telescopes in the early 2000s, large regions of dark terrain were revealed straddling titan ' s equator. prior to the arrival of cassini, these regions were thought to be seas of organic matter like tar or liquid hydrocarbons. radar images captured by the cassini spacecraft have instead revealed some of these regions to be extensive plains covered in longitudinal sand dunes, up to 330 meters high about a kilometer wide, and tens to hundreds of kilometers long. the longitudinal ( or linear ) dunes are presumed to be formed by moderately variable winds that either follow one mean direction or alternate between two different directions. dunes of this type are always aligned with average wind direction. in the case of titan, steady zonal ( eastward ) winds combine with variable tidal winds ( approximately 0. 5 meters per second ). the tidal winds are the result of tidal forces from saturn on titan ' s atmosphere, which are 400 times stronger than the tidal forces of the moon on earth and tend to drive wind toward the equator. this wind pattern causes sand dunes to build up in long parallel lines aligned west - to - east. the dunes break up around mountains, where the wind direction shifts. the sand on titan is likely not made up of small grains of silicates like the sand on earth, but rather might have formed when liquid methane rained and eroded the ice bedrock, possibly in the form of flash floods. alternatively, the sand could also have come from organic solids produced by photochemical reactions in titan ' s atmosphere. studies of dunes ' composition in may 2008 revealed that they possessed less water than the rest of titan, and are most likely to derive from organic material clumping together after raining onto the surface. observation and exploration titan is never visible to the naked eye, but can be observed through small telescopes or strong binoculars. amateur observation is difficult because of the proximity of the satellite to saturn ' s brilliant globe and ring system ; an occulting bar, covering part of the eyepiece and used to block the bright planet, greatly improves viewing. titan has a maximum apparent magnitude of + 8. 2, and mean opposition magnitude 8. 4. this compares to + 4. 6 for the similarly sized ganymede, in the jovian system. observations of titan prior to the space age were limited. in 1907 spanish astronomer josep comas sola observed limb darkening of titan, the first evidence that the body has an atmosphere. in 1944 gerard p. kuiper used a spectroscopic technique to detect an atmosphere of methane. the first probe to visit the saturnian


from the earth. huygens landed on titan on january 14, 2005, discovering that many of its surface features seem to have been formed by flowing fluids at some point in the past. on july 22, 2006, cassini made its first targeted, close fly - by at 950 km from titan ; the closest flyby was at 880 km on june 21, 2010. present liquid on the surface has been found in abundance in the north polar region, in the form of many lakes and seas discovered by cassini. titan is the most distant body from earth and the second moon in the solar system to have a space probe land on its surface. huygens landing site on january 14, 2005, the huygens probe landed on the surface of titan, just off the easternmost tip of a bright region now called adiri. the probe photographed pale hills with dark " rivers " running down to a dark plain. current understanding is that the hills ( also referred to as highlands ) are composed mainly of water ice. dark organic compounds, created in the upper atmosphere by the ultraviolet radiation of the sun, may rain from titan ' s atmosphere. they are washed down the hills with the methane rain and are deposited on the plains over geological time scales. after landing, huygens photographed a dark plain covered in small rocks and pebbles, which are composed of water ice. the two rocks just below the middle of the image on the right are smaller than they may appear : the left - hand one is 15 centimeters across, and the one in the center is 4 centimeters across, at a distance of about 85 centimeters from huygens. there is evidence of erosion at the base of the rocks, indicating possible fluvial activity. the surface is darker than originally expected, consisting of a mixture of water and hydrocarbon ice. the assumption is that the " soil " visible in the images is precipitation from the hydrocarbon haze above. the titan saturn system mission ( tssm ) is a joint nasa / esa proposal for exploration of saturn ' s moons. it envisions a hot - air balloon floating in titan ' s atmosphere for six months. it was competing against the europa jupiter system mission ( ejsm ) proposal for funding. in february 2009 it was announced that esa / nasa had given the ejsm mission priority ahead of the tssm, although tssm was still considered for a later launch date. since nasa ' s departure from the program in 2012, these plans were put on hold. there has also been a proposal for a titan mare explorer


acids had been found in such an experiment without liquid water being present. possible subsurface habitats laboratory simulations have led to the suggestion that enough organic material exists on titan to start a chemical evolution analogous to what is thought to have started life on earth. while the analogy assumes the presence of liquid water for longer periods than is currently observable, several theories suggest that liquid water from an impact could be preserved under a frozen isolation layer. it has also been observed that liquid ammonia oceans could exist deep below the surface ; one model suggests an ammonia – water solution as much as 200 km deep beneath a water ice crust, conditions that, " while extreme by terrestrial standards, are such that life could indeed survive ". heat transfer between the interior and upper layers would be critical in sustaining any sub - surface oceanic life. detection of microbial life on titan would depend on its biogenic effects. that the atmospheric methane and nitrogen might be of biological origin has been examined, for example. methane and life at the surface it has been suggested that life could exist in the lakes of liquid methane on titan, just as organisms on earth live in water. such creatures would inhale h2 in place of o2, metabolize it with acetylene instead of glucose, and exhale methane instead of carbon dioxide. although all living things on earth ( including methanogens ) use liquid water as a solvent, it is speculated that life on titan might instead use a liquid hydrocarbon, such as methane or ethane. water is a stronger solvent than methane. however, water is also more chemically reactive, and can break down large organic molecules through hydrolysis. a life - form whose solvent was a hydrocarbon would not face the risk of its biomolecules being destroyed in this way. in 2005, astrobiologist chris mckay argued that if methanogenic life did exist on the surface of titan, it would likely have a measurable effect on the mixing ratio in the titan troposphere : levels of hydrogen and acetylene would be measurably lower than otherwise expected. in 2010, darrell strobel, from johns hopkins university, identified a greater abundance of molecular hydrogen in the upper atmospheric layers of titan compared to the lower layers, arguing for a downward flow at a rate of roughly 1025 molecules per second and disappearance of hydrogen near titan ' s surface ; as strobel noted, his findings were in line with the effects chris mckay had predicted if methanogenic life - forms were present. the same year, another study


roughly 1025 molecules per second and disappearance of hydrogen near titan ' s surface ; as strobel noted, his findings were in line with the effects chris mckay had predicted if methanogenic life - forms were present. the same year, another study showed low levels of acetylene on titan ' s surface, which were interpreted by chris mckay as consistent with the hypothesis of organisms consuming hydrocarbons. while restating the biological hypothesis, mckay cautioned that other explanations for the hydrogen and acetylene findings are more likely : the possibilities of yet unidentified physical or chemical processes ( e. g., a surface catalyst accepting hydrocarbon or hydrogen ), or flaws in the current models of material flow. composition data and transport models need to be substantiated, and, per occam ' s razor, a physical or chemical explanation is preferred a priori over one of biology ( given the simplicity of chemical catalysts versus the complexity of biological forms ). even so, mckay notes that discovery of either, including simply of a catalyst effective at 95 k ( −180 °c ), would be an important discovery. as nasa notes in its news article on the june 2010 findings : " to date, methane - based life forms are only hypothetical. scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere ". as the nasa statement also says : " some scientists believe these chemical signatures bolster the argument for a primitive, exotic form of life or precursor to life on titan ' s surface. " despite these biological possibilities, there are formidable obstacles to life on titan, and any analogy to earth is inexact. at a vast distance from the sun, titan is frigid, and its atmosphere lacks co2. at titan ' s surface, water exists only in solid form. because of these difficulties, scientists such as jonathan lunine have viewed titan less as a likely habitat for life, than as an experiment for examining theories on the conditions that prevailed prior to the appearance of life on earth. while life itself may not exist, the prebiotic conditions of the titanian environment and the associated organic chemistry remain of great interest in understanding the early history of the terrestrial biosphere. using titan as a prebiotic experiment involves not only observation through spacecraft, but laboratory experiment, and chemical and photochemical modeling on earth. it is hypothesized that large asteroid and cometary impacts on earth ' s surface may have caused fragments of microbe - laden rock to escape earth ' s gravity, suggesting the possibility of transpermia. calculations indicate that


