tomato, or 1 cup of tomato sauce, or ½ cup of tomato paste. i think it ' s very doable for a man to eat a cup and a half of broccoli per day or put broccoli on a pizza with ½ cup of tomato paste, " said canene - adams. erdman said the study showed that eating whole foods is better than consuming their components. " it ' s better to eat tomatoes than to take a lycopene supplement, " he said. " and cooked tomatoes may be better than raw tomatoes. chopping and heating make the cancer - fighting constituents of tomatoes and broccoli more bioavailable. " " when tomatoes are cooked, for example, the water is removed and the healthful parts become more concentrated. that doesn ' t mean you should stay away from fresh produce. the lesson here, i think, is to eat a variety of fruits and vegetables prepared in a variety of ways, " canene - adams added. another recent erdman study shows that rats fed the tomato carotenoids phytofluene, lycopene, or a diet containing 10 percent tomato powder for four days had significantly reduced testosterone levels. " most prostate cancer is hormone - sensitive, and reducing testosterone levels may be another way that eating tomatoes reduces prostate cancer growth, " erdman said. erdman said the tomato / broccoli study was a natural to be carried out at illinois because of the pioneering work his colleague elizabeth jeffery has done on the cancer - fighting agents found in broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables. jeffery has discovered sulfur compounds in broccoli that enhance certain enzymes in the human body, which then act to degrade carcinogens. " for ten years, i ' ve been learning how the phytochemicals in tomatoes affect the progression of prostate cancer. meanwhile dr. jeffery has been investigating the ways in which the healthful effects of broccoli are produced. teaming up to see how these vegetables worked together just made sense and certainly contributes to our knowledge about dietary treatments for prostate cancer, " said erdman.


people are often difficult to sleep or less sleep, have a high risk of various diseases. not only fatigue the next day, lack of sleep can lead to diseases that are life - threatening. here are some diseases that need to be aware when you are sleep deprived, as reported by the prevention : 1. heart disease in a 2010 study published in the journal sleep, researchers at west virginia university school of medicine reviewed data from 30 397 people who participated in the 2005 national health interview study. researchers found that people who sleep less than 7 hours a night had an increased risk of heart disease. in particular, women under 60 years who slept 5 hours or less each night, have twice the risk for developing heart disease. based on a study in the journal diabetes in 2011, researchers from the university of chicago and northwestern university found people with type 2 diabetes who sleep less at night have a level of 9 percent higher glucose, insulin levels 30 percent higher and insulin resistance rates 43 percent higher. diabetic patients with insomnia even worse condition, glucose levels can be 23 percent higher, rate 48 percent higher insulin and insulin resistance rates 82 percent higher than diabetics who do not have insomnia. 3. breast cancer researchers at tohoku university graduate school of medicine in sendai, japan, studied data from nearly 24, 000 women age 40 to 79 years and know that women who slept less than 6 hours a night have a 62 percent higher risk for breast cancer. 4. problems in the urinary tract in findings presented at the american urological association, researchers at the new england research institutes in watertown, ma, reviewed data from 4145 middle - aged men and women. the result, five years experience restless sleep or too little ( less than 5 hours per night ) could increase 80 to 90 percent risk of a woman waking up at night to urinate ( nocturia ) or become wet. researchers theorize that sleep deprivation causes inflammation, which in turn can cause problems in the urinary tract. 5. colon cancer in a study published in 1240 people in 2011, researchers from case western university found that people who sleep less than 6 hours per night, 47 percent higher risk of having colorectal polyps, which can become cancerous, than people who have at least 7 hours of sleep hours. a 10 - year study of 16, 000 people by researchers at the university of copenhagen link between sleep deprivation and increased risk of death. the result, it follows that men who reported poor sleep, especially those under 45 years


the fundamental appeal of the saloon to its working - class customers was social and recreational. the saloonkeeper presided over and fostered an atmosphere of good - hearted, informal socializing, in part by supplying jokes and stories. for those whose own supply of humor ran low, the a. v. newton ’ s saloon keeper ’ s companion provided bar owners with about fifty pages of assorted jokes and stories with which to amuse their customers. the jokes most often ridiculed hypocritical temperance advocates, dishonest police and politicians, unsophisticated and easily fooled clergy and church - goers, and stupid or pompous judges. included here are two brief excerpts from the saloon keeper ’ s companion. the first, “ the use of slander, ” expressed a cynical view of politicians that seems remarkably contemporary. the second, “ farmer and the crow, ” wryly satirized the bartender ’ s own profession. it also seems likely that bawdier, masculine humor circulated through nineteenth - century saloons, but genteel conventions probably prevented authors like a. v. newton from publishing such jokes and stories. " farmer and the crow " : the saloon keeper ’ s joke on himself a farmer, who was pestered with crows, hit upon the plan of soaking some corn in whiskey and placing it in the field so that the crows would get drunk, and then he could easily close on them. after soaking some corn all night, he put a bountiful supply in the field the next morning, and in about two hours he went to see how things were progressing, and mark what followed. one old crow, a little larger than the rest, had gathered up and taken possession of all the soaked corn, and had built a himself a bar out of some clods of earth, and was retailing the whiskey - soaked corn to the other crows, charging them three grains of sprouted corn for one soaked grain. he hadn ’ t the gall to kill creatures that acted so much like human beings. " the uses of slander " : the saloon keeper satirizes the politician slander is often beneficial to the victim, particularly when the victim is a candidate for congress. we recollect a case in point. a man somewhere out west, “ got sent to washington. ” he was totally unqualified in every respect, for the position. a friend at washington once asked him : “ how the deuce did you manage to get elected? ” “ i stole a pig. ” “ hey?


sent to washington. ” he was totally unqualified in every respect, for the position. a friend at washington once asked him : “ how the deuce did you manage to get elected? ” “ i stole a pig. ” “ hey? — what? — how? — is stealing pigs a qualification to congress? ” " no ; but as soon as it was known the papers on the other side took it up, and of course ourn had to defend me. a great noise was made about it — we called it an attempt to destroy the spotless reputation of an innocent man for party purposes — the people got roused and i got in. " at the next election his opponent was elected. his friend meeting him one day, asked how it happened. “ oh! blast the feller! ” he replied, " he smelt the rat, and got the start of me. he stole a sheep! " but it is not necessary to be absolutely slandered for vices. congressional honors may occasionally be achieved by a reputation for comparatively trifling defects, or even a lack of accomplishments. we remember a well known congressman, equally celebrated for his fastness and his talent, who, after being considerably used up on several games of billiards, was roundly told that “ he might be a smart man but one thing was certain — he hadn ’ t been sent to congress for his playing. ” “ that ’ s whar you ’ re all wrong, ” he responded, in a cool drawl. “ it was just that elected me, and nothing else! ” “ losing at billiards? ” " yes, i always lost every game ; everybody wanted to play with me, and i let ' em! that made me very popular. sometimes it cost me a hundred dollars a day — but i got elected! " source : a. v. newton, the saloon keeper ’ s companion, and book of reference, ( worcester, mass. : west and lee game and printing co. 1875 ), 25 – 27.


this crayola glow board is a really unique toy. are you looking for simple instructions on how the glow board works? here ’ s a neat video from crayola. as you can see it lets kids create artwork on the drawing surface of the glow board. it comes with six neon markers with special ink that allow the drawing to glow in the dark. kids just wipe the surface with a damp paper towel and rewrite over and over again on the surface. there are so many crayola products that its actually quite confusing as to which product is which. this particular toy is the crayola color explosion glow board! crayola glow board has these neat features - the board has two see through drawing surfaces. - once kids are finished their drawing the surface lights inside the glow board can be turned on. the ink will glow sort of like a neon light. - the glow board light can flash between the two layers, creating animated art and a 3d effect. - the markers provided are blue, red, green, pink and orange and have medium tips for more control over the pens. - it ' s recommended for children over the age of six but some parents mention that their three year old is having fun playing with it. - it takes three " triple a " batteries to work. - it comes with the built in easel on the back so a child can stand it up to display their “ work of art ”! - there are slots to store the markers. - keep kids entertained while traveling. when it gets dark out they can still see their glow board. - it really stimulates kids ’ imagination. - wipe off screen and kids can draw over and over again. - very kid friendly website at crayola. com. they have a neat little [ tags ] crayola - glow - board [ / tags ] program where kids can make their own two frame drawing. they can print them out and trace them on the glow board. - one lady mentioned that all her kids age 3 and 11 year were having fun with this. so obviously it looks like it ’ s good fun for a wide age range of kids. - drawing surface scratches very easily. - it ’ s sometimes hard for kids to see what they ’ re drawing because the markers don ' t show up well unless the scene is lit up with the light. - some reports of markers being very dry, small in size and not lasting long. the crayola site mentions that it ’ s really important to only use a damp paper towel to wipe the


well unless the scene is lit up with the light. - some reports of markers being very dry, small in size and not lasting long. the crayola site mentions that it ’ s really important to only use a damp paper towel to wipe the board off. one lady mentioned that she ended up scratching her board by scrubbing a soft tissue to get the design off. also baby wipes will leave a residue. so even when you are traveling with the board bring some damp paper towels in a zip lock bag to wipe it. any alternative to that will scratch the board or not clean it well. it might be a good idea to get some back up markers as well because a lot of parents say they don ’ t last. the directions warn you that the markers dry out much faster than regular markers if you leave the caps off. they also recommend storing them in a ziploc bag. the crayola glow board has some fans! the majority of parents say its super fun for their kids and a very unique toy. overall most parents mentioned that they are satisfied with it and were willing to overlook the negative points. not only is it fun, but it encourages artistic creativity. it offers a different dimension to their art and the glow effect is very cool. hey guess what?? now your kids can have creative fun with bath bubbles! here ' s a bath blizzard review!


