your doctor will then numb the area where the tube is to be inserted using local anesthesia. next, he or she will make an incision, insert the tube, and connect it to a bottle or canister that contains sterile liquid. a suction mechanism is also attached to encourage drainage. the tube is held in place by a suture or a piece of surgical tape. - the chest tube will remain in place until x - rays show that the air or gas has drained from the pleural space and the lung is once again fully expanded. this can take several days. no further medication is necessary, although sometimes antibiotics are prescribed to ward off possible infection from the tube. surgery to remove blebs or attach the lung permanently to the chest wall is sometimes needed to prevent recurrences. up to 50 % of patients who experience pneumothorax have a recurrence, but there are no long - term consequences following treatment. if you are diagnosed with pneumothorax, follow your doctor ' s there is no known way to prevent pneumothorax. however, you can lower your risk of developing pneumothorax by : - not smoking. - wearing a seatbelt when in a motor vehicle to help prevent accident - related chest trauma. - being aware of the symptoms associated with pneumothorax if you have another lung disease. - if you have a history of pneumothorax, it is often recommended that you avoid scuba diving.


lets say i want to build a simple chat program that has encryption that is impossible to crack for anyone, even a theoretical government with a massive super computer. ok here ' s my idea. you ' ll need to read all the points to get the whole picture i think. - only two people can communicate with each other with the chat program. no group conversations. - the people will be communicating over the internet. - the chat program will just handle basic characters, numbers and symbols that are on a standard us keyboard. this is to keep things simple. - we ' ll say there ' s a limit of 160 characters per single chat message. but obviously being a real - time chat program over the internet you can type up more than one message. chat person # 1 ( bob ) generates a large list of secret random keys ( or pads ). each one time pad is 160 characters long. so we end up with a long list of pads. these get put in a sqlite database or something with primary keys numbered from say 1 to 5000. - bob copies the database to a usb drive / cd / dvd / blu - ray and meets chat person # 2 ( alice ) in person and gives them the database. alice loads that database up on her computer. then they secure erase the usb drive or burn / smash the cd / dvd / blu - ray. anyway now they both have the same list of one time pads on their computers. - ok bob, seeing he generated the list, he uses the odd numbered primary key pads to encrypt and send messages to alice ( # 1, # 3, # 5 etc ). alice being the person who loaded the list, uses the even numbered primary key pads ( # 2, # 4, # 6 etc ) to encrypt and send messages back to bob. - each person ' s program always keep a record of which numbered pad they ' ve used, so that a message doesn ' t get encrypted twice with the same pad. there ' s no mixup in one person using the same pad as the other because they ' re using odd and even numbered pads. the number of the pad to be used for decrypting the message could be tacked onto the end of the message. the number of the pad to be decrypted wouldn ' t necessarily need to be encrypted either it could just be on the end of the message eg " # 123 ". - now to secure the session, and provide a layer of protection against


pad to be decrypted wouldn ' t necessarily need to be encrypted either it could just be on the end of the message eg " # 123 ". - now to secure the session, and provide a layer of protection against mitm attacks, the whole chat session could be encrypted with ssh or ssl maybe. - now suppose the chat session gets intercepted by an attacker ( eve ) who wants to interfere with the communications, maybe trick bob into sending another message again with the same pad so they can figure out what was said. well she won ' t be able to because bob is maintaining a list of all the pads he ' s used and all the numbered pads that alice has sent him. if attacker eve tries to send a different message to bob to pretend it ' s from alice then she can ' t because she doesn ' t have any pads to encrypt the message with. - if eve tampers with the number on the end specifying the pad to decrypt with then the receiver will try and decrypt that message and realise the message is garbled so they will know something is up. if she tried to re - use an old pad then bob would know too as that message has already been received indicating tampering. also if the number increased significantly from the last message received eg last message received was # 200 and the next one received was # 230 then you ' d know there ' s been missing messages or someone playing man in the middle. - when the two parties have used up their 5000 messages then the chat session is ended and they ' ll need to regenerate a list of pads again and give them to the other chat party in person so they can continue chatting. obviously 5000 pads is an arbitrary number. you could in theory generate a million pads and have communication with them for a life time. ok so that ' s my idea in a nutshell, i ' ve had it on my mind for a while. if it ' s workable this would be an open source app that i would develop myself and release for everyone to use. open source because the code can be scrutinised and tested for flaws by the experts. are there any potential flaws or weaknesses, or possible attack vectors you can see? what improvements would you make to the idea?


build your family tree at the library published on thursday, february 18, 2010 - 3 : 42pm ever wonder about your ancestors? the dc public library can help. check out heritage quest, a free database that includes u. s. census records from 1790 to 1930 and freedman ’ s bank records. incorporated in 1865 to benefit freed slaves, freedman ’ s bank records contain information about the depositors and their families from 1865 to 1874. in some cases, the names of former slave owners are included. accessing this database only requires a dc public library card. before starting database research, a few tips will help get better results : - decide who to research. collect the real name of ancestors, their siblings, how old they would be and where they lived in 1930. - search broadly. enter the last name, year of birth, and city / state in heritage quest ’ s census database. - work backwards. review the 1930 census information, then plan to search the 1920 census. continue stepping back through available census data. - explore freedman ’ s bank records. find the surname of an ancestor and where they may have lived from 1865 to 1874. heritage quest is one of many resources available to research family history. to learn more about the library ’ s databases, visit dclibrary. org or any library location.


from practical fishkeeping, about the usa : deepwater oil spill area has more ill fish a government - funded survey of the entire gulf of mexico last summer found more ill fish in the area of the 2010 deepwater oil spill than anywhere else. the survey took place last summer with funding from noaa and cooperation from the state ’ s marine science laboratory in st. petersburg and caught over 4000 fish and found many exhibited unusual skin lesions. steve murawski, an oceanographer who previously served as the chief fisheries scientist of the national oceanographic and atmospheric administration who lead the project said that whilst the highest frequency of disease in fish was the area where the oil spill was that people shouldn ’ t necessarily assume that this was the cause. he pointed out that the large number of fish with skin lesions could have also been caused by oil rigs, leaky pipelines and even natural oil vents in the sea floor. “ even if the disease is from oil, ” he said. “ it ’ s another step to show it ’ s from the oil spill. ” however, other scientists studying fish believe that the two are connected. james cowan, an oceanography professor at louisiana state university is quoted saying : “ we still are seeing sick fish offshore and the usf survey confirmed our findings of 2 - 5 % of red snapper being affected ”. he added that lab studies show that chronic exposure to oil and dispersants can cause a wide range of effects including impacts to the genome to compromised immune systems in fish, shrimps and crabs found in the oil spill location. other scientists have also found fish with lesions spreading with a professor from the university of south alabama finding affected fish in the surf off the coast. whilst there is unfortunately no baseline survey to compare results with, the usf scientists plan a second survey of the gulf next month. they also plan to check whether the fish they have caught also suffer from immune system and fertility problems. the results will be reported by april 20, 2012 – the second anniversary of the deepwater horizon explosion. meanwhile, there have been other signs something unusual might be going on further afield in the northern part of the gulf. more than 600 dolphins have stranded over the past two years ; which in some areas is 10 times more than normal. so far 10 have tested positive for the bacterial infection brucella, which scientists believe may be a sign that the oil spill harmed the dolphins ’ immune systems.