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a red giant sun : a new kind of " habitable " moon ". nasa ames research center, lunar and planetary laboratory, department of planetary sciences, university of arizona. retrieved 2008 - 03 - 21. - coustenis, athena and taylor, f. w. ( 2008 ). titan : exploring an earthlike world. world scientific. isbn 978 - 981 - 270 - 501 - 3. | wikimedia commons has media related to : titan ( moon ) | - lorenz, ralph ; jacqueline mitton ( 2002 ). lifting titan ' s veil : exploring the giant moon of saturn. cambridge university press. isbn 0 - 521 - 79348 - 3. | the sun and planets of the solar system. note : sizes and distances are not to scale. objects in the solar system - cassini – huygens mission to saturn & titan. multimedia feature titan virtual tour - titan profile at nasa ' s solar system exploration site - video of huygens ’ descent from the esa - cassini imaging central laboratory for operations ( ciclops ) site titan image search - european space agency. ( 2005 ). esa — cassini - huygens. retrieved march 28, 2005. - the planetary society ( 2005 ). tps : saturn ' s moon titan. retrieved march 28, 2005. - university of arizona lunar and planetary lab ( 2005 ). lunar and planetary lab the descent imager - spectral radiometer of the cassini – huygens mission to titan. retrieved march 28, 2005. - the alien noise. this recording is a laboratory reconstruction of the sounds heard by huygens ' microphones. - movie of titan ' s rotation from the national oceanic and atmospheric administration site - astronomycast : titan fraser cain and pamela gay, 2010. - titan nomenclature and titan map with feature names from the usgs planetary nomenclature page


the term veld, sometimes anachronistically spelled veldt in english, is a generic term used to define certain wide open rural spaces of southern africa. it is used in particular to refer to flatter areas or districts covered in grass or low scrub, especially in south africa, zimbabwe, botswana and namibia. a certain sub - tropical woodland ecoregion of southern africa has been officially defined as the bushveld by the world wide fund for nature. the word veld comes from the afrikaans word for ' field ', but a simple translation does not convey the subtleties of the many idiomatic nuances and technical applications of the term. a typical authoritative dictionary will devote columns, or even pages to the subject. the etymological origin is the old dutch language veldt, a spelling that the dutch abandoned in favour of veld during the 19th century, decades before the first afrikaans dictionary. subsequent addition of the terminal " t " in the spelling " veldt " seems to have been mainly an english confusion with the already obsolete dutch usage ; it never was an afrikaans form. even in english its frequency of usage relative to " veld " peaked around the time of the boer wars, and has lapsed into a minority anachronism since about 1920. veld can be loosely compared to the australian terms " outback " or " bush ", to " the prairie " of north america, to the " pampas " lowlands of south america, or to the steppe of central asia. someone from yorkshire might equate " wandering across the moors " to " walking through the veld. " by extension, the veld can be compared to ' the boondocks ' or those places ' beyond the black stump ' in australia. there is a sense in which it refers in essence to unimproved land ( and is therefore not the equivalent of the english " paddock " ) and does not include areas used both for pastoral activities and the planting of crops. these areas are referred to as fields. the word is less appropriate for land that is heavily forested, mountainous, or urban. the simplest explanation will be to say the word " veld " means " natural vegetation " ; excluding vegetation like swamps and forests. it does include mountains with vegetation but not deserts or mountains without natural vegetation. the veld definition may encompass different natural environments, both humid and dry, such as coastal plain, coastal prairie, flooded grasslands and savannas, grassland, prairie, savanna, steppe, meadow, water - meadow,


deserts or mountains without natural vegetation. the veld definition may encompass different natural environments, both humid and dry, such as coastal plain, coastal prairie, flooded grasslands and savannas, grassland, prairie, savanna, steppe, meadow, water - meadow, flood - meadow, wet meadow, as well as agricultural fields. whereas mountainous peaks and thick forests do not really fit in with the term veld, bushes are acceptable. the area then becomes bosveld, a term that is used mainly to describe die bosveld ( " the bushveld " ), which is both a loose botanical classification and a specific geographical part of what used to be known as the transvaal, as described for example in the story jock of the bushveld. other uses - the word renosterveld, " rhinoceros - field ", is now used to differentiate one of the major vegetation types of the cape floristic region. - a carefully husbanded sports field on which the game of rugby is played in the middle of cities such as cape town or johannesburg is referred to as a " rugbyveld " in the afrikaans language. - the word " veld " also carries military connotations. the word " field " in english has a strong association with " war ", as evidenced by the expression " the first foe in the field " and the lines of the ballad ' lord marlborough ' ( see john churchill ) : " you generals all and champions bold, that takes delight in field, that knocks down churches and castle walls but now to death must yield ". the same relationship is paralleled in afrikaans. just as the english army has its field marshals, the boer armies had their veldkornets and veldkommandos. - the rhodesian ridgeback dog was famous for hunting large game on the african veld. as a tribute to this wonderful breed many rhodesian ridgeback breeders incorporate the word " veld " or " veldt " in their kennel prefix. once such notable example is the kennel prefix " veldthund " who have been breeding and showing rhodesian ridgebacks in australia since 1984. the dog ch veldthund sabre et appears on the pedigree of many of the top rhodesian ridgebacks around the world. highveld and lowveld much of the interior of southern africa consists of a high plateau, the higher portions ( 1500 m – 2100 m ) of which are known as the highveld, starting at the drakensberg escar


. highveld and lowveld much of the interior of southern africa consists of a high plateau, the higher portions ( 1500 m – 2100 m ) of which are known as the highveld, starting at the drakensberg escarpment to the east of the johannesburg, and sloping gradually downwards to the west and south west, as well as. these higher, cooler areas ( generally more than 5, 000 feet or 1, 500 metres above sea level ) are characterised by flat or gently undulating terrain, vast grasslands and a modified tropical or subtropical climate. in some areas there is a distinct escarpment bordering the plateau, while in others the boundary is not obvious. the blesbok and quagga were among the large animals that once roamed in the highveld in great numbers. nowadays there still is a sizeable population of springbok in some areas. the lower regions of the central plateau to the north of the highveld, especially the limpopo river lowlands, as well as the areas beyond of the drakensberg escarpment in mpumalanga, to the north east of the highveld, are known as lowveld and are generally hotter and less intensely cultivated. the arid lower plateau regions to the west, south and south west of the highveld are not generally referred to as " lowveld ", nor is kwazulu - natal beyond the escarpment to the east. before the middle of the 20th century, much of the lowveld was home to the tsetse fly, which transmits sleeping sickness. these areas used to be known as " fever country " and were avoided by mounted travellers, owing to the susceptibility of horses to a form of the disease. formerly malaria, carried by mosquitoes, was a major problem too in the hotter parts of the lowveld. the lowveld is known for its high concentration of big game, including the larger animals, like african elephants, rhino, zebra and wildebeest, while the slow - flowing streams and wetlands of the lowveld are a haven for the hippos. the kruger national park, for example, is located in the eastern lowveld areas of mpumalanga and limpopo provinces. thornveld or thorn veld, often referred to as " acacia thornveld ", is a type of semi - arid savanna in which grassland with thorny acacia and certain species of thorny bushes predominate. the predominant plant species


