falls in construction / leading edge work more than 800 construction workers die every year while on the job. falls are the number one cause of fatalities in construction. falls cause one of every three construction worker deaths. these falls happen in a split second while workers are on roofs, scaffolds, ladders, bridges, and other work surfaces. but these deaths can be prevented. the video you are about to see shows how quickly falls at construction sites can lead to workers ' deaths. the video will also show what employers must do so that the work can be done more safely. employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace and required protective equipment. you ' ll see that using the right type of fall protection please be advised. the scenes you are about to see deal with deaths at construction sites and might be disturbing for some people. all scenes are based on true stories. four workers were insulating the roof and applying the top layer of sheet metal roof decking on a tall, the roof was fairly flat, there was no controlled decking zone, and the workers were not wearing any personal fall protection. the workers were using drills to screw the metal sheets into the purlins. as one of the workers walked down the roof, he lost his footing. he fell through the space between the purlins, and landed on the floor below. he died the next day from his injuries. let ' s look at the events that led up to this tragic incident, and see how it could have been prevented. originally, the workers had no fall protection, which osha requires the employer to provide when working at heights of 15 feet and above. let ' s look again at the workers installing the metal roofing sheets and see what happens when these workers use fall protection. they are now using a temporary horizontal lifeline. this involves a horizontal cable attached to two or more anchor points on the roof. in this system, the workers connect their harnesses to a horizontal lifeline that is secured to the roof structure instead of individual anchor points. again, as the worker loses his footing and falls between the purlins, his lifeline stops him from falling to the floor below. while he is hanging from his fall arrest system, a co - worker brings over a lift and rescues the worker. this example shows the importance of employers following osha ' s fall protection standards to ensure that workers are provided with a safe workplace. these types of construction deaths are preventable. the fall protection measures shown here save workers ' lives. use fall protection on the


computer giant, international business machines ( ibm ) yesterday unveiled details about the microprocessor in a new version of its mainframe, which big blue claims is the world ' s fastest computer chip that can process information at a record breaking speed of 5. 2 ghz. ibm says it spent over $ 1. 5 billion in research and development on the zenterprise line, and spent more than three years collaborating with some of its top clients around the world. the z196 processor is a four - core chip that contains 1. 4 billion transistors on a 512 - square millimeter ( mm ) surface. the chip was designed by ibm engineers and was manufactured using ibm ' s 45 nanometer ( nm ) soi processor technology in the company ' s 300mm fab in new york. the armonk, new york - based ibm said ibm labs in austin, texas, germany, israel and india also made major contributions to the z196 processor development. the mainframe processor makes use of ibm ' s patented embedded dram ( edram ) technology, which allows ibm to place dense dram caches, or components, on the same chips as high - speed microprocessors, resulting in improved performance. from a performance standpoint, the zenterprise system is the most powerful commercial ibm system ever. the core server in the zenterprise system - - called zenterprise 196 - - contains 96 of the world ' s fastest, most powerful microprocessors, capable of executing more than 50 billion instructions per second.


what is melee? melee refers to one of two attack types. melee is the attack type that a close range combatant uses to physically strike a target unit. generally this ranges from an attack range of 128, with the exception of a few heroes. most melee heroes tend to be strength or agility orientated. what is ranged? ranged is referencing the second of the attack types. ranged attacks are conjured items or energy that is slung at a range to inflict damage to the target. ranged attacks can very greatly in the overall length of attack. ranged heroes are commonly intelligence or agility based. i bet you ' re wondering why i listed this basic information. well why isn ' t this relevant? knowing the difference between these mechanics can make or break a game. i often see a very irrelevant section in guides consisting of pros and cons, i find this to just be a filler to make the guides longer. within these guides lye a very common misconception, example : a guide is generally written by a mediocre dota player who wants to share his personal play style with his peer players. the same mediocre player will look at other ' s guides to see their personal options and then take these guides to heart. the problem with this, is that with most opinions comes falsities. often a hero will be criticized based on role or attack type : " a support? no that ' s lame, where ' s viper? " " dude, we already have 3 carries! we need a support. " " no, i got it, dazzle doesn ' t do any damage anyways. " this. dota2 matchmaking at it ' s finest. a misinformed player is not necessarily an ignorant player, just a misguided player. often times a player provides themselves the notion that because a hero can attack you from a further range, that you automatically will be zoned from the lane. if this is the case then why are nightstalker and tiny so well at dominating mid lane? to answer this we have to look at the statistics and truths provided below. here is a list of some of the items that differentiate between melee and ranged heroes. some have a quite small margin of difference, and some have a quite big impact on the play style of certain heroes. quelling blade, bonus damage versus creeps : 32 % vanguard, damage block : 40 poor man ' s shield, damage block : 20 skull basher, bash proc chance : 25 % manta style


