trees can play a key role in protecting a water body from spraying operations in addition to trapping snow and adding moisture to the cropland, says stoby. perhaps one of the biggest challenges with buffer zones, however, is weed management. although she comes from a conservation perspective, stoby also realizes that producers are concerned about how these weeds will affect their crop health. depending on the situation, she recommends mowing as the optimum method for weed management in buffer zones. " also, if you run a mixed farm or a neighbour has cattle, they can graze the area late in the fall. " hand - picking weeds is another safe method of controlling weeds in a buffer zone, says dan orchard, a senior agronomist with sturgeon valley fertilizer in st. albert, alberta. another method is to seed the buffer zone to grass in order to " choke out " the weeds. and although there are pesticides available that have been specifically designed for use in riparian areas, orchard recommends applying these using a controlled applicator such as a wick applicator in which there is direct contact between the chemical and the weed. however, the bottom line is that all of these methods are, to one extent or the other, time - consuming processes and for this reason orchard says it ' s important for producers to use their judgment. " if your buffer zone is full of noxious weeds it needs to be addressed, but if it just has a few weeds here and there it ' s not the end of the world, " he says. know your chemicals. knowing how the chemicals being used interact with the soil is key, says orchard. " it ' s important to understand what the chemical you ' re using can do, " he says. " if it ' s going to be bound to the soil like round - up, you can get fairly close to waterways, but with chemicals which tend to leave more residue in the soil, you need to stay even further away from waterways. " watch your slope. not surprisingly, a slope uphill of the water body places it at a greater risk during spraying operations. this is another instance in which a buffer zone can help, says orchard. " if you can get the buffer zone to slope away from the water somewhat, you can get that much closer with your spraying, " he says. consider the wind. as most crop applicators know, wind speed and direction play a key role in airborne spray drift. however, new products such as the agricultural windsock can


this summary contains the following key information : - milk thistle is a plant whose fruit and seeds have been used for more than 2, 000 years as a treatment for liver and biliary disorders. - the active substance in milk thistle, silymarin, is a mixture of flavonolignans, primarily consisting of four isomers : silybin, isosilybin, silychristin ( also known as silichristin ), and silydianin ( also known as silidianin ). in the biological literature, silybin is referred to as silibinin. - laboratory studies demonstrate that silymarin functions as an antioxidant, stabilizes cellular membranes, stimulates detoxification pathways, stimulates regeneration of liver tissue, inhibits the growth of certain cancer cell lines, exerts direct cytotoxic activity toward certain cancer cell lines, and may increase the efficacy of certain chemotherapy agents. - human clinical trials have investigated milk thistle or silymarin primarily in individuals with hepatitis or cirrhosis. - few adverse side effects have been reported for milk thistle, but little information about interactions with anticancer medications or other drugs is available. - milk thistle is available in the united states as a dietary supplement. many of the medical and scientific terms used in the summary are hypertext linked ( at first use in each section ) to the nci dictionary of cancer terms, which is oriented toward nonexperts. when a linked term is clicked, a definition will appear in a separate window. reference citations in some pdq cam information summaries may include links to external web sites that are operated by individuals or organizations for the purpose of marketing or advocating the use of specific treatments or products. these reference citations are included for informational purposes only. their inclusion should not be viewed as an endorsement of the content of the web sites, or of any treatment or product, by the pdq cancer cam editorial board or the national cancer institute.


in the netherlands, belgium, germany and spain astronet, kennislink, astroforum, sterrenkids, dutch copernicus public observatory, belgian mira public observatory, spanish serviastro, associacion argentina " amigos de la astronomia " in argentina and hochschule offenburg in germany organized live webcasts of the event. most webcast were clouded out or had a partrial view of the eclipse. only in argentina luis manzerola and his team of the asociacion argentina " amigos de la astronomia " viewed a complete eclipse : in the netherlands bas and brechje van beek of skyglory captured the eclipse through a 101mm f5. 4 genesis tele vue telescope using a canon 350dh camera, sensitized for h - alpha, at 200 asa. norbert schmidt ( pictured below left behind the computer ) webcasted the eclipse from copernicus public observatory. he took this shot of totality at 03 : 04 ut. in the netherlands many observers gathered at copernicus public observatory. at times they experienced fog, but in general the eclipse could be followed untill mid - totality. carl koppeschaar observing at copernicus public observatory. copyright : asociacion argentina " amigos de la astronomia " a lunar eclipse occurs when the full moon passes through the earth ' s shadow. the moon encounters the penumbra, the earth ' s outermost shadow zone, at 00 : 35 universal time ( ut ). about thirty minutes later a slight dusky shading can be noticed on the leading edge of the moon. at 01 : 43 ut the moon begins its entry into the innermost shadow zone, or umbra. for more than an hour a circular shadow creeps across the moon ' s face. at 03 : 01 ut, the moon is completely within earth ' s dark shadow. it then takes on an eerie coppery tint that can be compared with the colour of blood. during a total eclipse the moon shines with a orange reddish glow. photograph : robert smallegange ( leeuwarden, the netherlands ). without earth ' s atmosphere, the moon would disappear completely once immersed in the umbra. longer wavelengths of light penetrate earth ' s atmosphere better than shorter wavelengths, which is why the rising or setting sun looks reddish. in essence, the ruddy tint of a totally eclipsed moon comes from the ring of atmosphere around earth ' s limb that sc


of light penetrate earth ' s atmosphere better than shorter wavelengths, which is why the rising or setting sun looks reddish. in essence, the ruddy tint of a totally eclipsed moon comes from the ring of atmosphere around earth ' s limb that scatters a sunset - like glow into the umbra. during totality a ring of reddish sunlight surrounds the earth. the hue actually changes from one eclipse to another, ranging from a bright coppery orange to brownish. the moon may darken so much that it becomes all but invisible to the unaided eye. these very dark lunar eclipses often occur after exceptional volcanic eruptions. totality ends at 03 : 51 ut, when the moon ' s leading edge exits the umbra. the moon leaves the umbra completely at 05 : 09 ut, and the eclipse ends at 06 : 17 ut when the moon makes its last contact with the penumbra. path of the moon through earth ' s umbral and penumbral shadows during the total lunar eclipse of february 20 - 21, 2008. times in ut ( = gmt ). courtesy : science @ nasa / larry koehn. more animations at shadow & substance. request of observations dr. richard keen ( program for atmospheric and oceanic sciences ( paos ), university of colorado ) is interested in brightness estimates ( total visual magnitude and danjon l values ) of the moon during totality. his plan is to summarize the results from the 2003 - 2004 series of lunar eclipses in the smithsonian volcano bulletin after this eclipse of october. richard keen communicates : this is a mass mailing to all of you who have observed lunar eclipses in the past and / or have an interest in these events. last week i gave a presentation at a climate conference which included some results of your observations, and a copy of the presentation is attached to this message. once again, i would be interested in hearing of your observations of this week ' s eclipse ( wednesday evening, february 20. on the west side of the atlantic and thursday morning for those on the east side of the atlantic ). some of you may make " reverse binocular " magnitude estimates, or danjon " l " estimates, or both. below are some web links with information about the eclipse and about observing methods, along with links to presentations at the climate conference your observations were presented at. in summary, the recent eclipses show that the atmosphere has been clear of volcani aerosols since about 1995, and that this has contributed about 0.


methods, along with links to presentations at the climate conference your observations were presented at. in summary, the recent eclipses show that the atmosphere has been clear of volcani aerosols since about 1995, and that this has contributed about 0. 2 degrees to the recent warming. enjoy clear skies for the eclipse! dr. richard keen here ' s a brief description of one way to measure the brightness of a lunar eclipse : the totally eclipsed moon is usually brighter than most comparison stars ( expect about magnitude - 3 at second and third contacts, and - 1. 4 at mid - totality, assuming no volcanic dust present ), and its brightness needs to be reduced before a direct comparison can be made. an easy way to do this is to view the moon through reversed binoculars with one eye, comparing the reduced lunar image with stars seen directly with the other eye. the estimated magnitude of the reduced moon can be adjusted by a factor depending on the magnification of the binoculars, yielding the actual magnitude of the moon. for example, reversed 10x50 binoculars will reduce the apparent diameter of the moon by a factor of 10, or its brightness by a factor of 100, or 5 magnitudes. if the reduced moon appears like a magnitude 3 star, the actual moon is 5 magnitudes brighter, or - 2. the corrections for 8x, 7x, and 6x binoculars are 4. 5, 4. 2, and 3. 9 magnitudes, respectively. these correction factors assume the stated magnification of the binoculars is correct, and neglects light loss in the optics. more accurate correction factors can be empirically derived from observations of venus, jupiter, or sirius. observations made from the beginning to end of totality will reveal the darkening of the moon as it slips deeper into the umbra, but the most useful observations ( for measuring volcanic dust ) are those taken near mid - totality. reports should include time ( s ) of observation, size of binoculars ( or other method ) used, and identity of comparison stars or planets. articles about how volcanoes can affect the brightness of a lunar eclipse : here are predictions for the immersions and emersions of craters and mountains on the moon : immersion and emersion times ( ut ) for the total lunar eclipse of february 21, 2008 immersion crater / mountain emersion 01. 46 riccioli 04. 06 01. 48 grimaldi 04. 05 01. 49 aristarchus 04. 22 01. 53 kepler 04. 19 01. 55 billy 04. 06