when small bits make a big difference : fertilizer microdosing in drylands icrisat - hope project scientists are promoting the use of microdosing techniques to farmers in the semi - arid areas where most soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorous. this soil deficiency results in very low crop productivity and food insecurity due to the soil infertility and unreliable rains. microdosing is a method of fertilizer application that involves the use of small amounts of fertilizers at planting or after emergence of the crop to boost nutrient uptake and productivity. “ it involves the use of small doses of fertilizer, normally one sixth or less of the quantities used in the developed world, ” says dr said silim, principal investigator, icrisat - hope project. the technique allows resource poor farmers to apply small, affordable and efficient amounts of fertilizer to their impoverished land for improved soil health and crop production. the fertilizer is placed next to the crop resulting in better utilization. majority of farmers is the drylands are poor, risk averse and cannot afford to purchase the conventional recommended fertilizer quantities. “ in the drylands, the likelihood of crop failure is high and the people in those areas are poor. using small quantities of fertilizer or microdosing is affordable to poor farmers and gives crops a quick start, ” adds dr silim. the microdosing techniques will therefore drastically reduce the amount and cost of fertilizer used by the dryland farmers and at the same time increase soil fertility. “ icrisat has tested this technique in a number of countries in africa to determine which type of fertilizer and quantities to use, and then tested them on - farm, ” says dr silim. in kenya, a system was initiated to supply small packs of fertilizer to small - scale farmers so as to create fertilizer demand. “ we started working with agro - dealers and fertilizer companies to pack the right type of fertilizer in 1 - 10 kg packs, ” adds dr silim. the initiative has yielded good results because demand for fertilizer was created. micro - dosed crops perform better under drought conditions, especially with early season moisture availability. they develop a large root system capable of absorbing water and required nutrients contained in the fertilizer that help to hasten crop maturity and escape late season drought. picture courtesy icrisat


horticulture and the overview of the aquaponic system. it is combination of a aquaculture fish tank and a hydroponic trough growing system. the bioreactor removes toxic levels of ammonia. instead of pumping water directly out of the fish tank into the bioreactor, the water in collected in pump tank ( a holding tank with a water pump ), then pumped into the bioreactor ; this facilitates settling and removal of solid fish waste. | | 80 gallon fish tank | | the fish tank is connected to a holding tank by a pipe at the a water pump in the holding tank pumps the water up into the the bioreactor has return drain at the bottom. valves can be used to divert the water back into the fish tank or to the hydroponic troughs. | the bioreactor is a bed of small gravel in a shallow the water from the holding tank is distributed across the surface of the bioreactor by pvc pipe with holes drilled in the bottom side. in the bioreactor are two rushes and young chinese water spinach plants ( kang kong ). the plants are not necessary for the bioreactor, but it makes an excellent hydroponic growing bed. the plants absorb the extra nitrate nitrogen for their growth. | there are about 40 tilapia in the 80 gallons fish tank. are a tropical fish that can only survive in warm water. they are which means they raise their young in their mouths. all the fish have been hormonally treated to be male, because male fish grow the water has to be kept in the 80s and 90s for the fish to the fish are fed twice per day with a tilapia food. the feeding rate is 5 % of their body weight daily. the ammonia level is monitored in the fish tank. when nitrogen approaches toxic levels ( 2 ppm nh3 - n ) some of the water is water ph must be adjusted. the nitrifying bacteria in the bioreactor do an excellent job of keeping the ammonia levels low.


the eve of st agnes is a stained glass masterpiece designed and made by the great irish artist harry clarke. a new book harry clarke the eve of st agnes by jessica o ' donnell is on sale in the gallery bookshop, tel. 8734216. this fully illustrated book looks at each magificent panel and relates the window closely to john keats ' s poem. to the right here you can download for free some suggested art activities for children related to the window. about harry clarke ( 1889 - 1931 ) harry clarke was born in dublin on 17 march 1889. his father, joshua clarke, was a stained glass maker and church decorator. as a young boy, harry clarke worked in his father ’ s stained glass studio which was at the back of their house at 33 north frederick street. working for his father instilled in harry the importance of good craftsmanship. harry clarke went to school at belvedere college, a short distance from their house, but left in 1905, shortly after the death of his beloved mother brigid. he continued to work as an apprentice in his father ’ s studio while he was a student at the metropolitan school of art in dublin. he was a talented and hard - working student and won scholarships which enabled him to study full - time at the art college. the scholarships also meant he could travel to france and england to see the magnificent stained glass windows in the medieval churches there. he entered competitions at the south kensington school of art and design in london and won gold medals for the stained glass designs he submitted. following his studies, harry clarke worked as a book illustrator for the london publisher harrap and was highly praised for his drawings for edgar allan poe ’ s tales of mystery and imagination and for goethe ’ s faust. harry clarke loved reading and going to the theatre and much of his art is inspired by great plays, fairy tales and legends. he especially loved stories that were fantastical, strange and wonderful. between 1915 and 1917 harry clarke made eleven stained glass windows for the honan chapel at university college, cork and from then on he received many important commissions for his stained glass work. he worked constantly, often late into the night. around 1929 he became very ill and was diagnosed with tuberculosis ( tb ), a disease of the lungs. he went to switzerland for treatment and rest. however, two years later, on 6 january 1931, on the way home from switzerland to ireland, harry clarke died from his disease at the young age of forty - one. the eve of st agnes by harry


went to switzerland for treatment and rest. however, two years later, on 6 january 1931, on the way home from switzerland to ireland, harry clarke died from his disease at the young age of forty - one. the eve of st agnes by harry clarke in april 1923 a mr harold jacob asked harry clarke to design a stained glass window for the landing of his father ’ s house in ailesbury road in dublin. harold jacob was the owner of the famous jacob ’ s biscuit factory. stained glass was usually associated with religious art in churches so it was an exciting commission to make a window for someone ’ s house. harold jacob suggested that ‘ night and morning ’ or ‘ summer and winter ’ might be good subjects for the window. while these were nice ideas, harry clarke was an artist full of imagination and he loved a challenge. he suggested instead some ideas inspired by fairy tales, plays and poems. these ideas included the story of bluebeard, sleeping beauty, the playboy of the western world by j. m. synge and the poem the eve of st agnes by john keats. mr jacob very much liked the idea of the eve of st agnes and three days later a delighted harry clarke wrote again saying : ‘ i shall set to work on the eve of st agnes and submit my first coloured draft for discussion ’. harry clarke made a number of beautiful preparatory studies for the window in pencil, watercolour and gouache, a type of watercolour, and these are now in the crawford art gallery in cork. one year later, on 1 april 1924, harry clarke completed the eve of st agnes. mr jacob paid harry clarke £160 7s 6d ( 160 pounds, 7 shillings and 6 pence ) for the window. when the eve of st agnes was exhibited at the irish art exhibition in dublin in 1924 it won the gold medal for arts and crafts. in 1978 the window was bought by the hugh lane gallery, where it is on view today. inspired by a poem the poem the eve of st agnes was written by the english romantic poet john keats in january 1819. there are forty - two verses, or stanzas, so it is a very long poem. the poem was inspired by an ancient tradition where young maidens would fast and go to bed early on 20 january and hope to dream of their future husbands. to ‘ fast ’ means to eat nothing. the feast day of st agnes takes place on 21 january so the ‘ eve ’ means the evening before. in john keats ’ s poem


early on 20 january and hope to dream of their future husbands. to ‘ fast ’ means to eat nothing. the feast day of st agnes takes place on 21 january so the ‘ eve ’ means the evening before. in john keats ’ s poem madeline had been forbidden by her father, lord maurice, to marry porphyro. ( porphyro is pronounced ‘ pour – fear - o ’ ). despite this, on a cold and wintry night porphyro secretly enters the castle and, with the help of madeline ’ s nurse old angela, goes to find madeline, who is asleep in her bedchamber. as it is the eve of st agnes, madeline has gone to sleep hoping to dream of her future love. when porphyro ’ s music wakes her, she is unsure whether she is dreaming or awake. porphyro reassures her that it is not a dream and they flee from the castle and away across the moors. john keats ’ s poem is full of beautiful descriptions and harry clarke was inspired by these when choosing which parts of the poem to illustrate. the poem is full of colour, especially purple, blue and red, and this is why you see so much of these colours in harry clarke ’ s stained glass window. how the story is told as well as revealing his superb skill as a stained glass artist, the eve of st agnes stained glass window is a magnificent example of harry clarke ’ s storytelling ability. the artist chose to tell the story of the eve of st. agnes in fourteen panels. if you look closely you will see that each of the panels is accompanied by a quotation from john keats ’ s poem. in addition, at the top of these panels are two semi - circles, called lunettes. running horizontally along the bottom of the panels is a frieze showing characters from the poem. throughout the window there are borders full of wonderful decoration and ornamentation. in his art harry clarke was inspired by many sources, including old masters such as diego velazquez and albrecht durer, japanese art, music and literature, and symbolist art. he combined many different ideas and visual inspirations with his own vivid imagination to create a vision which is very much his own.


