{"text": "vibration response imaging vibration response imaging or vri, is nominally a medical vr visualisation technology, although it has obvious uses in other fields. it was developed to image patient lungs, and works via detecting vibrations within the target body, via sensors deployed to either side, pressed against the surface. below, we offer a selection of links from our resource databases which may match this term. related dictionary entries for vibration response imaging : resources in our database matching the term vibration response imaging : as the demands for precise imaging in fields such as medicine, astronomy, and real - time machine vision in hostile environments continue to increase, so the demands placed on imaging equipment become ever more stringent. an imaging method based on single photon avalanche photodiodes ( spad ) offers the potential to ease this bottleneck greatly. technology review ' s long, and in depth look at the rise of diffusion spectrum imaging, and how this new neural interface imaging technique is rapidly accelerating the study of both human and animal brains to an extent unparalleled by any previous imaging technique, even fmri. diffusion spectrum imaging is a new technique at time of writing, which allows magnetic resonance brain imaging, at a much higher level of fidelity than fmri permits. in mid 2012, swiss researchers turned the world of alzheimers plaque imaging on its head : by combining a phased imaging source and an integral vr model generator, for the first time ever we can now track the formation of alzheimers plaques in real - time in living patients. ar based medical imaging technologies really began to take off in the early 2000s. there are a growing range of holographic, projective, interactive gesture recognition tools available, which can really make training and diagnosis so much easier. vrixp is a medical diagnosis device using what is perhaps a novel form of 3d visualisation. it uses audio analysis of vibration deep inside the body to assemble precise structural detail. fmri or functional magnetic resonance imaging, is one of the newest brain imaging technologies for the first decade of the 21st century. it is a basic form of brain - computer interaction. these are the proceedings of the fourth international medical imaging and augmented reality conference, held in tokyo, japan, august 1 - 2, 2008. these are the proceedings of the third international medical imaging and augmented reality conference, held in shanghai, china, august 17 - 18, 2006. these are the proceedings of the first international medical imaging and augmented reality conference, held in hong kong, 10 - 12 june 2001. industry news containing the term vibration response imaging : results by page currently, to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5821973008191373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.419588"} {"text": "china, august 17 - 18, 2006. these are the proceedings of the first international medical imaging and augmented reality conference, held in hong kong, 10 - 12 june 2001. industry news containing the term vibration response imaging : results by page currently, to keep track of a game, soccer fans have the option of reading textual information of the game? s key events in near - real - time, or listening to audio of the text transferred to voice. however, these options require a user? s full... magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) can serve as a very sensitive technique for detecting small tumors in the body, but it is not as good at identifying the edges of a tumor. photoacoustic imaging tomography ( pat ) is not as sensitive as mri, b... a new 3d view of the body ' s response to infection - - and the ability to identify proteins involved in the response - - could point to novel biomarkers and therapeutic agents for infectious diseases. vanderbilt university scie... this week, researchers from philips electronics plan to describe a jacket they have lined with vibration motors to study the effects of touch on a movie viewer? s emotional response to what the characters are experiencing. new functional and imaging - based diagnostic tests that measure communication and signaling between different brain regions may provide valuable information about consciousness in patients unable to communicate. the new tests,...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5834362846685148, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.420268"} {"text": "april 19, 1996 this document contains a high - level proposal for embedding fonts in html documents on the world wide web. clients interact with platform - specific services ( called \" embedding services \" in this document ) that provide much of the embedding functionality. the embedding services used by the clients perform the following functions : the embedding services create an embedded font structure from a specified font or fonts. the font structure has a known length and stream identifier, which the clients use to package the structure appropriately. rather than actually embed a font structure in an html document, we propose that clients create a separate file to contain the embedded font or fonts, perhaps called a. font file, with its own url. this file would have the following mime specification : an html document would contain a reference to the associated font file, similar to the way graphics or other objects are referenced within a web document. we propose the tag < font file > to associate fonts with a web document. for example, < font file = name. font > the following scenario outlines the process an authoring client might follow when embedding a font in an html document : display clients will use a procedure similar to the following to load and display embedded fonts : open issue regarding html forms : fonts with read - only embedding privileges ( preview and print embedding ) have previously only been allowed to be loaded for use in read - only documents. a web author may unknowingly embed a read - only font for use with an html form, which allows a user to modify and enter text. rather than create a new embedding level for this purpose, or modifying the existing read - only level to permit this use of the font, the client should substitute a local font for the read - only font used in the form. authoring clients need to determine which fonts are actually used in a document before embedding the fonts. fonts that are associated with a document but not actually displayed should not be embedded. authoring clients also need to determine which of the fonts used in a document should actually be embedded. fonts that will exist on the remote system, such as the windows core fonts, should not be embedded. users may also notify the authoring client of fonts they do not want to embed. authoring clients are responsible for maintaining a shared typeface exclusion list that lists fonts that should not be embedded. if an authoring client", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5167415918268954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.424089"} {"text": "embedded. users may also notify the authoring client of fonts they do not want to embed. authoring clients are responsible for maintaining a shared typeface exclusion list that lists fonts that should not be embedded. if an authoring client requests the font be subsetted, the client must supply the list of characters used in the document. authoring and display clients are responsible for defining functions that the embedding services can use to write the font structure to the. font file. the embedding services report the embedding privileges the font creator has applied to the font, and clients must respect those privileges. after loading and displaying a document with a font intended for temporary use, a client must uninstall the font. when loading a document with embedded fonts that the creator has labeled fully - installable, the display client should ask the user whether to permanently install the font or use it only temporarily. otherwise, users may unwittingly load numerous fonts on their computer that they never regularly use. microsoft has worked with the font industry to develop standards for identifying embeddability within font files. the embeddability of a truetype font is determined by the creator of the font. information about the level of embedding permitted for the font is contained in the fstype bit field of the os / 2 table, as described in the truetype 1. 0 font file specification. os / 2 table description fstype bit settings 1 restricted license embedding. the font must not be modified, embedded, or exchanged in any manner without first obtaining permission of the legal owner. 2 preview and print embedding. the font may be embedded within documents, but must only be installed temporarily on the remote system. documents containing the font can only be opened as \" read - only. \" 3 editable embedding. the font may be embedded within documents, but must only be installed temporarily on the remote system. documents containing the font can be opened for reading and writing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4551181175645381, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.425001"} {"text": "parents and schools what about school? a child with mental retardation can do well in school but is likely to need individualized help. fortunately, states are responsible for meeting the educational needs of children with disabilities. for children up to age three, services are provided through an early intervention system. staff work with the child ' s family to develop what is known as an individualized family services plan, or ifsp. the ifsp will describe the child ' s unique needs. it also describes the services the child will receive to address those needs. the ifsp will emphasize the unique needs of the family, so that parents and other family members will know how to help their young child with mental retardation. early intervention services may be provided on a sliding - fee basis, meaning that the costs to the family will depend upon their income. in some states, early intervention services may be at no cost to parents. for eligible school - aged children ( including preschoolers ), special education and related services are made available through the school system. school staff will work with the child ' s parents to develop an individualized education program, or iep. the iep is similar to an ifsp. it describes the child ' s unique needs and the services that have been designed to meet those needs. special education and related services are provided at no cost to parents. many children with mental retardation need help with adaptive skills, which are skills needed to live, work, and play in the community. teachers and parents can help a child work on these skills at both school and home. some of these skills include : - communicating with others ; - taking care of personal needs ( dressing, bathing, going to the bathroom ) ; - health and safety ; - home living ( helping to set the table, cleaning the house, or cooking dinner ) ; - social skills ( manners, knowing the rules of conversation, getting along in a group, playing a game ) ; - reading, writing, and basic math ; and - as they get older, skills that will help them in the workplace. supports or changes in the classroom ( called adaptations ) help most students with mental retardation. some common changes that help students with mental retardation are listed below under \" tips for teachers. \" the resources below also include ways to help children with mental retardation. tips for parents - learn about mental retardation. the more you know, the more you can help yourself and your child. see the list of resources and organizations at the end of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4731367308475968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.430386"} {"text": "also include ways to help children with mental retardation. tips for parents - learn about mental retardation. the more you know, the more you can help yourself and your child. see the list of resources and organizations at the end of this publication. - encourage independence in your child. for example, help your child learn daily care skills, such as dressing, feeding him or herself, using the bathroom, and grooming. - give your child chores. keep her age, attention span, and abilities in mind. break down jobs into smaller steps. for example, if your child ' s job is to set the table, first ask her to get the right number of napkins. then have her put one at each family member ' s place at the table. do the same with the utensils, going one at a time. tell her what to do, step by step, until the job is done. demonstrate how to do the job. help her when she needs assistance. give your child frequent feedback. praise your child when he or she does well. build your child ' s abilities. - find out what skills your child is learning at school. find ways for your child to apply those skills at home. for example, if the teacher is going over a lesson about money, take your child to the supermarket with you. help him count out the money to pay for your groceries. help him count the change. - find opportunities in your community for social activities, such as scouts, recreation center activities, sports, and so on. these will help your child build social skills as well as to have fun. - talk to other parents whose children have mental retardation. parents can share practical advice and emotional support. call nichcy ( 1. 800. 695. 