21, 2008 immersion crater / mountain emersion 01. 46 riccioli 04. 06 01. 48 grimaldi 04. 05 01. 49 aristarchus 04. 22 01. 53 kepler 04. 19 01. 55 billy 04. 06 01. 56 harpalus 04. 35 01. 57 bianchini 04. 36 02. 00 pytheas 04. 30 02. 01 copernicus 04. 27 02. 03 timocharis 04. 36 02. 05 pico 04. 43 02. 05 plato 04. 44 02. 08 piton 04. 44 02. 10 autolyticus 04. 43 02. 11 campanus 04. 08 02. 14 aristoteles 04. 52 02. 15 eudoxus 04. 51 02. 16 manilius 04. 42 02. 19 menelaus 04. 46 02. 23 dionysius 04. 42 02. 24 plinius 04. 49 02. 24 endymion 05. 02 02. 27 vitruvius 04. 53 02. 27 tycho 04. 07 02. 33 censorinus 04. 47 02. 34 proclus 04. 59 02. 37 taruntius 04. 55 02. 40 messier 04. 52 02. 42 goclenius 04. 47 02. 47 langrenus 04. 53 eduard masana ( left ), salvador ribas ( right )


the evening of december 17 the final phase of preparation for christmas begins with the first of the great " o antiphons " of advent. these prayers are seven jewels of liturgical song, one for each day until christmas eve. they seem to sum up all our advent longing for the savior. " o antiphons " are intoned with special solemnity in monasteries at vespers, before and after the magnificat, mary ' s prayer of praise and thanksgiving from the gospel of luke ( 2 : 42 - 55 ), which is sung every evening as the climax of this hour of the divine office. vestige of the " great o ' s " can be seen in verses of the familiar advent hymn, " o come, o come emmanuel ". interested in the liturgy have discovered these gems of liturgical poetry and use them in their evening prayers. an " o antiphon house " similar to an advent calendar, can be made, with seven windows, each concealing an appropriate symbol for the different " o antiphons, " and an eighth window hiding the nativity scene. as with an advent calendar, one window is opened each day. sublime meditation of the " great ' o ' s " would be excellent for families with children who have outgrown the jesse tree or advent calendar. in any case, they are beautiful additions to your family prayers in the days just before christmas. wisdom, that proceedest from the mouth of the most high, reaching from end to end mightily, and sweetly disposing all things : come and teach us the way of prudence. lord and ruler of the house of israel, who didst appear unto moses in the burning bush, and gavest him the law on sinai : come and redeem us by thy outstretched arm. root of jesse, who standest as the ensign of the people, before whom kings shall not open their lips ; to whom the gentiles shall pray : come and deliver us, tarry now no more. key of david, and sceptre of the house of israel ; who openest, and no man shutteth, who shuttest, and no man openeth : come and lead the captive from the prison house, and him that sitteth in darkness and the shadow of death. dawn of the east, splendor of the eternal light, and sun of justice : come and enlighten them that sit in darkness, and the shadow of death. king of the gentiles, yea, and the desire thereof,


a catskill catalog : december 19, 2012 lanapehoking : the original name of the place where we live. lanapehoking : a word of the native eastern algonquin dialect that europeans called delaware. lanapehoking : from lanape, people, and hoking, land. the land of the people, that ’ s the first name of our place. our place was munsee land. it stretched from the middle hudson valley across huge tracts of upland forest, across the upper delaware valley, and down to the seacoast lowlands of new york and new jersey. ( of course, all this was before there was a new york or new jersey. ) the people of this vast region spoke munsee, their name for that eastern algonquin dialect that gave our region its first place name : lanapehoking. it has always been a peeve of mine when folks refer to our region as the watershed. i want to shake the speaker ( gently, of course ) and growl, “ we live in the catskills, not somebody ’ s watershed! ” perhaps, i should get over that peevishness. after all, catskills is a name only hundreds of years old, and, in the long sweep of history, a recent christening of what had long been the wet, mountainous upland of lanapehoking. history is the study of the written record of the past. the munsee people had no written language. they left no written record. their early culture is by definition pre - historic, accessible to us through archeological digs, colonial european observations written in dutch and english, and the oral traditions of native peoples. somewhere around 11, 500 years ago, lanapehoking became inhabited by paleo - indians, stone - age people who arrived here after the huge wisconsin glacier receded to the north. this was tundra then, a very different and very cold landscape, inhabited by caribou, walrus and the elephant - like mastodon. local “ arrowhead ” hunters have found spear points, scrapers, knives, mortars and other stone implements that date from this period. these paleo people were our region ’ s first inhabitants. climate change seems an ever - present reality. the climate of our region steadily warmed over the next several millennia. between 10, 000 and 3, 000 years ago, the landscape changed to reflect this steady warming. lakes, streams, marshes and forests developed over centuries, and the land began to become more like what we know


steadily warmed over the next several millennia. between 10, 000 and 3, 000 years ago, the landscape changed to reflect this steady warming. lakes, streams, marshes and forests developed over centuries, and the land began to become more like what we know today. berries, seeds, and nuts provided food for the deer, turkeys, bear and other animals that moved into the warming region. the people of this archaic period are more recognizable to us, hunters and gatherers in a land that seems more familiar than the frozen tundra of the earliest times. men hunted, with spears, deer and bear, birds and fish. women used stone axes to cut firewood, and, with their children, gathered plants, roots, berries, seeds, nuts, eggs and any, and all, other edible collectibles. cooking pots didn ’ t come into use until late in this period, so, it seems, most food was either roasted directly over a flame or eaten raw. it is in the woodland period, from 3, 000 years ago until european contact that the munsee people come into sharpest view. gradually, the hunter - gatherers added agriculture to the mix, growing gardens of corn, beans, and squash. agriculture requires a more settled life, a place to stay while cultivating the land, a place to store the harvested food. in lanapehoking, the people built small communities, unfortified hamlets of wigwams and longhouses made of saplings, with raised floors covered with furs and skins. storage pits held the harvest. firewood was kept dry. civilization had come to the region. when europeans came, nearly 12, 000 munsee people lived in lanapehoking. population centers were located on streams running into new york harbor, along the shore on western long island, on the mid - hudson, and at the upper reaches of the delaware river. that last site, of course, is us. the munsee were not a nation, had no political system, sought no unity among their various communities. rather, each community of lanape operated independently from other communities, united not by politics, but by language and culture. their families were matrilineal, with descent traced through the mother rather than the father. each family was part of a larger clan, wolf, turtle, or turkey, and young people were encouraged to find a mate from outside the clan. marriage was a simple declaration to live together, and work was gender - specific : men hunted, constructed houses, made


in a city known for its glass and steel jungles and crisscross of traffic - choked asphalt byways, one building in new york has fended off not just the crush of built - up modernity, but also seemingly time itself. perched on a lush promontory in washington heights, there is the 244 - year - old morris - jumel mansion, manhattan ’ s oldest house. and today, with its lush lawns and panoramic views, stained glass windows and creaky wood floors, the house still looks like a sliver of the 18th century, time - warped onto the cityscape. it ’ s hard to imagine that when it was built, the property ’ s lot stretched from river to river across manhattan. as if the house itself wasn ’ t enough of a window into new york ’ s past, the morris - jumel mansion museum is exhibiting dozens of photographs from the site ’ s past — with modern shots by two photographers right next to them. the show, titled “ it ’ s about time : 244 years at the morris - jumel mansion, ” runs until next tuesday and is free with admission ( $ 5 for adults, free for children under 12 ). the museum ’ s education director, carol ward, who worked to produce the display, said one of the exhibit ’ s purposes is to stress the importance of linking the past with the present. “ why do we take photographs now? why did they take photographs in 1885? ” ms. ward asked rhetorically as she gave a tour of the exhibit this week. “ to document these moments in our lives, these memories we want to share. ” spanning from 1887 until today, the photographs document the ways the house has been used over the years, changed, and in many ways, stayed the same. some images by the photographer trish mayo zoom in to the richly detailed french furniture still left over by the former owners stephen and eliza jumel, who acquired the house in 1810. originally built by the british colonel roger morris, who had an american wife, the house changed hands during the revolutionary war. in one photograph, ms. mayo focuses on the clawed foot of a centuries - old sofa. the same sofa appears in the background of some of the historic photographs as just a piece of furniture in a mansion as lived in as any other. “ the furniture is 200 years old, but it can still be seen in a modern way, ” ms. mayo said. the other photographs in the exhibit are documentary - style interior and external shots by


shelia mant is a typical teenager typical teenagers : a crush, a pretty older girl. shelia mant is a regular teenage girl ; just as the narrator is a regular teenage boy. the narrator spends most of his days looking at shelia. shelia is the girl who lays upon her floating dock sunbathing all day. the narrator is the boy who watches her from a distance. throughout the story both characters have similar personalities. shelia mant and the narrator are more alike than the guy she ran off with at the end of the story because neither one of them is good at communicating with others. shelia mant and the narrator have more in common than they think. neither one of them is good at communicating with others. shelia mant is a bad communicator because she wasn ` t facing him in the canoe on the way to the concert. “ i was glad she wasn ’ t facing me ” ( wetherell 3 ). the narrator wanted to dive into the river when shelia looked at him. “ when her eyes were on me, i felt like diving into the river again from agony and joy ” ( wetherell 3 ). he wanted nothing more that to be with sheila mant, then when he is actually with her, he gets embarrassed when she looks at him. another way the narrator and shelia mant are both bad communicators is that they both talk when nobody else is talking. she talks about herself and he tries to use big words to impress her. sheila actually talks for a few minutes without noticing that he is not listening. “ while all this was going on, sheila had begun talking, and it was a few minutes before i was able to catch up with her train of thought ” ( wetherell 8 ). he uses big vocabulary words to impress her but she is not impressed by big words. “ yeah bass. they come into the shallows to chase frogs and moths and things. big largemouths. micropterns salmoidos, i added, showing off ” ( wetherell 5 ). neither one cares what the other one says. they were in a canoe, and they had more time to communicate but it just was not going to happen since neither one of them is a good communicator. some might say that sheila mant and the narrator have nothing in common. she is older than the narrator so she doesn ’ t consider him as a boyfriend. he considers her as a girlfriend anyway. she is also


