at 61 on 17 nissan, 1900 in białystok where he rests in honor. rabbi shmuel stavrowski officiated as rabbi outside his town. he was a great scholar but declined to use his knowledge of the torah. he turned to business, banking and trade and was considered one of the great traders in the area and treated with great respect. in old age, he became the rabbi of mscisław near volkovysk. he was born in sidra but lived in sokołka a great many years and was thought to have been born there. the last rabbi of sokołka was rabbi yitzhak schuster. in his youth he studied at the białystok yeshiva where he earned the reputation of having a phenomenal memory. he knew several of the sections of the mishna by heart. he was the son - in - law of rabbi nachum greenhaus ( 1865 - 1906 ), the rabbi from troki, near vilna. he was a member of hovevei zion from his youth and was influenced by the views of the two rabbis rishon le - zion rabbi tsvi kalischer and rabbi eliyahu guttmacher of grodziec. he considered, like them, that it was necessary to work for the settlement of the land of israel and that the redemption would come about naturally. he was active as a religious zionist and among the founders of the mizrachi movement, and together with rabbi y. reines of lydda became a head of that movement. he was invited to become rabbi in many places but his heart was in sokołka. rabbi meyer, the rabbi of korelitz, the brother - in - law of rabbi greenhaus, traveled many times to sokołka and debated with the community council, eventually coming to an agreement with them and rabbi schuster moved there in 1907. he was at the same time a great rabbi but also an extremely active one. he instructed and ordained many talented prodigies, was active in agudat yisrael, took part in various congresses and committees and his influence on the town and its surroundings was considerable. there was no public matter that was not brought to him for consideration and he willingly responded to all who came. for more than forty years he sat on the rabbanut of sokołka. he perished at the hands of the nazis. the population of sokołka, the town and the surroundings | population census in


responded to all who came. for more than forty years he sat on the rabbanut of sokołka. he perished at the hands of the nazis. the population of sokołka, the town and the surroundings | population census in sokołka. - the census in the years 1867 1878. - state of the town in the 1897 census. - the sokołka region and its boundaries. - a country of hills, sand and clay, between the rivers neman and vistula. - a mixture of peoples. - 10 synagogues and 18 prayer - halls in the region. - 611 settlements in the region, a road - junction on the rail - road. - an old synagogue. - sokołka offers help to the jews of grodno. - the inclination to haskala among the jews of sokołka. | we know something of the number of jews in sokołka at the time of the division of poland because at that time there were censuses taken from time to time. the russians didn ' t carry them out because they were not certain of their victory over the poles and they were not able to persuade the rebels to do so. after the final rebellion of the poles in 1867, there were 458 houses ( 14 built of stone ) and 3814 residents, 10 synagogues and four jewish prayer houses ( of which 3 were stone built ), 8 wood stores and 6 shops ( 3 of them stone ), a post office and a telegraph office, a rail - road station, school and 153 artisans. the city income in 1869 was 3, 646 roubles. there was little trade and what there was, was very small. in 1878 there were 17 stone houses in sokołka and 450 wooden homes, 3431 residents of whom 411 were pravoslavs, 1433 catholics, 18 evangelists, 1543 jews and 26 moslems. according to the census of 1897 in the county of sokołka there were more than 110, 000 residents, of whom 13, 500 were jews. the number includes the 8, 000 residents of sokołka itself, of whom 2, 848 were jews. the region of sokołka was bounded on the north - west by the district of suwałki, in the east by grodno, in the south - east by białystok and according to the count made by captain strilbitzki sokołka spread over an area of 26


the district of suwałki, in the east by grodno, in the south - east by białystok and according to the count made by captain strilbitzki sokołka spread over an area of 26 - 47 square miles. the area was hilly. the hills which were rectangular in the center of the area created the water - shed between the neman and the vistula. they didn ' t reach a great height above the surrounding countryside. the highest point was behind the village of kostinitz and reached 777 feet, and in sokołka itself 765 feet above sea - level. most of the ground was sand or mixed sand and clay while in the valleys loose black earth into which one sank slightly. the western area of the county was mainly sediment from the vistula and the smaller eastern part, from the neman. beyond that the important streams belonged to the vistula drainage area, and they are the bobr, the suprasl and the sokołda which flows through sokołka itself. generally the rivers are not navigable or sailable. what few lakes there are, are quite small. those that are in the vicinity of sokołka flow into the sokołda. there is much marshland throughout the county, especially in the valley of the sokołda. forests were not plentiful in the area. in 1877 there were 47, 361 trees, that is to say 20. 1 % of the total area. in 1869 there were 56, 000 20 %. the trees were mainly oak, firs, terebinth, pine and poplars. according to the details from 1878 the number of residents in the region, together with sokołka and the other towns, reached 85, 672, while without including the towns the number was 70, 842 souls. among them are numbered 265 nobles, 10 praboslav priests, 4 catholics, 2 moslems, 4 traders, 2474 artisans, 57, 532 tenant farmers on government land, 446 settlers, 6884 farm owners, 113 military personnel, 3213 soldiers on leave, unemployed and others, 52 foreigners and 54 of miscellaneous status. according to religions the number of residents in the county that same year ( excluding sokołka and the towns ), reached 18, 515 praboslavs, 50, 351 catholics, 8 evangelists, 1, 603 jews and 365 moslems. in 1879 there were


the county that same year ( excluding sokołka and the towns ), reached 18, 515 praboslavs, 50, 351 catholics, 8 evangelists, 1, 603 jews and 365 moslems. in 1879 there were 10 synagogues ( 2 of them stone ), 18 prayer - halls ( 5 of stone ), 15 praboslav churches, 12 catholic churches and one mosque. the poles constituted the major segment of the population ( 48, 000 ), followed by the lithuanians ( 7, 000 ), greater russians ( 4, 000 ). there were 611 populated places in the county, and of them were 9 towns ( dabrowa, janow, korycin, kuznica, nowy dwor, odelsk, sidra, wasilkow and sucha wola ), 350 farms and villages and 252 small settlements. of these places, in 292 dwelt less than 25 people, in 114 of them between 25 - 50, in 118 from 51 - 100, in 83 between 101 - 500 and only in four of them were there more than 500 souls. their main means of support was agriculture and the farming and processing of flax ; they sowed cereals, oats and barley. sheep - farming was well developed. in 1878 there were 41 factories employing 265 workers, of which : 7 factories engaged in wool - weaving ( 122 employees ), 3 spinning - mills ( 56 workers ), 2 wineries ( 11 workers ), 10 breweries ( 26 workers ), a saw - mill ( 6 workers ), 10 furriers ( 25 workers ), 5 bleaching factories ( 11 workers ) and 3 tile factories ( 3 workers ). from an administrative point, we will divide the region into three provinces and 13 communities. the provincial offices were located in kosienice, sucha wola and wasilkow. the communities ( or rural districts ), belonging to kosienice were : kruhlany, makowlany, gazhivinia and kaimynai ; and to sucha wola : the villages bagna, trofimowka, ostra gora, nowa wola and romanowka ; and wasilkow : the villages czarnaweis, ostrow, kamenyuki, and zborzhitza. concerning transportation the rail - road warsaw - st petersburg crosses the sokołka region from the south west to the south east serving the stations czarnawei


rabbi of grodno. - the hassidim of amdur in sokołka. - sokołka. - transfer of the disciples of the gaon of vilna rabbi eliyahu ben shlomo zlman, and his opponents. | before the outbreak of world war ii which brought the holocaust to poland and lithuania, there dwelt in sokołka two branches of the hassidim each with their respective shtiebel that of karlin in the schulhof and the other koczak. it is likely that there were other prayer - houses belonging to the dynasties of other hassidim, especially in lithuania ; amdur and scharshuv *, słonim and kobrin, these, together with zionist reinforcements weakened the hassidim. the youth rushed to the zionist societies and only a few remained faithful to the hassidic movement, which at that time was a fighting movement in sokołka. however, there were times when all the communities in lithuania, sokołka and the surroundings as well, were well - springs of contention regarding hassidism. there were those who insulted hassidism, while others praised it. the war between hassidism and mitnagdim broke out half - way through the 18th century among the jewish population of lithuania, between pinsk the senior and its sister - city karlin. acts in this stormy drama which were enacted in the pinsk - karlin region reached grodno - amdur ( or indorra ), about nine miles from sokołka and was the headquarters of the hassid rabbi haim - chaikel and his disciples. pinsk and karlin were situated, for the purpose of this discussion, on the borders of two different centers : the popular vohlyn, center of the post - ba ' al shem tov era and the home of the maggid of mezeritsch, rabbi dov ber, and the academic lithuania the mitnagdim of the gaon, rabbi eliyahu molina. these two monoliths clashed, and fought for survival. pinsk and karlin divided between themselves these worlds and karlin was the first bridge - head for the hassidim in lithuania. after the appearance of the maggid of mezeritsch a new light shone on karlin and pinsk the light of hassidism. in the early days of hassidism a new star arose in karl


