animal species : red little gurnard perch, maxillicosta raoulensis ( eschmeyer and poss, 1976 ) as its common name suggests, the red little gurnard perch is a small species of scorpionfish that unlike other species of maxillicosta, has a red body. fresh red little gurnard perch specimens have reddish bodies with yellowish pectoral and pelvic fins. other members of the genus maxillicosta, have whitish bodies with brownish or blackish blotches and whitish pectoral and pelvic fins. m. raoulensis can also be distinguished from other australian species of maxillicosta by having 25 - 27pectoral fin rays ( versus 20 - 23 ) and 14 - 17 gill rakers ( versus 10 - 13 ). the species grows to approximately 13 cm. the red little gurnard perch is common in new zealand, especially the kermadec islands. four specimens were recently recorded from australian waters ( off new south wales and the lord howe rise ). the red little gurnard perch is probably widely distributed on the oceanic ridges of the south - western pacific ocean. the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums. source : atlas of living australia. distribution by collection data - eschmeyer, w. n. and s. g. poss. 1976. review of the scorpionfish genus maxillicosta ( pisces : scorpaenidae ), with a description of three new species from the australian - new zealand region. bulletin of marine science. 26 ( 4 ) : 433 - 449. - motomura, h., last, p. r. & w. t. white. 2005. first records of a scorpionfish, maxillicosta raoulensis ( scorpaeniformes : neosebastidae ), from the tasman sea, with fresh colour notes for the species. biogeography, 7 : 85 - 90. mark mcgrouther, collection manager, ichthyology


welcome to plant2pollinator plant2pollinator is a practical science resource for understanding pollinator partnerships and building biodiversity stewardship for students from stages 1 to 4. based on the premise that the types of flowering plants in your garden can indicate a diversity of insect visitors, plant2pollinator provides ideas, investigations and information on invertebrates and their crucial role in pollinating flowering plants. you can make a major contribution to many mysteries surrounding insect pollination, invertebrate diversity and sustainability by surveying and understanding insect visitors to flowering plants. scientists are still to find out more about the fascinating partnership between plants and their pollinators. plant2pollinator relies on the bugwise guides and tools for identifying beetles, wasps, flies, bees, moths and butterflies developed by the australian museum ’ s research scientists for use in field and laboratory work. these tools and guides were developed to assist enthusiastic observers who are not scientifically trained in identifying invertebrates. focus of plant2pollinator resources many native, food and fibre plants rely on insects to reproduce. this process is known as pollination, and plant2pollinator explores this concept. pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the anthers ( male reproductive organ ) to the stigma female reproductive organ ) of flowers to ensure the successful production of seed. it is essential for the genetic diversity of most flowering plants and one of biodiversity ’ s vital services. in some remarkable cases only a single insect species can successfully pollinate a particular flower. consequently, if an insect species is removed from an area, the vegetation will also suffer, highlighting the importance of insect biodiversity and our role in maintaining it. the investigation of specific and generalist insect pollinators and their plant hosts aims to reinforce the idea that pollination is a fundamental process of ecological interdependence. plant2pollinator ( p2p ) is sponsored by the environmental trust. p2p acknowledges the significant contributions of phoebe hill, project officer, and geoff gardner, intern, to this resource pack. the project team wishes to acknowledge the following australian museum scientists for their scientific advice, guidance and recommendations : - dr dave britton, entomology collections manager, - martyn robinson, naturalist, - dr chris reid, research scientist, - dr shane mcevey, entomologist - dr john gollan, research officer. p2p could not have been as comprehensive without the generous advice and instruction of dr michael batley. michael ’ s bee videos have also contributed to p2p ’ s on


a $ 2. 9 million, six - year partnership between the national alliance for autism research ( naar ) and the institute of neurosciences, mental health and addiction ( inmha ) of the canadian institutes of health research ( cihr ) aims to train the next generation of researchers and uncover the mysteries of autism – a brain disorder with no known cure. the partnership includes $ 300, 000 from the fonds de la recherche en sante du quebec ( frsq ). a canadian first, the mentor - based programs, principally based at mcgill and queen ' s universities in canada, take a multi - disciplinary approach to foster investigations into the genetics underlying autism and the epidemiology of the disorder. they will also address the importance of delivering effective treatment options to those with autism spectrum disorders ( asds ) and their families. “ across north america parents and researchers are telling us about the difficulty in finding experts in autism, ” said dr. eric london, naar ' s co - founder and vice president of medical affairs. “ there are currently not enough specialists in autism and the situation is much worse than many think. hopefully we can change this situation with partnerships that pool resources and foster collaborations between governments and the autism community. ” this initiative is part of cihr ' s 2003 strategic training initiative in health research. competition results were announced this summer by honorable anne mclellan, minister of health – with a total of $ 54 million funding for 33 innovative trans - disciplinary research training projects in canada. “ the government of canada is committed to ensure that the next generation of researchers have the necessary tools at their disposal to encourage innovation and discovery, ” said liz frulla, member of parliament for verdun - saint - henri - saint - paul - pointe saint - charles. “ we believe that supporting health research will improve the quality of life for canadians and those who are affected by autism spectrum disorders. ” two autism training programs will be led by : - dr. jeanette holden, a professor in the departments of psychiatry and physiology at queen ' s university with over 21 years experience in the field. - dr. eric fombonne, the head of psychiatry at the montreal children ' s hospital site of the mcgill university health centre. the mcgill component is supported by the fonds de la recherche en sante du quebec ( frsq ). “ we have to ensure the future of health research by encouraging and supporting the next generation of researchers, ” said dr. remi quirion, inmha ' s scientific director.


recherche en sante du quebec ( frsq ). “ we have to ensure the future of health research by encouraging and supporting the next generation of researchers, ” said dr. remi quirion, inmha ' s scientific director. “ this kind of program allows the best possible research to thrive in canadian institutions and further develops canada ' s expertise. another exciting element is the partnership with our us neighbors who have invested in canadian research. ” autism displays a wide spectrum of symptoms and disability affects people of all racial, social and economic backgrounds. those who suffer from autism are often robbed of the ability to communicate, to form emotional bonds and to engage in social interaction. trainees will be led by a group of 45 mentors from 17 institutions across canada and the us. collectively, their expertise ranges from asds to other fields such as neuropathology, imaging and immunology. this six - year commitment to the autism training programs is one of the latest additions to naar ' s research portfolio focusing on mentor - based fellowships. in just the last two years, naar has committed nearly $ 2 million to fund fellowships for pre - and post - doctoral candidates who benefit from the mentorship of prominent researchers. “ we believe our investments in autism research training will grow exponentially as many of our fellows later assume teaching roles and join departments around the country and the world, which currently have no representation in autism research, ” said dr. london. " and that cannot happen fast enough. "


true or false : cold weather is bad for batteries. false : batteries like the cold. lower average battery temperature means longer life expectancy. a typical baggage tractor battery weighs well over 3, 000 pounds, which is too much mass to lower the internal temperature over the course of a day or two. hopefully, the battery is being used and charged, which generates heat and maintains temperature. and even if the internal temperature drops, the electrolyte in a charged battery will not freeze. so in most cases, even freezing temperatures don ’ t make any difference at all, and possibly they even help. there is some bad news, however : - lower internal battery temperature means lower capacity : a cold battery could deliver as little as half the capacity of a warm battery. and probably at a time when the tractor is demanding more power to do the same work. - some chargers shut off before cold batteries reach 100 percent state - of - charge : in this case the electrolyte can stratify, leaving mostly water on top and create the possibility of freezing. unlikely, but possible. what to do don ’ t let a tractor sit on the ramp for days. keep charging and discharging. and make sure you charge to 100 percent and equalize charge regularly to keep the electrolyte properly mixed.


henry gray ( 18251861 ). anatomy of the human body. 1918. obturator nerve reaches the thigh by passing in front of the muscle, and the posterior branch by piercing it. nerves. the glutæus maximus is supplied by the fifth lumbar and first and second sacra nerves through the inferior gluteal nerve ; the glutæi medius and minimus and the tensor fasciæ latæ by the fourth and fifth lumbar and first sacral nerves through the superior gluteal ; the piriformis is supplied by the first and second sacral nerves ; the gemellus inferior and quadratus femoris by the last lumbar and first sacral nerves ; the gemellus superior and obturator internus by the first, second, and third sacral nerves, and the obturator externus by the third and fourth lumbar nerves through the obturator. actions. when the glutæus maximus takes its fixed point from the pelvis, it extends the femur and brings the bent thigh into a line with the body. taking its fixed point from below, it acts upon the pelvis, supporting it and the trunk upon the head of the femur ; this is especially obvious in standing on one leg. its most powerful action is to cause the body to regain the erect position after stooping, by drawing the pelvis backward, being assisted in this action by the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. the glutæus maximus is a tensor of the fascia lata, and by its connection with the iliotibial band steadies the femur on the articular surfaces of the tibia during standing, when the extensor muscles are relaxed. the lower part of the muscle also acts as an adductor and external rotator of the limb. the glutæi medius and minimus abduct the thigh, when the limb is extended, and are principally called into action in supporting the body on one limb, in conjunction with the tensor fasciæ latæ. their anterior fibers, by drawing the greater trochanter forward, rotate the thigh inward, in which action they are also assisted by the tensor fasciæ latæ. the tensor fasciæ latæ is a tensor of the fascia lata ; continuing its action, the oblique