a good communicator. some might say that sheila mant and the narrator have nothing in common. she is older than the narrator so she doesn ’ t consider him as a boyfriend. he considers her as a girlfriend anyway. she is also different because she does not like fishing and he does. sheila says, “ i think fishing ’ s dumb, she said, making a face. i mean, its boring and all. definitely dumb ” ( wetherell 5 ). he really enjoys fishing, so he should see that they have nothing in common right away. even though it appears like sheila and the narrator have nothing in common, they really have the same personality traits. she wants to be beautiful, and the narrator wants to be liked. the narrator doesn ’ t know that she wants to be beautiful. eric, on the other hand, lets her know that she is beautiful enough to be a model. she says, “ eric said that i have the figure to model …. ” ( wetherell 8 ). she is too worried about telling about herself to realize that the narrator likes fishing and he is trying to impress her. he cleaned the boat, used big words, and hid the fishing pole to make it look like everything was cool. but she really disrespected him when she left the party with eric caswell and told him he was a funny kid. sheila mant explained that she would be going home in eric caswell ’ s corvette. then she said, “ you ’ re a funny kid, you know that? ” ( wetherall 10 ). sheila and eric don ’ t have anything in common like her and the narrator. sheila goes with him because he has a corvette and money, and tells her that she is beautiful. he is older than her. maybe sheila has a crush on eric like the narrator did on her. wetherell, w. d. " the bass, the river, and sheila mant " pathways : literature for readers and writers. logan, io : perfection learning, 2008. 4 - 10. print.


oslo, march 8 ( reuters ) - many farmers in developing nations can double food production within a decade by shifting to ecological agriculture from use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, a u. n. report showed on tuesday. ducks weeding rice paddies insect - trapping plants in kenya and bangladesh ' s use of ducks to eat weeds in rice paddies are among examples of steps taken to increase food for a world population that the united nations says will be 7 billion this year and 9 billion by 2050. " agriculture is at a crossroads, " according to the study by olivier de schutter, the u. n. special rapporteur on the right to food, in a drive to depress record food prices and avoid the costly oil - dependent model of industrial farming. " agroecology " could also make farms more resilient to the projected impact of climate change including floods, droughts and a rise in sea levels that the report said was already making fresh water near some coasts too salty for use in irrigation. so far, eco - farming projects in 57 nations had shown average crop yield gains of 80 percent by tapping natural methods for enhancing soil and protecting against pests, it said. recent projects in 20 african countries had resulted in a doubling of crop yields within three to 10 years. those lessons could be widely mimicked elsewhere, it said. " sound ecological farming can signficantly boost production and in the long term be more effective than conventional farming, " de schutter told reuters of steps such as more use of natural compost or high - canopy trees to shade coffee groves. benefits would be greatest in " regions where too few efforts have been put in to agriculture, particularly sub - saharan africa, " he said. " there are also a number of very promising experiences in parts of latin america and parts of asia. " " the cost of food production has been very closely following the cost of oil, " he said. upheavals in egypt and tunisia have been partly linked to discontent at soaring food prices. oil prices were around $ 115 a barrel on wednesday. " if food prices are not kept under control and populations are unable to feed themselves... we will have increasingly states being disrupted and failed states developing, " de schutter said. among examples, thousands of kenyan farmers were planting insect - repelling desmodium or tick clover, used as animal fodder, within corn fields to keep damaging insects away and sowed small plots of napier grass nearby that excretes


the earliest stirrings of modern industrial society can be traced back to some 6, 000 years ago, to the emergence of the first cities, the emergence of agriculture and storage of food surpluses in the near east. a bit later, analytic and linguistic keys to the forward march of civilization found critical refinement in aristotle ’ s syllogistic logic and the founding of the sciences. the current trajectory of the west burst into full self - consciousness during the period of european enlightenment, with the birth of rationalism and the elaboration of the modern scientific method. these, in turn, eventually gave rise to the industrialization, hyper - specialization, technological innovation and increasing commodification of just about everything that we are witnessing today. with europe and, more recently, america leading the way, the path charted and engineered by western civilization spawned a mindset that is rapidly overtaking the globe, socially, economically, and culturally. this ascendancy has unleashed a domination of values, which, unlike political hegemonies of the past, are spreading with lightning speed, virtually unchallenged, and artfully enabled by the very technologies it has spawned. many americans are convinced that their culture represents the apex of this historical legacy, the best in scientific and technological advancement, as well as political and economic leadership. what america has achieved, so they believe, is a dream come true. it was this “ american dream ” that has been held out to ( or thrust upon ) the rest of the world as the ultimate expression of the “ good life ” — the proper locus of human happiness. however, it was cheap energy, in the form of fossil fuels, that has enabled this cultural and industrial progress, and the recent recognition that world oil extraction has peaked surely signals the prospective collapse of industrial economy, and, with it, the dissolution of its core institutions. the trajectory of western civilization, now characterized by accelerating energy decline and global climate change — a trajectory that homo sapiens had set in motion upon excavating the first coal pit — is nearing its end. there are yet some dreamers and wishful thinkers who tell us of oil extraction technologies and spectacular discoveries of new supplies that will power our future. overlooking the insidious exaggeration of these claims, the unintended consequences of technologies needed to deliver on them will surely bring substantial ecological fallout, further limiting our access to survival necessities such as clean air, fresh water, and healthy flora and fauna. likewise, alternate sources of energy will never replace industrial civilization ’


consequences of technologies needed to deliver on them will surely bring substantial ecological fallout, further limiting our access to survival necessities such as clean air, fresh water, and healthy flora and fauna. likewise, alternate sources of energy will never replace industrial civilization ’ s continuous and ever - growing need for transportation fuels. we are living within an unsustainable bubble that is already deflating, slowly for now, more quickly in the near future. sustainable human existence will require smaller - scale and more local approaches to just about everything. with the globe facing epic crises — ecological, financial, economic, political, psychological — at whose feet do we lay the blame? where do we look to better understand the roots of these crises, or to learn how to outrun their dire consequences? while many have identified pursuit of the american dream as a proximate cause of this global unraveling, the usa was not alone in its reliance upon certain fundamental assumptions about subjugation and exploitation of nature, ineluctably leading to devastating outcomes. all civilized regimes — from the first empires of ancient mesopotamia to modern nations such as russia and china — share the responsibility for the current planetary devastation. industrial progress, economic growth, technological innovation, political expansion and environmental devastation have been the hallmarks of civilization since the beginning of history. not surprisingly, there is now growing disaffection in the west ( of all places ) with the way things are going. given a global financial meltdown, high unemployment, austerity, endless war, insurrections popping up everywhere, unparalleled greed, irrational terrorism, the american dream is fading like like the trace of warm breath on a mirror. mother nature herself seems to be speaking to us loudly, with more frequent and more brutal natural disasters than at any other time in recorded history. barely two decades into america ’ s uncontested ascendancy to unipolar imperial power — with the entire planet supposedly globalizing around its neoliberal capitalist dogma — and the whole thing is starting to come apart. if you think this makes the institutional fabric of western civilization vulnerable, you are right ; it does. yet do not think for a moment that it is going to come down without a struggle. there are centripetal forces holding this spectacle together as much as there are centrifugal forces pulling it apart. aside from the greedy and controlling hands of plutocrats, there is too much raw desire out there in the hinterlands, too many people who have been living on the fringes


as much as there are centrifugal forces pulling it apart. aside from the greedy and controlling hands of plutocrats, there is too much raw desire out there in the hinterlands, too many people who have been living on the fringes of this “ dream ” just waiting for their turn, for a piece of the pie. the entire soviet bloc, systematically excluded from all the fun for almost a century, now holds the forbidden fruit firmly within its grasp. these now independent nations are busy chasing the dream as quickly as they can muster the energy and the capital. china has also awakened from its slumber, focused on making up for lost time in securing a position of global prominence. the indians have decided that they too want to play : mumbai has made a good beginning in this respect, taking over nearly all customer service functions for major us corporations, siphoning off consumer purchasing power that once went to americans. a new generation of russians is racing to be first at the finish line. the russian federation, in concert with its regional administrations, is aggressively stripping forestland, building new roads and expanding old ones, and refurbishing and building - out regional and the international airports. they are doing so with great abandon, as if there is no tomorrow — and perhaps there won ' t be. yet no one in siberia younger than fifty years old seems to want to discuss this possibility. they are having too much fun with their newfound wealth, and are enjoying the spectacle. this is most evident when you look at the younger generation of siberians and the nouveau riche in barnaul, biysk, belokurikha, and across altai krai. they cannot live without their cell phones, their ipods and their credit cards ; without their health club memberships, pricey coffee houses and their air conditioners ; without their recently financed foreign automobiles and their newly minted driver ' s licenses. in short, they have tasted the promise of this “ society of the spectacle. ” they are mesmerized by its allure and hooked on its fascinating appeal. it is not just blue jeans they want. they want it all! short of an abrupt exhaustion of basic vital resources like fossil fuel, clean water, or fresh air, the only way we could see a quick collapse of this “ curriculum of the west ” as it moves east, is by prying it from the clutching hands of all those who previously had little, but now choose to have hope for more. but there is also something ancient and primitive pulling