on the play style of certain heroes. quelling blade, bonus damage versus creeps : 32 % vanguard, damage block : 40 poor man ' s shield, damage block : 20 skull basher, bash proc chance : 25 % manta style, illusions deal 33 % damage and take 350 % damage. cooldown : 35 seconds. vladimir ' s offering, bonuses : lifesteal 16 % and 15 % bonus damage. armor 5, mana regeneration 0. 8. venom orb, movement slow : 12 % quelling blade, bonus damage versus creeps : 12 % vanguard, damage block : 20 poor man ' s shield, damage block : 10 skull basher, bash proc chance : 10 % manta style, illusions deal 28 % damage and take 400 % damage. cooldown : 50 seconds. vladimir ' s offering, bonuses : armor 5, mana regeneration 0. 8. venom orb, movement slow : 4 % there are certain attack modifications and auras that only affect heroes of a certain attack type. most of these modifications have quite the impact on a hero. i ' ve provided a list of some of these mechanics. denied creep experience : 36 vladimir ' s offering melee damage bonus vladimir ' s offering lifesteal skeleton king ' s lifesteal denied creep experience : 18 drow ranger ' s ranged damage bonus ranged units, chance to miss uphill : 25 % skadi, buffplacer ( can stack with lifesteal orbs ) orb walking is a vital skill that allows ranged units to generate some severe harass. this mechanic is exploited by using the current spell system to work in your favor. usually i ' d write this section myself, but due to incompetence, i have brought in two sources to properly display this advanced technique : " one of the strongest mechanics of some ranged carries is their ability to orb walk. an orb is a unique attack modifier that changes how your auto attacks will affect the enemy or yourself, such as lifesteal ( morbid mask, satanic ), armor reduction ( deso ), and movement slow ( orb of venom, skadi ). some ranged heroes, like viper, huskar, and drow, have skills that are orbs you can toggle on and off to give unique orbs. the strength of these orbs is that they cost low mana and they count as spells. the reason why it is important that these orbs are spells is that they do not draw aggro from creeps when in lane. in a


researchers have designed a new robotic underwater vehicle that can hover in place like a helicopter - - an invaluable tool for deepwater oil explorers, marine archaeologists, oceanographers, and others. the new craft, called odyssey iv, is the latest in a series of small, inexpensive artificially intelligent submarines developed over the last two decades by mit ' s sea grant college program ' s autonomous underwater vehicles lab. the odyssey series revolutionized underwater research in the 1990s by introducing the thrifty and highly capable underwater robots. but the previous odyssey vehicles still had one significant limitation : like sharks, they could only operate while continuously moving forward. no more. the new odyssey iv, which has just completed sea trials off woods hole, mass., can move through the deep ocean, up to 6, 000 meters down, stopping anywhere in the water column and constantly correcting for currents and obstacles. navigating to its preprogrammed destination, it can hover in place, making detailed inspections of the footings of an offshore oil platform, or photographing the flora and fauna around an undersea vent. " our old subs needed to swim, to go forward, in order to maintain maneuvering capability, " says chryssostomos chryssostomidis, director of the mit sea grant program. " people wanted to be able to work in the ocean and stop and hover to do a specific task. in the past, you could only fly over a scene, take a picture, then fly over again and take another picture. now, i can stop over a scene that ' s of interest, and stay and make measurements. we ' ll be able to observe underwater scenes in much more detail. " this summer, this latest - generation craft has been demonstrating its new abilities on its first scientific mission, a study of the george ' s bank area of the gulf of maine, which is hugely important to the region ' s commercial fisheries. odyssey is being deployed in a series of dives to map and observe an invasive species of sea squirt called didemnum that has been infesting new england waters. mit sea grant ' s judy pederson has been tracking the didemnum invasion for several years, hoping to prevent it from smothering important native species ; odyssey iv will be her eyes on the seafloor. and the new craft ' s unique capabilities go beyond just looking at objects. " like a giant helicopter, this can pick up cargo underwater, " chryssostomidis