. thornveld or thorn veld, often referred to as " acacia thornveld ", is a type of semi - arid savanna in which grassland with thorny acacia and certain species of thorny bushes predominate. the predominant plant species are usually different in the thornveld of the plains or in the hill thornveld, where, for example, species of genus balanites are common. some of the characteristic species in the thornveld include : - grasses : grass species belonging to genus themeda and hyparrhenia - trees and bushes : genus acacia and rhus, such as acacia caffra, acacia sieberiana and rhus pentheri and other species like ziziphus mucronata, ehretia rigida and cussonia spicata. sandveld and hardveld sandveld, in the general sense of the word, is a type of veld characterised by dry, sandy soil, typical of certain areas of the southern african region. it usually absorbs all water from the seasonal rains, although aquatic habitats, largely seasonal, may be also found in specific places in the sandveld. only certain hardy plant species thrive in the sandveld environment. these consist especially of grasses forming clumps and certain kinds of trees and shrubs. the sandveld vegetation has a particular pattern of growth, rarely covering the whole terrain and thus leaving patches of sandy soil exposed on the surface. some of the typical sandveld species are acacia haematoxylon, a. luederitzii, boscia albitrunca, terminalia sericea, lonchocarpus nelsii, bauhinia petersiana and baphia massaiensis. the fauna of the sandveld includes mainly reptiles, mammals and birds adapted to living in the sandy environment ; some of the small mammals and reptiles often use the sand for protection by burrowing in it. the term sandveld is also applied in a specific sense to certain well - defined areas in southern africa, such as the sandveld of the northwest, a 30 km wide strip along the atlantic coast of south africa. the sandveld of the kalahari was one of the areas inhabited by the bushmen, who had adapted to life conditions in the sandveld since ancient times. the sandveld nature reserve is protecting the biotope of a sandveld zone of the free state. hardveld is a term applied to certain areas of rocky soils in


adapted to life conditions in the sandveld since ancient times. the sandveld nature reserve is protecting the biotope of a sandveld zone of the free state. hardveld is a term applied to certain areas of rocky soils in botswana, located mostly in the eastern part of the country. the landscape is an undulating plain with scattered rocky hill ranges. there are areas of hardveld also in south africa in the mountainous central kamiesberg of the northern cape with hilly escarpments and deep river valleys. the soil of the hardveld is characterised by rocky outcrops, as well as an abundance of stones and pebbles of different shapes and sizes. the flora of the hardveld is typical of rocky savanna, with denser vegetation, and thus less denuded patches than in the sandveld, as well as taller trees. there is also a higher diversity of species in the hardveld compared with the sandveld. peltophorum africanum, acacia nigrescens, a. tortilis, combretum apiculatum and colophospermum mopane are some of the representative species of the northern hardveld. | “ | | how well i remember the years i spent tending the cattle on the large farm, roaming over all its far expanse of veld, in which every kloof, every valley, every koppie was endeared to me by the most familiar associations. month after month i had spent there in lonely occupation — alone with the cattle, myself and god. the veld had grown part of me, not only in the sense that my bones were a part of it, but in that more vital sense which identifies nature with man... having no human companion, i felt a spirit of comradeship for the objects around me. in my childish way i communed with these as with my own soul ; they became the sharers of my confidence. | | ” | see also - eric anderson walker ( ed ). the cambridge history of the british empire, volume 4. cambridge university press 1963 ( afrikaans : pp. 890 – 894 ) - " southern africa bushveld ". terrestrial ecoregions. world wildlife fund. - " veldfires in south africa ".. dwaf. gov. za. 30 march 2005. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - tweetalige woordeboek afrikaans - engels. tafelberg - uitgewers. 1984. isbn


africa ".. dwaf. gov. za. 30 march 2005. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - tweetalige woordeboek afrikaans - engels. tafelberg - uitgewers. 1984. isbn 0 - 624 - 00533 - x. - winkel, lammert allard te. de grondbeginselen der nederlandsche spelling : regelen der spelling voor het woordenboek der nederlandsche taal. publisher : d. noothoven van goor, 1873. download from : - berger, iris. south africa in world history. oxford university press, 2009. isbn 978 - 0195337938 - " google ngram viewer ". books. google. com. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - " google ngram viewer ". books. google. com. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - richard despard estes, the behavior guide to african mammals, university of california press, isbn 978 - 0 - 520 - 27297 - 2 - " map of lowveld ". saexplorer. co. za. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - " lowveld & kruger national park ". wheretostay. co. za. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - " thorn veld ecozone – kruger national park ". ecotravel. co. za. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - " kwazulu - natal department of agriculture – mixed thornveld ecozone ". agriculture. kzntl. gov. za. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - " aquatic ecosystems of the sandveld - saldanha " ( pdf ). retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - " thamnochortus bachmannii ". plantzafrica. com. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - " nature ' s bounty in the sandveld " ( pdf ). retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - " kamiesberg route ". openafrica. org. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - " sandveld conservancy ". sandveld. com. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - " microsoft word - orig _ basin profile. doc " ( pdf ). retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - " fao country pasture / forage resource profiles – botswana ". fao. org. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. | look up


edward i and ii - attempted conquest of scotland henry iii, at his death in 1272, was succeeded by his son edward i, a prince as warlike and sagacious as his father was the reverse. he distinguished himself ' by his attempts to add wales to his kingdom, an object which he accomplished in 1282, by the overthrow and murder of llewellen, the last prince of that country. in the meantime, from the death of william the lion in 1214, scotland had been ruled by two princes, alexander ii, and iii, under whom it advanced considerably in wealth, civilization, and comfort. on the death of alexandria iii, in 1285, the crown fell to his granddaughter margaret, a young girl, whose father was eric, king of norway. edward formed a treaty with the estates of scotland for a marriage between this princess and his son, whom he styled prince of wales. unfortunately, the young lady died on her voyage to scotland ; and the crown was left to be disputed by a multitude of distant relations, of whom john baliol and robert bruce seem to have the best right. edward, being resolved to make scotland his own at all hazards, interfered in this dispute, and being appointed arbitrator among the competitors, persuaded them to own in the first place an ill - defined claim put forward by himself of the right of paramountcy or superior sovereignty over scotland. when this was done, he appointed baliol to be his vassal king, an honor which the unfortunate man was not long permitted to enjoy. having driven baliol to resistance, he invaded the country, overthrew his army, and stripping him of his sovereignty, assumed to himself the dominion of scotland, as a right forfeited to him by the rebellion of his vassal. after he had retired, a brave scottish gentleman, named william wallace, raised an insurrection against his officers, and defeating his army at stirling in 1298, cleared the whole country of its southern invaders. but in the succeeding year, this noble patriot was defeated by edward in person at falkirk, and the english yoke was again imposed. it may be remarked, that this could have hardly taken place if the common people, who rose with wallace, and who were wholly of celtic and saxon origin, had been led and encouraged by the nobility. the grandees of scotland, and even the competitors for the crown, being recent norman settlers, were disposed to render obedience to the english sovereign. some time after the death of wallace, while edward was engrossed with the


encouraged by the nobility. the grandees of scotland, and even the competitors for the crown, being recent norman settlers, were disposed to render obedience to the english sovereign. some time after the death of wallace, while edward was engrossed with the french wars, robert bruce, earl of carrick, grand son of him who had competed with baliol, conceived the idea of putting himself at the head of the scots, and endeavoring by their means at once to gain the crown, and to recover the independence of the kingdom. after a series of adventures, among which was the unpremeditated murder of a rival named comyn, bruce caused himself, in 1806, to be crowned at scone. for some time after he had to skulk as a fugitive, being unable to maintain his ground against the english officers ; but at length he became so formidable, that edward found it necessary ( 1307 ) to lead a large army against him. the english monarch, worn out with fatigue and age, died on the coast of the solway firth, when just within sight of scotland, leaving his sceptre to his son edward ii. that weak and foolish prince immediately returned to london, leaving bruce to contest with his inferior officers. after several years of constant skirmishing, during which the scottish king was able to maintain his ground, edward resolved to make one decisive effort to reduce scotland to subjection. in the summer of 1314, he invaded it with an army of 100, 000 men. bruce drew up his troops, which were only 30, 000 in number, at bannockburn, near stirling. partly by steady valor, and partly by the use of stratagems, the scots were victorious, and edward fled ignominiously from the field. the scottish king gained an immense booty, besides securing his crown and the independence of his country. he soon after sent his brother edward, with a body of troops, to ireland, to assist the native chiefs in resisting the english. this bold young knight was crowned king of ireland, and for some time held his ground against the english forces, but was at length defeated and slain. the weakness of edward ii was chiefly shown in a fondness for favorites, into whose hands he committed the whole interests of his people. the first was a low frenchman, named piers gaveston, who soon fell a victim to the indignation of the barons. the second, hugh spencer, misgoverned the country for several years, till at length the queen and prince of


