walla walla, wash. the imposing basalt cliffs that form the columbia river gorge. photo courtesy cave b estate winery. - - washington state claims for itself, “ the perfect climate for wine, ” but whitman college instructor dr. kevin pogue will travel to italy later this week to highlight columbia valley terroir ’ s contribution to growing conditions, too. pogue presents a paper about the influence of basalt on the terroir of the columbia valley ava at the viii international terroir congress in soave, italy, on june 14 - 18. his paper focuses on the effects this distinctive igneous rock ( predominant in the columbia basin ) has on vines, specifically with respect to soil temperature, cluster temperature, vine chemistry and other attributes. basalt is relatively rare in vineyards of the world, pogue notes in the paper ; viticultural areas with basalt soils include the canary islands, the slopes of mount etna in sicily, south - central france, northern italy and oregon ’ s willamette valley. the palisades above napa valley on mt. st. helena are columnar basalt. typically, basalt occurs where volcanic activity was or is common. in the case of the columbia valley and the pacific northwest, basalt erupted more than 5 million years ago and today is covered by loess deposited during the glacial inundations known as the missoula floods, between 13, 000 and 15, 000 years ago. pogue ’ s paper concludes that the chemical and thermal properties of basalt in the soils of the columbia valley have a significant influence on the ava ’ s terroir “ vineyards within the columbia valley ava covered by fractured basalt bedrock or basalt - rich alluvium have higher average ground surface and subsurface temperatures than their grass - covered counterparts, ” the paper ’ s conclusion notes. “ the extra heat is derived from infrared radiation from the sun - warmed dark - colored basalt, not from conduction from heated air. ” the paper also notes that vineyards planted on basalt bedrock should show an elevated iron content, due to the availability of iron here versus in the loess. “ i hope to get our area in the spotlight a little bit while i ’ m over there, ” pogue told wines & vines this year ’ s conference currently has 147 registrants from 21 countries, but pogue said it hasn ’ t typically attracted a lot of attention in the u. s. just three u. s. researchers attended the previous congress in switzerland. this year, dr. greg jones from southern oregon


##trants from 21 countries, but pogue said it hasn ’ t typically attracted a lot of attention in the u. s. just three u. s. researchers attended the previous congress in switzerland. this year, dr. greg jones from southern oregon university is on its scientific committee. of sevein vineyards in the walla walla ava, which lies entirely within the columbia valley, says pogue ’ s research provides a better understanding of local growing conditions. “ we do get a flavor change, ” says mckibben, who opened his vineyards to pogue for research. but he adds that the influence of basalt is just one of several factors at play in his properties, which include the sevein properties south of walla walla towards the oregon line, and les collines, which sits at a higher elevation in the foothills of the blue mountains east of the city. “ you really have to taste it quite a bit in different regions to tell whether you ’ re getting the results of older vines giving a little better flavor or the basalt, or the vineyard manager changing his approach a little bit, ” he says. “ there ’ s no question in my mind that the basalt does help, but i can ’ t say that all of a sudden i can get this flavor of lead pencil in there. ” the fruit off the vineyards pleases winemakers, however, as it offers extra depth to the wines. this is true of les collines, which sits just three feet above the basalt rock, whereas the gentle terrain at sevein sits about 12 feet above the basalt. mckibben expects pogue ’ s presentation to generate some interest in washington state, where many wineries are showing a growing appreciation for regional differences. the number of avas in the state is increasing ( two were approved last year alone ), and seminars at industry meetings regularly showcase differences from wines made with grapes from different vineyards. “ anything that draws attention ( to our wines ) so that people will try them is going to help us, ” mckibben says. the columbia valley ava includes 6, 670 acres of vines, primarily at elevations below 400 meters ( 1, 300 feet ).


adjusting to a baby in the family can be difficult for toddlers, who are still trying to understand their own place in the world. but there are ways you can help them handle their emotions and feel more confident in their new role of big sibling. more > > parents may want their young learners working on early math and reading skills, but teachers often have a different set of goals. sitting still, paying attention and getting along with others are key to later success in school. more > > by vanessa voltolina four - year - old ryan mclynn of hopewell junction, n. y., has no problem making friends. " ryan will just go up to other kids on the playground and ask ' do you want to play with me? ' " says mom susan. but his sister, kerry ann, was always very cautious making social connections. " when kerry ann was a toddler, she would only be friends with kids who befriended her first - - and she definitely wouldn ' t initiate it. " parents of shy, quiet or reserved toddlers worry that their kids may grow up to be loners or lack a social life. but it ' s important to remember that toddlers have different temperaments and move at different social speeds. while an outgoing toddler will be happy at the center of a large friend group, a quieter child will likely have fewer friends and may take longer to make them. in that respect, " toddlers are very much like adults, " says kim whaley, phd, associate professor of human development and family science at ohio state university. it doesn ' t matter how many friends your child is comfortable making, as long as he has the ability to make at least one. the best way for you to help boost his social skills is to understand his particular style and guide him with that in mind. the 123s of friendship friend - making skills develop between the ages of two and four. at age two, your toddler will engage in imitation, or parallel play. he will shadow and mimic others kids that he considers " friends. " at three, imitation becomes much less frequent as verbal skills develop. three - year - olds begin to negotiate, using words to get what they need and want out of friendships. a wrong move by a friend may prompt your toddler to say, " you ' re not my friend if you don ' t let me play with that ball. " it isn ' t until age four that your toddler really starts to pick and choose friends that she most enjoys spending time with.


##ler to say, " you ' re not my friend if you don ' t let me play with that ball. " it isn ' t until age four that your toddler really starts to pick and choose friends that she most enjoys spending time with. " as toddlers start to mature, they ' ll gravitate toward others with similar interests and personalities, " whaley says. " give toddlers credit for having just as meaningful friendships as adults do. " parents tend to blame shyness for preventing less extroverted kids from making friends. however, there are other factors that come into play. " shy toddlers may be watching on the sidelines to learn social cues, or could simply not care about making lots of friends, " says whaley. this said, parents should be careful not to label child as " shy " because it can become a self - fulfilling prophecy. " even now, i have to push kerry ann to take the first step. i think she ' s nervous about being rejected. but she ' s gotten a lot better, " susan says. " i have a feeling this is never going to be an issue for ryan. " when your toddler finds a friend - - or a few friends - - that he really hits it off with, encourage the friendship by arranging playdates on a weekly or bi - weekly basis. this way, he will have enough face time to become comfortable and allow the relationship to grow. don ' t force it by the time your toddler is four, you need to step back and let him form his own friendships with kids that he chooses to pursue. " many times, parents will try to force kids into friendships with their own friends ' children and the kids won ' t necessarily like one another, " says dr. whaley. at this stage, you can introduce the kids, but ultimately allow them to decide whether or not to be best buds. if they ' re just not clicking, set up an activity, like watching a movie, that allows them to coexist without having to interact much. and then you can visit with the friend that you ' ve chosen for yourself. copyright ( c ) 2010 studio one networks. all rights reserved. vanessa voltolinais an associate editor at studio one networks.


although his grades were not excellent, obama was still admitted to occidental college in los angeles. obama made several black friends at school, but he still did not fully understand what it meant to be a black american, which left him feeling like he did not belong, according to the video. after his sophomore year, obama transferred to columbia university in new york, where he eventually graduated in 1983 with a degree in political science. while at columbia, obama walked through many ethnic neighborhoods and tried to understand the " societal forces around the issue of race, " according to the a & e video. obama eventually knew that he wanted to be a community organizer, a job he hoped would allow him to confront the kind of racism and poverty that had troubled him for most of his life. after graduation, obama moved to chicago ' s south side to help with the developing communities project and the altgeld gardens public housing development. after successfully completing projects in school reform and hazardous waste cleanup, and establishing a job - training center, obama set his sights on harvard law. " so much of the struggle of people being left behind involved laws, and if ( obama ) was to be an advocate, he needed to be credentialed in the law, " said david axelrod, a media adviser. before going to harvard law school, 26 - year - old obama went to kenya to visit his dead father ' s grave. he also visited his grandparents and half - siblings, and he faced the shocking poverty of his father ' s homeland. the overall experience helped obama further understand his father and why he had returned to kenya instead of staying with him. this father and son pair had many similarities, including high goals of helping poverty and their own people, according to the a & e video. " the work i was doing was directly connected to my own family and their own struggles, " obama said. " it helped to unify my outward self with my inward self in an important way. "


facing the harsh reality of a child with birth defects can be tough. no expectant parent imagines such a thing happening to her child. however, understanding why these things happen, learning methods of prevention and learning how to deal with what may come, is better than sticking ones head in the sand. what are birth defects? birth defects are defined as an abnormality in the structure, function or metabolism of a newborn, which may lead to physical or mental disabilities, or eventually prove fatal. there are thousands of known birth defects. they are caused by genetic or environmental factors and while some can be diagnosed during pregnancy, others cannot. many birth defects can be treated, and new research has helped to find cures, some of which can be performed in the womb. nevertheless, the loss of a baby during the first year of life is mostly attributed to these problems. birth defect types some kinds of defects seen in children are : structural and metabolic defects when some internal or external part of the baby ’ s body is not formed properly, that is a structural defect. the most common structural defect is heart defects. other types include, spina bifida, where the spinal cord is malformed, and malformations of the urinary tract and genital organs. metabolic defects cannot be seen externally. they are caused when certain enzymes in the body - needed to change one substance to the other, or to carry something from one place to the other - are not produced. depending on what kind of enzyme the baby lacks, the affected areas may be the brain, eyes, blood or other organs. congenital infection defects pregnancy is a crucial time in the life of the mother and child. if the mother contracts an infection during this time, the baby can also become infected, which may result in birth defects. some of the infections that can harm the baby include, toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegallo virus ( cmv ) or syphilis. other birth defects may be caused by alcohol or drug abuse during pregnancy, or the baby ’ s rh factor differing from that of the mother. major causes of birth defects birth defects are mainly caused by environmental factors, genetic disorders, or a combination of the two. genetics play a significant role in the development of certain birth defects. every living being has cells containing chromosomes, which contain the genes that dictate the unique characteristic of an organism. when a human embryo is fertilised, it gets half of its chromosomes from the father and the other half from the mother.