- keeping the old life - style. - day - to - day life for generations. - the end of nazism. | in the diaries and memoirs of tourists and scholars they mention in passing the life of jews in the small villages and towns spread across russia and poland and opinions are divided ; there are those who see them in a positive light and those in which one can discern the face of anti - semitism. the books tell of the life of the jews in isolated towns in poland. sokołka wasn ' t mentioned by name or even by inference. a few years ago, sokołka was recalled in a monograph by michael cohen about the towns in the region of grodno that were destroyed. we get an idea from this of jewish life in sokołka which was similar to jewish life in all the towns spread across lithuania, and the remains that one feels the writer succeeded in wresting from their records. of sokołka he recorded : in my youth before i left my homeland to immigrate to argentina, i chanced to visit now and again, a few towns in the region of grodno, like odelsk, dabrowa, zlodowa, lunna, sokołka, skidal, kuznica and krynki. i visited sokołka more often, and there i saw in almost every jewish home a bookcase in the center of the home from which a set of gemarot sparkling in gold lettering in many houses i found shelves of books in hebrew and yiddish and foreign languages on topics not connected with faith and tradition but subjects on literature and science. there were even a few houses that had shelves next to the gemarot with columns that gave to the house a sense of being a small beit midrash. when i opened a jewish door, even in the meanest lane or alley, close by was a synagogue, or occasionally a mikva, where the artisans, tailors, and cobblers would congregate, the light would illuminate portraits on the walls of moshe and aaron, of moshe rabbenu, his face radiating light, with the tablets of the law in his left hand and the staff with which he parted the red sea in the right ; and aaron the priest with the urim and thummim on his chest and the holy incense pan with the incense smoke arising from it. and close - by both of them was a picture of the gaon of vilna, sitting


; and aaron the priest with the urim and thummim on his chest and the holy incense pan with the incense smoke arising from it. and close - by both of them was a picture of the gaon of vilna, sitting wrapped in his tallit and tefillin : in his left hand he holds a book and in his right a goose - feather with which he writes on vellum. in other homes of jews there was on the walls one large picture with the 39 greatest jewish geonim grouped round a central picture of the rambam. one could also see other, historical pictures the miracle of hanukkah, in which mattityahu the high priest pours holy olive oil from a jug that was closed and sealed into the cups of the hannukiah, and standing around him the hasmoneans with their spears in their hands.. or a picture of ahasuerus and esther ; or a picture depicting the inquisition in spain with a jew being burned at the auto - da - fe. it was also possible to see in many jewish homes the picture of moses montefiore dressed in his noble attire. these pictures, so well - known in israel, like date - palms in the desert were seen on the walls of jewish houses in the towns of lithuania, grodno region, in which during the entire year from erev passover to erev passover, the hannukiah was used by spiders to spin their webs and the atmosphere was filled with melancholy, gloomy and depressing as if with dark clouds, until every wall seemed nothing more than a memorial to the destruction ;.. the shining jewish eye that saw around it in russia oppression of israel, the whip of the task - master, decrees, distress and poverty awakened to the vision of these pictures and a return to a time of pleasantness and hope from looking at the pictures of our great jewish past. jewish children already in their young years absorbed the holy light from looking at the pictures together with jewish sorrow and with jewish awareness, and the seeds of hope and the end of days were sown in the heart of the young generation and carried all the days of their lives until old age and what is the reason that all these towns in the region of grodno brought forth such a large number of scholars, intellectuals, writers, poets, artists, men of science and yeshiva students, masters of torah and culture. and on the other hand there were so many pioneers men and women who went through the period


- ł10, 000. among them was a farmer whose livelihood was working the land and whose hope was palestine ; he actually lost hundreds of roubles in the purchasing of the land. the societies were involved in education and culture as well. hebrew papers were distributed in the town : ha - tsfira ( the siren ) 15 copies, ha - zman ( the times vilna ) 2, ha - shaliach ( the delegate ) 1, roszbit 4. also distributed were the poster kadima ( forwards ) in two languages and the magazine koffika - bibilioteque ( the penny library ). apart from the books and magazines also included was important information and propaganda on the zionist heritage. the circulars were printed in hebrew and yiddish and read in the societies and sometimes exhibited on the notice - boards of the synagogue. verbal propaganda was propagated in speeches and lectures, among them popular speakers and maggidim talented expositors who traveled from town to town, exciting the audiences and society founders. the russian revolution of 1905 and the reaction that followed it caused many changes in the lives of the lithuanian jews. apart from the repression of the zionist movement, the state ' s regime adversely affected the already lowered economic situation. the massive emigration to the united states emptied the towns, especially of their younger generations. after the revolutionary year, many began to return to the zionist organizations. many of them reorganized themselves under the name young zionists and began to dissociate themselves from the general zionist organization. in the regional zionist congress that was convened by the county committee druskienniki in the county of smorgon and coded wedding ( council ), 23 delegates took part coming from 11 towns : grodno, białystok, bresk, slonim, sokołka, skidal, lunna, wołkowysk, horodok, bielsk and druskienniki. at the zionist conference that took place in the vilna area in 1900, ya ' acov goldstein and shimshon katznelbergen represented sokołka. the society of zionist youth of sokołka printed their correspondence as the society of zionist youth in sokołka with a magen david centrally placed. the usual signatories of the letters were yisroel lipczer, or tsvi kobalski or tsvi judowski, the address of the society was m. warmann in 1909, a considerable


magen david centrally placed. the usual signatories of the letters were yisroel lipczer, or tsvi kobalski or tsvi judowski, the address of the society was m. warmann in 1909, a considerable sum of money was collected in sokołka for the jewish national fund. the zionists would make a collection between 8 - 10 times a year in one of the houses of a society member. there was an attempt to open a public meeting - room and representations were made to the minister of the county for permission. as is known after the bloody year of 1905, the czarist government agreed to invite the people ' s choice to the duma. the jews of sokołka took part in the elections for four of the dumas. the active zionist, ya ' acov goldstein was elected to the first, to the second, dr. blumenfeld and mr. h. y. epstein ( arthur dukes ), to the third dr. blumenfeld and to the fourth eliezer ushkawitz ( orthodox ). the pedagogical courses that were founded in grodno as preparation for qualified teachers to give instruction in hebrew and general studies were intended to give expression to the official target of the society for spreading education who had founded the courses financed by the jewish colonization association. in practice, the courses strove to educate the already hebrew - cultured teacher, and teach him tradition in the spirit of the national ideals of our people as demanded of the movement to revival of the generation. the russian educational bodies in grodno the county capital recognized the value of the courses and even respected kahanstam, the noted educationalist, but difficulties arose concerning the arrangement for the examinations of the candidates. with the help of the spreaders of education successful arrangements were made for the candidates on a permanent basis in sokołka not far from grodno where, next to the russian school was housed the examining council for the teacher ' s degree. the governing teachers ' bodies also helped by making some concessions to the candidates : they took into account the lessons given by the candidates during their courses, they shortened the course by a few subjects, etc. nearly all those who finished the course passed the official examinations and received their degrees officially as teachers. nevertheless, in spite of it all, the incident was not over : because the courses gave only an unofficial final - certificate, it was decided to emphasize the hebrew aspect and the certificates for the second course were printed in two languages


degrees officially as teachers. nevertheless, in spite of it all, the incident was not over : because the courses gave only an unofficial final - certificate, it was decided to emphasize the hebrew aspect and the certificates for the second course were printed in two languages russian and hebrew. when such a certificate arrived at odessa, a new charge arose by what authority was hebrew printed next to the russian? co - incidentally, they remembered in the ministry the old sin of the granting of certification for the first course with the royal russian eagle emblem on it as if it were fully official and genuine. the ministry ordered the courses to atone for the crime, to collect from all the participants the certificates and to deposit them with the local direktiron and for those teachers to be required to undergo government examination as normal. kahanstam, the course director was also required to take the examination and the tests were carried out in sokołka. all of them passed the examination and returned to school. it was possible to accept just three students each year for the courses. the students signed an agreement to teach for a number of years in the school but in fact almost all of them became teachers for their entire lives. they founded for themselves an association for mutual help etc. the members assisted each other both materially and spiritually. from the material point of view the courses were quite difficult with exhausting work day and night. for all that, their quarters were filled with a contented atmosphere ; their years of study in their eyes the happiest years of their lives. they felt they were participating of a lofty creation for themselves and for the people. the jews of sokołka perceived the courses as if they took place in sokołka. the odelsk community | odelsk - odzilisk in polish. - town established in 16th century. - the epigram organized like odelsk. - the jewish community grew slowly : jewish folklore in odelsk, synagogue from the 17th century. - christian criticism on lack of guard for the synagogue. - the town attached to the sokołka region triple population in town. - rabbi mordecai arieh - leib in odelsk | in dictionaries and maps the town is listed as odzilisk, a town on the banks of the river odła. it was founded in the first half of the 16th century by queen bona granting the town rights of trade and taxes. early on it belonged to the county of tr


lithuania by russia, odelsk was administratively attached to the county of sokołka. in 1886 there were 1346 souls ( 657 men, 689 women ), and in that number were included 6 pravoslavs, 1242 catholics, 98 jews. there was a jewish school in town. all 274 of the town ' s homes were built of wood. when counted in 1897 there were 234 jews in town 16 % of the general population. because of poverty, the local jewish population could not afford to maintain a rabbi of their own all the time, and they needed rabbis from the surrounding area. it was only when the community began to grow that they began to acquire for themselves religious articles. the names of the rabbis who served the community before 1904 are not known. that was the year that rabbi mordecai arieh - lev was installed with rabbi avraham - tsvi as deputy. he was born in 1880 in kleszczele. a number of jews survived the nazi holocaust and some of them are in israel. jewishgen, inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of the translation. the reader may wish to refer to the original material jewishgen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and / or omissions. our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited. sokołka, poland yizkor book project jewishgen home page copyright © 1999 - 2013 by jewishgen, inc. updated 3 nov 2012 by la