forward, rotate the thigh inward, in which action they are also assisted by the tensor fasciæ latæ. the tensor fasciæ latæ is a tensor of the fascia lata ; continuing its action, the oblique direction of its fibers enables it to abduct the thigh and to rotate it inward. in the erect posture, acting from below, it will serve to steady the pelvis upon the head of the femur ; and by means of the iliotibial band it steadies the condyles of the femur on the articular surfaces of the tibia, and assists the glutæus maximus in supporting the knee in the extended position. the remaining muscles are powerful external rotators of the thigh. in the sitting posture, when the thigh is flexed upon the pelvis, their action as rotators ceases, and they become abductors, with the exception of the obturator externus, which still rotates the femur outward. 4. the posterior femoral muscles ( hamstring muscles ) ( fig. 434 ). the biceps femoris ( biceps ) is situated on the posterior and lateral aspect of the thigh. it has two heads of origin ; one, the long head, arises from the lower and inner


leaders who, of course, are to be found associated with every great popular movement. we can also heartily respect the honest and gallant loyalists who sacrificed all by their devotion to the kings cause. but the selfish time - servers, the timid men, and those who halt between two burdens, and can never make up their minds which side to support in any great political crisis, are only worthy of contempt. the kings troops were not cruel conquerors ; but they were insolent and overbearing, and sometimes brutal. the loyalists were in a thoroughly false position. they had drawn the sword against their countrymen ; and yet they could not hope to be treated as equals by those for whom they were fighting. they soon found to their bitter chagrin that their haughty allies regarded them as inferiors, and despised an american tory almost as much as they hated an american whig. the native army had not behaved well in the half - tory city of new york ; but the invading army which drove it out behaved much worse. the soldiers broke into and looted the corporation, the college, and the small public libraries, hawking the books about the streets, or exchanging them for liquor in the low saloons. they also sacked the presbyterian, dutch reformed, and huguenot churches, which were later turned into prisons for the captured americans ; while on the other hand, the


could we stomach a return to a wartime diet? as our population grows, and world food prices escalate, the uk will need to produce more food. but will that mean a return to a more restricted diet, reminiscent of wartime, when reduced imports made britain rely heavily on homegrown food? before world war ii, two - thirds of british food was imported from abroad. as the war began, enemy ships blocked many of the supplies that britain had relied on, including fruit, sugar, cereals and meat. campaigns like dig for victory encouraged the nation to grow its own food, and in towns and cities, allotment numbers rose. but it was the farmers who made the biggest difference. in the countryside an agricultural revolution began as farmers swiftly doubled homegrown food production. what churchill ate - oysters and roast venison with mushrooms featured on his menu - his wartime dinners were washed down with champagne - dessert was ice cream with raspberries, followed by apples, grapes and walnuts during the 1930s cheap cereal crops imported from the us and canada meant british farmers could no longer compete, so instead of growing crops they concentrated on livestock, like pigs and cows. but as part of the war effort farmers were ordered to plough up fields, sow crops and increase harvests. produce was then handed over to local government groups for distribution. it was a well - planned, well - executed, national operation. dr chris williams, lecturer in history at the open university, says wwii was a turning point for agriculture. " we went from five million tonnes of potatoes per year at the start of the war to 10 million tonnes by the end of the war. " farmers ploughed up 6. 5 million acres of unused land - a combined area bigger than the whole of wales. and though the nation became sick of potatoes, this efficient " make do and mend " model of production is something the food industry could learn from, dr williams says. during the war, homegrown vegetables were the staple diets of many households, as meat, dairy products and sugar became scarce. historian ruth goodman, one of the participants in bbc two ' s wartime farm, says people living in the countryside had certain advantages during rationing - because they could forage for whatever they could find, in the hedgerows and fields. " townies came off a lot worse during the war - in the countryside you ' ve got so many more resources at your fingertips. mushrooms, acorns, chestnuts, blackberries. " the


, in the hedgerows and fields. " townies came off a lot worse during the war - in the countryside you ' ve got so many more resources at your fingertips. mushrooms, acorns, chestnuts, blackberries. " the amount of homegrown food produced has " plateaued in recent years ", says phil hudson, head of food and farming at the national farming union. he attributes this largely to a lack of investment in agriculture, and the relatively low incomes farmers receive. life on a wartime farm he is calling for more research and development to get the most out of our farmland, which is becoming increasingly scarce as urban developments encroach on agricultural land. food policy expert prof tim lang says consumers are also partly to blame, as " they are being allowed the fantasy that they can eat what they like ". our ever - expanding palates have become accustomed to exotic, imported foods not available in the uk, not to mention an abundance of meat and dairy products. animals must consume, on average, 3kg of grain to produce 1kg of meat. today half of all cereals produced are used to feed animals. they are " the most wasteful and inefficient converters of food which one can imagine, " argues prof lang, who is also a former government advisor on food policy. according to the united nations environment programme ( unep ), all of the world ' s cereal fed to animals could feed the additional three billion people expected by 2050. the unep suggests animals could instead be fed recycled waste. " instead of aspiring to eat more meat and dairy as people get richer, we should aspire to eat more diverse plants, " says prof lang. but he says the government is failing to " take a lead " on changing the policy around what farmers should produce. " it ' s perfectly possible to be more self - sufficient. as we can see from world war ii, it could happen very quickly, but only because the infrastructure was put in. grants and systems of subsidies were created for farming to be profitable. " try your own war recipes in a statement from the department for environment, food and rural affairs, farming minister jim paice said : " with our increasingly hungry world every country must play its part to produce more food and improve the environment... whether it means embracing new farming technology or people wasting less, we ' ve got to become more sustainable. " however, prof tim benton, uk champion for global food security, says britain should stick to producing


what is wikileaks? whistle - blowing website wikileaks has dominated the news, both because of its steady drip feed of secret documents, but also because of the dealings of its enigmatic front man julian assange. the recent release of thousands of sensitive diplomatic cables is just the latest in a long list of " leaks " published by the secretive site, which has established a reputation for publishing sensitive material from governments and other high - profile organisations. in october the site released almost 400, 000 secret us military logs detailing its operations in iraq. they followed hot on the heels of nearly 90, 000 classified military records, which gave an insight into the military strategy in afghanistan. and in april 2010, for example, wikileaks posted a video on its website that shows a us apache helicopter killing at least 12 people - including two reuters journalists - during an attack in baghdad in 2007. a us military analyst is currently awaiting trial, on charges of leaking the material along with the cables and military documents. legal wrangles however, the site ' s recent prominence is part of a longer and controversial history that started in december 2006, when it first hit the net. since that time it has split opinion. game of cat - and - mouse - 28 nov : first cables released - 29 nov : us brands cable leaks an " attack on the international community " and says criminal investigation ongoing - 29 nov : former us vice - presidential candidate sarah palin calls for mr assange to be " pursued with the same urgency we pursue al - qaeda and taliban leaders " - 3 dec : wikileaks forced to change web address after coming under cyber attack - 3 dec : sweden issues new european arrest warrant for mr assange over sex crime allegations but wording is wrong - 6 dec : sweden issues new warrant and passes it to police in uk - 7 dec : mr assange is arrested in london after voluntarily walking into a police station for some it is lauded as the future of investigative journalism ; it has been described as the world ' s first stateless news organisation. for others - particularly the governments and corporations whose secrets it exposes - it is a risk. in october 2009, it posted a list of names and addresses of people it claimed belonged to the british national party ( bnp ). the bnp said the list was a " malicious forgery ". and during the 2008 us elections, it published screenshots of the e - mail inbox, pictures and address book of vice - presidential candidate sarah palin. other controversial documents hosted


bnp said the list was a " malicious forgery ". and during the 2008 us elections, it published screenshots of the e - mail inbox, pictures and address book of vice - presidential candidate sarah palin. other controversial documents hosted on the site include a copy of the standard operating procedures for camp delta, a document that detailed restrictions placed on prisoners at guantanamo bay. many of these were uploaded to the website, which allows anyone to submit documents anonymously. however, a team of reviewers - volunteers from the mainstream press, journalists and wikileaks staff - decides what is published. " we use advanced cryptographic techniques and legal techniques to protect sources, " mr assange told the bbc in february. the site says that it accepts " classified, censored or otherwise restricted material of political, diplomatic or ethical significance " but does not take " rumour, opinion or other kinds of first hand reporting or material that is already publicly available ". " we specialise in allowing whistle - blowers and journalists who have been censored to get material out to the public, " said mr assange. it is operated by an organisation known as the sunshine press and claims to be " funded by human rights campaigners, investigative journalists, technologists and the general public ". since wikileaks first appeared on the net, it has faced various legal challenges to take it offline. prior to the most recent leaks, it said it had fought off more than 100 legal challenges successfully. in 2008, for example, the swiss bank julius baer won a court ruling to block the site after wikileaks posted " several hundred " documents about its offshore activities. it was eventually overturned. money matters but more recently, the site has faced new challenges. the private life of mr assange, its editor - in - chief, has been laid bare and it has lost key staff and supporters. end quote julian assange " [ to ] keep our sources safe, we have had to spread assets, encrypt everything, and move telecommunications and people around the world to activate protective laws in different national jurisdictions ” the site has also been targeted in a series of cyber attacks. various firms - including web giant amazon - have also terminated agreements to host the site and provide services to it. in addition, companies - including mastercard, visa and paypal - have withdrawn the ability that allows people to donate to the site. its swiss bank account has also been closed. but it is not the first time that the site has faced