every living being has cells containing chromosomes, which contain the genes that dictate the unique characteristic of an organism. when a human embryo is fertilised, it gets half of its chromosomes from the father and the other half from the mother. birth defects may occur if the number of chromosomes passed on to the child is more or less than is required. problems may also arise if any one of the chromosomes is faulty. genetic birth defects in babies can occur even when both parents are healthy. some of the inheritance patterns that may cause defects are : - dominant inheritance : occurs when a child inherits a birth defect even though only one parent carries the defective gene. in these cases, the parent who passed the gene may be completely unaffected by it. this commonly occurs with achondroplasia, a kind of dwarfism. - recessive inheritance : when both parents carry the same recessive gene there is usually a one in four chance that they will produce a child who suffers from the recessive defect. neither of the parents will display any signs that they carry this disease. genes that are passed this way include cystic fibrosis and tay sachs disease. - maternal inheritance : some defects are passed from mother to son, such as colour blindness and haemophilia. - chromosomal defects : if the number or structure of the chromosome passed on to the child is somehow different from the norm, defects such as down ’ s syndrome may occur. these include factors such as the mother ’ s exposure to radiation, chemical substances and drug or alcohol abuse. some birth defects may be a combination of genetic disease and environmental factors ; for example, neural tube defects. common birth defects some of the commonly occurring birth defects in children are : - heart defects : in which the heart is not properly formed. this is one of the most common defects. the malformation may be a hole in the wall dividing the heart into its two chambers, or a contraction of the aorta, the most important blood vessel in the body. - cerebral palsy : occurs when the baby ’ s muscles do not respond to commands. it may differ in severity depending on the individual. some patients may have difficulty walking, others may not speak coherently. - neural tube defects : during the first month of conception, the foetus ’ brain and spinal cord begin to develop. if the tubal structure forming these organs is not completely formed, neural tube defects result occur. two common tubal defects are : spina bifida, which results when the column surrounding the


foetus ’ brain and spinal cord begin to develop. if the tubal structure forming these organs is not completely formed, neural tube defects result occur. two common tubal defects are : spina bifida, which results when the column surrounding the spinal cord is not formed, and anencephaly, which occurs when the brain is not completely formed. - congenital hip dislocation : the hipbone in some children may be improperly placed within the pelvic socket. if this defect goes untreated, the child may have difficult walking. this more commonly occurs in girls and is usually hereditary. - congenital hypothyroidism : the thyroid gland, located in the neck, is sometimes malformed, or completely undeveloped. this hampers growth and brain development. oral thyroid hormone treatment can treat the defect, but only when this condition is caught early. - clubfoot : all defects related to the leg ( i. e. foot, ankle, joints, blood vessels or muscles ) fall under this category. the leg may point upwards, or downwards and motion is limited. this defect is seen more in boys than girls and is treated by casting the leg just after birth. - cleft lip or palate : occurs when the lip of the baby is malformed or joined to the nose. this can be treated surgically. - cystic fibrosis : affects the respiratory and digestive systems. in children with cf, the body is unable to move chloride, a chemical that the body requires to function properly, to different organs, resulting in respiratory and digestive problems. this disorder is genetic and parents with one child with cf can have genetic testing done to ensure that any subsequent babies are born healthy. - gastrointestinal defects : internal structural defects that affect the stomach, intestines, oesophagus, diaphragm, rectum or anus of the child. the baby will have problems digesting, may vomit frequently or have difficulty swallowing. may be treated surgically at an early age to avoid further complications. - down ' s syndrome : a relatively common genetic defect caused by the presence of a 21st chromosome. causes mental retardation, distinct physical characteristics and facial expressions, and heart problems. depending on the severity of the child ' s down syndrome, the child may also behave violently under some circumstances. - fragile x syndrome : this genetic defect may be passed from one generation to the next before it manifests. a male with the abnormality passes the defect to his daughters. any baby


down syndrome, the child may also behave violently under some circumstances. - fragile x syndrome : this genetic defect may be passed from one generation to the next before it manifests. a male with the abnormality passes the defect to his daughters. any baby born to these carrier females has a 50 % chance of exhibiting symptoms. the defect may cause learning disabilities, mental retardation, autistic behaviour and emotional problems. - sickle cell anaemia : passed from both parents, sickle cell causes severe anaemia, heart problems and severe pain, due to abnormal, sickle shaped red blood cells. treatment for this defect may include blood transfusions, bone marrow replacement, cord blood transplants or antibiotics. - tay sachs disease : affects the central nervous system and may cause blindness, paralysis, deafness or dementia and is often fatal. tay sachs is a recessive gene that both parents must pass to the child. persons of ashkenazi jewish and eastern european descent commonly carry the gene. - muscular dystrophy : all genetic defects related to the muscles come under this category. muscular dystrophy leads to weakness and degeneration of the muscles, including the heart. - foetal alcohol syndrome : caused by alcohol abuse during pregnancy. may lead to mental retardation, slow growth or abnormal facial features. there is no treatment, but foetal alcohol syndrome can be prevented by avoiding alcohol during pregnancy. most birth defects are abnormalities for which no one is to blame. the best way to deal with them is to be informed, practice preventative measures and seek a diagnosis early for the best treatment options.


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. any of various thick, dark, sticky substances obtained from the distillation residue of coal tar, wood tar, or petroleum and used for waterproofing, roofing, caulking, and paving. - n. any of various natural bitumens, such as mineral pitch or asphalt. - n. a resin derived from the sap of various coniferous trees, as the pines. - v. to smear or cover with or as if with pitch. - v. to throw, usually with careful aim. see synonyms at throw. - v. to discard by throwing : pitched the can out the window. - v. baseball to throw ( the ball ) from the mound to the batter. - v. baseball to play ( a game ) as pitcher. - v. baseball to assign as pitcher. - v. to erect or establish ; set up : pitched a tent ; pitch camp. - v. to set firmly ; implant ; embed : pitched stakes in the ground. - v. to set at a specified downward slant : pitched the roof at a steep angle. - v. to set at a particular level, degree, or quality : pitched her expectations too high. - v. music to set the pitch or key of. - v. to adapt so as to be applicable ; direct : pitched his speech to the teenagers in the audience. - v. informal to attempt to promote or sell, often in a high - pressure manner : " showed up on local tv to pitch their views ” ( business week ). - v. sports to hit ( a golf ball ) in a high arc with backspin so that it does not roll very far after striking the ground. - v. games to lead ( a card ), thus establishing the trump suit. - v. games to discard ( a card other than a trump and different in suit from the card led ). - v. to throw or toss something, such as a ball, horseshoe, or bale. - v. baseball to play in the position of pitcher. - v. to plunge headlong : he pitched over the railing. - v. to stumble around ; lurch. - v. to buck, as a horse. - v. nautical to dip bow and stern alternately. - v. to oscillate about a lateral axis so that the nose lifts or descends in relation to the tail. used of an aircraft. - v. to oscilla


horse. - v. nautical to dip bow and stern alternately. - v. to oscillate about a lateral axis so that the nose lifts or descends in relation to the tail. used of an aircraft. - v. to oscillate about a lateral axis that is both perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and horizontal to the earth. used of a missile or spacecraft. - v. to slope downward : the hill pitches steeply. - v. to set up living quarters ; encamp ; settle. - v. sports to hit a golf ball in a high arc with backspin so that it does not roll very far after striking the ground. - n. the act or an instance of pitching. - n. baseball a throw of the ball by the pitcher to the batter. - n. baseball a ball so thrown. - n. chiefly british a playing field. also called wicket. - n. nautical the alternate dip and rise of the bow and stern of a ship. - n. the alternate lift and descent of the nose and tail of an airplane. - n. a steep downward slope. - n. the degree of such a slope. - n. architecture the angle of a roof. - n. architecture the highest point of a structure : the pitch of an arch. - n. a level or degree, as of intensity : worked at a feverish pitch to meet the deadline. - n. acoustics the distinctive quality of a sound, dependent primarily on the frequency of the sound waves produced by its source. - n. music the relative position of a tone within a range of musical sounds, as determined by this quality. - n. music any of various standards for this quality associating each tone with a particular frequency. - n. the distance traveled by a machine screw in a single revolution. - n. the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent screw threads or gear teeth. - n. the distance between two corresponding points on a helix. - n. the distance that a propeller would travel in an ideal medium during one complete revolution, measured parallel to the shaft of the propeller. - n. informal a line of talk designed to persuade : " [ his ] pious pitch for... austerity ” ( boston globe ). - n. informal an advertisement. - n. chiefly british the stand of a vendor or hawker. - n. games see seven - up. - n. printing the density of characters in a printed line, usually expressed as characters per inch. - pitch in informal to