at a glance the purpose of the boy scouts of america — incorporated on feb. 8, 1910, and chartered by congress in 1916 — is to provide an educational program for boys and young adults to build character, to train in the responsibilities of participating citizenship, and to develop personal fitness. tiger cubs is a year - round family - and home - centered program that encourages the ethical decision - making skills for first grade ( or 7 - year - old ) boys. these boys participate in the program with their adult partners. the program emphasizes shared leadership, learning about the community, and family understanding. cub scouts is a year - round family - and home - centered program that develops ethical decision - making skills for boys in the second through fifth grade ( or who are 8, 9, and 10 years old ). activities emphasize character development, citizenship training, and personal fitness. webelos scouts is a year - round family - and home - centered program that develops ethical decision - making skills for fourth - and fifth - grade ( or 10 - year - old ) boys. boy scouting is a year - round program for boys 11 through 17 designed to achieve the aims of scouting through a vigorous outdoor program and peer group leadership with the counsel of an adult scoutmaster. ( boys also may become boy scouts if they have earned the cub scouting arrow of light award and are at least 10 years old and have completed the fifth grade and are at least 10 years old. ) varsity scouting is an active, exciting, year - round program for young men ages 14 through 17 that is built around five program fields of emphasis : advancement, high adventure, personal development, service, and special programs and events. venturing is a year - round program for young men and women who are 14 ( and have completed the eighth grade ) through 20 years of age to provide positive experiences through exciting and meaningful youth - run activities that help them pursue their special interests, grow by teaching others, and develop leadership skills. membership and units as of dec. 31, 2008, membership was : youth members adult members units tiger cubs 231, 471 cub scouts 797, 815 cub scout leaders 470, 400 cub scout packs 50, 213 webelos scouts 636, 104 boy scouts 844, 540 boy scout leaders 528, 534 boy scout troops 41, 628 varsity scouts 60, 940 varsity scout leaders 23, 392 varsity scout teams 8, 423 venturers 261, 122 venturing leaders 65, 621 venturing crews 19, 998 lone scouts 644 council


barcelona in the civil war outbreak of the spanish civil war. the olympic stadium is built for the people ’ s olympics, scheduled to be held in barcelona from july 19 to july 26 as a protest event against the 1936 summer berlin olympics. the games were cancelled due to the war. heavy streetfighting breaks out between workers militias ( principally cnt ), the civil guard and loyal troops on one side and around 12, 000 rebel soldiers on the other. the workers ’ militias with the help of the civil guard and loyal troops gain back control over the city in a dramatic two - day barricade fight. the rebels are defeated. the anarchists storm the ams depost and barracks and seize some 90, 000 rifles. many companies and public services are collectivised by the cnt and ugt unions. much of the city is under the effective control of the cnt. george orwell arrives in barcelona, where he describes the camaraderie of the revolutionary atmosphere. he asserts that barcelona appeared to have been “ a town where the working class were in the saddle ” : a large number of businesses had been collectivised, the anarchists were “ in control ”, tipping was prohibited by workers themselves, and servile forms of speech, such as “ senor ” or “ don “, were abandoned. he goes on to describe events at the lenin barracks ( formerly the cuartel de lepanto where militiamen were given “ what was comically called ‘ instruction ’ ” in preparation for fighting at the front. the anarchists were still in virtual control of catalonia and the revolution was still in full swing. to anyone who had been there since the beginning it probably seemed even in december or january that the revolutionary period was ending ; but when one came straight from england the aspect of barcelona was something startling and overwhelming. it was the first time that i had ever been in a town where the working class was in the saddle. practically every building of any size had been seized by the workers and was draped with red flags and with the red and black flag of the anarchists ; every wall was scrawled with the hammer and sickle and with the initials of the revolutionary parties ; almost every church had been gutted and its images burnt. churches here and there were being systematically demolished by gangs of workmen. every shop and cafe had an inscription saying that it had been collectivized ; even the bootblacks had been collectivized and their boxes painted red and black. waiters and shop - walkers looked you in


demolished by gangs of workmen. every shop and cafe had an inscription saying that it had been collectivized ; even the bootblacks had been collectivized and their boxes painted red and black. waiters and shop - walkers looked you in the face and treated you as an equal. servile and even ceremonial forms of speech had temporarily disappeared. nobody said ‘ senor ’ or ‘ don ’ or even ‘ usted ’ ; everyone called everyone else ‘ comrade ’ or ‘ thou ’, and said ‘ salud! ’ instead of ‘ buenos dias ’. tipping had been forbidden by law since the time of primo de rivera ; almost my first experience was receiving a lecture from a hotel manager for trying to tip a lift - boy. there were no private motor - cars, they had all been commandeered, and the trams and taxis and much of the other transport were painted red and black. the revolutionary posters were everywhere, flaming from the walls in clean reds and blues that made the few remaining advertisements look like daubs of mud. down the ramblas, the wide central artery of the town where crowds of people streamed constantly to and fro, the loud - speakers were bellowing revolutionary songs all day and far into the night. and it was the aspect of the crowds that was the queerest thing of all. in outward appearance it was a town in which the wealthy classes had practically ceased to exist. except for a small number of women and foreigners there were no ‘ well - dressed ’ people at all. practically everyone wore rough working - class clothes, or blue overalls or some variant of militia uniform. all this was queer and moving. there was much in this that i did not understand, in some ways i did not even like it, but i recognized it immediately as a state of affairs worth fighting for … so far as one could judge the people were contented and hopeful. there was no unemployment, and the price of living was still extremely low ; you saw very few conspicuously destitute people, and no beggars except the gypsies. above all, there was a belief in the revolution and the future, a feeling of having suddenly emerged into an era of equality and freedom. human beings were trying to behave as human beings and not as cogs in the capitalist machine. ” homage to catalonia may 1 the parade for the international labour day is prohibited in barcelona because of the tense atmosphere police and worker organizations. may 3 to may 8 ( els fets de maig in


not as cogs in the capitalist machine. ” homage to catalonia may 1 the parade for the international labour day is prohibited in barcelona because of the tense atmosphere police and worker organizations. may 3 to may 8 ( els fets de maig in catalan, los hechos de mayo ) stalinists and official government troops take control from cnt and poum after the street fighting of the barcelona may days. - violent incident at the barcelona central telephone office. without knowledge of the catalan government, the catalan councilor for public order, the communist rodriguez salas, tries to take control over the city ’ s central telephone office, which has been controlled since the beginning of the war by the cnt and ugt. salas got this order directly from the catalan minister for inner affairs, ayguade, also a communist. a company of assault guards storms the building around 3 p. m., “ hands up ”, arresting everybody they can. the armed guards on the machine gun post at the stairs on the second floor are not informed in advance, nor is anyone else in the building. when they see armed uniformed men coming up the stairs and hear the yells and shouting from the first floor they shout “ stop there and don ’ t come up ” at which point a gunfight breaks out. the anarchist guards resist their attackers and keep control of the upper floors of the building. this skirmish leads to fighting throughout the city. several hundred barricades are built ; communist - controlled police units occupy high buildings and church towers, shooting at everything that moves. the communists attack not only the cnt, they also arrest poum members. the actions are obviously well planned. some police units and the republican army stay neutral in the fighting, although army officers, if members of cnt / fai or poum, are also arrested if caught at communist - controlled check points. the police director of barcelona — a member of the cnt — together with the leader of the “ control patrols ” comes to the telephone central in an attempt to get the occupying police forces to leave the central peacefully. they have no success, instead catalonian prime minister lluis companys declares that he, like everyone else, was not informed in advance by his minister for internal affairs, but that he agrees all in all with the police action. the radio stations of the cnt and fai call hourly upon their members to maintain public order and keep calm. wikipedia - may 4 - general strike in barcelona. gunfights throughout the city. - may 5 - companys


with the police action. the radio stations of the cnt and fai call hourly upon their members to maintain public order and keep calm. wikipedia - may 4 - general strike in barcelona. gunfights throughout the city. - may 5 - companys obtains a fragile truce between the different fighting groups, on the basis of which rodriguez salas, now blamed for the police action against the telephone central, has to resign. communist commandos are still arresting people and the communist / socialist official antoni sese is murdered, probably by anarchist gunmen. wikipedia - may 6 - “ neutral ” police troops from valencia arrive in barcelona to stop the fighting. the 5, 000 assault guards ( chosen more or less carefully for their political opinions, to ensure a “ neutral ” force and the trust of both sides ) occupy several strategic points throughout the city. the workers abandon the barricades and the telephone central is handed over to the government. when the assault guards enter the city and passed by the central building of the anarchist cnt, several hundreds of them salute the black and red anarchist flag on the building. nevertheless, reprisals against the anti - stalinist left are starting throughout the republic. wikipedia - may 7 - the fighting in barcelona concludes, with more than 500 dead and over 1500 wounded. many are still under illegal arrest in several communist - controlled police stations, militia barracks and secret prisons. wikipedia - may 8 - in barcelona, police find the horribly mutilated bodies of 12 murdered young men. 8 of the bodies are so mutilated that they cannot be identified. the 4 identified bodies belong to 4 young anarchists, illegally arrested together with 8 friends on may 4 outside the communist militia barracks in barcelona, when they were passing by on a truck with “ cnt ” written on it. the names of the identified young men are : cesar fernandez neri, jose villena, juan antonio, and luis carneras. police also found the dead bodies of the italian anarchist professor berneri and two of his friends, who were arrested during the may incidents by communist militias. wikipedia largo caballero resigns, juan negrin becomes prime minister of the spanish republic. after fighting against domination of spain by any one faction — communist, anarchist, or left socialists — caballero is left alone with no one on his side. juan negrin is presented as the man of the hour, leader of the “ government of the victory ”, as the press presents him and his cabinet. there are no cnt ministers in this new government.