the truth about pit bulls pit bulls are not the stereotypical devil dog put forth in media myths. they are companion animals who have enhanced the lives of many through their devoted people - loving natures, positively channeled physical prowess, bravery, and intelligence. pit bulls have served key roles in search - and - rescue efforts, excel in agility training, and work nationwide as therapy and service dogs. famous pit bulls include petey in " our gang / little rascals " film series and an american poster mascot during pit bulls have great physical and mental characteristics that make them excellent partners for responsible, active, and caring owners. these same outstanding qualities can also make them a little difficult to handle for people who don ' t have a lot of experience with dog ownership. obedience classes are strongly recommended for this breed. a well behaved and obedient pit bull will be a wonderful companion, and a great ambassador for an often misunderstood breed. pit bulls are very adaptable and will even do well in urban living, provided they have enough exercise or other positive outlets for their energy. pit bulls are strong, energetic, agile, and powerful dogs. they are also very resourceful and driven. " determination " is one of their most notable traits … whether it is escaping an inadequately fenced yard to go explore the neighborhood, or destroying your new couch when left home alone, or climbing into your lap to shower you with kisses! they just don ' t give up easily. most pit bulls are very good with children. however, any dog must be supervised with children at all times. like other active dogs, they need substantial daily exercise - - and depend on their owners to teach them good manners, such as not jumping. owner responsibility is required for anyone getting any dog. pit bulls strive to take on the behaviors that their guardians instill in them, and their behavior is reflective of the care, training and socialization practices ( or lack thereof ) used by their owners. it is essential for owners to socialize and train their dogs so they are well - behaved with people of all ages and in public situations. one very important characteristic of the pit bull dogs, is their amazing love of people. human aggression, severe shyness, and instability are not traits typically found and accepted in the pit bull breed. unlike the myth propagated by the media though, human aggression is not a trait associated with the pit bull breed. in fact, pit bulls tend to do better than average in temperament tests. unlike the myth propagated by the media though,


unlike the myth propagated by the media though, human aggression is not a trait associated with the pit bull breed. in fact, pit bulls tend to do better than average in temperament tests. unlike the myth propagated by the media though, human aggression is not a problem specific to the pit bull breed. humans have created very specialized dogs through emphasizing desired traits and eliminating unwanted ones. it is no different with the pit bull breed - ' selectively ' bred for hundreds of years to fight other dogs. certain specific traits were selectively bred into the dogs and are now part of the breed ' s character. it ' s like the digging instinct of many terriers, the compulsion to run in greyhounds, etc. we don ' t condone or glorify it, but dog - aggression is common with pit bull type dogs. owners must recognize and accept this fact or they won ’ t be able to provide competent ownership and have fun with their dogs. it is not necessarily a hate of other dogs that will cause pit bulls to fight, but rather an " urge " to do so that has been bred into the breed for many generations. pit bull owners must be aware of the remarkable fighting abilities of this breed and always keep in mind that pit bulls have the potential to inflict serious injuries to other animals. pit bulls can and do interact peacefully with other dogs and animals. individual dog temperament, early training and socializing, all play an important role in whether or not a pit bull is capable of getting along with other animals. many people successfully keep multiple pit bulls and other pets in the same household. success is based on careful supervision, proper management and training, and the individual animals involved. in closing, please remember that animal - aggression and people - aggression should never be confused, as they are two different traits.


skip to content search results for refine your search [ june 17, 1916 - july... april 8, 1918 ward, hortense sparks... [ pinchot, amelia brice... cunningham, minnie fis... page 1 of 2 : ( add to favorites campaign information about women ' s voting rights in texas pamphlet explaining how, when and where women can vote in the july, 1918 democratic primary election. the pamphlet also recounts how texas governor james e. ferguson led the group at the democratic national... chronology of war events this newspaper article lists all notable events of world war i that occured between august 1914 and july 1918. save the sugar : 24 recipes using sugar substitutes the pamphlet includes recipes which use sugar substitutes. call issued to halt action on woman suffrage. article arguing against women ' s right to vote in texas. the article argues that texans voted down women ' s suffrage at the ballots and that texas is not willing for other suffrage states to force women... soldier rations letter letter from the national woman ' s liberty loan committee explaining in detail the rations supplied to soldiers. governor signs bill giving woman vote in primaries article about signing of bill giving women right to vote in primaries. governor william hobby signed the bill in his private office and was witnessed by mrs. minnie fisher cunningham, mrs. d. h. doom, mrs.... article about women ' s suffrage article points out that german citizens in texas are allowed to vote in the july 1918 primaries, but women are still denied the vote. the article insists that the equal suffrage be passed as a war measure.... houston woman tendered place on accident board article about election of hortense ward to texas industrial accident board. she is the first woman secretary of the board. article about mrs. minnie fisher cunningham article about mrs. minnie fisher cunnigham ' s campaign to pass a suffrage amendment to the state constitution. the campaign will largely be an educational one, with speakers sent to every part of the state.... letter to members of suffrage league letter to members of suffrage league requesting that in october, each league takes part in the " missionary " work of starting new leagues in neighboring towns in order to raise awareness and raise numbers.... letter to suffragists this letter requests that suffragists encourage their local representatives to support womens ' suffrage. newspaper clipping about primary suffrage newspaper editorial in support of women ' s suffrage in texas primaries. the article argues that it is supported by a majority


##ragists this letter requests that suffragists encourage their local representatives to support womens ' suffrage. newspaper clipping about primary suffrage newspaper editorial in support of women ' s suffrage in texas primaries. the article argues that it is supported by a majority in both houses of the legislature, and that if the governor were not actively... list of campaign suggestions the document lists ways to advance the womens ' suffrage movement. document about primary suffrage bill document in support of a partial suffrage bill to allow women to vote in the texas primary elections as part of a war measure. the document explains that a similar war measure was passed in arkansas in... copy of joint resolution the resolution proposes to expand voting rights to women by amending section 2, article 6 of the texas state constitution. copy of house bill no. 105 the bill gives all qualified texas women the right to vote. article about gubernatorial election this article encourages the women of texas to vote for governor hobby in the next election. document about womens ' suffrage this document contains passages from various texas newspapers and individuals concerning the womens ' suffrage movement. document about members of house committee this document describes the attitudes that several congressmen hold towards womens ' suffrage. letter about brownsville equal suffrage league letter describing the youngest and best loved child, the brownsville equal suffrage league. they will be working on conservation and thrift efforts for the first few months. letter request that conservation... add to favorites page 1 of 2 : ( © 2013 the university of houston, 114 university libraries, houston, tx 77204 - 2000 ( 713 ) 743 - 1050 state of texas


date : may 2009 creator : hembreiker, linda - rose description : during the 20th century, chamber works for harp expanded to include significantly different instrumentations, like flute, voice and harp. indeed, a body of works for flute, voice, and harp began to develop mainly through the commissioning efforts of ensembles comprised of these instruments. this study of george crumb ' s federico ' s little songs for children for flutes, soprano, and harp considers the unique advantages and challenges of this instrumentation and offers specific suggestions for performance. attention to various compositional elements of federico ' s little songs for children, especially as they relate to the text, is also helpful in preparing to perform this work. the form, pitch material, and text - painting in the work allow for special opportunities to convey meaning to audiences in ways that do not rely on traditional tonal relationships. accompanying the shift away from traditional tonal relationships, the development of the harp repertoire in chamber and solo settings during the 20th century also led to the development of many extended - techniques for this instrument. for the most part, these techniques have been described and given various notational symbols but not discussed in detail with regard to execution. federico ' s little songs for children itself requires several unique extended - techniques. recommendations are given in... contributing partner : unt libraries


date of this version embryonic stem cells have the ability to develop into virtually any cell in the body, and they may have the potential to treat medical conditions such as diabetes and parkinson ’ s disease. in august 2001, president bush announced that for the first time, federal funds would be used to support research on human embryonic stem cells, but funding would be limited to “ existing stem cell lines. ” nih has established a registry of 78 human embryonic stem cell lines that are eligible for use in federally funded research, but only 21 cell lines are currently available. scientists are concerned about the quality and longevity of these 21 stem cell lines. nih director elias zerhouni stated before a senate subcommittee in march 2007 that research advancement requires access to new human embryonic stem cell lines. some have argued that adult stem cells ( from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood ) should be pursued instead of embryonic stem cells because they believe the derivation of stem cells from embryos is ethically unacceptable. the nih director and many other scientists believe adult stem cells should not be the sole target of research because of important scientific and technical limitations. reports issued by nih and the institute of medicine state that both embryonic and adult stem cell research should be pursued. some scientists are exploring the possibility of obtaining human embryonic stem cells that bypass the destruction of living human embryos. the president ’ s council on bioethics cited four potential alternative sources of human embryonic stem cells in a may 2005 paper. a number of pro - life advocates support stem cell research ; those opposed are concerned that stem cell isolation requires embryo destruction. on january 11, 2007, the house passed h. r. 3 ( degette ) on a vote of 253 to 174. h. r. 3 would allow federal support of research that utilizes human embryonic stem cells regardless of the date on which the stem cells were derived from a human embryo, and thus negate the august 2001 bush stem cell policy limitation. on april 11, 2007, the senate passed s. 5 ( reid ), which has the same text as h. r. 3 and an additional section supporting research on alternative human pluripotent stem cells. the senate also passed s. 30 ( coleman ) on april 11, 2007. unlike h. r. 3 and s. 5, s. 30 provides support only for research on alternative human pluripotent stem cells. ( the 109th congress passed legislation identical to h. r. 3, h. r. 810 ( castle


sequential compression and decompression is done using the classes bz2compressor and bz2decompressor. create a new compressor object. this object may be used to compress data sequentially. if you want to compress data in one shot, use the compress ( ) function instead. the compresslevel parameter, if given, must be a number between 9 ; the default provide more data to the compressor object. it will return chunks of compressed data whenever possible. when you ' ve finished providing data to compress, call the flush ( ) method to finish the compression process, and return what is left in internal buffers. finish the compression process and return what is left in internal buffers. you must not use the compressor object after calling this method. create a new decompressor object. this object may be used to decompress data sequentially. if you want to decompress data in one shot, use the decompress ( ) function instead. provide more data to the decompressor object. it will return chunks of decompressed data whenever possible. if you try to decompress data after the end of stream is found, eoferror will be raised. if any data was found after the end of stream, it ' ll be ignored and saved in see about this document... for information on suggesting changes.