an advertisement. - n. chiefly british the stand of a vendor or hawker. - n. games see seven - up. - n. printing the density of characters in a printed line, usually expressed as characters per inch. - pitch in informal to set to work vigorously. - pitch in informal to join forces with others ; help or cooperate. - pitch into informal to attack verbally or physically ; assault. - on informal to succeed in choosing or achieving, usually quickly : pitched on the ideal solution. century dictionary and cyclopedia - to pierce with a sharp point ; divide with something sharp and pointed ; transfix. - to thrust into the ground, as a stake or pointed peg ; hence, to plant or fix ; set up ; place : as, to pitch a tent or a camp ; to pitch the wickets in cricket. - to fix or set in order ; array ; arrange ; set. - to fix, as a rate, value, or price ; rate ; class. - to fling or throw ; hurl ; toss : as, to pitch a pike or a dart ; to pitch a ball or a penny. - specifically, in base - ball, to serve ( the ball ) to the batter. see base - ball. - in music, to determine or set the key ( tonality ) or key - note of ; fix the relative shrillness or height of ; start or set ( a piece ) by sounding the key - note or first tone : as. to pitch a tune high. - to pave roughly ; face with stones. - in certain card - games, to lead one of ( a certain suit ), thereby selecting it as trump. - to fix a tent or temporary habitation ; encamp. - to come to rest ; settle down ; sit - down ; alight. - to fix or decide : with on or upon. - to plunge or fall headlong. - nautical, to plunge with alternate fall and rise of bow and stern, as a ship passing over waves. the motion is most marked when running into a head sea. - to throw, toss, or hurl a missile or other object ; throw a ball ; specifically, in games of ball, to fill the position of pitcher ; serve the ball to the batsman. - to buck ; jump from the ground with the legs bunched together, as a mustang or mule. sportsman ' s gazetteer. see cut under buck. - n. the highest point or reach ; height ; acme. - n. height


- to buck ; jump from the ground with the legs bunched together, as a mustang or mule. sportsman ' s gazetteer. see cut under buck. - n. the highest point or reach ; height ; acme. - n. height ( or depth ) in general ; point or degree of elevation ( or of depth ) ; degree ; point. - n. in acoustics and music : - n. that characteristie of a sound or a tone which depends upon the relative rapidity of the vibrations by which it is produced, a relatively acute or high pitch resulting from rapid vibrations, and a relatively grave or low pitch from slow vibrations. pitch is therefore coordinate with force, timbre, and duration. it is estimated and stated in terms of the vibration per second of the sounding body. it is experimentally determined either by direct comparison with a standard tuning - fork or by such instruments as the siren. - n. a particular tonal standard or example with which given tones may be compared in respect to their relative height : as, concert pitch ; french pitch. various standards have from time to time been used or promulgated — as, for example, classical pitch, during the last half of the eighteenth century, for the a next above middle c about 415 to 430 vibrations per second ; concert pitch ( commonly called high pitch ), used in concert and operatic music during the middle of the nineteenth century, varying for the same a from about 440 to 455 vibrations ; french pitch ( commonly called low pitch ), the diapason normal adopted by the french academy in 1859, for the same a 435 vibrations ; philosophical pitch, an arbitrary pitch for middle c, obtained by taking the nearest power of 2, that is, 256 vibrations, or for the next a above about 427 vibrations ; scheibler ' s pitch, adopted by the stuttgart congress of physicists in 1834, for the same a 440 vibrations. - n. specifically. - n. the height to which a hawk rises in the air when waiting for game to be flushed, or before stooping on its prey. - n. stature ; height. - n. inclination ; angle to the horizon. - n. in mech. : - n. the distance between the centers of two adjacent teeth in a cog - wheel, measured on the pitch - line, which is concentric with the axis of revolution, and at such a distance from the base of the teeth as to have an equal rate of motion with a similar line in the cog -


cog - wheel, measured on the pitch - line, which is concentric with the axis of revolution, and at such a distance from the base of the teeth as to have an equal rate of motion with a similar line in the cog - wheel with which it engages. - n. the distance between the medial lines of any two successive convolutions or threads of a screw, measured in a direction parallel to the axis : the pitch of a propeller - screw is the length measured along the axis of a complete turn. - n. the distance between the paddles of a steamship, measured on the circle which passes through their centers. - n. the distance between the stays of marine and other steam - boilers. - n. the distance from center to center of rivets. - n. the rake of saw - teeth ( see rake ). - n. a throw ; a toss ; the act by which something is thrown or hurled from one or at something. specifically, in base - ball : - n. a place on which to pitch or set up a booth or stand for the sale or exhibition of something ; a stand. - n. in card - playing, the game all - fours or seven - up played without begging, and with the trump made by leading ( pitching ) one of a selected suit, instead of being turned up after dealing. - n. in mining, a certain length on the course of the lode, taken by a tributor, or to work on tribute. also called tribute - pitch. - n. in floor - cloth printing, one of the guide - pins used as registering - marks, corresponding to the register - points in lithographic printing. - n. in naval architecture, downward angular displacement of the hull of a vessel, measured in a longitudinal vertical plane at right angles with and on either side of a horizontal transverse axis passing through the center of flotation : a correlative of scend ( which see ). - n. an iron crowbar with a thick square point, for making holes in the ground. - n. a thick tenacious resinous substance, hard when cold, the residuum of tar after its volatile elements have been expelled : obtained also from the residues of distilled turpentine. it is manufactured mostly in tar - producing countries, especially russia. it is largely used to cover the seams of vessels after calking, and to protect wood from the effects of moisture ; also medicinally in ointments


turpentine. it is manufactured mostly in tar - producing countries, especially russia. it is largely used to cover the seams of vessels after calking, and to protect wood from the effects of moisture ; also medicinally in ointments, etc. - n. the sap or crude turpentine which exudes from the bark of pines. [ an improper use. ] - n. bitumen : a word of indefinite meaning used to designate any kind of bituminous material, but more especially the less fluid varieties ( maltha and asphaltum ). - to smear or cover over with pitch : as, to pitch the seams of a ship. - to make pitch - dark ; darken. - in brewing, to add to ( wort ) the yeast for the purpose of setting up fermentation. - to lose flesh in sickness ; fall away ; decline. - to set out, as plants. - in golf, to strike ( the ball ) with a lofted club so that it goes up into the air and alights with little roll. - n. in textile manuf, the setting, or distance apart, of the wire teeth in card - clothing. - n. in golf, a ball played with more or less loft. - n. in cricket : that part of the cricket - field upon which the batting and bowling are done. - n. the point at which the ball first touches the ground when bowled. - n. of the ball bowled, the distance between the bowler ' s wicket and the point where the ball first touches the ground ; the length. - n. in building, the slope, as of a roof ; the angle with the horizon, generally stated in terms of the horizontal and vertical. thus, a tin roof may have a pitch of one in twenty - four, or half an inch to a foot. - n. in an electric generator or motor, the distance from the center of a pole to that of the next pole of opposite sign, measured along the pitch - line. - n. the memory of such precise pitch, or the power to reproduce it at will. a person with the sense of absolute pitch can name tones correctly upon hearing them, even in fortuitous or distracting relations ; can produce particular tones with the voice without help from instruments or other artificial reference ; and can even give tones at correct pitch while incorrect tones are being sounded. the capacity or faculty of noting absolute pitch seems to vary in different persons, but it can be greatly


produce particular tones with the voice without help from instruments or other artificial reference ; and can even give tones at correct pitch while incorrect tones are being sounded. the capacity or faculty of noting absolute pitch seems to vary in different persons, but it can be greatly cultivated by attention and practice. many otherwise good musicians lack it, while some who are not specially musical have it. it is often notable in the case of the blind. - n. a sticky, gummy substance secreted by trees ; sap. - n. a dark, extremely viscous material remaining in still after distilling crude oil and tar. - n. baseball the act of pitching a baseball. - n. sports the field on which cricket, soccer, rugby or field hockey is played. - n. an effort to sell or promote something. - n. the distance between evenly spaced objects, e. g. the teeth of a saw, the turns of a screw thread, or letters in a monospace font. - n. the angle at which an object sits. - n. more specifically, the rotation angle about the transverse axis. - n. a level or degree. - n. aviation a measure of the degree to which an aircraft ' s nose tilts up or down. - n. aviation a measure of the angle of attack of a propeller. - n. nautical the measure of extent to which a nautical vessel rotates on its athwartships axis, causing its bow and stern to go up and down. compare with roll, yaw and heave. - n. the place where a busker performs. - n. an area in a market ( or similar ) allocated to a particular trader. - n. an intensity. - n. climbing a section of a climb or rock face ; specifically, the climbing distance between belays or stances. - n. caving a vertical cave passage, only negotiable by using rope or ladders. - n. a person or animal ' s height. - v. transitive to throw. - v. transitive or intransitive, baseball to throw ( the ball ) toward home plate. - v. intransitive, baseball to play baseball in the position of pitcher. - v. transitive to throw away ; discard. - v. transitive to promote, advertise, or attempt to sell. - v. transitive to deliver in a certain tone or style, or with a certain audience in mind. - v. transitive to assemble or erect (