alone with no one on his side. juan negrin is presented as the man of the hour, leader of the “ government of the victory ”, as the press presents him and his cabinet. there are no cnt ministers in this new government. wikipedia the new negrin government accepts the accusations against the poum and prohibits their newspaper la batalla. - june 17 nin is arrested in barcelona. his arrest is not announced in public ; communist agents take him secretly to an illegal prison in alcala de henares, near madrid. nin is interrogated under torture by nkvd agent alexander orlov. soviet agents assassinate nin on june 21. - august 15 sim created ; political meetings in barcelona forbidden. the sim ( servicio de inteligencia militar ) gives back the control of secret police activities to the government, rather than leaving it in the hands of soviet and communist intelligence organizations. political meetings are forbidden in barcelona from now on. the mixture of regionalism, anarchism, and defeatism, constituted a steady drain of the republican war effort. also the situation was unstable after the may incidents. wikipedia - october 30the republican government abandons valencia for barcelona. italian aircraft stationed in majorca attack the city 13 times dropping 44 tons of bombs, aimed at the civil population. these attacks were at the request of general franco as retribution. more here nationalists occupy tarragona, only a few hours driving from barcelona franco ’ s troops are closing in, most civilians hide in their homes, not daring to walk the streets of the city. the city falls into nationalist hands under command of yague occupy barcelona without resistance. the last republican soldiers and representatives just left the city shortly before. more here fascist troops parade through the streets of barcelona. photo from here end of the war. proclamation of the ley de responsabilidades politicas ( law on political responsibilities ). the use of catalan in public life is suppressed. 1940 ( 15 october ). president lluis companys executed. i ’ ve used a number of sources to compile this timeline - la barcelona rebelde : joaquim cirera riu interesting collection of essays - barcelona : michael eaude ( best book in english about barcelona. deserves translating into spanish / catalan. - barcelona rebelde – guillem martinez see also la rambla in the civil war quotes about the social revolution in barcelona certainly there are fewer well - dressed people than in ordinary times, but there are still lots of them especially women, who display their good


rebelde – guillem martinez see also la rambla in the civil war quotes about the social revolution in barcelona certainly there are fewer well - dressed people than in ordinary times, but there are still lots of them especially women, who display their good clothes in the streets and cafes without hesitation or fear, in complete contrast to thoroughly proletarian barcelona. because of the bright colors of the better - dressed female element, madrid has a much less lugubrious aspect than even the ramblas in barcelona. cafes are full, in madrid as in barcelona, but here they are filled by a different type of people, journalists. state employees, all sorts of intelligentsia ; the working class element is still in a minority. one of the most striking features is the strong militarization of the armed forces. workers with rifles, but in their ordinary civilian clothes, are quite exceptional here. the streets and cafes are full of militia, all of them dressed in their monos, the new dark blue uniforms ; most of them do not wear any party initials on their caps. we are under the sway of the liberal madrid government, which favors the army system as against the militia system favored by barcelona and the anarchists. churches are closed but not burned here. most of the requisitioned cars are being used by government institutions, not political parties or trade unions. here the governmental element is much more in evidence. there does not even exist, in madrid, a central political committee. very little expropriation seems to have taken place. most shops carry on without even control, let alone expropriation. to sum up, madrid gives, much more than barcelona, the impression of a town in social revolution. from franz borkenau spanish cockpit : an eyewitness account of the political and social conflicts of the political and social conflicts of the spanish civil war ( 1937 ) i had come to spain with some notion of writing newspaper articles, but i had joined the militia almost immediately, because at that time and in that atmosphere it seemed the only conceivable thing to do. the anarchists were still in virtual control of catalonia and the revolution was still in full swing. to anyone who had been there since the beginning it probably seemed even in december or january that the revolutionary period was ending ; but when one came straight from england the aspect of barcelona was something startling and overwhelming. it was the first time that i had ever been in a town where the working class was in the saddle. practically every building of any size had


period was ending ; but when one came straight from england the aspect of barcelona was something startling and overwhelming. it was the first time that i had ever been in a town where the working class was in the saddle. practically every building of any size had been seized by the workers and was draped with red flags or with the red and black flag of the anarchists ; every wall was scrawled with the hammer and sickle and with the initials of the revolutionary parties ; almost every church had been gutted and its images burnt. churches here and there were being systematically demolished by gangs of workmen. every shop and cafe had an inscription saying that it had been collectivized ; even the bootblacks had been collectivized and their boxes painted red and black. waiters and shop - walkers looked you in the face and treated you as an equal. servile and even ceremonial forms of speech had temporarily disappeared. nobody said ‘ senor ’ or ‘ don ’ or even ‘ usted ’ ; everyone called everyone else ‘ comrade ’ and ‘ thou ’, and said ‘ salud! ’ instead of ‘ buenos dias ’. tipping was forbidden by law ; almost my first experience was receiving a lecture from an hotel manager for trying to tip a lift - boy. there were no private motor cars, they had all been commandeered, and all the trams and taxis and much of the other transport were painted red and black. the revolutionary posters were everywhere, flaming from the walls in clean reds and blues that made the few remaining advertisements look like daubs of mud. down the ramblas, the wide central artery of the town where crowds of people streamed constantly to and fro, the loud - speakers were bellowing revolutionary songs all day and far into the night. and it was the aspect of the crowds that was the queerest thing of all. in outward appearance it was a town in which the wealthy classes had practically ceased to exist. except for a small number of women and foreigners there were no ‘ well - dressed ’ people at all. practically everyone wore rough working - class clothes, or blue overalls or some variant of the militia uniform. all this was queer and moving. there was much in it that i did not understand, in some ways i did not even like it, but i recognized it immediately as a state of affairs worth fighting for. also i believed that things were as they appeared, that this was really a workers ’ state and that the entire bourgeoisie had either fled, been killed, or voluntarily come


it, but i recognized it immediately as a state of affairs worth fighting for. also i believed that things were as they appeared, that this was really a workers ’ state and that the entire bourgeoisie had either fled, been killed, or voluntarily come over to the workers ’ side ; i did not realize that great numbers of well - to - do bourgeois were simply lying low and disguising themselves as proletarians for the time being. homage to catalonia ( 1938 ) photo from here of la ramblas during the civil war the bombing of barcelona the city fell on 26th january 1939. around the web - poble nou in the civil war. personal testimonies and photos. here - the poble espanyol in the civil war. little is known about the entertainment complex during this period though seens from the republican film sierra de teruel ( l ’ espoir ) by max aub and andre malraux were filmed here. here english reading list - antony beevor : the battle for spain : the spanish civil war 1936 - 1939. the 2006 edition, completely revised with new sections after his access to kgb archives is for me the best introduction to the war, though hugh thomas ’ s spanish civil war, is still worth a critical read, beever ’ s book contains less battlefield history than his other works, and spends a lot of time looking at the causes of the war and the social changes within it. - paul preston. the spanish civil war : reaction, revolution and revenge good introduction. - george orwell. homage to catalonia. still fresh, honest and remarkably close to the current view of events. this is a superb wartime journal much of which takes place in barcelona. make sure you read the later edition with the chapters on the different political parties and factions relegated to the appendix. - micheal eaude. barcelona the best introduction by far on the modern history of barcelona. a very entertaining and illuminating read. - chris ealham class, culture and conflict in barcelona, 1898 - 1937. very well researched ( and very expensive! ) radical history of the city, with an emphasis on anarchism. i took it out of the library not having that kind of ready cash. his anarchism and the city : revolution and counter - revolution in barcelona, 1898 - 1937 which i haven ’ t read is a much cheaper option, and looks essentially the same book. - robert hughes. his seminal barcelona ends rather disappointingly without much in the way of conclusion in around 1910, but it does provide


barcelona, 1898 - 1937 which i haven ’ t read is a much cheaper option, and looks essentially the same book. - robert hughes. his seminal barcelona ends rather disappointingly without much in the way of conclusion in around 1910, but it does provide a good background to the early days of barcelonan anarchism and its connections with modernism. history of barcelona - barcelona ’ s air defences during the civil war - camp de la bota – barcelona ’ s death camp - first bombing during the civil war - fossar de la pedrera – montjuic ’ s common grave - la modelo prison - placa del milicia desconegut - psuc headquarters in placa catalunya - somorrostro shanty town - the la canadiense strike - the lenin barracks – george orwell in barcelona - the liceu bomb - the people ’ s olympics in barcelona - 1936 revolution in barcelona - barcelona in the civil war - buenaventura durruti - ethel macdonald in barcelona - francesc boix - george orwell tours in barcelona - history of anarchism in barcelona - homage to catalonia quiz - ramon mercader, trotsky ’ s assassin - salvador segui – el noi de la sucre - spanish civil war quiz - trotsky in barcelona : like nice in a hell of factories - videos about the spanish civil war