dependent personality disorder is characterized by dependent and submissive behavior. the person often defers the majority or all decision - making to someone else. people with this type of personality disorder are not aware that their thoughts and behaviors are inappropriate. it is not clear what causes personality disorders, but it is likely a combination of genetic ( inherited ) factors and a person ' s environment. a risk factor is something that increases your chance of acquiring a disease or condition. factors that increase the risk of dependent personality disorder include : symptoms of dependent personality disorder may include : - irrational fear - relying on others for guidance, decision - making, reassurance, and advice - excessive sensitivity to criticism - a strong fear of rejection - perception of oneself as powerless you will likely be referred to a psychiatrist or other mental health professional. you will be asked about your symptoms. a mental and medical health history will be taken. a diagnosis will be made after a complete psychiatric assessment that rules out other disorders. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment options include : counseling may be beneficial for people with dependent personality disorder. counseling sessions focus on learning how to manage your anxiety and be more assertive. in some cases, medications, such as tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, or alprazolam, may help manage symptoms. for most patients, medications only provide a minimal amount of symptom relief. other treatments, such as group therapy and social skills training, can help you manage symptoms. - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 93 / 2012 -


editor ' s note : colin stuart is an astronomy and science writer, who also works as a freelance astronomer for the royal observatory greenwich in london. his first book is due to be published by carlton books in september 2013. follow @ skyponderer on twitter. london ( cnn ) - - reports coming from russia suggest that hundreds of people have been injured by a meteor falling from space. the force of the fireball, which seems to have crashed into a lake near the town of chebarkul in the ural mountains, roared through the sky early on friday morning local time, blowing out windows and damaging buildings. this comes on the same day that astronomers and news reporters alike were turning their attention to a 40 meter asteroid - - known as 2012 da14 - - which is due for a close approach with earth on friday evening. the asteroid will skirt around our planet, however, missing by some 27, 000 kilometers ( 16, 777 miles ). based on early reports, there is no reason to believe the two events are connected. and yet it just goes to show how much space debris exists up there above our heads. it is easy to think of a serene solar system, with the eight planets quietly orbiting around the sun and only a few moons for company. the reality is that we also share our cosmic neighborhood with millions of other, much smaller bodies : asteroids. made of rock and metal, they range in size from a few meters across, up to the largest - - ceres - - which is 1000 kilometers wide. they are left over rubble from the chaotic birth of our solar system around 5000 million years ago and, for the most part, are found in a " belt " between the orbits of mars and jupiter. but some are known to move away from this region, either due to collisions with other asteroids or the gravitational pull of a planet. and that can bring them into close proximity to the earth. once a piece of space - rock enters our atmosphere, it becomes known as a meteor. traveling through the sky at a few kilometers per second, friction with the air can cause the meteor to break up into several pieces. eyewitnesses have described seeing a burst of light and hearing loud, thunderous noises. this, too, is due to the object tearing through the gases above our heads. if any of the fragments make it to the ground, only then are they called meteorites. such events are rare, but not unprecedented. an object entered earth ' s atmosphere in 1908 before breaking up over siberia. the force


gases above our heads. if any of the fragments make it to the ground, only then are they called meteorites. such events are rare, but not unprecedented. an object entered earth ' s atmosphere in 1908 before breaking up over siberia. the force of the explosion laid waste to a dense area of forest covering more than 2000 square kilometers. it is not hard to imagine the devastation of such an event over a more highly populated region. the earth is sprinkled with around 170 craters also caused by debris falling from space. the largest is found near the town of vredefort in south africa. the impact of a much larger asteroid - - perhaps as big as 15 kilometers across - - is famously thought to have finished off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. it is easy to see why, then, that astronomers are keen to discover the position and trajectory of as many asteroids as possible. that way they can work out where they are heading and when, if at all, they might pose a threat to us on earth. it is precisely this sort of work that led to the discovery of asteroid 2012 da14 last february by a team of spanish astronomers. however, today ' s meteor strike shows that it is not currently possible to pick up everything. a non - profit foundation, led by former nasa astronaut ed lu, wants to send a dedicated asteroid - hunting telescope into space that can scan the solar system for any potential threats. for now, astronomers will use friday ' s fly - by to bounce radar beams off 2012 da14 ' s surface, hoping to learn more about its motion and structure. one day this information could be used to help move an asteroid out of an earth - impacting orbit. this latest meteor over russia just goes to show how important such work is and how crucial it is that we keep our eye on the sky. the opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of colin stuart.


a map of marco polo ' s route to and from china. in the 13th century, a young venetian named marco polo set out with his father and uncle on a great adventure. following a series of trade routes, they traveled across the vast continent of asia and became the first europeans to visit the chinese capital ( modern beijing ). marco so impressed the reigning emperor of china, kublai khan, that he was appointed to the imperial court. for the next 17 years, marco was sent on missions to many parts of kublai ' s sprawling empire. the polos finally returned to venice via the sea route. marco later wrote a book about his experiences, which inspired new generations of explorers to travel to the exotic lands of the east. read through the entire lesson plan and become familiar with the content and resources. bookmark relevant websites for later reference. marco polo was on the last leg of his journey home from china to venice. after visiting several seaports in india, he and his party sailed across the arabian sea and to the mouth of the persian gulf, landing at the port city of hormuz. marco had visited hormuz with his father and uncle many years before when they were on their way to china. at that time, they had considered a sea route too dangerous and decided instead to travel eastward across asia following a land route. perhaps they were right — by the time they arrived in hormuz on their journey home, nearly all of the 600 people who had set out with them from china had perished! historians attribute this to a combination of storms, disease, and combat with hostile natives encountered along the way. after delivering the mongol princess they were escorting to the persian court, the polos trekked northward through persia and armenia ( part of modern turkey ) to the black sea. the most famous building in constantinople was the hagia sophia. it remains one of the most impressive churches in the world. learn about the hagia sophia by visiting the following websites ( available through labyrinth ) : marco and his father and uncle boarded a trading ship in constantinople and sailed home to venice. this final lap of their long journey from china was an easy voyage on the mediterranean sea. have the students write a short essay about constantinople. it can be illustrated with images downloaded from the websites visited in this lesson or by original drawings. 1 - 2 class periods


contact the department to report wildlife emergencies relating to : - crocodiles in queensland - incidents where a person has been bitten or scratched by a bat or has had bat saliva or neural tissue come into contact with their eyes or other mucous membrane surfaces ( e. g. inside the mouth ) to report all other wildlife emergencies such as sick, injured or orphaned animals, marine animal strikes or strandings, contact the rspca qld. flooding and potentially dangerous wildlife flooding of waterways and low - lying areas can temporarily increase the mobility and distribution of potentially dangerous wildlife – particularly snakes and crocodiles – and as such these animals may be present in areas they do not usually inhabit. all crocodile sightings in queensland should be reported to the crocwatch hotline on 1300 130 372. the department of environment and heritage protection records and investigates all crocodile reports made by the public and will take appropriate action based on the potential safety risk posed by the animal. a summary of all current crocodile sightings and declared crocodiles of concern is available on the department ’ s crocwatch page. always remember that no natural waterway in crocodile country is ever 100 % risk free, and the public should remain ' croc - wise ' at all times when in and around crocodile habitat. snakes found on premises can be removed and relocated by private snake catchers authorised under the nature conservation act 1992. contact details of local snake catchers can be obtained through the yellow pages or via the internet. and somewhere nearby... there ' s wildlife whether it ’ s your backyard or a remote national park, one thing is certain : there is a native animal somewhere nearby. it may be as inconspicuous as a tiny spider tucked up in the corner of your ceiling or something more imposing like a three metre carpet python coiled around a roof truss in your carport. we cross paths with wild animals throughout our lives — from our first encounters with storybook animals to those chance meetings with wildlife in the wild places where they live. these encounters are most likely to be with animals that attract our attention : the colourful, the big, the unusual — and the few that find ways to annoy us or even put our safety at risk. but there are the many animals we don ’ t notice and these are often the ones that are so common that they simply blend into the background noise of daily life. these animals are just waiting to be ‘ discovered ’ — all you have to do is stop and look. curiosity and wildlife go hand in hand. this part of the website is all about learning


