michael idvorsky pupin was american physicist who devised a means of greatly extending the range of long - distance telephone communication by placing loading coils of wire at predetermined intervals along the transmitting wire. he invented the tuned oscillating circuit, which made possible the simultaneous transmission of several messages. pupin ’ s house in idvory michael ( mihailo ) idvarsky pupin was born in idvor, little serbian village, in province of banat near belgrade, on october 9, 1854. he watched at night with other village boys to keep the oxes from straying beyond their pasture into the fields of tall corn and falling prey to the cattle - thieves who lay there in hiding. later he wrote : “ my life as a scientist began with the questions i asked myself in the blackness of midnight when i lay with my ear pressed to the ground listening to the secret code of our little band of village boys. ” the young herdsmen were trained by their leader to send signals through the ground to each other in time of danger. with their long wooden - handled knives plunged deep in the earth, they made a sound by rapping on the stout handles. this, their comrades, listening with ears pressed close to the ground, could hear at a considerable distance. the boys discovered that the rap - rap of their signals could not be carried through the air, nor could it be heard over the soft plowed land of the corn - fields. but they became expert in sending warnings to each other through the hard earth of the open fields, knowing that the rumanian thieves who might be lurking among the corn could not overheard the sound and locate the watchers. when he asked his teacher why the sound was lost in the air, he shook his head in a puzzled faction “ there are many things we can not explain. ” through many years he never stopped trying to find an answer to that question, pressing on through many adventures with science which brought that best reward of hard work in which all people have a share. pupin was a son of illiterate parents who encouraged his education. in his early formation most important was the influence of his mother, a religious woman who knew the old and new testaments and the lives of the popular saints. after attending the local school in idvor, his education progressed in panchevo, and then prague. in 1874, after the sudden death of his father, pupin emigrated to new york. he was a penniless immigrant, a boy sixteen years of age, but


in idvor, his education progressed in panchevo, and then prague. in 1874, after the sudden death of his father, pupin emigrated to new york. he was a penniless immigrant, a boy sixteen years of age, but eager to learn. to earn a living he worked on a farm, carried coal for vapour machines, painted walls, but at the same time he was studying, first the english language, later history, greek and latin, and natural sciences. in 1879 after the entrance examination in columbia university, new york city, he was awarded a scholarship. he became popular among his fellow students for his friendliness and sporting achievements ( e. g. he won an inter - class wrestling match in 1880 ), and was graduated with honors in 1883. michael pupin wins inter - class wrestling match, 1880 pupin became a u. s. citizen the day before graduation. after his graduation, at columbia in 1883, pupin spent two years at cambridgeuniversity, england, studying mathematics. he continued his education in 1885, as john tyndall fellow of columbia university, at the university of berlin, studying and conducting research in experimental physics under hermann von helmholtz. he obtained his ph. d. in berlin in 1889. his earliest interest, when still as a student in berlin, was in physical chemistry, and his doctor ’ s dissertation “ osmotic pressure and its relation to free energy ” related to this subject. michael pupin returned to new york in 1889 to assume the position of teacher of mathematical physics at columbia ; he and francis bacon crocker comprised the faculty of the newly - created department of electrical engineering there. though the department could make no claims to having the most modern or even sufficient equipment – the laboratory building was known as “ the cowshed ” – pupin completed some of his most important work during these early years at columbia. he remained with columbia for life, progressing through the ranks to instructor in 1890, adjunct professor in 1892, professor in 1901 and professor emeritus in 1931. during his long career, he numbered gano dunn, robert millikan, edwin armstrong and irving langmuir among his students. his position gradually directed his interest to the study of electromagnetic phenomena. the subject of electrical resonance engaged his attention between 1892 and 1895, and resulted in the electrical tuning which is now universally applied in all radio work. the patents for electrical tuning he sold to the marconi co. at the same time the marconi co. acquired his invention of the recti


between 1892 and 1895, and resulted in the electrical tuning which is now universally applied in all radio work. the patents for electrical tuning he sold to the marconi co. at the same time the marconi co. acquired his invention of the rectification of high frequency electrical waves. this invention is considered the basis of rectification now universally applied in radio. in april, 1896, he discovered the secondary x - ray radiation and is today credited with this discovery. considering that secondary x - ray radiation is universally employed in the study of x - ray spectra, it is obvious that pupin ’ s discovery is a very important contribution to electron physics. in february, 1896, he discovered a rapid method of x - ray photography which consisted in the interposition of a fluorescent screen between the object to be photographed and the photographic plate. thomas edison gave pupin a fluorescent screen which pupin placed on top of the photographic plate, the x - ray acted on the fluorescent screen, which radiates secondary x - rays, those rays act on the photographic plate. this shortened the time of exposure from about an hour to a few seconds. this method of x - ray photography, originated by pupin, is now in universal use. in 1896 pupin made in chicago the first therapeuticapplication of x - rays to a lady with breast cancer. seeking recovery from a very serious attack of pneumonia and a general breakdown from overwork, professor michael idvorsky pupin first came to norfolk in 1896. his health was so much benefited that he came again in 1897, staying at the curtis house. he then bought the old eggleston farm and erected his residence in the winter of 1898. professor pupin was among the first of the summer visitors to call attention to the beauties of tobey pond in norfolk, and gave expression to his belief in these beauties by buying a large portion of land and building a boathouse there. he is also very fond of horseback riding and on his favorite irish hunter, clipper, has explored almost every inch of ground within twenty miles of norfolk. pupin riding irish hunter clipper pupin was compelled in 1896 to give up x - ray work and he then devoted himself to the theory of telegraphic and telephonic transmission over conducting wires, and particularly over telephone cables. transmission over telephone cables became a very important problem thirty years ago, because american cities had passed an ordinance demanding that all telephone conductors within city limits be placed underground. pupin solved this problem completely by proving mathematically and experimentally


particularly over telephone cables. transmission over telephone cables became a very important problem thirty years ago, because american cities had passed an ordinance demanding that all telephone conductors within city limits be placed underground. pupin solved this problem completely by proving mathematically and experimentally, that inductance coils placed in a cable at definite intervals, determined by the wave lengths which were to be transmitted, made the cable equivalent to overhead conductors of high inductance, and this diminished both distortion and attenuation. in this connection pupin developed the toroidal form of inductance coil without which the theoretical results would have had small practical value, because otherwise coils belonging to different telephonic circuits would have mutual inductance, and this would result in cross - talk. a toroidal inductance coil has no external circuits. this type of telephone cable was developed by the western electric co., in new york, and by siemens - halske of berlin, and it revolutionised telephonic transmission. it was estimated that in first twenty two years this invention had saved over a hundred million dollars. ” where are those one hundred million dollars which the invention has saved? ” pupin asked. “ i know that not even a microscopic part of them is in the pockets of the inventor. i have figured out also, with the same accuracy with which i once figured out the invention, that those hundred million dollars are not in the pockets of the telephone company. they must be, therefore, in the pockets of the american public. the invention made it possible to provide the telephone service, which is now being given, at a lower rate than would otherwise have been possible. ” it should be mentioned here that in his essay of 1899, entitled “ transmission over non - uniform conductors ”, pupin gave the first mathematical treatment of electrical transmission over the so - called artificial lines and this theory is the foundation of the modern electrical filters used so much in telephonic, telegraphic and radio transmission. pupin painting by paje jovanovica during the world war i pupin and his scientific committee were doing research work for the purpose of developing a system of submarine detection and a system of telephonic communication between aeroplanes. pupin has been studying theoretically, as well as experimentally, electrical transmission over submarine cables, and has succeeded to extend lord kelvin ’ s mathematical treatment of this subject. the result of this study is a new type of artificial line to be used in duplex working of submarine cables. pupin discovered sonar,


, electrical transmission over submarine cables, and has succeeded to extend lord kelvin ’ s mathematical treatment of this subject. the result of this study is a new type of artificial line to be used in duplex working of submarine cables. pupin discovered sonar, a method of detecting enemy u - boats in the atlantic during wwi, which harassed allied ships on sea. the sonar discovery was a request from president wilson. his principle publications are “ on electrical resonance, ” “ on long electrical waves, ” and “ wave transmission over cables. ” in total pupin acquired 24 patents and these made him a wealthy man. the first one in 1894 and the last in 1923. inventions are in the fields of telephony, telegraphy and radio. he became world famous inventing the process of pupinisation, which made very long distance transmission of text and speech possible. so, this process was given his name. michael pupin in his laboratory professor m. i. pupin of columbia university ( center of the front row ), and david sarnoff, general manager of the radio corporation of america, went to greenwich to visit the 1bcg radio station made by howard armstrong, and as professor pupin put it, in his inimitable way, “ to see what you boys are doing ”. being a broad - minded person he made many donations, mostly for his country of origin. after world war i, at the time of the creation of yugoslavia, he played an influential role in the diplomatic arrangements through his connection with president woodrow wilson. in the united states he was active in establishing the american physical society. his warm personality inspired many of his students, among them two nobel prize winners, millikan and langmuir. the famous physicist isidor rabi described the sensation felt by many that “ when pupin leaves the room there is a feeling that the lights have gone out ”. pupin and einstein pupin was elected to the national academy of sciences and contributed much to funding of the american mathematical society and the american physical society and to the formation of the national research council. professor pupin was president of the new york electrical society ; vice president of the american institute of electrical engineers ; chairman of the section of astronomy, physics, and chemsitry of the new york academy of sciences ; member of the council of the american physical society ; member of the american mathematical society ; member of the american philosophical society ; fellow of the american association for advancement of science. pupin was advisor to the yugoslavian delegation to the paris