0285 ) and ask how to find a parent group near you. - meet with the school and develop an educational plan to address your child ' s needs. keep in touch with your child ' s teachers. offer support. find out how you can support your child ' s school learning at home. tips for teachers - learn as much as you can about mental retardation. the organizations listed at the end of this publication will help you identify specific techniques and strategies to support the student educationally. we ' ve also listed some strategies below. - recognize that you can make an enormous difference in this student ' s life! find out what the student ' s strengths and interests are, and emphasize them. create opportunities for success. - work together with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39388441534505175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.431619"} {"text": "' ve also listed some strategies below. - recognize that you can make an enormous difference in this student ' s life! find out what the student ' s strengths and interests are, and emphasize them. create opportunities for success. - work together with the student ' s parents and other school personnel to create and implement an educational plan tailored to meet the student ' s needs. regularly share information about how the student is doing at school and at home. - if you are not part of the student ' s individualized education program ( iep ) team, ask for a copy of his or her iep. the student ' s educational goals will be listed there, as well as the services and classroom accommodations he or she is to receive. talk to specialists in your school ( e. g., special educators ), as necessary. they can help you identify effective methods of teaching this student, ways to adapt the curriculum, and how to address the student ' s iep goals in your classroom. - be as concrete as possible. demonstrate what you mean rather than just giving verbal directions. rather than just relating new information verbally, show a picture. and rather than just showing a picture, provide the student with hands - on materials and experiences and the opportunity to try things out. - break new tasks into small steps. demonstrate the steps. have the student do the steps, one at a time. provide assistance, as necessary. - give the student immediate feedback. - teach the student life skills such as daily living, social skills, and occupational awareness and exploration, as appropriate. involve the student in group activities or clubs. sourced from : mental retardation fact sheet ( fs8 ) national dissemination center for children with disabilities revision : january 2004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4184500579837692, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.432338"} {"text": "well inside the arctic circle, scientists have found black smoker vents farther north than anyone has ever seen before. the cluster of five vents \u2014 one towering nearly four stories in height \u2014 are venting water as hot as 570 f. dissolved sulfide minerals that solidify when vent water hits the icy cold of the deep sea have, over the years, accumulated around the vent field in what is one of the most massive hydrothermal sulfide deposits ever found on the seafloor, according to marvin lilley, a uw oceanographer. he \u2019 s a member of an expedition led by rolf pedersen, a geologist with the university of bergen \u2019 s centre for geobiology, aboard the research vessel g. o. sars. the vents are located at 73 degrees north on the mid - atlantic ridge between greenland and norway. that \u2019 s more than 120 miles from the previous northernmost vents found during a 2005 expedition, also led by pedersen. other scientists have detected plumes of water from hydrothermal vents even farther north but have been unable to find the vent fields on the seafloor to image and sample them. in recent years scientists have been interested in knowing how far north vigorous venting extends. that \u2019 s because the ridges where such fields form are so stable up north, usually subject only to what scientists term \u201c ultra - slow \u201d spreading. that \u2019 s where tectonic forces are pulling the seafloor apart at a rate as little as three - fifths of an inch in a year. this compares to lower latitudes where spreading can be up to eight times that amount, and fields of hydrothermal vents are much more common. \u201c we hadn \u2019 t expected a lot of active venting on ultra - slow spreading ridges, \u201d lilley said. the active chimneys in the new field are mostly black and covered with white mats of bacteria feasting on the minerals emitted by the vents. older chimneys are mottled red as a result of iron oxidization. all are the result of seawater seeping into the seafloor, coming near fiery magma and picking up heat and minerals until the water vents back into the ocean. the same process created the huge mound of sulfide minerals on which the vents sit. that deposit is about 825 feet in diameter at its base and about 300 feet across on the top and might turn out to be the largest such deposit seen on the seafloor, lilley said. additional mapping is needed. \u201c given the massive sulfide deposit, the vent field must surely have been active for many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4575203314594175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.437029"} {"text": "300 feet across on the top and might turn out to be the largest such deposit seen on the seafloor, lilley said. additional mapping is needed. \u201c given the massive sulfide deposit, the vent field must surely have been active for many thousands of years, \u201d he said. the field has been named loki \u2019 s castle partly because the small chimneys at the site looked like a fantasy castle to the scientists. the loki part refers to a norwegian god renowned for trickery. a university of bergen press release about the discovery said loki \u201c was an appropriate name for a field that was so difficult to locate. \u201d indeed this summer \u2019 s expedition and the pinpointing of the location of the vents last month follows nearly a decade of research. finding the actual field involved extensive mapping. it also meant sampling to detect warm water and using optical sensors lowered in the ocean to determine the chemistry, both parts that involved lilley. he said a key sensor was one developed by ko - ichi nakamura of the national institute for industrial science and technology, japan, that detects reduced chemicals that are in the water as a result of having been processed through a hydrothermal vent. a remotely operated vehicle was used to finally find the vents. the difficulties of the task are described in an expedition web diary, see \u201c day 17 : and then there were vents \u201d at http : / / www. geobio. uib. no / view. aspx? mid = 1062 & itemid = 90 & pageid = 1093 & moduledefid = 71. the area around the vents was alive with microorganisms and animals. preliminary observations suggest that the ecosystem around these arctic vents is diverse and appears to be unique, unlike the vent communities observed elsewhere, the university of bergen press release said. the expedition included 25 participants from five countries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4525785078944171, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.438026"} {"text": "well, the tri - state weather may take an unusual turn again in the seasons ahead. the latest from the national oceanic atmospheric administration indicates we could be set for an el nino winter. an el nino may form in the pacific ocean within six months, perhaps altering the number of atlantic hurricanes while bringing rain to the drought - stricken southeastern united states. for the tri - state, most studies show that an el nino winter often means less precipitation and warmer than usual temperatures during the season. the climate prediction center has issued an el nino watch because \u201c there is a 50 percent chance \u201d that the central pacific will warm before the end of the year. the formation of an el nino, a warming of the pacific, can, and usually does, have a major impact on the nation ' s weather and on energy and agriculture markets. the most immediate impact could be on this year ' s hurricane season. plus, this weather oddity can produce threats to the orange crops in florida. el nino enhances atlantic ocean wind shear, which is a change in speed or direction of winds at different levels in the atmosphere. the winds tear at the structure of growing tropical systems, preventing them from organizing or strengthening. across the nation, the southern united states can sometimes experience dangerous flooding because of the re - adjustment of the pacific jet stream. this storm track lines up across the south allowing for storms to repeatedly bring torrential rain to that area. as for our area, while many el nino years do produce warmer and wetter weather, the intensity of the el nino outbreak can have a lot to do with the outcome. if you would like to learn more, you can go here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4800029391028847, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.440027"} {"text": "blood type test blood type tests are done before a person gets a blood transfusion and to check a pregnant woman ' s blood type. human blood is typed by certain markers ( called antigens ) on the surface of red blood cells. blood type may also be done to see if two people are likely to be blood the most important antigens are blood group antigens ( abo ) and the rh antigen. so the two most common blood type tests are the abo and rh tests. the abo test shows that people have one of four blood types : a, b, ab, or o. if your red blood cells have : - the a antigen, you have type a blood. the liquid portion of your blood ( plasma ) has antibodies that fight against type b blood. in the united states, about 40 % of the white population, 27 % of african americans, 28 % of asians, and 16 % of native americans are type a. - the b antigen, you have type b blood. your plasma has antibodies that fight against type a blood. in the u. s., about 11 % of the white population, 20 % of african americans, 27 % of asians, and 4 % of native americans are type - neither the a nor b antigen, you have type o blood. your plasma has antibodies that fight against both type a and type b blood. in the u. s., about 45 % of the white population, 49 % of african americans, 40 % of asians, and 79 % of native americans are type o. - both the a and b antigens, you have type ab blood. your plasma does not have antibodies against type a or type b blood. in the u. s., about 4 % of the white population, 4 % of african americans, 5 % of asians, and less than 1 % of native americans are blood received in a transfusion must have the same antigens as yours ( compatible blood ). if you get a transfusion that has different antigens ( incompatible blood ), the antibodies in your plasma will destroy the donor blood cells. this is called a transfusion reaction, and it occurs immediately when incompatible blood is transfused. a transfusion reaction can be mild or cause a serious illness and even death. type o - negative blood does not have any antigens. it is called the \" universal donor \" type because it is compatible with any blood type. type ab - positive blood is called the \" universal recipient \" type because a person who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48779820845805033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.442877"} {"text": "heart disease and the heart biopsy a heart biopsy, also called myocardial biopsy or cardiac biopsy, is an invasive procedure to detect heart disease. it entails using a bioptome ( a small catheter with a grasping device on the end ) to obtain a small piece of heart muscle tissue that is sent to a laboratory for analysis. why do i need a heart biopsy? your doctor uses a heart biopsy to : - evaluate or confirm the presence of rejection after a heart transplant. - diagnose myocarditis ( inflammation of the heart muscle ) or certain other cardiac disorders such as cardiomyopathy or cardiac amyloidosis - - if common diagnostic tools like echocardiogram, ekg, or chest x - rays are not revealing suspected abnormal heart tissue, or a patient ' s heart condition is dramatically worsening without apparent cause. a heart biopsy can correctly pinpoint a specific diagnosis in 10 % - 20 % of cases. how should i prepare for a heart biopsy? to prepare yourself for a heart biopsy, you should know : - the biopsy takes place in the hospital as an outpatient procedure. typically, you come to the hospital the day of the test, but in some cases, you may be admitted the night before the procedure. - you can wear whatever you like to the hospital, but it is a good idea to leave valuables, such as jewelry, at home. you will wear a hospital gown during the procedure. - your doctor or nurse will give you specific instructions about what you can and cannot eat or drink before the procedure. in general, food and fluids are restricted for 6 to 8 hours before the test. - ask your doctor what medications should be taken on the day of your heart biopsy. be sure to tell your doctor if you are taking any nutrition supplements or herbal preparations, and tell your doctor which over - the - counter medications you are taking. please bring a list of all of your medications and the current dosages with you. - if you have diabetes, ask your doctor how to adjust your medications the day of your test. - tell your doctor and / or nurses if you are allergic to anything. - arrange for someone to drive you home after the test, as you may be groggy from the sedative given to numb the site where the catheter is inserted. - if you normally wear dentures or a hearing device, plan to wear them during the procedure to help