it. in addition, companies - including mastercard, visa and paypal - have withdrawn the ability that allows people to donate to the site. its swiss bank account has also been closed. but it is not the first time that the site has faced financial problems. in february 2010 it suspended operations as it could not afford its own running costs. donations from individuals and organisations saved the site. only time will tell, if it can do it again with many sources of funding now cut off. despite all of these setbacks, wikileaks has largely remained defiantly online. it has moved its operations between various companies and countries. it has also encouraged volunteers to set up " mirrors " of the site - hosted on different servers around the world. " [ to ] keep our sources safe, we have had to spread assets, encrypt everything, and move telecommunications and people around the world to activate protective laws in different national jurisdictions, " mr assange said earlier this year. throughout its history, the site has been supported and hosted by the swedish isp periquito ( prq ), which became famous for hosting file - sharing website the pirate bay. " if it is legal in sweden, we will host it, and will keep it up regardless of any pressure to take it down, " the isp ' s site says. the isp continues to host its most recent - and most controversial - documents. the site also hosts documents in other jurisdictions, including france. its experience of different laws around the world meant that it was drafted to help icelandic mps draw up plans for its icelandic modern media initiative ( immi ) earlier this year the plan calls on the country ' s government to adopt laws protecting journalists and their sources. expansion plan its involvement in the immi gave the site a new credibility. at the same time, it has grown and gained more notoriety. the site ' s rapid expansion - and the amount of material it has recently received - has meant that it has had to change its tactics. in the past, it was able to verify and publish documents itself. but for its most recent leaks it has adopted a new tactic - partnering with news organisations such as the guardian, der spiegel and the new york times - to help check and distribute the material. " we take care of the source and act as a neutral intermediary and then we also take care of the publication of the material whilst the journalist that has been communicated with takes care of the verification, " mr assange said earlier this year. "


what is passover? a guide to the holiday ' s meaning, customs, rituals, and other basics. for the beliefnet guide to passover click here. names for the holiday : passover, pesach, the festival of our freedom, the festival of spring when it starts : 15 nissan on the hebrew calendar ; sundown on april 19, 2008 how long it lasts : eight days ( seven in israel ) what it commemorates : the miraculous exodus of the hebrew slaves from egypt, considered one of the most important moments in the development of the jewish people. customs and laws : - to prepare for the holiday, houses are cleaned thoroughly and dishes and utensils are replaced with those used on passover only. - bread and other leavened food ( chametz ) is forbidden and removed from the home before passover begins. many jews will eat only food specifically marked as " kosher for passover. " - matzah, a flat bread made just of flour and water, is eaten. - work is prohibited on the first two and last two days ( in israel, the first and last days only ), when rules akin to those followed on the jewish sabbath are followed. - in temple times, passover was one of three annual pilgrimage festivals to jerusalem. the seder ritual : the seder is held on the first night or two ( depending on custom ) of passover. some characteristics of this ritual meal are : - the story of the exodus is retold, using a book called a " haggadah. " - bitter herbs are eaten to recall the pain of slavery, and greens to celebrate the onset of spring. other foods include haroseth - - a fruit, nut, and wine mixture - - and of course, matzah. - the youngest at the table recites the four questions. - four cups of wine are consumed. - a festive meal is eaten. - for more on the seder table, explore beliefnet ' s virtual seder plate. ( " why is it different? " ) ; dayenu ( " it would have been sufficient " ) ; eliyahu hanavi ( " elijah the prophet " ) ; chad gadya


health is the whole … body, mind, and soul you count grams of fat and fiber, eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, drink green tea, and jog four times a week. but you spend most of your time at a high stress job, have few close relationships, and feel that your life lacks meaning. the good things that you do for your body may help increase your resistance to stress and illness, but they only reflect part of a much larger picture. health is more than having a body that works properly. it includes physical, emotional, social, spiritual, intellectual, and even occupational / vocational dimensions. when these dimensions are working in harmony, they contribute to a sense of well - being and satisfaction. doctors donald tubesing and nancy loving tubesing are pioneers in the field of wellness. in their book, seeking your healthy balance, they explain that health involves all of you — your mind and emotions, your connections with other people, your sense of hope, your satisfaction with work, as well as your body. the six dimensional model of wellness so how do you take care of your whole self? the national wellness institute embraces the six dimensional model of wellness developed in 1979 by dr. bill hettler. the chart below, based on hettler ’ s model, can provide you with some guidance. physical — achieving personal fitness and health goals through nutrition, physical activity, safety, and self - care emotional – maintaining good mental health, a positive attitude, and high self - esteem ; responding with resiliency to emotional states and everyday life spiritual — getting in touch with your deeper self and the spiritual dimension of your life, developing faith in something larger than yourself, finding meaning and purpose intellectual — having curiosity and a strong desire to learn ; solving problems ; thinking independently, creatively and critically occupational / vocational — engaging in or preparing for work in which you will find personal satisfaction and enrichment according to the national wellness institute, the six dimensional model of wellness is beneficial for the following reasons : human beings are multidimensional all aspects of a person ( body, emotions, thoughts, relationships, beliefs, values, activities ) affect his functioning as a whole. further, these individual aspects affect each other. for example, a person who is not utilizing his interests on the job ( occupational dimension ) may experience boredom and negativity ( emotional dimension ). a sense of futility ( spiritual dimension ) results, which causes others to avoid him ( social dimension ). this increases his frustration ( emotional dimension ) and can lead him to overea


) may experience boredom and negativity ( emotional dimension ). a sense of futility ( spiritual dimension ) results, which causes others to avoid him ( social dimension ). this increases his frustration ( emotional dimension ) and can lead him to overeat and become obese ( physical dimension ). most modern health threats are not physical although we think about health in physical terms, “ most health threats today are not physical, ” writes brian luke seaward, phd, in his book stand like mountain, flow like water : reflections on stress and human spirituality. “ instead, they are emotional ( feeling overwhelmed, bored, worried, or guilty ) or spiritual ( assessing relationships, values and one ’ s purpose in life ). ” health is more than the absence of disease the multidimensional approach is oriented toward maximizing individual potential and functioning. it defines health as balance and complete well - being — being all that you can be — not merely as the absence of symptoms and disease. unfortunately, today ’ s medical care is largely based on a disease model of health. you may be able, however, to find doctors who specialize in integrative medicine. this is a practice that places the patient, not a disease, in the center. finding balance in an unbalanced world but life can be so busy and complicated these days. who has the time to address all these dimensions? many wellness experts suggest numerous opportunities to find more balance. strategies may include : finding single activities that meet multiple wellness needs for example, taking a daily walk with your spouse and children can fulfill needs for physical activity, emotional bonding, and relationship enhancement. and, if you use the time to discuss ideas and career aspirations, your family walk could also contribute to intellectual and occupational needs. clarifying your values and priorities take time to know the deepest purposes for which you live, and use them to set goals and make decisions. for example, you may find that you ’ d prefer more time with your family rather than a bigger paycheck. don ’ t wait for a crisis to show what really matters to you. identifying areas where you want more balance using your values and the six dimensional model of wellness, identify your current wellness deficits and develop a few goals that will help you find more balance. being realistic and flexible perfect balance in all dimensions is not possible in an ever - changing world. there will be times when you ’ re overextended, lonely, angry, and tired. over the years, you ’ ll need to make adjustments until you find


flexible perfect balance in all dimensions is not possible in an ever - changing world. there will be times when you ’ re overextended, lonely, angry, and tired. over the years, you ’ ll need to make adjustments until you find a balance that enhances your quality of life. national wellness institute national mental health information center canadian mental health association mental health canada california state university website. available at : http : / / www. calstate. edu /. seaward bl. stand like mountain, flow like water. deerfield beach, fl : health communications, inc ; 1997. six dimensions of wellness. national wellness institute website. available at : http : / / www. nationalwellness. org / index. php? id = 391id _ tier = 381. accessed june 16, 2008. tubesing da, loving tubesing, n. seeking your healthy balance : a do - it - yourself guide to whole person well - being. duluth, mn : whole person associates ; 1991. last reviewed may 2008 by ryan estevez, md, phd, mph please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright © 2011 ebsco publishing all rights reserved.


are expanding so fast in alberta that the three big players — suncor energy inc., syncrude canada ltd. and albian sands energy inc. — have built their own airstrips to ferry in temporary construction workers. exxon mobil corp., royal dutch shell plc and many other companies have investments in the big operators. workers from all over canada, plus miners from south africa and oil workers from venezuela, have moved to fort mcmurray. housing costs are sky high. the boomtown of 65, 000 has an additional 27, 000 temporary workers living in camper trailers and motels. from a helicopter, the view of this growth begins with a forest of spruce, pine, poplar and aspen spotted with ancient bogs under a summer cover of bright green algae. that landscape suddenly gives way to miles of black strip mines, brownish settling ponds with a rainbow sheen, and beyond the mines, well pads amid grids of roads and cuts from geological seismic surveys. some of the world ' s biggest trucks — two - story tall caterpillar 797bs that carry 400 tons — haul the black sands through strip mines. scarecrows with orange cloth bodies and blue hardhats surround huge ponds of mining residues. about 200 square miles have been mined, close to the athabasca river. but most of the thick crude oil lies farther from the river, too deep to be scraped off. here the thick oil is heated by steam piped underground so that it can be pumped. the sands contain a form of crude oil called bitumen that ' s as thick as peanut butter. to remove the sand and clay to turn the bitumen into heavy crude that can flow to refineries takes a lot of energy. for that reason, greenhouse - gas emissions from production are three to five times those of conventional oil. another way to measure these emissions is to consider the full " life cycle " of the oil from extraction to final use, such as gasoline in a car. by this measure, fuel from the oil sands produces 10 percent to 15 percent more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional oil. that ' s because about three - quarters of the emissions come when the fuel is burned to drive. scientists have determined that heat - trapping gases from fossil fuel burning are largely responsible for the major climate changes of recent decades. alberta ' s environmental officials forecast that with the new policies in place, the province ' s emissions will increase until 2020 and then decline to 14 percent below 2005 levels by 2050. global targets based on the 2007 findings