tips on how to eat better and feel better eating better food is one of the best ways to feel better immediately, however it can also be a great way for people that have kidney stones to deal with them. in this post you will find several tips on how to eat better and feel better that you can start implement today. the word nutrition often brings images to mind images of mealy salads with slimy dressing. eating healthy does not have to be negative. simply learning about nutrition can actually open you up to a world of food choices. these suggestions will help you understand how food can help you in nutrition. people need to realize that highly milled grains are not as nutritious as their natural counterparts. milled grains are convenient, but getting rid of the grain ’ s husk also gets rid of most of its nutritional value. does it make sense to do this and then buy wheat germ or fiber additives to restore the benefits of the natural whole grain? well, it actually seems kind of silly. never use an entire egg when making any type of breakfast dish, instead just use the whites. egg whites have all the vitamins and minerals, but much less cholesterol than yolks. two egg whites are enough to replace one whole egg. eating healthier foods does not mean that you can eat larger quantities of these foods. you always need to pay attention to your portion sizes. eating more will only lead to added calories. you will not want to assume that what you are eating is good for you. many seven - grain breads are a type of false advertising. they don ’ t actually contain even one whole grain. be sure to review the ingredients list, and not depend on the lure of the attractive packaging. replace half the amount of sugary drinks you consume each day with plain water or tea. sugared drinks are easily accessible and very tempting, so it is easy to let your consumption of them get out of hand. having a sense of how many unhealthy sugared drinks you are consuming is the first step to changing your habits. buy fruit juices if you ’ re not into preparing raw vegetables and fruits. drinking fresh juice will provide you with an excellent source of nutrients you need without having to go through the trouble of preparing the veggies and fruits. try sipping juice through a straw to protect your teeth. it is important to eat protein on a daily basis. proteins are important to maintain and build muscles, blood, skin and organs. proteins also enable cellular processes and metabolic generation


education : k - 6 science / technology / engineering / art / math janet ' s planet : the launchpad for tomorrow ' s scientists and space explorers! by focusing on science, technology, engineering, art and math, janet ' s planet travels at the " speed of thought " and is designed to fuel s. t. e. a. m. ( science, technology, engineering, art and mathematics ) potential in elementary school age kids. already viewable on more than 144 public television stations nationwide, janet ivey of janet ' s planet is excited to tour her introduction to the wonders of the galaxy in performing arts centers and elementary schools across the country! janet is ready to present two educational live shows that promote s. t. e. a. m. curriculum : " tour through our solar system " for k - 3, and " exploring microgravity " for grades 3 - 6. each performance features an interactive presentation that engages and challenges students ; each teacher is provided with lesson plans designed to integrate with common core standards, based on a curriculum endorsed by nasa and space florida. book janet ' s planet in your performing arts center or local schools this year and get ready for an out of this world, galactic, imaginative learning adventure! whether today ' s students go on to be artists, doctors or politicians, we know that the challenges their generation faces will demand creative solutions. we should fully expect that, in the coming decades, many of our best leaders will come from a combination of science and art! janet ' s planet is encouraging innovation in students worldwide. - 2013 regional emmy - children ' s programs - janet ' s planet - 2012 regional emmy - children ' s programs - janet ' s planet - 2011 gracie - outstanding children / adolescent non - animated program - " janet ' s planet health interstitials " - 2011 regional emmy - " janet ' s planet health interstitials " - 2010 gracie - outstanding children / adolescent non - animated program - " exploring microgravity " - 2010 emmy - informational / instructional series - " janet ' s planet health interstitials " - 2010 emmy - informational / instructional special program - " exploring microgravity " - 2009 gracie - outstanding children ' s / adolescent program - 2009 emmy - informational and instructional program - 2008 regional emmy - informational and instructional program - 2006 regional emmy - children ' s programs program - 2005 emmy - children ' s educational program - 2005 emmy - children ' s entertainment program - 2003 emmy - children ' s educational program - 2011 nashville scene ' s


emmy - informational and instructional program - 2006 regional emmy - children ' s programs program - 2005 emmy - children ' s educational program - 2005 emmy - children ' s entertainment program - 2003 emmy - children ' s educational program - 2011 nashville scene ' s best of nashville - best children ' s tv host - 2011 stemflorida, inc. - best stem informational video targeting engagement in a challenged target industry cluster - janet ' s planet / space florida, inc. exploring microgravity video - 2010 the nashville business journal - one of 30 women of influence ( recognized in the inspiration and mentor category ) - 2010 buzz aldrin ' s sharescience foundation - sharescience education ambassador - 2010 nashville lifestyles magazine - nashville ' s 25 most beautiful people - 2010 parenting journals editor ' s choice award - parenting website www. janetsplanet. com captivating video really kept the students attention and interest! interactive presentation was a nice technique to keep students engaged. creative integration of solar system via learning about creating a super computer by highlighting the resources found throughout space. teacher, roosevelt elementary school - kenosha, wi absolute fantastic mix of media and live presentation - transitions smooth - informational content detailed and video graphics made you feel like you were actually there! good audience participation - connected well with janet and humorous crew. - gold star presentation! nasa watchout! fascinating! teacher, all saints catholic school - kenosha, wi great interaction! kids enjoyed the tecnology! perfect in length! teacher, all saints catholic school - kenosha, wi what a grand journey you will take on janet ' s planet! studying our solar system and the galaxy are the oldest and most ennobling of human activities. janet ' s methods of presentation using unique verbal, visual, and even musical cognitive techniques will create an excitement among young viewers. it is nice to see an educational endeavor that makes learning about our amazing universe so much fun! dr. billy hix, professor of social science and education, motlow college ( nasa faculty fellow ) leave it to our friends at nashville public tv to find something great! ruby calvert, general manager, wyoming pbs a copy of this should be in every elementary and middle school in the country. a great addition to any teacher ’ s space science curriculum! j. w., 1st grade teacher want to know more? don ' t hesitate to contact the jra fine arts team to learn more about this artist.


about kanji radicals in keeping with the custom of english - language sino - japanese character dictionaries this 部 is titled " radical index. " users should however bear in mind that the term 部 does not mean " radical. " rather, it refers to headers employed in classifying chinese characters. one unfortunate consequence of the use of the word " radical " is the misunderstanding that the radical according to which a character is classified must have a " root " connection with the character itself. as it happens, though, the classifying scheme used in traditional sino - japanese character dictionaries demands that all characters be assigned to one of 214 部, a number insufficient to cover all exigencies. the result is that we find scores of characters classified under radicals with which they have no etymological connection. for example, the character 一 ( one ) has nothing to do with either the formation nor the meaning of the character ( ten thousand ), though is listed under the radical 一. in the same manner, 二 ( two ) is unrelated to 十 ( ten ) to 口 ( mouth ) to and so on. it is simply that etc. had to be classified under one of the 214 available choices, and were assigned to their 部 on the basis of graphic similarity that is purely coincidental. so don ' t be perplexed when you find assigned to the 部 日 or other instances where the 部 has no role in the etymology. one more anomaly regarding classifiers may be observed in a handful of phonetic compound characters in which, for reasons obscure, the sound note doubles as the classifier. ( the normative pattern for phonetic compounds is classifier + sound note ). examples include japanese names of the radicals are given in hiragana. へん refers to the position at the left of a compound character. the name of a radical is not followed by へん ( or へん ) when the radical appears in a position other than at the left. " non - oucs " refers to characters other than the 1, 945 included on japan ' s official use character list. return to top | return to previous page


p technology used in various military and nasa flight programs ) and the singer - kearfott skc - 2000 ( then a candidate for the b - 1a program ). both of these machines were judged to require extensive modification before being considered adequate. to understand the configuration and makeup of the space shuttle avionics system, it is necessary to understand the technological environment of the early seventies. in the approximately 16 years since the inception of the system, computers and the associated technology have undergone four generations of change. if the system designers were operating in today ' s environment, a much different set of design choices and options would be available and, quite possibly, a different configuration would have resulted. this section is intended to familiarize the reader with the designer ' s world during the formative stages of the system, with the technology available, and with the pressure of factors other than technology which influenced the result. although the state of technology was a major factor ( and limitation ) in the design of the avionics system, the effect of other factors was also significant. these include influences arising from traditional, conservative attitudes, as well as those associated with the environment in which the system was to operate. in any development program, a new approach or technique is correctly perceived to have unknown risks with potential cost and schedule implications and is to be avoided whenever possible. in addition, the designers, the flightcrew, and other operational users of the system often have a mindset, established in a previous program or experience, which results in a bias against new or different, " unconventional " approaches. finally, the environment in which the system is to function must be considered. for instance, a new technique proposed for a system may not be viable if it requires a major change in the associated ground support complex. in the following paragraphs, a number of subsystem or functional areas are examined in the context of one or more of these factors. in the early seventies, only two avionics computers under development were considered potentially capable of performing the space shuttle task. these were the ibm ap - 101 ( a derivative of the 4 no suitable off - the - shelf microcomputers were then available ( no z80 ' s, 8086 ' s, 68000 ' s, etc. ). large - scale integrated - circuit technology was emerging but not considered mature enough for space shuttle use. very little was known about the effects of lightning or radiation on high - density solid - state circuitry. core memory was the only reasonably available choice for the space shuttle


