this program priority will help optimize early child development by providing the education and support needed to ensure that expectant mothers are healthy before and during pregnancy, that the birth outcomes are positive, and that the attachment relationship between parent and child has been firmly established during the first year of life. national guidelines clearing house effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children : the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas. ( pdf file ) group - based parent - training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in children from birth to three years old the eidm ( evidence - informed decision - making ) program priority will help provide transparency, enhance accountability and may also help make better use of resources. this program priority will set out and implement new strategies for the prevention and cessation of smoking, and for the protection of others from the effects of second - hand smoke. data from the u. s. department of agriculture, foreign agricultural service, on tobacco world markets, tobacco auctions, and more. resources including pocket guides, tool kits, guidelines, and quick reference guides for healthcare providers serving tobacco dependent individuals. coordinates strategic efforts aimed at preventing tobacco use among youth, promoting smoking cessation among youth and adults, protecting non - smokers from environmental tobacco smoke ( ets ), and eliminating tobacco - related health disparities. contact the library, if you have not found the information you require. health topics a - z | information for professionals | information for workplaces | school corner | employment / volunteer opportunities | clinics, classes and events | resources & factsheets | translated information | about public health | contact us | public health home page


after completing this continuing education article, the pharmacist should be able to : the pharmacist ' s role as an important part of the public health system has long been underrecognized. at critical points in history, however, pharmacists have played an integral part in assisting with public health emergencies. for example, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, pharmacists were critically important in ensuring that diphtheria antitoxin was available during community outbreaks. in the early and mid 20th century, pharmacists often assumed a primary leadership role in their communities in the administration of oral polio vaccine. 1 beginning in 1996, a national campaign led by the american pharmacists association ( apha ) sought to educate pharmacists in large numbers to serve as immunizers and vaccine advocates in their local communities, primarily in response to national health disparities in the immunization rates of adults against influenza and pneumococcal disease. 1 today, community pharmacies are recognized as routine outlets for receipt of annual flu vaccinations. because of the unparalleled access community pharmacies provide to patients in need of lifesaving vaccines, many public health officials and others outside of the profession are beginning to advocate for an increasing role for pharmacists in providing adolescent and adult immunization services. establishing a community pharmacybased immunization service provides for opportunities that are both professionally and financially rewarding, while at the same time providing a vital public health service. pharmacists must consider many factors as they begin to implement immunization services into community practice. provision of immunization services is far more complex than simply giving shots. vaccines are biologic products and carry the potential for allergic reaction and a slight risk of anaphylaxis. additionally, timing and spacing of vaccines, as well as special storage and handling requirements, demand a more detailed decision - making process for vaccinating a particular patient. because vaccines are the primary preventive agents for a host of potentially life - threatening illnesses, the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) also makes national recommendations for the appropriate use of these products, which pharmacists should follow closely to ensure alignment with public health priorities and goals. thus, before pharmacists begin offering immunizations in their practice, it is imperative that pharmacists ensure that they receive baseline training in vaccines, vaccine policy, and administration. in the mid


alignment with public health priorities and goals. thus, before pharmacists begin offering immunizations in their practice, it is imperative that pharmacists ensure that they receive baseline training in vaccines, vaccine policy, and administration. in the mid 1990s, schools and colleges of pharmacy first began incorporating vaccine - specific training into the doctor of pharmacy curriculum. the accreditation council for pharmacy education ( acpe ), in its most recent standards revision ( 2007 ), has placed an increased emphasis on public health training of pharmacists. 2 specific to immunology, the additional guidance to schools on the science foundation of the doctor of pharmacy degree states that one key component should be " immunology ( including ) ( 1 ) human immunity and immune response, ( 2 ) principles of antigen - antibody relationships, ( 3 ) molecular biology of immune response, and ( 4 ) genetic basis for antibody synthesis, development, function, and immunopathology. " 2 thus, as time passes, an increasing number of pharmacists will enter practice with a baseline knowledge of immunology, which will reduce the need for intensive training of practitioners. for now, however, the majority of pharmacists in practice may not have received extensive training in the subject matter and will need to invest in appropriate training. a variety of education and training programs in immunization delivery exist. as pharmacists evaluate their options for training in immunizations, it should be recognized that the cdc ' s national immunization program ( nip ) training for public health officials in immunizations is considered the standard. 3 any training program being considered should at least provide the same degree or greater of topic coverage in the critical areas identified by nip. pharmacy continuing education ( ce ) providers offering immunization certificate training are listed at www. acpe. org. costs associated with completing training will vary, depending on the program, but will likely require a time investment of between 16 and 24 contact hours and a financial investment of $ 250 or more if travel is necessary. while this may seem daunting, having adequate baseline training in vaccines is prudent to minimize potential liability. in addition, in some states, pharmacists are required to complete such training to be considered authorized to immunize by the respective state board of pharmacy. at the time of publication, only maine, new hampshire, new york, and west virginia did not have laws or regulations specifically permitting pharmacists to administer vaccines ( figure ) ; however, most


to osha, at least 24 states have adopted blood - borne pathogen standards as stringent as or more stringent than the federal standards. pharmacists should consult their state department of health or to determine which standards apply in their state. among the pharmacist ' s considerations when achieving compliance with osha standards is that an osha exposure control plan must be in place in the facility and reviewed annually. all employees with potential blood - borne pathogen exposure should be familiar with the policies and procedures of this plan. a sample exposure control plan is available at www. osha. gov, and at least one customizable plan is available commercially through stephan foster, pharmd, faculty member at the university of tennessee at firstname. lastname @ example. org. in addition to the need to establish an exposure control plan, pharmacists will need to involve all immunizers in the evaluation and selection of safer needle devices to determine which devices are optimal for the individuals administering vaccines in their pharmacy. sharps containers must be used, and community pharmacists must make arrangements with a medical waste disposal service to ensure proper disposal. alternatively, sharps containers packaged with prepaid mailers for return to an incineration facility for disposal are available through a variety of vendors, including sharps compliance inc and grp & associates inc, and may be more cost - effective for pharmacists who are not heavily engaged in immunization services. in addition, pharmacists and anyone else in the pharmacy with potential for blood - borne pathogen exposure must be offered hepatitis b vaccination free of charge from the employer. 7 employees who choose not to be immunized against hepatitis b must sign a federally approved declination statement, which can be found at www. osha. gov. many pharmacists are under the impression that offering vaccine - related services will disrupt their dispensing work flow. stanley and colleagues of ukrop ' s pharmacies in richmond, va, report that, with practice, however, providing a vaccine takes about the same amount of time as filling a new prescription. 8 perhaps the reason behind the idea that vaccine services disrupt work flow is the image that pharmacists conduct only mass immunization events for flu shots. pharmacists will find that, if they incorporate vaccines into their practice on a year - round basis, however, immunizing patients becomes a routine part of the pharmacy business. in fact, additional staffing resources are typically unnecessary


flu shots. pharmacists will find that, if they incorporate vaccines into their practice on a year - round basis, however, immunizing patients becomes a routine part of the pharmacy business. in fact, additional staffing resources are typically unnecessary except for the occasional 1 - or 2 - day mass flu immunization clinic in the fall. mass immunization clinics do require extra planning and staffing to accommodate larger crowds and process vaccine requests separately from other prescription requests. in most cases, these mass immunization clinics can be set up in an area of the pharmacy separate from the dispensing area, so as to minimize work flow disruption. for the pharmacist offering routine immunizations, such as tetanus - containing vaccines, pneumococcal vaccines, hepatitis vaccines, or shingles vaccines ( zoster vaccine ), it is recommended that these requests be processed just like any other prescription request. place the vaccine request in the work flow, assigning a prescription number and label to each vaccine. by doing so, pharmacists have the added benefit of being able to review the patient ' s profile to determine if the possible presence of other drugs or conditions might warrant additional vaccines beyond the vaccine being requested by the patient. for example, while reviewing the prescription history of a patient requesting a flu shot, the pharmacist may discover the patient is taking digoxin, indicating heart failure. this, of course, would indicate that this patient might be a candidate for a pneumococcal vaccine. the pharmacist also might be aware that the patient has a newborn grandson, which would perhaps indicate the need for adult tetanus - diphtheria - acellular pertussis vaccine, if the patient ' s age is appropriate, to provide a ring of protection against pertussis around the newborn. such a review strategy allows pharmacists the opportunity to provide comprehensive immunization services at a single patient visit. because vaccines carry the federal legend, " rx only, " as classified by the fda, a prescriber must provide a valid order for these agents to be dispensed and administered. pharmacists have at least 3 options for acquiring acceptable orders, depending on the laws of the state in which they practice. first, individual prescription orders can be written, transmitted electronically, or telephoned in by the prescriber in the same way other prescriptions are issued. the downside to this approach is that it limits