with communication. if you wear glasses, plan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5120494158078752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.445488"} {"text": "my first year teaching was during the ' 04 presidential primary. i drove into the school parking lot on the day of my state ' s primary and was ecstatic to realize the voting was being held at our school. knowing the families i taught and how many jobs they worked, i didn ' t think they would be taking their children along with them to vote. i doubted the children had ever seen what it was like to experience the voting process, and, as a first year teacher not yet obsessed by the demands of my plan book, i decided to remedy this. i got permission from the poll officials to bring my loud first graders down to our gym. then i tried to prep my kids. how do you explain a primary to first graders? ok, so you know we have a president. yes, george bush. no, not george washington dc bush, just george bush. no, george washington is dead. no, so is abraham lincoln. yes, a long time ago. so, yes, a president. well, every 4 years we decide if we want to keep the current president and we give other people a chance at the job. this went on for quite awhile. eventually we ended up holding a vote, who thinks george bush should stay president? who thinks someone else should get a chance? the results were a clear example of first grade logic. ' george bush should stay president because it is his turn now and we might hurt his feelings if we ask him to leave '. ' george bush can still be president. all those people saying that he does a bad job, well, they don ' t know what the job is. george bush does. ' ' my mom says george bush is president '. after our own classroom voting experience we walked down to the gym, ready to check out the voting booth. i might add that i am from a small town and as i stood there with my first graders i realized that it would also be my first time seeing how the electronic touch - screens work. ( to this day i still have not voted on one ). a kind elderly gentleman realized why we were there and offered to let us watch his vote, as long as we didn ' t tell anyone. aha! teachable moment on voting rights and privacy! so, we leaned in to listen to how the machine worked and watch the man vote. as we listened to the explanation one of my kiddos broke away from the pack. ' i want george bush, i want george bush ' he grumbled under his breath as he spun in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4947797339066156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.448704"} {"text": "if you use exfoliating soaps, you might not know those little beads may be made of plastic - - or think about what happens to them when they go down the drain. but it ' s on the minds of marine science researchers, as well as a major company. unilever, the company that makes dove soaps, vaseline, pond ' s skin cream and other personal care products, announced recently it ' s phasing out the use of \" plastic micro beads as a ' scrub ' material \" in its personal care products. by 2015, the phase out should be complete, unilever said. the company said the \" the issue of plastics particles in the ocean is an important issue. \" microplastics are plastic pieces less than 5 millimeters ( 0. 2 inches ) long, and they are a major type of marine debris. they are used as scrubbers in hand cleansers and other domestic and industrial cleaning products, according to a 2009 review of the issue led by richard thompson, professor of marine science at the university of plymouth in the united kingdom. they also get into the environment through plastic pellets and powders being spilled in the manufacturing process for plastic products, in addition to the deterioration of larger pieces of plastic. research in microplastics suggests that very small particles, even tens of microns in diameter, can be retained in the tissues of marine invertebrates, thompson said. a 2008 study from thompson ' s group found that microplastic particles remained in mussels for 48 days. \" it remains to be seen whether they produce harmful effects in their own right, \" he said. an issue of more immediate concern is the particles ' ability to absorb contaminant chemicals in the water, he said. small plastic particles have a large surface area compared to their volume, offering ample opportunities for chemicals to latch onto their surfaces. the absorption of chemicals by these microplastic beads may be of concern to marine life, which could ingest them, thompson said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4703242822412035, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.453224"} {"text": "editorial for the vaccine risk awareness network ( vran ) newsletter ( june - oct. 2001 ) the vaccine risk awareness network inc. was formed in winlaw, british columbia, in 1992 in response to growing parental concern about the safety of current vaccination programs in canada. the following editorial was written by vran coordinator and newsletter editor edda west to accompany a chronicillnet. org special report, \" will the poliovirus eradication program rid the world of childhood paralysis? \" the editorial is reprinted here with the permission of the author and vran. time and again, when parents call vran searching for vaccine risk information, the question of polio comes up. anxious mothers ask - - but what about polio - - isn ' t that an important vaccine to get? what if my child gets polio? although most young parents today didn ' t live through the polio era, there is an inherited fear that lingers on - - a fear that is reinforced by health officials who use the threat of the resurgence of infectious diseases like polio to elicit compliance with mass vaccination programs. statements like \" these diseases are just a plane ride away \" conjure images of predatory pathogens invading from more primitive corners of the world. that the polio virus is the sole cause of polio is accepted by most people as gospel, and that the salk and sabin vaccines eradicated polio in the western world is etched into our collective consciousness as the major medical miracle of our time. but the history of polio and its vaccines is shrouded in a murky mist of politico / scientific manipulation, altered statistics, redefinition and reclassification of the disease, increased cases of vaccine induced paralytic polio, and monkey viruses transmitted by contaminated vaccines to millions of people worldwide. live virus oral polio vaccine continues to be the only source of paralytic polio in north america. and the fallout continues as researchers find the imprint of sv40 virus in a wide range of cancers and tumours, even in people who were not exposed to contaminated polio vaccine. neenyah ostrom ' s feature article invites us to broaden our concept of the disease called polio. was the polio virus really to blame for all those cases of polio in the ' 40s & ' 50s - - and what factors other than a virus are precipitating polio - like paralytic disease? the last case of indigenous wild poliovirus transmission in canada and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5058908388787947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.482153"} {"text": "cases of polio in the ' 40s & ' 50s - - and what factors other than a virus are precipitating polio - like paralytic disease? the last case of indigenous wild poliovirus transmission in canada and the american region, was \" certified \" in september 1994, says health canada. yet, despite polio having been officially conquered in the western world, crippling disease still strikes young and healthy people, the majority being children between the ages of 6 - 10. in canada, health officials eagerly monitor all cases of acute flaccid paralysis because it is the yardstick by which they monitor polio. health canada ' s dr. paul varughese emphasizes that when symptoms of paralysis present \" the single most important laboratory investigation is a stool specimen collected within two weeks of onset of paralysis for screening for wild or vaccine strain poliovirus, and that negative results of polio - specific investigations are as important as positive results for the evaluation of afp cases. \" ( 1 ) with a measure of pride, health canada says that 59 confirmed afp cases were reported in 1999 in children under the age of 15. \" the number of cases in 1999 represents a 40 % increase over the number of cases reported in an equivalent reporting period for 1998, indicating continued improvement in reporting and that the majority ( 83. 1 % ) of cases were diagnosed guillain - barre syndrome, followed by transverse myelitis ( 10. 2 % ). \" ( 1 ) no speculation is offered as to what may have triggered the paralytic illnesses. within vran, we know of several families whose children have suffered acute long term paralytic illness following mmr vaccination which later was reclassified as transverse myelitis. yet the attending medical experts vociferously deny a vaccine association. one can almost hear a collective sigh of relief every time a paralysis is diagnosed as afp - - never mind what caused it - - it ' s not polio! within days of launching the salk vaccine in the u. s. in april 1955, 79 polio cases and 11 deaths were caused by the cutter vaccine, which was found to contain live virus. assuming contagion patterns, the numbers were later increased to 204 cases. ( 4 ) a fascinating chapter in the rodale encyclopedia of common diseases ( 1962 ) gives a year by year report of the salk polio vaccine drama. fast tracked through government approval processes, rigorous safety testing thrown to the winds, and a massive propaganda campaign oiled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45422654711109234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.483919"} {"text": "fascinating chapter in the rodale encyclopedia of common diseases ( 1962 ) gives a year by year report of the salk polio vaccine drama. fast tracked through government approval processes, rigorous safety testing thrown to the winds, and a massive propaganda campaign oiled to the nines, the vaccine was thrust onto a fear filled public. as the salk vaccine program expanded, cases of paralytic polio began to increase - - \" in 1959 more than 5, 000 paralytic polio cases occurred - - 50 % more than in 1958, and 100 % more than in 1957. this trend developed in spite of 300, 000, 000 doses of salk vaccine administered in the nation ( u. s. ) by the end of 1959. dr. harold fletcher predicted in the journal of the american medical association ( april 9, 1960 ) that of a probable 6, 000 paralytic cases expected by the end of 1960, 1, 000 were likely to have had 3 shots. \" ( 2 ) rodale offers some prophetic insight : \" beneath all the hullabaloo over the salk polio vaccine runs a consistent thread of hesitation and doubt expressed by responsible medical men throughout the world. there are doubts as to its safety ; doubts as to whether this is the best way to make the vaccine ; doubts as to whether, even if the vaccine does conquer the present - day forms of polio virus, we will perhaps then be confronted with a host of viruses just a little different, each of which will also have to have its own vaccine. \" ( 2 ) one of the heroes that emerged during the salk polio vaccine debacle was dr. herbert ratner, md. as public health director in oak park illinois, assistant professor of preventive medicine and public health at stritch school of medicine in chicago, and editor of the bulletin of the american association of public health physicians, dr. ratner took on the corrupt polio vaccine establishment. in an eloquent editorial in the bulletin, he criticized the blatant manipulation of statistics, the \" double standard \" in reporting vaccine induced paralytic polio, and the secrecy that shrouded the 1954 polio vaccine field trials saying, \" one questions the propriety of imposing upon the medical profession at large, and local health officers in particular, an ' enforced ' inoculation program in the absence of making available to them the written report on the basis of which the program was presumably launched. such a failure has the effect of converting the medical profession into slave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4580167514643114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.485486"} {"text": "and local health officers in particular, an ' enforced ' inoculation program in the absence of making available to them the written report on the basis of which the program was presumably launched. such a failure has the effect of converting the medical profession into slave technicians. \" ( 3 ) dr. ratner was referring to the francis report - - a key evaluation of the field trials that tested the vaccine on humans. fraudulently, it failed to disclose to the medical community \" that those who contracted polio after their first inoculation and before their second inoculation were placed on the ' not inoculated ' list \"! ( 4 ) citing the prudent approach of other countries, ratner hoped to infuse a measure of sanity into the chaos. \" all european countries, with the exception of denmark, have discontinued their programs - - even denmark is reported to have found live virus in the salk vaccine... english authorities have cancelled the salk vaccine program as too dangerous. \" and quoting dr. g. s. wilson, director of the british public health laboratory service, \" i do not see how any vaccine prepared by salk ' s method can be guaranteed safe \" and, \"... canada has postponed its vaccination program until the early part of 1956 in keeping with its earlier prudent approach. \" ( 3 ) in may of 1960, dr. ratner chaired