that they simply blend into the background noise of daily life. these animals are just waiting to be ‘ discovered ’ — all you have to do is stop and look. curiosity and wildlife go hand in hand. this part of the website is all about learning : learning how to understand and appreciate the wildlife around you and, more importantly, how to live safely alongside it. learning starts by asking the right questions : - where can i find out about queensland ’ s native wildlife? - what wildlife is living around your home? - are any of them dangerous? - how can you learn more about your ‘ wild neighbours ’ and how to live alongside them? - where can i see wildlife? - are there any threatened species facing extinction right on your doorstep and what are we doing to ensure their survival? - what threats do our wildlife face? - what happens if you find a baby wild animal on its own, or one that ’ s sick or hurt? - what native animals can i keep, use or collect? - what can you do to protect the wildlife living in queensland? this website will help you answer these questions. but no website has all the answers and, when it comes to learning about wildlife, you will need to link up with other ‘ sites ’ … like your backyard, your local bushland, or your nearest national park. wildlife online — species lists for queensland permit and licence management - licences and permits if you witness or suspect an offence to wildlife please complete the wildlife complaint report form. ‡ requires microsoft office files viewer


topic : powerful earthquake in japan - tepco reports nuclear fuel meltdown at fukushima no. 1 - japanese imperial couple to visit fukushima province - tepco detects dangerous radiation level at fukushima no. 1 reactor - engineers continue monitoring radiation at fukushima - damage levels at the fukushima i nuclear power plant - radiation checks in fukushima - situation near the troubled fukushima i nuclear power plant - blast at japan ' s fukushima no. 1 nuclear plant - the fukushima i nuclear power plant - reconstruction : fukushima - 1 nuclear power plant accident, japan - flying robots provide video from fukushima power plant - footage released of inside fukushima ’ s crippled nuclear power plant the japanese authorities have started evacuation of people who live outside the 20 kilometer radius from the troubled fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant, nhk tv channel reported on sunday. families with babies and children up to kindergarten age and pregnant women are the first of the 7, 700 residents of two towns to evacuate, the tv channel said. municipal officials have said they have secured temporary housing for almost all of the residents who want it. some farmers cannot evacuate soon as they have not been able to find places to move their cattle. some families cannot move together to designated temporary housing or cannot decide on the place to go as they would be far from work or school, the tv channel said. the japanese government has expanded the evacuation zone around the plant to areas where cumulative radiation levels are 20 millisieverts or higher per year, the tv channel said. an earthquake and a tsunami that swept northeastern japan two months ago damaged the cooling system at fukushima, which resulted in serious meltdown. in mid - april, japan ' s nuclear authorities assigned the highest level of danger to the fukushima nuclear disaster for the first time after the devastating chernobyl nuclear accident in the soviet union in 1986. moscow, may 15 ( ria novosti ) add to blog you may place this material on your blog by copying the link. image galleries : liliger cub at the novosibirsk zoo and other animal news infographics : global warming : predicting future disasters cartoons : polar explorer day the growing outright rivalry between the united states and china gives russia more foreign policy weight, enabling it to assume the role of a balancer. so far it has been doing so rather skillfully. today it may participate in a joint naval exercise with china that beijing positions as outwardly anti - american. but tomorrow it can team up with the naval forces of the old world.


| pre - hispanic city of chichen - itza | | name as inscribed on the world heritage list | | criteria | | i, ii, iii | | unesco region | | latin america and the caribbean | | inscription | | 1988 ( 12th session ) | chichen itza ( pron. : / /, spanish : chichen itza [ tʃiˈtʃen iˈtsa ], from yucatec maya : chi ' ch ' een iitsha ' [ ] ; " at the mouth of the well of the itza " ) was a large pre - columbian city built by the maya civilization. the archaeological site is located in the municipality of tinum, in the mexican state of yucatan. chichen itza was a major focal point in the northern maya lowlands from the late classic ( c. ad 600 – 900 ) through the terminal classic ( c. ad 800 – 900 ) and into the early portion of the early postclassic period ( c. ad 900 – 1200 ). the site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles, reminiscent of styles seen in central mexico and of the puuc and chenes styles of the northern maya lowlands. the presence of central mexican styles was once thought to have been representative of direct migration or even conquest from central mexico, but most contemporary interpretations view the presence of these non - maya styles more as the result of cultural diffusion. chichen itza was one of the largest maya cities and it was likely to have been one of the mythical great cities, or tollans, referred to in later mesoamerican literature. the city may have had the most diverse population in the maya world, a factor that could have contributed to the variety of architectural styles at the site. the ruins of chichen itza are federal property, and the site ’ s stewardship is maintained by mexico ’ s instituto nacional de antropologia e historia ( national institute of anthropology and history ). the land under the monuments had been privately owned until 29 march 2010, when it was purchased by the state of yucatan. [ nb 1 ] chichen itza is one of the most visited archaeological sites in mexico ; an estimated 1. 2 million tourists visit the ruins every year. name and orthography the maya name " chichen itza " means " at the mouth of the well of the itza. " this derives from chi ', meaning " mouth " or " edge ", and ch ' en or ch ' e ' en, meaning " well. "


chichen itza " means " at the mouth of the well of the itza. " this derives from chi ', meaning " mouth " or " edge ", and ch ' en or ch ' e ' en, meaning " well. " itza is the name of an ethnic - lineage group that gained political and economic dominance of the northern peninsula. one possible translation for itza is " enchanter ( or enchantment ) of the water ", from its, " sorcerer ", and ha, " water ". the name is spelled chichen itza in spanish, and the accents are sometimes maintained in other languages to show that both parts of the name are stressed on their final syllable. other references prefer the maya orthography, chichen itza ' ( pronounced [ tʃitʃʼen itsaʔ ] ). this form preserves the phonemic distinction between ch ' and ch, since the base word ch ' e ' en ( which, however, is not stressed in maya ) begins with a postalveolar ejective africate consonant. the word " itza ' " has a high tone on the " a " followed by a glottal stop ( indicated by the apostrophe ). evidence in the chilam balam books indicates another, earlier name for this city prior to the arrival of the itza hegemony in northern yucatan. while most sources agree the first word means seven, there is considerable debate as to the correct translation of the rest. this earlier name is difficult to define because of the absence of a single standard of orthography, but it is represented variously as uuc yabnal ( " seven great house " ), uuc hab nal ( " seven bushy places " ), uucyabnal ( " seven great rulers " ) or uc abnal ( " seven lines of abnal " ). [ nb 2 ] this name, dating to the late classic period, is recorded both in the book of chilam balam de chumayel and in hieroglyphic texts in the ruins. chichen itza is located in the eastern portion of yucatan state in mexico. the northern yucatan peninsula is arid, and the rivers in the interior all run underground. there are two large, natural sink holes, called cenotes, that could have provided plentiful water year round at chichen, making it attractive for settlement. of the two cenotes, the " cenote sagrado " or sacred cenote ( also