major climate changes of recent decades. alberta ' s environmental officials forecast that with the new policies in place, the province ' s emissions will increase until 2020 and then decline to 14 percent below 2005 levels by 2050. global targets based on the 2007 findings of the intergovernmental panel on climate change are 50 percent to 85 percent reductions from 2000 levels. other environmental concerns are with the athabasca river and the forest. preston mceachern of the province ' s oil sands environmental management division said oil sands production has not harmed the river. david schindler, an ecology professor at the university of alberta, said it ' s not true that no mining pollution reaches the athabasca. he challenged the government ' s handling of its data and said new studies are under way about pollutants in the river and whether the mining companies draw out too much water when the river is naturally low. canadian first nations people living downstream of the oil sands report an unexplained cluster of rare cancers. this summer, a two - jawed fish washed ashore. canada needs the oil, but the people need clean water, said patrick mercredi, the medical director of athabasca tribal council, who grew up downriver learning to hunt and trap as his ancestors did. he said people are worried about contaminants in fish and game. schindler said that the woodland caribou would be extinct in this part of alberta in 20 years, because when they ' re calving and rearing young they ' re easily disturbed and avoid industrialized areas. in addition, the seismic lines — created with explosive charges that flatten trees — become paths for animals and off - road vehicles. wolves, hunters and caribou use them, " and things like caribou really take a licking, " he said. schindler said other species also are losing habitat, including migratory songbirds like warblers who nest here in summer. oil companies are required to restore the land. they must let the tailing ponds dry out when they ' re no longer in use, stabilize the sediment, restore topsoil and replant trees. but oil sands operations use the land for many years, and restoration requires decades. " if there was a guinness book of records for unsustainable development, this is it, " schindler said. canada has been fighting back against the dirty oil image. officials are particularly concerned about a sentence in the 2007 u. s. energy bill that said the federal government


records for unsustainable development, this is it, " schindler said. canada has been fighting back against the dirty oil image. officials are particularly concerned about a sentence in the 2007 u. s. energy bill that said the federal government wouldn ' t buy unconventional fuel that produces more greenhouse gases than conventional oil. some members of congress have proposed repealing it. " the message we have for the united states is we ' re a secure, reliable and environmentally responsible producer of oil, " said alberta deputy premier ron stevens. alberta aims to reduce emissions mainly by capturing carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, from facilities that turn the bitumen into upgraded crude oil and then burying the carbon permanently underground. but carbon capture is still years off. the government of alberta in july announced it will spend $ 2 billion canadian ( $ 1. 86 billion u. s. ) on mass transit and an equal amount on four or five pilot projects for carbon capture and storage, including probably one in the oil sands. no other government has put up that kind of money, said holly, the provincial energy official. " what you ' re looking at is a very significant effort toward addressing some of the concerns with oil sands. " alberta charges big polluters $ 15 a ton of emissions that is then deposited into a technology development fund. estimates of the cost of burying the emissions underground range up to $ 100 a ton. but officials say the levy on emissions and the $ 2 billion from the government will help early carbon capture and storage projects work out problems and could bring down costs. - a canadian federal climate plan is expected to set carbon capture and storage requirements for oil sands processing plants and wells that start up in 2012 or later. - alberta ' s climate plan started last year with " practical, achievable objectives, " said shannon flint, an official with the province ' s environmental management office. - large industrial plants are required to reduce their emission intensity — or amount per barrel of oil — by 12 percent. they either actually reduce the emissions through greater efficiency and other changes, or they can buy credit from emissions reductions made elsewhere in the province, or they can pay into the technology fund. - alberta officials are writing a new land use plan. an early draft acknowledged that past developments were approved on a project - by - project basis and promises a shift to a cumulative assessment. on the web more from mcclatchy mcclatchy newspapers 2008


| news release : for immediate release friday, january 3, 2003. bush administration denies legal protection of flat - tailed horned lizard washington dc - - today, the bush administration denied endangered species act protection for the imperiled flat - tailed horned lizard ( phrynosoma mcallii ), an attractive sonoran desert native that looks like a mini - dinosaur. " this unjustified denial of desert wildlife protection continues the president ' s anti - environmental policies and ensures more litigation. " said daniel r. patterson, desert ecologist with the center for biological diversity. " this political decision is a favor to industry that flies in the face of biological facts and the compelling national interest for wildlife conservation. " the flat - tailed horned lizard is a small desert reptile that inhabits portions of the sonoran desert in southern california, arizona, and northern mexico. the main cause for the decline of the flat - tailed horned lizard is conversion of habitat to urban and agricultural uses. the various uses include crops, cities, off - road vehicle use, geothermal leases, military maneuvers, gravel pits, highways, etc. other factors responsible for the decline of this species include the use of pesticides on crops. pesticide drift is thought to affect ant populations in adjacent habitat. a typical flat - tailed horned lizard measures approximately 3. 3 inches from snout to vent, and has two rows of fringed scales on either side of the body with a dark stripe along its backbone. flat - tailed horned lizards feed primarily on native harvester ants, consuming 150 - 200 ants per day. a proposed rule to list the species as threatened was published in the federal register on november 29, 1993. on july 15, 1997, the us fish and wildlife service withdrew its proposal to list the flat - tailed horned lizard as threatened. the decision to withdraw the proposed listing was challenged in court by conservationists. on october 24, 2001, the district court ordered the service to reinstate the 1993 proposed rule to list the lizard as threatened and to make a new final listing determination for the species. today, the service withdrew that rule, denying legal protection for the lizard. species ecology information : http : / / uts. cc. utexas. edu / ~ iffp475 / phrynos _ html / mcallii. html


classification & external resources | | f52. 2, n48. 4 | | 302. 72, 607. 84 erectile dysfunction ( ed or ( male ) impotence ) is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis. there are various underlying causes, such as cardiovascular leakage and diabetes, many of which are medically treatable. nerve trauma from prostatectomy surgery can cause chronic erectile dysfunction. the causes of erectile dysfunction may be physiological or psychological. physiologically, erection is a hydraulic mechanism based upon blood entering and being retained in the penis, and there are various ways in which this can be impeded, most of which are amenable to treatment. psychological impotence is where erection or penetration fails due to thoughts or feelings ( psychological reasons ) rather than physical impossibility ; this can often be helped. notably in psychological impotence there is a very strong placebo effect. erectile dysfunction, tied closely as it is to cultural notions of potency, success and masculinity, can have devastating psychological consequences including feelings of shame, loss or inadequacy ; often unnecessary since in most cases the matter can be helped. there is a strong culture of silence and inability to discuss the matter. in fact around 1 in 10 men will experience recurring impotence problems at some point in their lives. folk remedies have long been advocated, with some being advertised widely since the 1930s. the introduction of the first pharmacologically approved remedy for impotence, sildenafil ( trade name viagra ), in the 1990s caused a wave of public attention, propelled in part by heavy advertising. the latin term impotentia coeundi describes simple inability to insert the penis into the vagina. it is now mostly replaced by more precise terms. the study of erectile dysfunction within medicine is covered by andrology, a sub - field within urology. overview and symptoms erectile dysfunction is characterized by the regular or repeated inability to obtain or maintain an erection. there are several ways that erectile dysfunction is analyzed : - obtaining full erections at some times, such as when asleep ( when the mind and psychological issues if any are less present ), tends to suggest the physical structures are functionally working. however the opposite case, a lack of nocturnal erections, does not imply the opposite, since a significant proportion of sexually functional men do not routinely get nocturnal erections or wet dreams. - obtaining erections which are


physical structures are functionally working. however the opposite case, a lack of nocturnal erections, does not imply the opposite, since a significant proportion of sexually functional men do not routinely get nocturnal erections or wet dreams. - obtaining erections which are either not rigid or full ( lazy erection ), or are lost more rapidly than would be expected ( often before or during penetration ), can be a sign of a failure of the mechanism which keeps blood held in the penis, and may signify an underlying clinical condition, often cardiovascular in origin. erection problems are very common. the sexual dysfunction association estimates that 1 in 10 men in the uk have recurring problems with their erections at some point in their life. penile erection is managed by two different mechanisms. the first one is the reflex erection, which is achieved by directly touching the penile shaft. the second is the psychogenic erection, which is achieved by erotic or emotional stimuli. the former uses the peripheral nerves and the lower parts of the spinal cord, whereas the latter uses the limbic system of the brain. in both conditions an intact neural system is required for a successful and complete erection. stimulation of penile shaft by the nervous system leads to the secretion of nitric oxide ( no ), which causes the relaxation of smooth muscles of corpora cavernosa ( the main erectile tissue of penis ), and subsequently penile erection. additionally, adequate levels of testosterone ( produced by the testes ) and an intact pituitary gland are required for the development of a healthy male erectile system. as can be understood from the mechanisms of a normal erection, impotence may develop due to hormonal deficiency, disorders of the neural system, lack of adequate penile blood supply or psychological problems. restriction of blood flow can arise from impaired endothelial function due to the usual causes associated with coronary artery disease, but can also include causation by prolonged exposure to bright light. - neurogenic disorders ( spinal cord and brain injuries, nerve disorders such as parkinson ' s disease, alzheimer ' s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. ) - hormonal disorders ( pituitary gland tumor ; low level of the hormone testosterone ). - arterial disorders ( peripheral vascular disease, hypertension ; reduced blood flow to the penis ). - cavernosal disorders ( peyronie ' s disease. ) - nonphysical causes : mental disorders ( clinical depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders or traits. ),