. - v. transitive to promote, advertise, or attempt to sell. - v. transitive to deliver in a certain tone or style, or with a certain audience in mind. - v. transitive to assemble or erect ( a tent ). - v. transitive, intransitive to move so that the front of an aircraft or ship goes alternatively up and down. - v. transitive, golf to play a short, high, lofty shot that lands with backspin. - v. intransitive, cricket to bounce on the playing surface. - v. intransitive, of snow to settle and build up, without melting. - n. music the perceived frequency of a sound or note. - n. music in an a cappella group, the singer responsible for singing a note for the other members to tune themselves by. - v. to produce a note of a given pitch. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. a thick, black, lustrous, and sticky substance obtained by boiling down tar. it is used in calking the seams of ships ; also in coating rope, canvas, wood, ironwork, etc., to preserve them. - n. ( geol. ) see pitchstone. - v. to cover over or smear with pitch. - v. fig. : to darken ; to blacken ; to obscure. - v. to throw, generally with a definite aim or purpose ; to cast ; to hurl ; to toss - v. to thrust or plant in the ground, as stakes or poles ; hence, to fix firmly, as by means of poles ; to establish ; to arrange - v. to set, face, or pave with rubble or undressed stones, as an embankment or a roadway. - v. to fix or set the tone of. - v. obsolete to set or fix, as a price or value. - v. to fix or place a tent or temporary habitation ; to encamp. - v. to light ; to settle ; to come to rest from flight. - v. to fix one ' s choise ; - - with - v. to plunge or fall ; esp., to fall forward ; to decline or slope - n. a throw ; a toss ; a cast, as of something from the hand. - n. ( cricket ) that point of the ground on which the ball pitches or lights when bowled. - n. a point or peak ; the extreme point or degree


a throw ; a toss ; a cast, as of something from the hand. - n. ( cricket ) that point of the ground on which the ball pitches or lights when bowled. - n. a point or peak ; the extreme point or degree of elevation or depression ; hence, a limit or bound. - n. obsolete height ; stature. - n. a descent ; a fall ; a thrusting down. - n. the point where a declivity begins ; hence, the declivity itself ; a descending slope ; the degree or rate of descent or slope ; slant. - n. ( mus. ) the relative acuteness or gravity of a tone, determined by the number of vibrations which produce it ; the place of any tone upon a scale of high and low. - n. ( mining ) the limit of ground set to a miner who receives a share of the ore taken out. - n. the distance from center to center of any two adjacent teeth of gearing, measured on the pitch line ; - - called also circular pitch. - n. the length, measured along the axis, of a complete turn of the thread of a screw, or of the helical lines of the blades of a screw propeller. - n. the distance between the centers of holes, as of rivet holes in boiler plates. - n. ( elec. ) the distance between symmetrically arranged or corresponding parts of an armature, measured along a line, called the pitch line, drawn around its length. sometimes half of this distance is called the pitch. - v. heel over - v. move abruptly - n. abrupt up - and - down motion ( as caused by a ship or other conveyance ) - v. throw or toss with a light motion - v. set the level or character of - v. sell or offer for sale from place to place - n. a high approach shot in golf - n. the property of sound that varies with variation in the frequency of vibration - v. set to a certain pitch - n. any of various dark heavy viscid substances obtained as a residue - v. fall or plunge forward - n. degree of deviation from a horizontal plane - v. lead ( a card ) and establish the trump suit - n. ( baseball ) the act of throwing a baseball by a pitcher to a batter - v. hit ( a golf ball ) in a high arc with a backspin - n. the action or manner of throwing something - v. throw or hurl


. ( baseball ) the act of throwing a baseball by a pitcher to a batter - v. hit ( a golf ball ) in a high arc with a backspin - n. the action or manner of throwing something - v. throw or hurl from the mound to the batter, as in baseball - n. promotion by means of an argument and demonstration - n. a vendor ' s position ( especially on the sidewalk ) - n. an all - fours game in which the first card led is a trump - v. be at an angle - v. erect and fasten - from old english pic, from latin pix. cognate with dutch pek, german pech. ( wiktionary ) - middle english pich, from old english pic and from anglo - norman piche, both from latin pix, pic -. middle english pichen, probably from old english * piccean, causative of * pician, to prick. ( american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) “ - - to illustrate : if a gear has 40 teeth, and the pitch diameter of the wheel is 4 inches, there are 10 teeth to each inch of the pitch diameter, and the gear is then 10 _ diametral pitch _. ” “ when two gears of equal size mesh together, the pitch line, or the _ pitch circle _, as it is also called, is exactly midway between the centers of the two wheels. ” “ the king he is hunting the deer ; i am coursing myself : they have pitched a toil ; i am toiling in a pitch, pitch that defiles : defile! ” “ the indians hollow the red elms into canoesi fome of which made out of one spiece will contain twenty perfons ; others are made of the bark ; the different pieces of which they few together with the inner rind, and daub over the feams with pitch or rather a bituminous matter refem - bling pitch » to prevent their leaking ; the ribs of thefs canoes are made of boughs of trees. ” “ the term pitch count was still a century from being fashionable when charles howard hinton was whiling away afternoons watching the princeton baseball team. ” “ bob franken, cnn national correspondent : it is, although inside i think the term pitch is a very, very quiet pitch, dignified pitch. ” “ unidentified group : ( singing foreign language ) greenspan : down on the


team. ” “ bob franken, cnn national correspondent : it is, although inside i think the term pitch is a very, very quiet pitch, dignified pitch. ” “ unidentified group : ( singing foreign language ) greenspan : down on the pitch is a fierce four - against - four match as players kick the ball from one side to the other, ricocheting it off the sides of the ring before the striker can run up and launch it between the goalposts. ” “ the creative team in your pitch is the one we expect to see actually working on your book. ” “ for example, babe ruth iii invents an electronic device that can signal whether a pitch is a ball or a strike. ” “ people are bored by business - type pitches that are essentially rooted in self - promotion, though the appearance may be that the pitch is all about generosity and community, it is often quite plainly about getting a piece of the pie. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ pitch ’. a list of games and sports played with a ball, including names of the courts, fields and pitches in which they are played. i ' ll start the list with basque pelota, which is played in id... protagonists and relevant words in the book of creation ( source : king james bible ) includes words of the " prodcom list " feel free to wax poetic. these words seem very familiar but are awfully - versatile and oftentimes serve senses exceptionally beyond people ' s presumptions... words only ( i left out the expressions ) from geza kerenyi ' s en - hu interpreters ' dictionary. most of them pose some difficulty when interpreted between hu and en in either or both directions. words in the bible evoking biblical stories or with special spiritual meaning. proper names have been reduced to the minimum. words used quite often in steampunk words about central ideas and actions looking for tweets for pitch.


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - adj. characterized by appropriateness or suitability ; fitting : the proper knife for cutting bread ; not a proper moment for a joke. - adj. called for by rules or conventions ; correct : the proper form for a business letter. - adj. strictly following rules or conventions, especially in social behavior ; seemly : a proper lady ; a proper gentleman. - adj. belonging to one ; own : restored to his proper shape by the magician. - adj. characteristically belonging to the being or thing in question ; peculiar : an optical effect proper to fluids. - adj. being within the strictly limited sense, as of a term designating something : the town proper, excluding the suburbs. - adj. ecclesiastical for use in the liturgy of a particular feast or season of the year. - adj. mathematics of or relating to a subset of a given set when the set has at least one element not in the subset. - adj. worthy of the name ; true : wanted a proper dinner, not just a snack. - adj. out - and - out ; thorough : a proper whipping. - adv. thoroughly : beat the eggs good and proper. - n. ecclesiastical the parts of the liturgy that vary according to the particular feast or season of the year. century dictionary and cyclopedia - special ; peculiar ; belonging to a species or individual and to nothing else ; springing from the peculiar nature of a given species or individual ; particularly suited to or befitting one ' s nature ; natural ; original. - belonging to one ; one ' s own. - fit ; suitable ; appropriate. - according to recognized usage ; correct ; just : as, a proper word ; a proper expression. - rightly so called, named, or described ; taken in a strict sense : in this sense usually following the noun : as, the apes proper belong to the old world ; no shell - fish are fishes proper. - decent ; correct in behavior ; respectable ; such as should be : as, proper conduct. - well - formed ; good - looking ; personable ; handsome ; also, physically strong or active. - in heraldry, having its natural color or colors : said of any object used as a bearing : thus, a coil of rope proper is represented brown, and the spiral lines of the cordage are indicated. - in liturgics, used only on a particular day or festival, or during a particular


said of any object used as a bearing : thus, a coil of rope proper is represented brown, and the spiral lines of the cordage are indicated. - in liturgics, used only on a particular day or festival, or during a particular octave or season : as, the proper introit ; a proper preface ; proper psalms. - fine ; pretty : said ironically of what is absurd or objectionable. - becoming ; deserved. - synonyms particular, individual, specific. - 3 and fitting, befitting, meet, seemly, becoming, legitimate. - n. that which is set apart to special or individual use. specifically, in liturgics, a special office or special parts of an office appointed for a particular day or time : as, the proper of the day ; the proper of whitsunday. - n. a property in the logical sense. - properly ; very ; exceedingly. - to appropriate. - to make proper ; adorn. - in geometry, not figurative ; not at infinity : as, proper points. - adj. suitable. - adj. possessed, related. - adj. accurate, strictly applied. - adv. scotland properly ; thoroughly ; completely. - adv. nonstandard, slang properly gnu webster ' s 1913 - adj. belonging to one ; one ' s own ; individual. - adj. belonging to the natural or essential constitution ; peculiar ; not common ; particular. - adj. befitting one ' s nature, qualities, etc. ; suitable in all respect ; appropriate ; right ; fit ; decent. - adj. archaic becoming in appearance ; well formed ; handsome. - adj. pertaining to one of a species, but not common to the whole ; not appellative ; - - opposed to - adj. rightly so called ; strictly considered - adj. ( her. ) represented in its natural color ; - - said of any object used as a charge. - adv. colloq & vulgar properly ; hence, to a great degree ; very. - adj. having all the qualities typical of the thing specified - adj. marked by suitability or rightness or appropriateness - adj. limited to the thing specified - adj. appropriate for a condition or purpose or occasion or a person ' s character, needs - from anglo - norman proper, propre, old french propre ( french : propre ), and their source, latin proprius. ( wi


