bareham serving as a platoon leader, a position normally occupied by a lieutenant. there was a great shortage of trained officers needed to meet the requirements of kitchener ’ s expanding army. on april 20, bareham was presented with a “ card of honour ” by the commanding general of the 34th division, an award for " gallant leading of night patrols during march and april ” against the germans. in those days, when few medals were given, this award could have been presented for heroic combat action not warranting the highest british decoration, the victoria cross ( equivalent of our medal of honor ), a belief supported in a message recently received from josh e. acton of the central library in cambridge, england. “ i suspect that the card of honour may have referred to the mid [ mention in dispatches ], ” he wrote. “ just over two percent of men serving in the first world war... were honoured in this way. ” a child ’ s impression my mother told me years ago that she had torn this card up in grief, a piece of paper in exchange for the life of her husband. i remember, as a child, holding in my hands a small canvas packet containing a section of german barbed wire, which my father, while on patrol, had cut from the defensive obstacles protecting the enemy trenches. this too, must have been discarded. one can imagine sgt. bareham, with three or four carefully chosen members of his platoon, climbing silently up ladders and over the parapet of the british trenches, crawling through the british protective barbed wire and creeping through “ no man ’ s land ” toward the german trenches, also wired in, only several hundred yards away. while cutting the wire to prove they had reached the enemy lines, he and his companions would have realized that the slightest sound would bring down pre - arranged fire from enemy machine guns sited along the wire. planning for a great somme offensive in late 1915, military and political leaders of britain, france, and russia had met for consultations, with the object of conducting in 1916 a massive attack on the western front, which would break through germany ’ s lines and bring the country to the negotiating table. following additional strategic meetings in early 1916, the area of the somme river was chosen for the attack. it initially was contemplated that the well - trained french army, having already gained much battle experience in stemming the german invasion, would be making the main effort. the british, a hastily recruited volunteer force, were not yet fully trained. however, in february 1916, the germans attacked at


well - trained french army, having already gained much battle experience in stemming the german invasion, would be making the main effort. the british, a hastily recruited volunteer force, were not yet fully trained. however, in february 1916, the germans attacked at verdun, in a vicious battle that continued for 10 months, at a terrible cost in french manpower and resources. thus, france was rendered unable to play the major role in the battle of the somme that had been originally planned. the battle of verdun is remembered for the “ bayonet trench, ” where bayonets still protrude above a dirt - filled trench. legend and fact combine to support a narrative in which french soldiers, with their bayonets fixed, were buried by the earth thrown up by the explosion of an enormous artillery shell. it had been reported that when excavations were made after the battle, a body of a french soldier had been found below each bayonet. the bodies were removed, but the rifles with protruding bayonets, remained as a symbol of that tragic and bloody battle. many years ago i visited this tranchee des baionnettes, which serves as a reminder that more than 700, 000 soldiers died during the battle at verdun, about half german and half french. i was duly impressed. accordingly, it was decided that the main effort at somme should be made by the fresh british forces, even though they were not yet fully trained. the attack was to be made by 13 british divisions north of the somme, 11 from the fourth army and two from the third army, and 11 divisions of the french sixth army just to the south of the river. they were opposed by the german second army of gen. fritz von below. the axis of the advance was centered on the historic roman road that ran from albert in the west to bapaume, 12 miles to the northeast. the fourth army, commanded by general sir henry rawlinson, consisting of five corps, 11 divisions in all, was to make the main attack on a 14 - mile front, astride the albert - bapaume road. the 11thth suffolks battalion was a component of the 101sts brigade of the 34th division of the iii corps, which had the initial mission of taking la boisselle, located on the south side of the road. la boisselle was not finally taken until july 4, the fourth day of the attack. readying for battle i quote extracts from the 11thth battalion, suffolk regiment – official war diary – records office, kew


the south side of the road. la boisselle was not finally taken until july 4, the fourth day of the attack. readying for battle i quote extracts from the 11thth battalion, suffolk regiment – official war diary – records office, kew, london, england, with my personal comments highlighted within brackets : “ each battalion will attack in 4 waves with 3 companies. one platoon from each company in each wave. 11 suffolks will be known as d battalion. ” [ in my university rotc classes in the 1930s, i was taught the old tactics : “ the infantry platoon attacks in waves. ” it was not until world war ii, that attack formations were adjusted to the terrain, using defiles for protection and not necessarily covering the entire front. ] “ d battalion [ 11th suffolks ] will pass through 10th lincolns within two minutes of the barrage lifting. c company will advance through bailiff wood along with b co. c company will consolidate suffolk redoubt and will call on d & b co. if necessary.... selected men to push forward to see if contalmaison has been evacuated. ” [ contalmaison actually did not fall until 10 days later. ] “ a mine will be exploded [ lochnagar ] – all ranks to be warned that the concussion will be considerable. ” ten large mines were placed by tunneling under enemy lines. the first two bns [ battalions ] ( 15th royal scots and 10th lincolns ) will creep forward into nomans land under cover of the barrage ready to advance at zero hour. d bn [ cambs suffolks ] will follow at 150 yards distance. ) [ all these battalions were in the 101st brigade ]. ” supplies and equipment here ’ s a list of what each soldier would carry for the attack, including my explanations for some of them : the swagger stick the only heirloom left by my father was his “ stick, ” which he left with my mother before he sailed for france. she called it a cane and occasionally used it for an auxiliary purpose. i was not a spoiled child, as i recall. the swagger stick, a short metal - tipped cane, had been brought into use by a marine corps commandant in 1956. he obviously had been impressed by this british custom, but traditions are difficult to import. his replacement, hard - bitten gen. david m. shoup, hero of tarawa, in a letter to his general officers, immediately prescribed a welcome change : “ i consider the swagger stick to be an


but traditions are difficult to import. his replacement, hard - bitten gen. david m. shoup, hero of tarawa, in a letter to his general officers, immediately prescribed a welcome change : “ i consider the swagger stick to be an unnecessary item of encumbrance. ” swagger sticks immediately disappeared and shoup ’ s prestige rose. more orders to the troops “ too much credence should not be given to the opinions of wounded men. ” in a previous column, i have written about an attack during the 1943 bougainville campaign : “ the first battalion found the route to its attack positions cluttered with stragglers, the flotsam and jetsam of war. some were the wounded, quietly making their way back, as best they could. others ejected loud, dire predictions about the fate in store for the reinforcing troops. remarks such as ‘ they look confident now ; wait ' til they run into those forty machine guns, ’ magnified the doubts of a thousand untested troops as they approached combat. ” " all officers to dress like the men. badges of rank to remain and all must wear putties. " this would provide identity to those in positions of authority, without marking them clearly as targets for the enemy. " the use of the word ‘ retire ’ is forbidden in 101 brigade. if given it must never be obeyed unless it is in writing from an authorized person. " or, as capt. lloyd williams, u. s. marine corps at the battle of belleau wood : “ retreat, hell, we just got here! " " any officer, nco or other rank found in possession of souvenirs will be liable to court martial. arrangements will be made afterwards to collect and distribute souvenirs. " picking up a souvenir would distract a soldier ’ s attention from the battle. in any case, as the bloody battle developed, the attacking soldiers had other interests of higher priority. " assisting a wounded man to the rear is a court martial offense. " a soldier might be motivated to help a wounded comrade, but he could also be looking for an excuse to get out of harm ’ s way. next : the battle ensues


let ' s tackle the way this poem rhymes first, because it ' s kind of interesting and unusual. some poems have very regular rhyme patterns, with the same sounds repeating every line or every other line. that ' s not true in this poem. the rhymes in " the charge of the light brigade " aren ' t predictable, but they ' re still an important part of the way the poem is put together. these rhymes can happen in all kinds of ways. sometimes a bunch of lines in a row will have rhyming words at the end, sometimes it will be every other line, sometimes two words will almost rhyme but not quite ( we call that near rhyme or slant rhyme ). the easiest way to describe this is just to show you. we ' ll put rhyming words in bold, and also tag each sound at the end of a line with a letter, so you can see which ones match up. let ' s look at stanza 2, where there ' s a lot of interesting rhyming going on : " forward, the light brigade! " ( a ) was there a man dismayed? ( a ) not though the soldier knew ( b ) someone had blundered. ( c ) theirs not to make reply, ( d ) theirs not to reason why, ( d ) theirs but to do and die. ( d ) into the valley of death ( e ) rode the six hundred. ( c ) see, we told you there was a lot going on here. let ' s break it down a little. we start out with two lines in a row that rhyme : brigade, dismayed. that ' s called a rhyming couplet. then we have a line that doesn ' t rhyme with anything else : knew. now take a look at the fourth line. see how that sort of rhymes with the last line : blundered, hundred? the words sound kind of alike, but they also stick in your mouth a little. that ' s what we call a near rhyme or slant rhyme, and they ' re easy to find in this poem. the last thing to check out here, and maybe the most noticeable part of the whole section, is the group of three rhyming lines in the middle : reply, why, die. we call three rhyming lines in a row a " triplet. " ok, we ' ll leave off our discussion of rhyme at this point, but poke around a little in the other sections if you feel like it. every one has interesting rhymes