nov 8, 2011 project clamer finds ' disturbing ' evidence of changes to europe ' s seas project clamer, an 18 - month initiative involving 17 european marine institutes, has amassed some ' convincing ' and ' disturbing ' evidence of changes in the european marine environment, according to its organisers. the project, which has now come to an end, synthesized an extensive collection of academic papers published since 1998 on climate change and europe ' s marine environments and combined this with a groundbreaking opinion poll. the online survey of 10, 000 residents in 10 european countries reveals widespread concern about climate change, led by worries about sea - level rise and coastal erosion. the poll also found that those worried by climate change largely blame the phenomenon on other groups of people or nations, and assign governments and industry responsibility for mitigating the problem ( though they perceive government and industry as ineffective on the issue ). some 86 % of respondents said climate change is caused entirely, mainly or in part by human activities. only 8 % thought it was mainly or entirely caused by natural processes ; in the us, around 32 – 36 % hold this view. co - ordinated by the marine board of the european science foundation, with contributions from more than 20 scientists, the clamer synthesis and related book examine the environments of the north sea, baltic sea, arctic ocean, north east atlantic ocean, mediterranean sea and the black sea. the study found that europeans face greater risk of illness, property damage and job losses because of the impacts of climate change on the seas around them. " millions of euros in health costs may result from human consumption of contaminated seafood, ingestion of water - borne pathogens, and, to a lesser degree, through direct occupational or recreational exposure to marine diseases, " states the clamer synthesis. " climatic conditions are playing an increasingly important role in the transmission of these diseases. " the researchers found that sea - level rise, combined with higher waves being recorded in the north atlantic and more frequent and severe storms, threaten up to 1 trillion euros ' worth of europe ' s physical assets within 500 m of the shore. some 35 % of europe ' s gdp is generated within 50 km of the coast, the synthesis notes. " sea - level rise of 80 to 200 cm could wipe out entire countries … causing sea floods, massive economic damage, large movements of populations from inundated areas, salinity intrusion and loss of wetlands including the ecosystem services that they provide. " the clamer synthesis also suggests the need for europe ' s


depth range ( m ) : 0 - 4. 8 depth range ( m ) : 0 - 4. 8 note : this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome. molecular biology and genetics statistics of barcoding coverage : elminius modestus public records : 0 specimens with barcodes : 3 species with barcodes : 1 elminius modestus is a species of barnacle in the family balanidae, native to australia, tasmania and new zealand, but now spread to britain and the north west coasts of europe. it reaches a maximum size of about 10 millimetres ( 0. 39 in ) in diameter. distribution and habitat e. modestus originated in australia and was first seen in british waters, in chichester harbour, during the second world war. it was believed to have arrived on the hulls of ships, or possibly the larval stages travelled in bilge water. it has become very common in southern england and wales and is spreading northwards, but the spread may be limited by the temperature of the sea. it is found on the upper middle shore and is tolerant of low salinity levels where fresh water enters the sea. it avoids exposed positions. it had reached the scottish borders by 1960 and shetland by 1978. it is found on the atlantic coasts of europe from gibraltar to germany. e. modestus is a suspension feeder. it has feathery appendages which beat rhythmically to draw plankton and other organic particles into the shell for consumption. eggs are laid and develop into nauplius larvae which are released into the phytoplankton. these then develop into cyprid larvae which later settle and cement themselves onto a rocky substrate. in the british isles, e. modestus competes with semibalanus balanoides, whereas in southern europe it also competes with chthamalus spp. it is particularly successful because it grows fast, tolerates reduced salinity, has a lower temperature tolerance than chthamalus spp and a higher tolerance than balanus spp. it is also a threat to native species because it reaches maturity in its first season and can produce several broods of larvae per year. it has an extended habitat as it grows both high up the shore and in the neritic zone. - worms ( 2011 ). " elminius modestus ". world register of marine species. http : / / www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 106209. retrieved august


worms ( 2011 ). " elminius modestus ". world register of marine species. http : / / www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 106209. retrieved august 17, 2011. - john barrett & c. m. young ( 1958 ). collins pocket guide to the sea shore. p. 91. - d. j. crisp ( 1958 ). " the spread of elminius modestus darwin in north - west europe " ( pdf ). journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 37 ( 2 ) : 483 – 520. doi : 10. 1017 / s0025315400023833. http : / / sabella. mba. ac. uk / 1942 / 01 / the _ spread _ of _ elminius _ modestus _ darwin _ in _ north - west _ europe. pdf. - k. hiscock, s. hiscock & j. m. baker ( 1978 ). " the occurrence of the barnacle elminius modestus in shetland ". journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 58 ( 3 ) : 627 – 629. doi : 10. 1017 / s0025315400041278. - h. barnes & m. barnes ( 1966 ). " ecological and zoogeographical observations on some of the common intertidal cirripedes of the coasts of the western european mainland in june - september, 1963 ". in harold barnes. some contemporary studies in marine science. allen & unwin. pp. 83 – 105. - " shore life ". encarta encyclopedia 2005 dvd. - e. bourget ( 1987 ). " barnacle shells : composition, structure, and growth ". in alan j. southward. crustacean issues 5 : barnacle biology. pp. 267 – 285. isbn 90 - 6191 - 628 - 3. - h. barnes & margaret barnes ( 1960 ). " recent spread and present distribution of the barnacle elminius modestus darwin in north - west europe ". proceedings of the zoological society of london 135 ( 1 ) : 137 – 145. doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1469 - 7998. 1960. tb05836. x. - " elminius modestus ". marine advice. joint nature conservation committee. http : / / jncc. defra. gov. uk / page


researchers use fungus to decompose plastic containing bpa pretreating polycarbonate plastic may be the key to disposing of bisphenol a ( bpa ) in an eco - friendly way, scientists have found. their new study is in the american chemical society ' s biomacromolecules, a monthly journal. mukesh doble and trishul artham note that manufacturers produce about 2. 7 million tons of plastic containing bpa each year. some studies have suggested that bpa may have a range of adverse health effects, sparking the search for an environmentally safe way of disposing of waste plastic to avoid release of bpa. doble, ph. d., is a professor in the biotechnology department at the indian institute of technology madras in chennai, india. the scientists pretreated polycarbonate with ultraviolet light and heat and exposed it to three kinds of fungi — including the fabled white - rot fungus, used commercially for environmental remediation of the toughest pollutants. the scientists found that fungi grew better on pretreated plastic, using its bpa and other ingredients as a source of energy and breaking down the plastic. after 12 months, there was almost no decomposition of the untreated plastic, compared to substantial decomposition of the pretreated plastic, with no release of bpa.


no - take areas, herbivory and coral reef resilience hughes, terry p., bellwood, david r., folke, carl s., mccook, laurence j., and pandolfi, john m. ( 2007 ) no - take areas, herbivory and coral reef resilience. trends in ecology & evolution, 22 ( 1 ). pp. 1 - 3. | pdf ( published version ) - repository staff only - requires a pdf viewer such as gsview, xpdf or adobe acrobat reader | view at publisher website : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1016 / j. tree. 2006. 10... coral reefs worldwide are under threat from various anthropogenic factors, including overfishing and pollution. a new study by mumby et al. highlights the trophic relationships between humans, carnivorous and herbivorous fishes, and the potential role of no - take areas in maintaining vulnerable coral reef ecosystems. no - take areas, where fishing is prohibited, are vital tools for managing food webs, ecosystem function and the resilience of reefs, in a seascape setting that extends far beyond the boundaries of the reefs themselves. | item type : | | article ( refereed research - c1 ) | | keywords : | | coral reef ; no - take areas ; herbivory | | for codes : | | 06 biological sciences > 0602 ecology > 060205 marine and estuarine ecology ( incl marine ichthyology ) @ 100 % | | seo codes : | | 96 environment > 9605 ecosystem assessment and management > 960508 ecosystem assessment and management of mining environments @ 100 % | | deposited on : | | 20 jul 2009 14 : 11 | | last modified : | | 14 jun 2013 00 : 27 | last 12 months : 0 | citation counts with external providers : | | web of science : 23 | repository staff only : item control page