laws of the state in which they practice. first, individual prescription orders can be written, transmitted electronically, or telephoned in by the prescriber in the same way other prescriptions are issued. the downside to this approach is that it limits the ability of the pharmacist to fully immunize patients in need of vaccines if the physician is unavailable ( ie, on weekends or after office hours ). the second option is to establish a protocol with each prescriber in the community to immunize his or her patients any time they present to the pharmacist for care and are in need of a vaccine ( s ). this option is preferred over the first option, but it does present logistic challenges in determining patients for whom the pharmacist can provide vaccines. this method also does not account for patients who may seek immunization services at the pharmacy but who do not have an established physician. regardless, some states dictate that 1 of these 2 methods be utilized. the last option is perhaps the best, primarily because it allows the pharmacist the greatest degree of freedom in decision making to determine ( a ) which patients need vaccines, and ( b ) which vaccines they need. this option is a collaborative practice protocol or establishment of standing orders for vaccines, signed by a single prescriber for any patient under the pharmacist ' s care. under this arrangement, the prescriber is delegating his or her authority to the pharmacist to issue the prescription. the pharmacist must then use his or her professional judgment to determine the appropriateness of immunizing each particular patient. in the broadest sense, such collaborative practice protocols should allow the pharmacist to immunize any patient with any available vaccine within the limits of the state laws and regulations. the risk of severe allergic reaction such as anaphylaxis after vaccination with any vaccine is extremely small. 9 because the risk does exist, however, it is important for pharmacists to be prepared in case the event were to occur. prudent pharmacists should have current cardiopulmonary resuscitation or basic cardiac life support certification before beginning immunization services. in addition, as a part of the collaborative practice protocol in place for vaccines, an emergency protocol that follows current procedures outlined by the american heart association and incorporates epinephrine administration should be in place. additionally, staff at the pharmacy should be familiar with the emergency plan


a part of the collaborative practice protocol in place for vaccines, an emergency protocol that follows current procedures outlined by the american heart association and incorporates epinephrine administration should be in place. additionally, staff at the pharmacy should be familiar with the emergency plan for anaphylaxis, practice it at least annually, and have it posted in the area where immunizations are administered. during an emergency requiring the administration of epinephrine, the pharmacist should appoint an individual in the pharmacy to record exact times of significant events in the emergency care of the patient. for example, the exact time the patient began having symptoms, the exact time the patient lost consciousness, and the exact time and amount of each epinephrine dose all should be recorded. a log can be very helpful to emergency response personnel once they arrive. following any reaction believed to be related to vaccination, the immunizer should complete a vaccine adverse event reporting system ( vaers ) form. similar to a medwatch form for adverse events related to other drugs, vaers forms can be completed online at vaers. hhs. gov. regarding epinephrine, pharmacists are advised to stock at least 4 adult epinephrine ( epipen ) auto - injectors at all times when immunizations are to be given in the pharmacy. if epipen is unavailable, epinephrine ampules or vials in sufficient quantity for 2 patients to receive at least 2 doses each should be stocked. caution : epinephrine typically has a very short expiration date. stock should be rotated regularly. the dosing schedule for epinephrine should be clearly posted alongside the emergency plan in the immunization administration area. the most common source for vaccines is the manufacturer. drug wholesalers do stock commonly used vaccines, however, such as hepatitis b vaccine and tetanus - containing vaccine. in addition, some manufacturers distribute their vaccines through a select number of specialty wholesalers, which specialize in the distribution of biologic products. especially during times of vaccine shortage, however, pharmacists need to be especially vigilant that all vaccine purchases are made from a reputable source that can ensure that the vaccine has been stored properly and provide a chain - of - ownership pedigree to demonstrate how the vaccine was acquired. instances of counterfeit vaccine and improper storage of vaccine have made headlines in the past, and it is the pharmacists ' responsibility to at least ensure that the supplier from whom


of - ownership pedigree to demonstrate how the vaccine was acquired. instances of counterfeit vaccine and improper storage of vaccine have made headlines in the past, and it is the pharmacists ' responsibility to at least ensure that the supplier from whom they are purchasing is reputable. because of counterfeiting and storage concerns, as long as pharmacists can meet minimum purchasing requirements, it is recommended that they purchase most vaccine direct from the manufacturer. table 2 provides ordering information for major vaccine manufacturers. how many doses of vaccine should a pharmacist purchase if one is just getting started in offering vaccine? much of the answer lies in when the pharmacist is starting his or her immunization service. many pharmacists have reported in unpublished survey responses to the apha that they begin their first foray into immunizations with flu vaccine. while some obvious advantages exist to starting with flu shots, including low marketing investment and general acceptance of pharmacists as immunizers, the mass crowds created by flu shot campaigns can be very overwhelming to the novice immunizer. an alternative approach is to consider the purchase of 1 multidose vial of either pneumococcal or tetanus - containing vaccine and begin offering vaccine to regular prescription customers as identified as at - risk individuals when they present for their medications at any time during the year. this approach allows a minimal initial investment in vaccine and allows the pharmacist to build confidence as an immunizer at a more reasonable pace than may be experienced during flu season. if one does make the decision to start with influenza vaccine, it is recommended that an initial purchase of 250 to 500 doses is a reasonable firstseason investment. 8 with such an investment, most pharmacists can offer the vaccine to high - risk patients during the course of their normal business activities, without having mass immunization clinic hours and without overwhelming potentially limited staff resources. especially in colder climates where patients may wear heavy garments, it is recommended the pharmacist identify a location within the pharmacy where patient privacy during the immunization process can be maintained. it is often necessary for patients to partially remove shirts and blouses so that adequate access to the deltoid region of the arm can be achieved. patients appreciate having a private area in which to remove garments and be immunized. if you do not have a private consultation area available in your practice, consider purchasing 1 or 2 cubicle - style, 4 - foot privacy partitions to place


. patients appreciate having a private area in which to remove garments and be immunized. if you do not have a private consultation area available in your practice, consider purchasing 1 or 2 cubicle - style, 4 - foot privacy partitions to place in an area near the pharmacy. in addition, immunizations are best administered while patients are seated. the primary reasoning for this recommendation is so that the immunizer can control the fall of patients who might faint during or immediately after an immunization event. the pharmacist should invest in a chair with arms so as to help prevent falling. additionally, for the comfort of both the patient and the immunizer, it is recommended that the immunizer be at approximately the same level as the patient when administering vaccines. for example, if the patient is seated, the immunizer should be seated. a small worktable in the immunization area for placement of vaccination supplies and a literature rack or information area for vaccine - preventable disease and public health messaging are also helpful. to comply with osha regulations, the sharps container must be situated in the administration area where patients ( especially children ) cannot easily reach into it. vaccine reimbursement procedures are a bit more complex than traditional pharmaceutical product reimbursement. pharmacists must first recognize that, when a vaccine is administered, 2 separate and distinct items are compensable : the vaccine itself and the service of administration of the vaccine. because of this, many pharmacy benefit managers will not pay for vaccines, and in the event that they do, they are not likely to pay for the administration of the vaccine. as of 2007, 2 procedures exist for medicare reimbursement of vaccines and their administration. for influenza and pneumococcal vaccine, as well as hepatitis b vaccine for certain high - risk seniors, medicare part b provides full payment with no deductibles and no copayments through the state part b carrier. both pharmacists and pharmacies are eligible to bill the state part b carrier as a mass immunization provider. receiving part b reimbursement includes 2 steps. first, the pharmacist or pharmacy must have a national provider identification ( npi ) number. npi numbers can be obtained through a relatively simple online application process at nppes. cms. hhs. gov / nppes / staticforward. do? forward = static. instructions. the second step is becoming a medicare part b mass im


pediatric vaccines are generally covered through age 18 years or as recommended on the pediatric immunization schedule of the cdc. adult vaccine coverage is very sporadic. because most vaccines cost a great deal, it is strongly advised that pharmacists verify insurance coverage before administering the vaccine. state medicaid programs, like private insurers, vary widely in their coverage of vaccines, particularly those used in adults. some state medicaid programs will reimburse pharmacists for the vaccine and its administration, while others will not. pharmacists should check with the provider services division of their state ' s medicaid program for more details. pharmacists will often find that many patients may pay out of pocket for certain vaccines. for example, non? medicare - covered adults may be accustomed to paying cash for their flu shots. because tetanus - containing vaccines are recommended only every 10 years, many patients may be willing to pay cash for the immunization service. vaccines used primarily for international travel are typically not covered by insurance, and patients also expect to pay for these vaccines. regardless of the situation, pharmacists should ensure that a receipt is provided to the patient for any fees paid for immunization services so that patients have the opportunity to seek insurance reimbursement on their own, seek medical savings account reimbursement through employer cafeteria plans, or write off the expense on their income tax. once a pharmacist establishes himself or herself as an immunizer, the work is not finished. maintaining competency in vaccines is a continuous process. the advisory committee on immunization practices of the cdc meets at least quarterly and makes recommendations for changes to national immunization policy at practically every meeting. the harmonized pediatric and adolescent immunization schedule is published each year in january. the adult immunization schedule is revised each year in october. in addition, vaccine manufacturers regularly release important information regarding new vaccines, vaccine shortages, and vaccine adverse - event reports. the field of vaccines is constantly changing, and pharmacists must regularly review literature so as to ensure that they are optimally caring for their patients. the immunization action coalition ( iac ), located in minneapolis, minn, is nationally recognized as the leader in the private industry for providing unbiased vaccine and vaccine - preventable disease information and provider resources. a wealth of practice management resources is available via the iac web site at www. immunize. org ; many resources are available at little or


the private industry for providing unbiased vaccine and vaccine - preventable disease information and provider resources. a wealth of practice management resources is available via the iac web site at www. immunize. org ; many resources are available at little or no charge. the apha offers a list service for immunizing pharmacists. the list service contains much of the same information found through other immunization list services, with additional information specific to pharmacy practice included as well. the service is offered by apha, free of charge, by sending an e - mail to subscribe to email @ example. com. a variety of quality ce programs are available on vaccines and vaccine - preventable diseases. the cdc now offers acpe credit for pharmacists who complete the learning exercises associated with specific issues of morbidity and mortality weekly report. all ce programs offered as webcasts via the nip web site ( www. cdc. gov / vaccines ) also are acpe - accredited. because the cdc is the agency responsible for issuing vaccine policy in the united states, the pharmacist can rest assured that the content available through the cdc is the most up - to - date available. at a minimum, pharmacists should complete an annual update on changes in immunizations and immunization policy. the cdc offers such an update through its web site. the apha, the american society of health - system pharmacists, the american society of consultant pharmacists, and the national community pharmacists association also offer similar updates, which include pharmacy practice implications, at their annual meetings and via their respective web sites. table 3 provides a partial listing of resources for immunizing pharmacists. making the decision to begin immunization services should not be taken lightly. adequate preparation is necessary to ensure a successful practice. the opportunity to be a part of a major public health initiative such as immunizations is extraordinary and allows pharmacists to prove to their local communities a strong commitment to the health and welfare of the community. vaccination service can be both profitable and professionally satisfying, and pharmacists are encouraged to give it a shot!