scale integrated - circuit technology was emerging but not considered mature enough for space shuttle use. very little was known about the effects of lightning or radiation on high - density solid - state circuitry. core memory was the only reasonably available choice for the space shuttle orbiter computers ; therefore, the memory size was limited by power, weight, and heat constraints. data bus technology for real - time avionics systems was emerging but could not be considered operational. the u. s. air force ( usaf ) was developing mil - std - 1553, the data bus standard, but it would not become official until 1975. all previous systems had used bundles of wires, each dedicated to a single signal or function. the use of tape units for software program mass storage in a dynamic environment was limited and suspect, especially for program overlays while in flight. software design methodology was evolving rapidly with the emerging use of top - down, structured techniques. no high - order language tailored for aerospace applications existed, although nasa was in the process of developing a high - order software language for shuttle ( hal / s ), which subsequently become the space shuttle standard. in all manned space programs preceding the space shuttle ( mercury, gemini, and apollo ), fly - by - wire control systems were used for vehicle attitude and translation control. although digital autopilots were developed for apollo spacecraft, analog control systems were also included and considered necessary for backup. aircraft flight control technology, however, had not advanced beyond the use of mechanical systems, augmented with hydraulic boost on large airplanes. most aircraft applications of electronics in the flight control system used limited - authority analog stability - augmentation devices to improve aerodynamic handling qualities. autopilots were also analog devices and also given limited authority. neither the stability - augmentation function nor the autopilot was considered critical for safe flight when implemented in these configurations. the flight control hardware and subsystems were kept functionally and electrically separate from other electronic systems to the extent possible. sophisticated guidance and navigation schemes and algorithms had been developed and used in the apollo program ; therefore, the technology base appeared adequate for the space shuttle in these disciplines. although a new guidance and navigation challenge was posed by the entry through landing phase, no state - of - the - art advances were deemed necessary. the pilot input devices in general use for aircraft control were a stick or a yoke / wheel for roll and pitch, and rudder pedals for yaw. when hydraulic boost was used, elaborate sensing devices were included to provide the correct feedback to


. the pilot input devices in general use for aircraft control were a stick or a yoke / wheel for roll and pitch, and rudder pedals for yaw. when hydraulic boost was used, elaborate sensing devices were included to provide the correct feedback to the pilot. hand controllers without feedback and with only electrical outputs had been used in previous manned space programs ; however, the application did not involve aerodynamic flight. switches, pushbuttons, and other input devices were typically hardwired to the function, the box, or the subsystem that required the input. displays were also hardwired, were generally mechanical, and were dedicated to the function served. off - the - shelf horizontal and vertical situation displays, although electronically driven, utilized a mechanical presentation. electronic attitude and directional indicator ( eadi ) technology was emerging but not in common use. heads - up displays ( hud ' s ) were also just emerging. the concept of multifunctional displays was immature and had never been used in an aerospace application. many of the display and control design issues associated with management of a redundant system had never been addressed. a very capable s - band communications system had been developed for use on the apollo program ; however, it could not serve the data rate, link margins, and coverage requirements forecast for space shuttle operations and experiment support. the nasa had led research in digital voice and sophisticated encoding and decoding techniques, but these had never been proven in an operational system. solid - state radiofrequency ( rf ) amplifiers capable of power output sufficient for skin - tracking radar were emerging but also not proven. the federal aviation administration ( faa ) was considering an upgrade of the instrument landing system ( ils ) to one using microwave scanning beam techniques capable of meeting orbiter landing performance requirements, but no realistic conversion schedule existed. the use of redundant systems to enable operation in the face of failures was common in both aircraft and space applications ; however, all previous approaches used primary / backup, active / standby techniques which relied on manual recognition of faults and crew - initiated switchover to the alternate or backup system. very little was known about the use and management of multiple sensors or other input devices and even less about multiple output devices such as hydraulic actuators. no aerospace project had even contemplated the automation of failure detection and recovery for large systems such as the reaction control system ( rcs ). the rcs required complex assessments of large numbers of temperature and pressure sensors, correlation with vehicle dynamic response to digital autopilot commands, and a


national cocoa day cuckoo for cocoa? december 12 is national cocoa day! the weather outside may be frightful, but cozying up with a mug of hot cocoa can make the day more delightful. the mayans are first credited with cultivating the cacao bean to brew xocoatl, an unsweetened version of modern - day hot chocolate. much later in the 17th century, spanish doctor antonio colmenero de ledesma published the first recipe as an elixir, adding different spices to treat a number of ailments. even president george washington washed down his breakfast of cornmeal hoe cakes with a cup of hot chocolate. even though " hot chocolate " and " hot cocoa " are often used interchangeably, purists stress that there is a difference. hot chocolate is made from mixing heated water or milk with melted chocolate pieces, while hot cocoa is made from cocoa powder and warmed water or milk. in 1828, dutch chemist coenraad van houten patented his process of extracting some of the cocoa butter from the beans, leaving behind a cocoa powder with a reduced fat content. he added alkaline salts to the cocoa powder so that it would dissolve more easily with liquid. the final product is " dutch - process " or " dutched " cocoa power. an added advantage to having a naturally lower fat cocoa powder is that you can pile on the marshmallows and whipped cream! copyright 2012 by cnn newsource. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


university of utah physicists invented a new " spintronic " organic light - emitting diode or oled that promises to be brighter, cheaper and more environmentally friendly than the kinds of leds now used in television and computer displays, lighting, traffic lights and numerous electronic devices. " it ' s a completely different technology, " says z. valy vardeny, university of utah distinguished professor of physics and senior author of a study of the new oleds in the july 13, 2012 issue of the journal science. " these new organic leds can be brighter than regular organic leds. " the utah physicists made a prototype of the new kind of led – known technically as a spin - polarized organic led or spin oled – that produces an orange color. but vardeny expects it will be possible within two years to use the new technology to produce red and blue as well, and he eventually expects to make white spin oleds. however, it could be five years before the new leds hit the market because right now, they operate at temperatures no warmer than about minus 28 degrees fahrenheit, and must be improved so they can run at room temperature, vardeny adds. vardeny developed the new kind of led with tho d. nguyen, a research assistant professor of physics and first author of the study, and eitan ehrenfreund, a physicist at the technion - israel institute of technology in haifa. the study was funded by the u. s. national science foundation, the u. s. department of energy, the israel science foundation and u. s. - israel binational science foundation. the research was part of the university of utah ' s new materials research science and engineering center, funded by the national science foundation and the utah science technology and research initiative. the evolution of leds and oleds the original kind of leds, introduced in the early 1960s, used a conventional semiconductor to generate colored light. newer organic leds or oleds – with an organic polymer or " plastic " semiconductor to generate light – have become increasingly common in the last decade, particularly for displays in mp3 music players, cellular phones and digital cameras. oleds also are expected to be used increasingly for room lighting. big - screen tvs with existing oleds will hit the market later this year. the new kind of oled invented by the utah physicists also uses an organic semiconductor, but isn ' t simply an electronic device that stores information based on the electrical charges of electrons.


or antiparallel. two advances make new kind of organic leds possible in the new study, the physicists report two crucial advances in the materials used to create " bipolar " organic spin valves that allow the new spin oled to generate light, rather than just regulate electrical current. previous organic spin valves could only adjust the flow of electrical current through the valves. the first big advance was the use deuterium instead of normal hydrogen in the organic layer of the spin valve. deuterium is " heavy hydrogen " or a hydrogen atom with a neutron added to regular hydrogen ' s proton and electron. vardeny says the use of deuterium made the production of light by the new spin oled more efficient. the second advance was the use of an extremely thin layer of lithium fluoride deposited on the cobalt electrode. this layer allows negatively charged electrons to be injected through one side of the spin valve at the same time as positively charged electron holes are injected through the opposite side. that makes the spin valve " bipolar, " unlike older spin valves, into which only holes could be injected. it is the ability to inject electrons and holes at the same time that allows light to be generated. when an electron combines with a hole, the two cancel each other out and energy is released in the form of light. " when they meet each other, they form ' excitons, ' and these excitons give you light, " vardeny says. by injecting electrons and holes into the device, it supports more current and has the ability to emit light, he says, adding that the intensity of the new spintronic oleds can be a controlled with a magnetic field, while older kinds require more electrical current to boost light intensity. existing oleds each produce a particular color of light – such as red, green and blue – based on the semiconductor used. vardeny says the beauty of the new spin oleds is that, in the future, a single device may produce different colors when controlled by changes in magnetic field. he also says devices using organic semiconductors are generally less expensive and are manufactured with less toxic waste than conventional silicon semiconductors. university of utah : http : / / www. unews. utah. edu / this press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. please comment below. we try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. critical discussions of the research are appreciated. if you need help finding a link to the original