native species ; odyssey iv will be her eyes on the seafloor. and the new craft ' s unique capabilities go beyond just looking at objects. " like a giant helicopter, this can pick up cargo underwater, " chryssostomidis says. " now, we can visit an oil well, pick up a sample and bring it back to shore. " with the addition of a mechanical arm, the vessel will be able to do manipulations such as twisting a valve open or closed. not only can the craft hover, it can move quickly, up to two meters per second going straight ahead. both its speed and its ability to stop in place are achieved through the combined action of fins and thrusters on each side, and at the bow and stern of the two - meter - long craft. the new vehicle may be able to stop in place, but chryssostomidis and his colleague franz hover, an assistant professor in the department of mechanical engineering, and their team, research engineers jim morash, victor polidoro, justin eskesen and graduate student dylan owens, certainly are not. with the initial sea trials of odyssey iv just completed, they are focused squarely on moving ahead to their goals. they need to develop vastly improved power - storage and communications capabilities, to enable these vehicles to stay underwater longer, cover more terrain, and send back more data to scientists on shore. ultimately, chryssostomidis says, he hopes his team will produce an auv that can spend a full year underwater, collecting data and transmitting it to its home base, without any need to surface at all. " once we prove the hovering capability foolproof, as we think it is now, the next challenge for me to worry about is the issue of recharging, so that i can be free of the surface vessel, " he says. he also hopes to develop better manipulator arms that will be able to interact more flexibly with the undersea environment, to pick up objects or carry out repairs. but for now, chryssostomidis is reveling in the fact that odyssey iv, after years of development, has passed its initial tests in the ocean with flying colors. no matter how good the design, that ' s not something you can take for granted, he explains. " the sea is very unforgiving. if there ' s anything that can go wrong, the sea will find it. "


lung enzyme both friend and foe wednesday june 17, 2009 - - an enzyme involved in the development of emphysema also defends the lungs against bacterial infection, a new study finds. it had been thought that the only thing macrophage elastase, matrix metalloproteinase - 12 ( mmp - 12 ), did was degrade lung elasticity as part of the tissue destruction seen in emphysema patients. " but we found that mice that didn ' t have the gene to make this enzyme could not clear bacteria well and were more likely to die of infection. they couldn ' t make this small protein, which kills bacteria by poking holes in cell membranes, " study author dr. a. mcgarry houghton, an assistant professor in the division of pulmonary, allergy and critical care medicine at the university of pittsburgh school of medicine, said in a university news release. the researchers also found that mmp - 12 ' s antimicrobial activity comes from a small part of the enzyme that ' s structurally and sequentially unique. " humans, mice, rats and rabbits all have that special sequence and structure in mmp - 12, but not in other mmps, " houghton said. the study appears in the june 17 issue of nature. " while not the initial purpose of this study, finding novel antimicrobial mechanisms is extremely important, " senior study author dr. steven d. shapiro, chair of the department of medicine at the university of pittsburgh school of medicine, said in the same release. " many microorganisms have adapted to circumvent our current and stagnant arsenal of antibiotics. we must find new weapons so that we don ' t fall back to the public health problems we had prior to penicillin. " the researchers plan to investigate whether the special sequence and structure in mmp - 12 can kill viruses and fungi. the american lung association has more about emphysema. posted : june 2009


table and cell selection in adobe cs5 dreamweaver you can use several methods in adobe creative suite 5 ( adobe cs5 ) dreamweaver to select a cell or the whole table. after a cell or table is selected, you can change all sorts of attributes for the selected cell or table, including the color, size, and format of its contents. in design view, select the layout category from the insert panel and select expanded to put your table in expanded view. you can more easily select and make changes in this view. ( remember to click the standard button to see a more realistic preview of your table. ) select a cell by ctrl - clicking ( windows ) or command - clicking ( mac ) it. the tag selector is an incredible tool to use to select any tag element, though it ’ s especially helpful when selecting individual components of a table or a nested table. the tag selector is in the lower left corner of the document window. to use the tag selector, just put the cursor inside a cell. the tag selector shows the tags that apply to the insertion point ’ s location. then select < td > to select the cell that holds the cursor, < tr > to select the entire row, or < table > to select the entire table. the table tag is < table > ( it ’ s a difficult one to remember, right? ), and each row is in a < tr > ( table row ) tag. each cell is in a < td > ( table data ) tag. tables created with headers also make use of the < th > ( table header ) tag.


no more! because we saso. you have the power to heal and transform your life........ you have the power to heal and transform you world....... capp ( child assault prevention program ) the capp program is a national and international program internationalcap. org that is continually researched to ensure developmentally appropriateness for elementary age students. the program is based on a best practice model of prevention that includes parents, students, and community. saso ’ s capp coordinator and all volunteers are prepared to heighten awareness of child sexual assault as well as educate parents and community members / school staff on how to talk to young children about personal safety. the threefold workshop format of capp is designed to offer tools and knowledge suitable for anyone concerned about the wellbeing of young people in our communities. the parent workshop is an important component of the program to create a space for parents to ask questions about the children ’ s workshop, get to know the capp coordinator, and learn about what parents can do to prevent child sexual assault. parents are invited to watch a video of a children ’ s workshop to gain a better understanding of the tools that capp offers children. these tools are intended to enhance what parents are already teaching their children about personal safety. the parent workshop encourages caregivers to incorporate personal safety discussion into their conversations with children regarding bike safety, fire safety, seatbelt safety, etc. the school staff / community workshop is a key component in building awareness and offering skills in recognizing child sexual abuse and how to handle disclosures from young children in the most appropriate way. adults involved in children ’ s lives need to understand and realize their importance in lessening the vulnerability of children. this workshop includes a brief history of prevention models, and gives research based explanations for the empowerment model that capp is build on. this workshop also offers evidence based tips on the impact adults have on reducing the trauma of a child who has disclosed an assault. the children ’ s workshop is the main component of this program. its focus is to brainstorm, with students, ways to maintain their rights to be “ safe, strong, and free ”. this workshop consists of role - plays designed to discuss the most common assault experiences a child might encounter : bullies, strangers, and known adults. a fourth role - play is included to demonstrate what it may look like to talk to a trusted adult about a “ big problem. ” ( ideally, the classroom teacher or school counselor participates in this role -