european painting before 1900, johnson collection ballet from an opera box hilaire - germain - edgar degas, french, 1834 - 1917 pastel on paper currently not on view cat. 969john g. johnson collection, 1917 labelthe setting for this pastel is the palais garnier opera house, where you can still attend performances today. the palais garnier is famous for its opulent and luxurious interior. however, instead of focusing on this richly ornamented space, edgar degas concentrates on the colorful dancers, the theatrical lighting, and the audience ' s overwhelming visual experience. a finely dressed woman rests her arm on a balcony railing and looks over her shoulder to watch the performance from a box seat above the stage. a dancer in a bright yellow and orange costume is taking a bow. degas portrays the spectacle from a disorienting point of view, cutting off the central figures with other figures or with the edges of the picture frame. he loved using pastel because he could scribble lines but also use his fingers to smudge broad areas of color - the pastel was soft and malleable and it did not dry hard like paint. today the word " pastel " is often associated with pale shades of colors, but degas liked to use strong vibrant hues to capture the effects of light and shadow.


color and vision visit the physics classroom ' s flickr galleries and enjoy a photo overview of the topic of light and color. color television explore how a television uses r, g, and b pixels to produce... millions of colors. phet simulation : color vision mix r, g and b light with varying intensities using this java applet from phet. mixing colors mix light colors at the ontario science center and learn about the principles of color addition. looking for a lab that coordinates with this page? try the color addition lab from the laboratory. curriculum corner learning requires action. give your students this sense - making activity from the curriculum corner. color addition the red - green - blue color swatches on this page provide a great opportunity to demonstrate addition of r, g, and b in varying amounts. treasures from tpf need ideas? need help? explore the physics front ' s treasure box of catalogued resources on visible light and color. general atomics sciences : chromatics - the science of color this downloadable, 100 - plus page book discusses various aspects of light production in the visible spectrum and color addition and subtraction. general atomics sciences : it ' s a colorful life deepen your understanding of color with this free, downloadable book on color ; contains theory and ideas for labs. color perception, like sound perception, is a complex subject involving the disciplines of psychology, physiology, biology, chemistry and physics. when you look at an object and perceive a distinct color, you are not necessarily seeing a single frequency of light. consider for instance that you are looking at a shirt and it appears purple to your eye. in such an instance, there may be several frequencies of light striking your eye with varying degrees of intensity. yet your eye - brain system interprets the frequencies that strike your eye and the shirt is decoded by your brain as being purple. the subject of color perception can be simplified if we think in terms of primary colors of light. we have already learned that white is not a color at all, but rather the presence of all the frequencies of visible light. when we speak of white light, we are referring to roygbiv - the presence of the entire spectrum of visible light. but combining the range of frequencies in the visible light spectrum is not the only means of producing white light. white light can also be produced by combining only three distinct frequencies of light, provided that they are widely separated on the visible light spectrum. any three colors ( or frequencies ) of light that produce white light when combined with the


means of producing white light. white light can also be produced by combining only three distinct frequencies of light, provided that they are widely separated on the visible light spectrum. any three colors ( or frequencies ) of light that produce white light when combined with the correct intensity are called primary colors of light. there are a variety of sets of primary colors. the most common set of primary colors is red ( r ), green ( g ) and blue ( b ). when red, green and blue light are mixed or added together with the proper intensity, white ( w ) light is obtained. this is often represented by the equation below : r + g + b = in fact, the mixing together ( or addition ) of two or three of these three primary colors of light with varying degrees of intensity can produce a wide range of other colors. for this reason, many television sets and computer monitors produce the range of colors on the monitor by the use of red, green and blue light - emitting phosphors. the addition of the primary colors of light can be demonstrated using a light box. the light box illuminates a screen with the three primary colors - red ( r ), green ( g ) and blue ( b ). the lights are often the shape of circles. the result of adding two primary colors of light is easily seen by viewing the overlap of the two or more circles of primary light. the different combinations of colors produced by red, green and blue are shown in the graphic below. ( caution : because of the way that different monitors and different web browsers render the colors on the computer monitor, there may be slight variations from the intended colors. ) these demonstrations with the color box illustrate that red light and green light add together to produce yellow ( y ) light. red light and blue light add together to produce magenta ( m ) light. green light and blue light add together to produce cyan ( c ) light. and finally, red light and green light and blue light add together to produce white light. this is sometimes demonstrated by the following color equations and graphic : yellow ( y ), magenta ( m ) and cyan ( c ) are sometimes referred to as secondary colors of light since they are produced by the addition of equal intensities of two primary colors of light. the addition of these three primary colors of light with varying degrees of intensity will result in the countless other colors that we are familiar ( or unfamiliar ) with. any two colors of light that when mixed together in equal intensities produce


colors of light. the addition of these three primary colors of light with varying degrees of intensity will result in the countless other colors that we are familiar ( or unfamiliar ) with. any two colors of light that when mixed together in equal intensities produce white are said to be complementary colors of each other. the complementary color of red light is cyan light. this is reasonable since cyan light is the combination of blue and green light ; and blue and green light when added to red light will produce white light. thus, red light and cyan light ( blue + green ) represent a pair of complementary colors ; they add together to produce white light. this is illustrated in the equation below : r + c = r + ( b + g ) = each primary color of light has a secondary color of light as its complement. the three pairs of complementary colors are listed below. the graphic at the right is extremely helpful in identifying complementary colors. complementary colors are always located directly across from each other on the graphic. note that cyan is located across from red, magenta across from green, and yellow across from blue. the production of various colors of light by the mixing of the three primary colors of light is known as color addition. the color addition principles discussed on this page can be used to make predictions of the colors that would result when different colored lights are mixed. in the next part of lesson 2, we will learn how to use the principles of color addition to determine why different objects look specific colors when illuminated with various colors of light. 1. two lights are arranged above a white sheet of paper. when the lights are turned on they illuminate the entire sheet of paper ( as seen in the diagram below ). each light bulb emits a primary color of light - red ( r ), green ( g ), and blue ( b ). depending on which primary color of light is used, the paper will appear a different color. express your understanding of color addition by determining the color that the sheet of paper will appear in the diagrams below. 2. if magenta light and yellow light are added together, will white light be produced? explain.


when speaking to people whether in a social setting or business environment, how you speak is more often recognized than what you say. when i was growing up my dad always said to me “ suzanne it ’ s not what you say, it ’ s how you say it ”. for years i did not understand this. i had no idea i was speaking in any different manner than anyone else. if you want your message heard you must speak the language of who your audience is. if it is one person, find the clues to how they hear, or interpret information. if it is many, include all modalities when sharing your message. even if your message is telling a joke. oftentimes we want to discard someone because they are dry or boring. or perhaps too overdramatic. more often than not, they just speak a different language. when we realize this, we become relatable to everyone. learn to recognize the language looking for a few clues in modalities : how do they talk? are they slow and precise? quick and dramatic? how do they reference information? do they ‘ feel ’ like something is happening? does it ‘ appear ’ something is happening? do they ‘ see ’ how things are going to play out? does it ‘ sound ’ to them like things are going to go a certain way.. if someone says : “ i feel like something is going to happen ” you know they are speaking kinesthetically “ i see what ’ s going on … ” they are speaking visually “ it sounds to me like you are on a mission, this is auditory these are 3 examples of modalities that are always used. how you incorporate them in conversation will make the difference between being heard and being dismissed. if you are speaking with someone who is visual you will want to include language that they can see, so give examples of visuals that relate to your topic. same goes with kinesthetic and auditory. use language that has them feeling or hearing that which you are trying to say. so rather than having them see the bright white sheets ( visual ), they will feel the softness on their skin ( kinesthetic ) or hear them whip in the wind as they hang outside to dry ( auditory ). mirroring also includes body language. do as they do. but don ’ t overdo. - if they speak fast, you speak fast. - if they speak slow, you slow down. - if they speak with their hands, do the same. you can complain if you want that that


unusual fruits of north america and what they are and what they taste like! most of these are very easy to grow at home, and may attractive, low maintenance landscape plants, in addition to providing tasty fruit! | buffaloberries : the buffaloberry ( shepherdia argentea ), is a drought tolerant, sun - loving, nitrogen - fixing, thorny shrub often found in light soil of ravines and stream banks. they sucker readily and are recommended for shelter belts. white flowers appear in late april or early may, and the orange or red fruit ripens in early to late fall. the fruit is bitter, but sweetens after a frost and were used by indigenous people to flavour meat. they are high in iron, and were also used as a tonic for blood disorders. they make good jellies and pies. the buffaloberry can be propagated by seed or by transplanting root suckers. | | black current : too tart and bitter to eat raw, but they ' re often used to make syrups, preserves, and the liqueur cassis. much more popular in europe ( they like bitter foods there! : ) | boysenberries : a boysenberry is a cross between a blackberry, a raspberry, and a loganberry. they are a dark purple almost black in color when ripe. it ' s softer than a blackberry, but it also lacks the blackberry ' s large seeds. it was developed in california, where people still favor them. the bushes / vines have very prickly small thorns. it ' s best to wear gloves when picking them. tthere is also a thornless variety - see raintree nurseries for | | chokeberries or chokecherry ( also called aronia berry ) : the chokecherry ( prunus virginiana ) is similar in its habitat preferences to the saskatoon. the white flowers, appearing in late may to early june, form long bottle - brush like clusters. the fruits ripen in august, and can be yellow, orange, red or dark purple in color. the fruit is astringent, but makes good jellies, jams and sauces. other parts of the plant were used by native peoples for medicinal purposes. the roots were chewed and placed on wounds to prevent bleeding, and the bark was boiled with other ingredients to treat diarrhea and fever. chokecherries can be propagated from seed, cuttings, suckers and crown division. contain high levels of vitamins, antioxida