quick collapse of this “ curriculum of the west ” as it moves east, is by prying it from the clutching hands of all those who previously had little, but now choose to have hope for more. but there is also something ancient and primitive pulling at the emotional core of siberians, something that once spoke clearly to a more archaic need, and perhaps still speaks to the older generations of siberians even today. i am referring to the thoroughly mythologized russian soul : a soul that in the mother tongue is feminine in gender — душа [ dusha ] — and, as such, is intimately connected with the mystery of mother earth. recall dostoevsky ’ s many references to the russian soul as a reflection of the people ’ s unfailing and non - negotiable connection to the land from which life springs. there is a well - articulated and indestructible sentiment among our people that does not allow complete separation, physically or emotionally, from the land in which they were born and where they naturally survive and flourish. the russian people have the greatest appreciation for, love of and attachment to their homeland and families, as well as to the broader ties of kinship these entail. they understand all of this to be intimately connected, as their language makes abundantly clear : род [ rod ] : family, kind, sort, genus родина [ rodina ] : homeland, motherland родители [ roditeli ] : parents родить [ rodit ' ] : to give birth роднить [ rodnit ' ] : to unite, bring together родовои [ rodovoi ] : ancestral, tribal родство [ rodstvo ] : kinship over their historically, russians have had to endure the hardships and struggles of political turmoil and repeated invasion, and siberians understand struggle as a given, as part of the cycle of life, death and nature. the normal conditions of existence here, whether in the city or the village, are not what we americans would consider easy, convenient, or comfortable ( although they are improving ). those who live here have preserved some age - old instincts in order to survive, and even to celebrate life in the midst of recurrent hardships and strife. the personal and cultural resolve that personifies this soul has been forged over generations of people facing down aggression, natural and political, then calmly and courageously returning to their


, and even to celebrate life in the midst of recurrent hardships and strife. the personal and cultural resolve that personifies this soul has been forged over generations of people facing down aggression, natural and political, then calmly and courageously returning to their roots and rebuilding their lives upon an archaic foundation in which they never lost faith. it is impossible to understand the depth and mystery of this soul separately from its rootedness in the simplicity of the russian peasantry and the inviolability of the russian soil. there is an earthly sensuousness that infuses the russian experience ; this culture remains drenched in the primacy of the body and the natural world that nourishes it. this autochthonous connection to the land — the siberian ’ s more elemental experience of life in wilder, mysterious nature — may still be capable of influencing the future trajectory of both the new russia and western civilization. perhaps russia ’ s long - suffering messianic mission still stands firm in the siberian wilderness, albeit less vociferously than before, quietly recalling humanity from the abyss of alienated spirit that haunts the self - absorbed west with its scientific rationalism, its consumerism and its otherworldly transcendence — a self - misunderstanding that seems to be marching all of us mindlessly toward global collapse. perhaps the more primal siberian awareness can summon us back to a feral memory trace, helping us recall our essential rootedness in mother earth and the earthly sensuousness of our flesh, the flesh of the world. but the delusion of ‘ manifest destiny ’ that drives western hegemony and its commodity culture is chipping away relentlessly and callously at that archaic russian soul, perhaps more rapidly than she is able to redirect and dissipate the self - destructive energy of western imperialism and its global appetite. siberians, and those of us living here in altai krai, must rethink their commitment to this western curriculum as it continues to lead us relentlessly, mindlessly, toward a precipice.


great ideas seminar on war and peace edward j. dodson [ excerpts from an exchange of ideas that occurred in october and november 2001, moderated by max weismann of the center for the study of great ideas ] there are two ways of settling disputed questions : one by discussion, the other by force ; the first being characteristic of man, the second of brutes. we should have recourse to the latter only if the former fails. - - cicero welcome to another discussion of the great ideas. we shall consider the twin ideas, the inseparable ideas of war and peace. these two words, " war " and " peace ", are day in and day out on everyone ' s lips. it may even be that the ideas they represent are in everyone ' s minds. whether or not they are clearly understood is, of course, another matter. and i am hoping that in the course of this discussion we can get some clarity on the meaning of these two the problem of war and peace, how to avoid war, how to secure peace, is perhaps the most important and the most urgent problem of our time. it is, of course, a practical problem, a problem that can be solved only by right action, not simply by right thought. nevertheless, the right action cannot be taken unless we can think straight and do think straight about the causes and the nature of peace. right thinking about this subject is indispensable to right action. a sound understanding of war and peace exists and has existed for centuries in the tradition of the great books. it has been available to men for centuries. and yet century after century this sound understanding of war and peace has not been taught to the young in schools and it has not been possessed by men in general. we begin by asking each of you the following yes or no questions. when most of you have responded, we will start the discussion. 1 ) do you believe global peace is possible? yes or no 2 ) do you believe war is ever justifiable? yes or no 3 ) do you agree with the adage, if local peace depends on local government, world peace depends on world government? yes or no please answer with just a yes or no. max weisman asks to be sure that we understand you correctly, if human beings do not have the right to life, wouldn ' t that annul any meaningful discussion of the ethical consequences of war and peace? ed dodson here i previously expressed the view that justice demands that positive ( i. e., manmade


human beings do not have the right to life, wouldn ' t that annul any meaningful discussion of the ethical consequences of war and peace? ed dodson here i previously expressed the view that justice demands that positive ( i. e., manmade ) law adhere to moral law. thus, the question i would raise is whether any moral law gives to the individual a " right to life "? the answer, i suggest, is that this is not possible. locke put the argument in its proper context ; namely, that we come together in voluntary association to form a society for the purpose of enhancing our prospects for survival and to prosper. what we possess as a right is not to life but to liberty, meaning that any person who attacks me and does me physical harm violates my liberty. such behavior falls in the realm of criminal license and is, therefore, subject to a reasonable individual response ( defense ) or, if this is no longer possible because my life has been taken, by reasoned societal remedy ( e. g., expulsion, incarceration, by this reasoning, a society acts wisely by establishing the means to protect its members from attack, whether by individuals or by foreign armies and / or mercenaries. admittedly, there are important and complex conditions associated with this " right to defend one ' s life " we need to discuss. foremost is our fundamental right - - our birthright of equal access to the earth - - which is clearly violated by the system of nation - states and claims of group sovereignty over portions of the earth. war, as an instrument of the nation - state and of factions competing for control over nation - states, has undeniable ed dodson ( responding to greg given ) your comment poses the interesting question of whether we not only have a right to defend ourselves but a moral obligation to defend the lives of other innocents to whom we are attached in some personal or formal way. our laws do not obligate us to act when we see someone being attacked, but many people do respond and attempt to assist the person being injured or at least try to drive away the attacker. some of us ( either because of our individual nature or our nurturing, or a combination of the two ) are more prone to take action than others. some of us are more fearless than others. some of us are more confident in our ability to successfully intervene than others. thus, while the moral action, the just action, is to offer assistance, we are not all mentally or physically equipped to respond as we ought.


more fearless than others. some of us are more confident in our ability to successfully intervene than others. thus, while the moral action, the just action, is to offer assistance, we are not all mentally or physically equipped to respond as we ought. warfare between groups strikes at the core of moral obligation because most of those doing the fighting and dying are involuntary agents of governing elites able to force the mobilization of societal resources for purposes unrelated to the well - being of the majority of people who will experience the consequences. both leopold kohrs and kirkpatrick sale have made the argument that in order to bring an end to warfare leaders must be denied access to the quantity of resources necessary to engage in war on a large scale. the best way to do this is to break up the large nation - states into numerous smaller ones. thus, no one group would have a large enough population or industrial output to challenge the community of nation - states. the almost certain result would be annihilation. ed dodson ( responding to paul harrison ) i would add to what paul harrison says by returning to locke ' s remarkable distinction between acts that fall into the realm of " liberty " and those that fall into the realm of " licence. " we possess a moral right to defend our life and our legitimately acquired property against the exercise of criminal licence on the part of other individuals and other groups. a just society will prevent its government from exercising criminal licence. thus, individuals who defend themselves from criminal licence - - even when they do outside the support of the laws of the state - - are exercising their liberty ; they are behaving morally ; they are behaving justly. greg givan ( responding to ed dodson ) ed dodson : "... whether we not only have a right to defend ourselves but a moral obligation to defend the lives of other innocents... i think we do have, must have. it would be a cold morality that said it was acceptable to do nothing while innocents died helpless. ed dodson : " the best way to do this is to break up the large nation - states into numerous smaller ones. " i fear that the balkan experience, and countless like it, indicate that this solution is unlikely to help. ed dodson ( responding to jim reardon ) jim reardon : i agree that an individual has the right to defend himself against criminal license in a state of nature or, in society, when no appeal to the law is possible or practical. however, once government is established and, in


##don ) jim reardon : i agree that an individual has the right to defend himself against criminal license in a state of nature or, in society, when no appeal to the law is possible or practical. however, once government is established and, in the given circumstance, an appeal to law is practical, the individual is no longer justified in dispensing their own justice. in the act of forming a government the individual has assigned his executive powers to the state. ours is a world dominated by cultural relativism. governments differ only in the degree to which they serve entrenched privilege. in most societies there is some appeal to law ; however, few of alive today have had much of a say in forming a government. there are no unclaimed lands to which we can migrate and create a new society. if we are guided in our behavior by moral principles, we will work for change or we will attempt to escape to live somewhere we believe to be substantially more just. in virtually every society existing today, the prospect exists of being treated unjustly for behaving justly. written laws may be inherently unjust or not properly enforced. what we must face often is whether to not to challenge unjust laws and in what manner to do so. jim reardon ( responding to ed dodson ) ed dodson : thus, individuals who defend themselves from criminal licence - - even when they do outside the support of the laws of the state - - are exercising their liberty ; they are behaving morally ; they are behaving justly. i agree that an individual has the right to defend himself against criminal license in a state of nature or, in society, when no appeal to the law is possible or practical. however, once government is established and, in the given circumstance, an appeal to law is practical, the individual is no longer justified in dispensing their own justice. in the act of forming a government the individual has assigned his executive powers to the state.