description from flora of china heleochloa host ex roemer. annuals, low growing. culms ascending or prostrate, much branched. leaf blades short, linear to lanceolate, flat or involute ; ligule a line of hairs. inflorescence a very dense panicle, spicate and cylindrical, or ovoid to capitate and then usually subtended by 1 or 2 inflated spathelike leaf sheaths with a reduced blade. spikelets with 1 floret, strongly laterally compressed, disarticulating below the floret or rarely falling entire ; glumes narrow, slightly shorter than lemmas, unequal to subequal, membranous, 1 - veined, scabrid or ciliate along keel, acute or with a short awn - point ; lemma lanceolate, membranous, 1 - veined, awnless ; palea similar to lemma, 1 – 2 - veined, splitting at maturity. lodicules absent. stamens 2 – 3. grain ellipsoid, pericarp free and sometimes swelling when wet. crypsis species occur mainly on periodically wet, often saline soils in semi - arid areas. nine to twelve species : centered on the mediterranean region and sw asia, but extending to c africa and from europe to china ; introduced elsewhere ; two species in china. ( authors : lu shenglian ( 生 ) ; sylvia m. phillips )


protein trafficking and membrane biology during viral infection herpes viruses cause many human diseases, including blindness, birth defects, diseases of the peripheral and central nervous system and several forms of cancer. production of an infectious viral particle, and thus the spread of disease, is critically dependent upon assembly of the herpes virus envelope, a lipid membrane derived from the infected host cell. construction of this biological membrane involves the targeting of a set of virally - encoded membrane proteins to a particular cytoplasmic organelle, followed by binding of the viral capsid. budding of the capsid through the membrane, followed by a " pinching off " fusion event generates a sealed, mature envelope with its own unique subset of membrane proteins. we are dissecting the molecular machinery used to carry out these targeting, budding and scission events by a combination of biochemical and molecular genetic approaches. the processes of viral assembly and envelope biogenesis are being studied using novel synchronized virus assembly assays, and we have recently made several unexpected and exciting discoveries concerning the mechanism of herpes capsid maturation ( 1, 2, 3, 4 ). furthermore, we have just succeeded in isolating the intracellular compartments which herpes simplex virus uses to assemble within then traffic out of infected cells ( 5 ) and have begun to identify which proteins are used by the virus to refashion these cellular organelles into envelopes. better understanding of the events which accompany herpes virus assembly are critical for the future development of specific anti - viral drugs. 1. church, g. a. and wilson, d. w. ( 1997 ) study of herpes simplex virus maturation during a synchronous wave of assembly. j. virol. 71, 3603 - 3612. 2. church, g. a., dasgupta, a. and wilson, d. w. ( 1998 ) herpes simplex virus dna packaging without measurable dna synthesis. j. virol. 72, 2745 - 2751. 3. dasgupta, a., wilson, d. w. ( 1999 ) atp depletion blocks herpes simplex virus dna packaging and capsid maturation. j. virol. 73, 2006 - 2015. 4. chi, j., wilson, d. w. ( 2000 ) atp - dependent localization of the herpes simplex virus capsid protein vp26 to sites of procapsid maturation. j. virol. 74, 1468 - 1476. 5