to prevent bleeding, and the bark was boiled with other ingredients to treat diarrhea and fever. chokecherries can be propagated from seed, cuttings, suckers and crown division. contain high levels of vitamins, antioxidants, and polyphenols that reduce the potential for cancer and heart disease. products made from chokeberries include jams, jellies, juice and aronia wine. aronia berry ( chokeberry ) production in iowa a two day event about sustainable organic commercial production and home garden culture of black chokeberry ( aronia melancarpa ) was held in august 2008. for more information about future events, commercial production and marketing of aronia berries, visit everhart horticulture consulting. dr. eldon everhart, formerly with iowa state university, is co - owner of everhart horticulture consulting. " ( updated : december 24, 2010 ) these are similar to blackberries, only they ' re smaller. they ' re most popular on the west coast, and particularly oregon. you ' ll find it spreading along open ground. when the berries are ripe they ' re hard to pick without squashing them. the berry looks like a blackberry, but usually have far fewer drupelets ( the individual lumps on the berry ). it is also somewhat powdery in appearance. the most common elderberry in the united states is the american elderberry, or sweet elder ( sambucus canadensis ). reaching a mature height of 8 to 12 feet, it is a vigorous grower. thick clusters of numerous creamy white flowers are borne on five - stemmed stalks. the elderberry produces 1 / 4 - inch purple - black berries. the juicy fruit are a rich source of iron and vitamin c. berries are used for making jelly, jam, pie, juice, and wine. seeds are quite large and can become a nuisance if they get stuck in your teeth | | figs - they ' re not that unusual, but for some reason, many americans have never eaten a fresh fig. i blame fig newtons and dried figs - those are nothing like a fresh fig. a fresh fig tastes like a mix of a peach and a strawberry! figs are one of the easiest fruit to grow, requiring little attention, no pesticides and are fast growers. | gooseberries : the gooseberry is a large, tart berries in season in june and july. american gooseberries are round and about 1 / 2 inch to 1 inch in diameter,


little attention, no pesticides and are fast growers. | gooseberries : the gooseberry is a large, tart berries in season in june and july. american gooseberries are round and about 1 / 2 inch to 1 inch in diameter, while european gooseberries are oblong, and about twice the size of american gooseberries. they ' re very acidic. they can be green, yellow or reddish. they also come in various degrees of sweetness or tartness ; from cooking gooseberries to sweet dessert gooseberries. huckleberry is similar to blueberries, and they ' re great for making preserves and syrups. loganberries the loganberry is one of my favorites. it tastes like a mix of strawberries, raspberries and blackberries all combined. it makes great tasting jam! the dark red when ripe. there ' s an interesting article on loganberries. the debate goes on as to which is the best : loganberries, tayberries or boysenberries ; all of which are closely related. tayberries produce much more but have thorns. new varieties of loganberries are thornless but yield much less. and then there are people who rave about marionberries and olallieberries, which are also close relatives. loquats ( eriobotrya japonica, aka japanese plum ) are fruit trees indigenous to southeastern china, but is now grown in florida, california and israel. it is an evergreen large shrub or small tree that can grow to 5 - 10 m tall, but is often smaller, about 3 - 4 m. loquats are unusual among fruit trees in that the flowers appear in the fall or early winter, and the fruits are ripe in late winter or early spring. the fruit is very slightly fuzzy, and a light orange color, or orange - yellow. and have a large pit in the middle ( or even several pits in the very center ; up to 7, but usually 1 or 2 ) the fruit is a creamy white inside and is sweet ( with some subacid or acid ) if left to ripen on the tree before picking. the fruit should be peeled prior to eating ; the skin, though thin, can be pulled off manually if the fruit is ripe. also, the seeds must be removed before use, as they are toxic! it does make a wonderful jelly, and will grow in the deep south of the us. the tree won ' t bear fruit until it is about 10 yrs old ( and the winter conditions have to be right in order to the loquat


! it does make a wonderful jelly, and will grow in the deep south of the us. the tree won ' t bear fruit until it is about 10 yrs old ( and the winter conditions have to be right in order to the loquat is comparable to the apple in many aspects, with a high sugar, acid and pectin content. it is eaten as a fresh fruit and mixes well with other fruits in fresh fruit salads or fruit cups. firm, slightly immature fruits are best for making pies or tarts. the fruits are also commonly used to make jam, jelly and chutney, and are delicious poached in light syrup. a type of loquat syrup is used in chinese medicine for soothing the throat, like a cough drop. loquats can also be used to make wine. loquats are easy to grow and are often also grown as an ornamental tree. | mayhaws - a small ( 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 inch in diameter ) crabapple - like fruit that grows on a type of thorny hawthorne tree. it ripens from mid - april to early may, from which the name, mayhaw, originated. the mayhaw is a wild native fruit tree found along river bottoms and swamps from east texas, east to georgia and florida, and especially throughout louisiana. it does well in swamps or drier, better - drained land and best in full sunlight. the strained fruit is most often used for making jelly, syrup and wine. the pulp is sometimes made into jams, butters and pies. few people eat the fruit raw. you can shake the tree and gather the fruit from a bed sheet or piece of plastic spread under the tree. mulberries the mulberry grows on a tree that can get quite large. they are black and are so fragile that almost no markets carry them. they are similar to blackberries, just larger and much more fragile ). the flavor is very mild, and they are mildly sweet. i doubt whether many people would prefer them to blackberries or raspberries, but if you have access to a tree, they are very productive! mulberries also come in a white variety. their flavor is different from the blue - black berries but good! three types of mulberries commonly found : the native north american ones ( black and a red variety ). and the " chinese white ". the black and red ( they are the color dark red, like a red delicious apple color ) were native


types of mulberries commonly found : the native north american ones ( black and a red variety ). and the " chinese white ". the black and red ( they are the color dark red, like a red delicious apple color ) were native, and earlier settlers imported the white ones from china, in the hopes of getting silk worms to flourish. while no silkworms are around any longer, the berry trees are all over the place. most people don ' t know they are edible. of the three varieties, the black ones taste almost watery with a delicate sweet flavor, overall, pretty bland. the red ones are not much different, overall a great value for " free food " as they are everywhere. beware of the little critters that are on some of them, though. the white... oh the white!! they are truly delicious, it ' s almost like a different fruit altogether. when ripe, they can be as long as 2 ", but more typically 1 1 / 2 " long, with a slight lavender blush on the outermost part of each individual nodule that makes up the cluster of the berry. if you see some, start picking and eat them fast... they don ' t last long. the tiny stem at the top is hard to remove without a knife and usually just eaten. some people add them to pancakes and muffins, simply following recipes for blueberries, however, they are best fresh just rinsed and chilled. | olallieberries : the olallieberry is a cross between a youngberry and a loganberry ; it ' s black and fairly sweet. it is popular in california and oregon. ( often misspelled as ollalieberries ). plants are very hard to come by. nurseries in california often have them in the spring, there are a few online sellers / shippers, like anyone knows of one, please write me, i ' d like to get a few plants to try! | | paw - paws : also known as a prairie banana, kentucky banana, or ozark banana, is small tree with large leaves and fruit, native to southeastern north america. also spelled paw paw, paw - paw, and the pawpaws are shrubs or small trees, reaching heights of 2 to 12 m tall. the fruit is a large edible berry, 2 to 6 inches long and 2. 5 to 3 inches wide, weighing from a few ounces to a pound, with numerous seeds. it is green when unripe,


2 to 12 m tall. the fruit is a large edible berry, 2 to 6 inches long and 2. 5 to 3 inches wide, weighing from a few ounces to a pound, with numerous seeds. it is green when unripe, maturing to yellow or brown. it has a flavor somewhat similar to both banana and mango, varying significantly by variety, and it has more protein than most fruits. | | salmonberries - they ' re sweet, with an orange blush when completely ripe. small ( 1 / 2 inch across ), tasty, native to the west coast, from california to alaska and in to parts of idaho. they are a trailing vine that is very prickly! raintree nursery sells the plants. wikipedia has saskatoons - it is also called the western or pacific serviceberry, saskatoon berry and alder leaved serviceberry. they are very similar to blueberries. it is a deciduous shrub / tree, to 40 ft ( 12 m ), spreading to erect. they like well - drained moist soils. they are cold and drought tolerant. flowers small, white, fragrant appear in early to late may or early june, and the purple fruit ripens in early to late july. fruit is 1 - 1. 5 cm, rounded, purple - black, edible, sweet. hardy to usda zone 4. native range from southern alaska to california, east to the dakotas, nebraska, new mexico, and arizona, mostly along river banks and moist thickets and forests. apparently, the fruit tastes a bit like a blueberry. the berries have a pleasing and unique flavor, and are also high in iron and copper. they are good eaten fresh or in desserts. native peoples used them in soups, stews and pemmican. they were also used in medicines for stomach and liver problems, and the juice was used as a dye. they can be propagated from seed, cutting, or suckers. | | seaberries - has bright yellow - orange to red berries that are 7 times higher in vitamin c than lemons. they ' re also every bit as tart!. like cranberries, when sweetened, it is delicious in juices and jams. the shrubs grow to 6 to 18 feet when mature, russians and eastern europeans make the berries into sauce, jam, juice, wine, tea, candy, and even ice cream. the berries are also known as " siberian pineapple " some folks ( in new england ) have reported that these are the