academy of sciences ; member of the council of the american physical society ; member of the american mathematical society ; member of the american philosophical society ; fellow of the american association for advancement of science. pupin was advisor to the yugoslavian delegation to the paris peace conference in 1919, which contributed significantly to the formation of former yugoslavia. pupin was an eloquent speaker with a poetic imagination and an extraordinary personality. his scientific addresses always carried the basic theme of idealism in science, and he never failed to stress idealism in life. a painting of michael pupin by carle blenner in pupin hall, columbia university, new york. the personal thoughts of pupin on his life are vividly described in his autobiography “ from immigrant to inventor ” which won the pulitzer prize in 1924 as the best autobiography in america, because ‘ your work stimulates patriotic and unselfish support for the people ’. there is a film about michael idvorsky pupin, a serbian - american inventor, a great educator, professor of columbia university, an applied physicist, an important social figure in america at his time. he was one of the great shining stars in the history of american science. the film was produced after his famous book “ from immigrant to inventor ”. columbia university collaborated in the production of this film. pupin was married to sarah catherine jackson, who gave him daughter varvava ( barbara ). pupin received many awards and decorations for his service to science ; these included five medals and 18 honorary degrees including : the elliot cresson medal of the franklin institute ( 1902 ) ; the hobort prize of the french academy ( 1916 ) ; the edison medal of the american institute of electrical engineers ( 1920 ) ; the medal of honor of the radio institute of america ; the gold medal of the american institute of social sciences ; the washington award of the western society of engineers ( 1928 ) ; john fritz medal ( 1932 ). michail pupin died of kidney failure on march 12, 1935, in new york city. this is a photo from pupin ’ s funeral which was held in the cathedral of saint jones the divine on new york city. pupin ’ s grave is at woodlawn cemetery, bronx, new york pupin ’ s laboratory was in this building erected in 1925. after his death in 1935 columbia university named his laboratory “ pupin physics laboratory ”. twenty - eight american scientists researching in pupin physics laboratory received the nobel prize. the preliminary scientific investigations for the first atomic bomb in america, took place


autocross is a form of motorsports that emphasizes safe, low - cost competition and active participation. an autocross is a timed competition where drivers navigate one at a time through a temporary course marked by traffic cones, rather than racing on a track with multiple other cars, as in road racing or oval racing. autocross tends to place more emphasis on car handling and driver skill than on sheer horsepower, and events typically have many classes which allow almost any vehicle, from economy sedans to purpose - built vehicles, to compete. autocross events are usually held in large paved areas like parking lots or airfields. typically, new courses are created for each event so drivers must learn a new course each time they compete. a one - day course on the fundamentals of performance driving. appropriate for novices and experienced drivers alike, driver skills provides all participants with lots of seat time and personalized 1 : 1 instruction. types of driving include : slalom, wet skidpad, threshold braking and accident avoidance. advanced slalom, handling oval, autocross. auto / car shows that occur on a more frequent basis, like weekly. it ' s not known if there is a regularly accepted term for these more frequent, informal " car rallies " or " car enthusiasts events ". some meeting events have themes, such as classic cars, hot rods, etc. in any case, these car gathering events are more localized, typically consisting of car enthusiasts who meet to socialize and enjoy their enthusiasm with other car owners. drag racing is a competition in which vehicles compete to be the first to cross a set finish line, usually from a standing start, and in a straight line. first gaining popularity in the usa after world war ii, the sport steadily grew in popularity and spread across the globe. most drag races begin with a standing start and are just 1 / 4 mile long ( 1, 320 ft ( 400 m ) ). races last between 3. 9 and 17 seconds, with finishing speeds ranging from 80 to over 330 mph ( 530 km / h ), depending upon the type of vehicle being used. lapping days are an untimed, non - competition event where experienced drivers can take their cars to their limits in a safe environment. motocross is a form of motorcycle sport or all - terrain vehicle racing held on enclosed off road circuits. motocross is derived from the french, and traces its origins to british scrambling competitions. the name " motocross " is a portmanteau derived from the words " motorcycle " and " cross country ". motorcycle


fannie lou hamer ( 1917 - 1977 ) fannie lou hamer was born in montgomery county, mississippi in 1917. forty - seven years earlier, the 15th amendment had given african - americans the right to vote. in 1920, three years after her birth, the 19th amendment granted suffrage to american women. yet, because of oppressive social circumstances, it wasn ’ t until 1962, when she was 45, that hamer learned that she had a right to vote as an american citizen. from that day, hamer became a leader in the struggle for civil rights, social equality, and economic improvement for the african - american community. fannie lou townshend was born into poverty, the youngest of 20 children, to sharecroppers lou ella and jim townshend. she joined her family members in the cotton fields at age six and was forced to leave school at age 12 because she could no longer afford to attend. in 1944, she married perry hamer, and the couple worked in the fields of mississippi plantation owner b. d. marlowe. fannie also took on the responsibilities of house cleaner and plantation timekeeper because she was the only worker who could read and write. the couple toiled under terrible conditions for marlowe until 1962, when tragedy, injustice, and courage led fannie lou down a new path. in 1962, fannie lou hamer underwent surgery to remove a small uterine tumor. she discovered afterward that the surgeon had performed a hysterectomy without her consent. enraged over this treatment, hamer attended a meeting that summer to hear civil rights activists james forman of the student non - violent coordinating committee ( sncc ) and james bevel of the southern christian leadership conference ( sclc ). the two men spoke out against those who denied southern african - americans their legal right to vote. hamer was inspired. when bevel and forman asked for volunteers to register to vote at the indianola ( mississippi ) courthouse, hamer was one of 18 to jump at the opportunity. these courageous 18 men and women marched into the courthouse but were refused the right to register when they failed an unreasonable literacy test. on their way home, the group ’ s bus was stopped by the police and fined $ 100 for the “ crime ” of driving a bus of the “ wrong color. ” that night, hamer was forced off the marlow plantation because she had attempted to register to vote ( her husband was required to stay until the harvest ), and was shot at 17 times upon being discovered in hiding


of the “ wrong color. ” that night, hamer was forced off the marlow plantation because she had attempted to register to vote ( her husband was required to stay until the harvest ), and was shot at 17 times upon being discovered in hiding. in the fall of 1962, robert moses of sncc invited hamer to a convention at fisk university, thus launching her career as a leader of the civil rights movement. in 1963, she again tried to register to vote, this time succeeding. in june of the same year, hamer and several other black women were arrested for sitting in a “ whites - only ” bus station restaurant in charleston, south carolina. that night, the group was brutally beaten at the jailhouse. hamer suffered a blood clot in her eye, kidney damage, and permanent injury to her leg. after three days in jail she was released, immediately resuming her work as an activist with renewed commitment to the movement. for the next several years, fannie lou hamer worked to secure the social, economic, and political rights of the african - american community. in 1964, she co - founded the mississippi freedom democratic party ( mfdp ) and spoke at the democratic national convention at which she called for mandatory integrated state delegations. in 1968, hamer became a member of mississippi ’ s first integrated delegation. at the zenith of the civil rights movement, hamer pioneered numerous political and humanitarian efforts. in 1964, she announced her candidacy for the mississippi house of representatives but was barred from the ballot. in response, the mfdp introduced freedom ballots that included all candidates, black and white. though it was unofficial, hamer won the freedom ballot. a year later, hamer, victoria gray, and annie devine became the first black women to stand in the u. s. congress when they unsuccessfully protested the mississippi house election of 1964. in 1965, hamer helped organize a strike of black cotton pickers. in 1969, she established a farm cooperative, “ the freedom farm cooperative of sunflower county, ” and a “ pig bank ” to provide free pigs for blacks to breed, raise, and slaughter. she also founded “ head start in the delta ” and acquired federal funding for housing projects. in 1971, hamer helped to found the national women ’ s political caucus. in 1976, hamer developed breast cancer and underwent a mastectomy. she continued her civil rights activism until her death at age 59 on march 14, 1977. her tombstone reads, “ i am sick


timeline of church history ( post - imperial era ( 1453 - 1821 ) ) | timeline of church history | | this article forms part of the series | | holy scripture | the symbol of faith | the holy trinity | | god the father | the holy spirit | edit this box | the history of the church is a vital part of the orthodox christian faith. orthodox christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of jesus christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever - dynamic holy tradition of the orthodox church. post - imperial era ( 1453 - 1821 ) - 1455 gutenberg makes first printed bible. - 1455 - 56 confession of faith by patr. gennadius of constantinople. - 1456 - 1587 byzantine church of theotokos pammakaristos became the seat of the ecumenical patriarchate. - 1461 death of jonah, metropolitan of moscow ; commemoration of the apparition of the pillar with the robe of the lord under it at mtskheta in georgia, october 1 ; the trebizond empire, last pocket of the byzantine empire, falls to the ottoman turks. - 1462 wonderworking icon of archangel michael of mantamados created. - 1463 greek scholar and pro - unionist basilios bessarion, formerly an orthodox metropolitan, later becoming a roman catholic cardinal, is given the purely ceremonial title of latin patriarch of constantinople by pope pius ii ; bosnia becomes province of ottoman empire, with an estimated 36, 000 families voluntarily accepting islam, followed by a sustained process of assimilation to islam. - 1472 ivan iii grand duke of moscow marries sophia palaiologina, niece of the last byzantine emperor constantine xi palaiologos, beginning russia ' s claims to be the " third rome " ; through sophia palaiologina ' s influence the ceremonious etiquette of constantinople along with the imperial double - headed eagle and all that it implied was adopted by the court of moscow. - 1478 spanish inquisition. - 1480 meeting of the theotokos of vladimir icon in memory of saving moscow from the invasion of khan ahmed. - 1484 synod of constantinople with all four patriarchs in attendance, calling itself " ecumenical ", officially repudiated the union of the greek and latin churches discussed at florence in 1439, and determined that latin converts to orthodoxy should be received into the