detailed processes are involved in underfilling flip - chip assemblies, and a variety of fluid formulations and dispensing alternatives are available to today ' s flip - chip process engineer. in the past few years, flip - chip technology has migrated from a specialized packaging application to mainstream production as a key method for improving circuit densities, reliability and cost in miniaturized electronic products. the use of underfill encapsulant beneath the flip - chip die is necessary to significantly increase reliability by reducing the strain on the solder bumps during thermal cycling imposed by coefficient of thermal expansion ( cte ) differences between the die and the substrate. by adhering to all surfaces under the die, the underfill adhesive makes the die - adhesive - substrate system stiffer. the underfill adhesive also keeps the solder bump in hydrostatic compression, thereby increasing fatigue endurance and holding the bump intact under strain. underfill encapsulant has been shown to provide an improved degree of environmental protection. when flip chips began to be more widely used three to four years ago, one of the primary concerns was the then relatively slow process of the underfill dispensing and curing process. as a result, fluid formulators, dispensing equipment manufacturers and flip - chip process engineers invested significantly and improved throughput and process capabilities for capillary underfill. in parallel, some degree of effort and promotion has been expended on developing " no - flow " underfill materials, which are intended to be applied before the die is placed. although no - flow underfill materials reportedly have some practical usage in real - world flip - chip applications, the bigger picture has also significantly changed with vastly improved throughput and process robustness for dispensing of capillary flow underfill. this article examines the processes involved in underfilling flip - chip assemblies and explores the fluid formation and dispensing alternatives available to today ' s flip - chip process engineer. basically, the conventional capillary underfill dispensing process ( figure 1 ) fits into the production line after the reflow process, whereas no - flow underfill is dispensed before placement of the die and is designed to cure during the reflow process. the capillary underfill process requires an additional cure oven and a means to flux the area before reflow. each process requires a dispenser. figure 1. conventional underfill process. in a no


the reflow process. the capillary underfill process requires an additional cure oven and a means to flux the area before reflow. each process requires a dispenser. figure 1. conventional underfill process. in a no - flow process, the underfill is dispensed on the flip - chip placement site. the chip is then placed on top of the underfill under force to press the die into the fluid and the bumps into contact with the pads. it is necessary to hold the flip chip momentarily ( 100 ms ) in place to allow the fluid to form a fillet around the edges of the die. the hold - down dwell time is required to stop the die from rebounding away from the surface of the printed circuit board. the placement accuracy requirement of the flip chip relative to the substrate pads is more precise than with conventional underfill materials. the die self - alignment that is normally accomplished during reflow is impeded by having a viscous fluid in the interface at the time of reflow, hence the need for more accurate alignment with no - flow underfills, which slows down the die placement rate. the assembly is then heated to reflow the solder, cure the underfill and bond the embedded fluxing agents into the cured polymer. the no - flow underfill must be precisely cured during the same process that forms the solder connections, which can lead to some degree of process tweaking to simultaneously achieve both objectives. this also requires some reflow profiling changes depending on the type and number of components on the circuit board. also, obtaining a formulation that undergoes complete curing during reflow has been a technical challenge, as uncured adhesives can have a significant effect on the thermal cycling reliability. no - flow underfill adhesives are not highly filled because the primary purpose of the underfill is to increase system stiffness to reduce strain on the flip chip bump. the normal underfill encapsulants are highly filled with silica or other fillers to increase an epoxy ' s modulus, reduce creep sensitivity and decrease a material ' s cte. because the no - flow adhesive is present before reflow, fillers would be present between the flip - chip bump and the pad. therefore, complete reflow connection would be inhibited by the presence of fillers. consequently, reliability of no - flow flip - chip systems with non - filled adhesive is considered good if 1, 000 to 2


- chip bump and the pad. therefore, complete reflow connection would be inhibited by the presence of fillers. consequently, reliability of no - flow flip - chip systems with non - filled adhesive is considered good if 1, 000 to 2, 000 cycles are achieved without failure. a traditional filled capillary underfill system will achieve more than 3, 000 cycles. in a conventional capillary underfill process, dispensing and curing can be optimized independently of the other production steps, thereby allowing more latitude for developing a robust and controllable process. in addition, because the reflow process is completed before underfill dispensing, manufacturers also have the option for inserting a pre - underfill functional test, if desired, to improve yields and allow for rework before underfilling the assemblies. the latest underfills have made significant advances in flow - out and cure times. underfills for die sizes in the range up to 12 mm square with 60 micron gaps can flow out in 6 seconds. each flip chip on a board further masks the flow - out time so there is no throughput effect because of flow - out time. snap cure systems allow curing in 5 minutes to full cure. the adhesives have the fillers that allow high reliability so no compromise is made in the end product ' s ultimate performance. precision selective jet dispensing of flux is one of the key developments that has made conventional capillary underfill processes more robust and simpler. as a rule of thumb, the optimum amount of flux is the least amount of flux. a no - clean process can be achieved by applying an ultra - thin flux film thickness of 1 mil or less ; these thin - film requirements have already gone well beyond the limitations of traditional fluxing methods, such as brushing, screening or dipping. as a result, many production lines are turning to selective flux jetting to increase accuracy and consistency with ultra - tight tolerances while simultaneously boosting overall throughput and resulting in higher reliability. underfill adhesive fluid formulator issues fast - flow and snap - cure underfills can be used to boost production throughput in high - volume consumer electronics applications while specialized underfills can be used to withstand operating temperatures as high as 125°c. high tg underfills can provide glass transition characteristics as high as 155°c to provide extra reliability in hybrid and mcm applications, and underfills with special wetting agents can