, russians and eastern europeans make the berries into sauce, jam, juice, wine, tea, candy, and even ice cream. the berries are also known as " siberian pineapple " some folks ( in new england ) have reported that these are the same as autumn - olive berries, which also ripen in fall. this non - native ( asian ) shrub has small red berries, speckled with pale grayish or tan scales. the plant, which is usually over ten feet high by the time it is ready to bear fruit, has distinctive silver undersides of the long, narrow leaves. the berries are sour, but after a few frosts, become much sweeter. the seeds do have soft yellow seeds which may be spit out or eaten with no ill effect. | | tayberries : this is popular in oregon, and even more popular in the uk. it comes from scotland, in 1977, near the tay river, when a raspberry was crossed with an aurora trailing blackberry ( i ' ve also heard it was a cross between a loganberry and a black raspberry ). it ' s flavor is aromatic, similar to the loganberry, with a bit more acidity, and farm more productive. i prefer them to raspberries! home canning kits this is the same type of standard canner that my grandmother used to make everything from applesauce to jams and jellies to tomato and spaghetti sauce. this complete kit includes everything you need and lasts for years : the canner, jar rack, jar grabber tongs, lid lifting wand, a plastic funnel, labels, bubble freer, and the bible of canning, the ball blue book. it ' s much cheaper than buying the items separately. you ' ll never need anything else except jars & lids! to see more canners, of different styles, makes and prices, click here! for more information and current pricing : average customer review : usually ships in 1 - 2 business days


world heading for warmest year yet - uk met office " globally 2002 is likely to be warmer than 2001, and may even break the record set in 1998, " said briony horton, the meteorological office ' s climate research scientist. the intergovernmental panel on climate change, the body that advises governments on long - term climatic variations, blames global warming, caused by rising emissions of greenhouse gases which trap heat in the atmosphere, for the rise in temperatures, a met office spokesman said. " we agree with them, " he told reuters. " since 1970 there has been a marked trend in the rise of global temperatures. " the actual rise prior to 1970 was partly man - made and partly due to natural effects. but since 1970 scientists are in fairly general agreement that warming can be attributed to man ' s polluting activities. " the met office said global temperatures were 0. 57 degrees celsius ( 1. 03 fahrenheit ) higher than the long term average of about 15 degrees ( 59f ) in the period from january to june. in the nearly 150 years since recording began, only in 1998 has the difference been higher, 0. 6 degrees ( 1. 08f ), and that was caused by the influence of the el nino weather phenomenon. the figures also showed that the northern hemisphere had enjoyed its warmest ever half year, with temperatures 0. 73 degrees ( 1. 31f ) above the long term average. the met office spokesman said scientists predicted that, depending on the level of pollution, global temperatures would rise between 1. 4 ( 2. 52f ) and as much as 5. 9 degrees ( 10. 62f ) in the next 100 years. " that ' s the worst case scenario and it would cause major problems of melting icecaps and tremendous flooding, " he said. the met office compiles its figures from data collected from observatories round the world, as well as from ships at sea.


robert lowell ( 1917 - 1977 / boston / united states ) biography of robert lowell robert traill spence lowell iv ( march 1, 1917 – september 12, 1977 ) was an american poet, considered the founder of the confessional poetry movement. he was appointed the sixth poet laureate consultant in poetry to the library of congress where he served from 1947 until 1948. he won the pulitzer prize in both 1947 and 1974, the national book award in 1960, and the national book critics circle award in 1977. lowell was born in boston, massachusetts to a boston brahmin family that included poets amy lowell and james russell lowell. his mother, charlotte winslow, was a descendant of william samuel johnson, a signer of the united states constitution, along with jonathan edwards, the famed calvinist theologian, anne hutchinson, the puritan preacher and healer, robert livingston the elder, thomas dudley, the second governor of massachusetts, and mayflower passengers james chilton and his daughter mary chilton. he received his high school education at st. mark ' s school, a prominent prep - school in southborough, massachusetts, where he met and was influenced by the poet richard eberhart who taught at the school. then lowell attended harvard college for two years before transferring to kenyon college in gambier, ohio, to study under john crowe ransom and allen tate. there is a well - known anecdote about where lowell lived when he first arrived at kenyon. before arriving at the school, he asked allen tate if he could live with him, and tate joked that if lowell wanted to, he could pitch a tent on his lawn ; this is exactly what lowell did. in an interview for the paris review, lowell stated that he went to sears, roebuck to purchase the " pup tent " that he set up on tate ' s lawn and lived in for two months lowell called the act " a terrible piece of youthful callousness. " fortunately for tate and his wife, lowell soon settled into the so - called " writer ' s house " ( a dorm that received its nickname after it had accrued a number of ambitious young writers ) with fellow students peter taylor, robie macauley and randall jarrell. partly in rebellion against his parents, he converted from episcopalianism to catholicism ( however, by the end of the forties, he would end up leaving the catholic church ). after lowell graduated from kenyon in 1940 with a degree in classics, he worked on a masters degree in english literature at louisiana state university for one year before world war


the end of the forties, he would end up leaving the catholic church ). after lowell graduated from kenyon in 1940 with a degree in classics, he worked on a masters degree in english literature at louisiana state university for one year before world war ii broke out. lowell was a conscientious objector during world war ii and served several months at the federal prison in danbury, connecticut. he explained his decision not to serve in world war ii in a letter addressed to president franklin roosevelt on september 7, 1943, stating, " dear mr president : i very much regret that i must refuse the opportunity you offer me in your communication of august 6, 1943 for service in the armed force. " in the letter, he goes on to explain that after the bombing at pearl harbor, he was prepared to fight in the war until he read about the united states ' terms of unconditional surrender which he feared would lead to the " permanent destruction of germany and japan. " before lowell was transferred to the prison in connecticut, he was held in a prison in new york city which he later wrote about in the poem " memories of west street and lepke " from his book life studies. in 1950, lowell was included in the influential anthology mid - century american poets as one of the key literary figures of his generation. among his contemporaries who also appeared in that book were muriel rukeyser, karl shapiro, elizabeth bishop, theodore roethke, randall jarrell, and john ciardi, all poets who came into prominence in the 1940s. from 1950 to 1953, lowell taught in the well - reputed iowa writers ' workshop at the university of iowa, together with paul engle, robie macauley, and anthony hecht. later, donald james winslow hired lowell to teach at boston university, where his students included the poets sylvia plath and anne sexton. over the years, he taught at a number of other universities including the university of cincinnati, yale university, harvard university, and the new school for social research. during the late 1960s lowell was active in the civil rights movement and opposed the us involvement in vietnam. his participation in the october 1967 peace march in washington, dc and his subsequent arrest would be described in the early sections of norman mailer ' s the armies of the night. in that book, mailer wrote, " [ lowell spoke ] in his fine stammering voice which gave the impression that life rushed at him in a series of hurdles and some he succeeded in jumping and some he did not. " he


night. in that book, mailer wrote, " [ lowell spoke ] in his fine stammering voice which gave the impression that life rushed at him in a series of hurdles and some he succeeded in jumping and some he did not. " he also wrote that " all flaws considered, lowell was still a fine, good, and honorable man. " in 1964, lowell stated, " the poets who most directly influenced me... were allen tate, elizabeth bishop, and william carlos williams. an unlikely combination!... but you can see that bishop is a sort of bridge between tate ' s formalism and williams ' s informal art. " by 1967, he was the most public, well - known american poet ; in june, he appeared on the cover of time magazine as part of a lengthy cover story on american poetry in which he was praised as " the best american poet of his generation. " although the article gave a general overview of modern american poetry ( mentioning lowell ' s contemporaries like john berryman and elizabeth bishop ), lowell ' s life, career, and place in the american literary canon remained the article ' s focus. lowell married the novelist jean stafford in 1940. before their marriage, in 1938, lowell and stafford got into a serious car accident, in which lowell was at the wheel, that left stafford permanently scarred, while lowell walked away unscathed. the couple had a tumultuous marriage that ended in 1948. the poet anthony hecht characterized the marriage as " a tormented and tormenting one. " then, shortly thereafter, in 1949 lowell married the writer elizabeth hardwick with whom he had a daughter, harriet, in 1957. later, the press would characterize their marriage as " restless and emotionally harrowing. " after 23 years of marriage to elizabeth hardwick, in 1970, lowell left her for the british author lady caroline blackwood. blackwood and lowell were married in 1972 in england where they decided to settle and where they raised their son, sheridan. lowell had a close friendship with the poet elizabeth bishop that lasted from 1947 until lowell ' s death in 1977. both writers relied upon one another for feedback on their poetry ( which is in evidence in their voluminous correspondence, published in the book words in air : the complete correspondence between elizabeth bishop and robert lowell in 2008 ) and thereby influenced one another ' s work. bishop ' s influence over lowell can be seen at work in at least two of lowell ' s poems : " the scream " ( inspired by bishop ' s short story "