paul and the sacraments what is the role of the sacraments of baptism and the eucharist in the pauline concept of salvation? incorporation and union if for paul these two sacraments involve a believer ' s participation in the saving works of christ, what are the effects that they have in the life of the christian? the first effect is an incorporation into and union with jesus christ that leads to the transformation of the participant. in galatians 3 : 27, paul writes, " for as many of you as were baptized into christ have put on [ or " clothed yourselves with " ] christ. " a key point to note initially is that paul does not say " put on the lord ", but specifically " put on christ ". this is an important distinction. if paul had used jesus ' " divine " title of " lord, " he could be simply harkening to the overall redeeming action of god. instead, by evoking the title " christ, " he is specifically linking one ' s baptism with the work of the christ, i. e. his crucifixion for our sakes ( 13 ). this is what one " puts on " at his baptism. furthermore, this language of " putting on " or " clothing yourself with " christ evokes the imagery of the baptism ritual itself as practiced in the early church. when a convert was baptized, he first completely disrobed before his baptism, and then " put on " his clothes after his baptism ( 14 ). this imagery allowed the new christian to see that he had begun a completely new life, one that was now " in christ : " the disrobing represented a " death, " and re - clothing represented the new life ( 15 ). of course, the ritual of baptism itself, with its immersion into water and rising out again also powerfully evokes the dying / rising theme. all of this symbolism existed to emphasize the important theological point : that one begins a new life through baptism. but what is this " new life "? by reading romans 6 in its context, it is possible to see that to which paul is referring. in romans 5, paul is comparing adam and christ, and describing how adam ' s transgression brings about sin and death, but christ ' s " act of righteousness " leads to new life. the natural question then arises : how does one attach oneself to christ ' s act, and thus to new life? paul answers this in romans 6 : 4 - 5,


, but christ ' s " act of righteousness " leads to new life. the natural question then arises : how does one attach oneself to christ ' s act, and thus to new life? paul answers this in romans 6 : 4 - 5, when he writes, " we were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, so that as christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the father, we too might walk in newness of life. for if we have been united with him in a death like his, we shall certainly be united with him in a resurrection like his. " by dying with christ in baptism, we are incorporated into him, and thus are able to one day be incorporated into his resurrection ( 16 ). christ ' s " act of righteousness " which leads to new life now applies to the baptized believer. paul describes this incorporation as one of being baptized " into christ ( eis christon ) " ( rom 6 : 3, gal 3 : 27 ). this language " pregnantly expresses the movement towards christ that these initial experiences imply, the beginning of the christian ' s condition... torn from one ' s original condition, from one ' s natural inclinations, and from one ' s ethnic background, one is solemnly introduced ' into christ ' in faith and baptism. eis christon denotes, then, the movement of incorporation. " ( fitzmyer 1409 ). in the rite of baptism, the initiate was separated from his old state of existence. death to the old life is not the final goal ; new life in christ is. as paul writes in the letter to the colossians : " you were buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the working of god, who raised him from the dead. " ( col 2 : 12 ). baptism buries one with christ, but its ultimate purpose for the participant to be raised with christ to new life. this incorporation also occurs through the celebration of the lord ' s supper. in his first letter to the corinthians, paul urges his readers to " flee from idolatry " ( 1 cor 10 : 14 niv ). they need to remove themselves completely from the old life that they lived before their baptism. but he uses the imagery of the eucharist to remind them of why they should no longer live an idolatrous life : " the cup of blessing which we bless, is it not a participation ( koinonia ) in the blood of christ?


mention the words " reserve clause " in a crowded sports bar and within seconds the noise level will exceed 100 decibels as 12 guys try to tell you free agency is the root of all that ' s wrong with baseball while another 15 will say it ' s a man ' s right to earn his wages and sell his wares to the most willing buyer. the debate is endless ( and often times, scrutinized to the point of inanity ), but there ' s no doubting that the reserve clause is one of the most argued points in all of major league baseball history. when the first organized baseball leagues were forming in america, there were little profits to be made : owners had to stick it out for the long - term, and to do this meant cutting costs whenever and wherever possible. by far the most expensive aspect of operations was player salaries : supply and demand ensured the owners with the most money would have the best talent, thereby dominating the league and generating more attendance, leading to a spiraling economic gap in the league. to prevent this, in 1879 owners in the national league agreed to reserve 5 players on each of their teams. no other team would be allowed to sign or attempt to sign a reserved player. the agreement was kept secret at first, but soon its inner workings were revealed and it was added to the national league ' s constitution. players didn ' t complain at all - being made one of the five reserves was a badge of honor and worth. it is important to note that almost all of the talent within the league was local talent ; it was rare to see more than one or two trades throughout the year. in 1883, the american association and national league formed a coalition, and the number of reserved players increased to 11. in 1887, it was raised again to 14. since the roster was limited to 21, this meant 2 out of 3 players could not leave their current team. many players began to complain that they weren ' t being paid what they thought they were worth. john mongtomery ward, a first baseman for the baltimore team, complained : " like a fugitive slave law, the reserve rule denies him a harbor or a livelihood, and carries him back, bound and shackled, to the club from which he attempted to escape. " when players began quitting to join other upstart leagues ( most notably the players ' league, formed in 1890 ), the owners tried to invoke the reserve clauses, but court after court upheld the player ' s right, one of them even


players began quitting to join other upstart leagues ( most notably the players ' league, formed in 1890 ), the owners tried to invoke the reserve clauses, but court after court upheld the player ' s right, one of them even citing the thirteenth amendment, which barred involuntary servitude, as grounds for its decision. yet no one ever took the case to the supreme court, and the reserve clause remained a standard part of many players ' contracts. when curt flood was traded from the st. louis cardinals to the philadelphia phillies in 1970, he refused to report, instead suing major league baseball for antitrust violations. flood ' s case went all the way to the supreme court, and although he lost, the owners made it clear that they felt this issue should be handled via arbitration and collective bargaining. this would be the beginning of the end of any practical application of the reserve clause. in 1975, andy messersmith and dave mcnally both pitched without signing contracts, and then claimed they were free agents, since the reserve clause did not apply to them. major league baseball ' s arbitration panel, headed by peter seitz, oversaw the proceedings and ruled in favor of the players : they were free to sign with whoever they want. suddenly a bidding war emerged for messersmith ( he eventually signed with the atlanta braves for a $ 1 million " lifetime " contract ). a new agreement was signed between the owners and the players in 1976 which allowed players with 6 years of major league experience to declare free agency and seek arbitration. free agency blossomed, and today, many players peddle their wares to all teams, which occasionally lead to some very interesting bidding wars and contracts. of course, it is easy to argue that the balance of power shifted heavily from the owners to the players. some say this has ruined the game because players are greedy and don ' t care about the game as they used to ; others say that since the owners are running a business, they wouldn ' t pay the players what they do if they didn ' t feel it was a good business decision. whatever the case may be, the reserve clause ' s role in the financial history of major league baseball can ' t be denied. a minor interesting side note is that the national hockey league also used a reserve clause until 1972, when it switched over to the option clause favored by the national football league and the national basketball association ( which binds a player to his team for one more year after his contract expires ).