used to withstand operating temperatures as high as 125°c. high tg underfills can provide glass transition characteristics as high as 155°c to provide extra reliability in hybrid and mcm applications, and underfills with special wetting agents can accommodate under - die gaps to 1 mil. all of these fluid formulations have been refined for use in tightly controlled capillary underfill processes using third - generation dispensing platforms. this gives a manufacturer a wider range of adhesive alternatives. on the other hand, because no - flow underfill is designed to be cured during existing reflow oven processes, the range of no - flow fluid formulations has been limited. any variations in the reflow processes can significantly impact results by causing the underfill to gel prematurely. for example, if the production process for a large ball grid array package requires a slightly higher reflow temperature to ensure consistent reflow of all solder balls, the result may be inconsistent with no - flow underfill curing. because a core objective of the no - flow process is the cross - linking of the embedded flux into the cured underfill polymer, if the adhesive gels prematurely it can leave behind undesirable flux residues, such as carbolic acids, that can lead to corrosion and latent quality problems. for this reason, it is suggested that a post - test cure may be required to fully cross - link the no - flow underfills. although no - flow underfill can certainly produce acceptable yields in selected processes, the fact that it must fully cure during the standard reflow process can involve extensive experimentation and tweaking within a relatively narrow process window. on the other hand, because conventional underfill dispensing occurs after the reflow process, its control parameters are completely independent of the reflow oven settings and, therefore, are more easily set up within a wider process control window, resulting in consistently reliable results. new reworkable capillary underfills another major milestone in capillary underfill has been the development of new reworkable underfill adhesives that allow defective flip - chip packages to be removed by simply heating the package and the underfill for one minute at standard rework temperatures of 210 to 220°c. the raised temperature causes the reworkable underfill adhesive to partially decompose, which enables the component to be removed by applying torque. an uncomplicated clean - up procedure involving gentle high - speed brushing


to 220°c. the raised temperature causes the reworkable underfill adhesive to partially decompose, which enables the component to be removed by applying torque. an uncomplicated clean - up procedure involving gentle high - speed brushing eliminates any remaining residue and prepares the site to receive the replacement component. high - throughput precision dispensing capabilities many high - volume and high - mix production environments are already achieving sustained throughput and consistency by using third - generation dispensing platforms that provide a combination of : - highly repeatable precision positioning and motion systems - linear positive displacement needle dispensing methods - precise volumetric control over the dispensing process - careful management of temperature levels throughout the dispensing, flow - out and curing processes - flexible and simple programming, set - up and run - time operating environments. to achieve a fast, complete and consistent flow of underfill encapsulant, it is important to have highly repeatable part handling and location, the use of precision volumetric dispensing controls, and the careful management of temperature levels throughout the dispensing process. part handling is the first critical factor in achieving high dispensing throughput. the loading and x - y positioning systems must accurately and consistently place parts in the same location within the work envelope so the dispensing can be efficiently initiated at the pre - specified locations. the highest throughput rates are achieved with systems that automatically establish the precise position of each die using the minimum required number of fiducials, while avoiding undue operator intervention. in flip - chip applications, precision control is a key concern because the dispensing needle has to move extremely close to the chip throughout the process. the needle must be positioned far enough from the chip to avoid backside contamination but close enough to promote capillary flow of the fluid under the chip. accurate volumetric control of underfill fluids can only be achieved through the use of a linear positive displacement ( lpd ) pump that uses a piston to displace the exact volumes required, whether in large or small shots. unlike older rotary or auger pump technologies, which work adequately for stable viscosity fluids like solder paste, the short pot - life fluids used as underfill encapsulant demand more precise pumping action, such as lpd, where the flow - rate never varies with changes in the viscosity and needle diameter. even before the actual dispensing process begins, process


used as underfill encapsulant demand more precise pumping action, such as lpd, where the flow - rate never varies with changes in the viscosity and needle diameter. even before the actual dispensing process begins, process control above the substrate temperature can help to prepare it for optimal encapsulant flow - out. the dispensing system should also incorporate needle - heating to further optimize the flow characteristics of the encapsulant formulation before it is even dispensed into the part. finally, maintaining a precise post - dispensing profile over the parts can be used to effectively complete the flow - out after dispensing. the post - heating step can actually improve overall dispensing throughput because the dispensed parts can be moved to the post - heat area to complete their flow - out, while the next set of parts is simultaneously cycled into the dispensing work envelope. by treating the dispensing and curing operations as a single, integrated " process module, " it is now becoming possible to optimize overall production throughput while simultaneously improving the quality and consistency of results. alec babiarz, vice president of nordson corp. and senior vice president of asymtek, and steven j. adamson, product manager of semiconductors at asymtek, can be contacted at 2762 loker avenue west, carlsbad, ca 92009 ; 760 - 431 - 1919 ; fax : 760 - 431 - 2678 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org and email @ example. com.