adj. appropriate for a condition or purpose or occasion or a person ' s character, needs - from anglo - norman proper, propre, old french propre ( french : propre ), and their source, latin proprius. ( wiktionary ) - middle english propre, from old french, from latin proprius ; see per1 in indo - european roots. ( american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) “ no tractarians proper are introduced : and this is noted in the advertisement : " no _ proper _ representative is intended in this tale, of the religious opinions, which had lately so much influence in the university of oxford. ” “ for example, it is satisfied by a model in which a whole can be decomposed into several proper parts all of which overlap one another ( figure 2, right ), and it may be argued that such models do not do justice to the meaning of part™ : after all, the idea is that the removal of a proper part should leave a remainder, but it is by no means clear what would be left of x once z ( along with its parts ) is removed. ” “ as in the case of seeds, he used the term proper to bodies, saying, " it is not quickened, except it die : " so in the case of bodies, the expression belonging to seeds, saying, " it is sown in corruption, it is raised in incorruption. ” “ boswell ' s conversation with the king about the title proper to be given to the young pretender. ” “ _ boswell ' s conversation with the king about the title proper to be given to the young pretender. ” “ but he is concerned with news that bin laden ' s body was buried at sea, without what he called a proper muslim burial. ” “ u. s. officials said wednesday they will continue to push for what they describe as proper reform. ” “ when an englishman used the word proper, he could only mean one thing — another englishman. ” “ now, this is what i call proper spending of the defence budget ” “ eh bien, you must rest quietly a moment, and be courtois... what you call proper, correct... until you have explained what i wish to know. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ proper ’. a russian doll word is a word that, when you remove the first and last letters, is either the empty string, or a russian doll word. these


what i wish to know. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ proper ’. a russian doll word is a word that, when you remove the first and last letters, is either the empty string, or a russian doll word. these are all of the 6 or more letter russian doll words found in... a list of words that are odd or words that i have looked up. i ' ve noticed many, many words start with pro and this is just a collection of them. all words of the lisbon treaty ( persons ' names, foreign and grammatical words have been eliminated, mwes have been split up into individual words. capitalization has been retained if r... 1. strictly eu terms with special european meaning used only in the eu 2. keywords central to the understanding of the eu ( people working for the eu are usually able to give thematic... busie old foole, unruly sunne,.. sawcy pedantique wretch, goe chide late schooleboyes. well - known phrases in irish english that aren ' t understood in american english. ( given saturday, march 4, 1865, washington, d. c. ) at this second appearing to take the oath of the presidential office there is less occasion for an extended a... with all nations, among ourselves, a just and lastin..., cherish, achieve, to do all, for his widow and..., to care for him w..., to bind up the na..., let us strive on..., with firmness in..., with charity for all and 169 more... words and phrases used in blazoning heraldic devices, along with names and other terms associated with the art and science. other similar lists can be found on wordnik, especially that... very basic words for esl students. words that mean " cool " around the world and through the ages. looking for tweets for proper.


3d : landscape photography unlike the human eye that can convey depth, a digital camera is limited in technology. so, how do you add depth to your landscape photos that need it the most? well, here are a few suggestions. follow these tips and you will be well on your way to creating perfect 3d images! now, you know objects that are closer to the lens appear larger than those further away from them, right? well, take this cue and bring some perspective to your landscape shots. your shot could be clouds nearing the horizon, water ripples close to you and further away, ocean waves, rivers, streams, trees, flowers, roads, etc. the point is to exaggerate what you want and minimize what you don ’ t want. by doing that, you are also creating a 3d effect by showing the distance between two objects : the one near the camera and the one further away from it. it ’ s all in the angle your landscape photos should have a point of view. this is where the lenses come into play. the wide angle lenses increase the perceived distance between elements in the composition and promote a feeling of deep space. telephoto lenses lend exactly the opposite of this. they compress the distance between elements in the scene. to accentuate these extreme effects, you should position the camera as close as possible to the nearest object in the composition. adjusting the height of your camera this can only come by experimentation. since you own a digital camera, you can take multiple pictures and still not burn a hole in your pocket, unlike the old days. as a rule, landscape subjects that are closer to you should be positioned lower in your field of view than those more distant. why? because your eyes are more than five feet above the ground and if you want to achieve the highest 3d effect, you should focus on the object at about a 45 degree angle above the ground. in other words, the focal length of your lens should be wide enough to include the horizon and a bit of sky. if you place the camera too low, you will lose visual exposure of the spaces between size cues. if you set up too high, you will lose the horizon and the familiar eye - level configuration of the size cue. either position results in a flattening of the scene. maximize your size cues position the camera horizontally so that the number of size cues portrayed are maximized and the cues are kept separate and distinct. this step may require you to move the camera forward or backward, as well as, sideways. in most


. maximize your size cues position the camera horizontally so that the number of size cues portrayed are maximized and the cues are kept separate and distinct. this step may require you to move the camera forward or backward, as well as, sideways. in most situations, you should set depth of field to include both the closest size cue and features on the horizon ( usually infinity ). add mood to your landscapes landscapes on hazy days can be great for photography. due to particles suspended in the atmosphere, close objects appear more detailed than those further away. aerial perspective is commonly encountered as fog, mist, snow, dust and haze. when shooting in these moody conditions, you can be assured of opportunities on the periphery of the atmospheric phenomenon, like the edge of storms or cloud banks. you can modulate the effect by changing position or waiting for a change or movement of the weather pattern. timing is everything the earlier in the day you shoot, the greater the effect. to flatten perspective and achieve an impression that is somewhat surreal, shoot early or late in the day, with the sun directly behind you for better illumination. landscapes illuminated from the side fall into areas of highlight and shadow. this overlapping of objects or planes is emphasized and clarified, because the shadow portion of one is set against the highlight portion of another. give some space if you are trying to include moving subjects into your landscape photos, like a passing cloud, rain drops or a dust storm, give the subject some space in your image to move into. if you do that, your landscapes will look that much more three dimensional. framing does it frame your subject. you can emphasize your subject by placing it into a frame of some sort. things like an open window, tree branches or a doorway work very well. shallow depth of field this is a great way to handle a busy background that would otherwise interfere with your subject. to get to a shallow depth of field, use a long focal length, open the aperture as wide as possible and get as close as possible to your subject. this works best with dslrs. it ’ s an effect that is hard to achieve with a point and shoot camera. and yes, use a polarizer to bring down the brightness of the skies. this works best with blue skies and when the sun is to your left or right. polarizers also increase the saturation of the colors in your image. some dos and don ’ ts 1. ) use what is called “ negative space ” to your advantage. it is the part of an image that is not your


articleswhere ' s the wisdom in wisdom teeth? pediatric diseases and conditionsdental procedures for children also called third molars, wisdom teeth usually make their first appearance in young adults between the ages of 17 to 21. because most mouths are too small for these four additional molars, an extraction ( removal ) procedure, sometimes immediately after they surface, is often necessary. the following symptoms may indicate that the wisdom teeth have erupted and surfaced, and should be removed before they cause more serious problems. the wisdom teeth may be partially erupted - - meaning, the teeth have partially surfaced and have no room in the mouth to come in completely. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. signs and symptoms may include : infection in the mouth swelling of the gumline in the back of the mouth completely impacted teeth have not come through the gum and may never erupt into the mouth. if they are not causing problems or potential problems, then many dentists will opt to monitor them over time. if the wisdom teeth are causing problems or likely to cause problems, most oral health specialists will recommend an immediate removal of the wisdom teeth. early removal will help to eliminate problems, such as an impacted tooth that causes the roots of the second molar to dissolve. according to the american academy of general dentistry, third molar impaction is the most prevalent medical developmental disorder. bacteria and plaque buildup cysts development ( a fluid - filled sac ) jaw and gum disease decay or root resorption of the adjacent tooth wisdom tooth extraction surgery involves making an incision through the gum tissue that presides over the tooth, gently detaching the connective tissue between the tooth and the bone, removing the tooth, and suturing ( sewing ) the opening in the gum. occasionally, some bone surrounding the tooth must be removed and the tooth may need to be cut into sections to allow removal.