1484 synod of constantinople with all four patriarchs in attendance, calling itself " ecumenical ", officially repudiated the union of the greek and latin churches discussed at florence in 1439, and determined that latin converts to orthodoxy should be received into the church by chrismation. - 1486 emergence of the philosophy of christian humanism in the renaissance, as giovanni pico della mirandola writes his oration on the dignity of man, which stressed that men had the free will to travel up and down a moral scale, with god and angels being at the top, and satan being at the bottom. - 1492 millennialist movements in moscow, due to end of church calendar ( year 7, 000, according to the byzantine date of creation ). - 1497 martyrdom of macarius, metropolitan of kiev, by invading tatars. - ca. 1500 - 1505 the eton choirbook is compiled, showing the development of early renaissance polyphony in england, and being one of the very few collections of latin liturgical music to survive the reformation. - 1503 possessor and non - possessor controversy. - 1508 death of patr. nephon ii of constantinople. - 1510 russian monk philotheus of pskov proclaims in a panegyric letter to the grand prince of moscow that " two romes have fallen, the third stands, and there will be no fourth, ", identifying the third rome with russia. - 1512 first christian church erected in americas in santo domingo by spanish. - 1516 desiderius erasmus publishes " textus receptus " of new testament on the basis of six late manuscripts of the byzantine text - type. - 1517 maximus the greek invited to russia to translate greek service books and correct russian ones ; martin luther nails ninety - five theses to door at wittenburg, sparking protestant reformation ; ottomans conquer jerusalem, antioch and alexandria. - 1522 martin luther translates new testament into german and reformation principle of sola scriptura becomes formalized. - 1526 non - possessors attack tsar vassily iii for divorcing his wife and are driven underground. - 1529 first ottoman siege of vienna, marking ottoman empire ' s apex and end of ottoman expansion in central europe. - 1534 king henry viii declares himself supreme head of the church of england. - 1536 publication of john calvin ' s institutes of the christian religion. - 1536 - 41 dissolution of the monasteries in england, wales and ireland. - 1537 - 41 sultan sul


henry viii declares himself supreme head of the church of england. - 1536 publication of john calvin ' s institutes of the christian religion. - 1536 - 41 dissolution of the monasteries in england, wales and ireland. - 1537 - 41 sultan suleiman the magnificent rebuilds the city walls of jerusalem ( the current walls of the old city of jerusalem ), including sealing off the golden gate in 1541 to prevent the messiah ' s entrance. - 1540 death of emperor lebna dengel of ethiopia ; formal founding of jesuits. - 1541 portuguese expeditionary force arrives in ethiopia. - 1542 ethiopians and portuguese defeat ahmad ibn ibrahim gran of adal, neutralizing adal threat to ethiopia. - 1545 - 63 council of trent held to answer the protestant reformation. - 1551 council of the hundred chapters in russia. - 1555 abp. gurian begins mission to kazan. - 1557 death of basil the blessed. - 1563 anglican church ' s thirty - nine articles of religion published. - 1564 jesuits arrive in poland. - 1568 pope pius v recognizes four great doctors of the eastern church, john chrysostom, basil the great, gregory of nazianzus, and athanasius. - 1569 martyrdom of philip of moscow, at the hands of ivan iv grozny. - 1569 union of lublin unites kingdom of poland and grand duchy of lithuania into a single state, the polish - lithuanian commonwealth, placing the ruthenian orthodox lands of belarus, and modern ukraine under direct roman catholic rule. - 1571 restoration of church of cyprus to orthodox rule, as cyprus is conquered by the ottoman empire ; ottomans are defeated at the battle of lepanto, preventing them from advancing further into europe. - 1573 pope gregory xiii establishes congregation for the greeks, a committee of cardinals who addressed issues relating to the greeks in southern italy and sicily in the hope of resolving tensions between greeks and latins. - 1573 - 81 correspondence of patr. jeremias ii of constantinople with lutherans. - 1575 church of constantinople grants autonomy to church of sinai. - 1576 pope gregory xiii establishes pontifical greek college of st. athanasius ( popularly known as the ' greek college ' ) in rome, which he charged with educating italo - byzantine clerics. - 1579 death of gerasimus the new, ascetic of cephalonia ; discovery of our lady of kazan, holiest russian icon ; on holy saturday at the church of the holy sep


educating italo - byzantine clerics. - 1579 death of gerasimus the new, ascetic of cephalonia ; discovery of our lady of kazan, holiest russian icon ; on holy saturday at the church of the holy sepulchre the armenian patriarch prayed day and night in order to obtain the holy fire, but the fire miraculously struck a column near the entrance of the church, and lit a candle held by the orthodox patriarch standing nearby. - 1581 ostrozhsky bible printed by prince kurbsky and ivan fedorov. - 1582 institution of the gregorian calendar by pope gregory xiii ; death of teresa of avila, prominent spanish mystic. - 1583 sigillion of 1583 issued against gregorian calendar by council convened in constantinople. - 1587 - present. the relatively modest church of st george in the phanar district of istanbul becomes the seat of the ecumenical patriarchate. - 1589 autocephaly and canonical territory of church of russia recognized, as patr. jeremias ii of constantinople raises metr. job of moscow to the rank of patriarch of moscow and of all russia. - 1593 council of constantinople held, where the patriarchs of antioch, alexandria, and jerusalem confirmed the appointment of patr. job of moscow and the erection of the russian patriarchate, placing it fifth in the hierarchy of patriarchates. - 1596 union of brest - litovsk, several million ukrainian and byelorussian orthodox christians, living under polish rule, leave the church of constantinople and recognize the pope of rome, without giving up their byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the uniate church. - ca. 1600 - 1700 conversion of albania to islam mainly through discriminatory tax system, the djize. - 1604 death of juliana of lazarevo. - 1607 death of patr. job of moscow. - 1609 - 10 douay - rheims bible printed, first complete english roman catholic bible, translated from vulgate. - 1611 authorized king james version of the bible printed ; gallican french theologian edmund richer ( 1559 - 1631 ) held the view that ecclesiastical councils, not the papacy, was the method by which doctrinal truth was established, but his work was censured at the council of aix - en - provence in 1612. - 1612 martyrdom of patr. hermogenes of moscow ; our lady of kazan icon commemorates the deliverance from poles. - 1620 council of moscow presided over by patr.


at the council of aix - en - provence in 1612. - 1612 martyrdom of patr. hermogenes of moscow ; our lady of kazan icon commemorates the deliverance from poles. - 1620 council of moscow presided over by patr. philaret of moscow insisted that only orthodox baptism by triple immersion was valid, and that all ( latin ) converts had to be rebaptized. - 1625 confession of faith by metrophanes kritopoulos written. - 1627 pope cyril lucaris of alexandria presents codex alexandrinus to king charles i of england for safe keeping. - 1633 ethiopian emperor fasilides expels jesuits and other roman catholic missionaries from ethiopia. - 1642 council of jassy ( iasi ) revises peter mogila ' s confession to remove overtly roman catholic theology and confirms canonicity of certain deuterocanonical books. - 1645 - 69 cretan war between the ottoman empire and venice. - 1646 union of uzhhorod joins 63 ruthenian orthodox priests from the carpathian mountains to roman catholic church on terms similar to union of brest. - 1647 orthodox church erected in tunisia. - 1649 martyrdom of athanasius of brest - litovsk by the latins. - 1650 - 1700 ottoman constantinople is largest city in the world by population. - 1652 school and hospital established in old cairo by patr. joannikios. - 1652 - 1658 patriarch nikon of moscow revises liturgical books to bring them into conformity with the greek liturgical customs, leading to mass excommunication and schism of dissenters, who become known as old believers. - 1654 appearance of icon of theotokos of the kievan brotherhood. - 1656 voskresensky monastery founded by patr. nikon at istra near moscow, intended to represent the heavenly jerusalem. - 1665 greek jewish kabbalist sabbatai sevi hailed by jews of palestine as the messiah, but then converts to islam before the ottoman sultan to save his life. - 1666 - 1667 council of moscow. - 1667 annexation of most of kievan rus ' by tsar of muscovite kingdom. - 1669 greek island of crete taken by ottoman empire from venetians. - 1672 synod of jerusalem convened by patr. dositheos notaras, refuting article by article the calvinistic confession of cyril lucaris, defining orthodoxy relative to roman catholicism and protestantism, and defining the orthodox biblical canon ; acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarch


dositheos notaras, refuting article by article the calvinistic confession of cyril lucaris, defining orthodoxy relative to roman catholicism and protestantism, and defining the orthodox biblical canon ; acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates ( including russia ). - 1675 appearance of icon of theotokos of pochaiv. - 1682 the sabaite typikon was published in its final form in russia ; from 1682 to 1888 the greek and russian churches shared this common typikon. - 1683 second ottoman siege of vienna, capital of the holy roman empire. - 1685 orthodoxy introduced in beijing by church of russia. - 1686 the ottomans, acting on the behalf of the regent of russia sophia alekseyevna, pressured the patr. of constantinople into transferring the orthodox church of kiev and all rus ' ( church of ukraine ) from the jurisdiction of constantinople to the patr. of moscow, established a century prior to that. - 1688 appearance of joy of all who sorrow icon. - 1689 great serb migrations of hundreds of thousands of serbian refugees from kosovo and serbia proper, leaving a vacuum filled by flood of albanian immigrants. - 1698 consecration of the first orthodox church in china, in the name of sophia ( divine wisdom ), when emperor kangxi ordered a buddhist temple to be cleared for russian inhabitants in beijing. - 1700 the creation era calendar in russia, in use since ad 988 was changed to the julian calendar by peter the great ; peter the great published an ukase on june 18th that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in siberia and china. - 1700 - 02 submission of the dioceses of lemberg ( lviv ) and luzk ( lutsk ) in the galician area of ukraine to roman catholic church completes union of brest - litovsk, so that two - thirds of the orthodox in western ukraine had become greek catholic. - 1707 - 20 grabbe ' s edition of the septuagint published at oxford, reproducing ( imperfectly ) the codex alexandrinus of london. - 1709 death of dimitri of rostov. - 1710 spectacular miracle occurred at the holy mount of grabarka, the holiest location in poland for orthodox christians, where a deadly outbreak of cholera in the region ended almost instantly. - 1715 metr. arsenios of thebaid sent to england by pope samuel of alexandria to negotiate with non - juror anglican bishops. - 1715 - 1956 russian ecclesiastical mission in china. - 1716 - 25 correspondence of ecumenical


almost instantly. - 1715 metr. arsenios of thebaid sent to england by pope samuel of alexandria to negotiate with non - juror anglican bishops. - 1715 - 1956 russian ecclesiastical mission in china. - 1716 - 25 correspondence of ecumenical patriarch and russian czar with english non - jurors. - 1721 czar peter i of russia replaces russian patriarchate with a ruling holy synod. - 1723 schism in the roman catholic church, as the church of holland, ( or church of utrecht ) broke with rome under its own archbishop and hierarchy, becoming the mother church of the old catholic churches. - 1724 melkite schism, in which many faithful from the church of antioch become uniates. - 1728 the ecumenical patriarchate formally replaced the creation era ( am ) calendar with the christian era ( ad ). - 1731 death of innocent of irkutsk. - 1741 synodal reform initiated, when metr. gerasimos of heraclia obtains a firman ( decree ) from ottoman officials, regulating and subordinating the election of the patriarch of constantinople to the five metropolitans of heraclia, kyzikos, nicomedia, nicaea, and chalcedon, creating the so - called system of the elders ( γεροντισμος ), established gradually, in place until the late 19th century. - 1754 hesychast renaissance begins with the kollyvades movement ; discovery of the holy relics of the four martyrs of megara : polyeuctos, george, adrianos and platon, the " newly - revealed ". - 1755 synod of constantinople ( 1755 ) declares roman catholic baptism invalid and ordered baptism of converts from roman catholicism. - 1756 sigillion of 1756 issued against the gregorian calendar by patr. cyril v of constantinople ; - 1756 after tsar peter the great had ordered in 1712 the printed slavonic text of the bible to be carefully compared with the greek of the septuagint and to be made in every respect conformable to it, the second edition of the queen " elizabeth " slavonic bible ( qeb ), ( lxx ) is issued in 1756 ; all later reprints of the russian church bible are based upon this second edition, which is the authorized version of the russian orthodox church. - 1760 holy trinity st. seraphim - diveyevo convent founded in russia. - 1763 the jansenist provincial council of utrecht, seed of the future old catholic movements, affirmed every roman catholic dog


authorized version of the russian orthodox church. - 1760 holy trinity st. seraphim - diveyevo convent founded in russia. - 1763 the jansenist provincial council of utrecht, seed of the future old catholic movements, affirmed every roman catholic dogma and pronounced the orthodox faith to be schismatic and false, signalling not so much a rapprochement with orthodoxy, but rather a refusal to drift yet further from her, as much of the roman fold was doing. - 1767 community of orthodox greeks establishes itself in new smyrna, florida ; ottoman empire legally divides church of the holy sepulchre among claimants. - 1767 - 1815 suppression of the jesuits in roman catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in orthodox nations, particularly in russia. - 1768 jews are massacred during riots in russia - occupied poland. - ca. 1770 about 1, 200 kiev region uniate churches return to orthodoxy under political pressure from russia. - 1774 russia and ottoman empire sign treaty of kuchuk - kainarji, bringing russia for the first time into the mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of orthodox christians. - 1779 death of kosmas aitolos. - 1782 first publication of philokalia ; autonomy of church of sinai confirmed by church of constantinople. - 1789 the french revolution of 1789 catapulted atheistic thought into political notability, and opened the way for the 19th century movements of rationalism, freethought, and liberalism in the west. - 1793 - 95 over 2, 300 uniate churches became orthodox under tsarina catherine the great. - 1794 missionaries, including herman of alaska, arrive at kodiak island, bringing orthodoxy to russian alaska ; death of paisius velichkovsky of moldova and mt. athos. - 1796 nicodemus the hagiorite publishes unseen warfare in venice. - 1798 patriarch anthimus of jerusalem contended that the ottoman empire was part of the divine dispensation granted by god to protect orthodoxy from the taint of roman catholicism and of western secularism and irreligion. - 1800 the rudder published and printed in athens. - 1803 death of xenia of st. petersburg. - 1804 british and foreign bible society founded. - 1805 death of makarios of corinth, a central figure in the kollyvades movement. - 1808 death of hieromartyr nikita the slav, of mount athos. - 1809 - 10 rotunda and edicule exterior of church of the holy sepulchre rebuilt after fire in ottoman baroque


kollyvades movement. - 1808 death of hieromartyr nikita the slav, of mount athos. - 1809 - 10 rotunda and edicule exterior of church of the holy sepulchre rebuilt after fire in ottoman baroque style. - 1811 autocephaly of the church of georgia revoked by the russian imperial state after georgia ' s annexation, making it subject to the church of russia. - 1814 martyrdom of euthymius and ignatius of mount athos. - 1815 peter the aleut tortured and martyred in san francisco, california. - 1816 american bible society founded ; martyrdom of acacius of athos. - 1819 council at constantinople endorses views of kollyvades fathers. - some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately. - the division of church history into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events. - this timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the orthodox church, though a number of non - orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to orthodoxy or for reference. - timeline of orthodoxy in america - timeline of orthodoxy in australia - timeline of orthodoxy in china - timeline of orthodoxy in greece - timeline of orthodoxy in new zealand - timeline of orthodoxy in japan - timeline of orthodox church and roman catholic relations the following are published writings that provide an overview of church history : from an orthodox perspective - schmemann, alexander. the historical road of eastern orthodoxy. - ware, timothy. the orthodox church : new edition. ( isbn 0140146563 ) from a heterodox perspective - cairns, earle e. christianity through the centuries : a history of the christian church. ( isbn 0310208122 ) - collins, michael, ed. ; price, matthew arlen. story of christianity : a celebration of 2000 years of faith. ( isbn 0789446057 ) - gonzalez, justo l. a history of christian thought, volume 3 : from the protestant reformation to the twentieth century. ( isbn 0687171849 ) - gonzalez, justo l. the story of christianity, volume 2 : reformation to the present day. ( isbn 0060633166 ) - hastings, adrian, ed. a world history of christianity. ( isbn 0802848753 ) - jones, timothy p. christian history made easy. ( isbn 1890


to the present day. ( isbn 0060633166 ) - hastings, adrian, ed. a world history of christianity. ( isbn 0802848753 ) - jones, timothy p. christian history made easy. ( isbn 1890947105 ) - noll, mark a. turning points : decisive moments in the history of christianity. ( isbn 080106211x ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 2 : the spirit of eastern christendom ( 600 - 1700 ). ( isbn 0226653730 ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 4 : reformation of church and dogma ( 1300 - 1700 ). ( isbn 0226653773 ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 5 : christian doctrine and modern culture ( since 1700 ). ( isbn 0226653803 ) - peri, oded ( the hebrew university of jerusalem ). islamic law and christian holy sites : jerusalem and its vicinity in early ottoman times. islamic law and society. vol. 6, no. 1. 1999. pp. 97 - 111. - schaff, philip. history of the christian church. ( isbn 156563196x ) - history of orthodox christianity ( quicktime movies ) - timeline of patriarchal history. order of st. andrew the apostle. archons of the ecumenical patriarchate. ( pop - up video presentation, in sections )