methylationin chemistry, methylation is the addition of a methyl group to a substrate. in epigenetics, methylation can refer to the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine residue of dna to convert it to 5 - methylcytosine or the addition of a methyl group or groups to arginine or lysine amino acids in a protein. methylation of dna occurs at any cpg sites, which are sequences of dna where cytosine lies next to guanine. the process of methylation is mediated by an enzyme known as dna methyltransferase. cpg sites are quite rare in a eukaryotic genome except in regions near the promoter of a eukaryotic gene. these regions are known as cpg islands, and the state of methylation of these cpg sites are critical for gene activity / expression. in early development ( fertilisation to 8 - cell stage ), the eukaryotic genome is demethylated. from the 8 - cell stage to the morula, de novo methylation of the genome occurs, modifying and adding epigenetic information to the genome. by blastula stage, the methylation is complete. this process is referred to as " epigenetic reprogramming ". the importance of methylation was shown in knockout mutants without dna methyltransferase. all the resulting embryos died at the morula stage. the pattern of methylation has recently become an important topic for research. studies have found that in normal tissue, methylation of a gene is mainly localised to the coding region, which is cpg poor. in contrast, the promoter region of the gene is unmethylated, despite a high density of cpg islands in the region. interestingly, in cancer cells, methylation is very high even in the promoter region, raising interest in the role of methylation in the induction of cancerous properties. furthermore, the pattern of methylation has been shown to be a reliable marker of cancerous tissue, with a heavily methylated gene found in 90 % or more patients with prostate cancer. additionally, adenosine methylation is part of the restriction modification system of many bacteria. bacterial dnas are methylated periodically throughout the genome, and foriegn dnas ( which are not methylated in this manner ) that are introduced into the cell are degraded by restriction enzymes. bacteria protect themselves from infection by bacteria viruses, called bacteriophage or phage, through this system.


the rococo - style received its name in the 19th century from french emigres, who used the word to designate in whimsical fashion the old shellwork style ( style rocaille ), then regarded as old frankish, as opposed to the succeeding more simple styles. essentially, it is in the same kind of art and decoration as flourished in france during the regency following louis xiv ' s death, and remained in fashion for about forty years ( 1715 - 1750 ). it might be termed the climax or degeneration of the baroque, which, coupled with french grace, began towards the end of the reign of louis xiv to convert grotesques into curves, lines, and bands ( jean berain, 1638 - 1711 ). as its effect was less pronounced on architectural construction than elsewhere, it is not so much a real style as a new kind of decoration, which culminates in the resolution of architectural forms of the interiors ( pilasters and architraves ) by arbitrary ornamentation after the fashion of an unregulated, enervated baroque, while also influencing the arrangement of space, the construction of the facades, the portals, the forms of the doors and windows. the rococo style was readily received in germany, where it was still further perverted into the arbitrary, unsymmetrical, and unnatural, and remained in favour until 1770 ( or even longer ) ; it found no welcome in england. in italy a tendency towards the rococo style is evidenced by the borrominik guarini, and others. the french themselves speak only of the style regence and louis xv, which, however, is by no means confined to this one tendency. to a race grown effeminate, the baroque forms seemed too coarse and heavy, the lines too straight and stiff, and whole impression to weighty and forced. the small and the light, sweeps and flourishes, caught the public taste ; in the interiors the architectonic had to yield to the picturesque, the curious, and the whimsical. there develops a style for elegant parlours, dainty sitting - rooms and boudoirs, drawing - rooms and libraries, in which walls, ceiling, furniture, and works of metal and porcelain present one ensemble of sportive, fantastic, and sculptured forms. the horizontal lines are almost completely superseded by curves and interruptions, the vertical varied at least by knots ; everywhere shell - like curves appear to a cusp ; the natural construction of the walls is concealed behind