a panel discussion, at the 120th annual meeting of the illinois medical society to review the increasing rise in paralytic polio in the u. s. the proceedings were reprinted in the august, 1960, illinois medical journal which exposed the salk vaccine as a frank and ineptly disguised fraud. one of the experts on the panel, statistician dr. bernard greenberg, who went on to testify at congressional hearings, revealed how data had been manipulated to hide the dangers and ineffectiveness of the vaccine from the pubic. dr. greenberg explained that the perceived overall reduction in polio cases was achieved by changing the criteria by which polio was diagnosed. ( 2 ) prior to 1954, all that was required was an examination on admittance and another 24 hours later ; if the classic polio symptoms were discernible, the patient was considered to have polio. no lab test, and no residual paralysis were required to establish a paralytic polio case definitely. when the new criteria was established in 1954, for a case to be reportable as polio, residual paralysis had to linger for 60 days or longer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.503761676164659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.486503"} {"text": "lab test, and no residual paralysis were required to establish a paralytic polio case definitely. when the new criteria was established in 1954, for a case to be reportable as polio, residual paralysis had to linger for 60 days or longer. from this time onward, all cases in which paralysis lasted less than 60 days would no longer be classified as polio! overnight, the majority of cases that would have been diagnosed as polio, were now shifted into a new disease category, cocksackie virus, or aseptic viral meningitis. in canada, the dominion bureau of statistics issued an official bulletin in june 1959 titled poliomyelitis trends, 1958. \" data shown in this report are confined to paralytic poliomyelitis only. it may be noted that the dominion council of health at its 74th meeting in october 1958 recommended that for the purposes of national reporting and statistics the term non - paralytic poliomyelitis be replaced by ' meningitis, viral or aseptic, ' with the specific viruses shown where known. \" ( 13 ) dr. ratner continued to stir up the dirt. having already publicly stated that \" in 1957 the largest producer of salk vaccine in the u. s. had several million dollars worth of vaccine on hand which did not pass the minimum potency requirements of the u. s. public health service... and that subsequently, the division of biological standards reinterpreted the minimum requirements to make possible the commercial utilization of the vaccine, \" he then dropped another bombshell in the february 16, 1961 issue of the journal of the american medical association. ratner denounced the salk vaccine as \" an unstandardized product of an unstandardized process \" and that the 335 million polio shots given until now were a waste because they were too weak to be effective and that one ' s chances against polio, regardless of the previous number of shots, were no more dependable than those of someone who had not been inoculated at all. ( 2 ) in her soon to be published book vaccination and the making of mass mind, author, educator and historian walene james exposes the ruthless methods employed by the medical / pharmaceutical industry to forward their toxic agenda with the complicity of government and the media as willing co - conspirator. having lived through the polio era, she bears witness to the hideous charade that masqueraded as a public health measure. with keen insight, she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5180709985493803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.487461"} {"text": "with the complicity of government and the media as willing co - conspirator. having lived through the polio era, she bears witness to the hideous charade that masqueraded as a public health measure. with keen insight, she dissects the statistical and epidemiologcal evidence that was suppressed to forward the big lie. walene james gives voice to the many medical people whose views disagreed with the official polio ( viral caused ) construct, many of whom questioned polio being a contagious disease. some medical people had already begun to link paralytic polio - like illnesses as a response to the increasing use of serious neurotoxins like ddt, lead and arsenic compounds. dr. ralph r. scobey presented \" compelling evidence \" that the real cause of polio is not viral, but a response to poisons in a series of articles published in the archives of pediatrics ( 1946 - 53 ). ( 4 ) dr. scobey ' s work can be viewed on line at the images of poliomyelitis website. ( 10 ) revisiting the work of numerous doctors, naturopaths and chiropractors whose natural therapies helped heal polio victims, james cites the tremendous work done by dr. frederick klenner, md, whose unequivocal success with vitamin c in healing polio and many other diseases, including recovery from pesticide poisoning, is best described as a true gift to humanity. ( 5 ) another important discovery was forwarded by north carolina physician, dr. benjamin sandler, md, who found that polio could be prevented by a diet that eliminated refined carbohydrates, sugar, candy, cookies, pop and ice cream, which were ingested in enormous quantities in the summer months when polio was rampant. his research showed that hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ) was a common disorder in children and adolescents and was at the root of polio attacking this age group. low blood sugar is readily induced by wrong diet, followed by overexertion. many people followed sandler ' s recommendations, and the incidence of polio in north carolina dropped from 2, 402 cases in 1948 to 214 cases in 1949 when the country as a whole showed an increase in the number of cases in that time frame. ( 4 ) around the turn of the 20th century, people began reporting paralytic illness after smallpox vaccination. ( 15 ) by the 1920s, infantile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5089944768335604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.488339"} {"text": "country as a whole showed an increase in the number of cases in that time frame. ( 4 ) around the turn of the 20th century, people began reporting paralytic illness after smallpox vaccination. ( 15 ) by the 1920s, infantile paralysis ( later renamed polio ) began to emerge as an important new disease that often afflicted the limb that had been vaccinated. and later, when typhoid vaccine, then diphtheria, tetanus vaccines and pertussis vaccines gained widespread use, illness and paralytic episodes following vaccination became common knowledge. provocation polio is a well known phenomenon precipitated by \" diverse factors that provoke or increase the severity of polio in its victims, or localize it to a certain section in the nervous system. \" some of these factors included : vaccination, trauma, tonsillectomies, pertussis vaccines, and the injection of numerous substances such as cortisone, bismuth, guanine and penicillin. ( 9 ) strangely enough, polio is the only disease whose rise has been linked to improvement in sanitation and hygiene. epidemiological theory speculates that early on in the 20th century, people in the upper classes who could afford a cleaner environment became more susceptible to polio than poorer class people who lived in more primitive conditions, where early exposure to the virus enhanced immunity readily acquired in infancy and early childhood. undoubtedly, the decline of breastfeeding among the upper classes played an equally important role in the increase of paralytic diseases involving enteroviruses. the infant immune system evolves from the gut, and intestinal integrity determines whether the baby ' s immune function will be weak or strong. the most critical immune protection arises from the foundation laid down by breastfeeding - - a foundation that cannot be derived from any source other than mother ' s milk. dr. derrick b. jelliffe, md, describes colostrum and breast milk as an \" antiseptic intestinal paint, \" protecting intestinal epithelial surfaces until the infant ' s own immune mechanisms mature. he explains that \" the proven effect of siga [ secretory immuneglobulin a ] appears to be enteral, including as a mucosal protection, particularly against the dominant pathological bacteria in the newborn, and especially pathogenic e. coli, and enteroviruses such as polio virus and probably such newly recognized pathogens as rotaviruses... as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47536008236250854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.489215"} {"text": "mucosal protection, particularly against the dominant pathological bacteria in the newborn, and especially pathogenic e. coli, and enteroviruses such as polio virus and probably such newly recognized pathogens as rotaviruses... as well as other microbacteria, including strptococci, staphylococci, and pneumococci. \" dr. jelliffe lays particular emphasis on the crucial role of human milk in infant health : \" this is extremely important as not only is infective diarrhoea a serious neonatal disease, but in addition many systemic generalized infections, such as some cases of septicaemia of the newborn and poliomyelitis, commonly enter via the intestinal tract. \" ( 7 ) polio is in a class of eneteroviruses - - meaning they can colonize the gut. in a discussion paper on cfs ( chronic fatigue syndrome ), dr. william campbell douglas, md says that many researchers view cfs as another form of polio. \" modern genetics has confirmed the genetic similarity between polio viruses, coxsackie, and another group called the echo viruses. before the advent of the salk and sabin vaccines, there were only three polio viruses. now, with the drastic alteration of the human gut over the years as a result of these vaccines, there are at least 72 viral strains that can cause polio - like diseases. \" ( 6 ) \" when the coxsackie viruses were first isolated from cfs patients, it wasn ' t realized that we were simply dealing with a new form of polio. this new polio was caused by the replacement of the polio viruses with their brothers, the coxsackie viruses. as the researchers didn ' t get the connection at first, these new polio cases were labelled ' post - polio syndrome, ' ' chronic fatigue syndrome, ' and ' myalgic encephalomyelitis. ' by altering the population ' s resistance to a particular organism, we alter the balance of infectious agents in the environment. the circulation of wild polio viruses 1 - 3 has declined through vaccination. however, this has left us open to the other 69 polio - related viruses, which have thrived. \" ( 6 ) shortly before his death in 1997, dr. herbert ratner contacted sv40 virus researcher dr. michele carbone and gave him seven sealed vials of polio vaccine that had been stored in his basement fridge since 1955", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4865288220996393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.490146"} {"text": "thrived. \" ( 6 ) shortly before his death in 1997, dr. herbert ratner contacted sv40 virus researcher dr. michele carbone and gave him seven sealed vials of polio vaccine that had been stored in his basement fridge since 1955. he had saved those vials for 42 years waiting for the right person to inherit them - - someone perhaps a little like himself, a man of integrity, a lover of truth, a whistleblower - - you could call it a kind of divine cosmic joke. i had the extraordinary privilege of meeting herbert ratner on a number of occasions at la leche league international conferences. he served on their medical advisory board for many years, along with dr. robert mendelsohn - - two fearless mavericks who dared to expose the lies of the vaccine establishment. herbert ratner was a philosopher, a theologian, a passionate advocate of family values and children ' s health, homebirth, and of course breastfeeding. he also published child & family, a journal on attachment parenting. he was a tremendous, loving human being. i loved his lectures - - they changed my life in the most profound way. \" love is the cement of society and the prime function of the family is to raise children who know how to receive love - - who know how to give love, who develop the kind of self - respect and love for themselves they must have if they are going to love anybody else. we have to do everything possible to give the newborn infant a sense of worth. the function of the family is to turn the newborn individual into an adult who is emotionally secure and capable of loving because love is what keeps us together. \" ( from a 1979 lecture. ) on analyzing dr. ratner ' s vaccine vials, dr. carbone made a startling discovery. \" not only was the vaccine contaminated, it contained a second form of the virus - - an ' archetypal ' sv40 strain. \" explains william carlsen in his in - depth review of sv40 viral research, \" although manufacturers switched from rhesus monkeys to sv40 - free green african monkeys to grow the bulk vaccine in 1961, they have continued to use potentially contaminated polio seed strains originally grown on the rhesus monkey ( kidney ) tissue to start the bulk vaccine process. \" ( 8 ) \" manufacturers check the purity of their vaccine with a series of 14 - day tests to detect whether any sv40 slipped through. but when carbone replicated the tests, he found that the second, slower growing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4966181511236513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.491280"} {"text": "bulk vaccine process. \" ( 8 ) \" manufacturers check