three set of test procedures are used : the first only inserts n random integers into the tree / hash table. the second test first inserts n random integers, then performs n lookups for those integers and finally erases all n integers. the last test only performs n lookups on a tree pre - filled with n integers. all lookups are successful. these three test sequences are preformed for n from 125 to 4, 096, 000 where n is doubled after each test run. for each n the test cycles are run until in total 8, 192, 000 items were inserted / lookuped. this way the measured speed for small n is averaged over up to 65, 536 sample runs. lastly it is purpose of the test to determine a good node size for the b + tree. therefore the test runs are performed on different slot sizes ; both inner and leaf nodes hold the same number of items. the number of slots tested ranges from 4 to 256 slots and therefore yields node sizes from about 50 to 2, 048 bytes. this requires that the b + tree template is instantiated for each of the probed node sizes! the speed test source code is compiled with g + + 4. 1. 2 - o3 - fomit - frame - pointer the results are be displayed below using gnuplot. all tests were run on a pentium4 3. 2 ghz with 2 gb ram. a high - resolution pdf plot of the following images can be found in the package at speedtest / speedtest. pdf the first two plots above show the absolute time measured for inserting n items into seven different tree variants. for small n ( the first plot ) the speed of red - black tree and b + tree are very similar. for large n the red - black tree slows down, and for n > 1, 024, 000 items the red - black tree requires almost twice as much time as a b + tree with 32 slots. the stl hash table performs better than the stl map but not as good as the b + tree implementations with higher slot counts. the next plot shows the insertion time per item, which is calculated by dividing the absolute time by the number of inserted items. notice that insertion time is now in microseconds. the plot shows that the red - black tree reaches some limitation at about n = 16, 000 items. beyond this item count the b + tree ( with 32 slots ) performs much better than the stl multiset. the stl hash table


. the plot shows that the red - black tree reaches some limitation at about n = 16, 000 items. beyond this item count the b + tree ( with 32 slots ) performs much better than the stl multiset. the stl hash table resizes itself in defined intervals, which leads to non - linearly increasing insert times. the last plots goal is to find the best node size for the b + tree. it displays the total measured time of the insertion test depending on the number of slots in inner and leaf nodes. only runs with more than 1 million inserted items are plotted. one can see that the minimum is around 65 slots for each of the curves. however to reduce unused memory in the nodes the most practical slot size is around 35. this amounts to total node sizes of about 280 bytes. thus in the implementation a target size of 256 bytes was chosen. the following two plots show the same aspects as above, except that not only insertion time was measured. instead in the first plot a whole insert / find / delete cycle was performed and measured. the second plot is restricted to the lookup / find part. the results for the trees are in general accordance to those of only insertion. however the hash table implementation performs much faster in both tests. this is expected, because hash table lookup ( and deletion ) requires fewer memory accesses than tree traversal. thus a hash table implementation will always be faster than trees. but of course hash tables do not store items in sorted order. interestingly the hash table ' s performance is not linear in the number of items : it ' s peak performance is not with small number of items, but with around 10, 000 items. and for item counts larger than 100, 000 the hash table slows down : lookup time more than doubles. however, after doubling, the lookup time does not change much : lookup on tables with 1 million items takes approximately the same time as with 4 million items.


an unintended consequence of landfilling garbage is the emission of greenhouse gases, yuck! a modern landfill, however, can capture nasty methane gas and turn it into electricity. presently, about one - quarter of the municipal solid waste ( msw ) landfills in the united states are capable of capturing methane gas and turning it into energy, making it available for homes and local industry. it is estimated that at least as many more also have the potential to capture energy. imagine this ; maybe one day garbage will become a commodity. holly fretwell is a research fellow at perc and an adjunct instructor at montana state university where she has taught introductory economics, macroeconomics, natural resources and environmental economics. she works with the foundation for teaching economics, giving workshops for high school teachers to improve their skills in teaching and... founded 30 years ago in bozeman, montana, perc — the property and environment research center — is the nation ’ s oldest and largest institute dedicated to improving environmental quality through property rights and markets. the goal of perc ’ s programs is to fully realize the vision of establishing “ perc university, ” where scholars, students, policy makers, and others convene to expand the applications of free market environmentalism. perc ' s fellowships share a common goal of exposing new scholars, students, journalists, and policy makers to free market environmentalism, as well as enable scholars already familiar with fme to explore new applications.


animal fossils are usually the remains of hard structures – bones and shells that have been petrified through enormous pressures acting over millions of years. but not all of them had such hard beginnings. some chinese fossils were once the embryos of animals that lived in the early cambrian period, some 550 million years ago. despite having the consistency and strength of jelly, the embryos have been exceptionally well preserved and the structure of their individual cells, and even the compartments within them, have been conserved in all their beautiful, minute detail. they are a boon to biologists. ever since the work of ernst haeckel in the 19th century, comparing the development of animal embryos has been an important part of evolutionary biology. usually, scientists have to piece together the development of ancient animals by comparing their living descendants. but the preserved embryos give the field of embryology its very own fossil record, allowing scientists to peer back in time at the earliest days of some of the earliest living things. but how did these delicate structures survive the pressures of the ages? elizabeth raff from indiana university has a plausible answer. her experiments suggest that fossil embryos are the work of colonies of ancient bacteria, which grew over the dead clumps of cells and eventually replaced their organic matter with minerals. they are mere casts of the original embryos. under a range of different conditions, raff watched decaying sea urchin embryos ( which are roughly similar to the fossil ones in both size and shape. under normal conditions, she saw that dead embryonic cells destroy themselves within a matter of hours, through the actions of their own enzymes. to produce fossil embryos, this self - destruction is the first hurdle to clear and raff found that it can be done quite simply by placing the embryos in oxygen - less environments. when the fossilised embryos first died several million years ago, they must have sank into oxygen - deprived mud, which staved off the embryos ’ destruction long enough for bacteria living on their surface to take hold. raff found that dead sea urchin embryos are rapidly colonised by bacteria that form three - dimensional communities called biofilms. they construct these communities using the embryo ’ s own structures as scaffolding and the bacteria replicate the structures of the cells they consume, right down to the smallest feature. indeed, the fossil embryos still bear traces of these ancient bacteria. they have long, thread - like imprints that strongly resemble the shapes made by bacterial groups growing over sea urchin embryos in oxygen - less water


down to the smallest feature. indeed, the fossil embryos still bear traces of these ancient bacteria. they have long, thread - like imprints that strongly resemble the shapes made by bacterial groups growing over sea urchin embryos in oxygen - less water. these biofilms stimulated the growth of minerals and raff saw that needle - shaped crystals start forming around the bacteria within a week after the embryo ’ s death. the crystals are mainly made of aragonite, a type of calcium carbonate typically found in the shells of molluscs and hard enough to withstand the pressures of time. by decaying the embryos, the bacteria lower the ph of the surrounding water, which creates the right conditions for the growth of these crystals. raff ’ s experiments with living embryos don ’ t by any means give certain answers about the origins of the fossil embryos, but they do at least provide a plausible origin story. indeed, the degree of degradation in her sea urchin embryos mirrors that seen in the fossils – in some, little but the outer layer was preserved but in others, even the inner workings were sealed in glorious detail ( even though the multiple steps put a question mark over the accuracy of the final structures ). the study suggests that the beautiful fossil embryos are not in fact preserved versions of the original cells, but uncanny facsimiles created by bacteria. they may have been created through a two - step process, where each layer acted as a base for sculpting the next one – animal to bacterial, and bacterial to mineral. reference : e. c. raff, k. l. schollaert, d. e. nelson, p. c. j. donoghue, c. - w. thomas, f. r. turner, b. d. stein, x. dong, s. bengtson, t. huldtgren, m. stampanoni, y. chongyu, r. a. raff ( 2008 ). embryo fossilization is a biological process mediated by microbial biofilms proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 105 ( 49 ), 19360 - 19365 doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 0810106105


how search engines work search engines have one objective – to provide you with the most relevant results possible in relation to your search query. if the search engine is successful in providing you with information that meets your needs, then you are a happy searcher. and happy searchers are more likely to come back to the same search engine time and time again because they are getting the results they need. in order for a search engine to be able to display results when a user types in a query, they need to have an archive of available information to choose from. every search engine has proprietary methods for gathering and prioritizing website content. regardless of the specific tactics or methods used, this process is called indexing. search engines actually attempt to scan the entire online universe and index all the information so they can show it to you when you enter a search query. how do they do it? every search engine has what are referred to as bots, or crawlers, that constantly scan the web, indexing websites for content and following links on each webpage to other webpages. if your website has not been indexed, it is impossible for your website to appear in the search results. unless you are running a shady online business or trying to cheat your way to the top of the search engine results page ( serp ), chances are your website has already been indexed. so, big search engines like google, bing, and yahoo are constantly indexing hundreds of millions, if not billions, of webpages. how do they know what to show when you enter a search query? the search engines consider two main areas when determining what your website is about and how to prioritize it. - content on your website : when indexing pages, the search engine bots scan each page of your website, looking for clues about what topics your website covers and scanning your website ’ s back - end code for certain tags, descriptions, and instructions. - who ’ s linking to you : as the search engine bots scan webpages for indexing, they also look for links from other websites. the more inbound links a website has, the more influence or authority it has. essentially, every inbound link counts as a vote for that website ’ s content. also, each inbound link holds different weight. for instance, a link from a highly authoritative website like the new york times ( nytimes. com ) will give a website a bigger boost than a link from a small blog site. this boost is sometimes referred to as link