bishop and robert lowell in 2008 ) and thereby influenced one another ' s work. bishop ' s influence over lowell can be seen at work in at least two of lowell ' s poems : " the scream " ( inspired by bishop ' s short story " in the village " ) and " skunk hour " ( inspired by bishop ' s poem " the armadillo " ). lowell suffered from manic depression and was hospitalized many times throughout his adult life for this mental illness. although his manic depression was often a great burden ( for himself and his family ), the subject of that mental illness led to some of his most important poetry, particularly as it manifested itself in his book life studies. when he was fifty, lowell began taking lithium to treat his mental illness. the editor of lowell ' s letters, saskia hamilton notes, " lithium treatment relieved him from suffering the idea that he was morally and emotionally responsible for the fact that he relapsed. however, it did not entirely prevent relapses... and he was troubled and anxious about the impact of his relapses on his family and friends until the end of his life. " lowell died in 1977, having suffered a heart attack in a cab in new york city on his way to see his ex - wife, elizabeth hardwick. he was buried in stark cemetery, dunbarton, new hampshire. lowell ' s first book of poems, land of unlikeness ( 1944 ), did not receive much attention. in 1946, lowell received wide acclaim for his next book, lord weary ' s castle, which included five poems slightly revised from land of unlikeness, plus thirty new poems. among the better known poems in the volume are " mr edwards and the spider " and " the quaker graveyard in nantucket. " lord weary ' s castle was awarded the pulitzer prize in 1947. randall jarrell praised the book, writing, " it is unusually difficult to say which are the best poems in lord weary ' s castle : several are realized past changing, successes that vary only in scope and intensity - - others are poems that almost any living poet would be pleased to have written... [ and ] one or two of these poems, i think, will be read as long as men remember english. " lowell ' s early poems were formal, ornate, and concerned with violence and theology ; a typical example is the close of " the quaker graveyard " - - " you could cut the brackish winds with a knife / here in nantucket and cast up


' s early poems were formal, ornate, and concerned with violence and theology ; a typical example is the close of " the quaker graveyard " - - " you could cut the brackish winds with a knife / here in nantucket and cast up the time / when the lord god formed man from the sea ' s slime / and breathed into his face the breath of life, / and the blue - lung ' d combers lumbered to the kill. / the lord survives the rainbow of his will. " he was consultant in poetry to the library of congress from 1947 - 1948 ( a position now known as the u. s. poet laureate ). the mills of the kavanaughs ( 1951 ), a book that centered on its epic title poem, did not receive the praise that his previous book did, but lowell was able to revive his reputation with life studies which was published in 1959 and won the national book award for poetry in 1960. in his acceptance speech for the award, lowell famously divided american poetry into two camps : the " cooked " and the " raw. " this commentary by lowell was made in reference to the popularity of allen ginsberg and the beat generation poets and was a signal from lowell that he was trying to incorporate some of their " raw " energy into his own poetry. the poems in life studies were written in a mix of free and metered verse, with much more informal language than he had used in his first two books. it marked both a big turning point in lowell ' s career, and a turning point for american poetry in general. because many of the poems documented details from lowell ' s family life and personal problems, one critic, m. l. rosenthal, labeled these poems " confessional. " lowell ' s editor and friend frank bidart notes in his afterword to lowell ' s collected poems, " lowell is widely, perhaps indelibly associated with the term ' confessional, ' " though bidart questions the accuracy of this label. but for better or worse, this label stuck and led to lowell being grouped together with other influential confessional poets like lowell ' s former students w. d. snodgrass, sylvia plath, and anne sexton. lowell followed life studies with imitations ( 1961 ), a volume of loose translations of poems by classical and modern european poets, including rilke, montale, baudelaire, pasternak, and rimbaud, for which he received the 1962 bollingen poetry translation prize. however, critical response


of loose translations of poems by classical and modern european poets, including rilke, montale, baudelaire, pasternak, and rimbaud, for which he received the 1962 bollingen poetry translation prize. however, critical response to imitations was mixed and sometimes hostile ( as was the case with vladimir nabokov ' s public response to lowell ' s mandelstam translations ). in the book ' s introduction, lowell explained that his idiosyncratic translations should be thought of as " imitations " rather than strict translations since he took many liberties with the originals, trying to " do what [ his ] authors might have done if they were writing their poems now and in america. " his next book for the union dead ( 1964 ) was widely praised, particularly for its title poem, which invokes allen tate ' s " ode to the confederate dead. " for the union dead was lowell ' s first book since life studies to contain all original verse ( since it did not include any translations ), and in writing the poems in this volume, lowell built upon the looser, more personal style of writing that he ' d established in the final section of life studies. however, none of the poems in for the union dead explicitly addressed the taboo subject of lowell ' s mental illness ( like some of the poems in life studies did ) and were, therefore, not notably " confessional. " the subject matter in for the union dead was also much broader than it was in life studies. for instance, lowell wrote about a number of world historical figures in poems like " caligula, " " jonathan edwards in western massachusetts, " and " lady raleigh ' s lament. " in 1964, lowell also tried his hand at playwrighting with three, one - act plays that were meant to be performed together as a trilogy, titled the old glory. the first two parts, " endecott the red cross " and " my kinsman, major molineux " were stage adaptations of short stories by nathaniel hawthorne, and the third part, " benito cereno, " was a stage adaptation of a novella by herman melville. the old glory was produced off - broadway in new york city in 1964 and won five obie awards in 1965 including an award for " best american play. " the play was published in its first printing in 1965 ( with a revised edition following in 1968 ). in 1967, lowell published his next book of poems, near the ocean. with this volume, lowell returned to writing


for " best american play. " the play was published in its first printing in 1965 ( with a revised edition following in 1968 ). in 1967, lowell published his next book of poems, near the ocean. with this volume, lowell returned to writing more formal, metered verse. the second half of the book also shows lowell returning once again to writing loose translations ( including verse approximations of dante, juvenal, and horace ). the best known poem in this volume is " waking early sunday morning, " which was written in eight - line tetrameter stanzas ( borrowed from andrew marvell ' s poem " upon appleton house " ) and showed contemporary american politics overtly entering into lowell ' s work. during 1967 and 1968 he experimented with a verse journal, published as notebook 1967 - 68 ( and later republished in a revised edition, titled notebook ). lowell referred to these fourteen - line poems as sonnets although they sometimes failed to incorporate regular meter and never incorporated rhyme ( both of which are defining features of the sonnet form ) ; however, some of lowell ' s sonnets ( particularly the ones in notebook 1967 - 1968 ) were written in blank verse with a definitive pentameter. in the flyleaf to notebook 1967 - 1968, lowell explained the timeline of the book : the time is a summer, an autumn, a winter, a spring, another summer ; here the poem ends, except for turned - back bits of fall and winter 1968... my plot rolls with the seasons. the separate poems and section are opportunist and inspired by impulse. accident threw up subjects, and the plot swallowed them - - famished for human chances. steven gould axelrod wrote that, " [ lowell ' s concept behind the sonnet form ] was to achieve the balance of freedom and order, discontinuity and continuity, that he [ had ] observed in [ wallace ] stevens ' s late long poems and in john berryman ' s dream songs, then nearing completion. he hoped that his form... would enable him ' to describe the immediate instant, ' an instant in which political and personal happenings interacted with a lifetime ' s accumulation of memories, dreams, and knowledge. " lowell liked the new form so much that he reworked and revised many of the poems from notebook and used them as the foundation for his next three volumes of verse, all of which employed the same loose, fourteen - line sonnet form. 1970s to the present the first book in lowell ' s notebook - derived trilogy


many of the poems from notebook and used them as the foundation for his next three volumes of verse, all of which employed the same loose, fourteen - line sonnet form. 1970s to the present the first book in lowell ' s notebook - derived trilogy was history ( 1973 ) which primarily dealt with world history from antiquity up to the mid - 20th century ( although the book does not always follow a linear or logical path and contains many poems about lowell ' s friends, peers, and family ). the second book, for lizzie and harriet ( 1973 ), describes the breakdown of his second marriage and contains poems that are supposed to be in the voice of his daughter, harriet, and his second wife, elizabeth. finally, the last work in lowell ' s sonnet sequence, the dolphin ( 1973 ), which won the 1974 pulitzer prize, includes poems about his daughter, his ex - wife, and his new wife caroline blackwood whom he had affectionately nicknamed " dolphin. " notably, the book only contained new poems, making it the only book in lowell ' s sonnet trilogy not to include revised poems from notebook. a minor controversy erupted when lowell admitted to having incorporated ( and altered ) private letters from his ex - wife, elizabeth hardwick into poems for the dolphin. he was particularly criticized for this by his friends, fellow - poets adrienne rich and elizabeth bishop. bishop made an eloquent and thoughtful argument to lowell against publishing the dolphin. in a letter to lowell regarding the dolphin, dated march 21, 1972, before he ' d published the book, bishop praises the writing, saying, " please believe that i think it is wonderful poetry. " but then she states, " i ' m sure my point is only too plain... lizzie [ hardwick ] is not dead, etc. - - but there is a ' mixture of fact & fiction ' [ in the book ], and you have changed [ hardwick ' s ] letters. that is ' infinite mischief, ' i think... one can use one ' s life as material - - one does anyway - - but these letters - - aren ' t you violating a trust? if you were given permission - - if you hadn ' t changed them... etc. but art just isn ' t worth that much. " lowell published his last volume of poetry, day by day, in 1977, the year of his death. in may 1977, lowell won the $ 10, 000 national medal for literature awarded by the american academy and institute of arts and