the purity of their vaccine with a series of 14 - day tests to detect whether any sv40 slipped through. but when carbone replicated the tests, he found that the second, slower growing ' archetypal ' strain took 19 days to emerge. \" carbone noted in a published report that it is possible that this second strain of sv40 had been evading manufacturers ' screening procedures for years - - and continued to infect vaccine recipients after 1962. ( 8 ) \" by the end of 1996, dozens of scientists reported finding sv40 in a variety of bone cancers and a wide range of brain cancers, which had risen 30 percent over the previous 20 years. then, italian researchers reported finding sv40 in 45 percent of the seminal fluid samples and 23 percent of the blood samples they had taken from healthy donors. \" this meant that sv40 was probably spreading through sexual activity, transmitted from mother to child, raising the possibility that the virus may now be incorporated into our genetic makeup. another possibility is that, undetected by vaccine manufacturers, the virus continues to contaminate current stocks of polio vaccine. at a recent sv40 conference, it was revealed that funding has been granted to develop an anti - sv40 virus vaccine! ( 8 ) and so goes the disease merry - go - round : create more vaccines to target the diseases caused by vaccines in the first place. it is a very old game. back in 1962, rodale reported that spraying programs of ddt were carried out \" regularly in many parts of our country as a precaution against polio?.. we have never heard of any polio epidemic being stopped by spraying with ddt and we have heard of localities where the polio incidence rose after the ddt spraying. \" ( 2 ) today 40 years after rodale ' s observations, new york researcher jim west has assembled an impressive body of evidence that traces the parallel rise of polio with the widespread indiscriminate use of highly neurotoxic chemicals used in increasing intensity in the 20th century. he has created an extraordinary website called images of poliomyelitis - - a critique of scientific literature. ( 10 ) early in the century, lead and arsenic compounds were the favourites to control pests in agriculture. later on in the ' 40s & ' 50s, powerful organochlorine nerve poisons like ddt & bhc ( benzene hexachloride ) were used as pesticides, for agricultural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5042963261234159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.492395"} {"text": "to control pests in agriculture. later on in the ' 40s & ' 50s, powerful organochlorine nerve poisons like ddt & bhc ( benzene hexachloride ) were used as pesticides, for agricultural use, home and gardens and even sprayed over densely populated areas to control mosquitoes, exposing people to unprecedented poisonous chemical blasts. these neurotoxic chemicals were dumped into the environment by the billions of pounds. ( 10 ) ddt was a popular chemical used in the dairy industry, so in the peak polio years, during the ' 40s and ' 50s, children were heavily exposed to high levels of contamination in milk and cow ' s milk based infant formulas, which had become a popular substitute for breast milk. in retrospect, we can see the multiple disaster that unfolded through toxic contamination of milk, a primary food ingested by most children, as well as the wholesale deprivation of the basic immune protection afforded by breastfeeding - - which in that era had become nearly extinct with only an estimated 5 - 10 % of mothers initiating breastfeeding at birth. ddt was phased out in 1968 yet continues to be exported to the developing world where it is still widely used today as an agricultural chemical, and for mosquito control. jim west has create a composite graph of the most persistent pesticides : lead, arsenic, ddt and bhc ( benzene hexachloride ), a persistent, organochlorine pesticide that is several times more lethal than ddt, in terms of ld50 ( lethal dosage required to kill 50 % of a test population. the graph represents 3. 1 billion pounds of persistent pesticides. ( see the graph on jim west ' s web site, images of poliomyelitis - - a critique of scientific literature. ) these four chemicals were not selected arbitrarily. these are representative of the major pesticides in use during the last major polio epidemic. they persist in the environment as neurotoxins that cause polio - like symptoms, polio - like physiology, and were dumped onto / into human food at dosage levels far above that approved by the fda. they directly correlate with the incidence of various neurological diseases called ' polio ' before 1965. they were utilized in the \" most intensive campaign of mass poisoning in known human history. \" ( quote from biskind ) ( 10 ) \" in 1983, via new legislation, ddt was allowed back into the u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4826865451701191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.493475"} {"text": "' before 1965. they were utilized in the \" most intensive campaign of mass poisoning in known human history. \" ( quote from biskind ) ( 10 ) \" in 1983, via new legislation, ddt was allowed back into the u. s. marketplace, but only in pesticide blends. within only a few months of this re - entry, a new kind of polio epidemic suddenly occurred. it was labeled ' post - polio, ' the re - emergence of polio symptoms in former victims. this has involved approximately 600, 000 victims. like most of the data on this website, this correlation is not even a whisper in the mainstream media. \" ( 11 ) central nervous system diseases other than polio continue in the u. s. and throughout the world : acute flaccid paralysis, chronic fatigue syndrome, encephalitis, meningitis, muscular sclerosis. a paper entitled \" the environmental aspects of the post polio syndrome \" explores the correlation. ( 12 ) i can remember walking to wellesley park in toronto with my three - year - old daughter in 1979 and fleeing in outrage because the city weed control people were there spraying herbicides all around the swings and slides. i remember thinking, \" they \" ( city officials & parks department ) must be insane to spray toxic chemicals where children play. phone calls and complaints to city officials fell on deaf ears. i heard years later that herbicide spraying in children ' s play areas was discontinued. today ' s parents of autistic and neuroimmune injured children, understand the devastating effects of exposure to neurotoxic substances, in particular mercury and other toxic chemicals injected into children via vaccines. we ' re talking about toxic exposures off the scale of insanity - - of injecting nerve and immune system destroying poisons directly into the internal fragile micro - environment of the young child. ( 14 ) naively, we have trusted our precious children to the experts who have violated their sacred oath of \" first do no harm. \" we are witness to the most shameful chapter in human history. children are the most vulnerable members of the human family. how gently and tenderly we cradle them when they are tiny infants. how carefully and lovingly we nurture them and guard them from harm. how diligently we protect their well being in their early years. how deeply we commit all our love and resources to ensure that they have the best opportunities to grow in the healthiest way possible. we hold them as the most precious gift that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48582773922758876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.494501"} {"text": ". how diligently we protect their well being in their early years. how deeply we commit all our love and resources to ensure that they have the best opportunities to grow in the healthiest way possible. we hold them as the most precious gift that life can bless us with. what quality of commitment will it take to heal and protect our children? it will be the power of truth as the driving force that will propel us to move heaven and earth to make this world a healthier and safer place for all the children. vaccine notes & ingredients : both inactivated ( ipv ) and live oral ( opv ) poliovirus vaccines are licensed for use in canada, but because of the risk of vaccine associated paralytic polio, only ipv is recommended for routine use. ipv is contained in pentacel. starting at two months of age, canadian infants are injected with a five in one vaccine called pentacel that is a comarketing of 2 vaccines, quadracel and act - hib. pentacel ingredients : lyophilized haemophilus b conjugate vaccine ( bound to tetanus protein ) - - act hib, and is to be reconstituted with component pertussis vaccine and deiphteria and tetanus toxoids adsorbed combined with inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine - - - each. 05 ml. dose of act - hib contains purified capsular polysaccharide covalently bound to tetanus protein. - each. 05 ml. dose of quadracel contains pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae, pertactin ( a membrane protein ), diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid ( inactivated with formaldehyde ), aluminum (. 33mg ), purified inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine : type 1 ( mahoney ) ; type 2 ( m. e. f. 1 ) ; type 3 ( saukett ) ; and 2 - phenoxyethanol 0. 6 % + 0. 1 % added as preservative. the vaccine also contains 20 ppm tween 80, less than 0. 05 % human albumin, and less than 1 ppm bovine serum. trace amounts of polymyxin b and neomycin may be present from the cell growth medium. the three poliovirus types are inactivated by formalin ( formal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4776959573819613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.495308"} {"text": ". 05 % human albumin, and less than 1 ppm bovine serum. trace amounts of polymyxin b and neomycin may be present from the cell growth medium. the three poliovirus types are inactivated by formalin ( formaldehyde ) and are grown on human diploid cells derived originally from aborted human fetuses. ( source : compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties 1999 ) toxicology notes on some vaccine ingredients : 2 - phenoloxyethanol contains phenol which has the ability to inhibit phagocyte activity, meaning it is toxic to all cells. it can disable the immune system ' s primary response mechanism. it can cause systemic poisoning, headache, shock, weakness, convulsions, kidney damage, cardiac or kidney failure, death. the ethylene oxide component is an irritant causing dermatitis, burns, blisters, eczema. animal studies have demonstrated that it can cause cancer in female mice. in 1978, the epa issued \" a rebuttal presumption against registration of ethylene oxide for pesticide applications... on the basis of mutagenicity and testicular effects. \" editor ' s note : but they can inject it into infants and babies! [ the quote is from : marshall sittig, handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals and carcinogens, 2nd ed. ( park ridge, nj : noyes publications, 1985 ) : 433f. ] tween 80 - - polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate : \" previous studies by gajdova et al. have shown that polysorbate 80 ( also known as tween 80 ) administered by intraperitoneal injection to neonatal female rats on days 4 - 7 after birth produced estrogenic effects including earlier vaginal opening, prolongation of the estrus cycle and persistent vaginal estrus. some of these effects were evident many weeks after cessation of administration of polysorbate 80. \" [ gajdova et al - \" delayed effects of neonatal exposure to tween 80 on female reproductive organs in rats. \" food chem toxicol 31 ( 3 ) : 183 - 90 ( 1993 ) institute of preventive and clinical medicine, limbova, bratislava. ] 1. acute flaccid paralysis - - canadian paediatric surveillance program 1999. http : / / www. hc - sc. gc. ca / hpb /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5110146164718377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.496189"} {"text": "of preventive and clinical medicine, limbova, bratislava. ] 1. acute flaccid paralysis - - canadian paediatric surveillance program 1999. http : / / www. hc - sc. gc. ca / hpb / lcdc / publicat / cpsp - pcsp / cpsp _ i _ e. html 2. j. i. rodale : the encyclopedia of common diseases, rodale books inc., emmaus pennsylvania ( 1962 ) 3. bulletin of the american association of public health physicians, november 1995 4. walene james : vaccination and the making of mass mind ( quotes from the manuscript ) 5. frederick r. klenner, m. d., f. c. c. p. \" observations on the dose and administration of ascorbic acid when employed beyond the range of a vitamin in human pathology. \" journal of applied nutrition vol. 23, no ' s 3 & 4, winter 1971. http : / / www. doctoryourself. com / klennerpaper. html 6. william campbell douglas, md : \" chronic fatigue syndrome : the hidden polio epidemic. \" second opinion newsletter 7. derrick b. jelliffe and e. f. patrice jelliffe, human milk in the modern world, oxford university press, 1979 8. william carlsen : \" rogue virus in the vaccine - - early polio vaccine harbored virus now feared to cause cancer in humans. \" san francisco chronicle, july 15, 2001. http : / / www. sfgate. com / cgi - bin / article. cgi? file = / chronicle / archive / 2001 / 07 / 15 / mn193825. dtl j. trueta and r. hodes, \" provoking and localizing factors in poliomyelitis, \" lancet ( 1954 ) : 998 - 99. 