within a few short years many europeans could have their own virtual representative. living in a parallel world these humanoid ' avatars ' could resemble the person they represent. researchers are now looking at ways of capturing and processing sufficient personal data to create such virtual characters. populate, an i3 project, addresses the question of how inhabited information spaces ( iis ) can be populated with representations of real people. to this end research will concentrate on the fundamental step of how to capture a person ' s physical identity or ' reality ' in the form of data. further work includes looking at ways to convert such data into avatars, and the quality levels required in the process. kiosks rather like the familiar passport photo booth will most probably be used to enhance the reality of virtual representatives. costing between 10 and 30 ecu each, avatars could be created by scanning and digitising the form of a human subject to form a three - dimensional polygon mesh. this will be automatically converted into a humanoid avatar model. key technologies in the project include 3 - d data capture and processing. the kiosks will be networked to i3net, enabling users to download their avatars from home. at the end of the project, two european companies expect to build avatarkiosks for a market that could number millions of people around the world. at the conference a computer animation simulates the capture of avatars from a booth. it will also show the processing and application of these virtual representatives within inhabited information spaces. this document is located at / esprit / src / exhib28. htm it was last updated on 22 october 1997, and is maintained by the eitc 97 secretariat - firstname. lastname @ example. org


cruise line history : nyk lines history in the 1920s and 1930s. japan had one of the great passenger liner fleets. ad from travel magazine in the late 1930s. cruise history – sailing across the pacific – aboard the nyk lines and osk lines jazz age destination – 1920s – youtube video – great films of the fabulous orient before ww2. m / s asama maru ( 1929 ) and m / s tatsutu maru ( 1930 ) – nyk line one of japan ’ s proudest periods in passenger shipping was the 1929 building of two of the finest and most luxurious ships ever to sail the pacific ocean – the asama maru and tatsuta maru. they were routed on nyk line ’ s premier express service, regularly sailing from hong kong, shanghai, kobe and yokohama to honolulu, los angeles and san francisco. their passenger areas were of the highest quality, much of it in traditional european style. there were polished woods, stained glass skylights, fine dining rooms, lounges, library, gift shop, hair salon, comfortable cabins and a swimming pool on deck. this was luxury cruising at its finest. notable passengers who sailed on these fine ships included albert einstein and charlie chaplin. the asama maru was the first to enter service in 1929 and she soon set the record for the fastest crossing of the pacific on the yokohama to san francisco route. her sister, the tatsutu maru entered service in 1930. in 1936 the tatsutu maru become the first merchant ship to pass under the new bay bridge linking san francisco and oakland. in 1937 the asama maru suffered a mishap when she was driven aground in kowloon bay during the great hong kong typhoon. after the outbreak of the second world war both ships were requisitioned as troopships but unfortunately both were sunk and did not survive the war and it was left to the hikawa maru to re - establish the trans - pacific service. the osk and nyk lines were the equivalent of japan ’ s cunard and us lines before wwii. the japanese trans - pacific service was booming during the interwar years following the first world war. nyk and osk were ordering new and more luxurious ships for the prestigious trans - pacific service. seen below are elegant postcards from japan ’ s two major shipping companies – during the heyday of their passengers service between wwi and wwii. osk and nyk line postcards – promoting their liners nyk line history


the colorful and engaging horizons curriculum is quickly becoming a popular choice for christian schools and homeschooling families. this brightly illustrated workbook curriculum comes complete with detailed teacher ’ s guides, consumable student workbooks, and ideas for hands on learning. the horizons curriculum uses a spiral training method to introduce new concepts and then consistently review those concepts in order to bring students to mastery. perfect for the visual and hands - on learner, horizons engages students through fast - paced instruction, colorful illustrations and a variety of activities to captivate interest. a great choice for the quick learner or student who enjoys variety, horizons provides teachers with additional ideas and a variety of activities to aid in the teaching of new skills and ideas. horizons offers full programs in the following subject areas : - horizons pre - school - horizons math — kindergarten, grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, & pre - algebra - horizons phonics and reading — kindergarten, grades 1 & 2 - horizons spelling & vocabulary — grades 1, 2 & 3 - horizons penmanship — grades 1, 2, 3 & 4 - horizons health — grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 the horizons biblically based curriculum is a best - seller and winner of the homeschooling parent 2009 seal of approval. students love the color and variety and parents and teachers love the easy to follow teacher ’ s guides, which include daily lesson planners, clear objectives and carefully worded instruction that is easy to follow and produces results.


fifth graders from koenneke elementary school wrapped up their study of the civil war by reenacting the battle of the wilderness. “ we ’ ve gone over the civil war for about two or three weeks, ” said social studies teacher and event organizer kenny mulkey. “ this was the culminating activity. ” the 10 - and 11 - year - olds teamed up in the woods, forming pockets of three or four — organizing miniature ambushes from the brush. a hit to the torso from a “ bomb ” — more commonly known as a flour - filled kleenex knotted off with a rubber band — meant certain death. a white flour explosion to the leg or arm meant the student couldn ’ t use the limb for the remainder of the 30 - minute battle. “ if you get hit in the leg, you can walk, but you can ’ t run anymore, ” mulkey said during prewar instructions. “ you get hit in the right arm, you have to use the left arm. you get hit in both arms and legs, you ’ re out. ” let me see if i understand this. the " culminating activity " is to have these kids run around the forest throwing " flour - filled kleenex " at one another. am i missing something here? is this really the best that mr. mulkey can come up with? to keep the battles historically accurate, the confederate class was deployed to the woods first to “ symbolize superiority, ” mulkey said. “ the south had a stronger, smarter military. the only time they lost was when they weren ’ t on their own soil, ” he said, referring to pickett ’ s charge, when the south lost more than half of its troops on pennsylvania soil. mulkey said thursday ’ s scrimmage was one the classes had been looking forward to and something that helped re - enforce the lessons they read about in class. “ it ’ s a great activity, ” mulkey said. “ it really makes history come alive. ” how about having the students read accounts of what the battle of the wilderness was like while in the forest? perhaps they could find a dense section where the canopy isn ’ t too high. maybe mr. mulkey could do a little research and teach the students how to march in the forest. this would give the students a better sense of how difficult it sometimes was to maintain order in the unit. i may be going too far here for 5th graders, but perhaps he could even assign ranks and have students


| loading is the process of bringing a program into main memory so it can run. in this chapter we look at the loading process, concentrating on loading programs that have already been linked. many systems used to have linking loaders that combined the linking and loading process, but those have now practically disappeared, with the only one i know of on current hardware being on mvs and the dynamic linkers we ' ll cover in chapter 10. linking loaders weren ' t all that different from plain linkers, with the primary and obvious difference being that the output was left in memory rather than placed in a file. | on most modern systems, each program is loaded into a fresh address space, which means that all programs are loaded at a known fixed address, and can be linked for that address. in that case, loading is pretty simple : on systems that do memory mapping, the process is slightly more complicated. the system loader has to create the segments, then arrange to map the file pages into the segments with appropriate permissions, read - only ( ro ) or copy - on - write ( cow ). in some cases, the same page is double mapped at the end of one segment and the beginning of the next, ro in one and cow in the other, in formats like compact unix a. out. the data segment is generally contiguous with the bss segment, so the loader has to zero out the part of the last page after the end of the data ( since the disk version usually has symbols or something else there ), and allocate enough zero pages following the data to cover the bss segment. as discussed in chapter 7, load - time relocation is far simpler than link - time relocation, because the entire program is relocated as a unit. if, for example, the program is linked as though it would be loaded at location zero, but is in fact loaded at location 15000, all of the places in the program that require fixups will get 15000 added. after reading the program into memory, the loader consults the relocation items in the object file and fixes up the memory locations to which the items point. load - time relocation can present a performance problem, because code loaded at different virtual addresses can ' t usually be shared between address spaces, since the fixups for each address space are different. one approach, used by mvs, and to some extent by windows and aix is to create a shared memory area present in multiple address spaces and load oft - used programs into that. ( mv


the fixups for each address space are different. one approach, used by mvs, and to some extent by windows and aix is to create a shared memory area present in multiple address spaces and load oft - used programs into that. ( mvs calls this this link pack area. ) this has the problem that different processes don ' t get separate copies of writable data, so the application has to be written to allocate all of its writable storage explicitly. this is a surprisingly old idea. tss / 360 used it in 1966, and i don ' t believe it was original there. ( tss was notoriously buggy, but i can report from personal experience that the pic features really worked. ) on modern architectures, it ' s not difficult to generate pic executable code. jumps and branches are generally either pc - relative or relative to a base register set at runtime, so no load - time relocation is required for them. the problem is with data addressing. the code can ' t contain any direct data addresses, since those would be relocatable and wouldn ' t be pic. the usual solution is to create a table of data addresses in a data page and keep a pointer to that table in a register, so the code can use indexed addressing relative to that register to pick up the data. this works at the cost of an extra indirection for each data reference, but there ' s still the question of how to get the initial data address into the register., figure 1 : tss style two - address procedure call tss style with r - con in the save area this scheme worked, but is poorly suited for modern systems. for one thing, copying the r - cons made the calling sequence bulky. for another, it made procedure pointers two words, which didn ' t matter in the 1960s but is an issue now since in programs written in c, all pointers have to be the same size. ( the c standard doesn ' t mandate it, but far too much existing c code assumes it to do anything else. ) figure 2 : code via data pointers [ romp style data table with code pointer at the beginning. ] compilers generate all calls as a call instruction, followed by a placeholder no - op instruction, which is correct for intra - module calls. when the linker encounters an inter - module call, it generates a routine called a global linkage or glink at the end of the module ' s text segment. the glink saves