call three rhyming lines in a row a " triplet. " ok, we ' ll leave off our discussion of rhyme at this point, but poke around a little in the other sections if you feel like it. every one has interesting rhymes. now for the meter. this part of the poem ' s form is definitely less complicated, once you get the hang of it. the first thing we ' ll look for in each line is which syllables are emphasized. we call that the " stress. " in general, there are two main stresses in each line of " the charge of the light brigade. " here, we ' ll show you how that works again, using part of section 2. we ' ll put the stressed syllables in bold : " forward, the | light brigade! " was there a | man dismayed? not though the | soldier knew someone had | blundered. theirs not to | make reply, theirs not to | reason why, theirs but to | do and die. see the pattern there? the stressed syllables come at the beginning and in the middle of the line. they are always followed by two unstressed ( or less stressed ) syllables. try saying that first line out loud : " for - ward, the / light bri - gade! " hear that rhythm? dum - da - da dum - da - da. see how we ' ve split the lines up with slashes? those little groups of syllables between the slashes are called " feet " ( silly, we know, but that ' s how it is ). when the feet look like this – with a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables – we call that a dactyl. when there are two feet per line, that ' s called dimeter. so the full, fancy english teacher name for the rhythm of this poem is dactylic dimeter. snazzy terminology is all well and good, but what we really want is for you to be able to hear that steady


women have played a unique role in the history of clothing manufacture in the united states. during the american revolution, white women — and, in the case of slaveowning families, black female slaves — wove homespun clothing in order to sustain colonial boycotts on manufactured english goods. female slaves were an integral part of the cotton cultivation and harvesting that produced the raw materials for textile production during the antebellum period. after emancipation, black women continued their integral role in cotton production as sharecroppers, either working the fields alongside their husbands or providing the childcare and cooking that sustained their husbands and children in the fields. black women also worked as laundresses throughout the south and in other areas, since it was one of the few paid occupations considered " low " enough for black women. in 1840, lower - and middle - class women made up almost half of manufacturing workers in the nation, and two - thirds of those in new england. 172 these young women moved to factory towns like lynn, massachusetts and lived in same - sex dormitories with strict schedules and curfews ; they usually sent most or all of their meager earnings home to support their families. in the late nineteenth century, poor women — primarily immigrants — who came to america from southern and eastern europe toiled in the garment industry, centered in new york city. they worked endless hours from home doing outwork ( or piecework ), in which they were paid by the number of items they sewed in a given time period. advocates claimed that such work remunerated employees in accordance with their ability, while opponents argued that piecework encouraged quantity at the expense of quality and forced workers to the limits of endurance in order to make a living wage. women doing outwork had to pay for their own supplies ; a heavy investment, especially when it came to the purchase of an expensive sewing machine. thus some of the earliest workers ' protests centered on the heavy burden of having to buy those machines. other textile and apparel workers labored outside the home in unsanitary, dangerous sweatshops for low wages. shoe and clothing manufacturers no longer apprenticed young artisans, teaching them how to make an entire shoe or shirt ; instead workers were trained in how to sew or stitch a single piece ( like a shirt collar, a shirtwaist, or a part of a shoe ), and they were only paid for that piece, not for the sale of the final finished product. they had no marketable skills, and were therefore easily replaced and


like a shirt collar, a shirtwaist, or a part of a shoe ), and they were only paid for that piece, not for the sale of the final finished product. they had no marketable skills, and were therefore easily replaced and seldom promoted. one sweatshop typical of the late nineteenth - century period was located at 23 - 29 washington place, at the northern corner of washington square east in manhattan. it was called the triangle waist company, a shirtwaist manufacturer. the building owners subcontracted their work out to men who then paid their workers any wage they chose, since there was, until 1938, no federally mandated minimum wage. clearly this system enabled the owners of the factory to maintain a comfortable measure of ignorance as to the real workings of the sweatshops that produced their rigid quotas, while workers were exploited in terrible working conditions with long hours ( as many as 70 hours a week ) and no overtime pay. most of these workers had no choice ; they were immigrants or otherwise unskilled or impoverished, and desperately needed the work. they were also afraid to unionize, or they simply did not have the requisite english language skills to do so. at triangle, shirtwaist makers toiled ten to twelve hours a day. supervisors watched the workers constantly ; if they talked, whistled, or sang on the job, were a few minutes late to work, or missed a sunday shift, their pay was docked. as historian alice kessler - harris has explained, " women ' s industries like clothing and textiles became centers of strike activity, " in part because of the deplorable working conditions but also because of the advertising of the fashion industry itself. the garment producers had created their own paradox : they sought ever - increasing production output at the cheapest possible wages by exploiting their labor force as much as possible, yet in order to sell their products, they marketed a glamorous lifestyle filled with extravagance and ease. female garment workers compared their unclean, unsafe, and exhausting working conditions with the luxurious world showcased all around them in radio advertisements and popular magazines. kessler - harris explains that " much of urban america had already begun to absorb the values of consumerism, " and female workers " increasingly began to demand their share of material benefits. " 173 in 1909, 400 workers — mostly jewish women — reached their limit and spontaneously walked out of the triangle shirtwaist factory. organized by the international ladies ' garment workers union ( ilgwu ) and with help from the


of material benefits. " 173 in 1909, 400 workers — mostly jewish women — reached their limit and spontaneously walked out of the triangle shirtwaist factory. organized by the international ladies ' garment workers union ( ilgwu ) and with help from the progressive middle - class members of the women ' s trade union league ( wtul ), this spontaneous eruption of discontent grew into a general strike of shirtwaist makers, and the largest women ' s strike in american history. the strike lasted for thirteen weeks ; 20, 000 people ultimately walked out on their jobs, shutting down the industry. news on the strike was printed in english, italian, and yiddish, reflecting the diversity of the city and its workers. thousands of activists marched arm - in - arm on city hall, and dozens of women were beaten by hostile police, arrested, and even carted off to blackwell ' s island as workhouse prisoners. the workers won widespread public support and as time dragged on, many small and medium shops settled with the union ' s wage and hour demands. the agreements varied, but generally they involved an employer ' s recognition of worker ' s union, an arbitration process to determine piece rates, and an end to the policy of charging workers for needles, thread, and electricity. on 15 february 1910, the ilgwu called off the strike and declared victory, having won 320 separate signed contracts with various employers. yet the union ' s success was hollow ; there was no industry - wide agreement to enforce these individual shop contracts, and the 70 large manufacturers who dominated the garment industry — including triangle shirtwaist — had not made any agreements by strike ' s end. 174 just a year later, on 25 march 1911, a fire broke out in the supposedly " fireproof " asch building where triangle waist company occupied the eighth, ninth, and tenth floors. the shirtwaists that hung on lines above the workers ' heads and the shirtwaist cuttings that littered the floors quickly ignited, allowing the blaze to spread rapidly through the building. as one reporter described, the sewing machines were " placed so closely together that there was hardly aisle room for the girls between them. " 175 the workers had been locked inside the factory, a standard practice that the owners employed — supposedly to prevent theft. this policy turned out to be deadly when the fire broke out, as it trapped the workers inside the burning building. a few made it down the stairs, but flames soon blocked that exit route. there was one small fire escape in the corner of the building, but


out to be deadly when the fire broke out, as it trapped the workers inside the burning building. a few made it down the stairs, but flames soon blocked that exit route. there was one small fire escape in the corner of the building, but not everyone could make it down. many women, desperate and suffocating from the fire ' s dense black smoke, stepped out on the ledge and plunged 100 feet to their deaths. fire ladders extended up towards some of the women, but were not high enough to reach them. bodies soon littered washington place and greene street. others stayed in the factory and burned alive. of 500 shirtwaist makers who reported to work that awful day, 146 died in the blaze, all within half an hour. as the new york times reported the next day, most of the victims were " girls from 16 to 23 years of age... most of them could barely speak english. many of them came from brooklyn. almost all were the main support of their hard - working families. " 176 new yorkers and americans across the country were shocked by the tragedy. only a handful of the triangle workers were ilgwu members, and triangle shirtwaist was a non - union shop. unions capitalized on this fact, using the disaster to illustrate their contention that an organized workforce could demand safer working conditions. several unions, including the ilgwu, the wtul, and the united hebrew trades formed the joint relief committee, which raised relief money — some $ 30, 000 — for fire survivors and their families. the ilgwu organized a rally to protest the unsafe working conditions that created the disaster, and the women ' s trade union league collected testimonies and campaigned for an investigation of the working conditions at triangle. within a month, new york ' s governor appointed the factory investigating commission, which held a series of hearings over five years and helped to pass groundbreaking factory safety legislation. eight months after the fire, a jury acquitted building owners max blanck and isaac harris of any wrongdoing. despite subsequent gains in workplace safety legislation, sweatshops continue to plague the garment and textile manufacturing industries, both at home and abroad. the u. s. department of labor has conducted several studies in the twenty - first century, finding that 67 % of los angeles garment factories and 63 % of new york garment factories violate minimum wage and overtime laws. in los angeles, 98 % of garment factories have workplace health and safety problems serious enough to lead to severe injuries or death. abroad, the situation is