10. images of poliomyelitis : http : / / www. geocities. com / harpub 11. ddt allowed back in the u. s. http : / / www. geocities. com / harpub / pol _ all. htm 12. \" the environmental aspects of the post polio syndrome. \" www. dogpile. com this article establishes a strong correlation between environmental factors and post - polio. http : / / www. aehf. com / articles / a56. htm 13. poliomyelitis trends, 1958, dominion bureau of statistics (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47613310966105227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.497062"} {"text": "diabetes is commonly associated with a greater risk for blindness, infections and amputation. those are serious problems. but adults with diabetes are also two to four times more likely than those without diabetes to die from heart problems or to have a stroke. in fact, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of early death for people with diabetes. over time, high blood sugar levels are associated with more fatty deposits in the walls of blood vessels. fatty materials can build up and form a plaque. this can narrow or block blood vessels. plaque can make it more likely that a clot will form. this can restrict blood flow to your heart. controlling your blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol can help lower your risk of heart disease. you should get regular tests for all of these. and if all of these levels are normal, that ' s fantastic. it ' s absolutely vital that you keep them in the normal range by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and following your diabetes management program. however, others with diabetes may already have high blood pressure or high cholesterol. that said, if you do have diabetes, you can help keep those levels in check by taking important lifestyle steps. eat heart - healthy foods eating the right mix of protein, fat and carbohydrates may vary according to each person ' s needs. however, knowing the amount of carbohydrates you are taking in will help you control your blood sugar. include 14 grams of fiber for every 1, 000 calories in your diet. high - fiber foods include oatmeal, whole grain breads and cereals, dried beans and peas and fruits and vegetables. cut down on foods with saturated fat. these include fatty meat, poultry skin, butter, dairy products with fat, lard and tropical oils. limit your saturated fat intake to less than 7 percent of total calories. keep your cholesterol to 200 milligrams a day. cholesterol is found in meat, eggs and dairy. if you already have heart disease, your doctor may want you to eat even less cholesterol each day. look in the nutrition facts section of food labels to find out if a product has trans fat. it can be found in crackers, cookies, microwave popcorn, cake mixes and salad dressings. trans fat can raise blood cholesterol. try to minimize your intake of trans fat. think of small ways to increase your activity level, like taking the stairs instead of the elevator. but make sure you check with your doctor first to determine the safe level of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41917728374072716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.502895"} {"text": "can raise blood cholesterol. try to minimize your intake of trans fat. think of small ways to increase your activity level, like taking the stairs instead of the elevator. but make sure you check with your doctor first to determine the safe level of exercise for you. try to get at least 150 minutes of moderate - intensity exercise spread over at least three days a week. don ' t go more than two straight days without exercise. also aim to do muscle - strengthening exercises for the major muscle groups at least two days a week, provided you don ' t have other contraindications. always get your doctor ' s approval before starting an exercise program. if you choose to drink, limit your intake. men should aim for two drinks or less per day. women should aim for one drink or less a day. talk with your doctor about how much weight he or she wants you to lose if you are overweight. ask a registered dietitian for help with meal planning. and go slowly. aim to lose no more than 1 or 2 pounds each week. ditch the cigarettes smoking doubles your risk of getting heart disease. it cuts the amount of oxygen that goes to your organs, raises bad cholesterol and raises blood pressure. make a quit plan. set a quit date and tell people what it is. write down your reasons for quitting. toss your cigarettes, matches, lighters and ashtrays. ask a friend who smokes to quit with you. resources like smokefree. gov provide advice, information and encouragement. ask your doctor about aspirin studies have shown that low doses of aspirin each day can help cut the risk of a heart attack or stroke. but aspirin is not right for everyone. be sure you get medical advice before taking it. if you have diabetes as well as high blood pressure or high cholesterol, here are some additional steps you could take. follow your doctor ' s instructions for taking your blood pressure medications and incorporating lifestyle changes. those include adopting a dietary approaches to stop hypertension ( dash ) - style diet, losing weight, lowering your sodium intake, increasing your potassium intake, moderating your alcohol intake and getting more physical activity. eat less saturated fat, cholesterol and trans fat. eat more omega - 3 fatty acids, fiber and plant sterols / stanols. those are substances that keep the body from absorbing cholesterol. follow your doctor ' s guidance for losing weight and getting more exercise. your doctor may also prescribe statins. if you already", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42441722567273604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.503993"} {"text": ", fiber and plant sterols / stanols. those are substances that keep the body from absorbing cholesterol. follow your doctor ' s guidance for losing weight and getting more exercise. your doctor may also prescribe statins. if you already have heart disease, it ' s crucial that you work with your doctor to prevent any further events. your doctor may give you different ( stricter ) lifestyle recommendations. you can do it. just be sure to work with your team, take your medications, live a healthy lifestyle and keep all of your medical appointments. heart disease \u2014 and its prevention \u2014 should be taken seriously. but stay optimistic. you do have control over your diabetes and its threats. these web sites are for your informational use only. it is not a substitute for professional medical advice. it may not represent your true individual medical situation. do not use this information to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease without consulting a qualified health care provider. also consult your healthcare provider before starting any medications or supplements or beginning or modifying any exercise program. \u00a9 2013 optumhealth, inc. all rights reserved. no part of information on this page may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the written permission of optumhealth, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4971004144309341, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.504544"} {"text": "one of the most significant repercussions of the economic downturn has been its effect on the labor market. it goes without saying that too many americans are out of work. and as you dig deeper into the data, it becomes evident that the age pattern of changes in labor force participation rates is different now than during past downturns. as the graph below shows, labor force participation rates have actually increased among those near and at traditional retirement. since the end of 2007, labor force participation has increased by 1. 4 percentage points among men above age 65 and even more among men ages 62 - 64, while it has decreased by about 1 percentage point among younger men. simply, older workers are forgoing retirement and working longer. this pattern is different from what was observed in recessions in the previous several decades. during the four recessions between 1970 and 2000, labor force participation rates among older men consistently decreased more than the participation of younger men. in the recession of the early 2000s, this trend reversed somewhat, but not to the same degree as during the current period. why is this happening? three factors may be at play. first, we may simply be observing a continuation of the trend towards later retirement that began in the early 1990s : labor force participation among older workers has been on the upswing over the past decade \u2014 reflecting a number of factors, including better heath, changes in kinds of work and work patterns, and shifts in employer pensions from defined benefit to defined contribution and a decline in employer - provided retiree health insurance. these factors may be particularly important for the traditional \" early retirement \" group, ages 62 - 64. second, the current pattern could reflect declines in the value of retirement assets. with the shift away from defined benefit and towards defined contribution pensions like 401 ( k ) s, changes in financial markets have a more direct effect on many workers \u2019 retirement savings. with a smaller nest egg, older workers may thus have decided that they cannot yet afford to retire. finally, both the employment rate and the unemployment rate for workers over 65 have increased across the current downturn ( this is in contrast to younger age cohorts, who have seen employment rates hold steady or decrease as unemployment has increased ). this suggests that not only are older workers working longer, but some older workers are choosing to remain in the workforce through a period of unemployment and search for a new job \u2014 perhaps for the reasons discussed above \u2014 when older workers in the past may have transitioned out of the labor force. ( since the unemployed are counted as part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48594939189883957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.507274"} {"text": "hello, whole latte love lovers. i was on the phone the other day with some of you and realized that as much as i was going over machines with customers, i was also going over the terms we throw around. the espresso lingo can be confusing and terms can sometimes be counter - intuitive to a layman. so, i \u2019 ve decided to put together a glossary of common terms to help you decipher the espresso talk. here is the first part of the espresso and coffee - related dictionary : backflush \u2013 the main process of maintenance for a prosumer - level machine. using a blind filter basket or backflush disc, the water pressure is pushed back into the machine, agitating any scale, mineral or coffee build up loose, and then kicking it out of the machine via the three way solenoid valve. in a regular household, it should be done weekly, alternating between backflushing with and without a cleaner like cafiza. brush \u2013 a cleaning instrument used to clean different parts of an espresso machine. base \u2013 a stand for the grinder and espresso machine that usually has a storage drawer and / or a built - in knock bar. we have bases for pasquini, rancilio and gaggia machines and grinders. blade grinder \u2013 a coffee grinder that has two or four blades that spin around chopping the coffee beans to a small size. blade grinders are ok for drip coffee, but since the process causes a lot of friction, blade grinders can alter the flavor and aroma of coffee and are not recommended for espresso. burr grinder \u2013 a coffee grinder that uses two notched rotating burrs to grind the coffee into specific sizes. this is the preferred method for coffee and espresso grinding, because it significantly reduces heat transfer and produces better grind uniformity. ceramic burrs \u2013 burrs made out of ceramic are relatively new. they can last twice as long as the ones made of steel. ceramic burrs are usually flat. the advantages are three fold : durability, noise reduction ( they are a few decibels quieter than their steel counterparts ) and thermal control ( they transfer less heat to the beans ). conical burrs \u2013 these burrs are conical in shape ; the beans start at the top of the cone area and grind downward \u2014 through the burrs and into the narrower section. as the beans progress through the burrs, the grind gets finer and finer. smaller conical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4827402127245932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.512321"} {"text": "these burrs are conical in shape ; the beans start at the top of the cone area and grind downward \u2014 through the burrs and into the narrower section. as the beans progress through the burrs, the grind gets finer and finer. smaller conical burr grinders for the home, such as the maestro plus, are ideal for drip and french press grinding. larger commercial conical burr grinders, like the mazzer kony, provide much more surface area and can create a consistent grind for espresso brewing. coarse grind \u2013 larger - sized coffee grounds, used primarily for drip, french press and vacuum brewing. bar \u2013 measure of pressure, equal to 100, 000 pa, really close to one atmosphere ( 101, 325 pa ). espresso is brewed between 8 and 9 bars ; you will constantly see pump ratings varying from 15 to 19 bars, depending on the brand. blank shot \u2013 sometimes called a blind shot, this term refers to running water through your group head to either warm the entire system or, in some cases, cool the boiler down. boiler \u2013 the part of an espresso machine that holds the water as it is being heated for brewing or steaming. brew group \u2013 where the \u201c magic \u201d happens in a super - automatic machine. once ground coffee is added, it is then tamped, water goes through the grounds to extract the beverage and the final product is delivered into the cup. afterwards, the