hotel soubise ). in germany, french and german artists ( cuvillies, neumann, knobelsdorff, etc. ) effected the dignified equipment of the amalienburg near munich, and the castles of wurzburg, potsdam, charlottenburg, bruhl, bruchsal, schonbrunn, etc. in france the style remained somewhat more reserved, since the ornaments were mostly of wood, or, after the fashion of wood - carving, less robust and naturalistic and less exuberant in the mixture of natural with artificial forms of all kinds ( e. g. plant motives, stalactitic representations, grotesques, masks, implements of various professions, badges, paintings, precious stones ). as elements of the beautiful france retained, to a greater extent than germany, the unity of the whole scheme of decoration and the symmetry of its parts. this style needs not only decorators, goldsmiths, and other technicians, but also painters. the french painters of this period reflect most truly the moral depression dating from the time of louis xiv, even the most deliberated among them confining themselves to social portraits of high society and depicting " gallant festivals ", with their informal frivolous, theatrically or modishly garbed society. the " beautiful sensuality " is effected by masterly technique, especially in the colouring, and to a great extent by quite immoral licenses or mythological nudities as in loose or indelicate romances. as for antoine watteau ( 1684 - 1721 ), the very titles of his works - - e. g. conversation, breakfast in the open air, rural pleasures, italian or french comedians, embarkment for the island of cythera - - indicate the spirit and tendency of his art. add thereto the figures in fashionable costume slim in head, throat, and feet, in unaffected pose, represented amid enchanting, rural scenery, painted in the finest colours, and we have a picture of the high society of the period which beheld louis xv and madame de pompadour. francois boucher ( 1703 - 1770 ) is the most celebrated painter of ripe rococo. for the church rococo may be, generally speaking, compared with worldly church music. it lacks of simplicity, earnestness, and repose is evident, while its obtrusive artificiality, unnaturalness, and triviality have a distracting effect. its softness and prettiness likewise do not become the house of god. however,


lacks of simplicity, earnestness, and repose is evident, while its obtrusive artificiality, unnaturalness, and triviality have a distracting effect. its softness and prettiness likewise do not become the house of god. however, shorn of its most grievous outgrowths, it may have been less distracting during its proper epoch, since it then harmonized with the spirit of the age. a development of baroque, it will be found a congruous decoration for baroque churches. in general it makes a vast difference whether the style is used with moderation in the finer and more ingenious form of the french masters, or is carried to extremes with the consistency of the german. the french artists seem ever to have regarded the beauty of the whole composition as the chief object, while the german laid most stress on the bold vigour of the lines ; thus, the lack of symmetry was never so exaggerated in the works of the former. in the church rococo may at times have the charm of prettiness and may please by its ingenious technic, provided the objects be small and subordinate a credence table with cruets and plate, a vase, a choir desk, lamps, key and lock, railings or balustrade, do not too boldly challenge the eye, and fulfil ( sic ) all the requirements of mere beauty of form. rococo is indeed really empty, solely a pleasing play of the fancy. in the sacristy ( for presses etc. ) and ante chambers it is more suitable than in the church itself - - at least so far as its employment in conspicuous places is concerned. the rococo style accords very ill with the solemn office of the monstrance, the tabernacle, and the altar, and even of the pulpit. the naturalism of certain belgian pulpits, in spite or perhaps on account of their artistic character, has the same effect as have outspoken rococo creations. the purpose of the confessional and the baptistery would also seem to demand more earnest forms. in the case of the larger objects, the sculpture of rococo forms either seems pretty, or, if this prettiness be avoided, resembles baroque. the phantasies of this style agree ill with the lofty and broad walls of the church. however, everything must be decided according to the object and circumstances ; the stalls in the cathedral of mainz elicit not only our approval but also our admiration, while the celebrated privileged altar of


agree ill with the lofty and broad walls of the church. however, everything must be decided according to the object and circumstances ; the stalls in the cathedral of mainz elicit not only our approval but also our admiration, while the celebrated privileged altar of vierzehnheiligen repels us both by its forms and its plastic decoration. there are certain rococo chalices ( like that at the monastery of einsiedeln which are, as one might say, decked out in choice festive array ; there are others, which are more or less misshapen owing to their bulging curves or figures. chandeliers and lamps may also be disfigured by obtrusive shellwork or want of all symmetry, or may amid great decorativeness be kept within reasonable limits. the material and technic are also of consequence in rococo. woven materials, wood - carvings, and works in plaster of paris are evidently less obtrusive than works in other materials, when they employ the sportive rococo. iron ( especially in railings ) and bronze lose their coldness and hardness, when animated by the rococo style ; in the case of the latter, gilding may be used with advantage. gilding and painting belong to the regular means through which this style, under certain circumstances, enchants the eye and fancy. all things considered, we may say of the rococo style - - as has not unreasonably been said of the baroque and of the renaissance - - that it is very apt to introduce a worldly spirit into the church, even if we overlook the figural accessories, which are frequently in no way conducive to sentiments of devotion, and are incompatible with the sobriety and greatness of the architecture and with the seriousness of sacred functions. this article is from the 1912 catholic encyclopedia, it holds a non - npov position regarding the use of rococo in churches. use with care and update as needed.