that much. " lowell published his last volume of poetry, day by day, in 1977, the year of his death. in may 1977, lowell won the $ 10, 000 national medal for literature awarded by the american academy and institute of arts and letters, and day by day was awarded that year ' s national book critics circle award for poetry. in a pbs documentary on lowell, anthony hecht said that " [ day by day was ] a very touching, moving, gentle book, tinged with a sense of [ lowell ' s ] own pain and the pain [ he ' d ] given to others. " it was lowell ' s only volume to contain nothing but free verse, and for fans of lowell ' s work who were disappointed by the uneven " sonnets " that lowell had been re - writing and re - packaging in volume after volume since 1967, day by day marked a return to form. in many of the poems, lowell reflects on his life, his past relationships, and his own mortality. the best - known poem from this collection is the last one, titled " epilogue, " in which lowell reflects upon the " confessional " school of poetry with which his work was associated. in this poem he wrote, but sometimes everything i write with the threadbare art of my eye seems a snapshot, lurid, rapid, garish, grouped, heightened from life, yet paralyzed by fact. yet why not say what happened? lowell ' s collected poems, edited by frank bidart and david gewanter, was published in 2003. the collected poems is a very comprehensive volume that includes all of lowell ' s major works with the exception of notebook 1967 - 1968 and notebook. however, many of the poems from these volumes were republished, in revised forms, in history and for lizzie and harriet. on the heels of the publication of the collected poems, the letters of robert lowell, edited by saskia hamilton, was published in 2005. both lowell ' s collected poems and his letters received overwhelmingly positive critical responses from the mainstream press, and their publication has since led to a renewed interest in lowell ' s writing. robert lowell ' s works : land of unlikeness ( 1944 ) lord weary ' s castle ( 1946 ) the mills of the kavanaughs ( 1951 ) life studies ( 1959 ) phaedra ( translation ) ( 1961 ) for the union dead ( 1964 ) the old glory ( 1965 ) near the ocean ( 1967 ) notebook 1967 - 1968 ( 1969 ) ( revised and expanded as notebook, 1970 ) the voyage


studies ( 1959 ) phaedra ( translation ) ( 1961 ) for the union dead ( 1964 ) the old glory ( 1965 ) near the ocean ( 1967 ) notebook 1967 - 1968 ( 1969 ) ( revised and expanded as notebook, 1970 ) the voyage & other versions of poems of baudelaire ( 1969 ) prometheus bound ( translation ) ( 1969 ) for lizzie and harriet ( 1973 ) the dolphin ( 1973 ) selected poems ( 1976 ) ( revised edition, 1977 ) day by day ( 1977 ) the oresteia of aeschylus ( 1978 ) collected prose ( 1987 ) collected poems ( 2003 ) selected poems ( 2006 ) ( expanded edition ) - " to speak of woe that is in marriag... - after the surprising conversions - children of light - falling asleep over the aeneid - for the union dead - home after three months away - man and wife - memories of west street and lepke - mr. edwards and the spider - my last afternoon with uncle devereux wi... people who read robert lowell also read children of light our fathers wrung their bread from stocks and stones and fenced their gardens with the redmen ' s bones ; embarking from the nether land of holland, pilgrims unhouseled by geneva ' s night, they planted here the serpent ' s seeds of light ; and here the pivoting searchlights probe to shock the riotous glass houses built on rock, and candles gutter by an empty altar, and light is where the landless blood of cain world day for cultural diversity for dialogue and development celebrated on may 21st every year your favorite poets ’ favorite books of poetry daily rituals of famous authors writers seem to be the most prone to unshakeable routines and elaborate superstitions. incredible reading rooms around the world cozy, beautiful places to curl up with a good book...


a toolkit for action : modern slavery use the resources contained within this 40 - page packet to explore modern - day slavery and learn how you can help. observe human trafficking awareness day january 11, 2013 the year 2013 marks the 150th anniversary of the emancipation proclamation. because of the groundbreaking work of our ancestors, slavery was outlawed in the united states. however the legacies of chattle slavery continue to haunt our society even as we turn to face a new form of slavery : human trafficking. more than 20. 9 million people are estimated to work in conditions of forced labor world - wide according to the international labour organisation. on january 11, consider marking human trafficking day with prayer and action. resources for worship and reflection : - a reflection from the rev. dr. arlene gordon, honorably retired teaching elder in the pc ( usa ) and president of the national black presbyterian caucus - sermon seeds for the lectionary passages for sunday, january 13, 2013 - a prayer - a minute for mission - hymn suggestions - 2013 mission yearbook - human trafficking awareness - learn more what products of slavery are produced with child and slave labor through this interactive website from anti - slavery international. estimate your “ slavery footprint ”. we hope that you will share with us how you have used these resources and what you are doing in your congregation or presbytery to draw awareness to human trafficking and how we can work to prevent it. drop us a line at htroundtable @ pcusa. org. u. s. state department releases trafficking in persons report for 2012 this report, which is mandated by the trafficking victims protection act, assesses the progress being made by nations in addressing human trafficking around the world and in the united states. global report on trafficking in persons 2012 in 2010, member states renewed their commitment to the fight against trafficking in persons when the general assembly adopted the united nations global plan of action to combat trafficking in persons ( a / res / 64 / 293 ). in the framework of the global plan of action, the general assembly mandated unodc to publish a global report on trafficking in persons every two years, starting in 2012. read the full report. human trafficking = modern - day slavery human trafficking is the recruitment, harboring, transporting, providing or obtaining by any means any person for forced labor, slavery or servitude in any industry or site such as agriculture, construction, prostitution, manufacturing, begging, domestic service or marriage. learn more an estimated 800, 000 people, of which approximately 80 percent are women and up to 50 percent are


slavery or servitude in any industry or site such as agriculture, construction, prostitution, manufacturing, begging, domestic service or marriage. learn more an estimated 800, 000 people, of which approximately 80 percent are women and up to 50 percent are minors, are trafficked across national borders. this number does not include the millions of people who are trafficked within their countries of origin. ( trafficking in persons report, u. s. department of state, 2008 ). some 2. 5 million people throughout the world are at any given time recruited, entrapped, transported and exploited — a process called human trafficking ( u. n. office on crime and drugs, cited in u. n. human trafficking rapporteur ’ s report of march 2009 ) the international labor organization ( ilo ) — the united nations agency charged with addressing labor standards, employment and social protection issues — estimates that there are 12. 3 million people in forced labor, bonded labor, forced child labor and sexual servitude at any given time ; other estimates range from 4 million to 27 million. ( trafficking in persons report, u. s. department of state, 2008 ). affirming that jesus christ came that “ they may have life, and have it abundantly ” ( john 10 : 10b ), the general assembly of the presbyterian church ( u. s. a. ) has convened a roundtable from among its ministries to address human trafficking together with synods, presbyteries and local congregations. the roundtable includes representatives from child advocacy, immigration, world mission, presbyterian hunger program, mission responsibility through investment, presbyterian women, jinishian memorial program and presbyterian health education and welfare. to lift up the issue of modern - day slavery, provide resources and advocate for further action to eradicate human trafficking, the roundtable is : - creating a matrix of reliable organizations involved in combating human trafficking. - developing this web site to connect congregations and groups. - producing a human trafficking packet of resources including, sermons, bible studies, book suggestions, dvds and more. - providing take action opportunities to address human trafficking through corporate campaigns, legislative action, shareholder initiatives. - linking with the freedom network usa to provide human trafficking awareness trainings among interested presbyteries. contact noelle damico to learn more about this opportunity. bulletin insert on human trafficking a violation of human rights violations of human rights are both a cause and a consequence of human trafficking. trafficking is a grave violation of human rights, the right to liberty and human dignity and the


to learn more about this opportunity. bulletin insert on human trafficking a violation of human rights violations of human rights are both a cause and a consequence of human trafficking. trafficking is a grave violation of human rights, the right to liberty and human dignity and the right not to be held in slavery or involuntary servitude. but trafficking is related to a wide range of other human rights violations as traffickers prey on those who are poor, under - or unemployed or who face discrimination. the pc ( usa ) promotes the integration of a human rights perspective into all antitrafficking laws, policies and procedures, domestic and international, so as to ensure the rights and well - being of children, women and men who have been trafficked. to learn more about how human trafficking is a violation of human rights, download the march 2009 report from the u. n. special rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children. a global phenomenon in our backyard modern - day slavery is a global phenomenon that manifests itself in the united states as well. from the fishing industry in ghana, the brothels of thailand, to domestic workers enslaved by a husband and wife in their long island home or farmworkers harvesting tomatoes in florida fields, slavery is alive and well in a new form in the 21st century. indeed, some of the products we wear or consume were produced using slave labor. our whole society, from corporations to law enforcement, from the u. s. justice department to the church, must be involved if we are to put an end to human trafficking once and for all. this is one more reason why i ' m proud to be a presbyterian. once again the pcusa is being prophetic through its actions and effective in promoting justice and righteousness through collaboration with others. eastminster presbytery is currently working with a faith - based ecumenical organization to address human trafficking in northeastern ohio. it ' s good to know that gamc provides resources and training upon which we may draw.