large, natural sink holes, called cenotes, that could have provided plentiful water year round at chichen, making it attractive for settlement. of the two cenotes, the " cenote sagrado " or sacred cenote ( also variously known as the sacred well or well of sacrifice ), is the most famous. according to post - conquest sources ( maya and spanish ), pre - columbian maya sacrificed objects and human beings into the cenote as a form of worship to the maya rain god chaac. edward herbert thompson dredged the cenote sagrado from 1904 to 1910, and recovered artifacts of gold, jade, pottery and incense, as well as human remains. a study of human remains taken from the cenote sagrado found that they had wounds consistent with human sacrifice. political organization several archaeologists in late 1980s suggested that unlike previous maya polities of the early classic, chichen itza may not have been governed by an individual ruler or a single dynastic lineage. instead, the city ’ s political organization could have been structured by a " multepal " system, which is characterized as rulership through council composed of members of elite ruling lineages. this theory was popular in the 1990s, but in recent years, the research that supported the concept of the " multepal " system has been called into question, if not discredited. the current belief trend in maya scholarship is toward the more traditional model of the maya kingdoms of the classic period southern lowlands in mexico. chichen itza was a major economic power in the northern maya lowlands during its apogee. participating in the water - borne circum - peninsular trade route through its port site of isla cerritos on the north coast, chichen itza was able to obtain locally unavailable resources from distant areas such as obsidian from central mexico and gold from southern central america. between ad 900 and 1050 chichen itza expanded to become a powerful regional capital controlling north and central yucatan. it established isla cerritos as a trading port. the layout of chichen itza site core developed during its earlier phase of occupation, between 750 and 900 ad. its final layout was developed after 900 ad, and the 10th century saw the rise of the city as a regional capital controlling the area from central yucatan to the north coast, with its power extending down the east and west coasts of the peninsula. the earliest hieroglyphic date discovered at chichen itza is equivalent to 832 ad, while the last known date


controlling the area from central yucatan to the north coast, with its power extending down the east and west coasts of the peninsula. the earliest hieroglyphic date discovered at chichen itza is equivalent to 832 ad, while the last known date was recorded in the osario temple in 998. the late classic city was centred upon the area to the southwest of the xtoloc cenote, with the main architecture represented by the substructures now underlying the las monjas and observatorio and the basal platform upon which they were built. chichen itza rose to regional prominence towards the end of the early classic period ( roughly 600 ad ). it was, however, towards the end of the late classic and into the early part of the terminal classic that the site became a major regional capital, centralizing and dominating political, sociocultural, economic, and ideological life in the northern maya lowlands. the ascension of chichen itza roughly correlates with the decline and fragmentation of the major centers of the southern maya lowlands. as chichen itza rose to prominence, the cities of yaxuna ( to the south ) and coba ( to the east ) were suffering decline. these two cities had been mutual allies, with yaxuna dependent upon coba. at some point in the 10th century coba lost a significant portion of its territory, isolating yaxuna, and chichen itza may have directly contributed to the collapse of both cities. | classic maya collapse | | spanish conquest of yucatan | | spanish conquest of guatemala | | spanish conquest of peten | according to maya chronicles ( e. g., the book of chilam balam of chumayel ), hunac ceel, ruler of mayapan, conquered chichen itza in the 13th century. hunac ceel supposedly prophesied his own rise to power. according to custom at the time, individuals thrown into the cenote sagrado were believed to have the power of prophecy if they survived. during one such ceremony, the chronicles state, there were no survivors, so hunac ceel leaped into the cenote sagrado, and when removed, prophesied his own ascension. while there is some archaeological evidence that indicates chichen itza was at one time looted and sacked, there appears to be greater evidence that it could not have been by mayapan, at least not when chichen itza was an active urban center. archaeological data now indicates that chichen itza declined as a regional


at one time looted and sacked, there appears to be greater evidence that it could not have been by mayapan, at least not when chichen itza was an active urban center. archaeological data now indicates that chichen itza declined as a regional center by 1250 ce, before the rise of mayapan. [ nb 3 ] ongoing research at the site of mayapan may help resolve this chronological conundrum. while chichen itza " collapsed " or fell ( meaning elite activities ceased ) it may not have been abandoned. when the spanish arrived, they found a thriving local population, although it is not clear from spanish sources if maya were living in chichen itza or nearby. the relatively high density of population in the region was one of the factors behind the conquistadors ' decision to locate a capital there. according to post - conquest sources, both spanish and maya, the cenote sagrado remained a place of pilgrimage. spanish conquest in 1526 spanish conquistador francisco de montejo ( a veteran of the grijalva and cortes expeditions ) successfully petitioned the king of spain for a charter to conquer yucatan. his first campaign in 1527, which covered much of the yucatan peninsula, decimated his forces but ended with the establishment of a small fort at xaman ha ', south of what is today cancun. montejo returned to yucatan in 1531 with reinforcements and established his main base at campeche on the west coast. he sent his son, francisco montejo the younger, in late 1532 to conquer the interior of the yucatan peninsula from the north. the objective from the beginning was to go to chichen itza and establish a capital. montejo the younger eventually arrived at chichen itza, which he renamed ciudad real. at first he encountered no resistance, and set about dividing the lands around the city and awarding them to his soldiers. the maya became more hostile over time, and eventually they laid siege to the spanish, cutting off their supply line to the coast, and forcing them to barricade themselves among the ruins of the ancient city. months passed, but no reinforcements arrived. montejo the younger attempted an all out assault against the maya and lost 150 of his remaining troops. he was forced to abandon chichen itza in 1534 under cover of darkness. by 1535, all spanish had been driven from the yucatan peninsula. montejo eventually returned to yucatan and, by recruiting maya from campeche and champoton, built a large indio - spanish army and conquered the


1534 under cover of darkness. by 1535, all spanish had been driven from the yucatan peninsula. montejo eventually returned to yucatan and, by recruiting maya from campeche and champoton, built a large indio - spanish army and conquered the peninsula. the spanish crown later issued a land grant that included chichen itza and by 1588 it was a working cattle ranch. modern history chichen itza entered the popular imagination in 1843 with the book incidents of travel in yucatan by john lloyd stephens ( with illustrations by frederick catherwood ). the book recounted stephens ’ visit to yucatan and his tour of maya cities, including chichen itza. the book prompted other explorations of the city. in 1860, desire charnay surveyed chichen itza and took numerous photographs that he published in cites et ruines americaines ( 1863 ). in 1875, augustus le plongeon and his wife alice dixon le plongeon visited chichen, and excavated a statue of a figure on its back, knees drawn up, upper torso raised on its elbows with a plate on its stomach. augustus le plongeon called it “ chaacmol ” ( later renamed “ chac mool ”, which has been the term to describe all types of this statuary found in mesoamerica ). teobert maler and alfred maudslay explored chichen in the 1880s and both spent several weeks at the site and took extensive photographs. maudslay published the first long - form description of chichen itza in his book, biologia centrali - americana. in 1894 the united states consul to yucatan, edward herbert thompson purchased the hacienda chichen, which included the ruins of chichen itza. for 30 years, thompson explored the ancient city. his discoveries included the earliest dated carving upon a lintel in the temple of the initial series and the excavation of several graves in the osario ( high priest ’ s temple ). thompson is most famous for dredging the cenote sagrado ( sacred cenote ) from 1904 to 1910, where he recovered artifacts of gold, copper and carved jade, as well as the first - ever examples of what were believed to be pre - columbian maya cloth and wooden weapons. thompson shipped the bulk of the artifacts to the peabody museum at harvard university. in 1913, the carnegie institution accepted the proposal of archaeologist sylvanus g. morley and committed to conduct long - term archaeological research at chichen itza. the mexican revolution and the following government instability, as well


the peabody museum at harvard university. in 1913, the carnegie institution accepted the proposal of archaeologist sylvanus g. morley and committed to conduct long - term archaeological research at chichen itza. the mexican revolution and the following government instability, as well as world war i, delayed the project by a decade. in 1923, the mexican government awarded the carnegie institution a 10 - year permit ( later extended another 10 years ) to allow u. s. archaeologists to conduct extensive excavation and restoration of chichen itza. carnegie researchers excavated and restored the temple of warriors and the caracol, among other major buildings. at the same time, the mexican government excavated and restored el castillo and the great ball court. in 1926, the mexican government charged edward thompson with theft, claiming he stole the artifacts from the cenote sagrado and smuggled them out of the country. the government seized the hacienda chichen. thompson, who was in the united states at the time, never returned to yucatan. he wrote about his research and investigations of the maya culture in a book people of the serpent published in 1932. he died in new jersey in 1935. in 1944 the mexican supreme court ruled that thompson had broken no laws and returned chichen itza to his heirs. the thompsons sold the hacienda to tourism pioneer fernando barbachano peon. there have been two later expeditions to recover artifacts from the cenote sagrado, in 1961 and 1967. the first was sponsored by the national geographic, and the second by private interests. both projects were supervised by mexico ' s national institute of anthropology and history ( inah ). inah has conducted an ongoing effort to excavate and restore other monuments in the archaeological zone, including the osario, akab d ’ zib, and several buildings in chichen viejo ( old chichen ). in 2009, to investigate construction that predated el castillo, yucatec archaeologists began excavations adjacent to el castillo under the direction of rafael ( rach ) cobos. site description chichen itza was one of the largest maya cities, with the relatively densely clustered architecture of the site core covering an area of at least 5 square kilometres ( 1. 9 sq mi ). smaller scale residential architecture extends for an unknown distance beyond this. the city was built upon broken terrain, which was artificially levelled in order to build the major architectural groups, with the greatest effort being expended in the levelling of the areas for the castillo pyramid, and the las monjas,