2. εν + dative for content rare is the usage of the simple dative to denote the content that is used by a verb of filling. for εν + the dative, this usage is debatable. normally, a verb of filling takes a genitive of content ; rarely, a simple dative of content. however, we know of no clear examples in biblical greek in which εν + the dative indicates content. we should, therefore, seek some other nuance in such instances, as in eph 5 : 18 ( discussed below ). eph 5 : 18 πληρουσθε εν πνευματι be filled [ with, by, in ] [ the ] spirit to see εν πνευματι here as indicating content is grammatically suspect ( even though it is, in many circles, the predominant view ). only if the flow of argument and / or the lack of other good possibilities strongly point in the direction of content would we be compelled to take it as such. there are no other examples in biblical greek in which εν + the dative after πληροω indicates content. further, the parallel with οινω as well as the common grammatical category of means suggest that the idea intended is that believers are to be filled by means of the [ holy ] spirit. if so, there seems to be an unnamed agent. the meaning of this text can only be fully appreciated in light of the πληροω language in ephesians. always the term is used in connection with a member of the trinity. three considerations seem to be key : ( 1 ) in eph 3 : 19 the “ hinge ” prayer introducing the last half of the letter makes a request that the believers “ be filled with all the fullness of god ” ( πληρωθητε εις παν το πληρωμα του θεου ). the explicit content of πληροω is thus god ’ s fullness ( probably a reference to his moral attributes ). ( 2 ) in 4 : 10 christ is said to be the agent of filling ( with v 11 adding the specifics of his giving spiritual gifts ). ( 3 ) the author then brings his argument to a crescendo in 5 : 18 : believers are to be filled by christ by means of the spirit with the content of the fullness of god


specifics of his giving spiritual gifts ). ( 3 ) the author then brings his argument to a crescendo in 5 : 18 : believers are to be filled by christ by means of the spirit with the content of the fullness of god. though only one of my two examples below is " biblical greek " ( if you consider the apocrypha to be biblical ), could these be considered instances " in which εν + the dative indicates content "? ignatius to the smyrneans, salutation : ιγνατιος, ο και θεοφορος, εκκλησια θεου πατρος και του ηγαπημενου ιησου χριστου, ηλεημενη εν παντι χαρισματι, πεπληρωμενη εν πιστει και αγαπη, ανυστερητω ουση παντος χαρισματος, θεοπρεπεστατη και αγιοφορω, τη ουση εν σμυρνη της ασιας, εν αμωμω πνευματι και λογω θεου πλειστα χαιρειν. ignatius, who [ is ] also god - bearer, to the church of god the father and of the beloved jesus christ, which has obtained mercy in every gift,, which has been filled with faith and love, not lacking in2 which is1 any gift, most worthy of god and bearing holy things, which is in smyrna of asia, in3 a blameless4 spirit5 and6 the word7 of god. 8 abundant1 greetings2. - brannan, r. ( 2011 ). apostolic fathers greek - english interlinear. logos bible software. γυνη ανδρεια ευφραινει τον ανδρα αυτης, και τα ετη αυτου πληρωσει εν ειρηνη


viruses are extremely simple and small yet they are responsible for many of the world ’ s diseases. a virus particle consists of only a genome, a protein coat or capsid, and sometimes a surrounding lipid envelope. to replicate, a virus must successfully enter a host cell, uncoat its genome, and appropriate the host cell machinery to replicate its genome and produce viral proteins. part 1 of this lecture will discuss ways in which viruses bind to the surface of host cells. simian virus 40 which binds to specific cell surface glycolipids, and human papilloma virus - 16 which binds to sites on filoipodia, are examples of different binding mechanisms. attachment of viruses to the plasma membrane activates cell signaling resulting in endocytosis of the viral particles. this lecture is appropriate for upper level undergraduate and graduate classes studying virology or endocytosis. in the second lecture, the next steps in viral infection are described. endocytosis of plasma membrane bound viruses can occur via a number of mechanisms including caveolar, clathrin, non - clathrin, or lipid raft mediated pathways. the internalized virus is enclosed in an endosome that may undergo increasing acidification resulting in acid mediated fusion between the viral envelope and the vesicle membrane. following membrane penetration, the virus, once again, makes use of cellular machinery such as microtubules and their motors, to transfer its genome to the nucleus. helenius describes experiments from his lab and others that have deciphered these complex processes. part 3 focuses on a single virus, the vaccinia virus, as a model for cell binding, signaling and endocytosis. fluorescently labeled vaccinia viruses bind to and surf along host cell filopodia. helenius lab members noticed that when vaccinia, unlike other viruses, reached the surface of the cell body it caused the plasma membrane to form blebs. further experiments showed that the virus tricks the cell into thinking it is apoptotic debris. this induces blebbing and subsequent uptake of the virus by macropinocytosis. additionally, automated high throughput sirna screening was used to screen a large number of infected cells for host genes required for vaccinia virus uptake. analysis of the genes identified allowed host factors and processes critical to viral infection to be identified. expansion of this technique may provide a new source of information on pathogen - host interactions.


the “ presidi ” translates as “ garrisons ” ( from the french word, “ to equip ” ), as protectors of traditional food production practices monday, march 23, 2009 the “ presidi ” translates as “ garrisons ” ( from the french word, “ to equip ” ), as protectors of traditional food production practices this past year, i have had rewarding opportunities to observe traditional food cultures in varied regions of the world. these are : athabascan indian in the interior of alaska ( the traditional tanana chiefs conference tribal lands ) in july, 2008 ( for more, read below ) ; swahili coastal tribes in the area of munje village ( population about 300 ), near msambweni, close to the tanzania border in december, 2008 - january, 2009 ( for more, read below ) ; and, laikipia region of kenya ( january, 2009 ), a german canton of switzerland ( march, 2009 ), and the piemonte - toscana region of northern / central italy ( images only, february - march, 2009 ). in fort yukon, alaska, salmon is a mainstay of the diet. yet, among the athabascan indians, threats to subsistence foods and stresses on household economics abound. in particular, high prices for external energy sources ( as of july, 2008, almost $ 8 for a gallon of gasoline and $ 6. 50 for a gallon of diesel, which is essential for home heating ), as well as low chinook salmon runs for information click here, and moose numbers. additional resource management issues pose threats to sustaining village life – for example, stream bank erosion along the yukon river, as well as uneven management in the yukon flats national wildlife refuge. people are worried about ever - rising prices for fuels and store - bought staples, and fewer and fewer sources of wage income. the result? villagers are moving out from outlying areas into “ hub ” communities like fort yukon - - or another example, bethel in southwest alaska – even when offered additional subsidies, such as for home heating. but, in reality, “ hubs ” often offer neither much employment nor relief from high prices. in munje village in kenya, the digo, a bantu - speaking, mostly islamic tribe in the southern coastal area of kenya, enjoy the possibilities of a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and fish / oils. breakfast in the village typically consists of mandazi ( a fried bread similar to a dough


2009b ). “ the country will continue to experience food shortages unless the government addresses the high cost of farm inputs to motivate farmers to increase production, ” said mr. jonathan bii of uasin gish ( bartoo & lucheli, 2009 ; bii, 2009a, 2009b ; bungee, 2009 ). pride and politics, racism and corruption are to blame for food deficits ( kihara & marete, 2009 ; kna, 2009 ; muluka, 2009 ; siele, 2009 ). clearly, what are needed in kenya are food system planning, disaster management planning, and protection and development of agricultural and rural economies. click here for the full text. photos taken by g. berardi cabbage, an imported food ( originally ), and susceptible to much pest damage. camps still remain for kenya ’ s internally displaced persons resulting from post - election violence forced migrations. food security is poor. lack of sustained recent short rains have resulted in failed maize harvests. friday, january 16, 2009 today i went to a lunch time discussion of sustainability. this concept promoted development with an equitable eye to the triple bottom line - financial, social, and ecological costs. we discussed the how it seemed relatively easier to discuss the connections between financial and ecological costs, than between social costs and other costs. sustainable development often comes down to " green " designs that consider environmental impacts or critiques of the capitalist model of financing. as i thought about sustainable development, or sustainable community management if you are a bit queasy with the feasibility of continuous expansion, i considered its corollaries in the field of disaster risk reduction. it struck me again that it is somewhat easier to focus on some components of the triple bottom line in relation to disasters. the vulnerability approach to disasters has rightly brought into focus the fact that not all people are equally exposed to or impacted by disasters. rather, it is often the poor or socially marginalized most at risk and least able to recover. this approach certainly brings into focus the social aspects of disasters. the disaster trap theory, likewise, brings into focus the financial bottom line. this perspective is most often discussed in international development and disaster reduction circles. it argues that disasters destroy development gains and cause communities to de - develop unless both disaster reduction and development occur in tandem. building a cheaper, non - earthquake resistant school in an earthquake zone, may make short - term financial sense. however, over the long term, this approach is likely to result in loss of physical infrastructure, human


disaster reduction and development occur in tandem. building a cheaper, non - earthquake resistant school in an earthquake zone, may make short - term financial sense. however, over the long term, this approach is likely to result in loss of physical infrastructure, human life, and learning opportunities when an earthquake does occur. what seems least developed to me, though i would enjoy being rebutted, is the ecological bottom line of disasters. perhaps it is an oxymoron to discuss the ecological costs of disasters, given that many disasters are triggered natural ecological processes like cyclones, forest fires, and floods. it might also be an oxymoron simply because a natural hazard disaster is really looking at an ecological event from an almost exclusively human perspective. its not a disaster if it doesn ' t destroy human lives and human infrastructure. but, the lunch - time discussion made me wonder if there wasn ' t something of an ecological bottom line to disasters in there somewhere. perhaps it is in the difference between an ecological process heavily or lightly impacted by human ecological modification. is a forest fire in a heavily managed forest different from that in an unmanaged forest? certainly logging can heighten the impacts of heavy rains by inducing landslides, resulting in a landscape heavily rather than lightly impacted by the rains. similar processes might also be true in the case of heavily managed floodplains. flooding is concentrated and increased in areas outside of levee systems. what does that mean for the ecology of these locations? does a marsh manage just as well in low as high flooding? my guess would be no. and of course, there is the big, looming disaster of climate change. this is a human - induced change that may prove quite disasterous to many an ecological system, everything from our pine forests here, to arctic wildlife, and tropical coral reefs. perhaps, we disaster researchers, need to also consider a triple bottom line when making arguments for the benefits of disaster risk reduction. tuesday, january 13, 2009 this past week the northwest experienced a severe barrage of weather systems back to back. everyone seemed to be affected. folks were re - routed on detours, got soaked, slipped on ice, or had to spend money to stay a little warmer. in whatcom and skagit counties, there are hundreds to thousands of people currently in the process of recovering and cleaning - up after the floods. these people live in the rural areas throughout the county, with fewer people knowing about their devastation and having greater vulnerability to flood hazards. luckily, there are local agencies and non - profits who