of los angeles garment factories and 63 % of new york garment factories violate minimum wage and overtime laws. in los angeles, 98 % of garment factories have workplace health and safety problems serious enough to lead to severe injuries or death. abroad, the situation is even worse ; workers in northern mexico have seen manufacturers migrate even farther south, where wages are lower and labor protections often go unenforced. one 2002 los angeles times article profiled a mother of five in a mexican border town two hours southwest of san antonio, a woman who earned about $ 55 a week sewing cloth bags at a local factory. just two years earlier, the same woman had been able to earn twice that amount sewing jeans in a levi ' s ' factory, but that plant had shut down and moved its jobs to central america and asia. the same article profiled lisa rahman, a 19 - year - old garment factory worker in dhaka, bangladesh, who made fifteen cents an hour in 2002. she could only afford to eat chicken along with her usual meal of rice about once every two months, had never gone to school, ridden a bicycle or seen a movie, and lived with her parents and two young relatives in one room amid the slums. she often worked from 8 a. m. until 10 p. m., seven days a week, and had done so since she was ten years old. one of lisa ' s most recent jobs had been making a winnie the pooh shirt that the walt disney company sold in the united states for $ 17. 99. in the wake of the negative publicity generated by the article, disney ' s licensee subsequently suspended its work at that factory ; licensees in today ' s globalized garment industry work much the same way as subcontractors did in triangle shirtwaist company. disney remains at least partially removed from the manufacturing process — and such scandals — if the responsibility for working conditions and wages is passed onto their licensees. 177 anti - sweatshop activists invoke human rights as the central principle of their cause. sweatshops, they argue, not only take the place of domestic jobs in the u. s., but they employ desperately poor people in working conditions that are often unsafe, unclean, and exploitative. " in the cold war, " explained michael posner, head of the lawyers committee for human rights, " the main issue was how do you hold governments accountable when they violate laws and norms. today the emerging issue is how do you hold private companies accountable for the treatment of their workers


explained michael posner, head of the lawyers committee for human rights, " the main issue was how do you hold governments accountable when they violate laws and norms. today the emerging issue is how do you hold private companies accountable for the treatment of their workers at a time when government control is ebbing all over the world, or governments themselves are going into business and can ' t be expected to play the watchdog or protection role. " 178 activists also argue that americans have the power to determine " what comes into our country. " the union of needletrades, industrial and textile employees ( or unite, which merged with the hotel employees and restaurant employees international union — or here — in 2004 ) has represented most american apparel workers in recent lawsuits. jay mazur, unite ' s retired president, compares sweatshop - produced goods to cocaine, and argues that if we can legislate against the latter, we can also legislate against the former. 179 in april 2003, the 600 - member american apparel and footwear association called on the u. s. government to ban imports of apparel, textiles and footwear from the asian country of myanmar ( a. k. a. burma ), where a military regime had seized power and was committing numerous human rights abuses, including the use of forced labor and child labor. association president kevin burke explained why his group of retailers — who would benefit from the lower labor costs under such oppressive regimes — took the unprecedented step of calling for federal action : myanmar ' s military junta had expressed a " total disdain " for basic human rights, and by allowing the country ' s rulers " to produce products and send them here, we ' re putting money in their pocket while they ' re taking money out of other people ' s pockets and abusing them. " 180 thus the amount of net gain from cheap labor does not always prove worthwhile for retailers, if the bad press from countries like myanmar provokes consumer boycotts on stores that carry the sweatshop - produced goods. yet the lure of inexpensive goods and maximized profit margins remains very strong. despite u. s. efforts to isolate the myanmar government and ban new investment in the country, in 2002, the u. s. imported $ 350 million in goods from myanmar, mostly apparel and textiles. 181 despite the manifest problems with sweatshop labor, observers like new york economist michael m. weinstein argue that it would be " unconscionable to clamp down on sweatshops " that make foreign worker ' s lives " better


your guide to organic foods the demand for organic foods continues to grow in the u. s. if you ' re like many american consumers, you want foods that are high in nutrition and safe for you and your family. the term organic sounds as though it fits the bill, but is it really superior to nonorganic foods? although words like natural and whole can be used freely to advertise foods, the term organic can only be used to describe foods that meet specific standards set by the usda. in fact, calling food organic without meeting usda standards can mean a fine of up to $ 10, 000 for each violation. what does organic mean? fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy products, and meat can all be certified as organic if they meet fda requirements for growth, handling, and processing. here is what organic really means : compost and manure are used instead of chemical fertilizers. special insects and birds are used to reduce pests and disease instead of insecticides. crops are hand - weeded or rotated to reduce weeds instead of using chemical herbicides. animals are fed only organic products, allowed access to the outdoors, and not given antibiotics or hormones. in order to be certified organic, 95 percent of a product ' s ingredients must be organic. some products, such as eggs, fruits, and vegetables, can claim to be 100 percent organic. product labels may read " made with organic ingredients " if they are at least 70 percent organic. the terms hormone - free, free - range, and all - natural may be important to you as well, but they are not the same as organic. the benefits of organic foods although easier to find now than in the past, organic foods are still not as readily available and may be more expensive than nonorganic foods. are the benefits worth the extra cost and effort? the usda hasn ' t stated that organic foods are safer or more nutritious than other foods, but here are some reasons why you might want to consider them : fewer pesticides. although the small amount of pesticide residue found on conventionally grown produce is negligible, use of organic produce lowers the overall exposure to pesticides in our environment. this may be especially important for women who are pregnant or nursing and young children. lowered antibiotic resistance risk. some studies suggest that eating meat from animals treated with antibiotics may contribute to antibiotic resistance in humans. better for the environment. organically grown goods require less energy than conventional agriculture. organically managed soil also holds more


. lowered antibiotic resistance risk. some studies suggest that eating meat from animals treated with antibiotics may contribute to antibiotic resistance in humans. better for the environment. organically grown goods require less energy than conventional agriculture. organically managed soil also holds more carbon dioxide. these factors may help lower the greenhouse gasses that can cause global warming. more opportunities for growers. organic food production has allowed small - and medium - sized farms and food producers to compete with big food and agricultural corporations. shopping for organic foods organic foods used to be hard to find and were usually expensive. that is now changing. although organic food still makes up only a small percentage of all food sold in the u. s., sales have increased by about 20 percent every year since 1990. organic foods are primarily available in specialty markets, farmers ' markets, and natural food chains, but for the past decade, many organic foods have also been sold in supermarkets. in fact, 73 percent of grocery stores now sell some organic foods. ( you can identify it by the usda organic label. ) if you are concerned about food safety, nutrition, and the environment, organic foods may be well worth the extra investment. some people also buy organic because they think it simply tastes better. that is a question you will have to decide for yourself.


pileated woodpeckers a mainstay in the mountainswritten by george ellison the tapping of pileateds... means attachment to a nest site and attachment of the members of a pair to each other... when one pair of pileateds is especially excited about meeting its mate, it bends its head and bill far back, waving them back and forth in an arc of 45 - degrees as it jerks its whole body in what i call a ‘ bill - waving dance. ’ thus, they keep their pair bonds strong with small ceremonies. — lawrence kilham, “ on watching birds ” ( 1988 ) here in the smokies region there are six woodpecker species one can anticipate encountering on a regular basis. red - headed woodpeckers are sometimes reported, but i have only seen a few in the years that i ’ ve resided here. my favorite among this tribe is the pileated woodpecker. the common name can be correctly pronounced as either “ pi - lee - a - tid ” or “ pill - ee - a - tid. ” “ pileated ” indicates the bird has a crest on its head. the word derives from a skullcap ( a “ pileaus ” ) worn in ancient rome. male and female pileateds can be easily distinguished : males sport red mustaches and full - red crests on their heads, while females display black mustaches and half - red, half - black crests. unlike the larger 21 - inch - long ivory - billed woodpecker, the pileated proved adaptable to environmental changes wrought by man so that it has — after a period of setbacks — become a commonplace feature of both our backcountry and community woodlands. spotting one of these 19 - inch - long crow - sized birds isn ’ t at all uncommon. when you do flush one, it will sound loud “ yucca, yucca, yucca ” calls and flash its vivid white under - wing markings. the mainstays of the big bird ’ s diet are ants and other wood - boring insects. matchbook - size chips of bark and wood chiseled from a feeding tree or log are sure signs of its presence. using its tail for support, the bird can back down a tree as easily as it can climbup a tree. the species usually mates in february and then spends most of march digging a nest cavity. the rectangular entrance hole ( other woodpeckers excavate entrance holes that are more or less round )


tree as easily as it can climbup a tree. the species usually mates in february and then spends most of march digging a nest cavity. the rectangular entrance hole ( other woodpeckers excavate entrance holes that are more or less round ) will be located anywhere from 10 to 75 feet above ground. after the three to five eggs are laid in mid - april, incubation requires about 18 days. pileateds will often return to the same nest tree year after year, but a new nesting cavity is usually excavated each season. if you attempt to climb the nest tree and look through the entrance hole at the baby birds, it ’ s not unlikely that the parents will attack you with their formidable beaks. a mother pileated has been photographed retrieving her eggs from a nest tree that was blown down. shortly after the tree fell, she transferred the clutch of three to a new site. one of the advantages of being a permanent resident rather than a migratory species is that individual birds can keep up with their mates from season to season. a lot of the ritual activity associated with pileateds, especially during the fall season, has to do with maintaining ongoing relationships. the online “ birds of north america ” ( available by subscription ) provides additional background : “ when a mate dies, the surviving bird remains in the territory and seeks a new mate from adjacent areas. once established, the pair defends the territory by drumming, calling, and chasing off intruders. a pair of pileated woodpeckers evicted young bluebirds from a nest cavity used by the woodpeckers the previous year and then enlarged the cavity and nested in it. “ reactions to climbing snakes vary from concern to possible nest abandonment. based on video camera data at 32 pileated woodpecker nests in arkansas, black rat snakes entered 14 nest cavities. adults ejected snakes at eight cavities, though the snake returned to 5 cavities. nestlings fledged from only three of the 14 cavities with rat snake attacks. adults appeared able to eject snakes that were smaller than 60 inches in length from nest cavities. ” let ’ s close with this little poem by maxwell corydon wheat jr., that i happened upon on the i - net : pileated woodpecker … dressed for his coronation in ebony cape, but would royalty be caught backing down a dead hickory.


