmental exposure to arsenic. this data will be used to model the process


this booklet is a guide for parents who think their child may have symptoms of bipolar disorder, or parents whose child has been diagnosed. all parents can relate to the many changes their kids go through as they grow up. but sometimes it ' s hard to tell if a child is just going through a " phase, " or showing signs of something more serious. in the last decade, the number of children receiving the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, sometimes, called manic - depressive illness, has grown substantially. 1 but what does the diagnosis really mean for a child? this booklet discusses bipolar disorder in children and teens. for information on bipolar disorder in adults, see the national institute of mental health ( nimh ) booklet bipolar disorder in adults. what is bipolar disorder? bipolar disorder, also known as manic - depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels. it can also make it hard to carry out day - to - day tasks, such as going to school or hanging out with friends. symptoms of bipolar disorder can be severe. they are different from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through from time to time. bipolar disorder symptoms can result in damaged relationships, poor school performance, and even suicide. but bipolar disorder can be treated, and many people with this illness can lead full and productive lives. symptoms of bipolar disorder often develop in the late teens or early adult years, but some people have their first symptoms during childhood. at least half of all cases start before age 25. 2 bipolar disorder tends to run in families. children with a parent or sibling who has bipolar disorder are up to six times more likely to develop the illness, compared with children who do not have a family history of bipolar disorder. 3 however, most children with a family history of bipolar disorder will not develop the illness. what are the signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents? youth with bipolar disorder experience unusually intense emotional states that occur in distinct periods called " mood episodes. " the extreme highs and lows of mood are accompanied by extreme changes in energy, activity, sleep, and behavior. each mood episode represents a drastic change from a person ' s usual mood and behavior. an overly joyful or overexcited state is called a manic episode. an extremely sad or hopeless state is called a depressive episode. sometimes, a mood episode includes symptoms of both mania and depression. this is called a mixed state. people with bipolar disorder also may be explosive and irritable during a mood


episode. an extremely sad or hopeless state is called a depressive episode. sometimes, a mood episode includes symptoms of both mania and depression. this is called a mixed state. people with bipolar disorder also may be explosive and irritable during a mood episode. symptoms of bipolar disorder are described below. | symptoms of mania include : | | symptoms of depression include : | | mood changes | | mood changes | it ' s normal for almost every child or teen to show some of these behaviors sometimes. these passing changes should not be confused with bipolar disorder. symptoms of bipolar disorder are not like the normal changes in mood and energy that everyone has. bipolar symptoms are more extreme and tend to last for most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 1 week. also, depressive or manic episodes include moods very different from a child ' s normal mood, and the behaviors described in the chart generally all come on at the same time. sometimes the symptoms of bipolar disorder are so severe that the child needs to be treated in a hospital. bipolar disorder can be present even when mood swings are less extreme. for example, sometimes a child may have more energy and be more active than normal, but not show the severe signs of a full - blown manic episode. this is called hypomania. it generally lasts for at least 4 days in a row. hypomania causes noticeable changes in behavior, but does not harm a child ' s ability to function in the same way that mania does. note on misdiagnosis : rapidly shifting moods and high energy findings from the nimh - funded longitudinal assessment of manic symptoms ( lams ) study suggest that most young children with rapid mood swings and extremely high energy levels do not actually have bipolar disorder. however, these symptoms do cause significant problems at home, school, or with peers. the lams researchers re - assessed the children periodically to determine which children with rapid mood swings and high energy develop bipolar disorder later in life. 4 rapid mood changes and high energy are common among youth, but some researchers suggest these symptoms are hallmarks of mania in children. other experts believe that over - diagnosis and misdiagnosis may play a role in the sharply rising numbers of children being diagnosed with and treated for this disorder. 5 how does bipolar disorder affect children and adolescents differently than adults? bipolar disorder that starts during childhood or the early teen years is called early - onset bipolar disorder, and seems to be more severe than the forms that first appear in older teens and adults. 6 youth