today, quality control and the desire for absolute safety have contributed to the introduction of numerous sensors in our lives. optical technologies have played an increasingly important role in this development because they combine the advantages of a small design, reduced production costs, fast measurement speeds, high precision, reliability, and non - contact measurements across large distances. a position - sensitive detector ( psd ) should be your first choice in sensors when determining the center of a beam spot. psds function locally analogously ; they interpret the current produced by a photodiode. a position - sensitive detector ( psd ) should be your first choice in sensors when determining the center of a beam spot. psds function locally analogously ; they interpret the current produced by a photodiode. this current is divided into one or two resistive layers. the advantages of this simple design are its stability and reliability. the electronics required to process the analog output signal are relatively simple and can be assembled inexpensively. unmatched speed and resolution a psd just determines the position of the center of incoming light, but it does so within nanoseconds and at a sub - nanometer resolution. it achieves a measurement tolerance of approximately 0. 1 %. the dynamic range of the light intensity stretches across several orders of magnitude. the accuracy can be significantly increased if reference points are saved in a value table. the optical components used together with the sensor usually introduce measurement errors ; however, if appropriate corrections are incorporated into the value table, it is possible to compensate for these errors to a large extent. because the psd gains its position information from the photocurrents of the diodes, methods of operation used in normal photodiodes can be used here as well. this includes, for example, the modulation of light to eliminate interference by ambient light. psds can be manufactured in any shape. some unusual designs include, for example, helix - shaped, circular, or spherical forms for 2d and 3d angular measurements. entire arrays of psds were developed for some applications ( e. g., surface tests ). versatile applications for psds examples of applications include alignment systems in which the position of a reference laser beam is measured relative to the psd. this principle is used in many different areas – from bridge construction to optical benches. as psds can be produced to operate at very low temperatures ( such as in liquid nitrogen ), this alignment method is also used in infrared optics because here the infrared radiation of a psd has to be kept to a minimum. one weakness of ps


mobile broadband - the what, the where and the how mobile broadband is connecting customers through mobile phone signals. the system uses 3g services. these technologies allow for access of up 21 mb speed downloads and uploads and speeds of up to 1. 76 mb. with mobile broadband, the strength of the signal determines the quality of the connection. however, it is likely that these speeds will be more accessible across the areas as mobile broadband continues to spread and become more popular in the future. various devices may use mobile broadband. these include : mobile phones, mobile dongles, mifi units and data cards, etc. mobile dongles allow for laptops, pcs, and other devices to be connected as well, assuming they are usb compatible. these mobile dongles are also known as portable modems, mobile usb sticks, and usb modems. mobile broadband is becoming increasingly popular. providers such as three mobile, vodafone mobile, t mobile, o2 mobile, and orange mobile are already servicing customers with mobile broadband. the reason mobile broadband is becoming more popular is because it is convenient. laptop users no longer have to seek out internet cafes or unsecured wireless when they are traveling. with mobile broadband, they have secure access to the internet, regardless of their location. this is already benefitting students, businesses on the go, commuters, and all types of travelers. mobile broadband is also effective in the home or office, thus, it suits all needs. mobile broadband provides many advantages. it is competitively priced, usually costing only about 10 pounds a month, or sometimes even less for around 1gb of data. as stated before, it is extremely convenient since it allows access to the internet from any location. you do not need to be plugged into any source of connection in order to use mobile broadband. the convenience is also in the size — mobile broadband dongles are small and discreet. you can easily slip them in your pocket and be on your way. there a few disadvantages to the mobile broadband system. first, your access to the internet is dependent on your mobile phone signal ' s strength. thus, you may not always have quick access to the internet if your phone is not picking up strong signals. home broadband packages are typically faster than the mobile broadband. also, you are restricted on your download allowance. this is due to the high costs of transferring data across the 3g networks. providers also restrict for fear of a system overload. if all users were on an unlimited download plan, the system might be


though most conventionally produced personal care products can easily be switched out for organic products, certain items still receive a skeptical response from consumers. organic deodorants are often met with more uncertainty than other body care products. this wary reaction is most likely due to our familiarity with antiperspirants and the way they perform. conventional antiperspirants are made with aluminum to block pores and prevent perspiration from surfacing. while this may give us a sense of security where dryness is concerned, aluminum is considered a neurotoxin that can potentially cause dna damage. that is not quite as comforting. aluminum used in antiperspirants ( in the form of aluminum zirconium trichlorohydrex ) is listed in the environmental working group skin deep database as a human nervous system toxicant. studies have also shown that aluminum salts mimic estrogen in our bodies and have been found in their intact forms in the tumors of breast cancer patients. and breast cancer is not the only disease linked to aluminum. the ingredient is also suspected of increasing risk of alzheimer ’ s disease, a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. scientists have found plaques in the brains of some patients suffering from the disease, and research is beginning to show that aluminum may contribute to the formation of plaques in the human brain. aluminum aside, most antiperspirants on drugstore shelves also contain such harmful ingredients as parabens, propylene glycol, synthetic fragrance and petro - chemicals. the real danger is that antiperspirants and deodorants are products the majority of us apply each and every day. so, we are constantly exposed to these harmful chemicals. and so are our children. kids are starting to use deodorant at an increasingly younger age which adds up to a lifetime of greater exposure and further risk for disease. there are safer alternatives and though they may not behave like the products you are used to, your body will adjust to the natural ingredients. natural deodorants actually provide longer lasting odor control than the synthetic variety and you can feel good knowing only healthy ingredients are applied to your skin. natural essential oils and plant extracts used in natural deodorants are very effective at limiting bacterial growth and keeping underarms fresh all day. ingredients like baking powder, cornstarch and alum are often used to absorb wetness and do a good job at that. lavera deodorants are made without aluminum, phthal


what : rapeseed ( brassica napus ) is the seed of rape plants and produces a non - fragrant oil that has emollient and potential anti - oxidant properties for the skin ( source : british journal of nutrition, may 2002, pages 489 – 499 ). cold pressed rapeseed is used as a vegetable oil in many food and cosmetic products. it is very low in saturated fat, containing 59 % mono - unsaturated fats and 31 % poly - unsaturated fats. it is generally considered low in ldl cholesterol. it is also a natural source of vitamin e, a strong anti - oxidant which protects against aging in skin care. origin : rapeseed ( brassica napus ), also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rappi, rapaseed ( and in the case of one particular group of cultivars, canola ) is a bright yellow flowering member of the family brassicaceae — mustard or cabbage family ( wiki ). cosmetic rapeseed comes from the brassica campestris plant and is an oil expressed from the seeds of brassicacampetris. products found in : rapeseed oil is found in facial moisturizer / treatment, bar soap, anti - aging products, body wash / cleansers, shampoos, conditioners, sunscreens, moisturizers, facial cleansers and baby soaps ( ewg ). alternate names : brassica campestris oil, oil of rapeseed, rapeseed oil, rapeseed seed oil, rape oil, rapeseed oil, rapeseed oil, brassica, campestris seed oil, rapeseed oil toxicity : rapeseed is generally classified as non - toxic or harmful ( ewg ).


cinnamon leaf oil what : cinnamomum cassia, or cinnamon, is an evergreen tree native to southern china, bangladesh, india, and vietnam. the aromatic bark of the plant is commonly used as a spice but is too strong for use in skincare. the oil obtained from the leaf of the cinnamon plant is less irritating and suitable for use in skincare products ( wiki ). cinnamon leaf oil is warm and stimulating, yet has strong anti - inflammatory properties and conditions the skin. the oil is considered an analgesic, antiseptic, antibiotic, astringent, and stimulating remedy. it has been used to treat infections, arthritis, and general aches and pains. it is also said to boost the mood and stimulate the senses. cinnamon leaf oil is known to reduce symptoms of colds and diarrhea. the oil is also said to be effective in killing mosquito larvae. origin : the leaves of the tree are steam distilled to extract the oil. oil taken from the leaves, rather than the dried bark, tends to be a more delicate oil. products found in : bar soap, facial moisturizer, shampoo, hand cream, hair conditioner, skin treatments, lip balm, toothpaste. alternative names : cinnamomum cassia leaf oil, cassia bark oil ; cassia oil ; cinnamon ( cinnamomum cassia ) oil ; cinnamon oil ; oil, essential, cinnamon ; oil of cassia ; oil of cinnamon ; oils, cinnamon ; cinnamon oil, essential ; cinnamon oils ; essential cinnamon oil toxicity : cinnamon leaf oil is generally classified as non - toxic or harmful by the environmental working group ' s skin deep database.


from : cathy danielson ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ) date : tue jun 17 2003 - 13 : 34 : 40 edt next message : jesserogue @ aol. com : " [ channel - talkchemistry ] atoms and molecules lesson ideas " i have my students create their own periodic table using element cards, much like the teacher in the program did. i have found my students somewhat confused - just as his students were! i don ' t know if this is my own idea or if i borrowed it from someone else, but i have had much more success when using pieces of colored paper as an introduction to the element card activity. i give each group of 3 - 4 students a set of paper pieces ( usually 6 colors with 5 sizes of each color - all in a zip - lock plastic bag ). i instruct the students to arrange the paper pieces in a logical order. most students arrange by both size ( which can be compared to atomic number ) and color ( which can be compared to color ). many also arrange in a " rainbow order " which can also be related to the idea of periods running from most reactive metal to noble gases. the element card activity goes much better when students have some basic idea of organization already in their head. this activity also works well in my freshman physical science classes. do you yahoo!? sbc yahoo! dsl - now only $ 29. 95 per month! channel - talkchemistry mailing list