nasa ' s hubble breaks new ground with distant supernova discovery washington - - nasa ' s hubble space telescope has looked deep into the distant universe and detected the feeble glow of a star that exploded more than 9 billion years ago. the sighting is the first finding of an ambitious survey that will help astronomers place better constraints on the nature of dark energy, the mysterious repulsive force that is causing the universe to fly apart ever faster. " for decades, astronomers have harnessed the power of hubble to unravel the mysteries of the universe, " said john grunsfeld, associate administrator for nasa ’ s science mission directorate in washington. " this new observation builds upon the revolutionary research using hubble that won astronomers the 2011 nobel prize in physics, while bringing us a step closer to understanding the nature of dark energy which drives the cosmic acceleration. " as an astronaut, grunsfeld visited hubble three times, performing a total of eight spacewalks to service and upgrade the observatory. the stellar explosion, nicknamed sn primo, belongs to a special class called type ia supernovae, which are bright beacons used as distance markers for studying the expansion rate of the universe. type ia supernovae likely arise when white dwarf stars, the burned - out cores of normal stars, siphon too much material from their companion stars and explode. sn primo is the farthest type ia supernova with its distance confirmed through spectroscopic observations. in these types of observations, a spectrum splits the light from a supernova into its constituent colors. by analyzing those colors, astronomers can confirm its distance by measuring how much the supernova ' s light has been stretched, or red - shifted, into near - infrared wavelengths because of the expansion of the universe. the supernova was discovered as part of a three - year hubble program to survey faraway type ia supernovae, opening a new distance realm for searching for this special class of stellar explosion. the remote supernovae will help astronomers determine whether the exploding stars remain dependable cosmic yardsticks across vast distances of space in an epoch when the cosmos was only one - third its current age of 13. 7 billion years. called the candels + clash supernova project, the census uses the sharpness and versatility of hubble ' s wide field camera 3 ( wfc3 ) to assist astronomers in the search for supernovae in near - infrared light and verify their distance with spectroscopy. candels is the cosmic assembly near - infrared deep


and versatility of hubble ' s wide field camera 3 ( wfc3 ) to assist astronomers in the search for supernovae in near - infrared light and verify their distance with spectroscopy. candels is the cosmic assembly near - infrared deep extragalactic legacy survey and clash is the cluster lensing and supernova survey. " in our search for supernovae, we had gone as far as we could go in optical light, " said adam riess, the project ' s lead investigator, at the space telescope science institute and the johns hopkins university in baltimore, md. " but it ' s only the beginning of what we can do in infrared light. this discovery demonstrates that we can use the wide field camera 3 to search for supernovae in the distant universe. " the new results were presented on jan. 11 at the american astronomical society meeting in austin, texas. the supernova team ' s search technique involved taking multiple near - infrared images over several months, looking for a supernova ' s faint glow. after the team spotted the stellar blast in october 2010, they used wfc3 ' s spectrometer to verify sn primo ' s distance and to decode its light, finding the unique signature of a type ia supernova. the team then re - imaged sn primo periodically for eight months, measuring the slow dimming of its light. by taking the census, the astronomers hope to determine the frequency of type ia supernovae during the early universe and glean insights into the mechanisms that detonated them. " if we look into the early universe and measure a drop in the number of supernovae, then it could be that it takes a long time to make a type ia supernova, " said team member steve rodney of the johns hopkins university. " like corn kernels in a pan waiting for the oil to heat up, the stars haven ' t had enough time at that epoch to evolve to the point of explosion. however, if supernovae form very quickly, like microwave popcorn, then they will be immediately visible, and we ' ll find many of them, even when the universe was very young. each supernova is unique, so it ' s possible that there are multiple ways to make a supernova. " if astronomers discover that type ia supernovae begin to depart from how they expect them to look, they might be able to gauge those changes and make the measurements of dark energy more precise. riess and two other astronomers shared the 2011 nobel prize in physics for


how the federal government helps information and assistance teacher assistance corps at the direction of secretary rod paige, the u. s. department of education formed the teacher assistance corps ( tac ), to assist states in implementing the highly qualified teacher requirements in the law. consisting of practitioners, state and district officials, researchers, higher education leaders and others, tac teams have provided assistance in understanding the law, shared innovative practices from other states and listened to states as they shared implementation challenges. many states invited principals, superintendents and teachers to these meetings, allowing them a chance to ask questions and voice concerns. the tac initiative will provide further assistance, as needed, while states are in the process of all phases of implementation. teacher - quality web site the u. s. department of education sponsors the web site www. teacherquality. us. it includes links to information on many interesting state and district initiatives around the nation focused on improving teaching and learning, along with other information specifically designed for classroom teachers. teacher - to - teacher summer workshops the u. s. department of education has brought together some of the nation ' s most effective teachers and education experts to share with their colleagues research - based practices and effective methods of using data to inform instruction that have been successfully applied in the classroom. the u. s. department of education will sponsor a research - to - practice summit, where the latest findings of effective teaching and learning will be presented. teacher practitioners will share how they have applied those findings in everyday teaching and how they have equipped their students to reach unprecedented levels of success. | teachers may sign up to receive electronic updates from the department. these short e - bytes address some of the hot topics from our teacher outreach and provide links to resources to aid teachers in learning about the latest policy, research and professional issues affecting the classroom. sign up at www. teacherquality. us. | no child left behind provides funds to states and districts to conduct a wide variety of activities aimed at supporting teachers. it is important to note that districts can transfer up to 50 percent of federal formula grant funds they receive under different parts of the law ( title ii - - improving teacher quality and educational technology, title iv - - safe and drug - free school grants, title v - - innovative programs ) to any one of these programs or to their title i program ( improving the academic achievement of the disadvantaged ). this allows districts the opportunity to target resources as they see fit, including moving funds into title ii to provide even more support for teachers. this can be accomplished without separate


programs or to their title i program ( improving the academic achievement of the disadvantaged ). this allows districts the opportunity to target resources as they see fit, including moving funds into title ii to provide even more support for teachers. this can be accomplished without separate requests and approval. improving the academic achievement of the disadvantaged ( title i ) each district that receives title i funds must spend at least 5 percent of its title i allocation on professional development activities to assist teachers. in fiscal year ( fy ) 2004, title i funding included about $ 605. 2 million targeted to professional development alone. with a record request of $ 13. 3 billion for the program in fy 2005, the amount targeted to professional development would be at least $ 653. 7 million. improving teacher - quality state grants ( title ii ) no child left behind makes funds available specifically to help all states support teachers and improve teaching and learning. funding for fy 2004 was $ 2. 93 billion ; total funding from fy 2002 - 04 amounts to more than $ 8. 7 billion. states have already submitted applications to the department describing their annual goals for increasing the percentage of highly qualified teachers. states have also described how they will use funds to meet the teacher and paraprofessional requirements of the law and how they will hold districts accountable for their progress in helping all teachers reach the highly qualified standard for the subjects they teach. | district needs assessment | | to receive title ii funds, each district must conduct a needs assessment, outlining activities that must be implemented to give teachers the content knowledge and teaching skills they need, and to give principals the instructional leadership skills they need to help teachers. no child left behind requires that teachers participate in the needs assessment process. teachers should contact their state or district about getting involved in this process, if they have not already been invited to participate. | educational technology state grants program ( title ii ) each district receiving educational technology state grants funds must spend at least 25 percent ( a total of $ 173 million in fy 2004 ) on high - quality professional development in the integration of technology into curricula and instruction, unless a district can demonstrate that it already provides such training. english language acquisition state grants program ( title iii ) in fy 2004, $ 548 million is available to states for english language acquisition state grants under title iii of nclb. states may use up to 5 percent of these funds for professional development and other uses to support teachers. in addition, more than $ 68 million dollars is available specifically for professional development projects to assist


english language acquisition state grants under title iii of nclb. states may use up to 5 percent of these funds for professional development and other uses to support teachers. in addition, more than $ 68 million dollars is available specifically for professional development projects to assist districts and schools in improving the teaching of english language learners. of this amount, $ 39 million is available for project - grants under the nclb title iii english language acquisition state grants program. these competitive grants are awarded for up to five years to colleges and universities to provide professional development to improve instruction for english language learners. the remaining $ 29 million is available to continue professional development projects that were awarded under the 1997 version of the elementary and secondary education act, before it was reauthorized as nclb. other programs to improve teaching and learning the federal government supports several other grant programs for teachers, such as teaching american history ; math and science partnerships ; troops for teachers ; transition to teaching ; teach for america ; and the american board for the certification of teacher excellence, among others. the u. s. department of education also funds programs to support school leadership, as well as the teaching of students with disabilities, english language learners, and native american and migrant children. for more information on grants to improve teacher quality, recruitment and retention, visit www. ed. gov / admins / tchrqual / learn / tpr.


note from the author : i just wanted to say thanks to everyone for supporting my guide. as of writing this, i have had over 1000 views on this topic, which is outstanding to me! keep an eye out for lots more updates soon! contentschapter 1 : introductionchapter 2 : styles of playchapter 3 : yo - yoschapter 4 : strings and bearingschapter 5 : yo - yo maintenancechapter 6 : yo - yo contestschapter 7 : yo - yo trick listchapter 8 : yoyoexpertchapter 9 : external linkschapter 10 : faqs ( frequently asked questions ) chapter 11 : conclusionchapter 1 : introduction what is yo - yoing? when you mention a yo - yo, you might start to think of distant childhood memories of throwing ( or trying to ) a yo - yo, or your father showing you what toys were like when he was a kid. here at yoyoexpert, we believe that yo - yoing is more than that. to us, it is a sport or a skill which we have developed in order to " make the simple amazing ", as andre would say. this guide is here to help you along your yo - yo journey. let ' s begin! chapter 2 : styles of play with yo - yoing, there are several styles of play. at contests, there are six ( excluding the combined division ) main styles of play. however, there are many other styles. here is a quick description of them : main styles1a - string tricks with a single yo - yo. the yo - yo tends to be unresponsive ( at advanced levels of play ) to allow complicated string tricks to be performed. single a is what most people think of when you talk about yo - yoing. this style is also almost always the first style yo - yoers learn due to it being the most well known and the easiest to start. 2a - a style based on the use of two looping yo - yos, one in each hand. high - level aa play consists of various series of continuous regenerations, such as loops, hops, moons, punches, stalls, etc. also performed are hundreds of different forms of around - the - worlds and other circular motions with the yo - yo. while combining loops and continuous circles, wraps can be done. another growing part of aa ( also possible in aaa ) is based on the tangler trick, where the strings