per ` i * od " ic (? ), a. [ pref. per - + iodic. ] chem. pertaining to, derived from, or designating, the highest oxygen acid ( hio ) of iodine. © webster 1913. pe ` ri * od " ic (? ), pe ` ri * od " ic * al (? ), a. [ l. periodicus, gr. : cf. f. p ' eriodique. ] of or pertaining to a period or periods, or to division by periods. the periodicaltimes of all the satellites. sir j. herschel. performed in a period, or regular revolution ; proceeding in a series of successive circuits ; as, the periodical motion of the planets round the sun. happening, by revolution, at a stated time ; returning regularly, after a certain period of time ; acting, happening, or appearing, at fixed intervals ; recurring ; as, periodical epidemics. the periodic return of a plant ' s flowering. to influence opinion through the periodical press. of or pertaining to a period ; constituting a complete sentence. periodic comet astron., a comet that moves about the sun in an elliptic orbit ; a comet that has been seen at two of its approaches to the sun. - - periodic function math., a function whose values recur at fixed intervals as the variable uniformly increases. the trigonomertic functions, as sin x, tan x, etc., are periodic functions. exponential functions are also periodic, having an imaginary period, and the elliptic functions have not only a real but an imaginary period, and are hence called doubly periodic. - - periodic law chem., the generalization that the properties of the chemical elements are periodic functions of their atomic wieghts. " in other words, if the elements are grouped in the order of their atomic weights, it will be found that nearly the same properties recur periodically throughout the entire series. " the following tabular arrangement of the atomic weights shows the regular recurrence of groups ( under i., ii., iii., iv., etc. ), each consisting of members of the same natural family. the gaps in the table indicate the probable existence of unknown elements. a similar relation had been enunciated in a crude way by newlands ; but the law in its effective form was developed and elaborated by mendelejeff, whence it is sometimes called mendelejeff


scientists studied 34 school - age children and young adults who had been diagnosed with autism early in life but now appeared to be functioning normally. tests confirmed that the group, aged eight to 21, no longer suffered symptoms of the developmental condition that makes it difficult to communicate and socialise. researchers led by deborah fein, from the university of connecticut, matched the 34 children by age, sex, and nonverbal iq with 44 kids with high - functioning autism, and 34 typically developing peers. participants ranged in age from 8 to 21 years old. prior studies had examined the possibility of a loss of diagnosis, but questions remained regarding the accuracy of the initial diagnosis, and whether children who ultimately appeared similar to their mainstream peers initially had a relatively mild form of autism. the results suggested that children in the optimal outcome group had milder social deficits than the high functioning autism group in early childhood, but had other symptoms, related to communication and repetitive behaviour, that were as severe as in the latter group. the investigators evaluated the current status of the children using standard cognitive and observational tests and parent questionnaires. " all children with asd are capable of making progress with intensive therapy, but with our current state of knowledge most do not achieve the kind of optimal outcome that we are studying, " said fein. " our hope is that further research will help us better understand the mechanisms of change so that each child can have the best possible life, " fein said in a statement. this study cannot provide information on what percentage of children diagnosed with asd might eventually lose the symptoms. analysis of those data may shed light on questions such as whether the changes in diagnosis resulted from a normalising of brain function, or if these children ' s brains were able to compensate for autism - related difficulties.


even when viewing the subject in the most objective way possible, it is clear that software, as a product, generally suffers from low quality. take for example a house built from scratch. usually, the house will function as it is supposed to. it will stand for many years to come, the roof will support heavy weather conditions, the doors and the windows will do their job, the foundations will not collapse even when the house is fully populated. sure, minor problemsdo occur, like a leaking faucet or a bad paint job, but these are not critical. software, on the other hand is much more susceptible to suffer from bad quality : unexpected crashes, erroneous behavior, miscellaneous bugs, etc. sure, there are many software projects and products which show high quality and are very reliable. but lots of software products do not fall in this category. take into consideration paradigms like tdd which its popularity is on the rise in the past few years. why is this? why do people have to fear that their software will not work or crash? ( do you walk into a house fearing its foundations will collapse? ) why is software - subjectively - so full of bugs? - modern software engineering has existed for only a few decades, a small time period compared to other forms of engineering / production. - software is very complicated with layers upon layers of complexity, integrating them all is not trivial. - software development is relatively easy to start with, anyone can write a simple program on his pc, which leads to amateur software leaking into the market. - tight budgets and timeframes do not allow complete and high quality development and extensive testing. how do you explain this issue, and do you see software quality advancing in the near future?


several substances inhibiting so - called hdac enzymes have been studied in trials searching for new anti - cancer drugs in recent years. “ trials have shown that hdac inhibitors are very effective in arresting growth of cultured cancer cells. but apart from a very rare type of lymphoma, these drugs unfortunately do not clinically affect malignant tumors, ” says prof. dr. olaf witt, who heads a research department at german cancer research center ( dkfz ) and is pediatrician at the center for child and adolescent medicine of heidelberg university hospital. hdac11 is a novel drug target in carcinomas is published in the international journal of cancer. in the cell, histone deacetylases ( hdac ) are responsible for removing small chemical tags called acetyl groups from histone proteins. histones serve as coils the genetic material wraps around in the nucleus. the presence or absence of acetyl tags determines where genetic material is accessible and can get transcribed. now this is where witt and his colleagues suspect the reason for the problems in clinical application of hdac inhibitors. currently available substances equally block all members of the large family of hdac enzymes. thus, they interfere with vital cellular functions and also harm healthy cells. this can lead to severe side effects preventing their administration at a sufficient dosage. searching for a solution to this dilemma, witt ’ s team came across a member of the hdac family, hdac11, which was identified only recently. the researchers could show that many cancer cells, including cells of breast, liver and renal cancers, produce extraordinary high levels of hdac11. this has not been observed in healthy cells, and hardly any specific functions of hdac11 are known there. “ it therefore seemed obvious that a specific hdac11 inhibitor would specifically target tumor cells, where this enzyme appears to play a critical role, ” says dr. hedwig deubzer, first author of the article. as there are no specific hdac11 inhibitors available yet, the team took a different approach to verify their hypothesis. using molecular techniques, they turned off production of hdac11 in breast, colon, prostate and ovarian cancer cell lines and likewise in control cells of healthy tissues. the result : cancer cells without hdac11 were impaired in viability and more often underwent cell death ( apoptosis ). by contrast, loss of hdac11 did not cause any noticeable changes in normal cells. “ the result suggests that selective blocking of hdac11 would


what is rss? rss, or really simple syndication, is an easy way to get the news you want whenever it is updated, even if you are not on the financial management service website. rss enables users to quickly scan the website for frequently changing contents. rss uses an xml - based structure. users can subscribe to feeds through a program called a news reader or aggregator. there are many such news readers or aggregators available, and they can be found in many locations on the world wide web. you can find news readers by searching places like the dmoz open directory project, feed readers and news aggregators, or by using search engines such as how do i subscribe to a feed? for newer browsers such as mozilla ' s firefox 2. 0 and internet explorer 7. 0, with built - in news reader, simply select " subscribe to this feed " to add to the browser ' s feeds. for internet explorer 6. 0 and earlier browsers, stand alone news readers such as active web reader has components that can be added to automatically discover news feeds on a web page. simply select the news feeds you want and add them to the news reader. you can also use any available web - based news readers such as or any of the stand alone news readers like active web reader, once you have a news reader, the next step is to subscribe to a feed. different rss readers provide varying methods for subscribing to feeds, but the following instructions typically work for most readers : a small button will be used to indicate the presence of a feed. click on the button, or the accompanying link. most browsers will display the xml source code. copy the xml ' s url from your browser ' s address bar into the " add new feed " portion of your news reader. the feed should now show up in your news reader. what feeds are available from financial management service? financial management service currently offers rss feeds of : what version of rss do you use? at the present time financial management service feeds use the rss 2. 0 specification. the feeds give the page title, description and link in a fixed format for the latest feeds. why is the logo on the page? the logo is currently in use across the internet to indicate to users that rss feeds are available from the site. xml stands for extensible markup language, and is the basic language of the rss technology. what rss reader do you recommend? while financial management


i am writing about the lessons from auschwitz project again today because i learned this from an article that was published by the jewish chronicle online on feb. 17, 2012 : before the nazis came, jews accounted for almost two - thirds of oswiecim ’ s then 12, 000 population. not a single jew lives there now. a student who has taken a trip sponsored by the lessons from auschwitz project commented on a previous post on my blog, disputing my statement that there is currently no jewish community in oswiecim. this quote is also from the article in the jc online website : a disbelieving hush descends on the home counties sixth - formers touring the auschwitz memorial and museum as they enter a room housing a mountainous display of human hair – equivalent to that shorn from 40, 000 women, their polish guide explains quietly. what else did the polish guide explain quietly to the students? maybe she said something like this : notice that the hair is decomposing. human hair does not decompose. this hair has been treated with chemicals to kill any lice that may have been in the hair. the hair was shorn from the heads of all the prisoners, women and men alike, the moment that they arrived at auschwitz, so as not to bring in lice that spreads typhus. in spite of all the precautions that were taken by the germans, there were two typhus epidemics at the birkenau camp which caused thousands of deaths. but it was nothing like the epidemic during world war i, in which 4 million people died from typhus in poland. did the polish guide really say that to the students? no, of course not. students are led to believe that the hair was shorn from the women in order to humiliate them and to obtain hair that the germans could use to make cloth. this quote is from the jc online article : the 183 students and two dozen teachers are halfway through a day trip organised by the holocaust educational trust as part of its lessons from auschwitz project. on the preceding sunday, they had gathered in london to hear an emotive address from survivor susan pollack, whose extended family was all but wiped out in the holocaust. [... ] the latest group takes participation in lessons from auschwitz beyond the 15, 000 mark. the final elements of the programme – which is supported by the government and the welsh and scottish administrations – are a post - trip seminar and taking what they have learned into their schools and beyond. i googled susan pollack and