used grounds, or puck, is expelled into a dreg drawer. bypass doser \u2013 in super - autos, the feature that allows you to use a different pre - ground coffee and bypass the grounds from the beans in the hopper. a bypass doser is the ideal feature for users who brew both regular and decaf. commercial portafilter basket \u2013 the part of the semi - automatic espresso machine that holds the coffee. the commercial part refers to the fact that it is non - pressurized, and the coffee itself is what the pump pushes against to create the necessary 8 - 9 bars for espresso brewing. bottomless portafilter \u2013 a specially augmented portafilter that has the bottom machined off. there is a two - fold reasoning behind the augmentation. first, it can be used as a teaching instrument ; if you grind and tamp correctly, the brewed espresso will form into a single stream as it is being extracted. second, a bottomless portafilter gives you the ability to hold a triple shot ( 21g ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4642747880177767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.513331"} {"text": "; if you grind and tamp correctly, the brewed espresso will form into a single stream as it is being extracted. second, a bottomless portafilter gives you the ability to hold a triple shot ( 21g ). brewing \u2013 any process of putting water through coffee grounds to produce a drink. cold brew \u2013 a different way of brewing your coffee, using cold instead of hot water. it \u2019 s usually done in a bowl or large bottle in the fridge and takes between 3 and 12 hours to complete. cold - brewed beverages are stronger than drinks made using conventional methods. cold brewing is famous in the louisiana area and it \u2019 s gaining popularity with the new hourglass brewer. carafe \u2013 the \u201c pot \u201d the drip coffeemaker brews into. there are two types of carafes. the glass one is usually accompanied by a warming plate and a thermal carafe, which often features double - walled metal. the metal ones do need to be preheated, but they can retain the coffee \u2019 s temperature for hours after brewing. americano \u2013 a drink that mimics a cup of drip coffee, minus the bitter edge. generally a double shot of espresso ( 2 - 2. 5 ounces ), with 3 - 4 ounces of hot water added ( adjusted to taste, of course ). cafe con leche \u2013 similar to a latte, this drink uses steamed milk and has a 50 / 50 ratio between the brewed espresso or coffee and milk. cafe crema \u2013 similar to an americano, this drink also mimics drip coffee. but, instead of adding hot water to the espresso, you over extract and run 4 - 6 ounces through a regular amount of grounds. cafe lungo \u2013 this drink is shorter than a cafe crema, but longer than a shot of espresso. it usually has a volume of 3 - 4 ounces. cappuccino \u2013 one of the most classic and loved espresso - based drink. traditionally it is a double shot of espresso, with 4 - 6 ounces of frothed milk, adjusted to taste of course. coffee \u2013 it felt wrong to leave this off the dictionary, but we don \u2019 t really have to define this do we? it \u2019 s the bean of the coffee cherry that gives us all of these wonderful drinks and concoctions when dried, ground and brewed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47010362413754203, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.514296"} {"text": "major histocompatibility complex ( human ), class i, a29 | alleles | | a * 2901 < / br > a * 2902 < / br > a * 2903 | | structure ( see hla - a ) | 2901 2902 2903 hla - a29 ( a29 ) is an hla - a serotype. the serotype identifies the more common hla - a * 29 gene products. a29 is a split antigen of the a19 broad antigen serotype group. it is similar to the antigens a30, a31, a32, a33, and a74. a31 is more common in japan, siberia and indigenous americans. it is also more frequent in ne europe than sw europe. a29 allele frequencies | basque, gipuzkoa ( spain ) | | 10. 3 | | basque, san sebastion ( spain ) | | 7. 5 | | pasiegos valley ( spain ) | | 5. 4 | | basque, arratia ( spain ) | | 5. 3 | | | | cornish ( gr. britain ) | | 5. 3 | | huate corse ( france ) | | 4. 3 | | s. african ( indig. ) | | 2. 7 | a29 - cw16 - b44 ( a * 2902 : cw * 1601 : b * 4403 ) appears to have originated in west africa were cw * 16 frequency is highest and had undergone more linkage equilibrium. cw * 16 decline slowly heading north and more rapidly to the east and northeast, with the highest frequency / latitude north generally along eastern spain into the british ilses, some flow up the channel but haplotype frequency drops in the interior of europe. a * 2901 : cw * 1601 : b * 4403 : drb1 * 0701 : dqa1 * 0201 : dqb1 * 0202 and, the cw16 component is in strong linkage disequilibrium with the dr7 - dq2. 2 component suggesting that since the haplotypes introduction into europe there has not been adequate time for equilibration, supporting its recent introduction into europe. this particular haplotype supports theories of migration that are more numerous than those supported by mtdna or y chromosomal information, many such ' smaller ' migrations are evident with hla haplotypes, suggesting a much greater complexity to human population than haploid loci make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4350500666227087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.517569"} {"text": "1. the first amendment and false light the constitutional defense to damage actions is a comparatively recent event in first amendment law. in 1964, the supreme court ruled in new york times v. sullivan, 376 u. s. 54 ( 1964 ) that a public official may not recover damages for a defamatory falsehood relating to his official conduct unless he proves with convincing clarity that the statement is made with actual malice. the court defined actual malice as the knowledge that the statement is false, or the \" reckless disregard \" of its truth or falsity. later decisions expanded the defense to include libel actions brought by \" public figures. \" curtis publishing co. v. butts, 388 u. s. 130 ( 1967 ) ; associated press v. walker, 388 u. s. 130 ( 1967 ). a plurality of the court in 1971 appeared to extend the first amendment protection to any article or broadcast of public interest or concern, regardless of the public figure status of the plaintiff. rosenbloom v. metromedia, inc., 403 u. s. 29 ( 1971 ). however, the expansion of first amendment protection was short - lived. in 1974, a majority of the court rejected rosenbloom and held once again that the constitutional privilege applies only to cases involving defamation of public officials or public figures. gertz v. robert welch, inc., 418 u. s. 323 the supreme court first applied the constitutional defense to a privacy action in time, inc. v. hill, 385 u. s. 374 ( 1967 ). james hill filed a lawsuit against life magazine for reporting that the broadway play, \" the desperate hours, \" was a factual presentation of an incident involving the hill family. the hills had been held captive in their home by three escaped convicts. the play sensationalized the incident and added physical violence that had not occurred. while the article did not ridicule the family and thus was not defamatory, the article ' s suggestion that the play was factual arguably placed the hills in a false light before the public inasmuch as all of the incidents in the play did not take place. a jury awarded hill $ 75, 000 in damages. the sum later was reduced to $ 30, 000, and the supreme court reversed that judgment in its entirety upon the ground that the first amendment provided a 2. negligence is not enough. at 389 - 90. accord, matthews v. wozencraft, 15 f. 3d 432 ( 5th cir. 1994 ) (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4735963424528231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.524278"} {"text": "that judgment in its entirety upon the ground that the first amendment provided a 2. negligence is not enough. at 389 - 90. accord, matthews v. wozencraft, 15 f. 3d 432 ( 5th cir. 1994 ) ( rejecting false light claim of convicted former undercover narcotics agent against his former spouse / colleague ' s account in the book and movie \" rush \" ). see also lamonaco v. cbs, inc., 21 media l. rep. ( bna ) 2193 ( d. n. j. 1993 ), aff ' d, 27 f. 3d 557 ( 3d cir. 1994 ) ( false light claim cannot be raised by family members ). against either innocent or negligent misstatement would represent a grave hazard of discouraging the press from exercising the ' ' ' but the constitutional guarantees can tolerate sanctions against calculated falsehood without significant impairment of their essential function. we held in new york times that calculated falsehood enjoyed no immunity in the case of alleged defamation of a public official concerning his official we find applicable here the standard of knowing or reckless falsehood, not through blind application of new york times co. v. sullivan, relating solely to libel actions by public officials, but only upon consideration of the factors which arise in the particular context of the application of the new york statute in cases involving private the courts have held that \" a plaintiff may not avoid the strictures of the burdens of proof associated with defamation by resorting to a claim of false light invasion. \" moldea v. new york times, 22 f. 3d 310 ( d. c. cir. 1994 ) ; accord hustler magazine, inc. v. falwell, 485 u. s. 46 ( 1988 ). and in some respects, the first amendment protections against invasion of privacy claims are greater than against defamation simple negligence or carelessness on the part of the writer will not be sufficient to hold the publication liable. unless there is proof of reckless or knowing falsity, the publication cannot be held liable for false light invasion of privacy where the subject matter of the article is one of public interest. to this extent, therefore, the news media have more protection in a false light invasion of privacy case than they do in a defamation action. the first amendment serves as a defense in defamation cases where the plaintiff is a public official or public figure. gertz v. robert welch, inc., 418 u. s. 323 ( 1974 ). yet, the defense", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4832040602056147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.525280"} {"text": "defamation action. the first amendment serves as a defense in defamation cases where the plaintiff is a public official or public figure. gertz v. robert welch, inc., 418 u. s. 323 ( 1974 ). yet, the defense applies in privacy actions in all cases involving matters of public interest whether the plaintiff is a private or a public person. inasmuch as the supreme court recently has narrowed the category of persons considered public figures, it may be well for news media lawyers to attempt to characterize lawsuits as false light privacy cases, rather than libel lawsuits, when that is possible. two decisions released the same day in 1979 by the supreme court appear to require that a person \" thrust himself or his views into public controversy to influence others... \" in order to be considered a public figure. in proxmire, 443 u. s. 111 ( 1979 ), a research scientist who was well - known in his field, but was not known generally, was considered to be a private person for purposes of his libel suit against a u. s. senator. likewise, wolston v. readers digest association, 443 u. s. 157 ( 1979 ) determined that a person involved in an espionage probe and convicted of contempt of court was not a public figure. he had not \" engaged the attention of the public in an attempt to influence the resolution of the issues involved. \" id. at 168. once the constitutional privilege is found to apply, the news media defendant generally will win the case, whether for libel or invasion of privacy. a plaintiff faces an extraordinary task in proving with \" convincing clarity \" that the writer either knew the falsity of his statements, or recklessly disregarded the truth. while it is difficult to prove actual malice, i. e., knowing or reckless falsity, it is not impossible. the surest path to trouble in either a libel or privacy case is for a wrier to invent details and events. when a reporter described the appearance of a woman he had never seen and misrepresented her family ' s poverty and the conditions of her home, the supreme court determined that false light invasion of privacy was proven with actual malice. see cantrell v. forest city publishing co., 419 u. s. 245 ( 1974 ). the court reasoned that the writer must have known of the falsity of his account because he fabricated much of the account. id. at 3. confusion in florida courts the enduring problem with the false light publicity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4789104659704145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.526198"} {"text": ". s. 245 ( 1974 ). the court reasoned that the writer must have known of the falsity of his account because he fabricated much of the account. id. at 3. confusion in florida courts the enduring problem with the false light publicity claim is that it duplicates a defamation claim. not surprisingly, a number of states - - georgia, mississippi, north carolina, and texas to name a few - - have renounced false light as a viable theory of recovery. although the debate continues, florida courts have been guided by the supreme court ' s recognition of the tort in florida publishing co. v. fletcher, 340 so. 2d 914 ( fla. 1976 ). in the decision, the supreme court addressed a false light claim, and held that falsity is the lynchpin of the claim. still, considerable confusion has been spawned by florida courts wrestling with a claim aimed at an unflattering message and cast as false light publicity or false light invasion of most recently, in december 2003, a pensacola circuit court jury returned an $ 18 million compensatory damages verdict against pensacola ' s news - journal ( anderson v. gannett co., inc. ) in what the plaintiff argues is false light invasion of privacy by the newspaper. although the newspaper article at issue is a true rendition of events, the trial judge allowed the case to be decided by a jury through a ruling that falsity need not be proved as an element of a false light claim. the judge relied upon the second district court of appeal ' s 2001 decision in heekin v. cbs, 789 so. 2d 355. in starting a veritable chain reaction of incorrect rulings on the proof requirements for false light claims, the second district in heekin misread cason v. baskin, 155 fla. 198 ( 1944 ), a \" private facts \" invasion of privacy case, in concluding that truth is not a defense to a false light claim. the pensacola paper plans to appeal the false light liability and damages verdict to ensure that plaintiffs targeting publication on a false light theory do not evade the applicable common law and constitutional rules protecting the press in these cases.