view the full details of our 2009 best solar practice award. download now at solartech we provide our clients with ground source heat pumps. ground source heat pumps work by collecting the heat from underneath the ground and transferring this into usable heat through the use of a heat pump. his type of method is quite similar to a refrigerator working in reverse. the heat that is generated through can be used for domestic hot water or heating an area of space. the ground source heat pump cycle is highly efficient and delivers up to 4kw of heat energy for every kw of energy input into the system. air source heat pumps capture the heat from air instead of from the ground, as a ground source heat pump would do. but although air source heat pumps are efficient they only deliver around 3kw for every kw of energy that is inputted into the system. the cost of ground source heat pump can be slightly higher compared to air source heat pumps but produces more kw. although the unit will take up for space compared to an air source unit, but our designers will advise you on what will be the most cost effective and efficient for your individual needs. the advantage with having air or ground source heat pump systems is that they can also be integrated with solar panel systems, solar hot water heating systems and they work well with under floor heating. ground source heat pumps have proven to provide new homes with useful heating. the renewable heat incentive is a government scheme that has been set up to support the uptake of renewable energy systems. rhi payments will apply if you have had a air or ground source heat pump system installed. any installations that have been done after july 29, 2011 are entitled to receiving £1250 premium payment and then from october 2012 will receive ongoing rhi payments. if you require more information then please visit our funding page. the city of coventry has achieved national notoriety for several reasons, most proudly as the home of jaguar cars but also thanks to enduring heavy bombing through the second world war. coventry is also the subject of two intriguing bits of trivia, it is the british city furthest from the coast and was also the first ' twin ' town, twinning with stalingrad during wwii. we cover the whole of the uk and take pride in knowing our industry as well as you know your town. if you live in coventry, leicester or the surrounding areas and would like to find out more about how renewable energy can save you money and help you live a greener lifestyle call us today on 0845 838 2477. at solartech our advisors can guide


a solar panel is generally made up of three strings, with either 16 or 24 solar cells arranged in series. a special bypass diodebypass diode when the solar cell is partially or completely shaded - e. g. by a chimney -, less power will flow through the modules. switching in sequence in the module heats up the shaded cell and may destroy it ( hot - spot effect ). bypass diodes protect shaded cells. a solar module has one to three bypass diodes, depending on cell number. secures each individual string, preventing a drop in output in the event of shade. high yields are possible if the solar panels are arranged optimally and used in combination with high - quality solar plant components. the quality of the panels is determined by a number of factors : - high percentage rating : the panel efficiencyefficiency the efficiencies achieved with solar cells in photovoltaics range from a few percent ( e. g. about 6 percent for cadmium - telluride solar modules ) up to more than 35 percent ( concentrator multi - layer lab version ) or 40 percent ( cis - based thin - film module ). the efficiencies of common solar modules on the market are between 6 percent ( silicon - based thin - film modules ) and 20 percent ( monocrystalline modules ). rating gives the amount of sunlight that can be utilised technically as a percentage of all of the incoming sunlight. - temperature measurement : the output of the panel is dependent on its temperature. a value of - 0. 5 % is tolerated per degree celsius. the closer this value is to zero, the better. - peak output : the panel ’ s nominal output is given in watt - peak. it describes the output achieved under standard test conditionsstandard test conditions to determine the rated output of a pv module, standardised conditions must be complied with in the lab. this includes : irradiation power ( global irradiation ) of 1000w / m² at precisely vertical incidence of light, a cell temperature of 25° c, irradiation range according to am ( air mass ) 1. 5. when the sun is at the zenith at the equator, the irradiation range is am 1. 0. an am of 1. 5 is assumed to be the annual average for europe.. this value can be used to find the optimum plant set - up. - tolerance levels : the manufacturer provides a set tolerance for how far the nominal value is allowed to differ from the actual output


is assumed to be the annual average for europe.. this value can be used to find the optimum plant set - up. - tolerance levels : the manufacturer provides a set tolerance for how far the nominal value is allowed to differ from the actual output. differences of ( + / - ) per cent are in the normal range. - test mark : all products are tested by independent institutes such as tuv rheinland. the test mark proves that the panels are fit to withstand the whole range of possible weather conditions. - operational readiness : the guaranteed service life for the solar panels is between 10 and 25 years. the actual service life generally exceeds this amount. poly - or monocrystallinemonocrystalline the efficiency of monocrystalline solar cells is at 14 - 20 %. they can be recognised by their dark grey colour. material pieces that consist of a single crystal throughout and therefore have a regular crystal alignment are called monocrystalline ( e. g. a silicon block ). cells : these solar panels achieve higher yields and are more efficient. whether you have decided on autonomous power supply or grid feed - in, the panels are the most important part of a photovoltaicphotovoltaic the term photovoltaic ( pv ) is made up of photon ( greek for light ) and the name of physicist alessandro volta ( volt ). photovoltaic ( solar power ) is the direct conversion of light power into electrical power or generation of power from sunlight. light power ( photons ) hit the silicon crystal grid of a doped semi - conductor, releasing charge carriers that can be used for power generation. plant and must therefore meet the strictest quality requirements. our panels are flexible and are available in various sizes ; we can offer you an optimum panel solution that meets your specific requirements.


- the enterprise - the recorder fisheries scientists are conducting a study on atlantic menhaden that will help identify the balance between harvesting and preserving the species. atlantic menhaden, described as “ small, oily fish ” that migrate along the east coast, are the “ favorite menu item of prized rockfish, ” and have a high commercial value, according to a statement the university of maryland center for environmental science. currently, the menhaden population is at its lowest point in more than 50 years due to harvesting and predation, the statement says. but fisheries scientists from umces are investigating the balance between fishing for atlantic menhaden and the value the fish has in the ecosystem, thanks to a grant from the lenfest ocean program. the lenfest ocean program “ funds scientific research on policy - relevant topics concerning the world ’ s oceans and communicates the results of the supported research to decision makers and other interested audiences, ” according to its website. according to umces, the study ’ s goal is to help develop fishing management guidelines to ensure the menhaden survives. “ management of menhaden has become very controversial because of different views of how we allocate menhaden between commercial and bait fisheries and those left in the ocean to serve as prey for striped bass and other predators, ” tom miller, the study ’ s lead researcher and director of the umces chesapeake biological laboratory in solomons, said in the statement. “ we ’ re trying to estimate from a scientific viewpoint how much we need to leave for the predators to fulfill other important roles in the ecosystem. ” atlantic menhaden are “ subject to all kinds of pressures, ” said team member edward houde, a professor with umces who specializes in forage fish ecology and ecosystem - based fisheries management. the fish is a crucial food source for large fish and marine mammals and sea birds, according to the statement. in addition, menhaden are harvested for bait in crab and lobster fisheries, and more than 300 million pounds are caught every year and processed into meal and oil for livestock food, and omega - 3 fish oil supplements. the two - year study, which began dec. 1, is intended to help fishery managers at the atlantic states marine fisheries commission and the state fishery management agencies develop ecosystem - based reference points for the menhaden. houde explained that the reference points are meant to lower the fishing mortality rate while increasing the menhaden population. “ the previous reference points are not as precautionary as they should be, ” he said


maloti - drakensberg transfrontier park did you know? the drakensberg is home to the oldest fossilised dinosaur eggs in the world. on the lower slopes of the maloti - drakensberg transfrontier park, which straddles the border between south africa and lesotho, you will spot small herds of eland that seasonally migrate between the higher slopes of the berg and the sweeter grasses of the plains. this is just one of lesotho and south africa ' s transfrontier park success stories. through the collaboration between the two countries, animal populations in this mountain paradise have rallied and today large troops of baboons roam the mountainside and there are regular sightings of blesbok, oribi, duiker and, occasionally, the elusive leopard. the wildlife is just one of the attractions of this drakensberg transfrontier nature reserve. for many, the main feature is the mountain range itself - one of the most important water catchments in southern africa. the maloti - drakensberg transfrontier park boasts some of the most spectacular mountain scenery in the world. this distinctive landscape is not only home to many species of animals and birds, it is also home to the highest concentrations of rock - art south of the sahara. there are approximately 600 known sites and almost 40 000 individual images, painted by the indigenous inhabitants of the area over a period of at least 4 000 years the transfrontier commitment between south africa and lesotho is more than a decade old and continuous efforts are being made to improve access to the area, known for its fabulous hiking trails and endless views. other attractions in the area include important palaeontological sites, such as the site where the oldest fossilised dinosaur eggs in the world were found, and key sites of late iron age settlements that define basotho origins. south africa and lesotho are currently working on a 20 - year strategy to guide their partnership. travel tips & planning info who to contact mr chaba mokuku, project coordinator tel : + 266 ( 22 ) 312 662