holds different weight. for instance, a link from a highly authoritative website like the new york times ( nytimes. com ) will give a website a bigger boost than a link from a small blog site. this boost is sometimes referred to as link juice. the best links are links that coming to your site, ( one way back links ) versus links that are exchanged between sites ( reciprocal links ) when a search query is entered, the search engine looks in its index for the most relevant information and displays the results on the serp. the results are then listed in order of most relevant and authoritative. if you conduct the same search on different search engines, chances are you will see different results on the serp. this is because each search engine uses a proprietary algorithm that considers multiple factors in order to determine what results to show in the serp when a search query is entered. a few factors that a search engine algorithm may consider when deciding what information to show in the serp include : - geographic location of the searcher - historical performance of a listing ( clicks, bounce rates, etc. ) - link quality ( reciprocal vs. one - wayback link ) - webpage content ( keywords, tags, pictures ) - back end code or html of webpage - link type ( social media sharing, link from media outlet, blog, etc. ) google dominates the search engine market. google became the leader by fundamentally revolutionizing the way search engines work and giving searchers better results with their advanced algorithm. with 64 % market share, according to compete, inc., google is still viewed as the primary innovator and master in the space. before the days of google ( circa 1997 ), search engines relied solely on indexing web page content and considering factors like keyword density in order to determine what results to put at the top of the serp. this approach gave way to what are referred to as black - hat seo tactics, as website engineers began intentionally stuffing their webpages with keywords so they would rank at the top of the search engines, even if their webpages were completely irrelevant to the search result. tip : seomoz historical pagerank reports the pagerank of a url and shows a historical view of previous pr scores. you can also check the site of your competition! read more about seo


released july 25, 2004on this image you can see two infrared frames of the same area on mars. one of the images ( in black and white ) represents a single wavelength or band of the themis ir instrument, while the other image ( in false color ) represents 3 different bands. the image with the various colors was created with a technique called decorrelation stretch ( dcs ). in this technique individual bands of the themis ir instrument are stretched to better show compositional variations throughout the whole range. after the bands are stretched they are overlayed on one another and colors are assigned to each band. this makes up the colors in the image. as you can see, there is a difference in what is noticable in the single band ir image versus the false - colored one. on the color image the pink / magenta colors usually represent basaltic content, cyan often indicates the presence of water ice clouds, while green can represent dust. the bright purple and pink colors associated with the valley are due to basalt. there may be a thin veneer of dust present in the region ( it was a dark colored region during the viking mission in the 1970 ' s ) through which the basaltic material pokes out along the edges of the valley and the nearby knobby terrain. image information : ir instrument. latitude 10. 7, longitude 163 east ( 197 west ). 100 meter / pixel resolution. note : this themis visual image has not been radiometrically nor geometrically calibrated for this preliminary release. an empirical correction has been performed to remove instrumental effects. a linear shift has been applied in the cross - track and down - track direction to approximate spacecraft and planetary motion. fully calibrated and geometrically projected images will be released through the planetary data system in accordance with project policies at a later time. nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory manages the 2001 mars odyssey mission for nasa ' s office of space science, washington, d. c. the thermal emission imaging system ( themis ) was developed by arizona state university, tempe, in collaboration with raytheon santa barbara remote sensing. the themis investigation is led by dr. philip christensen at arizona state university. lockheed martin astronautics, denver, is the prime contractor for the odyssey project, and developed and built the orbiter. mission operations are conducted jointly from lockheed martin and from jpl, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena.


surviving your puppy ' s adolescence by tehani mosconi i was curious to see how webster would define adolescence, and found " youthful, exuberant, immature, unsettled. " that pretty much says it all! i always take a deep breath before i announce to my puppy classes that they shouldn ' t think their work is done just because their puppy is five or six months old. quite the opposite : adolescence is a challenge, both for puppies and their people, and the real work is just beginning. like most animal behaviorists, i consider the period from seven to 12 months as being adolescence for most dogs. ( the larger breeds mature slower so their adolescence falls later. ) as in humans, adolescence is a bridge or transition between youth and adulthood. because all dogs have their own personality and breed - specific traits, adolescence manifests somewhat differently in each. nonetheless, most dogs exhibit at least some of these common adolescent traits : selective hearing ; refusal to do previously learned commands ; reversion to puppy behaviors such as mouthiness, destructive chewing, jumping and barking ; lapses in housebreaking and just about anything else to drive their guardian insane. the good news is that this period in a dog ' s life doesn ' t last long ; the bad news is that it isn ' t short enough. there are many things you can do to make adolescence easier. spaying or neutering your companion prior to adolescence will help a great deal : the last thing a " teenage " dog needs is raging hormones. obviously, sterilization will not keep a dog from going through adolescence, but it will spare them the additional physical and emotional changes of becoming sexually mature. taking a young dog to a puppy kindergarten or pre - school will teach you how to get your puppy ' s attention, handle the puppy and do some basic commands ; you ' ll graduate the class with increased control of your dog. at the same time, your puppy will learn the rewards for " doing the right thing " whether these are treats, verbal praise or petting. sometimes it helps to enroll a " teenage " dog in a more advanced class. while dogs are harder to train during this period, the help of an instructor and the support of other people with adolescent dogs can be valuable. because many dogs become antisocial with other pooches during adolescence, it is important to start socialization early and continue it through the dog ' s young adulthood. key to the program is regular off - leash recreation with other dogs ; a fenced - in dog


antisocial with other pooches during adolescence, it is important to start socialization early and continue it through the dog ' s young adulthood. key to the program is regular off - leash recreation with other dogs ; a fenced - in dog park or other designated off - leash area are ideal locations. if antisocial behavior continues and becomes serious, you may need to seek the help of a private trainer who can work with you and your dog with other dogs around. young dogs need a constructive outlet for their seemingly boundless energy. regular aerobic exercise such as speed walking your dog, running with them on a soft surface ( like sand, grass or dirt ) and playing fetch are all good options, as are allowing your pooch to run and play with other dogs. remember : a tired dog just wants to find a spot for a good snooze instead of eating the remote control to the big screen television. when i counsel people about crating their puppy for housebreaking, i always tell them to buy a crate that will accommodate the dog when grown to full size. if your dog has some inappropriate urination or defecation episodes during adolescence, reintroduced them to the crate before the problem becomes chronic. the crate is also the safest place for your dog when no one is able to supervise them. when you are available to watch your canine companion, use the time to establish rules and define what is acceptable and what is not. for example, playing with a chew toy is great, but jumping up on the sofa may not be, and the behavior needs to be corrected with a quick " no! " or a squirt of water. the six or so months of adolescence can seem much longer for a dog who has no guidelines or direction. bringing it home one of the things that i love about lenny is her desire to please. over the last few months this has changed in one very important way. she will still do things for me, but i have to make it worth her while. i did some extensive research into exactly what motivates my dog, and found that - - luckily - - lenny is driven by food. she will eat almost anything, but i wanted to find treats that she really liked. after much sampling i came up with her favorites : freeze - dried liver, jerky treats, pup - peroni and vegetarian hot dogs. these days i always have treats in my pockets so i can reward her when she does something i ' ve asked her to do. for example, lenny has a


freeze - dried liver, jerky treats, pup - peroni and vegetarian hot dogs. these days i always have treats in my pockets so i can reward her when she does something i ' ve asked her to do. for example, lenny has a crate in my car. when i open the door and say " kennel " i want her to jump in her kennel. lately she has refused to jump in the car unless she knows she will get a treat. i will continue this little game for a few more months and then gradually wean her off the treats. food as a motivator is not a bad thing ; dogs do not get addicted to it. eventually lenny will only occasionally get a treat for jumping in her kennel. the rest of the time she will just receive verbal praise, a scratch behind the ears or a pet. lenny ' s adolescence has brought other behavioral changes as well. she now gets very excited when visitors stop by our office. she has started jumping on people and barking when someone arrives. lenny jumped as a puppy ; i was able to get this under control by telling her to sit when she came up to me or anyone else. in return for the sit she was rewarded with a treat. the barking is a new behavior. it ' s almost as though she just discovered her voice and now wants to use it. she especially enjoys barking while she has something in her mouth. lenny also gets very mouthy when she gets overly excited. this whole greeting ritual is really cute but totally out of control. i ' ve asked visitors not to enter the office unless lenny has all four paws on the ground and is not barking. if she starts getting mouthy visitors have to leave or else completely ignore her ( not easy to do! ). as lenny grew out of puppyhood she also changed her night - time sleeping spot. when she was about four months old i started letting lenny sleep out of her crate in a dog bed next to mine. she never left the room even though the door was open, and never had any housebreaking problems. all was well until one night about 4 am when lenny jumped in bed with me. i thought it was cute so i let her stay. well, every night thereafter the jumping on the bed happened earlier and earlier. one morning i woke up at 3 am clutching the edge of my bed while lenny sprawled diagonally across it. clearly this could not continue! the next day i put lenny ' s crate together and took it to the bedroom, and since then she has