. the city was built upon broken terrain, which was artificially levelled in order to build the major architectural groups, with the greatest effort being expended in the levelling of the areas for the castillo pyramid, and the las monjas, osario and main southwest groups. the site contains many fine stone buildings in various states of preservation, and many have been restored. the buildings were connected by a dense network of paved causeways, called sacbeob. [ nb 4 ] archaeologists have identified over 80 sacbeob criss - crossing the site, and extending in all directions from the city. the architecture encompasses a number of styles, including the puuc and chenes styles of the northern yucatan peninsula. the buildings of chichen itza are grouped in a series of architectonic sets, and each set was at one time separated from the other by a series of low walls. the three best known of these complexes are the great north platform, which includes the monuments of el castillo, temple of warriors and the great ball court ; the osario group, which includes the pyramid of the same name as well as the temple of xtoloc ; and the central group, which includes the caracol, las monjas, and akab dzib. south of las monjas, in an area known as chichen viejo ( old chichen ) and only open to archaeologists, are several other complexes, such as the group of the initial series, group of the lintels, and group of the old castle. architectural styles the puuc - style architecture is concentrated in the old chichen area, and also the earlier structures in the nunnery group ( including the las monjas, annex and la iglesia buildings ) ; it is also represented in the akab dzib structure. the puuc - style building feature the usual mosaic - decorated upper facades characteristic of the style but differ from the architecture of the puuc heartland in their block masonry walls, as opposed to the fine veneers of the puuc region proper. at least one structure in the las monjas group features an ornate facade and masked doorway that are typical examples of chenes - style architecture, a style centred upon a region in the north of campeche state, lying between the puuc and rio bec regions. those structures with sculpted hieroglyphic script are concentrated in certain areas of the site, with the most important being the las monjas group. architectural groups great north platform el castillo dominating the north platform of chichen it


and rio bec regions. those structures with sculpted hieroglyphic script are concentrated in certain areas of the site, with the most important being the las monjas group. architectural groups great north platform el castillo dominating the north platform of chichen itza is the temple of kukulkan ( a maya feathered serpent deity similar to the aztec quetzalcoatl ), usually referred to as el castillo ( " the castle " ). this step pyramid stands about 30 metres ( 98 ft ) high and consists of a series of nine square terraces, each approximately 2. 57 metres ( 8. 4 ft ) high, with a 6 - metre ( 20 ft ) high temple upon the summit. the sides of the pyramid are approximately 55. 3 metres ( 181 ft ) at the base and rise at an angle of 53°, although that varies slightly for each side. the four faces of the pyramid have protruding stairways that rise at an angle of 45°. the talud walls of each terrace slant at an angle of between 72° and 74°. at the base of the balustrades of the northeastern staircase are carved heads of a serpent. mesoamerican cultures periodically superimposed larger structures over older ones, and el castillo is one such example. in the mid - 1930s, the mexican government sponsored an excavation of el castillo. after several false starts, they discovered a staircase under the north side of the pyramid. by digging from the top, they found another temple buried below the current one. inside the temple chamber was a chac mool statue and a throne in the shape of jaguar, painted red and with spots made of inlaid jade. the mexican government excavated a tunnel from the base of the north staircase, up the earlier pyramid ’ s stairway to the hidden temple, and opened it to tourists. in 2006, inah closed the throne room to the public. on the spring and autumn equinoxes, in the late afternoon, the northwest corner of the pyramid casts a series of triangular shadows against the western balustrade on the north side that evokes the appearance of a serpent wriggling down the staircase. some have suggested the effect was an intentional design by the maya builders to represent the feathered - serpent god kukulcan. archaeologists have found no evidence to support such an assertion. great ball court archaeologists have identified thirteen ballcourts for playing the mesoamerican ballgame in chichen itza, but the great ball court about 150 metres ( 490 ft ) to


archaeologists have found no evidence to support such an assertion. great ball court archaeologists have identified thirteen ballcourts for playing the mesoamerican ballgame in chichen itza, but the great ball court about 150 metres ( 490 ft ) to the north - west of the castillo is by far the most impressive. it is the largest and best preserved ball court in ancient mesoamerica. it measures 168 by 70 metres ( 551 by 230 ft ). the parallel platforms flanking the main playing area are each 95 metres ( 312 ft ) long. the walls of these platforms stand 8 metres ( 26 ft ) high ; set high up in the centre of each of these walls are rings carved with intertwined feathered serpents. [ nb 5 ] at the base of the high interior walls are slanted benches with sculpted panels of teams of ball players. in one panel, one of the players has been decapitated ; the wound emits streams of blood in the form of wriggling snakes. at one end of the great ball court is the north temple, also known as the temple of the bearded man ( templo del hombre barbado ). this small masonry building has detailed bas relief carving on the inner walls, including a center figure that has carving under his chin that resembles facial hair. at the south end is another, much bigger temple, but in ruins. built into the east wall are the temples of the jaguar. the upper temple of the jaguar overlooks the ball court and has an entrance guarded by two, large columns carved in the familiar feathered serpent motif. inside there is a large mural, much destroyed, which depicts a battle scene. in the entrance to the lower temple of the jaguar, which opens behind the ball court, is another jaguar throne, similar to the one in the inner temple of el castillo, except that it is well worn and missing paint or other decoration. the outer columns and the walls inside the temple are covered with elaborate bas - relief carvings. additional structures the tzompantli, or skull platform ( plataforma de los craneos ), shows the clear cultural influence of the central mexican plateau. unlike the tzompantli of the highlands, however, the skulls were impaled vertically rather than horizontally as at tenochtitlan. the platform of the eagles and the jaguars ( plataforma de aguilas y jaguares ) is immediately to the east of the great ballcourt. it is built in a combination maya and toltec styles


as at tenochtitlan. the platform of the eagles and the jaguars ( plataforma de aguilas y jaguares ) is immediately to the east of the great ballcourt. it is built in a combination maya and toltec styles, with a staircase ascending each of its four sides. the sides are decorated with panels depicting eagles and jaguars consuming human hearts. this platform of venus is dedicated to the planet venus. in its interior archaeologists discovered a collection of large cones carved out of stone, the purpose of which is unknown. this platform is located north of el castillo, between it and the cenote sagrado. the temple of the tables is the northernmost of a series of buildings to the east of el castillo. its name comes from a series of altars at the top of the structure that are supported by small carved figures of men with upraised arms, called “ atlantes. ” the steam bath is a unique building with three parts : a waiting gallery, a water bath, and a steam chamber that operated by means of heated stones. sacbe number one is a causeway that leads to the cenote sagrado, is the largest and most elaborate at chichen itza. this “ white road ” is 270 metres ( 890 ft ) long with an average width of 9 metres ( 30 ft ). it begins at a low wall a few metres from the platform of venus. according to archaeologists there once was an extensive building with columns at the beginning of the road. cenote sagrado the yucatan peninsula is a limestone plain, with no rivers or streams. the region is pockmarked with natural sinkholes, called cenotes, which expose the water table to the surface. one of the most impressive of these is the cenote sagrado, which is 60 metres ( 200 ft ) in diameter, and sheer cliffs that drop to the water table some 27 metres ( 89 ft ) below. the cenote sagrado was a place of pilgrimage for ancient maya people who, according to ethnohistoric sources, would conduct sacrifices during times of drought. archaeological investigations support this as thousands of objects have been removed from the bottom of the cenote, including material such as gold, carved jade, copal, pottery, flint, obsidian, shell, wood, rubber, cloth, as well as skeletons of children and men. temple of the warriors the temple of the warriors complex consists of a large stepped pyramid fronted and flanked by rows of carved columns depicting warriors. this complex is analogous to temple