space station to spread last solar wings the international space station ' s last set of u. s. solar arrays are slightly deployed in this predawn view from exterior cameras caught on march 20, 2009. the arrays were to be fully extended later that day. credit : nasa tv. this story was updated at 12 : 22 p. m. edt. after more than a decade of construction, the international space station is spreading its last pair of solar wings friday as astronauts and mission control watch with bated breath. the new u. s. - built solar arrays are the final piece of the $ 100 billion space station? s power grid. astronauts attached them to the starboard side of the orbiting laboratory in a thursday spacewalk, but the real test comes later today, when they push the button inside that will remotely unfurl the power - generating solar wings. the last time astronauts attempted to unfold similar arrays, one of the wings snagged on a guide wire and ripped, sending engineers on earth scrambling for a fix. spacewalking astronauts ultimately stitched the tear back together and the wing has been working ever since. nasa, and the shuttle discovery astronauts who delivered the new $ 298 million solar arrays, are hoping for less drama today.? we have made solar array deploys exciting in the past,? said dan hartmann, head of nasa? s space station mission management team, late thursday, adding that his team will be on edge.? pins and needles? yes, a little bit? it? s kind of the nature of the game.? the 115 - foot ( 35 - meter ) long solar arrays are vital since they will complete the station? s power grid, boosting the current system by 25 percent, hartmann said. their installation thursday completed the station? s 335 - foot ( 102 - meter ) backbone, which supports the outpost? s railcar, robotic arm base and three other sets of expansive solar arrays. in all, the station is designed use all four sets of solar wings to produce enough electricity to power 42 houses on earth, nasa has said. astronauts and scientists are counting on that power supply so they can ramp up science operations and double the station? s crew size up to six people later this year. this last set of solar wings should generate about 36 kilowatts total, 15 kilowatts of which is reserved for science. it would double the current science power supply, mission managers said. and when the new solar arrays are deployed, the station will finally look like the


generate about 36 kilowatts total, 15 kilowatts of which is reserved for science. it would double the current science power supply, mission managers said. and when the new solar arrays are deployed, the station will finally look like the nearly complete orbital outpost depicted in artist illustrations throughout its 10 - year construction history.? we? re looking forward to it,? hartmann said.? there will be all kinds of emotions and, hopefully, jubilation at the end.? flight controllers on earth extended each of the new solar arrays just slightly in the predawn hours early friday. astronauts aboard the docked discovery and station began the deployment process in full at 11 : 06 a. m. edt ( 1506 gmt ). solar wing challenges the space station? s new solar wings are mostly folded up, much like an accordion or an oversized map, inside a set of storage boxes on the starboard edge of the outpost? s backbone - like main truss. they? ve been locked away in those boxes for years - one for longer than any of the station? s seven other wings - and astronauts fully expect their folds to stick together. nasa has seen the phenomenon - which it calls? stiction? - before, in 2000. that glitch, too, required a spacewalk fix. now, nasa deploys solar arrays in stages, giving each wing time to warm up so they are less conducive to sticking.? we are a little concerned because these arrays have been in the box longer than others,? said discovery astronaut john phillips before flight. phillips will be the one with his finger on the button, in charge of unfurling the solar arrays or hitting the emergency stop if things go awry. but he is not the lone solar wing sentinel, space station flight director kwatsi alibaruho told reporters late thursday. all 10 shuttle and station astronauts will be watching, either through windows, cameras or on computer screens. a host of engineers will be backing them up on earth, staring at the same views on consoles in mission control at nasa? s johnson space center in houston. the goal, alibaruho said, is to be ready to spot any rip, tear or glitch from the past, or something new and unexpected, as early as possible. there is a time limit too : about five hours. in order to orient the new solar arrays so they warm up - to reduce stiction - the station has to fly in a less optimal orientation. the position can


unexpected, as early as possible. there is a time limit too : about five hours. in order to orient the new solar arrays so they warm up - to reduce stiction - the station has to fly in a less optimal orientation. the position can lead to communications drop outs and expose some parts of the station to extreme cold, while risking overheating in others. mission control wants to maintain constant communications while the arrays are being extended.? right now, the biggest threat that i see, barring some problem with the mechanism, are gaps in communications,? alibaruho said.? we may simply not get through the deployment of both solar arrays before we? re required by our mission rules to maneuver back to equilibrium.? if discovery astronauts are unable to completely extend the arrays today, there is some extra time on sunday, which is when they were initially due to be unfurled. mission managers moved the deployment to today to fill in time originally reserved for an extra shuttle heat shield inspection that was no longer needed. while the solar arrays are extended outside the station, astronauts plan to make repairs to the outpost? s urine recycling system inside the orbital lab. the spaceflyers will install a new centrifuge to distill urine back into drinking water. the system is part of a larger water recycler that converts urine, astronaut sweat and condensation back into pure water for drinking, food preparation and bathing. the fix is in even of discovery? s crew hits a snag in today? s solar wing deployment, mission managers have a stockpile of repair methods and tools cobbled together from previous missions.? all those tricks are in our hip pocket, all those tools are in our bag,? discovery? s lead spacewalk officer glenda laws - brown said thursday night.? we have trained the crews on all those prior techniques.? discovery launched toward the station late sunday on a 13 - day mission to swap out a member of the outpost? s crew and deliver the new solar arrays truss. two of the mission? s three spacewalks remain. four were originally planned, but nasa trimmed the flight due to launch delays in order to complete the construction work and depart the station before the launch of a previously scheduled russian soyuz spacecraft next week. laws - brown said she was confident the solar arrays would be unfurled successfully. watching their installation during thursday? s spacewalk felt like being at the start of a rollercoaster, she added.? it? s exciting and you? re


hobbes doctrine the leviathan based on his social contract theories. as the book was written in the midst of a civil war much of it focuses on the need of a strong central authority to avoid discord and civil war. in his leviathan hobbes hypothesizes what life would be like without government, also known as state of nature. in this state each person would have a certain right, or license to all. this would eventually lead to a “ bellum omnium contra omnes ” or war against all, and people would love solitary, poor, short lives. in order to avoid this he states that man needs to agree to a social contract and establish civil society. hobbes states that “ society is a population beneath a sovereign authority, to whom all individuals in that society cede their natural rights for the sake of protection ”. this means that man gives up some of his natural right to the sovereign in exchange for protection and order, and any misuse of this power is to be acknowledged as the price of peace, although in extreme cases rebellion is to be expected. the sovereign is in charge of and must control civil, military, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers. to prove this hobbes said " if men are naturally in a state of war, why do they always carry arms and why do they have keys to lock their doors? " hobbes believed that everyone was basically selfish beings who would do anything to benefit their own personal position, and if left alone would act upon evil impulses. he believed this to be... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2009, 11 ). source analysis thomas hobbes. studymode. com. retrieved 11, 2009, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / source - analysis - thomas - hobbes - 248668. html " source analysis thomas hobbes " studymode. com. 11 2009. 11 2009 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / source - analysis - thomas - hobbes - 248668. html >. " source analysis thomas hobbes. " studymode. com. 11, 2009. accessed 11, 2009. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / source - analysis - thomas - hobbes - 248668. html.


time advantagetime advantage is created when one of the business processes is faster than the other in achieving the same result. time advantage is best exemplified with the time to market examples. time advantage is typically created through careful analysis of all the activities supporting a process and elimination of those that don ’ t add any value to the process, but only add lead time. time advantage can create product premiums, increased revenues, longer product life cycles, and intangible differentiator levers ( such as brand value or an image of being innovative or agile ). it becomes a competitive advantage when the firm develops processes that will enable it to quickly introduce new products in the market and portray the company as a pioneer and when the firm ’ s business strategy leverages such differentiation through a premium brand image to grow market share and increase revenues. cost advantagecost advantage is created when the superior business process is cheaper to operate than the inferior other. cost advantage can be created through elimination of waste from the process, but also by optimizing the process within the process constraints. a lot of supply chain processes fall in this category and can provide finite cost advantages when implemented correctly. inventory planning processes within the supply chain function is a good example in this category. or, in a manufacturing industry, cost advantages may arise from better manufacturing process, cheaper inputs, or higher levels of automation that increase efficiency. reducing set - up change time, reducing the frequency of such changes, and increasing batch sizes are several commonly used methods to reduce per unit manufacturing costs. however, a superior manufacturing process will potentially have a comparable cost structure, but allow for short batch sizes to enable flexible factory schedules. every revised iteration of the original business process can potentially improve the existing cost structure and provide a continued superiority afforded by the process. these improvements are necessary to sustain the advantage over time. cost advantage allows the company to become more profitable or expand its market share. efficiency advantageefficiency advantage is created when the superior business processes provide higher throughput. throughput measures the output of a process per unit time. sometimes, efficiency may mean asset utilization, such as the utilization of the assembly line in a manufacturing context, blast furnace utilization in steel production, or a jockey ’ s utilization in the warehouse of a retailer. assets in the context of efficiency can be people, machinery, or technology, anything that it costs to maintain and provides a useful function in the business process. the efficiency advantage can be created by automating, simplifying, or expediting a process. efficiency advantage normally results in