of around - the - worlds and other circular motions with the yo - yo. while combining loops and continuous circles, wraps can be done. another growing part of aa ( also possible in aaa ) is based on the tangler trick, where the strings of the yo - yo cross, spin around the " knot ", and are then uncrossed. generally the yo - yos used for aa are based on either a modified or a classic shape. those yo - yos used among popular players consist of the yomega raider and fireball ( usually modified ), the yoyojam sunset trajectory, the duncan speed beetle, the team losi da bomb, the duncan ballistic and the relic, as well as many others from various other companies. - string ( aka long spin ) tricks with two yo - yos. popularized and pioneered by mark mcbride, the first modern triple a trick appeared in fiend magazine and was called velvet rolls. the different mounts are referred to as houses ( e. g. " kink house " ). photos from as early as the late 1950 ' s show early yo - yo demonstrators performing very basic triple a tricks, such as a sleeper with one hand, and a trapeze with the other. while triple a as a concept has existed for many years, it was not until the release of velvet rolls that development began on what is currently considered triple a. 4a - offstring yo - yoing is a yo - yo style where the string is tied to the finger but not to the yo - yo. single a yo - yos are often used, as well as dedicated offstring yo - yos. offstring yo - yo tend to be butterfly shaped and very wide so landing the yo - yo on the string after the throw is as easy as possible. 5a - where a weight ( typically a casino die or small ball ) is attached to the end of the yo - yo string that would otherwise be attached to the finger. the yo - yo itself is attached to the string in the normal manner. developed in 1999 by steve brown, freehand is considered to be the fastest - growing style of yo - yo play, as well as one of the most exciting to watch, due mainly to the wide diversity of styles from one 5a player to the next. for more yo - yoing styles, please visit : http : / / yoyowiki. org / wiki / styles _ of _ playchapter 3 : yo - yos well, before


one 5a player to the next. for more yo - yoing styles, please visit : http : / / yoyowiki. org / wiki / styles _ of _ playchapter 3 : yo - yos well, before you began, you are going to need a yo - yo. once you choose what style of play you want to learn, it is time to get a yo - yo! if you want to learn : 1a, i suggest either a journey ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyojam / journey / ), a velocity ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyofactory / velocity / ), or a kickside ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyojam / kickside /, i suggest two sunset trajectories ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyojam / sunset - trajectory / ) or two loop 720s ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyofactory / loop720 /, i suggest two speedmakers ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyojam / speed - maker /, i suggest an aquarius ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyojam / aquarius / ) or a hayabusa ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / duncan / hayabusa /, i suggest a lyn fury ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyojam / lyn - fury / ) or a freehand zero ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / duncan / freehand - zero / ). chapter 4 : strings and bearings once you get a yo - yo, you are going to need some string and maybe a different bearing besides the stock bearing that comes with your yo - yo. there are three main types of string. 100 % cotton, 50 / 50 polyester / cotton, and 100 % polyester string. pure cotton string is not very common, since is tangles quickly and is not very durable / strong. it is best left for the yo - yos that little kids play with. next is 50 / 50 string. 50 / 50 is great for the beginner yo - yoer. it is strong and durable


and is not very durable / strong. it is best left for the yo - yos that little kids play with. next is 50 / 50 string. 50 / 50 is great for the beginner yo - yoer. it is strong and durable, yet still has half cotton. 50 / 50 is the preferred string for looping and off - string. last is pure polyester. most pros favor this type of string because of its strength while not getting tangled as quickly as the other types. if you are interested in yo - yo string, please visit the following link : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / expert / string / there are also several types of bearings. the main bearings are stock bearings ( bearings that come with your yo - yo ) which are great once you break them in and konkave bearings which are great for making a yo - yo unresponsive. stock bearings differ from yo - yo brands, so it is hard to talk about them when they differ. yoyofactory and yoyojam have excellent stock bearings. konkave bearings literally are concave bearings, so they look kinda like this : ) ( this causes the string to stay in the middle of the bearing away from the response. chapter 5 : yo - yo maintenance there are several important factors that keep your yo - yo spinning, so you will need to keep good care of your yo - yo. instead of me explaining this all, i ' ll let the yo - yo master, andre boulay, do the talking. see below for the videos. cleaning a yo - yo bearing : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / learn / 411 - maintenance - cleaning - a - bearing. html lubing yo - yos : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / learn / 410 - maintenance - lube. html using spacers : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / learn / 409 - maintenance - spacers. html fix loose axles : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / learn / 414 - maintenance - loose - axle - fix. htmlchapter 6 : yo - yo contests as i mentioned before, there are six main styles of play. 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, and ap, or artistic performance, where the yo - yoer incorporates dance moves with yo - yoing. for a list of upcoming yo - yo contests, please visit this link : http


. 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, and ap, or artistic performance, where the yo - yoer incorporates dance moves with yo - yoing. for a list of upcoming yo - yo contests, please visit this link : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / forums / index. php / topic, 720 chapter 7 : yo - yo trick list a simple yet large list of yo - yo tricks and videos on how to do them. the growing trick list project. http : / / yoyoexpert. com / forums / index. php / topic, 763. 0. htmlchapter 8 : yoyoexpert new to yoyoexpert? my good friend, steven, wrote a topic for the guests and new users of our site. this is a guide of what we do around here for the guests. guest ' s : if any guests are reading this, thanks for looking at yoyoexpert. if you really like the site, come and join the fun! this is an awesome site. i ' m going to tell you what we do around here! thursday : we have a chat night once a month on thursday night. i think it ' s 8 : 00pm to 9 : 00pm eastern time. andre boulay, the yo - yo pro, and site creator, asks us questions in the chat room. you can go to the chat room by scrolling up and there is a button in the forum navigation that says " chat ". just click and you ' re in! well, andre boulay asks us questions and we answer. if you get it right, you get a point. the people that scored are in the 2nd round. some people with 1 or 2 points are in, but the people with no points are out. if you get in the the second round, andre will ask more questions. the user with the most correct answers will win a yo - yo that andre decides to give them for free! sometimes, andre does a raffle. he ' s going to pick a random user who will win a free yoyoexpert t - shirt or something else! it ' s every thursday so don ' t miss out on it. even if you get out, it ' s a lot of fun watching other people battle! shop : well, as you can see, yoyoexpert does have a shop. they have yoyojam, yoyofactory, duncan, and some accessories. i think andre


' s a lot of fun watching other people battle! shop : well, as you can see, yoyoexpert does have a shop. they have yoyojam, yoyofactory, duncan, and some accessories. i think andre did a good job picking out good companies and good yo - yos to put on the site. go check them out and buy one! forums : i think the forums are the best thing about this site. it ' s fun, entertaining, and just nice to go on when you ' re bored! these are some sections we have. general yo - yo forum for just normal yo - yo talk. we have yo - yo trick help, yo - yo reviews, yo - yo videos, yo - yo contest information, unrelated discussion, and yoyoexpert site improvments. there all fun post threads in and just to have fun in. learn : if you scroll up all the way to the top you will see learn. if you click that they have offstring, counterweight, string tricks, looping, maintenance, everything. click on what you want and they have a trick list. when you click, there will be a list of tricks. here are some examples of some string tricks : trapeze, double or nothing, and matrix. in the video that you choose, andre boulay will teach you how to perform the trick. almost all my tricks are from andre. he explains really well, and shows different angles of the trick so you can see it. news : if you have a question on when the next contest is, or what new yo - yos are coming to yoyoexpert just click news up at the top! the " news " section is for upcoming contests, new yo - yos coming, yo - yo articles, yo - yo videos, and yoyoexpert news. so, if your wondering about anything similar to all of those topics, click " news " and you can get your answer. one of them isn ' t an answer, it ' s the yo - yo videos topic. it ' s just some videos of pro ' s showing their freestyles. if you want to see some freestyles, go to it! the news section is very exciting! chat : the chat isn ' t just fun on thursday. it ' s fun on any day! we talk about yo - yos, yo - yo tricks, and lots more! there ' s something really cool that ' s in there too