in the process of recovering and cleaning - up after the floods. these people live in the rural areas throughout the county, with fewer people knowing about their devastation and having greater vulnerability to flood hazards. luckily, there are local agencies and non - profits who are ready at a moment ’ s call to help anyone in need. the primary organization that came to the aid of the flood victims was the american red cross. the last week i began interning and volunteering with one of these non - profits, the mt. baker american red cross ( arc ) chapter. while i am still in the process of getting screened and officially trained, i received first - hand experience and saw how important this organization is to the community. with the flood waters rising throughout the week, people were flooded out of their homes and rescued from the overflowing rivers and creeks. as the needs for help increased, hundreds of arc volunteers were called to service. throughout the floods there have been several shelters opened to accommodate the needs of these flood victims. on saturday i was asked to help staff one of these shelters overnight in ferndale. while i talked with parents and children, i became more aware of the stark reality of how these people have to recover from having all their possessions covered in sewage and mud and damaged by flood waters. in the meantime, these flood victims have all their privacy exposed to others in a public shelter, while they work to find stability in the middle of all the traumas of the events. as i sat talking and playing with the children, another thought struck me. children are young and resilient, but it must be very difficult when they connect with a volunteer and then lose that connection soon after. sharing a shelter with the folks over the weekend showed a higher degree of reality and humanity to the situation than the news coverage ever could. i posted this bit about my volunteer experience because it made me realize something about my education and degree track in disaster reduction and emergency planning. we look at ways to create a more sustainable community, and we need to remember that community service is an important part of creating this ideal. underlying sustainable development is the triple bottom line ( social, economy, and environment ). volunteers and non - profits are a major part of this social line of sustainability. organizations like the american red cross only exist because of volunteers. so embrace president - elect obama ’ s call for a culture of civil service this coming week and make a commitment to the organization of your choice with your actions or even your pocketbook. know that sustainable development cannot exist with out


exist because of volunteers. so embrace president - elect obama ’ s call for a culture of civil service this coming week and make a commitment to the organization of your choice with your actions or even your pocketbook. know that sustainable development cannot exist with out social responsibility. thursday, january 8, 2009 its been two days now that schools have been closed in whatcom county, not for snow, but for rain and flooding. this unusual event coincides with record flooding throughout western washington, just a year after record flooding closed i5 for three days and lewis county businesses experienced what they then called an unprecedented 500 year flood. i guess not. there are many strange things about flood risk notation, and this idea that a 500 year flood often trips people up. they often believe a flood of that size will happen only once in 500 years. on a probabilistic level, this is inaccurate. a 500 year flood simply has a. 2 % probability of happening each year. a more useful analogy might be to tell people they are rolling a 500 sided die every year and hoping that it doesn ’ t come up with a 1. next year they ’ ll be forced to roll again. but, this focus on misunderstandings of probability often hides an even larger societal misunderstanding. flood risk changes when we change the environment in which it occurs. if a flood map tells you that you are not in the flood plain, better check the date of the map. most maps are utterly out of date and many vastly underestimate present flood risk. there are several reasons this happens. urban development, especially development with a lot of parking lots and buildings that don ’ t let water seep into the ground, will cause rainwater to move quickly into rivers rather than seep into the ground and slowly release. developers might complain that they are required to create runoff catchment wetlands when they do build. they do, but these requirements may very well be based upon outdated data on flood risk. thus, each new development never fully compensates for its runoff, a small problem for each site but a mammoth problem when compounded downstream. deforesting can have the same effect, with the added potential for house - crushing and river - clogging mudslides. timber harvesting is certainly an important industry in our neck of the woods. not only is commercial logging an important source of jobs for many rural and small towns, logging on state department of natural resource land is the major source of funding for k - 12 education. yet, commercial logging, like other industries, suffers from a problem


not only is commercial logging an important source of jobs for many rural and small towns, logging on state department of natural resource land is the major source of funding for k - 12 education. yet, commercial logging, like other industries, suffers from a problem of cost externalization. when massive mudslides occurred during last year ’ s storm, weyerhaeuser complained that it wasn ’ t it ’ s logging practices, but the fact that it was an unprecedented, out of the blue, 500 year storm that caused it. while it is doubtful the slides would have occurred uncut land, that isn ’ t the only fallacy. when the slide did occur, the costs of repairing roads, treatment plants, and bridges went to the county and often was passed on to the nation ’ s tax payers through state and federal recovery grants. thus, what should have been paid by weyerhaeuser, 500 year probability or not, was paid by someone else. finally, there is local government. various folks within local governments set regulations for zoning, deciding what will be built and where. here is the real crux of the problem. local government also gets an increase in revenue in the form of property, sales, and business income taxes. suppress the updating of flood plain maps, and you get a short term profit and often, a steady supply of happy voters. you might think these local governments will have to pay when the next big flood comes, but often that can be avoided. certainly, they must comply with federal regulations on flood plain management to be part of the national flood insurance program, but that plan has significant leeway and little monitoring. like the commercial logging, disaster - stricken local governments can often push the recovery costs off to individual homeowners through the fema homeowner ’ s assistance program, and off to state and federal agencies by receiving disaster recovery and community development grants and loans. certainly, some communities are so regularly devastated, and are so few resources, that disasters simply knock them down before they can given stand up again. but others have found loopholes and can profit by continuing to use old food maps and failing to aggressively control flood plain development. what is it going to take to really change this system and make it unprofitable to profit from bad land use management? here ’ s a good in - depth article on last year ’ s landslides in lewis county. http : / / seattletimes. nwsource. com / html / localnews / 2008048848 _ logging


management? here ’ s a good in - depth article on last year ’ s landslides in lewis county. http : / / seattletimes. nwsource. com / html / localnews / 2008048848 _ logging13m. html an interesting article on the failure of best management practices in development catchment basins can be found here : hur, j. et al ( 2008 ) does current management of storm water runoff adequately protect water resources in developing catchments? journal of soil and water conservation, 63 ( 2 ) pp. 77 - 90. monday, december 29, 2008 it ’ s difficult to imagine a more colorful book, celebrating locally - grown and – marketed foods, than david westerlund ’ s simone goes to the market : a children ’ s book of colors connecting face and food. this book is aimed at families and the foods they eat. who doesn ’ t want to know where their food is coming from – the terroir, the kind of microclimate it ’ s produced in, as well as who ’ s selling it? gretchen sells her pole beans ( purple ), maria her serrano peppers ( green ), dana and matt sell their freshly - roasted coffee ( black ), katie her carrots ( orange ), a blue poem from matthew, brown potatoes from roslyn, yellow patty pan squash from jed, red tomatoes ( soft and ripe ) from diana, and golden honey from bill ( and his bees ). this is a book perfect for children of any age who want to connect to and with the food systems that sustain community. order from firstname. lastname @ example. org.


( note : all photographic images below can be clicked to view at higher resolution. ) in the last few days some of the first high resolution color images of mars rover curiosity ' s deck have been taken. these included some of the best images yet showing the knots visible on the exposed wire and cable bundles. while a few of the folks here are no doubt aware, it might surprise most people to learn that knots tied in cords and thin ribbons have probably traveled on every interplanetary mission ever flown. if human civilization ends tomorrow, interplanetary landers, orbiters, and deep space probes will preserve evidence of both the oldest and newest of human technologies for millions of years.. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / malin space science systems ( original ) knots are still used in this high - tech arena because cable lacing has long been the preferred cable management technique in aerospace applications. that it remains so to this day is a testament to the effectiveness of properly chosen knots tied by skilled craftspeople. it also no doubt has a bit to do with the conservative nature of aerospace design and engineering practices. proven technologies are rarely cast aside unless they no longer fulfill requirements or there is something substantially better available. while the knots used for cable lacing in general can be quite varied - - in some cases even a bit idiosyncratic - - nasa has in - house standards for the knots and methods used on their spacecraft. these are specified in nasa technical standard nasa - std - 8739. 4 - - crimping, interconnecting cables, harnesses, and wiring. as far as i ' ve been able to identify in the rover images below, all of the lacings shown are one of two of the several patterns specified in the standard. the above illustration shows the so - called " spot tie ". it is a clove hitch topped by two half - knots in the form of a reef ( square ) knot. in addition to its pure binding role, it is also used to affix cable bundles to tie - down points, as can be seen in many of the curiosity rover images below. knot history buffs might find it interesting that a " spot tie " - like knot, with opposite clove hitch end orientation and topped only with a single half - knot was illustrated in 1917 by a. hyatt verrill under the name " gunner ' s knot ". this was seemingly due to verrill copying from j. t. burgess, who had oversimplified