progressive supranuclear palsy progressive supranuclear palsy is a movement disorder that occurs from damage to certain nerve cells in the brain. dementia - nuchal dystonia ; richardson - steele - olszewski syndrome ; palsy - progressive supranuclear causes, incidence, and risk factors progressive supranuclear palsy is a condition that causes symptoms similar to those of parkinson ' s disease. it involves damage to many cells of the brain. many areas are affected, including the part of the brainstem where cells that control eye movement are located. also affected is an area of the brain that controls steadiness when you walk. the frontal lobes of the brain are also affected, leading to personality changes. the cause of the damage to the brain cells is unknown. the disease gets worse over time. people with this condition have deposits in brain tissues that look like those found in patients with alzheimer ' s disease. there is a loss of tissue in most areas of the brain and in some parts of the spinal cord. the disorder is most often seen in people over 60 years old, and is somewhat more common in men. - changes in expressions of the face - deeply lined face - difficulty moving the eyes or lack of control over the eyes - different size pupils - difficulty swallowing - general slowness of movement ( bradykinesia ) - jaw or face jerks or spasms - loss of coordination, unsteady gait ( walking pattern ) - mild - to - moderate dementia - difficulty using knowledge - indifference ( apathy ) - slowed thought processes - personality changes - repeated falls - slow or stiff movements - speech difficulties - low voice volume - poor ability to speak clearly ( enunciate ) - slow speech - stiffness and rigid movement in the neck, middle of the body, arms, legs - vision difficulty - - unable to look up or down without bending the neck signs and tests an exam of the nervous system ( neurological examination ) may show : - dementia that is getting worse - limited eye movements, especially up and down movements - normal vision, hearing, sensation, and voluntary control of movement - stiff and uncoordinated movements like those of parkinson ' s disease the health care provider may do tests to rule out other diseases. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) might show shrinking of the brainstem. the goal of treatment is to control symptoms. there is no known cure for progressive supranuclear palsy. levodopa or other drugs, such as benztropine or tri


imaging ( mri ) might show shrinking of the brainstem. the goal of treatment is to control symptoms. there is no known cure for progressive supranuclear palsy. levodopa or other drugs, such as benztropine or trihexyphenidyl, which block the action of a nervous system chemical called acetylcholine ( anticholinergic medications ) may temporarily reduce some symptoms, such as rigid limbs or slow movements. however, these medications are usually not as effective as they are for parkinson ' s disease. many people with this condition will need around - the - clock care and monitoring as they lose brain functions. treatment sometimes can reduce symptoms temporarily, but the condition will get worse. brain function will decline over time. death commonly occurs in 5 to 7 years. calling your health care provider call your health care provider if you often fall, and if you have a stiff neck / body and vision problems. also, call if a loved one has been diagnosed with progressive supranuclear palsy and the condition has declined so much that you can no longer care for the person at home. goetz cg. textbook of clinical neurology. 3rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders ; 2007. lang a. parkinsonism. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 433. reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.


alfalfa is widely recognized as the most important pasture and hay plant in north america and for good reason. alfalfa is a perennial, nutrient - rich legume capable of extending its roots more than 50 feet into the soil. this makes the plant very resistant to drought, but most importantly provides it with ready access to the minerals existing deep underground. originally from the middle east, alfalfa was introduced to the united states by spanish colonists. the plant grows to a height of about three feet above the surface and can live for more than twenty years. alfalfa is grown extensively around the world, especially in argentina, europe, and asia. in britain, australia, south africa, new zealand and south asia, it is also known as lucerne. alfalfa is widely adapted to temperate and subtropical climates and soils, but is not well adapted to humid conditions. it ' s not picky about its soil, but alfalfa prefers plenty of sun and water. alfalfa is primarily reproduced by cross - fertilization effected by bees. alfalfa has been used in traditional health practices for more than 1, 500 years. in early chinese cultures, alfalfa leaves were used for digestion. other civilizations used it for skin health. - alfalfa is traditionally used for digestive health. - alfalfa is traditionally used for joint health. - alfalfa supports women ' s health. - alfalfa contains important phytochemicals which may contain antioxidant properties. - alfalfa is known as a green food which helps promote nutritional wellness. - because of the access to underground minerals provided by its deep root system, alfalfa is a plentiful source of vitamins and minerals. it naturally contains vitamins a, b1, b6, c, e, k, niacin, biotin, and folic acid, and also offers minerals such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc. in addition, alfalfa is a source of protein, chlorophyll and carotene, and contains dozens of amino acids. ( it ' s easy to understand why the arabic word for alfalfa is father of all food. ) - alfalfa, like other legumes, is a known source of phytoestrogens. phytoestrogens are substances which function in the body like estrogen but are not produced naturally. the only way to get phytoestrogens is by eating phytoestro


eutrophication is the biological response of water to overenrichment by plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. public concern began to rise in the 1960s ( although the term " eutrophication " is older ), when nutrient enrichment was rapidly making many bodies of water increasingly fertile. this eutrophication was mainly caused by the addition of plant nutrients from human activities, called, in this context, artificial or anthropogenic eutrophication. the phenomenon is a consequence of society ' s municipal, industrial, and agricultural use of plant nutrients and their subsequent disposal. lakes and reservoirs have a finite life span. they may pass through periods in their existence when they become more or less fertile, according to different factors - - principally their geographical position or the climatic conditions ( moss, 1988 ). the process of eutrophication has been used deliberately as a way to fertilize and thus to increase phytoplankton production and, indirectly, the population of fish within a lake or reservoir. what is new in the past few decades, however, is the extent of enrichment of lakes and rivers throughout the world as a result of the growing human population, more intensive agricultural and industrial activities, and the development of large sewage systems associated with large metropolitan areas. until recently, a relative lack of control over the sources of the nutrients or over their effect upon the aquatic ecosystems has resulted in changes occurring within decades rather than over the centuries - - or longer - - in which such changes would appear naturally many studies of lake s around the world have provided evidence of human - induced changes. good examples of such studies are those carried out on the great lakes ( beeton & edmondson, 1972 ; sly, 1991 ). in the united kingdom, eutrophication has been identified as an extremely widespread problem and has been blamed for damaging many aquatic sites in england known as sites of special scientific interest, despite government claims that only a few surface waters have been affected ( carvalho & moss, 1995 ). in a study commissioned by english nature, a statutory conservation agency in england, it was found that 79 sites of special scientific interest showed signs of eutrophication. as a result, english nature has called for a large - scale investment program to deal with the eutrophication problem in aquatic wildlife sites ( english nature, 1997 ). anthropogenic eutrophication appears to be the main problem. excessive fertility in lakes and reservoirs results in heavy growth of phytoplankton, particularly of blue


, states that growth is limited by whatever is in shortest supply ( gibson, 1971 ; welch, 1980 ). for the reasons stated above, phosphorus and nitrogen are said to be " key nutrients " ; in some circumstances, they may become limiting. therefore, they are in most cases the nutrients that control algae growth, though some diatom species may be limited by silica. other factors, such as light, may also limit algal productivity. supply of phosphorus and nitrogen to lakes phosphorus is the 11th most abundant element in the earth ' s crust, and it is geochemically classed as a trace element. in nature, phosphorus exists almost exclusively as phosphate, a great part of which is sorbed to soil particles or incorporated into soil organic matter. phosphate deposits occur in the earth ' s crust principally as the mineral apatite : [ ca. sub. 5 ] ( f, c1, oh, 1 / 2 [ co. sub. 3 ] ) [ ( [ po. sub. 4 ] ). sub. 3 ]. the initial natural source of phosphorus is weathering of such rocks. weathering liberates phosphate from the mineral, and the phosphate can then enter the biosphere through uptake by plants. the initial source of nitrogen is the atmospheric reservoir of gaseous dinitrogen. nitrogen gas is chemically very stable. it must be converted by nitrogen fixation, by microorganisms living principally in the soil but also in aquatic environments, before it is available to most living organisms. in natural water, nitrogen is present as dissolved dinitrogen, ammonia, and salts of the nitrate and nitrite ions ; in addition, there are nitrogen - containing organic compounds primarily attributable to the presence of life. in a natural, undisturbed environment, nutrient sources are the drainage of the catchment, the direct atmospheric deposition ( rainfall and dry depositions ) onto the water surface, and the internal recycling from lake sediments. ahl estimates the background phosphorus input to be in the range of 3 to 10 kilograms ( kg ) of phosphorus per square kilometer per year, depending on the size and the characteristics of the basin ( ahl, 1988 ). he also estimates the …


the overview and timeline for the armageddon clock : the armageddon clock, unlike the doomsday clock, moves ever forward. each tick of its second hand - - the nation israel, and the issues and events of bible prophecy - - brings the world nearer the starting point of what will be man ' s most horrific war. the armageddon clock marks antichrist ' s confirming the false peace covenant described in daniel 9 : 27. the signing of that covenant will initiate the tribulation era ( daniel ' s seventieth week. that great conflict will culminate with the second coming of jesus christ back to planet earth. the on - going timeline of issues and events leading to that moment are : 1800s : 30 minutes to midnight although jews have been returning to the land of promise a few at a time since their last scattering, it wasn ' t until the 1800s that they started going home in significant numbers. jews were in the majority in the area by 1880. large portions of land were purchased, bringing about more and more rural jewish communities. as the zionist movement gained backing, plans were made to return on a widening scale. 1914 : 25 minutes to midnight the jewish population reached 85, 000 by the time world war i began in 1914. this compared to only 5, 000 populating the land early in the 1917 : 20 minutes to midnight british foreign secretary arthur j. balfour issued on behalf of england, the balfour declaration on november 17, 1917. the balfour declaration indicated approval of the jewish goal of bringing about a jewish state 1939 : 17 minutes to midnight adolf hitler and the nazis carried out persecution against all jews within hitler ' s sphere of influence. while hitler, along with the arab enemies of the jews in palestine turned up the heat of persecution against the jewish race, the british, the controlling authority in palestine, developed a white paper, severely restricting jewish 1940 - 1945 : 15 minutes to midnight adolf hitler ' s germany perpetrated genocide upon the jewish race, during which more than 6 million jews were murdered in the holocaust. 1947 : 12 minutes to midnight dead sea scrolls found at qumran, validating much of old testament writings. jewish leadership plan a return to zion ( jerusalem ) for purpose of establishing a nation. 1948 : 8 minutes to midnight israel reborn as a nation on may 14, 1948. jews back in their promise land, just as prophesied for the last days by all bible prophets. 1952 : 7 minutes to midnight in november, the united states tests its first hydrogen bomb on elugelap