does bipolar disorder affect children and adolescents differently than adults? bipolar disorder that starts during childhood or the early teen years is called early - onset bipolar disorder, and seems to be more severe than the forms that first appear in older teens and adults. 6 youth with bipolar disorder are different from adults with bipolar disorder. young people with the illness appear to have more frequent mood switches, are sick more often, and have more mixed episodes. 7 watch out for any sign of suicidal thinking or behaviors. take these signs seriously. on average, people with early - onset bipolar disorder are at greater risk for attempting suicide than those whose symptoms start in adulthood. 8, 9 one large study on bipolar disorder in children and teens found that more than one - third of study participants made at least one serious suicide attempt. 10 some suicide attempts are carefully planned and others are not. either way, it is important to understand that suicidal feelings and actions are symptoms of an illness that must be treated. for more information on suicide, see the nimh publication, suicide in america : frequently asked questions. note on misdiagnosis : chronic irritability and adhd children with chronic, severe irritability and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) may be misdiagnosed as having bipolar disorder. however, researchers believe that it is more appropriate to label these types of symptoms as severe mood dysregulation ( smd ). evidence suggests that smd should not be considered a form of bipolar disorder. studies show that children with smd differ from children with bipolar disorder in a number of ways. 11, 12, 13 for example, children with smd do not tend to develop manic episodes as they age, while children with bipolar disorder do develop mania. rather, children with smd are more at risk for developing anxiety disorders or depression. 14 in addition, children with bipolar disorder tend to have strong family histories of bipolar disorder, but children with smd do not. 15 more recently, imaging studies have shown that children with smd differ from those with bipolar disorder in the way their brains process facial emotions and manage attention. 16, 17 it is important to determine if a child has bipolar disorder or a different illness to ensure he or she gets the appropriate treatment. how is bipolar disorder detected in children and adolescents? no blood tests or brain scans can diagnose bipolar disorder. however, a doctor or health care provider may use tests like these to help rule out other possible causes for your child ' s symptoms. in addition, they may


in children and adolescents? no blood tests or brain scans can diagnose bipolar disorder. however, a doctor or health care provider may use tests like these to help rule out other possible causes for your child ' s symptoms. in addition, they may recommend testing for problems in learning, thinking, or speech and language. 18 a careful medical exam may also detect problems that commonly co - occur with bipolar disorder and need to be treated, such as substance abuse. health care professionals who have experience with diagnosing early - onset bipolar disorder will ask questions about changes in your child ' s mood. they will also ask about sleep patterns, activity or energy levels, and if your child has had any other mood or behavioral disorders. they may also ask whether there is a family history of bipolar disorder or other psychiatric illnesses, such as depression or alcoholism. doctors diagnose bipolar disorder using guidelines from the diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders ( dsm ). to be diagnosed, the symptoms must be a major change from your child ' s normal mood or behavior. there are four basic types of bipolar disorder : - bipolar i disorder — defined by manic or mixed episodes that last at least 7 days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. usually, depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least 2 weeks. - bipolar ii disorder — defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but no full - blown manic or mixed episodes. - bipolar disorder not otherwise specified ( bp - nos ) — diagnosed when symptoms of the illness exist but do not meet diagnostic criteria for either bipolar i or ii. however, the symptoms are clearly out of the person ' s normal range of behavior. - cyclothymic disorder, or cyclothymia — a mild form of bipolar disorder. people with cyclothymia have episodes of hypomania as well as mild depression for at least 2 years. however, the symptoms do not meet the diagnostic requirements for any other type of bipolar disorder. when children have manic symptoms that last for less than 4 days, experts may diagnose bp - nos. some evidence indicates that many of these young people will develop longer episodes within a few years and then meet the criteria for bipolar i or ii. 19 what illnesses often co - exist with bipolar disorder in children and adolescents? people with bipolar disorder may develop other mental illnesses as well, including : - alcoholism. adults with bipolar disorder are at very high risk of developing a substance


bipolar i or ii. 19 what illnesses often co - exist with bipolar disorder in children and adolescents? people with bipolar disorder may develop other mental illnesses as well, including : - alcoholism. adults with bipolar disorder are at very high risk of developing a substance abuse problem. young people with bipolar disorder may have the same risk. - adhd. mania and adhd share some symptoms, such as distractibility, hyperactivity, and the tendency to engage in impulsive and risky behavior. however, mania is episodic, so that the behaviors are uncharacteristic of the child. they start at a time when he or she is experiencing a dramatic change in mood. in contrast, adhd symptoms are persistent and typical for that child, although they may wax and wane to a certain degree. many children with bipolar disorder also have a history of adhd. 20 - anxiety disorders. anxiety disorders, such as separation anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder, also commonly co - occur with bipolar disorder, in both children and adults. - other mental disorders. some mental disorders cause symptoms similar to bipolar disorder. one example is major depression, sometimes called unipolar depression. sometimes, it is extremely difficult to tell the difference between major depression and a depressive episode in bipolar disorder. for this reason, if your child has bipolar disorder and becomes depressed, be sure that the doctor is aware of any past manic symptoms or episodes your child may have had. what treatments are available for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder? currently, there is no cure for bipolar disorder. however, treatment with medications, psychotherapy, or both may help people recover from their episodes, and may help to prevent future episodes. to treat children and teens with bipolar disorder, doctors often rely on information about treating adults. this is because there haven ' t been many studies on treating young people with the illness. one large study with adults funded by nimh was the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder ( step - bd ). this study found that treating adults with medications and intensive psychotherapy for about 9 months helped them get better. these adults got better faster and stayed well longer than adults treated with less intensive psychotherapy for 6 weeks. 21 combining medication treatment and psychotherapies may help young people with early - onset bipolar disorder as well. 22 however, children sometimes respond differently to psychiatric medications than adults. before starting medication, your doctor will want to determine your child ' s physical and mental health. this is called a " baseline " assessment. your child will need