a single half - knot was illustrated in 1917 by a. hyatt verrill under the name " gunner ' s knot ". this was seemingly due to verrill copying from j. t. burgess, who had oversimplified " bowling ' s " description of what possibly was the first known textual description of the constrictor knot. but that ' s a whole different can of worms! so why has nasa standardized on this knot instead others which might serve the purpose? the following reasons are merely my own musings. i ' d be interested to hear others ' comments on this knot ' s strengths and weaknesses. the reef knot and clove hitch are extremely ancient. both were discussed in detail as surgical and orthopedic knots and slings by greek physician heraklas in the 1st century ad. the reef knot is depicted with varying degrees of realism in ancient egyptian statuary and hieroglyphics as far back as 4000 - 5000 years ago. i presume there would be little disagreement here that these two knots must be among the oldest of the purposeful, standardized knots used by humans. you simply cannot get more field - tested than this! but why combine these two well - known old knots in a somewhat novel way that, at first, might seem a bit " belt - and - suspenders "? the inner profile of the clove hitch is smooth. both turns bear on the bound object evenly throughout their contact. the contact area is increased by having two turns. when the reef knot is added, the ends are pulled up and away from the object. there is some extra pressure exerted by the reef knot on the riding turn, but this is distributed onto the two underlying turns. evenness of pressure is important for the same reasons as the next item. overtightening of cable management bindings can cause conductor breakage, insulation damage, excessive chafing, and deformations between the conductive, dielectric, and shield parts of a cable, and no doubt a host of other issues. it is one of the classic problems with ratcheting plastic cable ties ( i. e. " zipties " ) that they only have quantized adjustment steps and cannot be easily loosened. while zipties with a metal tooth insert do allow for smoother tightening, the possibility of this tiny metal part coming loose near electronics generally excludes their use. that zipties cannot easily be loosened or adjusted during tightening makes them more prone to being left in an overtightened state. difficulty of


allow for smoother tightening, the possibility of this tiny metal part coming loose near electronics generally excludes their use. that zipties cannot easily be loosened or adjusted during tightening makes them more prone to being left in an overtightened state. difficulty of adjustment might also be considered a possible strike against using the constrictor knot ( and similar knots ) for this application. the clove hitch is not known as a particularly good binder alone, but that may be an advantage in this application. if the clove is initially made too tight it is easily loosened and readjusted. once the proper snugness is achieved the addition of the first half - knot produces only a small and predictable amount of additional tightening. one thing i did notice in my tests is that if the first half - knot is made in the opposite orientation than shown in the standard, it tends to produce more tightening and also separates the underlying turns of the clove hitch. - resilience to errors in tying as mentioned above, i did some tests tying the knot incorrectly in different ways. while these forms generally seemed inferior to the specified knot, they were not obviously destined to fail. using these two basic knots in a compound form seems to be a reasonable way to make errors of tying less detrimental to the resulting knot. image credit : david j. fred / wikimedia commons ( original ) above is a high resolution photo taken of these spot ties made in gudebrod nomex lacing tape. these types of lacing tapes are often coated or impregnated with materials ( e. g. synthetic rubbers ) to increase their knot - holding properties. i ' m not sure what the tapes visible on the rover are made of, but i ' d suspect the material was chosen for its behavior at extremely low temperatures and pressures as well as very good uv resistance. the keen observer may note that some of the spot ties in the rover images show the ends perpendicular to the cable bundle and some parallel. based on general experience with reef and granny knots, one might be tempted to assume the parallel examples are improperly finished with granny knots. experimentation with nomex lacing tape seems to show that it ' s more a matter of the knot preserving the orientation of the ends as the reef knot was tightened. i found that when the spot tie is finished improperly in the granny form but with the ends kept perpendicular to the wire bundle they tend to stay that way. while these experiments are hardly definitive, it doesn ' t seem to me that


was tightened. i found that when the spot tie is finished improperly in the granny form but with the ends kept perpendicular to the wire bundle they tend to stay that way. while these experiments are hardly definitive, it doesn ' t seem to me that one can tell from orientation of the ends whether the knot was properly tied or not. there is also the issue of the handedness of the first half - knot with respect the ends emerging from the clove hitch portion. the relative orientation shown in the nasa spec does appear to be preferable to the alternative. i won ' t go into much discussion about these stiches for the moment, but i believe the one on the left ( the running clove hitches ) appears on the extreme right edge of detail image " 1 " below. and now for the pretty pictures... image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech ( original ) multi - image panorama giving context of rover, deck, and its suroundings. the rim of gale crater is visible in the distance. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech ( original ) annotated context image showing locations of following five detailed images. outlines do not quite align to following image borders due to panorama projection. 1 image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / malin space science systems ( original ) examples of one of the flat stitching methods ( shown above ) appear on the extreme right edge of this image. 2 image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / malin space science systems ( original ) 3 image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / malin space science systems ( original ) 4 image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / malin space science systems ( original ) 5 image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / malin space science systems ( original )


journal, book or conference title environmental health perspectives the industrialization of livestock production and the widespread use of nontherapeutic antimicrobial growth promotants has intensified the risk for the emergence of new, more virulent, or more resistant microorganisms. these have reduced the effectiveness of several classes of antibiotics for treating infections in humans and livestock. recent outbreaks of virulent strains of influenza have arisen from swine and poultry raised in close proximity. this working group, which was part of the conference on environmental health impacts of concentrated animal feeding operations : anticipating hazards - - searching for solutions, considered the state of the science around these issues and concurred with the world health organization call for a phasing - out of the use of antimicrobial growth promotants for livestock and fish production. we also agree that all therapeutic antimicrobial agents should be available only by prescription for human and veterinary use. concern about the risk of an influenza pandemic leads us to recommend that regulations be promulgated to restrict the co - location of swine and poultry concentrated animal feeding operations ( cafos ) on the same site and to set appropriate separation distances. animal feed, animal husbandry, animals, communicable disease control, communicable diseases, disease outbreaks, drug resistance, bacterial, housing, animal, humans, influenza, human, occupational diseases, occupational exposure, risk factors, sustainability published article / book citation " gilchrist mj, greko c, wallinga db, beran gw, riley dg, thorne ps. the potential role of concentrated animal feeding operations in infectious disease epidemics and antibiotic resistance. environ health perspect. 2007 feb ; 115 ( 2 ) : 313 - 6. doi : 10. 1289 / ehp. 8837. " the article was published in environmental health perspectives. http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pmc / articles / pmc1817683 / pdf / ehp0115 - 000313. pdf author posting. copyright © national institute of environmental health sciences, 2007. this is an open access article : verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article ' s original doi.


for a short period of time in the last century, turbine - driven cars were all the rage. manufacturers hawked them, race engineers played with them, and the public drooled over them. 8w takes a glimpse into our kerosene - fueled past. — ed. turbines : the pros and cons to see why turbine engines caught on quickly during the sixties and moved over from road cars to racing cars, it is best to devote some paragraphs to explaining their internal workings. first, let ' s start with the quick and dirty answer. the basis is formed by two turbines, the first of which is tasked with compressing air and forcing it into an ignition chamber ( or " burner " ) with added fuel. the exploding mixture of fuel and air then rapidly expands into a second two - stage turbine, giving drive to the compressor turbine, which is rotating on the same shaft ( first stage, using 10 % of generated power ) and a single - gear transmission that is powering the car ( second stage, using 90 % of power ). it ' s as simple as that. it ' s no miracle invention, as turbines have existed for centuries ; water turbines drove mills alongside fast - streaming rivers as early as the middle ages, while steam turbines were among the most prominent power sources of the 19th century. so if " turbine " is the general denominator for a machine or motor driven by a wheel that is turned by the pressure of air, steam, water or gas, the innovation of the turbine car engine is in its application. let ' s get to the nitty - gritty : what are its strengths and weaknesses? first, the pluses : the turbine ' s simplicity is its main advantage. it is smaller than a piston engine. a 250 - hp turbine engine has a power turbine that is four to five inches in diameter, usually with a compressor turbine seven to ten inches in diameter. it also weighs less, with 80 percent fewer parts, and is less susceptible to vibration due the rotary ( instead of reciprocating ) motion of its moving parts. it will run on any flammable liquid or gas, from alcohol to peanut oil, from perfume to jack daniels, as the fuel ' s detonation characteristics don ' t really matter. it is in full working order from start - up, as fuel is injected directly into the burner, with timing and vaporarization not critical at all. this in turn kills the need for a warm - up period — there is instantly available heat


it is in full working order from start - up, as fuel is injected directly into the burner, with timing and vaporarization not critical at all. this in turn kills the need for a warm - up period — there is instantly available heat, instead of cylinder blocks and coolants that need to be warmed for efficiency. antifreeze isn ' t needed either, as operating temperature is effectively controlled by the air flowing through the engine. finally, the exhaust gases are cool and clean, with practically no carbon - monoxide emissions. the performance part? you can ' t kill a turbine engine by overrevving it, as the compressor rotates independently of the power turbine. on the downside, there is surprisingly little tricky stuff. the turbine has just one drawback, but it ' s a relatively big one : it guzzles fuel, often up to eight times more than a piston engine of similar output. early on, this problem was countered by using the first part of the two - stage turbine to not only drive the compressor turbine, but to also drive a pair of " regenerators. " these honeycomb regenerators acted as a pair of clever heat exchangers, directing exhaust heat back into the system to lighten the burden of the burner, with fuel now only needed to raise the gas temperature up to the required level. as an added bonus, exhaust temperature was further cooled to safe levels. this resulted in the regenerative turbine engine ( below ) that was to form the basis of all turbine - powered road and racing cars. turbines : the heritage after a brief look - in by opel in 1927, road - car turbines were separately pioneered by rover and chrysler, with gm and fiat also examining their capabilities. rover started work in 1939, shortly after war was declared between england and germany. this was on commission from the british government that, amidst clouds of secrecy, approached rover ' s spencer wilks to help out a company called power jets limited, which had a brilliant jet engine design but lacked production facilities. chrysler latched onto the concept in 1945, but let ' s look at the british effort first. rover : true pioneers the top - secret request to rover came on the back of rolls royce ' s lack of interest for the project, as they were in the middle of merlin v - 12 production for their spitfire fighter range. indeed, the first application considered for the gas turbine developed by power jets ' frank whittle ( left ) was aviation – - and it being wartime, military aviation