! chat : the chat isn ' t just fun on thursday. it ' s fun on any day! we talk about yo - yos, yo - yo tricks, and lots more! there ' s something really cool that ' s in there too.. andre made a robot in there so when there ' s no one in there he comes in and chats with you! he ' s really cool. come in the chat whenever you can! yoyoexpert is the best yo - yo site that i ' ve ever been on. there ' s so much fun here everyday! yoyoexpert has almost every yo - yo you need. if you guys want to join the fun, join yoyoexpert! i promise you will have a good time here. chapter 9 : external links here are some great places to check out to get started on yo - yoing! http : / / www. mastermagic. net http : / / www. yoyonation. comhttp : / / www. yoyojam. comhttp : / / www. theyostore. comhttp : / / www. yoyocrazy. comhttp : / / www. yoyoguy. comchapter 10 : faqs ( frequently asked questions ) for a growing faqs list, please check out this link : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / forums / index. php / topic, 734. 0. htmlchapter 11 : conclusion well, i hope this guide has helped you get started with yo - yoing. yo - yoing is an amazing sport with endless possibilities. i hope you take our amazing sport to heart and master it! we here at yoyoexpert will help you further along with your journey. if you have any questions, feel free to message me or one of my friends here at yoyoexpert. we would love to help you out! loved this guide, but need more help? be sure to check out my great friend, samad ' s, guide here! http : / / yoyoexpert. com / forums / index. php / topic, 689. 0 « last edit : september 24, 2009, 05 : 05 : 10 pm by mitchell »


innovation is one of those words that is as loaded as it is inescapable. it appears constantly on billboards, tv commercials and political speeches. i ’ ll wager every big organization in the world lays claim to the concept through a mission statement or some other purported self - description. our hopes for improved institutional outcomes – from schools, from hospitals, from governments – are all stoked by a devotion to the glimmering promise of doing things better in a new way. what about digital preservation? is innovation the key to dealing with all that valuable digital data? this is, of course, an very unsatisfying answer. innovation should be the answer to everything, most especially to all things digital. “ never before in history has innovation offered promise of so much to so many in so short a time, ” is a quote attributed bill gates, and at first glance it seems to ring with a self - evident truth. when considered from the popular perspective of innovation, digital preservation looks like a straightforward challenge for libraries, archives, museums and other entities that long have kept information on behalf of society. all they need are some new ideas, practices and tools – all of which information technology excels in delivering. there ’ s also a neat symmetry here : technology created new kinds of information for libraries to preserve, so technology can help libraries do the job. but it isn ’ t quite so easy. the basic problem is what larry downes has called “ the laws of disruption, ” of which the most fundamental is “ technology changes exponentially, but social, economic and legal systems change incrementally. ” downes notes that innovative digital technology has thoroughly roiled many social conventions and that “ nothing can stop the chaos that will follow. ” an overly dramatic statement, yes, but it illustrates that innovation is not a safe, orderly or controllable process. it sends out big ripples of disruption with an unpredictable impact. consider the irony : organizations tout innovation as a way to thrive and prosper when the truth of the matter is that real innovation often destabilizes and destroys. libraries and other memory organizations are now bouncing on ripples of disruption, and the ride likely will stay scary for the foreseeable future. innovation puts these institutions in a bind : they are now confronted with a huge array of demands and choices that traditional structures are ill - suited to address. they face an irresistible need for change. but the further they stick their toes into the waves of innovation, the greater the potential for even more desta


now confronted with a huge array of demands and choices that traditional structures are ill - suited to address. they face an irresistible need for change. but the further they stick their toes into the waves of innovation, the greater the potential for even more destabilization. and since most institutions strongly resist that which threatens their stability, they have an unmovable incentive to resist real change. all this means that the ability of traditional institutions to fully meet the need for digital preservation is in doubt. well, that ’ s depressing. wait, though – there ’ s a another side to innovation that offers hope for meeting the digital preservation challenge. many individual librarians and archivists are using new kinds of tools and services – such as lockss and “ micro - services “ – to build local preservation solutions. even more significantly, individuals of all kinds are playing a role in determining what gets saved and how that content is used. consider the impact that one person – brewster kahle – has made over the years through the internet archive. jason scott is getting high - profile attention for his grassroots work to preserve large volumes of web content abandoned by companies such as yahoo!. all kinds of average people are developing interest in personal digital archiving to preserve their family memories. tim o ’ reilly, the visionary who first saw the development known as web 2. 0, sees a major role for individuals in digital preservation. here ’ s a summary from an account of his talk at a recent library of congress meeting : o ’ reilly stressed the preservation role of people working outside of institutions. he called for “ baking in ” more preservation functionality into tools used to create and distribute digital content to enable a more distributed stewardship mindset. this is important because “ the things that turn out to be historic are not thought to be historic at the time. ” o ’ reilly also said one of the most tweetable bits at the meeting : “ digital preservation won ’ t be just the concern of specialists, it will be the concern of everyone. ” i have some sympathy with o ’ reilly ’ s argument. it builds on the powerful trend of individuals asserting control over how information is published, distributed and used. the result of a broad - based popular effort to steward digital data would also address some fundamental preservation needs : lots of distributed copies that are open for active use. individuals also often can adapt to change with more flexibility than can institutions. ultimately, we have to hope that innovation pushes along the trend toward the democratization of digital preservation. the more people who care about saving


march 9 — take a family document ( baptismal certificate, passenger list, naturalization petition, etc. ) and write a brief narrative using the information. i had to really give this one some thought. gilbert stephens was an ancestor of mine who fought in the revolutionary war. he served from virginia, later moving his family to morgan county, kentucky. years ago, i sent for his pension file from the national archives. it was a large one, costing a total of $ 72! the day it arrived was indeed a happy one. and, nothing else got done in my house for several days as i read through it. gilbert was entitled to bounty land for his service in the revolutionary war. we were a country that was cash poor, but land rich. the last years of his life was spent trying to secure the necessary proof needed for his land. then, he died. wife nancy osborn stephens was left to continue on with the quest. and, this quest went on for years. she spent those years trying to produce the needed proof of her marriage to gilbert. many, many documents are included in the pension file that attest to witnesses having known them all of their married life, and that they were indeed married. it wasn ' t good enough. even their sons wrote that their parents were indeed married. that wasn ' t good enough. nancy asked a man to go back to virginia to see if anyone was alive that could remember the wedding, which took place at thomas leadingham ' s home, where she was a servant. the man went, but died when he was there. one of the final pages in the pension file indicates the following : nancy states that after years of trying to prove she was indeed married to gilbert stephens, " she expects she will not be able to produce any public record of her marriage ". this absolutely touched my heart. she was 88 years old and couldn ' t remember if she was married in 1796 or 1797. dozens of friends and relatives stated their knowledge of gilbert and nancy being husband and wife, including her own brother, jesse. but, none of it was good enough. in the end, she actually was given the bounty land due to her and gilbert. she died a very short time later.


the gakken ' s photo encyclopedia " ants " this illustrated book was published from the gakushu kenkyusha in 1979 as " ants " in a series of gakken ' s photo encyclopedia. this book provided very good introductory information about ants with wonderful ecological photos and illustrations of ants and simple explanations. to our regret, however, the book has long been unpublished. therefore, under the condition that its use is only for educational enlightment, this book was entered in the " color image database of japanese ants " and pulished as an introduction to myrmecology by obtaining special permission from gakusyu kenkyusha, mr. kuribayashi and others who were associated with the publication of this illustrated book. in recording this book on the database, the text was inputted and edited by imai, and the digital imaging processing and editing of the illustrations were performed by tsukii from the originally printed illustrations using a scanner. although the layout of the text and illustrations differ from the original text, as much care as possible has been taken to avoid changing the spirit of the original text. since a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last publication of this text, the japanese names of ants and the taxonomic descriptions have been revised in part based on the latest research findings. furthermore, this test was written originally as an introductory book for school chilldren and all of the chinese characters omitted from the school textbooks were written in the japanese cursive " hiragana " characters. this appeared to make the sentences difficult to read and the meaning hard to understand for junior and senior school and university students and further, for ordinary readers who are the predicted users of this text. therefore, ordinary words and technical terms were represented by chinese characters and the reading was expressed by japanese cursive characters in parenthesis ( ) after the corresponding chinese character.


sound and architecture have an ambiguous interaction in their relationship to an one another. sound used to be one of the main criteria for constructions of buildings, such as churches and cathedrals. complex construction where sound was a key element in the consideration of the structures design and indeed the sonic organization of a space would inspired the composition of that space. today sound is the poor parent of the architectures dominated by visually based dictate of contemporary construction, as an added extra sound is often overlooked and thus a virtually non - existent feature of modern architecture. artists, architects and theoreticians are increasingly beginning to address this deficit and have started to think about the relationship between sound and architecture as warranting a possible field of exploration in itself – as a medium such as sound perception or production – architectural deconstruction or understanding driven by its sonic and social interactions within a space. as an extension of the human habitat we see architecture from a personal space to a massive collective habitat or the human activity of building and by correlation as the urban construction or as public open architectures / public space. thus, architecture is a place where the physical relation to walls and doors, roofs and windows are paramount, a place for the purpose of protection as control and punishment, a place for circulation and exchange, for streams of people imprinting their daily lives on an embodied enclosure. with archisonic we ask artist to address, extend and interrogate the question of sound and space. what is our experience of sound in the environment? how does this affect our perception of a space or sound? can the mechanical processes of sound production reveal hidden structures within architectural space otherwise unobtainable to the perception of those that inhabit or traverse these buildings / spaces? can we explain sound as a simple air and reflection phenomena extracted from the real by artistic gesture? how we create those process, how we revealed those phenomena?


broad bean rust is one of the most common fungal diseases of broad bean leaves. the fungus causes small, dusty dark brown spots on leaves and stems. what is broad bean rust? broad bean rust is caused by the fungus uromyces viciae - fabae. it is not as damaging as another common broad bean disease, chocolate spot, but severe attacks can cause defoliation. expect to see significant levels of this rust from mid - summer. it attacks broad beans, peas and other related legumes and has several races, but in the uk is only important on broad beans. runner and french beans are affected by a more serious, but unrelated rust disease. you may see the following symptoms : - on leaves and stems : small, dusty, dark brown spots appear - maximise air flow around the plants by wider spacing and avoid damp, humid sites - destroy infected plant material at the end of the season there are no effective fungicides available to gardeners for rust control on broad beans. uromyces viciae - fabae is a typical example of a rust fungus that carries out its entire life cycle on one host, which, in the uk, is the broad bean. unlike chocolate spot, the infected leaf tissues remain alive, providing nutrients for the fungus while it produces dusty brown airborne dispersal spores. a dormant resting spore carries it over the winter. another fungal pathogen, didymella fabae ( syn. ascochyta fabae ), causes spots on leaves and pods, but is usually less damaging than broad bean rust.