people, machinery, or technology, anything that it costs to maintain and provides a useful function in the business process. the efficiency advantage can be created by automating, simplifying, or expediting a process. efficiency advantage normally results in more favorable cost structure and supports a cost - based business strategy. think of the flexibility as part of the efficiency advantage. after all, there is no point in efficiently building widgets that no one wants. therefore, flexibility of a process to change and adapt in response to the changes in the business environment is an advantage that should be built into the process. this flexibility in manufacturing environments typically shows up as set - up change time, while in nonmanufacturing industries, it may be the time required to respond to changing demand. quality advantagequality advantage is created when the superior business process creates fewer defects than the inferior one. quality advantage is generally a result of standardizing, automating, or simplifying a process. in the manufacturing context, a statistical process control ( spc ) that allows companies to monitor the health of the process to reduce defects is a good example of this advantage. when compared to the conventional quality control processes that detect the defects after the product has been manufactured, the spc - based approach prevents production of defective products by monitoring key process parameters. quality advantage in the nonmanufacturing context relates to the ability of a process to consistently produce the same result ( dependability and repeatability ), and this definition can be applied to any business function, such as processing customer orders, fulfilling orders from a warehouse, creating replenishment demand, customer service, and so on. quality advantage can reduce costs by preventing defects or introduce produce differentiators through better quality, such as increased customer satisfaction, customer retention, brand value, product durability, and so on. in all these cases, the quality advantage can support a business strategy by creating a differentiator with a potential value for which the buyer is ready to pay a premium. finally, for any process or capability to be able to create a real competitive advantage, the following two conditions must be fulfilled : 1. the value created through the superior process must be valuable enough to the buyer that she is ready to pay a premium for the differentiator created by this process or move her business to the firm to take advantage of this differentiator. 2. the cost of creating the process superiority must be less than the premium generated through the differentiator advantage created by the process. unless these two


the transplant team may perform one or more of the following tests and procedures to monitor a patient ' s transplant : ultrasound - this test is performed to make sure all the main blood vessels leading to the kidney are functioning normally. this test is also used to check for collections of fluid, such as blood. the procedure consists of placing a cool gel on the patient ' s abdomen, over which a wand ( transducer ) is moved to transmit sound waves. these are converted into images of the kidney and projected onto a television screen. kidney biopsy ( test sample ) - this test is usually performed to check for rejection, or other possible problems. this may be done in the hospital or in the outpatient / short - stay unit. the patient will receive special instructions regarding the procedure. before the procedure, the patient will receive a numbing injection ( local anesthetic ) on the right side of his abdomen. then a special needle will be inserted to withdraw a small sample of kidney tissue that will be examined with a microscope. computerized tomography ( ct ) scan - this is a type of x ray that allows the physician to view the patient ' s kidney from many different angles to detect infections, fluid collections, or other problems. the procedure requires that the patient drink a liquid that outlines his stomach and intestines and makes his kidney more visible ; then he lies flat for 1 hour while the machine takes x rays around him. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) - this is another type of test that produces an image. somewhat like a ct scan, it also allows a patient ' s kidney to be viewed from different angles and in three - dimensional images. an mri shows soft tissues, such as the kidney, more clearly than a ct scan does.


o ' the sun and west o ' the moon why the sea is salt why the sea is salt once on a time, but it was a long, long time ago, there were two brothers, one rich and one poor. now, one christmas eve, the poor one had not so much as a crumb in the house, either of meat or bread, so he went to his brother to ask him for something with which to keep christmas. it was not the first time his brother had been forced to help him, and, as he was always stingy, he was not very glad to see him this time, but he said, " i ' ll give you a whole piece of bacon, two loaves of bread, and candles into the bargain, if you ' ll never bother me again - but mind you don ' t set foot in my house from this day on. " the poor brother said he wouldn ' t, thanked his brother for the help he had given him, and started on his way home. he hadn ' t gone far before he met an old, old man with a white beard, who looked so thin and worn and hungry that it was pitiful to see him. " in heaven ' s name give a poor man a morsel to eat, " said the old man. " now, indeed, i have been begging myself, " said the poor brother, " but i ' m not so poor that i can ' t give you something on the blessed christmas eve. " and with that he handed the old man a candle, a loaf of bread, and he was just going to cut off a slice of bacon, when the old man stopped him - " that is enough and to spare, " said he. " and now, i ' ll tell you something. not far from here is the entrance to the home of the underground folks. they have a mill there which can grind out anything they wish for except bacon ; now mind you go there. when you get inside they will all want to buy your bacon, but don ' t sell it unless you get in return the mill which stands behind the door. when you come out i ' ll teach you how to handle the mill. " so the man with the bacon thanked the other for his good advice and followed the directions which the old man had given him, and soon he stood outside the door of the hillfolk ' s home. when he got in, everything went just as the old man had said. all the hillfolk, great and small,


followed the directions which the old man had given him, and soon he stood outside the door of the hillfolk ' s home. when he got in, everything went just as the old man had said. all the hillfolk, great and small, came swarming up to him, like ants around an ant - hill, and each tried to outbid the other for the bacon. " well! " said the man, " by rights, my old dame and i ought to have this bacon for our christmas dinner ; but, since you have all set your hearts on it, i suppose i must give it up to you. now, if i sell it at all, i ' ll have for it that mill behind the door yonder. " at first the hillfolk wouldn ' t hear of such a bargain and higgled and haggled with the man, but he stuck to what he said, and at last they gave up the mill for the bacon. when the man got out of the cave and into the woods again, he met the same old beggar and asked him how to handle the mill. after he had learned how to use it, he thanked the old man and went off home as fast as he could ; but still the clock had struck twelve on christmas eve before he reached his own door. " wherever in the world have you been? " said his old dame. " here have i sat hour after hour, waiting and watching, without so much as two sticks to lay together under the christmas porridge. " " oh! " said the man, " i could not get back before, for i had to go a long way first for one thing and then for another ; but now you shall see what you shall see. " so he put the mill on the table, and bade it first of all grind lights, then a tablecloth, then meat, then ale, and so on till they had everything that was nice for christmas fare. he had only to speak the word and the mill ground out whatever he wanted. the old dame stood by blessing her stars, and kept on asking where he had got this wonderful mill, but he wouldn ' t tell her. " it ' s all the same where i got it. you see the mill is a good one, and the mill stream never freezes. that ' s enough. " so he ground meat and drink and all good things to last out the whole of christmas holidays, and on the third day he asked all his friends and kin to his house


one, and the mill stream never freezes. that ' s enough. " so he ground meat and drink and all good things to last out the whole of christmas holidays, and on the third day he asked all his friends and kin to his house and gave them a great feast. now, when his rich brother saw all that was on the table and all that was in the cupboards, he grew quite wild with anger, for he could not bear that his brother should have anything. " ' twas only on christmas eve, " he said to the rest, " he was so poorly off that he came and begged for a morsel of food, and now he gives a feast as if he were count or a king. " and he turned to his brother and said, " but where in the world did you get all this wealth? " " from behind the door, " answered the owner of the mill, for he did not care to tell his brother much about it. but later in the evening, when he had gotten a little too merry, he could keep his secret no longer, and he brought out the mill and said : " there you see what has gotten me all this wealth, " and so he made the mill grind all kinds of things. when his brother saw it, he set his heart on having the mill, and, after some talk, it was agreed that the rich brother was to get it at hay - harvest time, when he was to pay three hundred dollars for it. now, you may fancy the mill did not grow rusty for want of work, for while he had it the poor brother made it grind meat and drink that would last for years. when hay - harvest came, the rich brother got it, but he was in such a hurry to make it grind that he forgot to learn how to handle it. it was evening when the rich brother got the mill home, and next morning he told his wife to go out into the hayfield and toss hay while the mowers cut the grass, and he would stay at home and get the dinner ready. so, when dinner time drew near, he put the mill on the kitchen table and said : " grind herrings and broth, and grind them good and fast. " and the mill began to grind herrings and broth ; first of all the dishes full, then all the tubs full, and so on till the kitchen floor was quite covered. the man twisted and twirled at the mill to get it to stop, but


to grind herrings and broth ; first of all the dishes full, then all the tubs full, and so on till the kitchen floor was quite covered. the man twisted and twirled at the mill to get it to stop, but for all his fiddling and fumbling the mill went on grinding, and in a little while the broth rose so high that the man was nearly drowning. so he threw open the kitchen door and ran into the parlor, but it was not long before the mill had ground the parlor full too, and it was only at the risk of his life that the man could get hold of the latch of the house door through the stream of broth. when he got the door open, he ran out and set off down the road, with the stream of herrings and broth at his heels, roaring like a waterfall over the whole farm. now, his old dame, who was in the field tossing hay, thought it a long time to dinner, and at last she said : " well! though the master doesn ' t call us home, we may as well go. maybe he finds it hard work to boil the broth, and will be glad of my help. " the men were willing enough, so they sauntered homewards. but just as they had got a little way up the hill, what should they meet but herrings and broth, all running and dashing and splashing together in a stream, and the master himself running before them for his life, and as he passed them he called out : " eat, drink! eat, drink! but take care you ' re not drowned in the broth. " away he ran as fast as his legs would carry him to his brother ' s house, and begged him in heaven ' s name to take back the mill, and that at once, for, said he, " if it grinds only one hour more, the whole parish will be swallowed up by herrings and broth. " so the poor brother took back the mill, and it wasn ' t long before it stopped grinding herrings and broth. and now he set up a farmhouse far finer than the one in which his brother lived, and with the mill he ground so much gold that he covered it with plates of gold. and, as the farm lay by the seaside, the golden house gleamed and glistened far away over the sea. all who sailed by put ashore to see the rich man in the golden house, and to