op instruction, which is correct for intra - module calls. when the linker encounters an inter - module call, it generates a routine called a global linkage or glink at the end of the module ' s text segment. the glink saves the caller ' s toc on the stack, loads the callee ' s toc and address from pointers in the the caller ' s toc, then jumps to the routine. the linker redirects each inter - module call to the glink for the called routine, and patches the following no - op to a load instruction that restores the toc from the stack. procedure pointers are pointers to a toc / code pair, and calls through a pointer use a generic glink routine that uses the toc and code address the pointer points to. this scheme makes intra - module calls as fast as possible. inter - module calls returns are slowed somewhat by the detour through the glink routine, but the slowdown is small compared to some of the alternatives we ' ll see in a moment. its designers noticed that an elf executable consists of a group of code pages followed by a group of data pages, and regardless of where in the address space the program is loaded, the offset from the code to the data doesn ' t change. so if the code can load its own address into a register, the data will be at a known distance from that address, and references to data in the program ' s own data segment can use efficient based addressing with fixed offsets. the linker creates a global offset table ( got ) containing pointers to all of the global data that the executable file addresses. ( each shared library has its own got, and if the main program were compiled with pic, which it normally isn ' t, it would have a got as well. ) since the linker creates the got, there is only one pointer per elf executable for each datum regardless of how many routines in the executable refer to it. if a procedure needs to refer to global or static data, it ' s up to the procedure itself to load up the address of the got. the details vary by architecture, but the 386 code is typical : call. l2 ; ; push pc in on the stack popl % ebx ; ; pc into register ebx addl $ _ global _ offset _ table _ + [. -. l2 ], % ebx ; ; adjust ebx to


push pc in on the stack popl % ebx ; ; pc into register ebx addl $ _ global _ offset _ table _ + [. -. l2 ], % ebx ; ; adjust ebx to got address it consists of a call instruction to the immediately following location, which has the effect of pushing the pc on the stack but not jumping, then a pop to get the saved pc in a register and an add immediate of the difference between the address the got and address the target of the call. in an object file generated by a compiler, there ' s a special r _ 386 _ gotpc relocation item for the operand of the addl instruction. it tells the linker to substitute in the offset from the current instruction to the base address of the got, and also serves as a flag to the linker to build a got in the output file. in the output file, there ' s no relocation needed for the instruction since the distance from the addl to the got is fixed. figure 3 : pic code and data with fixed offsets picture of code page showing constant offset to data even though loaded at different addresses in different address spaces. once the got register is loaded, code can reference local static data using the got register as a base register, since the distance from a static datum in the program ' s data segment to the got is fixed at link tine. addresses of global data aren ' t bound until the program is loaded ( see chapter 10 ), so to reference global data, code has to load a pointer to the data from the got and then deference the pointer. this extra memory reference makes programs somewhat slower, although it ' s a cost that most programmers are willing to pay for the convenience of dynamically linked libraries. speed critical code can use static shared libraries ( chapter 9 ) or no shared libraries at all. to support pic, elf defines a handful of special relocation types for code that uses the got in addition r _ 386 _ gotpc or its equivalent. the exact types are architecture - specific, but the x86 is typical : for example, consider this scrap of c code : static int a ; / * static variable * / extern int b ; / * global variable * / a = 1 ; b = 2 ; variable a is allocated in the bss segment of the object file, which means it is at a known fixed distance from the got. object code can reference this variable directly, using the ebx as a base register


1 ; b = 2 ; variable a is allocated in the bss segment of the object file, which means it is at a known fixed distance from the got. object code can reference this variable directly, using the ebx as a base register and a got - relative offset : movl $ 1, a @ gotoff ( % ebx ) ; ; r _ 386 _ gotoff reference to variable " a " variable b is global, and its location may not be known until runtime if it turns out to be in a different elf library or executable. in this case, the object code references a pointer to b which the linker creates in the got : movl b @ got ( % ebx ), % eax ; ; r _ 386 _ got32 ref to address of variable " b " note that the compiler only creates the r _ 386 _ got32 reference, and it ' s up to the linker to collect all such references and make slots for them in the got. finally, elf shared libraries contain r _ 386 _ relative relocation entries that the runtime loader, part of the dynamic linker we examine in chapter 10, uses to do loadtime relocaion. since the text in shared libraries is invariably pic, there ' s no relocation entries for the code, but data can ' t be pic, so there is a relocation entry for every pointer in the data segment. ( actually, you can build a shared library with non - pic code, in which case there will be relocation entries for the text as well, although almost nobody does that since it makes the text non - sharable. ) at load time, although the code segment of a pic file needn ' t be relocated, the data segment does. in large libraries, the toc or got can be very large and it can take a long time to resolve all the entries. this is as much a problem with dynamic linking, which we ' ll address in chapter 10, as with pic. handling r _ 386 _ relative items or the equivalent to relocate got pointers to data in the same executable is fairly fast, but the problem is that many got entries point to data in other executables and require a symbol table lookup to resolve. calls in elf executables are usually dynamically linked, even calls within the same library, which adds significant overhead. we revisit this in chapter 10. function prolog and epilogs in


a symbol table lookup to resolve. calls in elf executables are usually dynamically linked, even calls within the same library, which adds significant overhead. we revisit this in chapter 10. function prolog and epilogs in elf files are quite slow. they have to save and restore the got register, ebx in the x86, and the dummy call and pop to get the program counter into a register are quite slow. from a performance viewpoint, the toc approach used in aix wins here, since each procedure can assume that its toc register is already set at procedure entry. finally, pic code is bigger and slower than non - pic. the slowdown varies greatly by architectures. on risc systems with plenty of registers and no direct addressing, the loss of one register to be the toc or got pointer isn ' t significant, and lacking direct addressing they need a constant pool of some sort anyway. the worst case is on the x86. it only has six registers, so losing one of them to be the got pointer can make code significantly worse. since the x86 does have direct addressing, a reference to external data that would be a simple mov or add instruction in non - pic code turns into a load of the address followed by the mov or add, which both adds an extra memory reference and uses yet another precious register for the temporary pointer. particularly on x86 systems, the performance loss in pic code is significant in speed - critical tasks, enough so that some systems retreat to a sort - of - pic approach for shared libraries. we ' ll revisit this issue in the next two chapters. in modern computers, the first program the computer runs after a hardware reset invariably is stored in a rom known as tbe bootstrap rom. as in " pulling one ' s self up by the bootstraps. " when the cpu is powered on or reset, it sets its registers to a known state. on x86 systems, for example, the reset sequence jumps to the address 16 bytes below the top of the system ' s address space. the bootstrap rom occupies the top 64k of the address space and rom code then starts up the computer. on ibm - compatible x86 systems, the boot rom code reads the first block of the floppy disk into memory, or if that fails the first block of the first hard disk, into memory location zero and jumps to location zero. the program in block zero in turn loads a slightly larger operating system boot program from


reads the first block of the floppy disk into memory, or if that fails the first block of the first hard disk, into memory location zero and jumps to location zero. the program in block zero in turn loads a slightly larger operating system boot program from a known place on the disk into memory, and jumps to that program which in turn loads in the operating system and starts it. ( there can be even more steps, e. g., a boot manager that decides from which disk partition to read the operating system boot program, but the sequence of increasingly capable loaders remains. ) why not just load the operating system directly? because you can ' t fit an operating system loader into 512 bytes. the first level loader typically is only able to load a single - segment program from a file with a fixed name in the top - level directory of the boot disk. the operating system loader contains more sophisticated code that can read and interpret a configuration file, uncompress a compressed operating system executable, address large amounts of memory ( on an x86 the loader usually runs in real mode which means that it ' s tricky to address more than 1mb of memory. ) the full operating system can turn on the virtual memory system, loads the drivers it needs, and then proceed to run user - level programs. many unix systems use a similar bootstrap process to get user - mode programs running. the kernel creates a process, then stuffs a tiny little program, only a few dozen bytes long, into that process. the tiny program executes a system call that runs / etc / init, the user mode initialization program that in turn runs configuration files and starts the daemons and login programs that a running system needs. none of this matters much to the application level programmer, but it becomes more interesting if you want to write programs that run on the bare hardware of the machine, since then you need to arrange to intercept the bootstrap sequence somewhere and run your program rather than the usual operating system. some systems make this quite easy ( just stick the name of your program in autoexec. bat and reboot windows 95, for example ), others make it nearly impossible. it also presents opportunities for customized systems. for example, a single - application system could be built over a unix kernel by naming the application / etc / init. overlaid programs divide the code into a tree of segments, such as the one in figure 4. figure 4 : a typical overlay tree root calls a and d