to the penis ). - cavernosal disorders ( peyronie ' s disease. ) - nonphysical causes : mental disorders ( clinical depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders or traits. ), psychological problems, negative feelings. - surgery ( radiation therapy, surgery of the colon, prostate, bladder, or rectum may damage the nerves and blood vessels involved in erection. prostate and bladder cancer surgery often require removing tissue and nerves surrounding a tumor, which increases the risk for impotence. ) - lifestyle : alcohol and drugs, obesity, cigarette smoking. - other disorders. a few causes of impotence may be iatrogenic ( medically caused ). various antihypertensives ( medications intended to control high blood pressure ) and some drugs that modify central nervous system response may inhibit erection by denying blood supply or by altering nerve activity. surgical intervention for a number of different conditions may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, damage nerves, or impair blood supply. complete removal of the prostate gland or external beam radiotherapy of the gland are common causes of impotence ; both are treatments for prostate cancer. some studies have shown that male circumcision may result in an increased risk of impotence, while others have found no such effect, and another found the opposite. excessive alcohol use has long been recognised as one cause of impotence, leading to the euphemism " brewer ' s droop, " or " whiskey dick ; " shakespeare made light of this phenomenon in macbeth. a study in 2002 found that ed can also be associated with bicycling. the number of hours on a bike and / or the pressure on the penis from the saddle of an upright bicycle is directly related to erectile dysfunction. there are no formal tests to diagnose erectile dysfunction. some blood tests are generally done to exclude underlying disease, such as diabetes, hypogonadism and prolactinoma. impotence is also related to generally poor physical health, poor dietary habits, obesity, and most specifically cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease. a useful and simple way to distinguish between physiological and psychological impotence is to determine whether the patient ever has an erection. if never, the problem is likely to be physiological ; if sometimes ( however rarely ), it could be physiological or psychological. the current diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diseases ( dsm - iv ) has included a listing for impotence. clinical tests


never, the problem is likely to be physiological ; if sometimes ( however rarely ), it could be physiological or psychological. the current diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diseases ( dsm - iv ) has included a listing for impotence. clinical tests used to diagnose ed - duplex ultrasound - duplex ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow, venous leak, signs of atherosclerosis, and scarring or calcification of erectile tissue. injecting prostaglandin, a hormone - like stimulator produced in the body, induces erection. ultrasound is then used to see vascular dilation and measure penile blood pressure. measurements are compared to those taken when the penis is flaccid. - penile nerves function - tests such as the bulbocavernosus reflex test are used to determine if there is sufficient nerve sensation in the penis. the physician squeezes the glans ( head ) of the penis, which immediately causes the anus to contract if nerve function is normal. a physician measures the latency between squeeze and contraction by observing the anal sphincter or by feeling it with a gloved finger inserted past the anus. specific nerve tests are used in patients with suspected nerve damage as a result of diabetes or nerve disease. - nocturnal penile tumescence ( npt ) - it is normal for a man to have five to six erections during sleep, especially during rapid eye movement ( rem ). their absence may indicate a problem with nerve function or blood supply in the penis. there are two methods for measuring changes in penile rigidity and circumference during nocturnal erection : snap gauge and strain gauge. ( it should be noted that a significant proportion of men who have no sexual dysfunction nonetheless do not have regular nocturnal erections. thus presence of npt tends to signify physically functional systems, but absence of npt may be ambiguous and not rule out either cause. ) - penile biothesiometry - this test uses electromagnetic vibration to evaluate sensitivity and nerve function in the glans and shaft of the penis. a decreased perception of vibration may indicate nerve damage in the pelvic area, which can lead to impotence. - penile angiogram - invasive test - allows visualization of the circulation in the penis and is used during the repair of a priapism. - dynamic infusion cavernosometry - ( abbreviated dicc ) technique in which fluid is pumped into the penis at a known rate and pressure


- allows visualization of the circulation in the penis and is used during the repair of a priapism. - dynamic infusion cavernosometry - ( abbreviated dicc ) technique in which fluid is pumped into the penis at a known rate and pressure. it gives a measurement of the vascular pressure in the corpus cavernosum during an erection. to do this test, a vasodilator like prostaglandin e - 1 is injected to measure the rate of infusion required to get a rigid erection and to help find how severe the venous leak is. - corpus cavernosometry - cavernosography measurement of the vascular pressure in the corpus cavernosum. saline is infused under pressure into the corpus cavernosum with a butterfly needle, and the flow rate needed to maintain an erection indicates the degree of venous leakage. the leaking veins responsible may be visualised by infusing a mixture of saline and x ray contrast medium and performing a cavernosogram. - digital subtraction angiography - in dsa, the images are acquired digitally. the computer creates a mask from lower - contrast x - rays of the same area and digitally isolates the blood vessels ( this is done manually through darkroom masking with traditional angiography ). - magnetic resonance angiography ( mra ) - this is similar to magnetic resonance imaging. magnetic resonance angiography uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide detailed images of the blood vessels. doctors may inject a " contrast agent " into the patient ' s bloodstream that causes vascular tissues to stand out against other tissues. the contrast agent provides for enhanced information regarding blood supply and vascular anomalies. aside from the iv used to introduce the contrast material into the bloodstream, magnetic resonance angiography is noninvasive and painless. treatment depends on the cause. testosterone supplements may be used for cases due to hormonal deficiency. however, the cause is more usually lack of adequate penile blood supply as a result of damage to inner walls of blood vessels. this damage is more frequent in older men, and often associated with disease, in particular diabetes. treatments ( with the exception of testosterone supplementation, where effective ) work on a temporary basis : they enable an erection to be attained and maintained long enough for intercourse, but do not permanently improve the underlying condition. there are different treatments available : - oral treatment 3 different tablets are currently available from the doctor and these work when there is sexual stimulation. depending on the treatment, it will need to be taken 20 minutes to


but do not permanently improve the underlying condition. there are different treatments available : - oral treatment 3 different tablets are currently available from the doctor and these work when there is sexual stimulation. depending on the treatment, it will need to be taken 20 minutes to 1 hour before sex and the period of time over which it works can vary between 3 hours and up to 36 hours. this can be injected into the penis or inserted using a special applicator - usually just before sexual intercourse. currently, only commercially available in the far east, befar® has shown a clinical efficacy of up to 83 % in patients with varying degrees of ed. ( 6 ) the cream itself has an onset action of 10 - 15 minutes and can continue on past 4 - hours, ( figure 2 ) and is favorably comparable to the efficacy of the injectable alprostadil. ( 3, 19 ) due to befar ’ s direct application method ( i. e. unlike viagra®, befar ’ s actions are limited to the area of its application ), the side effects induced by the application have to date been limited to transient warm and burning sensations. - vacuum pumps these work by drawing blood into the penis and are also used just before sexual intercourse. - hormone treatment it is rare, but some men receive hormones for their erection problem. this does depend on the cause of the problem as well as other factors. often, as a last resort if other treatments have failed, the most common procedure is prosthetic implants which involves the insertion of artificial rods into the penis. counselling is often a consideration, both where a psychological cause is suspected or must be ruled out, or to assist in management of any distress. ed can in many cases be treated by drugs taken orally, injected, or as penile suppositories. these drugs increase the efficacy of no, which dilates the blood vessels of corpora cavernosa. when oral drugs or suppositories fail, injections into the erectile tissue of the penile shaft are extremely effective but occasionally cause priapism. when pharmacological methods fail, a purpose - designed external vacuum pump can be used to attain erection, with a separate compression ring fitted to the penis to maintain it. these pumps should be distinguished from other " penis pumps " ( supplied without compression rings ) which, rather than being used for temporary treatment of impotence, are claimed to increase penis length if used frequently, or vibrate as an aid to masturbation. more drastically,


from other " penis pumps " ( supplied without compression rings ) which, rather than being used for temporary treatment of impotence, are claimed to increase penis length if used frequently, or vibrate as an aid to masturbation. more drastically, inflatable or rigid penile implants may be fitted surgically. implants are irreversible and costly. all these mechanical methods are based on simple principles of hydraulics and mechanics and are quite reliable, but have their disadvantages. in a few cases there is a vascular problem which can be treated surgically. - pde5 inhibitors - the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases constitute a group of enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of the cyclic nucleotides cyclic amp and cyclic gmp. they exist in different molecular forms and are unevenly distributed throughout the body. these multiple forms or subtypes of phosphodiesterase were initially isolated from rat brain by uzunov and weiss in 1972 and were soon afterwards shown to be selectively inhibited by a variety of drugs in brain and other tissues. the potential for selective phosphodisterase inhibitors to be used as therapeutic agents was predicted as early as 1977 by weiss and hait. this prediction has now come to pass in a variety of fields, one of which is in the pharmacological treatment of erectile dysfunction. one of the forms of phophodiesterase is termed pde5. the prescription pde5 inhibitors sildenafil ( viagra® ), vardenafil ( levitra® ) and tadalafil ( cialis® ) are prescription drugs which are taken orally. they work by blocking the action of pde5, which causes cgmp to degrade. cgmp specific phosphodiesterase type 5 causes the smooth muscle of the arteries in the penis to relax, allowing the corpus cavernosum to fill with blood. ( specific devices are mentioned for information only ; mention should not be taken as endorsement ). - dopamine receptor agonist - inflatable implant - rigid implant - surgical treatment of certain cases controversial and unapproved treatments - drug used for treating drug addicts can have some success in patients with inhibited sexual desire. - the experimental drug bremelanotide ( formerly pt - 141 ) does not act on the vascular system like the former compounds but allegedly increases sexual desire and drive in males as well as females. it is applied as a nasal spray. br