15, 000 mark. the final elements of the programme – which is supported by the government and the welsh and scottish administrations – are a post - trip seminar and taking what they have learned into their schools and beyond. i googled susan pollack and found this website which gives the story of susan pollack : the family was first held in the vac ghetto and monor internment camp before moving, in may 1944, to auschwitz, in the last transport of hungarians. “ day after day in a dark, closed wagon, no hygiene, no food or water, people dying. there was not a breath of fresh air. ’ [... ] susan was transferred to the gubben slave labour camp and finally force - marched to bergen - belsen in the winter of 1944 - 45. “ on liberation, i was virtually a corpse, unable to walk, and would soon have died. ” note that susan pollack was taken to auschwitz - birkenau and then transferred. birkenau was a transit camp, as well as a death camp. that explains why there are so many holocaust survivors alive today. there was a typhus epidemic at bergen - belsen in the last months of the war and susan may have been “ virtually a corpse ” because she had typhus.


an abscess is a collection of pus in any part of the body that, in most cases, causes swelling and inflammation around it. abscesses occur when an area of tissue becomes infected and the body ' s immune system tries to fight it. white blood cells move through the walls of the blood vessels into the area of the infection and collect in the damaged tissue. during this process, pus forms. pus is the buildup of fluid, living and dead white blood cells, dead tissue, and bacteria or other foreign substances. abscesses can form in almost any part of the body. the skin, under the skin, and the teeth are the most common sites. abscesses may be caused by bacteria, parasites, and foreign substances. abscesses in the skin are easy to see. they are red, raised, and painful. abscesses in other areas of the body may not be seen, but they may cause organ damage. types of abscesses include : often, a sample of fluid will be taken from the abscess and tested to see what type of germ is causing the problem. treatment varies, but often surgery, antibiotics, or both are needed. call your health care provider if you think that you may have any type of abscess. preventing abscesses depends on where they develop. for example, good hygiene can help prevent skin abscesses. dental hygiene and routine care will prevent tooth abscesses. bolognia j. infections, hyper - and hypopigmentation, regional dermatology, and distinctive lesions in black skin. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 449.


group 7 - kodak disposable camera the product is a kodak - made disposable camera. the camera is constructed of primarily injection molded abs plastic components. how it works the camera is comprised of three assemblies ; the casing / frame, the actual camera mechanics, and the flash and corresponding circuit. operation is described from the " loaded " position, or one where all necessary provisions are made in order to take a picture with the depression of the shutter button. once the shutter button is depressed, it makes contact with the shutter lever. this contact causes the shutter to cycle, or rotate about a pin on the center chassis, and quickly return to its initial position due to the force imparted by the shutter spring. this rapid movement of the shutter allows light from the desired image to pass through the lens and create an image on the film. at this point, the picture has been taken. here the camera must be reset to take the next picture. once the shutter lever has been tripped, it also unlocks the lock on the film advancing reel. the operator must turn the winding wheel. the wheel turns, winding the film around the slotted film post. this advances the film to the next frame, as well as rotates the pictures remaining wheel. the wheel will turn until the shutter lever is reset, and then will stop, telling the user the camera is prepared to take the next shot. operating in parallel with the mechanical assembly is the flash assembly. it is a relatively simple circuit, comprised of the printed circuit board ( pcb ), flash, button, light emitting diode ( led ), battery, resistor, and capacitor. when the button is depressed, the circuit is closed, and charge flows from the battery to the capacitor. when the capacitor is fully charged, the led turns on, indicating the capacitor is charged to the operator. when the shutter button is depressed, the capacitor is discharged through the flash, illuminating the desired object. the button must be depressed once again to recharge the capacitor. the last assembly, the casing / frame is purely physical. it is comprised of three parts, the central chassis, and front and back covers. the central chassis holds the mechanical parts in place, as well as the pcb. this chassis then snaps into the front and rear covers which protect the internal parts. disassembly is relatively simple. thanks to the use of plastic tabs in place of traditional fasteners


most government accounting terms are a bit more obscure than people tend to use in their day - to - day life. chances are, if you ’ ve had to discuss taxes or another financial matter with a government accountant, by the time the conversation was over you were left feeling like your head was spinning trying to grasp exactly what the accountant was talking about. just listening to a budget plan put forth by a government accountant can confuse some people, and many simply don ’ t understand the terminology that government accountants use. below is a brief explanation of some of the most commonly used government accounting terms. most of the time when people consider a year ’ s time, they automatically think of january 1st to december 31st. however, if you ’ ve heard the term “ fiscal year ” in a budget plan during a budget meeting, this accounting term refers to the 1 year period designated by the government to be their full budget year. the federal government operates on a fiscal year that begins october 1st and ends on september 31th. most state and local governments operate on a fiscal year basis beginning on july 1st and ending on june 30th, but this is not a mandated time frame. general fund is another of the accounting terms used by the government which you should know. the general fund is the allotment of funds designated to cover a government jurisdiction ’ s primary costs. items typically sustained by the use of the general fund include : salary payments for public employees typically come from the general fund, as this fund usually covers all of the financial resources that are not itemized on separate accounts. this is the term used by government accounting systems to describe the amount of monies available for all of the jurisdiction ’ s functions. in major government systems, this will also include any taxes and / or user fees the government may incorporate as a means of funding certain programs or facilities. expenditures are basically the opposite of revenues. expenditures represent the money going out from the government to pay for the services or functions and facilities the government provides for its jurisdiction. in cases of major local government systems, expenditures will generally include government employee salaries or pay wages, any cost for maintenance of equipment used in provided services, and any rent or lease costs for any facilities the government does not readily own. some spending is mandated by law, with minimum and maximum amounts of the spending included as part of the law. an example of mandatory spending at the federal level is the money paid to retirees for social security. other spending, which is not identified as mandatory spending, is referred to as discretionary spending. when budget cuts are


included as part of the law. an example of mandatory spending at the federal level is the money paid to retirees for social security. other spending, which is not identified as mandatory spending, is referred to as discretionary spending. when budget cuts are made, they are usually most felt in discretionary spending such as federal aid programs. earmarking typically means to designate in the law a specific amount of money which will be used for a specific purpose. generally, if a government ’ s revenues are greater than the expenditures for that jurisdiction within a determined amount of time, which in most cases is a fiscal year, this is considered a surplus. this surplus, in most cases, should cause an increase in the general fund balance for that jurisdiction at the end of that fiscal year. a shortfall occurs when a government ’ s expenditures are greater than the jurisdiction ’ s revenues for that particular fiscal year. in most cases if a shortfall occurs, the difference is generally made up out of the available fund balance, or the unreserved fund balance. when a government proceeds to transfer funds from one entity to another within that same jurisdiction, this is referred to as an interfund transfer. this is a common occurrence, as larger local government systems often need to move money from one funding system to another. thus, this process may deplete a balance for general funds, while increasing the balance of a different government function. so, from now on when you are attending a local government budget meeting and begin hearing these accounting terms being repeated through the conversation, you should have a much better grasp on what exactly is being said, and where your tax money is being allocated.