shell, wood, rubber, cloth, as well as skeletons of children and men. temple of the warriors the temple of the warriors complex consists of a large stepped pyramid fronted and flanked by rows of carved columns depicting warriors. this complex is analogous to temple b at the toltec capital of tula, and indicates some form of cultural contact between the two regions. the one at chichen itza, however, was constructed on a larger scale. at the top of the stairway on the pyramid ’ s summit ( and leading towards the entrance of the pyramid ’ s temple ) is a chac mool. this temple encases or entombs a former structure called the temple of the chac mool. the archeological expedition and restoration of this building was done by the carnegie institute of washington from 1925 to 1928. a key member of this restoration was earl h. morris who published the work from this expedition in two volumes entitled temple of the warriors. group of a thousand columns along the south wall of the temple of warriors are a series of what are today exposed columns, although when the city was inhabited these would have supported an extensive roof system. the columns are in three distinct sections : a west group, that extends the lines of the front of the temple of warriors ; a north group, which runs along the south wall of the temple of warriors and contains pillars with carvings of soldiers in bas - relief ; and a northeast group, which apparently formed a small temple at the southeast corner of the temple of warriors, which contains a rectangular decorated with carvings of people or gods, as well as animals and serpents. the northeast column temple also covers a small marvel of engineering, a channel that funnels all the rainwater from the complex some 40 metres ( 130 ft ) away to a rejollada, a former cenote. to the south of the group of a thousand columns is a group of three, smaller, interconnected buildings. the temple of the carved columns is a small elegant building that consists of a front gallery with an inner corridor that leads to an altar with a chac mool. there are also numerous columns with rich, bas - relief carvings of some 40 personages. a section of the upper facade with a motif of x ’ s and o ’ s is displayed in front of the structure. the temple of the small tables which is an unrestored mound. and the thompson ’ s temple ( referred to in some sources as palace of ahau balam kauil ), a small building with two levels that has frie


of the structure. the temple of the small tables which is an unrestored mound. and the thompson ’ s temple ( referred to in some sources as palace of ahau balam kauil ), a small building with two levels that has friezes depicting jaguars ( balam in maya ) as well as glyphs of the maya god kahuil. el mercado this square structure anchors the southern end of the temple of warriors complex. it is so named for the shelf of stone that surrounds a large gallery and patio that early explorers theorized was used to display wares as in a marketplace. today, archaeologists believe that its purpose was more ceremonial than commerce. osario group south of the north group is a smaller platform that has many important structures, several of which appear to be oriented toward the second largest cenote at chichen itza, xtoloc. the osario itself, like el castillo, is a step - pyramid temple dominating its platform, only on a smaller scale. like its larger neighbor, it has four sides with staircases on each side. there is a temple on top, but unlike el castillo, at the center is an opening into the pyramid which leads to a natural cave 12 metres ( 39 ft ) below. edward h. thompson excavated this cave in the late 19th century, and because he found several skeletons and artifacts such as jade beads, he named the structure the high priests ' temple. archaeologists today believe the structure was neither a tomb nor that the personages buried in it were priests. the temple of xtoloc is a recently restored temple outside the osario platform is. it overlooks the other large cenote at chichen itza, named after the maya word for iguana, " xtoloc. " the temple contains a series of pilasters carved with images of people, as well as representations of plants, birds and mythological scenes. between the xtoloc temple and the osario are several aligned structures : the platform of venus ( which is similar in design to the structure of the same name next to el castillo ), the platform of the tombs, and a small, round structure that is unnamed. these three structures were constructed in a row extending from the osario. beyond them the osario platform terminates in a wall, which contains an opening to a sacbe that runs several hundred feet to the xtoloc temple. south of the osario, at the boundary of the platform, there are two small buildings that archaeologists believe were residences for important persona


a wall, which contains an opening to a sacbe that runs several hundred feet to the xtoloc temple. south of the osario, at the boundary of the platform, there are two small buildings that archaeologists believe were residences for important personages. these have been named as the house of the metates and the house of the mestizas. casa colorada group south of the osario group is another small platform that has several structures that are among the oldest in the chichen itza archaeological zone. the casa colorada ( spanish for " red house " ), is one of the best preserved buildings at chichen itza. its maya name is chichanchob, which according to inah may mean " small holes ". in one chamber there are extensive carved hieroglyphs that mention rulers of chichen itza and possibly of the nearby city of ek balam, and contain a maya date inscribed which correlates to 869 ad, one of the oldest such dates found in all of chichen itza. in 2009, inah restored a small ball court that adjoined the back wall of the casa colorada. while the casa colorada is in a good state of preservation, other buildings in the group, with one exception, are decrepit mounds. one building is half standing, named casa del venado ( house of the deer ). the origin of the name is unknown, as there are no representations of deer or other animals on the building. central group las monjas is one of the more notable structures at chichen itza. it is a complex of terminal classic buildings constructed in the puuc architectural style. the spanish named this complex las monjas ( " the nuns " or " the nunnery " ) but it was actually a governmental palace. just to the east is a small temple ( known as the la iglesia, " the church " ) decorated with elaborate masks. el caracol ( " the snail " ) is located to the north of las monjas. it is a round building on a large square platform. it gets its name from the stone spiral staircase inside. the structure, with its unusual placement on the platform and its round shape ( the others are rectangular, in keeping with maya practice ), is theorized to have been a proto - observatory with doors and windows aligned to astronomical events, specifically around the path of venus as it traverses the heavens. akab dzib is located to the east of the caracol. the name means


is theorized to have been a proto - observatory with doors and windows aligned to astronomical events, specifically around the path of venus as it traverses the heavens. akab dzib is located to the east of the caracol. the name means, in yucatec mayan, " dark writing " ; " dark " in the sense of " mysterious ". an earlier name of the building, according to a translation of glyphs in the casa colorada, is wa ( k ) wak puh ak na, " the flat house with the excessive number of chambers, ” and it was the home of the administrator of chichen itza, kokom yahawal cho ' k ’ ak ’. inah completed a restoration of the building in 2007. it is relatively short, only 6 metres ( 20 ft ) high, and is 50 metres ( 160 ft ) in length and 15 metres ( 49 ft ) wide. the long, western - facing facade has seven doorways. the eastern facade has only four doorways, broken by a large staircase that leads to the roof. this apparently was the front of the structure, and looks out over what is today a steep, but dry, cenote. the southern end of the building has one entrance. the door opens into a small chamber and on the opposite wall is another doorway, above which on the lintel are intricately carved glyphs — the “ mysterious ” or “ obscure ” writing that gives the building its name today. under the lintel in the door jamb is another carved panel of a seated figure surrounded by more glyphs. inside one of the chambers, near the ceiling, is a painted hand print. old chichen old chichen ( or chichen viejo in spanish ) is the name given to a group of structures to the south of the central site, where most of the puuc - style architecture of the city is concentrated. it includes the initial series group, the phallic temple, the platform of the great turtle, the temple of the owls, and the temple of the monkeys. other structures chichen itza also has a variety of other structures densely packed in the ceremonial center of about 5 square kilometres ( 1. 9 sq mi ) and several outlying subsidiary sites. caves of balankanche approximately 4 km ( 2. 5 mi ) south east of the chichen itza archaeological zone are a network of sacred caves known as balankanche ( spanish : gruta de balankanche ), balamka ' an


of balankanche approximately 4 km ( 2. 5 mi ) south east of the chichen itza archaeological zone are a network of sacred caves known as balankanche ( spanish : gruta de balankanche ), balamka ' anche ' in yucatec maya ). in the caves, a large selection of ancient pottery and idols may be seen still in the positions where they were left in pre - columbian times. the location of the cave has been well known in modern times. edward thompson and alfred tozzer visited it in 1905. a. s. pearse and a team of biologists explored the cave in 1932 and 1936. e. wyllys andrews iv also explored the cave in the 1930s. edwin shook and r. e. smith explored the cave on behalf of the carnegie institution in 1954, and dug several trenches to recover potsherds and other artifacts. shook determined that the cave had been inhabited over a long period, at least from the preclassic to the post - conquest era. on 15 september 1959, jose humberto gomez, a local guide, discovered a false wall in the cave. behind it he found an extended network of caves with significant quantities of undisturbed archaeological remains, including pottery and stone - carved censers, stone implements and jewelry. inah converted the cave into an underground museum, and the objects after being catalogued were returned to their original place so visitors can see them in situ. chichen itza is one of the most visited archaeological sites in mexico ; in 2007 it was estimated to receive an average of 1. 2 million visitors every year. tourism has been a factor at chichen itza for more than a century. john lloyd stephens, who popularized the maya yucatan in the public ’ s imagination with his book incidents of travel in yucatan, inspired many to make a pilgrimage to chichen itza. even before the book was published, benjamin norman and baron emanuel von friedrichsthal traveled to chichen after meeting stephens, and both published the results of what they found. friedrichsthal was the first to photograph chichen itza, using the recently invented daguerreotype. after edward thompson in 1894 purchased the hacienda chichen, which included chichen itza, he received a constant stream of visitors. in 1910 he announced his intention to construct a hotel on his property, but abandoned those plans, probably because of the mexican revolution. in the early 1920s, a group of yucatecans, led by writer / photographer francisco gomez rul