desire. - the experimental drug bremelanotide ( formerly pt - 141 ) does not act on the vascular system like the former compounds but allegedly increases sexual desire and drive in males as well as females. it is applied as a nasal spray. bremelanotide allegedly works by activating melanocortin receptors in the brain. it is currently in phase iib trials. - melanotan ii - like bremelanotide the experimental drug melanotan ii does not act on the vascular system either but increases libido. melanotan ii works by activating melanocortin receptors in the brain. - hmaxi - k is a form of gene therapy using a plasmid vector that expresses the hslo gene, that encodes the alpha - subunit of the maxi - k channel. it has undergone phase i safety trials. - a double - blind study appears to show evidence that ginseng is better than placebo : see the ginseng article for more details. - enzyte is a product that has been advertised by saturation coverage on television channels such as courttv. however, the center for science in the public interest ( cspi ) has filed a complaint with the federal trade commission ( ftc ) about enzyte for deceptive advertising. it is manufactured by berkeley nutritionals, which is alleged to be the subject of an investigation by the attorney general of ohio and the defendant in class - action lawsuits. - enzyte is a supplement that claims to increase the male libido or frequency of erections of the penis. commercials for enzyte are shown regularly on television. these commercials feature a man named bob who never stops smiling, apparently because he had taken enzyte and improved the size of his sex organs. the commercials are riddled with symbolic phallic imagery, e. g. golf clubs, remarkably tall glasses of iced tea, and a hose spraying barely a trickle of water ( carried by someone who doesn ' t use enzyte ). - the effectiveness of enzyte is in dispute. some medical professionals in fact advise against taking enzyte, saying that it can lead to damage. the center for science in the public interest have urged the federal trade commission to disallow further television advertising for enzyte due to a lack of proper studies supporting claims. enzyte maker berkeley premium nutraceuticals, inc., is currently under a class action lawsuit for false advertising. - enzyte is said to contain : tribu


enzyte due to a lack of proper studies supporting claims. enzyte maker berkeley premium nutraceuticals, inc., is currently under a class action lawsuit for false advertising. - enzyte is said to contain : tribulus terrestris ; yohimbe extract ; niacin ; epimedium ; avena sativa ; zinc oxide ; maca ; muira pauma ; ginkgo biloba ; l - arginine ; saw palmetto. other ingredients : gelatin, rice bran, oat fiber, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide. - herbal and other alternative treatments - these are generally ineffective when tested blind, but may be useful for their psychological ( placebo ) effect : if a good result is expected, any highly praised, and often expensive, treatment can be effective. reputable drugs can also benefit from the same effect. this is especially useful if blindfolded, as it helps to clear the mind of anxiety issues. - prelox is a proprietary mix / combination of naturally occurring ingredients, l - arginine aspartate and pycnogenol. in double blind tests carried out by dr. steven lamm at new york university school of medicine, 81. 1 % of men overall judged prelox to be effective in improving their ability to engage in sexual activity. prelox® for improvement of erectile function : a review european bulletin of drug research, volume 11, no. 3, 2003. steven lamm, frank schoenlau, peter rohdewald whilst the supplements should be taken daily, the manufacturers claim that it brings the spontaneity back into ones ' love life ; unlike other products which must be remembered to be taken a fixed time before sexual activity. other treatment methods zinc is known to help prevent the conversion of testosterone to estradiol, and testosterone is essential for proper erectile function and the synthesis of sperm ( testosterone deficiency is a primary contributor in many cases of erectile dysfunction ). moreover, zinc levels have been found to be significantly reduced in both chronic bacterial prostatitis ( cbp ) and non - bacterial prostatitis ( nbp ). many doctors and nutritionalists recommend zinc for prostate or erectile problems. zinc is best taken in lozenge form, as in tablet form the zinc is difficult to absorb, and can irritate the stomach lining. the earliest attempts at treating erectile dysfunction date back to muslim physicians and pharmacists in the medieval


is best taken in lozenge form, as in tablet form the zinc is difficult to absorb, and can irritate the stomach lining. the earliest attempts at treating erectile dysfunction date back to muslim physicians and pharmacists in the medieval islamic world. they were the first to prescribe medication for the treatment of this problem, and they developed several methods of therapy for this issue, including a single - drug therapy method where a drug was prescribed and a " combination method of either a drug or food. " most of these drugs were oral medication, though a few patients were also treated through topical and transurethral means. erectile dysfunctions were being treated with tested drugs in the islamic world since the 9th century until the 16th century by a number of muslim physicians and pharmacists, including muhammad ibn zakariya razi, thabit bin qurra, ibn al - jazzar, avicenna ( the canon of medicine ), averroes, ibn al - baitar, and ibn al - nafis ( the comprehensive book on medicine ). dr. john r. brinkley initiated a boom in male impotence cures in the us in the 1920s and 1930s. his radio programs recommended expensive goat gland implants and " mercurochrome " injections as the path to restored male virility, including operations by surgeon serge voronoff. after the kansas state medical board revoked his medical license and the federal radio commission refused to renew his radio license ( both in 1930 ), brinkley moved his operations just over the texas border to mexico where he opened a medical clinic and broadcast advertisements into the us from a border blaster radio station. surgeons began providing patients with inflatable penile implants in the 1970s. modern drug therapy for ed made a significant advance in 1983 when british physiologist giles brindley, ph. d. dropped his trousers and demonstrated to a shocked american urological association audience his phentolamine - induced erection. the drug brindley injected into his penis was a non - specific vasodilator, an alpha - blocking agent, and the mechanism of action was clearly corporal smooth muscle relaxation. the effect that brindley discovered established the fundamentals for the later development of specific, safe, orally - effective drug therapies. helgason ar, adolfsson j, dickman p, arver s, fredrikson m, gothberg m, steineck g. sexual desire, erection, orgasm and ejaculatory functions


orally - effective drug therapies. helgason ar, adolfsson j, dickman p, arver s, fredrikson m, gothberg m, steineck g. sexual desire, erection, orgasm and ejaculatory functions and their importance to elderly swedish men : a population - based study. age and ageing. 1996 : 25 : 285 - 291. - ^ a b " 1 in 10 men " estimate, see for example : nhs direct - health encyclopaedia - erectile dysfunction - ^ erectile dysfunction causes. erection problems ( erectile dysfunction ). healthwise ( 2006 ). retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 07. - ^ male sexual dysfunction epidemiology. erectile dysfunction. armenian health network, health. am ( 2006 ). retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 07. - ^ causes of erectile dysfunction. erectile dysfunction. armenian health network, health. am ( 2006 ). retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 07. - ^ erectile dysfunction. erectile dysfunction. mayo clinic ( 2006 ). retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 07. - ^ erectile dysfunction causes. erectile dysfunction. healthcommunities. com ( 1998 ). retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 07. - ^ palmer j, link d ( 1979 ). " impotence following anesthesia for elective circumcision. ". jama 241 ( 24 ) : 2635 - 6. pmid 439362. - reproduced at www. cirp. org circumcision information and resource pages - ^ shen z, chen s, zhu c, wan q, chen z ( 2004 ). " [ erectile function evaluation after adult circumcision ] ". zhonghua nan ke xue 10 ( 1 ) : 18 - 9. pmid 14979200. - ^ senkul t, iseri c, sen b, karademir k, saracoglu f, erden d ( 2004 ). " circumcision in adults : effect on sexual function. ". urology 63 ( 1 ) : 155 - 8. pmid 14751371. - reproduced at www. cirp. org circumcision information and resource pages - ^ collins s, upshaw j, rutchik s, ohannessian c, ortenberg j, albertsen p ( 2002 ). " effects of circumcision on male sexual function : debunking a myth? ". j urol 167 ( 5


, rutchik s, ohannessian c, ortenberg j, albertsen p ( 2002 ). " effects of circumcision on male sexual function : debunking a myth? ". j urol 167 ( 5 ) : 2111 - 2. pmid 11956452. - reproduced at www. cirp. org circumcision information and resource pages - ^ masood s, patel h, himpson r, palmer j, mufti g, sheriff m ( 2005 ). " penile sensitivity and sexual satisfaction after circumcision : are we informing men correctly? ". urol int 75 ( 1 ) : 62 - 6. pmid 16037710. - ^ laumann e, masi c, zuckerman e ( 1997 ). " circumcision in the united states. prevalence, prophylactic effects, and sexual practice. ". jama 277 ( 13 ) : 1052 - 7. pmid 9091693. - reproduced at www. cirp. org circumcision information and resource pages - ^ schrader s, breitenstein m, clark j, lowe b, turner t ( nov - dec 2002 ). " nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity testing in bicycling patrol officers. ". j androl 23 ( 6 ) : 927 - 34. pmid 12399541. - ^ abc of urology : subfertility and male sexual dysfunction - ^ http : / / www. lovelifematters. co. uk - ^ penile prostheses ( implants ) chris steidle, md, seekwellness. com - ^ uzunov, p. and weiss, b. : separation of multiple molecular forms of cyclic adenosine 3 ', 5 ' - monophosphate phosphodiesterase in rat cerebellum by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. biochim. biophys. acta 284 : 220 - 226, 1972. - ^ weiss, b. : differential activation and inhibition of the multiple forms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. adv. cycl. nucl. res. 5 : 195 - 211, 1975. - ^ fertel, r. and weiss, b. : properties and drug responsiveness of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of rat lung. mol. pharmacol. 12 :


195 - 211, 1975. - ^ fertel, r. and weiss, b. : properties and drug responsiveness of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of rat lung. mol. pharmacol. 12 : 678 - 687, 1976. - ^ weiss, b. and hait, w. n. : selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. ann. rev. pharmacol. toxicol. 17 : 441 - 477, 1977. - ^ melman a, bar - chama n, mccullough a, davies k, christ g ( 2005 ). " the first human trial for gene transfer therapy for the treatment of erectile dysfunction : preliminary results. ". eur urol 48 ( 2 ) : 314 - 8. pmid 15964135. - ^ om, and chung kw, as ( 1996 apr ). " dietary zinc deficiency alters 5 alpha - reduction and aromatization of testosterone and androgen and estrogen receptors in rat liver ". j nutr 126 ( 4 ) : 842 - 8. - ^ schmidt, m, et al ( 1998 sep ). " progesterone inhibits glucocorticoid - dependent aromatase induction in human adipose fibroblasts ". j endocrinol. 158 ( 3 ) : 401 - 7. - ^ mahajan, sk, et al ( 1982 sep ). " effect of oral zinc therapy on gonadal function in hemodialysis patients. a double - blind study. ". ann intern med. 97 ( 3 ) : 357 - 61. - ^ pfeiffer, carl c. ph. d. md. ( 1976 ). mental & elemental nutrients : a physicians guide to nutrition & health care, hardcover, keats pub. isbn 978 - 0879831141. - ^ pfeiffer, carl c. ph. d. md. ( 1978 ). zinc & other micro - nutrients, trade paperback, keats publishing, incorporated. isbn 0879831693. - ^ ( 1982 ) " ". int j androl 5 : 487 - 96. - ^ ( 1975 ) " ". fertil steril 26 : 1057 - 63. - ^ balch, phyllis a., cnc ; balch, james f., m. d. ( 2000 ). prescription for nutritional healing. avery press