( physorg. com ) - - were dinosaurs slow and lumbering, or quick and agile? it depends largely on whether they were cold or warm blooded. when dinosaurs were first discovered in the mid - 19th century, paleontologists thought they were plodding beasts that had to rely on their environments to keep warm, like modern - day reptiles. but research during the last few decades suggests that they were faster creatures, nimble like the velociraptors or t. rex depicted in the movie jurassic park, requiring warmer, regulated body temperatures like in mammals. now, a team of researchers led by the california institute of technology ( caltech ) has developed a new approach to take body temperatures of dinosaurs for the first time, providing new insights into whether dinosaurs were cold or warm blooded. by analyzing isotopic concentrations in teeth of sauropods, the long - tailed, long - necked dinosaurs that were the biggest land animals to have ever livedthink apatosaurus ( also known as brontosaurus ) the team found that the dinosaurs were about as warm as most modern mammals. " this is like being able to stick a thermometer in an animal that has been extinct for 150 million years, " says robert eagle, a postdoctoral scholar at caltech and lead author on the paper to be published online in the june 23 issue of science express. " the consensus was that no one would ever measure dinosaur body temperatures, that it ' s impossible to do, " says john eiler, a coauthor and the robert p. sharp professor of geology and professor of geochemistry. and yet, using a technique pioneered in eiler ' s lab, the team did just that. the researchers analyzed 11 teeth, dug up in tanzania, wyoming, and oklahoma, that belonged to brachiosaurus brancai and camarasaurus. they found that the brachiosaurus had a temperature of about 38. 2 degrees celsius ( 100. 8 degrees fahrenheit ) and the camarasaurus had one of about 35. 7 degrees celsius ( 96. 3 degrees fahrenheit ), warmer than modern and extinct crocodiles and alligators but cooler than birds. the measurements are accurate to within one or two degrees, celsius. " nobody has used this approach to look at dinosaur body temperatures before, so our study provides a completely different angle on the longstanding debate about dinosaur physiology, " eagle says. the fact that the temperatures were similar to those of most modern mammals might


. " nobody has used this approach to look at dinosaur body temperatures before, so our study provides a completely different angle on the longstanding debate about dinosaur physiology, " eagle says. the fact that the temperatures were similar to those of most modern mammals might seem to imply that dinosaurs had a warm - blooded metabolism. but, the researchers say, the issue is more complex. because large sauropod dinosaurs were so huge, they could retain their body heat much more efficiently than smaller mammals like humans. " if you ' re an animal that you can approximate as a sphere of meat the size of a room, you can ' t be cold unless you ' re dead, " eiler explains. so even if dinosaurs were " cold blooded " in the sense that they depended on their environments for heat, they would still have warm body temperatures. " the body temperatures we ' ve estimated now provide a key piece of data that any model of dinosaur physiology has to be able to explain, " says aradhna tripati, a coauthor who ' s an assistant professor at ucla and visiting researcher in geochemistry at caltech. " as a result, the data can help scientists test physiological models to explain how these organisms lived. " the measured temperatures are lower than what ' s predicted by some models of body temperatures, suggesting there is something missing in scientists ' understanding of dinosaur physiology. these models imply dinosaurs were so - called gigantotherms, that they maintained warm temperatures by their sheer size. to explain the lower temperatures, the researchers suggest that the dinosaurs could have had some physiological or behavioral adaptations that allowed them to avoid getting too hot. the dinosaurs could have had lower metabolic rates to reduce the amount of internal heat, particularly as large adults. they could also have had something like an air - sac system to dissipate heat. alternatively, they could have dispelled heat through their long necks and tails. previously, researchers have only been able to use indirect ways to gauge dinosaur metabolism or body temperatures. for example, they infer dinosaur behavior and physiology by figuring out how fast they ran based on the spacing of dinosaur tracks, studying the ratio of predators to prey in the fossil record, or measuring the growth rates of bone. but these various lines of evidence were often in conflict. " for any position you take, you can easily find counterexamples, " eiler says. " how an organism budgets the energy supply that it gets from food and creates and stores the energy in its musclesthere are no fossil remains for


for any position you take, you can easily find counterexamples, " eiler says. " how an organism budgets the energy supply that it gets from food and creates and stores the energy in its musclesthere are no fossil remains for that, " he says. " so you just sort of have to make your best guess based on indirect arguments. " but eagle, eiler, and their colleagues have developed a so - called clumped - isotope technique that shows that it is possible to take body temperatures of dinosaursand there ' s no guessing involved. " we ' re getting at body temperature through a line of reasoning that i think is relatively bullet proof, provided you can find well - preserved samples, " eiler says. in this method, the researchers measure the concentrations of the rare isotopes carbon - 13 and oxygen - 18 in bioapatite, a mineral found in teeth and bone. how often these isotopes bond with each otheror " clump " depends on temperature. the lower the temperature, the more carbon - 13 and oxygen - 18 tend to bond in bioapatite. so measuring the clumping of these isotopes is a direct way to determine the temperature of the environment in which the mineral formedin this case, inside the dinosaur. " what we ' re doing is special in that it ' s thermodynamically based, " eiler explains. " thermodynamics, like the laws of gravity, is independent of setting, time, and context. " because thermodynamics worked the same way 150 million years ago as it does today, measuring isotope clumping is a robust technique. identifying the most well - preserved samples of dinosaur teeth was one of the major challenges of the analysis, the researchers say, and they used several ways to find the best samples. for example, they compared the isotopic compositions of resistant parts of teeththe enamelwith easily altered materialsdentin and fossil bones of related animals. well - preserved enamel would preserve both physiologically possible temperatures and be isotopically distinct from dentin and bone. the next step is to take temperatures of more dinosaur samples and extend the study to other species of extinct vertebrates, the researchers say. in particular, taking the temperature of unusually small and young dinosaurs would help test whether dinosaurs were indeed gigantotherms. knowing the body temperatures of more dinosaurs and other extinct animals would also allow scientists to learn more about how the physiology of modern mammals and birds evolved. explore further :


research by usda forest service southern research station biometrician bernie parresol takes center stage in a special issue of the journal forest ecology and management due out in june. parresol is lead author of two of the five articlesand co - author of two morein an issue that focuses on methods that incorporate fine - scale data into the tools southeastern forest managers use to assess wildfire potential and plan mitigation treatments. most fire behavior analyses rely on sparse plot inventories and data from satellites, and often do not address the complexity found at the ground level where managers operate. parresol and fellow researchers demonstrated a statistical approach that can incorporate hundreds to thousands of fuel observations into models that managers can easily use to prioritize areas to treat to reduce the wildfire hazard. fire is an important part of forest ecosystems in the southeastern united states, especially in the coastal plain. european settlers cleared most of the native longleaf pine forests of the region ; industry later planted many of the same acres in loblolly pine plantations. meanwhile, fire suppression policies broke the cycle of frequent low - intensity fires in the remaining natural forests, causing the buildup of fuels that leads to wildfires. over the last decades, southeastern land managers added prescribed fire to other forest treatments to reduce wildland fires, promote forest restoration, and improve wildlife habitat. because of budget constraints and public concerns about fire and smoke, managers need to prioritize the areas where they will use prescribed fire. to do this, they use wildfire hazard assessments such as landfire and the southern wildfire risk assessment ( swra ), both of which use satellite images and other supporting data to represent fuels across a landscape. although these tools work well enough at the state and regional levels, they don ' t offer enough detail to land managers trying to decide which of their hundreds or thousands of acres should be burned first. the special issue of forest ecology and management focuses on a study conducted on the 200, 000 - acre savannah river site as representative of an actively managed forest landscape in the southeast. researchers used studies on the site to assess wildland fuels, potential fire behavior and treatments to reduce fire hazard. in his first article, parresol and fellow researchers develop equations to describe fuel loads for both dead and alive materials on the site based on vegetation type, stand age, recent fire history and other aspects. these equations were then used to create custom landscape models based on the actual data from the site, then compared with results from landfire and swra to assess the effectiveness of those