what is obstetrics? obstetrics is the practice of the birth of babies and taking care of a woman during and after her pregnancy. an obstetrician provides prenatal care and may perform the delivery as well. all ob doctors are trained in gynecology and obstetrics and may combine both specialties ( referred to as an ob - gyn ), although some practice obstetrics exclusively. however, due to increasing cost of malpractice premiums, the number of ob doctors who practice obstetrics exclusively has greatly diminished in the past 10 - 12 years. when would i see an obstetrician, and what procedures does an ob perform? a patient who suspects or knows she is pregnant should schedule a visit with an ob doctor. most insurance plans require a woman to see her primary care physician before being referred to an obstetrician. the ob doctor will establish that the patient is pregnant by either a urine or blood test, and estimate the approximate date of conception using a dating ultrasound, if approved by insurance. according to linda burke - galloway, m. d., author of the smart mother ’ s guide to a better pregnancy, most insurance companies are now restricting ultrasounds to the second trimester ( 18 - 20 weeks ) to determine both the anatomy of the baby ( to make sure the organs are developing properly ) and how far along the women is in her pregnancy. after establishing a due date, an obstetrician will schedule monthly prenatal care visits with the patient up to 28 weeks of pregnancy. visits will then be scheduled every three weeks until 32 weeks, every two weeks until 36 weeks, and then weekly until time of delivery. a urine analysis should be done at every prenatal visit to test for glucose, bacteria and protein, which could indicate a problem or pathology. vital signs should also be taken, especially blood pressure, which is extremely important to make sure there are no signs of preeclampsia ( hypertension ). after 20 weeks, a pregnant woman should be able to feel the baby move, says burke - galloway. at every visit, the obstetrician will listen for the baby ’ s heart beat and make sure it ’ s normal ( over 120 bmp ), and also document that there is fetal movement what high - risk conditions does an obstetrician treat? obstetricians are trained to diagnose and treat both normal and high - risk pregnancies, including complications such as preterm labor, preter


there is fetal movement what high - risk conditions does an obstetrician treat? obstetricians are trained to diagnose and treat both normal and high - risk pregnancies, including complications such as preterm labor, preterm premature rupture of membranes ( pprom ), gestational diabetes, signs of pre - eclampsia ( also called gestational hypertension ), and placenta previa, a condition where the placenta is attached to the uterine wall. other conditions an obstetrician will specialize in include multi - fetal gestation ( twins, triplets, etc. ), grand multiparity ( more than five pregnancies ), advanced maternal age ( mother older than 35 years at delivery ), fetal malpresentation ( breach position ), previous cesarean section for consideration of vaginal birth after cesarean ( vbac ), intrauterine growth restriction ( baby growing poorly during pregnancy ), and oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios ( too little or too much amniotic fluid ). obstetrics may also address certain infertility issues, including infertility treatments and in - vitro fertilization, although most infertility issues should be referred to a reproductive endocrinologist. obstetricians are experts at recognizing the complications that can sometimes arise during pregnancy, such as blood clots and cardiac problems, as well as the increased risk of morbidity and mortality from certain infections such as h1n1 ( swine flu ). as such, they can make recommendations on any number of preventive measures to avoid illness during pregnancy. related articles :


what is pediatric hematology / oncology? pediatric hematology / oncology focuses on the treatment of cancer and blood disorders in children and adolescents. it is a subspecialty of oncology, which focuses on the diagnosis, treatment and follow - up care of people with cancer. after completing medical school, pediatric hematologists / oncologists complete an internal medicine residency and then continue on for 2 - 3 additional years of training in pediatric hematology / oncology. these doctors diagnose and find proper treatments for various cancers and blood diseases, and also typically conduct research and clinical trials. when would i visit a pediatric hematologist / oncologist? a child may be referred to a pediatric oncologist by his or her pediatrician if diagnosis and treatment are required for cancer or a blood disorder. initial cancer treatments may include chemotherapy, pain management, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery, as well as palliative care for patients with advanced, inoperable cancer. according to john hopkins university, every year more than 12, 000 children and teens are diagnosed with cancer ranging from leukemia to sarcoma. what conditions does a pediatric hematologist / oncologist treat? a pediatric hematologist / oncologist treats cancers of the soft and hard tissues as well as various other blood diseases. some common conditions include : what is cancer? - acute lymphoblastic leukemia – commonly associated with childhood leukemia, this cancer of the blood progresses rapidly and affects lymphocyte cells. - sarcomas – a rare malignant tumor in bone or soft tissue - hodgkin ’ s disease – a cancer of lymph cells. - multiple myeloma – cancerous white blood cells that can accumulate in bone marrow, causing weakness and damage to bones. - non - hodgkin ' s lymphoma – cancers that arise from lymphocytes, a kind of white blood found in blood and lymph nodes. cancer is a mutation of cells that can form in any area of the body. some cancer cells manifest in the form of tumors while others appear as abnormalities in blood cell types. cancer can form in any area of the internal or external body, including bone, blood, organs and tissue. if left untreated or not treated in time, certain cancers can spread, or metastasize, to other areas of the body. the severity of cancer is described as stage 0, stage i, stage ii, stage iii,


tissue. if left untreated or not treated in time, certain cancers can spread, or metastasize, to other areas of the body. the severity of cancer is described as stage 0, stage i, stage ii, stage iii, or stage iv, but exact staging varies by type of cancer. what is chemotherapy? chemotherapy is the use of oral or intravenous drugs to kill cancerous cells in the body. commonly referred to as “ chemo, ” chemotherapy can be used at any time during the treatment course in an attempt to destroy cancer cells. it may also be used to shrink a tumor before surgery or destroy any cancer cells remaining after surgery. a chemo cycle lasts 3 - 4 weeks with regular treatments ; several cycles complete a chemo course, which may last three months or longer. common side effects of chemotherapy treatment include hair loss, infections, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, pain and constipation. more serious side effects include permanent organ damage, loss of memory and ability to concentrate, nerve damage and changes to the nervous system. what is radiation therapy? radiation therapy is the use of ionizing radiation ( x - rays ) or other radioactive particles to kill cancer cells. radiation may complement another treatment or be used on its own to treat various cancers. in certain patients, radiation therapy may be used as a palliative measure in an attempt to relieve symptoms and make the patient more comfortable. according to the american society of clinical oncology, more than half of all people with cancer receive some type of radiation therapy. the side effects of radiation treatment vary from no side effects, to damage to tissues surrounding the treated area, fatigue, skin reactions, upset stomach and loose stool. more serious effects include secondary cancers from the radiation, impotence and infertility. related articles : 10 foods that help fight cancer


what is psychiatry? psychiatry is a medical specialty that focuses on the study and treatment of mental health disorders. it is a highly specialized field that, despite the lack of direct diagnostic testing available, provides an extremely important role in overall wellbeing. what is a psychiatrist and what does a psychiatrist do? psychiatrists are board - certified medical doctors who diagnose and treat a variety of mental health disorders, which range from anxiety attacks and depression to schizophrenia and other psychoses. as a medical doctor, a psychiatrist is licensed to prescribe medication, and often works in conjunction with psychotherapists ( talk therapists ) and other mental health professionals. psychiatrists typically diagnose mental health disorders based on the criteria listed in manuals such as the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( dsm ), published by the american psychiatric association. before starting any kind of psychiatric treatment, a psychiatrist will typically give the patient a medical and psychiatric evaluation, gather patient history ( medical history, symptoms of problems ) and conduct physical exams, laboratory tests and brain imaging scans, such as magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) or computed tomography ( ct ) scans. psychiatrists typically work directly with patients, either in a clinical ( hospital ) or counseling situation, however many devote their practice to research, teaching in academic settings, or are employed in a corporate sector ( industrial, media, law, etc. ). psychiatrists must graduate medical school and complete 3 - 4 years of psychiatric residency, followed by psychiatric fellowship training. they are certified by the american board of psychiatry and neurology ( abpn ). psychiatry is a complex field with a range of subspecialties including : what conditions does a psychiatrist commonly treat? - addiction psychiatry – evaluation and treatment of individuals with alcohol, drug, or other substance - related disorders as pertaining to mental processes - child and adolescent psychiatry – psychiatric issues in children, teenagers, and families - cross - cultural psychiatry – cultural and ethnic issues related to mental disorders and psychiatric services - geriatric psychiatry – the understanding, prevention and treatment of mental disorders in elderly persons psychiatrists treat a wide range of conditions in children and adults, some of which can be harmful or life - threatening to the patient and others if not treated. examples of various conditions psychiatrists treat include : related articles : top 10 tips to fight depressioneccentric or undiagnosed? are you an adhd adult? - autism and asperger disorder - alcoholism, substance abuse - addictions and compulsions - abuse, bullying and violence - attention deficit /


newshealth tip : preventing rabies keeping your family safe from dog bites animal bites and scratches, even when they are minor, can become infected and spread bacteria to other parts of the body. whether the bite is from a family pet or an animal in the wild, scratches and bites can carry disease. cat scratches, for examples, even from a kitten can carry " cat scratch disease, " a bacterial infection. other animals can transmit rabies and tetanus. bites that break the skin are even more likely to become infected. wash the wound with soap and water under pressure from a faucet, but do not scrub because this bruises the tissue. if the bite or scratch is bleeding, apply pressure to it with a clean bandage or towel to stop the bleeding. dry the wound and cover it with a sterile dressing, but, do not use tape or butterfly bandages. they can trap harmful bacteria in the wound. call your doctor or health care professional for guidance in reporting the attack and to determine whether additional treatment, such as antibiotics, a tetanus booster, or rabies vaccination is needed. if possible, locate the animal that inflicted the wound. some animals need to be captured, confined, and observed for rabies. do not try to capture the animal yourself ; instead contact the nearest animal warden or animal control office in your area. if the animal cannot be found, or if the animal was a high - risk species ( skunk or bat ), or the animal attack was unprovoked, the victim may need a series of rabies shots. rabies is a widespread, viral infection of warm - blooded animals. caused by a virus in the rhabdoviridae family, it attacks the nervous system and, once symptoms develop, it is 100 percent fatal in animals. in north america, rabies occurs primarily in skunks, raccoons, foxes, coyotes, and bats. in some areas, these wild animals infect domestic cats, dogs, and livestock. in the united states, cats are more likely than dogs to be rabid. individual states maintain information about animals that may carry rabies. it is best to check for region specific information if you are unsure about a specific animal and have been bitten. in the mid - atlantic states, where rabies is increasing in raccoons, woodchucks ( groundhogs ) can be rabid. travelers to developing countries, where vaccination of domestic animals is not routine, should talk with their health care provider about getting the ra