he covered it with plates of gold. and, as the farm lay by the seaside, the golden house gleamed and glistened far away over the sea. all who sailed by put ashore to see the rich man in the golden house, and to see the wonderful mill the fame of which spread far and wide, till there was nobody who hadn ' t heard of it. so one day there came a skipper who wanted to see the mill, and the first thing he asked was if it could grind salt. " grind salt! " said the owner, " i should just think it could. it can grind anything. " when the skipper heard that, he said he must have the mill, for if he only had it, he thought, he need not take his long voyages across stormy seas for a lading of salt. he much preferred sitting at home with a pipe and a glass. well, the man let him have it, but the skipper was in such a hurry to get away with it that he had no time to ask how to handle the mill. he got on board his ship as fast as he could and set sail. when he had sailed a good way off, he brought the mill on deck and said, " grind salt, and grind both good and fast. " and the mill began to grind salt so that it poured out like water, and when the skipper had got the ship full he wished to stop the mill, but whichever way he turned it, and however much he tried, it did no good ; the mill kept on grinding, and the heap of salt grew higher and higher, and at last down sank the ship. there lies the mill at the bottom of the sea, and grinds away to this very day, and that is the reason why the sea is salt - so some folks say. thorne - thomsen, gudrun. east o ' the sun and west o ' the moon. chicago : row, peterson and company, 1912.


most children gain reference bladder opens new window control over time without any treatment. reference bed - wetting opens new window that continues past the age that most children have nighttime bladder control — typically at 5 or 6 years of age — also will usually stop over time without treatment. if not, home treatment may be all that is needed to help a child stop wetting the bed. for more information, see the home treatment section of this topic. if home treatment is unsuccessful, if the child and parents need assistance, or if the bed - wetting may be caused by a reference medical condition, medical treatment may be helpful. medical treatment may help your child wet the bed less often or help him or her wake up to use the toilet more often. treatment for bed - wetting is based on the : - child ' s age. some treatments work better than others for children of a specific age group. - child ' s and parents ' attitudes about the bed - wetting. if gaining bladder control is seen as a normal process, it is usually easier for the child to stop bed - wetting. - home situation. if the child shares a bedroom with other children, certain techniques to arouse the child, such as some moisture alarms, may not be practical. treatment for bed - wetting may include : - reference motivational therapy. this method involves parents encouraging and reinforcing a child ' s sense of control over bed - wetting. - reference moisture alarms, which detect wetness in the child ' s underpants during sleep and sound an alarm to wake the child. - reference desmopressin and reference tricyclic antidepressants. these medicines increase the amount of urine that the bladder can hold or decrease the amount of urine released by the kidneys. treatment may be helpful if bed - wetting seems to be affecting your child ' s reference self - esteem opens new window or affecting how your child is doing with schoolwork or getting along with his or her peers. the best solution may be a combination of treatments. below are some suggestions for treatment options according to the age of your child. - ages 5 to 8 : help your child understand that wetting the bed is a normal part of growing up. encouragement and praise may be all that is needed to help your child wake up before wetting. praise and reward your child for the steps he or she takes to have dry nights. and have your child take an active role in cleaning up after wetting. - ages 8 to 11 : if your child still wets


wake up before wetting. praise and reward your child for the steps he or she takes to have dry nights. and have your child take an active role in cleaning up after wetting. - ages 8 to 11 : if your child still wets the bed, a moisture alarm may be a successful treatment option. also, a medicine such as desmopressin can be helpful for occasional overnight events such as camp or sleepovers. - ages 12 and older : there can be significant emotional effects if bed - wetting persists at this age, so treatment can be more aggressive. if consistent use of moisture alarms does not work, the doctor may suggest medicine and / or counseling. for more information, see : what about treatment for daytime wetting? reference accidental daytime wetting may be a normal part of a child ' s development, or it may point to a medical condition. talk to your child ' s doctor if your child has daytime wetting. what to think about treatment for bed - wetting is usually not a cure. the goal is to reduce the number of times the child wets the bed and to manage the wetting until it goes away on its own. some children who finish a treatment and have dry nights for a while will start to wet the bed again. repeating treatment, especially with a moisture alarm, usually helps bring back dry nights. counseling ( psychotherapy ) may be helpful for the child who has reference secondary enuresis opens new window or for bed - wetting that is caused by emotional stress. psychotherapy involves talking with a trained counselor. the counselor helps the child identify and deal with the emotional stress that may be causing him or her to have accidental wettings. the goal is to reduce or help manage the stress or to prevent stress from occurring. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference october 24, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference susan c. kim, md - pediatrics reference thomas emmett francoeur, md, mdcm, cspq, frcpc - pediatrics


thrombolytic drugs for heart attack small blood vessels called coronary arteries supply blood and oxygen to the heart. - a heart attack can occur if a blood clot completely blocks one of these arteries. - unstable angina refers to chest pain and other warning signs that a heart attack may happen soon. it is most often caused by blood clots in the arteries. certain patients may be given drugs to break up the clot if the artery is completely blocked. these drugs are called thrombolytics, or clot busting drugs. - these drugs should be given within 3 hours of when the patient first felt chest pain. - the medicine is given through a vein ( iv ). - blood thinners taken by mouth may be prescribed later to prevent more clots from forming. the main risk when receiving clot busting drugs is bleeding, especially bleeding in the brain. thrombolytic therapy is not safe for people who have : - bleeding inside the head or a stroke - brain abnormalities, such as tumors or poorly formed blood vessels - had a head injury within the past 3 months - a history of using blood thinners or a bleeding disorder - had major surgery, a major injury, or internal bleeding within the past 3 - 4 weeks - peptic ulcer disease - severe high blood pressure other treatments that may be done instead of thrombolytic therapy are : - angioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked arteries that supply blood to the heart. it is often the first choice treatment. - heart bypass surgery to open narrowed or blocked arteries that supply blood to the heart may also be done. this procedure is also called " open heart surgery. " anderson jl, adams cd, antman em, bridges cr, califf rm, casey de jr, et al. acc / aha 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina / non - st - elevation myocardial infarction : a report of the american college of cardiology / american heart association task force on practice guidelines ( writing committee to revise the 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina / non - st - elevation myocardial infarction ) developed in collaboration with the american college of emergency physicians, the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions, and the society of thoracic surgeons endorsed bythe american association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation and the society for academic emergency medicine. j am coll cardiol. 2007 ; 50 ( 7 ) : e1 - e157. antman em


please note : pricing and availability are subject to change without notice. let your imagination run wild as you use your mouse to create an animal adventure! creative activities set in four different habitats encourage mousing while teaching early school skills. what it teaches : - early and advanced mousing - creating with technology exploration and curiosity toddlers use their curiosity and logical reasoning skills to solve everyday problems. by investigating all sorts of possibilities, they develop unexpected solutions and creative problem - solving strategies. matching develops early logic and reasoning skills and is a component of early math and literacy. children match like objects, shapes, patterns, pictures and stories, letters to sounds and pictures to words. sorting and classifying children actively arrange their blocks, cars and dolls, using visual discrimination to sort objects around them. essential for math and science, classification is the logical reasoning ability to identify and group objects by attributes such as color, size, number, function, length, volume, weight, area, time and other familiar characteristics. creating with technology being able use computers at an early age has opened up a whole new world for children. there are more opportunities for interactive learning. children can also use computers to help with their homework, communicate with their friends and become technologically proficient. children start off using the computer mouse before they learn how to use the keys. it ' s best to get a child - sized mouse so that it ' s small enough for children to handle correctly. within a short space of time children become adept at navigating the screen using the mouse to point and click. children quickly learn the basics of screen navigation. by pointing and clicking they can open programs they can use to help them learn. art and design creating art is an exercise in learning how to see. with increased confidence in their skills, children discover that art is a vehicle for self - expression. identifying and manipulating shapes lays the groundwork for geometry by giving children concrete experience with angles, symmetry and relative sizes. young children are naturally intrigued by animals and animal facts. very early on children begin to categorize animals by species and learn interesting facts about them. this early interest in animals provides the motivation for later work in life sciences.