) " ". fertil steril 26 : 1057 - 63. - ^ balch, phyllis a., cnc ; balch, james f., m. d. ( 2000 ). prescription for nutritional healing. avery press, p. 597. isbn 1 - 58333 - 077 - 1. - ^ milwaukee journal sentinel, feb 10, 2002, " think zinc as way to boost your immune system ". - ^ a. al dayela and n. al - zuhair ( 2006 ), " single drug therapy in the treatment of male sexual / erectile dysfunction in islamic medicine ", urology 68 ( 1 ), p. 253 - 254. - ^ brindley g ( oct 1983 ). " cavernosal alpha - blockade : a new technique for investigating and treating erectile impotence. " ( abstract ). br j psychiatry 143 : 332 - 7. pmid 6626852. | who icd - 10 mental and behavioural disorders ( f · 290 – 319 ) | | neurological / symptomatic | | dementia ( alzheimer ' s disease, multi - infarct dementia, pick ' s disease, creutzfeldt - jakob disease, huntington ' s disease, parkinson ' s disease, aids dementia complex, frontotemporal dementia ) · delirium · post - concussion syndrome | | psychoactive substance | | alcohol ( drunkenness, alcohol dependence, delirium tremens, korsakoff ' s syndrome, alcohol abuse ) · opiods ( opioid dependency ) · sedative / hypnotic ( benzodiazepine withdrawal ) · cocaine ( cocaine dependence ) · general ( intoxication, drug abuse, physical dependence, withdrawal ) | | psychotic disorder | | schizophrenia ( disorganized schizophrenia ) · schizotypal personality disorder · delusional disorder · folie a deux · schizoaffective disorder | | mood ( affective ) | | mania · bipolar disorder · clinical depression · cyclothymia · dysthymia | | anxiety disorder ( agoraphobia, panic disorder, panic attack, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety ) · ocd · acute stress reaction · ptsd · adjustment disorder · conversion disorder ( ganser syndrome ) · somatoform disorder ( somatization disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, nosophobia, da costa ' s syndrome, psychalgia ) · neura


( ganser syndrome ) · somatoform disorder ( somatization disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, nosophobia, da costa ' s syndrome, psychalgia ) · neurasthenia | | eating disorder ( anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa ) · sleep disorder ( dyssomnia, insomnia, hypersomnia, parasomnia, night terror, nightmare ) · sexual dysfunction ( erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, vaginismus, dyspareunia, hypersexuality ) · postpartum depression | | personality disorder · passive - aggressive behavior · kleptomania · trichotillomania · voyeurism · factitious disorder · munchausen syndrome · ego - dystonic sexual orientation | | mental retardation | | mental retardation | | specific : speech and language ( expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, landau - kleffner syndrome, lisp ) · scholastic skills ( dyslexia, dysgraphia, gerstmann syndrome ) · motor function ( developmental dyspraxia ) | pervasive : autism · rett syndrome · asperger syndrome | behavioural and emotional, | childhood and adolescence onset | adhd · conduct disorder · oppositional defiant disorder · separation anxiety disorder · selective mutism · reactive attachment disorder · tic disorder · tourette syndrome · speech ( stuttering · cluttering ) | | diseases of the pelvis, genitals and breasts ( n40 - n99, 600 - 629 ) | | diseases of male genital organs | | prostate : benign prostatic hyperplasia - prostatitis testicle / epididymis : hydrocele testis - spermatocele - testicular torsion - orchitis - epididymitis - male infertility ( azoospermia, oligospermia ) penis : phimosis - balanoposthitis - balanitis - priapism - erectile dysfunction - peyronie ' s disease hematospermia - retrograde ejaculation | disorders of breast | | chronic cystic mastitis - mastitis - gynecomastia - galactorrhea - mastodynia - nipple discharge - galactocele | of female pelvic organs


##grade ejaculation | disorders of breast | | chronic cystic mastitis - mastitis - gynecomastia - galactorrhea - mastodynia - nipple discharge - galactocele | of female pelvic organs | pelvic inflammatory disease : salpingitis - oophoritis - hydrosalpinx - parametritis - vaginitis - vulvitis | of female genital tract | endometriosis ( adenomyosis ) - prolapse ( cystocele, rectocele, urethrocele ) obstetric fistulae ( vesicovaginal fistula, rectovaginal fistula ) ovarian cyst - endometrial polyp - retroverted uterus - asherman ' s syndrome - hematometra - leukorrhea menstruation ( amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhea, menorrhagia, menometrorrhagia, metrorrhagia, dysmenorrhea ) intercourse ( dyspareunia, vaginismus ) - mittelschmerz atrophic vaginitis - habitual abortion - female infertility ( anovulation ) - ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome | see also congenital conditions ( q50 - q56, 752 ) |


in part two of a four - part series on how the bp oil spill is affecting the region, blackenterprise. com addresses the environmental damage of the spill. even prior to the april bp oil spill, the louisiana and mississippi coastal region was considered fragile because of the high rate of coastal wetland loss and its vulnerability to coastal storms and climate change. but with the spill about to hit the three - month mark, the fragile ecosystem is in even further turmoil. “ oil complicates [ the ecosystem ] beyond imagination, ” says kamran abdollahi, a southern university professor of urban forestry, natural resources, and environment. he believes that the spill will accelerate the coastline ’ s deterioration and predicts the loss of a significant number of coastal fisheries and habitats that are home to many endangered species and others that have only just bounced back since hurricane katrina. as of july 10, the cleanup effort has skimmed approximately 720, 238 barrels, or 30. 25 million gallons, of oily liquid from the water ’ s surface. the ecosystem ’ s natural components could take years or even decades to degrade the oil, abdollahi said. bp was scheduled to begin testing a new containment cap tuesday, but the test was postponed to give the oil company time to analyze whether the proposed well cap would stop the oil leak. in an ideal world, the oil industry and research universities would have joined forces decades ago to develop models of response to oil spills such as the one that the gulf coast is weathering, noted abdollahi. so, instead of scrambling for solutions as they are now, there would be intense competition over whose solution is best. oil creates a surface that doesn ’ t allow oxygen to diffuse into the ecosystem, lowering oxygen levels available to both human and aquatic life. as a result, the oil spill also could have long - term effects on seafood safety because of bioaccumulation and biomagnification, says marjorie campbell, chair of clark atlanta university ’ s department of biological sciences. warren jones, a university of mississippi school of medicine professor, said it ’ s too soon to predict the spill ’ s long - term effects on human health, but local health officials and organizations such as the centers for disease control are closely monitoring reported symptoms and conditions to detect any trends. the most immediate concerns have centered on skin and eye contact with the oil and respiratory illnesses. louisiana health officials recently announced the implementation of systems to monitor increases in certain types of conditions, admissions, and sick leaves. women who are pregnant or planning


doctors closer to overhauling autism diagnosis rules the american psychiatric association is moving a step closer to overhauling the criteria for diagnosing autism after two just - completed field studies found the new definition won ’ t exclude patients who need treatment. the change, to be included in a manual used by doctors, is designed to help them better identify the disorder by including several closely related conditions under the autism mantle, and by making symptoms more precise. disease advocates have said they ’ re concerned the change may improperly reduce the number of children diagnosed, limiting access to health services. one of the field trials showed a 1 percentage - point rise in diagnosis rates under the new criteria and the other showed a drop of 4 or 5 percentage points, said darrel regier, the association ’ s director of research. the trials were done in the last year at baystate medical center in springfield, massachusetts, and stanford university in palo alto, california. “ there was concern that by tightening the criteria we would drop the bottom out from people with previously diagnosed autism, ” said regier, who is also vice chairman of the task force weighing the new guidelines. “ we don ’ t think that ’ s likely to happen, based on our assessment. ” the psychiatric association, based in arlington, virginia, is scheduled in may 2013 to publish its fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, the definitive resource used by doctors to diagnose, study and treat illnesses. the autism change, first proposed in february, 2010, would be included in that edition, if it is approved. autism now includes a range of complex disorders characterized by social impairment, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, according to the national institutes of health in bethesda, maryland. about six children in 1, 000 will have autism, the nih said. the field trials involved about 600 people with several closely related conditions, regier said in a telephone interview. he declined to give precise results from the tests because the findings haven ’ t been presented in public or published in a medical journal. the latest research counters a study reported yesterday at a medical meeting in iceland that found the proposal may exclude many patients. investigators from the yale school of medicine in new haven, connecticut, analyzed data collected in the early 1990s, almost 20 years ago, from trials conducted when the last diagnostic manual was released. using information from several hundred high - functioning people with autism spectrum disorders, they found that about half would no longer meet the criteria under the new definition being considered, said james mcpar