could be built over a unix kernel by naming the application / etc / init. overlaid programs divide the code into a tree of segments, such as the one in figure 4. figure 4 : a typical overlay tree root calls a and d. a calls b and c, d calls e and f. the programmer manually assigns object files or individual object code segments to overlay segments. sibling segments in the overlay tree share the same memory. in the example, segments a and d share the same memory, b and c share the same memory, and e and f share the same memory. the sequence of segments that lead to a specific segment is called a path, so the path for e includes the root, d, and e. when the program starts, the system loads the root segment which contains the entry point of the program. each time a routine makes a " downward " inter - segment call, the overlay manager ensures that the path to the call target is loaded. for example, if the root calls a routine in segment a, the overlay manager loads section a if it ' s not already loaded. if a routine in a calls a routine in b the manager has to ensure that b is loaded, and if a routine in the root calls a routine in b, the manager ensures that both a and b are loaded. upwards calls don ' t require any linker help, since the entire path from the root is already loaded. calls across the tree are known as exclusive calls and are usually considered to be an error since it ' s not possible to return. overlay linkers let the programmer force exclusive calls for situations where the called routine is known not to return. figure 5 : a typical overlay tree root contains rob and rick calls a with aaron and andy and d. a calls b ( bill and betty ) and c ( chris ), d ( dick, dot ) calls e ( edgar ) and f ( fran ). figure 6 shows the linker commands that one might give to the ibm 360 linker to create this structure. spacing doesn ' t matter, so we ' ve indented the commands to show the tree structure. overlay commands define the beginning of each segment ; commands with the same overlay name define segments that overlay each other. hence the first overlay ad defines segment a, and the second defines segmnt d. overlay segments are defined in a depth first left to right tree walk. include commands name logical files for the linker to read. figure 6 : link


hence the first overlay ad defines segment a, and the second defines segmnt d. overlay segments are defined in a depth first left to right tree walk. include commands name logical files for the linker to read. figure 6 : linker commands it ' s up to the programmer to lay out overlays to be space effiecent. the storage allocated for each segment is the maximum length of any of the segments that occupy the same space. for example, assume that the file lengths in decimal are as follows. l r, l n. name size _ rob 500 rick 1500 aaron 3000 andy 1000 bill 1000 betty 1000 chris 3000 dick 3000 dot 4000 edgar 2000 fran 3000 the storage allocation, looks like figure 7. each segment starts immediately after the preceding segment in the path, and the total program size is the length of the longest path. this program is fairly well balanced, with the longest path being 11500 and the shortest being 8000. juggling the overlay structure to find one that is as compact as possible while still being valid ( no exclusive calls ) and reasonably efficient is a black art requiring considerable trial and error. since the overlays are defined entirely in the linker, each trial requires a relink but no recompilation. figure 7 : overlay storage layout the segment table, figure 8, lists each segment, a flag to note if the segment is loaded, the segment ' s path. and information needed to load the segment from disk. figure 8 : idealized segment table the linker interposes the glue code in front of each downward call so the overlay manager can ensure that the required segment ( s ) are loaded. segments can use glue code in higher level but not lower level routines. for example, if routines in the root call aaron, dick, and betty, the root needs glue code for each of those three symbols. if segment a contains calls to bill, betty, and chris, a needs glue code for bill and chris, but can use the glue for betty already present in the root. all downward calls ( which are to global symbols ) are resolved to glue code, figure 9, rather than to the actual routine. the glue code has to save any registers it changes, since it has to be transparent to the calling and called routine, then jump into the overlay manager, providing the address of the real routine and an indication of which segment that address is in. here we use a pointer, but an index into the segtab array would work as well. figure


called routine, then jump into the overlay manager, providing the address of the real routine and an indication of which segment that address is in. here we use a pointer, but an index into the segtab array would work as well. figure 9 : idealized glue code for x86 at runtime, the system loads in the root segment and starts it. at each downward call, the glue code calls the overlay manager. the manager checks the target segment ' s status. if the segment is present, the manager just jumps to the real routine. if the segment is not present, the manager loads the target segment and any unloaded preceding segments in the path, marks any conflicting segments as not present, marks the newly loaded segments as present, and jumps. overlays originated the important technique of " wrapping " call instructions in the linker to turn a simple procedure call into one that did more work, in this case, loading the required overlay. linkers have used wrapping in a variety of ways. the most important is dynamic linking, which we cover in chapter 10, to link to a called routine in a library that may not have been loaded yet. wrapping is also useful for testing and debugging, to insert checking or validation code in front of a suspect routine without changing or recompiling the source file. in the overlay example, assume that dick and dot each call both edgar and fran, but dick and dot don ' t call each other. restructure the overlay so that dick and dot share the same space, and adjust the structure so that the call tree still works. how much space does the overlaid program take now? in the overlay segment table, there ' s no explicit marking of conflicting segments. when the overlay manager loads a segment and the segment ' s path, how does the manager determine what segments to mark as not present? in an overlaid program with no exclusive calls, is it possible that a series of calls could end up jumping to unloaded code anyway? in the example above, what happens if rob calls bill, which calls aaron, which calls chris, then the routines all return? how hard would it be for the linker or overlay manager to detect or prevent that problem? project 8 - 1 : add a feature to the linker to " wrap " routines. create a linker switch that wraps the given routine. change all references in the program to the named routine to be references to wrap _ name. ( be sure not to miss internal references


add a feature to the linker to " wrap " routines. create a linker switch that wraps the given routine. change all references in the program to the named routine to be references to wrap _ name. ( be sure not to miss internal references within the segment in which the name is defined. ) change the name of the routine to real _ name. this lets the programmer write a wrapper routine called wrap _ name that can call the original routine as real _ name. project 8 - 2 : starting the linker skeleton from chapter 3, write a tool that modifies an object file to wrap a name. that is, references to name turn into external references to wrap _ name, and the existing routine is renamed real _ name. why would one want to use such a program rather than building the feature into the linker. ( hint : consider the case where you ' re not the author or maintainer of the linker. ) project 8 - 3 : add support to the linker to produce executables with position - independent code we add a few new four - byte relocation types : loc seg ref ga4 loc seg ref gp4 loc seg ref gr4 loc seg ref er4 the types are : in your linker ' s first pass, look for gp4 relocation entries, build a got segment with all the required pointers, and allocate the got segment just before the data and bss segments. in the second pass, handle the ga4, gp4, and gr4 entries. in the output file, create er4 relocation entries for any data that would have to be relocated if the output file were loaded at other than its nominal address. this would include anything marked by an a4 or as4 relocation entry in the input. ( hint : don ' t forget the got. )


what happens when you blindly take traditional, alternative and otherwise unproven preparations for medical conditions? prepare for the distinct possibility of irony. there ’ s a way of knowing whether a given compound has therapeutic properties and whether it ’ s safe in general – scientifically controlled clinical studies. alternative remedies, which include many traditional and regional preparations were not the result of scientific study. a few have been subjected to scientific scrutiny and proven to be worthwhile. when this happens, they stop being “ alternative medicine ” and become simply “ medicine. ” for all the rest, it ’ s just hit or miss, and more often than not, it ’ s miss. guided by old traditions, anecdotes and old wives tales, the actual effect on the body could be just about anything. such would seem to be the case with birthwort. birthwort is a family of plants which have been regarded as medicinally beneficial for centuries, despite complete lack of evidence for this. the exact reason for the belief is unclear, although it might have to do with the fact that some of the compounds in the plant do have antimicrobial properties and thus could be useful as an antiseptic, if only topically. another reason for the belief that it has useful medical properties is the so - called doctrine of signatures – a discredited belief that herbs are useful in treating a part of the body which they resemble. birthwort is noted for having a shape that is similar to the human uterus. for this reason, it was believed to be useful for reproductive and genital health and for fertility. it also has been used for various kidney problems, including kidney stones and urinary tract problems. again, the reasoning for this is not entirely clear. it may be an extension of the belief that it is helpful for health issues involving the genitals or it could just be that it gained a reputation for being something that people with kidney problems swore by. whatever the case, it was not science - based. that said, it was accepted for many years. like many “ alternative ” remedies, it remained on shelves, largely unquestioned until people started getting sick and dying enough to catch someone ’ s attention. this happened in 1991 when a clinic in brussels, belgium started offering the herb as part of a weight loss regime. although it was known for some time that the plant contained potent toxins, it was not until a large number of women in brussels began to show up at doctors with acute kidney failure that it


started offering the herb as part of a weight loss regime. although it was known for some time that the plant contained potent toxins, it was not until a large number of women in brussels began to show up at doctors with acute kidney failure that it became evident that the plant was more dangerous than anyone had suspected. upon further investigation it turns out that the long trusted, yet untested herb is in fact, a potent carcinogen and that use of the quantities common in traditional preparations can cause kidney damage, amongst other things. kidney stones. snakebites. head wounds. to the ancients, a weed called birthwort was a wonder drug that treated them all, and more. medical detectives, however, are finding that the ancient remedy likely has caused centuries of kidney failure and cancer, as well as being the culprit in a widespread syndrome of kidney disease in some parts of the world. “ the big clue was the plant itself, ” says pharmacologist arthur grollman of stony brook ( n. y. ) university. “ once it was appreciated that it contained a potent kidney toxin and human carcinogen, we could get to the bottom of things. ” grollman and colleagues have unraveled a genetic signature left behind by birthwort in cases of cancers and kidney failure, as reported in the march journal ofkidney international. and in upcoming work, they report signs that use of the drug in chinese medicines may be responsible for taiwan ’ s sky - high rate of kidney disease. modern medicine became alarmed by birthwort in 1991, when dozens of young women from a “ slimming ” clinic in brussels, belgium, appeared in doctor ’ s offices with kidney failure. the case triggered warnings and a 2000 new england journal of medicine report noting that about 5 % of 1, 800 women given the chinese herb, aristolochia fangchi ( another birthwort species ), in a weight - loss treatment at the clinic had developed kidney failure. that triggered a food and drug administration warning about the herb that mentioned 16 weight - loss products then on store shelves, and also offered a clue that only some people suffered from a genetic susceptibility to the herb causing kidney failure, grollman says. but it wasn ’ t until a 2007 proceedings of the national academy of sciences paper that grollman and his colleagues showed the balkan and belgian cases were caused by the same toxin, finding mutations in the genes of croatian patients that exactly matched those of mice poisoned with aristolochi