getting started on a great adventure! 1. course materials : you need 4 items : a ) pocket copy of declaration of independence & the u. s. constitution. the cato institute http : / / store. cato. org / index. asp? fa = productdetails & pid = 144278 - a &... & www. askheritage. org / have them. b ) the federalist papers. this is a collection of 85 essays written during 1787 - 1788 by alexander hamilton, james madison, and john jay, in order to explain the proposed constitution to the people and to induce them to ratify it. for this reason, the federalist papers are the authoritative commentary on the meaning of the constitution. the late 18th century style of writing may seem difficult at first ; but if you stick with it, you will get used to it. the authors were geniuses in political philosophy, and they are delightful! james madison, of course, is the father of the u. s. constitution. amazon has hard copies, & here is a web edition with a searchable text : c ) webster ' s american dictionary of the english language ( 1828 ) i have the big green & gold hard copy which is a facsimile of the original. it costs almost $ 60. 00 ; but is worth it. amazon has it in hard copy and in kindle for $ 10. 00. here is an on - line edition : http : / / 1828. mshaffer. com / d / search / word, welfare here is another : d ) colored pencils. 2. how should we read the declaration of independence, the constitution, and the federalist papers? objective meaning? or subjective interpretation? a ) the traditional view, which i urge you to embrace, is that texts have a fixed and objective meaning, and it is the reader ' s task to ascertain that meaning. in order to do this, you must, among other things, pay close attention to definitions of words - you must understand the meaning of words the same way the author understood them. this is why you need webster ' s 1828 dictionary. you must also lay aside your own views and everything you think you already know about the subject so that you can read with an open mind, and so you don ' t read your own views into the text. here is a common example of such error : our allies are rightly angry at the " federal " government in washington, d. c. but to some


with an open mind, and so you don ' t read your own views into the text. here is a common example of such error : our allies are rightly angry at the " federal " government in washington, d. c. but to some of these allies, " federal " has become a very bad word synonymous with statist government. so, they argue, since hamilton, madison, and jay were " federalists ", they were big - government statists, and the anti - federalists were the ones with the right idea! but this dreadful error can be avoided simply by opening your mind and by looking up federal in webster ' s! there, we learn that federal meant : " consisting in a compact between parties, particularly and chiefly between states or nations ; founded on alliance by contract or mutual agreement ; as a federal government, such as that of the united states. " it is the federal government created by the constitution which is explained and endorsed in the federalist papers. the federal government created by our constitution bears no resemblance whatsoever to the illegitimate dictatorship now being constructed. b ) the modern view ( " literary deconstruction " ) is that a text means whatever the reader thinks it means. the concept of a text having a fixed and objective meaning has been thrown out altogether! the sorry result of this view is that american educrats no longer teach how to read for the objective meaning of a text. it has become the dogma of our time that texts have no “ objective meaning ” to be discovered! instead, each person is to come up with his own “ understanding ” – and one person ’ s “ understanding ” is as good as another ’ s. a friend recalls the following incident which occurred in an high school english class during 1960 : the class read a short story, and then the teacher asked each student to say what the story meant to him. whatever a student said was praised by the teacher. but when it was my friend ’ s turn, he said : “ it doesn ’ t matter what it means to me – what matters is what the author meant. ” the teacher was not pleased with this ‘ out of place ’ comment. is it any wonder that judges on the u. s. supreme court feel free to “ understand ” the constitution any way they please? they were conditioned in school to “ think ” that way ; but they did not resist the conditioning. but here, you will learn how to read our founding documents to look for and find the " original intent " - the " objective " meaning


please? they were conditioned in school to “ think ” that way ; but they did not resist the conditioning. but here, you will learn how to read our founding documents to look for and find the " original intent " - the " objective " meaning of the documents. 3. first homework assignment : a ) go through your copy of the declaration of independence and the constitution and underline all references to god. be sure you don ' t miss the express recognition of the lordship of jesus christ which is contained within the constitution! b ) for now, read through only the first seven articles of the constitution. we will address the amendments later. with another color, go through the constitution ( through art. vii ) and underline each of the law - making powers delegated by the constitution to congress. most of the powers delegated to congress are listed ( " enumerated " ) at art. i, sec. 8 ; however, other enumerated powers granted to congress are set forth elsewhere in the constitution. use another color for the powers delegated to the executive branch ; and a 4th color for the judicial power of the federal courts. use a 5th color to underline all powers which are specifically forbidden to the federal government. use a 6th color to underline all powers which are specifically forbidden to the states. 4. thinking about our constitution : re - read the preamble. with respect to the constitution : who established it and put it into effect? who is the " creator " and who is the " creature "? who is the " master " and who is the " servant "?


' ghost ' house aims for net zero energy a home without living residents will test its running water, lights and appliances remotely to examine energy - efficient technologies. credit : national institute of standards and technology an uninhabited home has faucets running hot water, lights turning on and off, and household appliances coming alive at odd hours. but it ' s not a poltergeist banging around a haunted house — the ghostly behavior comes from a new u. s. experiment aimed at building homes that could create as much energy as they use. the remote - controlled house features small devices that give off the same amount of heat and humidity as humans to help mimic the activities of a family of four over a year, according to researchers at the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ). that will help nist test energy - efficient technologies, forge design standards for energy efficiency, and ultimately help american homeowners cut back on their utility bills. " results from this lab will show if net - zero home design and technologies are ready for a neighborhood near you, " said patrick gallagher, nist director and under secretary of commerce for standards and technology, in a statement. nist plans for the house — called the net - zero energy residential test facility — to make enough of its own energy to balance out its energy consumption and achieve net - zero energy usage. the house not only includes energy - saving features such as solar water heating, but also has solar panels to create its own electricity on sunny days. a smart electric meter can detect excess energy and feed it back into the power grid. nist built the two - story house with four bedrooms and three baths. the facility also features enough energy - saving features to qualify for the highest possible sustainability classification under the u. s. green building council — the leed platinum standard. energy usage per u. s. household has fallen by 31 percent over the past 30 years because of energy - efficient technologies and building standards, according to the u. s. energy information administration. but energy usage by growing swarms of household appliances and electronics has also almost doubled during the same period.


read the original article at http : / / www. informationweek. com / news / showarticle. jhtml? articleid = 240149829 shortly after entering orbit subsequent to an on - time liftoff this morning from cape canaveral, private spaceflight company spacex ceo elon musk tweeted that his nasa - funded resupply mission to the international space station had trouble initiating three of its four thruster pods, which delayed deployment of the dragon spacecraft ' s solar arrays. mission controllers eventually were able to deploy the solar panels on two thruster pods, but as of 2 : 30 p. m. eastern, musk still had not reported that the other thruster pods had come online. the cargo is scheduled to reach the space station on saturday. the spacex mission to the international space station is the second of 12 missions as part of a $ 1. 6 billion contract with nasa. the first mission was five months ago. this flight ' s cargo includes materials for scientific experiments, food, computer parts and equipment for air purifiers. [ satellites the size of softballs? read nasa to send cube satellites into space. ] just yesterday, nasa reported that the mars curiosity rover had switched to a backup computer after the rover ' s primary computer had failed to fall asleep as planned. nasa jet propulsion laboratory credited the problem to corrupt flash memory. the backup computer on curiosity, known as the b - side computer, actually acted as the primary computer on the way from earth to mars, while the other, a - side computer, has been operating curiosity since the rover ' s august 2012 landing. after switching to the backup computer, nasa put the rover into " safe mode " for a few days, during which time the space agency will troubleshoot the problem and the rover ' s scientific instruments will remain idle. curiosity, which is looking for signs of mars ' habitability, had recently begun investigating the first sample of rock powder collected from underneath mars ' surface. these back - to - back glitches themselves come on the heels of a three - hour communications lapse between mission control and the international space station on feb. 19 when a data relay system malfunctioned during a routine flight computer update. in that instance, the computer controlling critical station functions faulted over to a backup, and the space station continued operating as normal, albeit without communication with operators on the ground. astronauts were able to make brief contact during the outage via radio. attend interop las vegas, may 6


the legend of the lost colony of roanoke has haunted american history for centuries. in july 1587, a british colonist named john white accompanied 117 people to settle a small island sheltered within the barrier islands of what would become north carolina ’ s outer banks. when conditions proved harsher than anticipated, white agreed to sail back to britain to shore up the settlement ’ s supplies — a trip that should have lasted a few months. when white belatedly returned in 1590, the colonists had vanished — more than 100 men, women, and young children, their shelters and belongings, all gone. according to white ’ s writings, the only trace they left behind was a structure of tree trunks, with a single word carved into one post : croatoan. the creepiness of the lost colonists ’ disappearance didn ’ t discourage future american settlement. nor has the lack of clues about their fate discouraged professional and amateur historians from trying to figure out what happened to them. archaeological digs, weather records, historical writings, genealogy — none have fully answered the question of what happened during white ’ s absence. but roberta estes, who owns dnaexplain, a company that interprets the results of genetic heritage tests, is looking to dna for help. her hypothesis is that the lost colonists survived, and that evidence of their salvation is tucked away in the mitochondrial or y chromosomal dna of living descendents. “ they were stranded, ” estes says of the settlers. “ they knew they couldn ’ t survive there on the island. ” the colonists ’ solution, in her estimation, was to go native. “ croatoan, ” estes explains, was a message to white indicating that the colonists had gone to live with the croatan indians who lived on nearby hatteras island. estes ’ s volunteer organization, the lost colony research group, is recruiting people from the area to submit dna samples and family histories to test her theory. studying patterns of short tandem repeats ( strs ) on the y chromosomes of living men can determine whether they are likely to share a common ancestor that was a member of the lost colony. for example, estes can compare the str profile of a man whose family history suggests that his ancestors lived on hatteras island in the 17th century against genetic databases to see if he ’ s related to anyone with a lost colonist surname, such as dare, hewet, or rufoote. additionally, it ’ s possible to scan that man ’ s mitochondrial or y chrom