where rabies is increasing in raccoons, woodchucks ( groundhogs ) can be rabid. travelers to developing countries, where vaccination of domestic animals is not routine, should talk with their health care provider about getting the rabies vaccine before traveling. the rabies virus enters the body through a cut or scratch, or through mucous membranes ( such as the lining of the mouth and eyes ), and travels to the central nervous system. once the infection is established in the brain, the virus travels down the nerves from the brain and multiplies in different organs. the salivary glands are most important in the spread of rabies from one animal to another. when an infected animal bites another animal, the rabies virus is transmitted through the infected animal ' s saliva. scratches by claws of rabid animals are also dangerous because these animals lick their claws. the incubation in humans from the time of exposure to the onset of illness can range anywhere from five days to more than a year, although the average incubation period is about two months. rabies : stage 1 rabies : stage 2 in animals, the direct fluorescent antibody test ( dfa ) performed on brain tissue is most frequently used to diagnose rabies. within a few hours, diagnostic laboratories can determine whether an animal is rabid and provide this information to medical professionals. these results may save a patient from unnecessary physical and psychological trauma if the animal is not rabid. in humans, a battery of tests is necessary to confirm or rule out rabies, as no single test can be used to rule out the disease with certainty. tests are performed on samples of serum, saliva, spinal fluid, and skin biopsies taken from the nape of the neck. unfortunately, there is no known, effective treatment for rabies once symptoms of the illness have developed. however, there are effective vaccines ( hdcv, pcec ) that provide immunity to rabies when administered soon after an exposure, or for protection before an exposure occurs ( for persons such as veterinarians and animal handlers ). do not try to separate fighting animals. avoid strange and sick animals. leave animals alone when they are eating. keep pets on a leash when out in public. select family pets carefully. never leave a young child alone with a pet. all domestic dogs and cats should be immunized against rabies and shots kept current. do not approach or play with wild animals of any kind, and be aware that domestic animals may also be infected with the


when photography was first introduced and became popular, it was a lengthy process, with prolonged exposure times and the requirement for the sitter to remain still throughout the process. this proved to be particularly difficult when dealing with children, and photographers often dreaded their visits to their studios. neck and back braces might be used to help to prevent the child from moving during the photography, and this helps to explain the rather fixed look on the faces of many children. as exposure times shortened, children were photographed more frequently. wealthy families had their children photographed at least once a year to record growth, and important stages in development were symbolised by a change in clothing style. little boys wore dresses until about the age of five, then short trousers until about twelve, when they adopted long trousers like adult men. the age of girls was indicated by the length of their skirts : short for little girls, calf - length for teenagers, and ankle length after 17, when they were considered grown up. full item descriptions : " victorian photograph " [ i159 ], midwinter, w h " victorian photograph " [ i160 ], haddy, w " victorian photograph " [ i162 ], hawkins, c " victorian photograph " [ i163 ], taylor, a & g " victorian photograph " [ i164 ], white, sydney victor " victorian photograph " [ i165 ], edwards, b j " victorian photograph " [ i166 ], turnbull & sons " victorian photograph " [ i167 ], elliott & fry " victorian photograph " [ i168 ], banks, r


- join over 1. 2 million students every month - accelerate your learning by 29 % - unlimited access for just £4. 99 per month comment on the significance of chapter five of mary shellys frankenstein. the first 200 words of this essay... name : catherine jones centre number : 68123 coursework : pre 1914 prose task : comment on the significance of chapter five of mary shelly ' s " frankenstein " mary shelly ' s frankenstein is an intriguing and disturbing novel, which compels you to become torn between passion, misery, dread, remorse and horror. the story of victor frankenstein ' s thirst for knowledge and his greatest creation goes against his own beliefs. victor frankenstein was so disgusted by his creation that he abandoned his work and his monster. the monster is shunned by society yet he still wants and needs love, and acceptance. the monster ' s life of loneliness and isolation drives him to despair, which results in him seeking revenge for his lie of misery. the pitiful creature can only live in places where other people do not go, resulting in total isolation. victor is tortured by his feelings and the knowledge of hat he has done, and he eventually sets out to correct his wrong doings. in chapter five victor brings his creation to life, and mary shelly shows how proud he is of himself, until he realises that he has created what he sees as a monster. this sets the tone for the rest found what you ' re looking for? - start learning 29 % faster today - over 150, 000 essays available - just £4. 99 a month not the one? we have 100 ' s more miscellaneous ( view all ) - how does john buchan create suspense in the book " the t... - explore how women are presented in veronica and king schahri... - mein traumberuf. ich wrde gern musiker werden. als ich klei... - dream holiday essay - private peaceful review - the stories of macbeth and frankenstein are two texts depict... - compare the ways in which the two writers create an atmosphe... - compare how orwell, a british novelist writing in the 1940s,... - in the stories, the meaning of elephants and the last class,... - money and happiness, it never works together. in goodbye co... " " sabreena, england. a level student. biology and chemistry. " " dean hil. l media, business, ict, history and sciences. university


general information : ( 434 ) 654 - 7000 or 1 - 800 - 633 - 6353 may signals stroke awareness month. strokes are the no. 4 killer in this country. a stroke occurs when the blood flow to the brain abruptly stops. the biggest risk factor is uncontrolled high blood pressure – remember, high blood pressure is called the silent killer for a reason. and researchers state that 80 % of strokes could have been prevented with quick action at the first symptoms. to prevent a stroke, act f. a. s. t. : ( 1 ) face drooping – ask the person to smile ( 2 ) arm weakness – ask them to raise both arms ( 3 ) speech difficulty – ask then to repeat “ the sky is blue ” ( 4 ) time to call 911 when you first see a symptom stroke risk factors : time to take action when you observe in a person or you yourself have : the key to preventing strokes is to act fast. take action now and don ’ t wait. a person needs to get to the er for early medication treatment to stop cold a stroke that might be coming soon. tia or transient ischemic attack is a “ warning stroke ” or “ mini - stroke ” that produces stroke - like symptoms. tia symptoms usually only last a few minutes but, if left untreated, people who have tias have a high risk of stroke. recognizing and treating tias can reduce the risk of a major stroke. more information at www. americanheart. org. have you heard of insulin resistance? perhaps in relationship to pre - diabetes? it is a condition that occurs when certain cells in the body, especially in the liver and muscles, lose their sensitivity to insulin. there is resistance to insulin. since the cells are not taking up as much insulin as usual, more insulin is needed to help keep your glucose levels in the normal range. and that means the pancreas eventually will not be able to keep up with making enough insulin. risk factors for insulin resistance : how best to reduce your risk for insulin resistance : insulin resistance can lead to pre - diabetes and then type 2 diabetes. since the pancreas has to compensate for your body ’ s inability to efficiently use insulin, it has to work even harder by making more insulin to get the job done. and this is stressful wear - and - tear on the pancreas. i am reminded each week, when i see patients for individual counseling, that some folks need to lower their cholesterol numbers by primarily diet


to get the job done. and this is stressful wear - and - tear on the pancreas. i am reminded each week, when i see patients for individual counseling, that some folks need to lower their cholesterol numbers by primarily diet. they may be unable to tolerate cholesterol - lowering meds, or there may be other reasons that the meds are just not right for them. so that means lifestyle is key! to get cholesterol down, focus on healthy fiber foods at each meal : to get cholesterol down, focus on healthy fats each day : to get cholesterol down, focus on natural plant sterols in other tips to get cholesterol down to reduce fatty plaque build - up in artery walls : thinking about going vegetarian? there is a national movement called meatless monday – it began about 10 years ago – it ’ s an effort to help folks move toward some meatless meals in an easy, non - threatening manner. hospitals, colleges, restaurants and workplaces are giving their support to this program. do you want to try this? meatless monday might be a painless way to ease your family into some vegetarian meals. why is this such a great ideas? it can reduce your intake of artery - clogging saturated fat, and reduce your risk for developing certain cancers, including colorectal, esophagus, lung, and liver cancers. it ’ s meatless monday – what ’ s for dinner? meatless mondays can have a lasting impact on your family habits. in one large meatless monday study, there was a lasting effect, with 40 % are incorporating more meatless meals into the rest of their week, 73 % are eating more vegetables ; 64 % eating more fruits, 42 % eating more beans ; and 47 % eating more whole grains. making lifestyle changes for better health? there is help! if you have pre - diabetes or diabetes : making lifestyle changes for better health? there is help! if you have heart issues : making lifestyle changes for better health? there is help! if you have weight management issues : other health issues where a registered dietitian might be able to offer some guidance with your food choices : our nutrition and diabetes education department will get a referral from the md office. and you can call insurance to see if there is coverage. there is more coverage in disease prevention than ever before, so it is worth checking it out. it ’ s such a growing problem world - wide that i want to discuss pre - diabetes at