of visitors. in 1910 he announced his intention to construct a hotel on his property, but abandoned those plans, probably because of the mexican revolution. in the early 1920s, a group of yucatecans, led by writer / photographer francisco gomez rul, began working toward expanding tourism to yucatan. they urged governor felipe carrillo puerto to build roads to the more famous monuments, including chichen itza. in 1923, governor carrillo puerto officially opened the highway to chichen itza. gomez rul published one of the first guidebooks to yucatan and the ruins. gomez rul ' s son - in - law, fernando barbachano peon ( a grandnephew of former yucatan governor miguel barbachano ), started yucatan ’ s first official tourism business in the early 1920s. he began by meeting passengers that arrived by steamship to progreso, the port north of merida, and persuading them to spend a week in yucatan, after which they would catch the next steamship to their next destination. in his first year barbachano peon reportedly was only able to convince seven passengers to leave the ship and join him on a tour. in the mid - 1920s barbachano peon persuaded edward thompson to sell 5 acres ( 20, 000 m2 ) next to chichen for a hotel. in 1930, the mayaland hotel opened, just north of the hacienda chichen, which had been taken over by the carnegie institution. in 1944, barbachano peon purchased all of the hacienda chichen, including chichen itza, from the heirs of edward thompson. around that same time the carnegie institution completed its work at chichen itza and abandoned the hacienda chichen, which barbachano turned into another seasonal hotel. in 1972, mexico enacted the ley federal sobre monumentos y zonas arqueologicas, artisticas e historicas ( federal law over monuments and archeological, artistic and historic sites ) that put all the nation ' s pre - columbian monuments, including those at chichen itza, under federal ownership. there were now hundreds, if not thousands, of visitors every year to chichen itza, and more were expected with the development of the cancun resort area to the east. in the 1980s, chichen itza began to receive an influx of visitors on the day of the spring equinox. today several thousand show up to see the light - and - shadow effect on the temple of kukulcan in which the feathered


1980s, chichen itza began to receive an influx of visitors on the day of the spring equinox. today several thousand show up to see the light - and - shadow effect on the temple of kukulcan in which the feathered serpent god supposedly can be seen to crawl down the side of the pyramid. [ nb 6 ] tourists are also wondered by the acoustics at chicen itza. for instance a handclap in front of the staircase of the el castillo pyramid is followed by an echo that resembles the chirp of a quetzal as investigated by declercq. chichen itza, a unesco world heritage site, is the second - most visited of mexico ' s archaeological sites. the archaeological site draws many visitors from the popular tourist resort of cancun, who make a day trip on tour buses. in 2007, chichen itza ' s el castillo was named one of the new seven wonders of the world after a worldwide vote. despite the fact that the vote was sponsored by a commercial enterprise, and that its methodology was criticized, the vote was embraced by government and tourism officials in mexico who project that as a result of the publicity the number of tourists expected to visit chichen will double by 2012. [ nb 7 ] the ensuing publicity re - ignited debate in mexico over the ownership of the site, which culminated on 29 march 2010 when the state of yucatan purchased the land upon which the most recognized monuments rest from owner hans juergen thies barbachano. over the past several years, inah, which manages the site, has been closing monuments to public access. while visitors can walk around them, they can no longer climb them or go inside their chambers. the most recent was el castillo, which was closed after a san diego, california, woman fell to her death in 2006. photo gallery photo of the great limestone column in the cave of balankanche, surrounded by tlaloc - themed incense burners see also - concerning the legal basis of the ownership of chichen and other sites of patrimony, see breglia ( 2006 ), in particular chapter 3, " chichen itza, a century of privatization ". regarding ongoing conflicts over the ownership of chichen itza, see castaneda ( 2005 ). regarding purchase, see " yucatan : paga gobierno 220 mdp por terrenos de chichen itza, " la jornada, 30 march 2010, retrieved 30 march 2010 from jornada. unam. mx


2005 ). regarding purchase, see " yucatan : paga gobierno 220 mdp por terrenos de chichen itza, " la jornada, 30 march 2010, retrieved 30 march 2010 from jornada. unam. mx - uuc yabnal becomes uc abnal, meaning the “ seven abnals ” or “ seven lines of abnal ” where abnal is a family name, according to ralph l. roys ( roys 1967, p. 133n7 ). - for summation of this re - dating proposal, see in particular andrews et al. 2003. - from mayan : sakb ' e, meaning " white way / road ”. plural form is sacbeob ( or in modern maya orthography, sakb ' eob ' ). - a popular explanation is that the objective of the game was to pass a ball through one of the rings, however in other, smaller ball courts there is no ring, only a post. - see quetzil castaneda ( 1996 ) in the museum of maya culture ( university of minnesota press ) for a book length study of tourism at chichen, including a chapter on the equinox ritual. for a 90 - minute ethnographic documentary of new age spiritualism at the equinox see jeff himpele and castaneda ( 1997 ) [ incidents of travel in chichen itza ] ( documentary educational resources ). - figure is attributed to francisco lopez mena, director of the consejo de promocion turistica de mexico ( cptm - council for the promotion of mexican tourism ). - see also " chichen itza ". english pronunciation guide to the names of people, places, and stuff. inogolo. com. retrieved 21 november 2007. - barrera vasquez et al, 1980. - gobierno del estado de yucatan 2007. - miller 1999, p. 26. - boot 2005, p. 37. - pina chan 1980, 1993, p. 13. - luxton 1996, p. 141. - koch 2006, p. 19. - osorio leon 2006, p. 458. - osorio leon 2006, p. 456. - coggins 1992. - anda alanis 2007. - freidel, p. 6. sharer and traxler 2006, p. 581. - schmidt 2007, pp. 166 – 167. - cobos plama 2004, 2005, pp


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harvard university ed. ). cambridge, massachusetts : the museum. oclc 2199473. - usborne, david ( 7 november 2007 ). " mexican standoff : the battle of chichen itza ". the independent ( independent news & media ). retrieved 9 november 2007. - voss, alexander w. ; and h. juergen kremer ( 2000 ). " k ' ak ' - u - pakal, hun - pik - tok ' and the kokom : the political organization of chichen itza " ( pdf ). in pierre robert colas ( ed. ). the sacred and the profane : architecture and identity in the maya lowlands ( proceedings of the 3rd european maya conference ). 3rd european maya conference, university of hamburg, november 1998. markt schwaben, germany : verlag anton saurwein. isbn 3 - 931419 - 04 - 5 oclc 47871840. - weeks, john m. ; and jane a. hill ( 2006 ). the carnegie maya : the carnegie institution of washington maya research program, 1913 – 1957. boulder, colorado : university press of colorado. isbn 978 - 0 - 87081 - 833 - 2. oclc 470645719. - willard, t. a. ( 1941 ). kukulcan, the bearded conqueror : new mayan discoveries. hollywood, california : murray and gee. oclc 3491500. further reading - coggins & shane, " cenote of sacrifice ", ( u. of texas, 1984 ). - holmes, archæological studies in ancient cities of mexico, ( chicago, 1895 ) - spinden, maya art, ( cambridge, 1912 ) - stephens, john lloyd in incidents of travel in yucatan, ( two volumes, 1843 ) | wikimedia commons has media related to : chichen itza | - chichen itza on mesoweb. com - chichen itza digital media archive ( creative commons - licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas ), with particularly detailed information on el caracol and el castillo, using data from a national science foundation / cyark research partnership - unesco page about chichen itza world heritage site - ancient observatories page on chichen itza - chichen itza reconstructed in 3d - archaeological documentation for chichen itza created by non - profit group insight and funded by the national science foundation and chabot space and science center