a 2007 proceedings of the national academy of sciences paper that grollman and his colleagues showed the balkan and belgian cases were caused by the same toxin, finding mutations in the genes of croatian patients that exactly matched those of mice poisoned with aristolochic acid. the mutations were pinpoint changes in a well - known tumor - suppressing gene called p53. the finding “ was a breakthrough, ” says kidney expert marc de broe of belgium ’ s university of antwerp, in a commentary in kidney international. debroe added, “ this magic plant turned out to contain a powerful nephrotoxic ( kidney - poisoning ) substance with an ability to induce urothelial ( urinary tract ) cancer. ” but the damage from birthwort poisoning may well go beyond clusters of unexplained kidney failure, grollman suggests. in an upcoming study, he and his colleagues looked at taiwan, the “ land of dialysis ” in some news reports, where the herb is widely used in traditional medicine. a 2006 survey in the lancet suggested that nearly 12 % of taiwan ’ s population suffers chronic kidney disease. health service statistics there also show that about 1 in 3 patients are prescribed aristolochia as part of traditional medical treatments delivered at doctor ’ s offices. and taiwanese kidney failure patients in the upcoming study widely show the same pinpoint changes in the p53 gene seen in patients in the balkans and belgium, grollman says. this is a potent example of a basic fact about traditional remedies : the fact that something has been “ used for centuries ” or that it is common in rural china or that it is natural means absolutely nothing in terms of safety or effectiveness. we can ’ t know if something is safe or effective unless it is actually subjected to a battery of scientific tests. the fact that something has been considered a valid remedy for a given condition does not mean it works on that condition or even that the claim is based on anecdotal evidence – it could be something as bunk as the fact that the plant looks like a body part. if you choose to take a traditional or alternative remedy, keep in mind that it may well make your condition worse, or it might do nothing. while it ’ s possible that it could also have therapeutic benefit, if it has not been subjected to scientific tests and evaluation we just don ’ t know. it ’ s a stab in the dark. you may as well go outside, pick up the first random plant you find on the ground and eat it


tips for living a greener lifestyle designing spaces correspondent rhonda castagna meets with denise durrett, an energy expert from the u. s. e. p. a. in a typical home to look at how to use less electricity with more efficient appliances. the discussion moves from room to room as denise points out energy efficiencies with refrigerators, dishwashers, home office equipment like computers and printers, heating and cooling systems, including maintenance, washers and dryers and water heaters. how much money are you throwing away on your utility bills? watch this and see how to save and live green! energy efficiency can save you money! did you know that the typical household has 40 products continuously drawing power? are you aware that there is a direct connection between these products and their impact on energy use, the environment and the amount of your utility bills? every time you flip a switch to turn on a product, a power plant somewhere is producing that electricity, and often is burning fossil fuels. for 20 years, the energy star® program, created by the u. s. environmental protection agency, has helped consumers make energy efficient choices at home, at work and in their communities. products labeled with the trusted energy star® mark help identify cost - effective, energy - saving solutions that protect the environment and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. the energy star label can be found on more than 60 different kinds of products from lighting, appliances, office equipment, and consumer electronics, to heating and cooling equipment. if shopping to purchase a new product, keep in mind that there are always two prices when purchasing a new product – the one at the store, and the less obvious one you pay over the course of a product ’ s lifetime. even making no - cost / low - cost small changes in your household today can maximize impact on your energy savings! • standard tvs can use as much electricity each year as a new refrigerator! energy star® qualified tvs are on average 40 % more efficient. • just one light bulb that has earned the energy star can save you more than $ 40 over its lifetime. • using your video game console as a dvd player? you could be using 24 times more energy to play your dvds than you would with a stand - alone dvd player. • the average family does 400 loads of laundry a year! energy star washers use almost half the water as older models and only cost about $ 85 a year to run – and get your clothes just as clean. • the typical household spends more than $


buried in albert einstein ’ s mail one spring day in 1953 lay a letter from an ordinary mortal, a 20 - year - old high school dropout named john moffat. two more disparate correspondents would be hard to imagine. moffat was an impoverished artist and self - taught physicist. einstein was a mythic figure — the world ’ s most famous scientist. moffat was living with his british father and danish mother in copenhagen. einstein was at the institute for advanced study in princeton, new jersey. yet both men were outsiders. in his later years, einstein had become increasingly isolated from the physics community, refusing to embrace the strange but powerful theory of quantum mechanics — with its particles that are also waves and that exist in no specific place until they ’ re observed. nature, he argued, couldn ’ t be so perverse. so for nearly 30 years he had pursued a quixotic goal : the creation of a unified field theory to describe all the forces of nature and to demystify the quantum world. that was the occasion for moffat ’ s letter. he thought he could offer einstein some constructive criticism. “ i wrote him to say that i wasn ’ t happy about what he was doing, ” moffat recalls. there was nothing unusual about this. plenty of people sent letters to einstein, not all of them rational. but in moffat ’ s case something unexpected happened : einstein wrote back. “ dear mr. moffat, ” the reply began. “ our situation is the following. we are standing in front of a closed box which we cannot open, and we try hard to discover about what is and is not in it. ” that closed box is the universe, of course, and no one had done more to pry off the lid than einstein. yet in the eyes of nearly all his colleagues he had contributed almost nothing of importance to physics for almost 20 years. were they right? did he squander his genius by chasing vainly after an ultimate theory? that is the conventional view. but at least a few physicists now argue that einstein was far ahead of his time, raising questions that will challenge researchers for decades. “ it ’ s often said that einstein wasted his time later in life, ” says moffat, who went on to become a theoretical physicist. “ this, of course, is erroneous. einstein never wasted his time. ” einstein ’ s split with mainstream physics came at the very height of his career. in 1927, when he was 48, the world ’ s leading physicists gathered at a conference in brussels to


is erroneous. einstein never wasted his time. ” einstein ’ s split with mainstream physics came at the very height of his career. in 1927, when he was 48, the world ’ s leading physicists gathered at a conference in brussels to debate an issue that remains contentious to this day : what does quantum mechanics have to say about reality? einstein had won the nobel prize in physics for research that showed that light consists of particles of energy — research that laid the groundwork for quantum mechanics. yet he dismissed the new theory out of hand. at the conference, he clashed with the great danish physicist niels bohr, launching a feud that would last until einstein ’ s death in 1955. bohr championed the strange new insights emerging from quantum mechanics. he believed that any single particle — be it an electron, proton, or photon — never occupies a definite position unless someone measures it. until you observe a particle, bohr argued, it makes no sense to ask where it is : it has no concrete position and exists only as a blur of probability. einstein scoffed at this. he believed, emphatically, in a universe that exists completely independent of human observation. all the strange properties of quantum theory are proof that the theory is flawed, he said. a better, more fundamental theory would eliminate such absurdities. “ do you really believe that the moon is not there unless we are looking at it? ” he asked. “ he saw in a way more clearly than anyone else what quantum mechanics was really like, ” british physicist julian barbour says. “ and he said, ‘ i don ’ t like it. ’ ” in the years after the conference in brussels, einstein leveled one attack after another at bohr and his followers. but for each attack bohr had a ready riposte. then in 1935 einstein devised what he thought would be the fatal blow. together with two colleagues in princeton, nathan rosen and boris podolsky, he found what appeared to be a serious inconsistency in one of the cornerstones of quantum theory, the uncertainty principle. formulated in 1927 by the german physicist werner heisenberg, the uncertainty principle puts strict limits on how accurately one can measure the position, velocity, energy, and other properties of a particle. the very act of observing a particle also disturbs it, heisenberg argued. if a physicist measures a particle ’ s position, for example, he will also lose information about its velocity in the process. einstein, podolsky, and rosen disagreed, and they suggested


a particle also disturbs it, heisenberg argued. if a physicist measures a particle ’ s position, for example, he will also lose information about its velocity in the process. einstein, podolsky, and rosen disagreed, and they suggested a simple thought experiment to explain why : imagine that a particle decays into two smaller particles of equal mass and that these two daughter particles fly apart in opposite directions. to conserve momentum, both particles must have identical speeds. if you measure the velocity or position of one particle, you will know the velocity or position of the other — and you will know it without disturbing the second particle in any way. the second particle, in other words, can be precisely measured at all times. einstein and his collaborators published their thought experiment in 1935, with the title “ can quantum - mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? ” the paper was in many ways einstein ’ s swan song : nothing he wrote for the rest of his life would match its impact. if his critique was right, quantum mechanics was inherently flawed. bohr argued that einstein ’ s thought experiment was meaningless : if the second particle was never directly measured, it was pointless to talk about its properties before or after the first particle was measured. but although quantum physics eventually carried the day, it wasn ’ t until 1982, when the french physicist alain aspect constructed a working experiment based on einstein ’ s ideas, that bohr ’ s argument was vindicated. in 1935 einstein was convinced that he had refuted quantum mechanics. and from then until his death 20 years later, he devoted nearly all his efforts to the search for a unified field theory.