they were in the middle of merlin v - 12 production for their spitfire fighter range. indeed, the first application considered for the gas turbine developed by power jets ' frank whittle ( left ) was aviation – - and it being wartime, military aviation came to mind first, although for rover mum was the word. the car manufacturer being the backup choice and uninvolved in aeronautics, wilks left his engineers in the dark over the project, claiming that it was a new " supercharger " development … rover and power jets co - developed and produced two versions of wittle ' s original design, but they soon fell out as rover made alterations - – erm, " improvements " – - to the w2 design, going another step further with the w2b, again without consulting wittle. rover had good reason, as the initial engines suffered from surging and turbine failure. soon, with war now raging all over the continent, rover managed to secure the government ' s commission to go it alone. the new b - 26 turbine was almost drawn on a blank sheet, and when rolls - royce stepped into the turbine arena in 1942, the b - 26 formed the basis of the rolls - royce welland, the world ' s first production jet engine. the designs may have been sold, but the knowledge did not go with them. as soon as a couple of months after the end of the war, the wilks brothers began planning further turbine development for road - car applications. for this, spencer wilks made an approach to leyland to help fund the project, while also luring away turbine engineers frank bell and spencer king from rolls - royce. despite immediate post - war material shortages, a prototype engine called the jet 1 was up and running in february 1947. and although they had some steep hills to climb - – like working out how to link a 50, 000 - rpm turbine to the back axle of a road car! – - a working fifth incarnation of the jet 1 was finished in may 1948. this had the aforementioned two - stage turbine solution to the drive problem that was later followed by other manufacturers ; it produced 100 hp at 55, 000 compressor rpm while weighing less than a rover piston engine. a more powerful version was successfully tested in a boat at the end of 1949 and subsequently mated to a rover p4 road car. on march 14, 1950, this car made its first runs and, as the " jet 1 " ( above ), saw its first public appearance soon after. the rear - engine jet 1


1949 and subsequently mated to a rover p4 road car. on march 14, 1950, this car made its first runs and, as the " jet 1 " ( above ), saw its first public appearance soon after. the rear - engine jet 1 lit up at 3000 rpm, with its compressor turbine ' s speed at 40, 000 rpm and the power turbine maxing out at 26, 000 rpm. the idling speed was an impressive 13, 000 rpm! with 100 hp, it could hit 85 mph while returning 6 mpg. in 1952, an uprated jet 1 appeared with a whopping 230 hp on tap, delivering a world record speed of 152 mph, still at 6mpg. the same year also saw the advent and quick demise of an outboard engined turbine concept car, the t2a, which didn ' t quite work as planned... four years later, rover was ready to announce its first car specifically designed around a gas turbine engine. the t3 was a spencer king design, with help from gordon bashford and peter wilks, and it boasted an two - shaft inboard rear engine producing 100 hp. it was a hugely innovative car that, even apart from the turbine engine, was ahead of its time with its fiberglass body, de dion rear suspension, back - angled front forks, and four - wheel inboard disc brakes. also, turbine development had come a long way. light - up was now at 15, 000 rpm, with the compressor ' s working speed at 52, 000 rpm. by now, heat exchanger technology had seen the light of day, hugely improving fuel economy to 13 mpg. the regenerators were further refined to deliver 20 mpg in the 1961 t4, left. this was a serious motorcar based on the rover p6 ( two years before the regular piston - engine p6 debut ), as it gave an impressive 140 hp and a 0 - 60 time of 8. 0 seconds. with a front - mounted engine, front - wheel drive, and stunning looks, there was nothing to take away from it against the usual crop of piston - engine road cars. still, rover decided to leave road - car development for what it was and focused on racing its turbine engines. although british road - car turbine development came to a halt after the t4, by this time, on the other side of the big pond, chrysler was about to launch its first turbine road car. chrysler : real - world cars the first design work on turbines at chrysler had started


development came to a halt after the t4, by this time, on the other side of the big pond, chrysler was about to launch its first turbine road car. chrysler : real - world cars the first design work on turbines at chrysler had started as early as 1945. over a decade of prodigious development got the company to the same level as rover, with a single - shaft, two - stage regenerating turbine engine that could be front - mounted, with the first - stage power turbine used to drive the compressor and accessory systems such as power steering, power brakes, and even power windows! in the early sixties ambitious plans were unfolded to produce a batch of 55 cars to hand out to selected " test drivers " across america. for this, chrysler designed a futuristic body that would be built by the famous italian coachbuilder carrozzeria ghia. the cars were finished and shipped stateside in 1963. five cars were kept by the chrysler development team ; the rest were doled out in a grand sweepstakes that saw some 30, 000 applications. each of the 50 winners was responsible for testing the cars and handing them back later along with a detailed evaluation. in total, 203 average citizens got the chance to test the chrysler turbine between 1963 and early 1966. most cars topped a trouble - free million miles before their retirement. the drivers ranged in age from 21 to 70 ; 180 were men and 23 were women. they lived in 133 different cities. conversely, car journalists weren ' t allowed any significant time in the car — what little test experience they got always came with a factory representative in the passenger seat. the testers ' verdict matched the strengths that the designers had already envisioned and the weaknesses they had worked hard to eliminate : the turbine chrysler was smooth and quiet and its reliability was staggering, but fuel consumption remained a worry. then again, as chrysler surmised, this was probably due to test drivers often showing off their car in front of a crowd of impressed on - lookers. with an idle speed of 22, 500 rpm, this was a fuel - burning exercise and little else — no wonder the drivers were sworn to secrecy about performance and fuel consumption! other downsides were acceleration lag and a lack of engine braking. when put in drive, the chryslers had a basic speed at idle, like a piston - engine automatic. this required applying the brakes at all times. the stp - paxton indy car the stp - paxton turbine car that produced a heartbreaking near miss at the 1967 indy


chryslers had a basic speed at idle, like a piston - engine automatic. this required applying the brakes at all times. the stp - paxton indy car the stp - paxton turbine car that produced a heartbreaking near miss at the 1967 indy 500 was the brainchild of italian - american andy granatelli, a racing nut who combined engineering vision with great business acumen. granatelli was a life - long speed addict : he was once an engineer and chief tester for studebaker, and he set over 400 land - speed records. as an engineering enthusiast, having already brought ferguson formula four - wheel drive to indy, granatelli was quick to see the unfair advantage of a turbine engine matched with four - wheel drive. thus the stp - paxton turbine car was born, with a ferguson four - wheel - drive system coupled to a reduction - gear system supplied by stp ' s paxton division. it was built completely in - house by the granatelli brothers, who wanted to keep the system a secret from their competition. as granatelli stated during an indianapolis legends interview in 2000, " every single thing on the car except the wheels and the turbine engine was built in - house. everything. and the reason we built everything in - house was because we didn ' t want to go to any outside vendor to have them know that we were building a special race car. and when we built the car, it was built completely in the rules, completely in specifications. " the engine was a canadian pratt & whitney st6b - 62 rated at 550 hp - – and it was mounted to the side of the car! with its side - by - side construction, it looked awkward, but the driver ' s weight offset the mass of the lightweight turbine. it was also quiet – - hence the car ' s nickname of " silent sam " – - and fast. very fast. soon the competition was complaining with usac, which had already reduced the car ' s turbine inlet area in order to keep the car from becoming dominant. and there was more bollocking going on. granatelli still gets mad thinking back to the car ' s indy debut : " we were told for example that the flap on the back of the car was distracting the other drivers. bologna! it never distracted anybody. but they banned that first thing off the bat. with a piston engine, you take your foot off the gas, it ' s still through the crankshaft, but the compression slows the car down. but with the


! it never distracted anybody. but they banned that first thing off the bat. with a piston engine, you take your foot off the gas, it ' s still through the crankshaft, but the compression slows the car down. but with the turbine car, you take your foot off the gas, and it ' s like putting the car in neutral. you keep going. so we needed something more in brakes. so we built a flap on the back of the car. when you stepped on the brakes, the flap would go up like an aircraft and slow the car down. well, the drivers complained about that, not because it was too distracting, but to complain. " nevertheless, and ominously if you weren ' t part of the stp team, granatelli had tempted legendary parnelli jones into racing it, and jones, who was on the verge of retirement, was only willing to do that if he had a " lock on the race ". granatelli was very convincing in his affirmation, and soon after the car was too – parnelli found that it could go everywhere he put it on the track. up, down, in the middle – the swooshmobile didn ' t need a " groove ". amazingly, not a single modification was needed to achieve that, says granatelli : " we never, ever adjusted a spring, a push - bar, nothing. we didn ' t change a thing on it. they didn ' t do a single thing to the car to make it handle it any better. they asked if the car was designed to handle it in the first place. it had equal weight distribution. that ' s why i put the engine on one side and the driver on the other, because the weight would be equal all the time. " granatelli was so confident of its reliability that he didn ' t even consider an engine change between qualifying and the race. he was right about that, but didn ' t count on the paxton gearing giving in. having led 171 laps, parnelli jones coasted to a halt on lap 196 of 200 – with just 7. 5 miles to go. it was truly the nearest of misses. the swooshmobile had been running away with the race when a five - dollar bearing in the gearcasing failed, at a point where parnelli had almost a lap in hand on his nearest rival, aj foyt – and that was after spinning earlier in the race and having to claw his way back through