years ago, from trials conducted when the last diagnostic manual was released. using information from several hundred high - functioning people with autism spectrum disorders, they found that about half would no longer meet the criteria under the new definition being considered, said james mcpartland, director of the yale developmental disabilities clinic in new haven, connecticut, and a researcher in the study. “ the implications of the study is that there is going to be a change in who receives a diagnosis, ” mcpartland said by telephone. “ all this is very preliminary. this is a piece of information to be considered as the task force moves toward a finalization of the criteria. ” the new guidelines are designed make the diagnostic criteria clearer and more consistent for autism disorders. while there are several terms now that describe related conditions, including autism, asperger syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder, they have overlapping characteristics and it is often difficult for clinicians to tell them apart. the new designation folds in six existing individual conditions and places them on a scale, called autism spectrum disorders. the description is more precise about what constitutes the symptoms, said catherine lord, director of the institute for brain development at new york - presbyterian hospital in new york. “ the intention isn ’ t to exclude people who meet the criteria for any of the conditions, ” said lord, who is also on the task force considering the change, in a telephone interview. “ it ’ s just to be sure we aren ’ t including everyone who has any kind of behavior problem. ” the old approach focused on meeting six broad behavioral criteria. the new proposal breaks the guideposts down into two distinct areas, communication and repetitive behavior. under communication, autistic people are those who will have trouble with relationships, non - verbal communication such as making eye contact or using gestures, and with social reciprocity, such as taking turns or holding a conversation. they must exhibit symptoms in each of these areas to be diagnosed under the new plan. with behavior, patients may have to meet only two of the criteria among actions such as having limited interests, getting stuck on repetitive activities, having strong or muted responses to sensory stimulation like sound and taste, or developing rituals. the behaviors may have been in the past. “ the new criteria are somewhat stricter, ” said geraldine dawson, chief science officer of autism speaks, an advocacy group based in new york. “ there are a group of people who previously had asperger syndrome or high - functioning autism who are now no longer meeting the criteria. ” the issue


said geraldine dawson, chief science officer of autism speaks, an advocacy group based in new york. “ there are a group of people who previously had asperger syndrome or high - functioning autism who are now no longer meeting the criteria. ” the issue isn ’ t semantic, dawson said in a telephone interview. patients need to be diagnosed to get access to treatment such a behavioral intervention, social skills training and support services, she said. “ from the scientific side, the changes make a lot of sense, ” she said. “ it ’ s a question of how this might impact services. we need to think through the implications for a well - reasoned change or the real people who are in the real world trying to obtain the services they need. ” the important next step, dawson said, is to collect “ very careful data on that and see what changes need to be implemented in how we qualify people for the services. ” to contact the reporter on this story : michelle fay cortez in minneapolis at email @ example. com to contact the editor responsible for this story : reg gale at firstname. lastname @ example. org. bloomberg moderates all comments. comments that are abusive or off - topic will not be posted to the site. excessively long comments may be moderated as well. bloomberg cannot facilitate requests to remove comments or explain individual moderation decisions.


an important concept that comes from sequences is that of series and summation. series and summation describes the addition of terms of a sequence. there are different types of series, including arithmetic and geometric series. series and summation follows its own set of notation that is important to memorize in order to understand homework problems. so a series is just the summation of a sequence. so a sequence is just a bunch of numbers in a row, a series is what happens when we add up all those numbers together. okay? so before me i have a general term for a sequence. a sub n is equal to n squared minus 1. and first we ' re asked to find the first four terms. okay? so in order to find the first term, we would find a sub 1 which happens when we plug in 1. 1 squared minus 1 that ' s just 0. so our first term is going to be 0. to find the second term we plug in 2. a sub 2 is equal to 2 squared. 4 - 1 which is going to give us 3. third term [ ib ] and repeat a sub 3 is 3 squared, 9 - 1 is 8. and the fourth term a sub 4, plug in 4. 4 squared, 16 - 1 is 15. so this right here is a sequence. it ' s 4 numbers written in order with commons in between. it ' s just a collection of numbers. find the sum of those first 4 terms. so basically we already found the 4 terms, all we have to do is add them together. 0 + 3 is 3 plus 8 is 11 plus 15 is 26. so 26 is then the series, okay? series is the way i remember it is, series is a shorter word therefore your answer should be shorter, one number. a sequence is a longer word, it ' s going to be a collection of data, a collection of numbers, okay? so basically all the series is is a summation of the sequence.


encephalitisarticle free pass encephalitis, plural encephalitides, from greek enkephalos ( “ brain ” ) and itis ( “ inflammation ” ), inflammation of the brain. inflammation affecting the brain may also involve adjoining structures ; encephalomyelitis is inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, and meningoencephalitis is inflammation of the brain and meninges ( the membranes covering the brain ). encephalitis is most often caused by an infectious organism and sometimes by such noninfective agents as chemicals, including lead, arsenic, and mercury. although encephalitis can be produced by many different types of organisms, such as bacteria, protozoans, and helminths ( worms ), the most frequent causal agents are viruses. the encephalitis - producing viruses are divided into two groups : ( 1 ) those that invade the body and produce no damage until they are carried by the bloodstream to the nerve cells of the brain ( e. g., the rabies and arthropod - borne viruses ) and ( 2 ) those that invade the body and first injure nonnervous tissues and then secondarily invade brain cells ( e. g., the viruses causing herpes simplex, herpes zoster, dengue, acquired immune deficiency syndrome [ aids ], and yellow fever ). symptoms and treatment symptoms common to most types of encephalitis are fever, headache, drowsiness, lethargy, coma, tremors, and a stiff neck and back. convulsions may occur in patients of any age but are most common in infants. characteristic neurological signs include uncoordinated and involuntary movements, weakness of the arms, legs, or other parts of the body, or unusual sensitivity of the skin to various types of stimuli. these symptoms and signs and an examination of the cerebrospinal fluid by a lumbar puncture ( spinal tap ) can usually establish the presence of encephalitis, but they do not necessarily establish the cause, which often remains unknown. this makes specific treatment difficult, and, even when the causative virus is known, there may be no effective treatment. treatment of encephalitis is therefore largely supportive. patients require intensive medical care, with continuous monitoring of their heart and respiratory functions and management of their fluid and electrolyte balances. symptoms remaining after recovery from the acute phase


effective treatment. treatment of encephalitis is therefore largely supportive. patients require intensive medical care, with continuous monitoring of their heart and respiratory functions and management of their fluid and electrolyte balances. symptoms remaining after recovery from the acute phase of brain inflammation vary considerably, depending on the type of encephalitis and on the age and general health of the patient. many individuals are weak and debilitated after an attack but recover with no serious effects. some encephalitides may cause irreparable brain damage. prognosis depends upon the specific viral agent that caused the encephalitis ; mortality can be as high as 70 percent. a large number of acute encephalitides are of the type known as demyelinating encephalitis, which may develop in children as a complication of such viral diseases as measles or chickenpox or as a result of vaccination against such viral diseases as smallpox. damage to the nerve cell body does not occur, but the insulation ( myelin sheath ) surrounding the nerve fibres is gradually destroyed. epidemics of encephalitis outbreaks of encephalitis occur periodically. one of the most common epidemic forms is japanese encephalitis, which is caused by a mosquito - borne virus and results in acute illness. japanese encephalitis is found primarily in asia. other viral forms of encephalitis, such as st. louis encephalitis and la crosse encephalitis, cause sporadic disease in some areas of the united states. strains of venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalitis virus can also cause disease in humans. in the late 1960s some 200, 000 people in central colombia were infected with the venezuelan strain, which had also spread north through central america and mexico and into the united states, causing illness in thousands more people and killing tens of thousands of equines as it spread. a 2002 west nile virus epidemic in the united states was the largest human encephalitis outbreak recorded in the western hemisphere at the time. encephalitis lethargica, or sleeping sickness ( to be distinguished from african sleeping sickness, or african trypanosomiasis ), occurred in epidemics in europe and in the united states about the time of world war i but has not been reported since 1930, although certain individuals may rarely exhibit residual symptoms ( postencephalitic parkinsonism ). the ca


hannibalarticle free pass hannibal, ( born 247 bce, north africa — died c. 183 – 181 bce, libyssa, bithynia [ near gebze, turkey ] ), carthaginian general, one of the great military leaders of antiquity, who commanded the carthaginian forces against rome in the second punic war ( 218 – 201 bce ). hannibal was the son of the great carthaginian general hamilcar barca. according to polybius and livy, the main latin sources for his life, hannibal was taken to spain by his father and at an early age was made to swear eternal hostility to rome. from the death of his father in 229 / 228 until his own death about 183, hannibal ’ s life was one of constant struggle against the roman republic. hannibal ’ s earliest commands were given to him in the carthaginian province of spain by hasdrubal, son - in - law and successor of hamilcar. it is clear that hannibal emerged as a successful officer, for, on the assassination of hasdrubal in 221, the army proclaimed him, at age 26, its commander in chief, and the carthaginian government quickly ratified his field appointment. hannibal immediately turned himself to the consolidation of the punic hold on spain. he married a spanish princess, imilce, and then conquered various spanish tribes. he fought against the olcades and captured their capital, althaea ; he quelled the vaccaei in the northwest ; and in 221, making the seaport cartagena ( carthage nova, the capital of carthaginian spain ) his base, he won a resounding victory over the carpetani in the region of the tagus river. in 219 hannibal attacked saguntum, an independent iberian city south of the ebro river. in the treaty between rome and carthage subsequent to the first punic war ( 264 – 241 ), the ebro had been set as the northern limit of carthaginian influence in the iberian peninsula. saguntum was indeed south of the ebro, but the romans had “ friendship ” ( though perhaps not an actual treaty ) with the city and regarded the carthaginian attack on it as an act of war. the siege of saguntum lasted eight months, and in it hannibal was severely wounded. the romans, who had sent envoys to carthage in protest ( though they did not send an army to help saguntum ), after its fall demanded