conservationists tend to think of wildlife sanctuaries as the most beneficial possible use for a given piece of land, for air, water and endangered species alike. but what if there is a competing claim from an endangered culture? as i write in the times, that ’ s the situation in an area of coastal georgia called harris neck, a lovely maritime forest surrounded by marsh that was once home to a self - sufficient gullah / geechee community. the gullah / geechee are descendants of west african slaves with highly valued rice - growing skills. after the civil war, gullah families stayed on the barrier islands and coastal lands of georgia and nearby states, where isolation helped preserve their distinctive ways of speaking, cooking, boat - building, basket - weaving and storytelling. in the late 1990s, in fact, anthropologists introduced mary moran, a former resident of harris neck, to villagers in sierra leone who sang the same mende song that ms. moran remembered hearing her mother sing. in 1942, residents were forced out by the federal government, who condemned the land for use as an air base. it later became the harris neck national wildlife refuge. meanwhile, the advent of air - conditioning and mosquito repellent, which opened the lush coastal areas to development, encroaching on both wildlife habitat and gullah communities. attempts to preserve gullah culture have largely been limited to oral history projects, festivals and museum displays. but harris neck residents dreamed that they could go that one better : live where they used to live and fish where they used to fish. the harris neck land trust, formed to help the former residents and their descendants reclaim the land, says its plans include limited development, alternative energy, gray water recycling and other methods of minimizing human impact and keeping wildlife happy. that leaves environmental advocates like deborah sheppard, the executive director of altamaha riverkeeper, in a difficult position. “ we ’ re damned if we do and damned if we don ’ t, ” she said. “ i ’ d like to see both sides win. ”


one of blog writer in " chemistry blog " namely azmanam in his recent blog article entitled " how to succeed in organic chemistry ", has listed out some interesting points and called them as 6 truths of organic chemistry, which every organic chemistry student must remember, are as follows. 1 ) approach unknown reactions just like you should approach all reactions – identify nucleophile ( s ) – identify electrophile ( s ) – nucleophiles attack electrophiles 2 ) weaker acid wins – in and acid / base equilibrium, the equilibrium favors the side of the arrow with the weaker acid ( the compound with the higher pka ) 3 ) mind your charges – make sure the net charge of all compounds is consistent throughout a mechanism 4 ) the 2nd best rule – the 2nd best resonance structure usually defines a functional group ’ s reactivity 5 ) when in doubt : number your carbons! – when coupling 2 molecules, if it not readily obvious where the various atoms go in the product, number the carbon atoms in the starting material and map those numbers on to the product. 6 ) carbonyls : the code – there are only 3 elementary steps in a carbonyl addition mechanism. 1 ) proton transfer ( always reversible ) 2 ) nucleophilic addition to a carbonyl ( electrons go up onto oxygen ) 3 ) electrons collapse down from oxygen ( and kick out a good leaving group ) the steps can be in any order and repeated, but those are the only 3 steps needed for addition to acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters, and carboxylic acids ( including aldol and claisen reactions ).


- european approval of gene therapy would be a first - ' polypill ' could slash heart attack, stroke rates : study here are some of the latest health and medical news developments, compiled by the editors of healthday : european approval of gene therapy would be a first a gene therapy called glybera should be approved to treat a rare genetic disease called lipoprotein lipase deficiency, the european medicine agency has recommended. if the european commission follows the agency ' s advice, glybera would become the first gene therapy to be approved in the western world, the new york times reported. the approval could give a much - needed boost to the struggling field of gene therapy after more than two decades of failed expectations. glybera was developed by the dutch company uniquire. lipoprotein lipase deficiency affects only several hundred people in the european union and a similar number in north america. the disease is caused by a genetic mutation that prevents people from producing an enzyme required to break down certain fat - carrying particles that circulate in the bloodstream after meals, the times reported. ' polypill ' could slash heart attack, stroke rates : study a " polypill " that combines a cholesterol - lowering statin drug and three blood pressure drugs reduced patients ' " bad " ldl cholesterol by 39 percent and their blood pressure by 12 percent, according to a new study. the u. k. researchers said the pill could prevent a huge number of heart attacks and strokes each year and called for regulators to make the pill available to patients " as a matter of urgency, " bbc new reported. " the health implications of our results are large, " dr. david wald of queen mary, university of london, said. " if people took the polypill from age 50, an estimated 28 percent would benefit by avoiding or delaying a heart attack or stroke during their lifetime. " if half of the people over age 50 in the u. k. took the polypill daily, there would be 94, 000 fewer heart attacks and strokes each year, according to the researchers. the results from the study of 84 people over the age of 50 were published in the journal plos one. while the pill ' s potential is interesting, medicines are not a substitute for healthy lifestyle habits such as exercise, good nutrition and not smoking, natasha stewart, senior cardiac nurse at the british heart foundation, told bbc news. copyright © 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.


disseminated intravascular coagulation ( dic ) is a problem with how your blood clots. dic causes blood clots to form in small blood vessels. these clots can slow or block the flow of blood through these vessels. the organs and tissue that rely on this blood flow can then be damaged. blood clots are made of platelets and clotting factors. the blood clots caused by dic decrease the body ' s platelets and clotting factor. this could lead to bleeding in other areas of the body. dic may be acute or chronic. acute dic develops over a few hours or days. i can quickly lead to bleeding problems. chronic dic can develop over months. it is most often caused by cancer. chronic dic develops blood clots but rarely leads to bleeding problems. dic is a life - threatening condition that must be treated right away. dic is caused by other medical conditions or injuries. the trauma or inflammation caused by these conditions stimulates changes in the blood clotting process. dic can also be caused by toxin from a poisonous snakes but this cause is rare. factors that may increase your chance of dic include : symptoms of dic can vary because the blood clots can occur throughout the body. clots in the : bleeding is often the first sign in acute dic. signs of bleeding include : if you have bleeding that does not stop or unexplained bleeding get emergency care. your doctor will ask about symptoms and medical history. blood test will also be done to look for abnormal levels of clotting factors and platelets. the underlying cause of dic will need to be identified and treated. these treatments will vary by conditions. to help manage the dic itself your doctor may recommend : prompt treatment for any of the conditions associated with dic may reduce your risk for dic. american medical association national heart, lung, and blood institute disseminated intravascular coagulation ( dic ). national heart lung and blood institute website. available at : http : / / www. nhlbi. nih. gov / health / health - topics / topics / dic /. updated november 2, 2011. accessed april 10, 2013. disseminated intravascular coagulation ( dic ). ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php. updated february 13, 2013. accessed march


a new university of illinois study shows that tomatoes and broccoli - - two vegetables known for their cancer - fighting qualities - - are better at shrinking prostate tumors when both are part of the daily diet than when they ' re eaten alone. " when tomatoes and broccoli are eaten together, we see an additive effect. we think it ' s because different bioactive compounds in each food work on different anti - cancer pathways, " said university of illinois food science and human nutrition professor john erdman. in a study published in the january 15 issue of cancer research, erdman and doctoral candidate kirstie canene - adams fed a diet containing 10 percent tomato powder and 10 percent broccoli powder to laboratory rats that had been implanted with prostate cancer cells. the powders were made from whole foods so the effects of eating the entire vegetable could be compared with consuming individual parts of them as a nutritional supplement. other rats in the study received either tomato or broccoli powder alone ; or a supplemental dose of lycopene, the red pigment in tomatoes thought to be the effective cancer - preventive agent in tomatoes ; or finasteride, a drug prescribed for men with enlarged prostates. another group of rats was castrated. after 22 weeks, the tumors were weighed. the tomato / broccoli combo outperformed all other diets in shrinking prostate tumors. biopsies of tumors were evaluated at the ohio state university, confirming that tumor cells in the tomato / broccoli - fed rats were not proliferating as rapidly. the only treatment that approached the tomato / broccoli diet ' s level of effectiveness was castration, said erdman. " as nutritionists, it was very exciting to compare this drastic surgery to diet and see that tumor reduction was similar. older men with slow - growing prostate cancer who have chosen watchful waiting over chemotherapy and radiation should seriously consider altering their diets to include more tomatoes and broccoli, " said canene - adams. how much tomato and broccoli should a 55 - year - old man concerned about prostate health eat in order to receive these benefits? the scientists did some conversions. " to get these effects, men should consume daily 1. 4 cups of raw broccoli and 2. 5 cups of fresh tomato, or 1 cup of tomato sauce, or ½ cup of tomato paste. i think it ' s very doable for a man to eat a cup and a half of broccoli per day or put broccoli on a pizza with ½