and you can call insurance to see if there is coverage. there is more coverage in disease prevention than ever before, so it is worth checking it out. it ’ s such a growing problem world - wide that i want to discuss pre - diabetes at the beginning of this new year. it you have pre - diabetes, then you join 79, 000, 000 americans. worldwide, diabetes experts predict that 470 million will have pre - diabetes by year 2030!!! if you have pre - diabetes and don ’ t do something now, you will probably develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years. so, let ’ s get into action now!! even with pre - diabetes there can be early signs of chronic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy and vascular disease. you ’ ll want your glucose numbers to be in good control ( fasting glucose is 70 - 99 mg / dl ). what lab values put you in the pre - diabetes range? lifestyle changes that can reverse pre - diabetes : usually two things are going on in pre - diabetes : the pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin and there is insulin resistance from the tummy fat. fortunately lifestyle changes are often the only thing that needs to happen to get glucose readings back to the normal range. how cool is that??? eating healthier is probably one of your 2013 health goals. did you know that throughout the day you can make as many as 200 food and eating decisions – that ’ s right – 200!! and many of those choices are completely mindless – we make them without thinking. this can lead to overeating, and therefore, weight gain. here are a few thoughts about mindful, healthy eating for the new year. assess when you overeat : give attention to food when you are eating : losing weight gradually and / our maintaining a healthy weight means giving attention to what, how, when and where you eat. eating healthy doesn ’ t just happen – you need to make it happen : a recommendation on sodium intake has been made by the american heart association. it ’ s pretty aggressive. but these heart researchers feel very strongly that lowering sodium / salt intake can help the 76 million u. s. adults with high blood pressure, and may prevent high blood pressure in millions of other americans. the average daily sodium intake : 3, 400 mg. the usda sodium guidelines : less than 2, 300 mg, and the american heart association sodium guidelines : less than 1, 500 mg. sodium intake adds up quickly when you rely on convenience items.


average daily sodium intake : 3, 400 mg. the usda sodium guidelines : less than 2, 300 mg, and the american heart association sodium guidelines : less than 1, 500 mg. sodium intake adds up quickly when you rely on convenience items. for example, a homemade spaghetti sauce has ~ 50 mg sodium in ½ cup but ½ cup jarred spaghetti sauce can be as high as 800 mg of sodium. as much as possible, have dishes prepared from scratch, with flavorful herbs and spices for seasoning rather than salt. remember, every time that you omit 1 teaspoon of salt from a recipe, you save 2, 300 mg of sodium!! holy cow! be alert when shopping. the nutrition facts label on each and every packaged food item must list the sodium content per serving. and the american heart association reminds us that reducing our sodium / salt intake can help keep the blood pressure of all family members in good control. and that will reduce cardiovascular disease risk! how do you sleep at night? sleeping well and adequately is so very important health - wise. a recent study found that weight loss, especially in the belly, in obese or overweight individuals with type 2 diabetes or pre - diabetes improved the quality of their sleep. isn ’ t that interesting? common sleep problems in folks : chronic sleep problems can lead to : even a modest 15 lb. weight loss makes a difference in sleep. and in the study it did not matter if folks lost weight by just making changes in their diet, or a combo with added exercise, there was a sleep benefit. sleep health – that means sleeping restfully and long enough – is important for physical as well as mental health. sleep well ….. and losing weight might help you to do just that! national guidelines for fruits and vegetable intake are not being met by young adults aged 19 - 30 years of age. at least 2 cups of fruits and 2 - 3 cups vegetables are suggested. a 10 - year study of over 1, 000 teens and young adults had some interesting results about what factors promote a great intake of produce. current produce intake by teens and young people only ½ cup per day of fruits and 1 cup / day of vegetables. far below the recommendations. what predicted a higher produce intake when the youth reached young adulthood? when raising kids, it is so important to let fruits and vegetables be front and central in your daily menus. serving limp, colorless, dull over - cooked produce will never be appealing to your family. think opposite … interesting, colorful, in -


the holy family after rendering most substantial services to self - consciousness by humiliating itself to the extent of nonsense in foreign languages, and thereby at the same time freeing the world from pauperism, criticism still further humiliates itself to the extent of nonsense in practice and history. it masters " english questions of the day " and gives us a genuinely critical outline of the history of english industry. criticism, which is self - sufficient, and complete and perfect in itself, naturally cannot recognise history as it really took place, for that would mean recognising the base mass in all its mass - like mass nature, whereas the problem is precisely to redeem the mass from its mass nature. history is therefore freed from its mass nature, and criticism, which has a free attitude to its object, calls to history : " you ought to have happened in such and such a way! " all the laws of criticism have retrospective force : prior to the decrees of criticism, history behaved quite differently from how it did after them. hence mass - type history, so - called real history, deviates considerably from critical history, as it takes place in heft vii of the literatur - zeitung from page 4 onwards. in mass - type history there were no factory towns before there were factories ; but in critical history, in which, as already in hegel, the son begets his father, manchester, bolton and preston were flourishing factory towns before factories were even thought of. in real history the cotton industry was founded mainly on hargreaves ' jenny and arkwright ' s throstle, crompton ' s mule being only an improvement of the spinning jenny according to the new principle discovered by arkwright. but critical history knows how to make distinctions : it scorns the one - sidedness of the jenny and the throstle, and gives the crown to the mule as the speculative identity of the extremes. in reality, the invention of the throstle and the mule immediately made possible the application of water - power to those machines, but critical criticism sorts out the principles lumped together by crude history and makes this application come only later, as something quite special. in reality the invention of the steam - engine preceded all the above - mentioned inventions ; according to criticism it is the crown of them all and the last. in reality the business ties between liverpool and manchester in their present scope were the result of the export of english goods ; according to criticism they are the cause of the export and both are the result of the proximity of


crown of them all and the last. in reality the business ties between liverpool and manchester in their present scope were the result of the export of english goods ; according to criticism they are the cause of the export and both are the result of the proximity of the two towns. in reality nearly all goods from manchester go to the continent via hull, according to criticism via liverpool. in reality all grades of wages exist in english factories, from is 6d to 40s and more ; but according to criticism only one rate is paid — 11s. in reality the machine replaces manual labour ; according to criticism it replaces thought. in reality the association of workers for wage rises is allowed in england, but according to criticism it is prohibited, for when the mass wants to allow itself anything it must first ask criticism. in reality factory labour is extremely tiring and gives rise to specific diseases — there are even special medical works on them ; according to criticism " excessive exertion cannot be a hindrance to work, for the power is provided by the machine ". in reality the machine is a machine ; according to criticism it has a will, for as it does not rest, neither can the worker, and he is subordinated to an alien will. but that is still nothing at all. criticism cannot be content with the mass - type parties in england ; it creates new ones, including a " factory party ", for which history may be thankful to it. on the other hand, it lumps together the factory - owners and the factory workers in one massive heap — why bother about such trifles! — and decrees that the factory workers refused to contribute to the anti - corn - law leagues not out of ill - will or because of chartism, as the stupid factory - owners maintain, but merely because they were poor. it further decrees that with the repeal of the english corn laws agricultural labourers will have to put up with a lowering of wages, in regard to which, however, we must most submissively remark that that destitute class cannot be deprived of another penny without being reduced to absolute starvation. it decrees that the working day in english factories is sixteen hours, although a silly un - critical english law has fixed a maximum of twelve hours. it decrees that england is to become a huge workshop for the world, although the un - critical mass of americans, germans and belgians are ruining one market after another for the english by their competition. lastly, it decrees that neither the propertied nor the non - propertied classes in england are


the world, although the un - critical mass of americans, germans and belgians are ruining one market after another for the english by their competition. lastly, it decrees that neither the propertied nor the non - propertied classes in england are aware of the centralisation of property and its consequences for the working classes, although the stupid chartists think they are well aware of them ; the socialists maintain that they expounded those consequences in detail long ago, and even tories and whigs like carlyle, alison and gaskell have proved their knowledge of them in their works. criticism decrees that lord ashley ' s ten hour bill is a half - hearted juste - milieu measure and lord ashley himself " a true illustration of constitutional action ", while the factory - owners, the chartists, the landowners — in short, all that makes up the mass nature of england — have so far considered this measure as an expression, the mildest possible one admittedly, of a downright radical principle, since it would lay the axe at the root of foreign trade and thereby at the root of the factory system — nay, not merely lay the axe to it, but cut deeply into it. critical criticism knows better. it knows that the ten hour question was discussed before a " commission " of the lower house, although the un - critical newspapers try to make us believe that this " commission " was the house itself, " a committee of the whole house " ; but criticism must needs do away with that eccentricity of the english constitution. critical criticism, which itself begets its opposite, the stupidity of the mass, also produces the stupidity of sir james graham : by a critical understanding of the english language it puts things in his mouth which the un - critical home secretary never said, just to allow critical wisdom to shine brighter in comparison with his stupidity. graham, according to criticism, says that the machines in the factories wear out in about twelve years whether they work ten hours a day or twelve, and that therefore a ten hour bill would make it impossible for the capitalists to reproduce in twelve years through the work of their machines the capital laid out on them. criticism proves that it has thus put a false conclusion in the mouth of sir james graham, for a machine that works one - sixth of the time less every day will naturally remain usable longer. however correct this observation of critical criticism against its own false conclusion, it must, on the other hand, be conceded that sir james graham said that under a ten hour bill the machine would have to