obsessive - compulsive disorder ( ocd ) is an anxiety disorder. the person suffers from unwanted repetitive thoughts and behaviors. these obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors are very difficult to overcome. if severe and untreated, ocd can harm the ability to function at work, school, or home. the cause is unknown. ocd may be due to neurobiological, environmental, genetic, and psychological factors. an imbalance of serotonin ( a brain chemical ) may play a major role. factors that may increase the risk of ocd include : obsessions — unwanted, repetitive, and intrusive ideas, impulses, or images ; common obsessions include : - persistent fears that harm may come to self or a loved one - unreasonable concern with being contaminated - unacceptable religious, violent, or sexual thoughts - excessive need to do things correctly or perfectly - persistent worries about a tragic event compulsions — repetitive behaviors or mental acts to reduce the distress associated with obsessions ; common compulsions include : - excessive checking of door locks, stoves, water faucets, and light switches - repeatedly making lists, counting, arranging, or aligning things - collecting and hoarding useless objects - repeating routine actions a certain number of times until it feels right - unnecessary rereading and rewriting - mentally repeating phrases - repeatedly washing hands if you have ocd, you may know that your thoughts and compulsions do not make sense, but you are unable to stop them. ocd is usually diagnosed through a psychiatric assessment. ocd is diagnosed when obsessions and / or compulsions either : - cause significant distress - interfere with your ability to properly perform at work, school, or in relationships treatment reduces ocd thoughts and compulsions, but does not completely eliminate them. common treatment approaches include a combination of medicine and therapy. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) reduce ocd symptoms by affecting serotonin levels. ssris include : - fluoxetine ( prozac ) - fluvoxamine ( luvox ) - paroxetine ( paxil ) - sertraline ( zoloft ) clomipramine ( anafranil ) is a tricyclic antidepressant drug that can also help treat symptoms. your doctor may try using other psychiatric medicines to help control your condition. behavioral therapy addresses the actions associated with ocd. cognitive - behavioral therapy ( cbt ) addresses both the thought processes and the actions associated


conducted by marty mulvihill, uc berkeley center for green chemistry and the american chemical society, green chemistry institute. this half - day workshop will introduce the concepts of green chemistry, show real - world examples, and make the business case for green chemistry. learn about safer chemical alternatives, metrics for comparing the “ greenness ” of chemicals and processes ; and resources available from acs gci and wa state department of ecology. the course will provide examples of practical tools for implementing green chemistry practices. this presentation will explore how the principles of green chemistry can be applied to the development of sustainable nanotechnology. both nanotechnology and green chemistry have promised to do more with less and have been driven by innovation. proponents of both technologies promise to address the needs of a growing global population. nanotechnology has promised advances in catalysis, energy production, and human health by harnessing the novel properties of materials that occur at the nanoscale. green chemistry has promised to address many of the same challenges by minimizing the adverse health effects of chemicals while maximizing the efficiency of their production. my presentation aims to highlight an approach to nanotechnology that integrates the principles of green chemistry. examples will include the design and synthesis of nanomaterials, the development of an arsenic sensor, and studies examining the environmental fate of engineered nanoparticles. these case studies exemplify an approach to nanotechnology that promotes innovative solutions and collaborative approaches to problem solving. conducted by marty mulvihill, uc berkeley center for green chemistry and the acs green chemistry institute. this half - day advanced workshop will delve more deeply into case studies and tools of green chemistry. this course will be interactive and steered by dialogue among attendees. attendees should have a basic understanding of green chemistry, the principles of green chemistry, industrial applications and metrics for determining the greenness of chemicals or attendance at green chemistry 101. diane barton : treaty rights and toxics in fish ( view presentation ) at the time of the 1855 treaties when the tribes and bands that are now the yakama nation, the confederated tribes of warm springs, the confederated tribes of the umatilla indian reservation and the nez perce tribe, ceded millions of acres in return for promises that included the right to take fish at all usual and accustomed place, the tribes did not anticipate the industrial development that would pollute their waters and consequently their food sources with toxic substances. tribes today are working together to protect their rights to clean and healthy traditional food sources


take fish at all usual and accustomed place, the tribes did not anticipate the industrial development that would pollute their waters and consequently their food sources with toxic substances. tribes today are working together to protect their rights to clean and healthy traditional food sources. tribes are combining modern science, traditional ecologic knowledge, and advocacy to work for water quality standards that are protective of traditional lifestyles, to restore habitat that is free from toxic pollutants, and to implement pollution control measures and green chemistry alternatives in tribal enterprises and communities to prevent the release of chemicals of concern into the environment. michael cox : columbia river toxics reduction working group ( view presentation ) epa joined with other federal, state, tribal, local, and nonprofit partners to form the columbia river toxics reduction working group in 2005. the purpose of the working group was to better coordinate toxics work across the columbia river basin and share information. the overall goal was to reduce toxics in the basin and prevent further contamination. this goal includes reducing toxics in the plants and animals that people eat and ensuring the survival, reproduction, and growth of fish and wildlife in the basin. one of the first actions of the working group was the development of the “ state of the columbia river report for toxics ” that was published in january 2009. the working group then published the “ columbia river basin toxics reduction action plan ” in september 2012. the action plan provides more detail on the specific actions that are needed to prevent and reduce toxics from entering the basin ’ s waters. this presentation will provide the background on actions leading up to the formation of the working group along with a description of the working group and its major work products. it will also discuss work that is on - going in the columbia river basin to prevent and reduce toxics. finally, it will discuss the direction for further actions and next steps to achieve those actions. jim west : contaminants of concern in puget sound ’ s food web ( view presentation ) as a member of the puget sound ecosystem monitoring program ( psemp ), the washington department of fish and wildlife has tracked toxic contaminants in puget sound ’ s food web since 1989. this toxics in biota group has reported on the status and trends of a wide range of contaminants, in a broad group of species including pacific salmon, pacific herring, rockfish, english sole, dungeness crab, plankton, blue mussels, and herring embryos. the psemp toxic in biota team has worked in partnership


in a broad group of species including pacific salmon, pacific herring, rockfish, english sole, dungeness crab, plankton, blue mussels, and herring embryos. the psemp toxic in biota team has worked in partnership with noaa ’ s northwest fisheries science center ecotoxicology program to develop a toolbox for monitoring the exposure of species to toxic contaminants, and also the harmful effects of such exposure. this talk focuses on contaminants of greatest concern and provides three examples of their extent and magnitude in puget sound ’ s food web. status and trends metrics are compared with thresholds of deleterious effects to inform the development of recovery goals for puget sound. marjorie martzemerson : california safer consumer product proposed regulations ( view presentation ) the california safer consumer product ( green chemistry ) regulations were formally proposed in july 2012 to implement the requirements of assembly bill 1897 ( september 29, 2008 ). the regulations specify an iterative process to identify and implement safer alternatives to listed chemicals of concern in consumer products. the department of toxic substances control will identify chemicals of concern and designate priority products for further evaluation. manufacturers of priority products will be required to notify the department and conduct a life - cycle alternatives analysis to determine how best to limit the exposures to and adverse impacts on public health and the environment. following the analysis, the department, through regulatory action, will require implementation of feasible alternatives that maximize protection. the scope of these regulations is very broad and the requirements are expected to have a major impact on businesses that manufacture or import products offered for sale in california. kevin masterson : oregon toxics reduction strategy ( view presentation ) scott butner : what happens to the whales? a case study of anticipating the environmental consequences of emerging green technologies ( view presentation ) environmental lifecycle analysis ( lca ) is often touted as a robust approach to insuring that sustainability considerations are taken into account while making business, policy or design decisions that could potentially impact the environment. but lca often proves to be insufficient or inconclusive as a tool when dealing with emerging or pre - commercial technologies. emerging technologies often present significant uncertainties regarding the relevant parameters including technical operating conditions, consumer use patterns for the new technology, or other consequential impacts that may result from the disruptive nature of the technology being studied. in these cases, new approaches to lca ( often called “ consequential lca ” ) must be brought to bear on the problem, along with other means for insuring


may result from the disruptive nature of the technology being studied. in these cases, new approaches to lca ( often called “ consequential lca ” ) must be brought to bear on the problem, along with other means for insuring that well - informed decisions are made. this presentation will examine the case of marine hydrokinetic technology, a set of promising emerging technologies for producing renewable energy from wave and tidal forces. despite their enormous promise for producing renewable electricity, the pre - commercial status of these technologies present some unique challenges in siting, permitting, and understanding the potential environmental consequences of their widespread adoption. the efforts to site a tidal power project in admiralty inlet will be used to illustrate the problems of making informed decisions under scientific uncertainty. washington toxics reduction strategy – holly davies ( view presentation ) buy viagra in australia tadalafil long term vardenafil hcl generic cialis pills viagra how it works generic viagra names sildenafil trade names levitra cheap cialis lisinopril tadalafil generic 5mg generic viagra for sale vardenafil tablets order viagra online uk viagra price at walmart sildenafil for sale viagra cialis levitra generic where to buy viagra in pattaya cialis soft tabs cialis next day delivery generic cialis dangers levitra ingredients generic viagra india does generic viagra exist buy viagra with paypal cialis price uk levitra online no prescription cialis gel cialis viagra buy levitra online cialis viagra levitra which is better tadalafil effectiveness buy cialis in mexico viagra for sale philippines brand viagra without prescription levitra retail price cialis questions sildenafil revatio viagra knock offs cialis generic generic cialis for sale brand cialis no prescription generic viagra dosage cialis professional uk cialis mexico cialis walmart vardenafil without prescription buy viagra in new york tadalafil citrate dosage tadalafil reviews cialis price in mexico sildenafil generic india where to buy viagra in nigeria does generic cialis exist sildenafil dosage forms viagra ketoconazole cialis price comparison levitra effects buy viagra online no prescription cialis vs viagra which is better vardenafil reviews how does tadalafil work generic viagra paypal can i buy viagra in china generic cialis pharmacy where to buy viagra yahoo levitra better than viagra viagra


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