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5310370486665628, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.527018"} {"text": "last week, those who survived the dancing at simchat torah heard the first account of creation in torah. we are all familiar with the passage. how god created the heavens and the earth in six days and rested on the seventh this week we continue the story, reading an altogether different account of how the world was created. here, there is no seven days - no time scale given at all. here, instead of a watery chaos there is an earth barren and dry. here man is created first and the vegetation and the animals after him. here woman is created last and not created equally. the contrast of the two stories is neatly summarised in the first verses of each. the first story begins : bereshit bara elohim et hashamayim ve \u2019 et h a \u2019 aretz. - in the beginning god created the heaven and the earth. but the second story begins : beyom asot elohim eretz veshamayim on the day that god made earth and heaven genesis chapter one views creation from the heavens \u2013 god is pictured brooding over chaos. slowly we see in the universe a world take shape. genesis chapter 2 views creation from earth. a dry dusty plain with no features at all it seems, till god set to work. we would regard them as two distinct stories, creation myths prevalent in different parts of the middles east that made their way into the consciousness of the people of israel at different times. when describing theology, we always use the imagery of the culture with which we are familiar. thus there are many parallels between the first creation story and the babylonian epic \u2018 enuma elish \u2019. the babylonians had a great fascination with cosmology. they were famous as astronomers and astrologers, so for them to see the world from the viewpoint of the stars makes sense. that the universe pre creation was a watery mess suggests a luxurious overabundance of water, with god having to move back all this water to find dry land. the people who conceived of \u2018 tohu vevohu \u2019 \u2013 the pre - existent aquatic mess - were familiar with floods. by contrast, the second story is dry. dry as a bone. life comes in the form of water \u2013 a mist that rises up from the earth and falls as rain and irrigates the earth. this setting would appear more in keeping the geographical facts of the land of israel. there since prehistoric times, life was only possible through the careful preservation of water. with no rivers to speak of the farmer depended totally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5102132506904502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.532938"} {"text": "and irrigates the earth. this setting would appear more in keeping the geographical facts of the land of israel. there since prehistoric times, life was only possible through the careful preservation of water. with no rivers to speak of the farmer depended totally on rain - \u2018 the first rains and the latter rains \u2019 promised in the shema. the only invention attributed to the people of ancient israel is the water cistern ; large underground pits in which quantities of water could be saved and stored and rationed out to maintain the agriculture upon which life was so dependent. the two stories are legacies of our peoples \u2019 history in israel and in babylon. it attests to our ability to adopt myths and adapt them to our particular view. but the greatest skill comes from combining the two seeming contradictory stories into one overarching whole. to understand this, we need to think, not \u2018 book \u2019 but \u2018 film \u2019 narrative. how many films have you seen where the opening scene has been a shot of the world, then a country, then a city? then the camera zooms in on a street, then a house, then the figures in the house, which is where the story begins? this is how we should view the two stories of creation. we start in outer space. space being the operative word. then we see the earth emerging \u2013 see it from the viewpoint of the stars. then we zoom in onto earth, onto a specific place on earth, the dry plain where we see the emergence of man. from then on and through the rest of torah it is this particular man and his descendents that occupy our interest. in combining the two accounts, the redactor of torah created a myth that is universal. you don \u2019 t have to be a babylonian, or an israelite to understand it. it doesn \u2019 t matter if your personal experience is of flood or drought, we all share an interest in what it the purpose behind the combined story, the nature of humanity and our purpose in the world. the first two chapters of genesis set the scene for everything that is to come. rabbi sybil sheridan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48471782437363675, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.538041"} {"text": "this is a drawing of the galileo probe exploring the environment of jupiter. click on image for full size image from : the jet propulsion laboratory can there be life in the environment of titan? titan ' s atmosphere is a lot like the earth ' s, except that it is very cold, from - 330 degrees to - 290 degrees! like the earth, there is a lot of nitrogen and other complex molecules. there also may be an ocean of methane, or perhaps a liquid water layer inside the moon. except for the cold, these signs would be favorable for some sort of life. some creatures on earth are known to live in an environment of very cold water. in the atmosphere there are layers of clouds composed of complex molecules such as methane. moreover there is energy from ultraviolet light, and the charged particles of the magnetosphere. this type of environment, aside from the cold, is the kind of environment in which scientists think life began. overall, the environment sounds unfriendly to life as we know it on earth, because of the cold. since not much is known about the moon titan, up close exploration of this moon, with a probe, as shown in this drawing, would help scientists better understand if life could survive there. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store on science education, ranging from evolution, classroom research, and the need for science and math literacy you might also be interested in : this is an image of the earth ' s moon, shown in the lower left, with the much smaller icy moons of saturn. the moons in order, starting from the top left are : mimas, enceladus, tethys, dione, rhea, and... more dione was discovered by g. cassini in 1684. dione is the 7th farthest moon from saturn, with a standoff distance of 377, 400 km. it is a small icy moon, lightly cratered, with wispy white streaks across... more the surface of dione does not have many craters. instead it has wispy white streaks similar to those found on rhea extending for many kilometers over the entire surface. these two things indicate that... more the surface of enceladus does not have many craters. instead it has grooves similar to those found on ganymede. these grooves extend for many kilometers over the surface. the presence of grooves indicates... more helene was discovered by the french astronomers pierre laques, raymond despiau and j. lecache", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4853336872829379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.541459"} {"text": "white wine differs from red wine in, first and most obviously, color. under that skin, the pulpy part of a white grape is the same color as that of a red grape. the skin dictates the end color for red wine, which differs from the white ' s color determinates. this is mainly due to the pressing of the grapes. when white grapes are picked, they are immediately pressed and the juice is removed from the skins with little contact. color in white wine does vary, often from the type of grape, occasionally from the use of wood. listed below are a few of the most common white varieties in the world wine market and of wine. com. they are listed from lighter bodied, and lighter colored, to fuller bodied with deeper colors. the list is not set in stone \u2013 winemaker ' s decisions and climate may affect the end result of a white wine ' s body and color \u2013 we just give you the guidelines. | | where primarily grown | pinot grigio / pinot gris | | alsace, france ; italy ; oregon ; california | | loire, france ; new zealand ; california ; south africa | | loire, france ; south africa | | germany ; alsace, france ; australia ; new zealand ; washington state ; california | | burgundy, france ; australia ; california ; south america ; south africa ; oregon | | rhone, france ; california other white grapes to notice, listed alphabetically : | | where they grow best | | alsace, france ; germany | | bordeaux, france ; australia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40077482257031116, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.542969"} {"text": "walla walla, wash. the imposing basalt cliffs that form the columbia river gorge. photo courtesy cave b estate winery. - - washington state claims for itself, \u201c the perfect climate for wine, \u201d but whitman college instructor dr. kevin pogue will travel to italy later this week to highlight columbia valley terroir \u2019 s contribution to growing conditions, too. pogue presents a paper about the influence of basalt on the terroir of the columbia valley ava at the viii international terroir congress in soave, italy, on june 14 - 18. his paper focuses on the effects this distinctive igneous rock ( predominant in the columbia basin ) has on vines, specifically with respect to soil temperature, cluster temperature, vine chemistry and other attributes. basalt is relatively rare in vineyards of the world, pogue notes in the paper ; viticultural areas with basalt soils include the canary islands, the slopes of mount etna in sicily, south - central france, northern italy and oregon \u2019 s willamette valley. the palisades above napa valley on mt. st. helena are columnar basalt. typically, basalt occurs where volcanic activity was or is common. in the case of the columbia valley and the pacific northwest, basalt erupted more than 5 million years ago and today is covered by loess deposited during the glacial inundations known as the missoula floods, between 13, 000 and 15, 000 years ago. pogue \u2019 s paper concludes that the chemical and thermal properties of basalt in the soils of the columbia valley have a significant influence on the ava \u2019 s terroir \u201c vineyards within the columbia valley ava covered by fractured basalt bedrock or basalt - rich alluvium have higher average ground surface and subsurface temperatures than their grass - covered counterparts, \u201d the paper \u2019 s conclusion notes. \u201c the extra heat is derived from infrared radiation from the sun - warmed dark - colored basalt, not from conduction from heated air. \u201d the paper also notes that vineyards planted on basalt bedrock should show an elevated iron content, due to the availability of iron here versus in the loess. \u201c i hope to get our area in the spotlight a little bit while i \u2019 m over there, \u201d pogue told wines & vines this year \u2019 s conference currently has 147 registrants from 21 countries, but pogue said it hasn \u2019 t typically attracted a lot of attention in the u. s. just three u. s. researchers attended the previous congress in switzerland. this year, dr. greg jones from southern oregon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46751788707484987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.546683"} {"text": "##trants from 21 countries, but pogue said it hasn \u2019 t typically attracted a lot of attention in the u. s. just three u. s. researchers attended the previous congress in switzerland. this year, dr. greg jones from southern oregon university is on its scientific committee. of sevein vineyards in the walla walla ava, which lies entirely within the columbia valley, says pogue \u2019 s research provides a better understanding of local growing conditions. \u201c we do get a flavor change, \u201d says mckibben, who opened his vineyards to pogue for research. but he adds that the influence of basalt is just one of several factors at play in his properties, which include the sevein properties south of walla walla towards the oregon line, and les collines, which sits at a higher elevation in the foothills of the blue mountains east of the city. \u201c you really have to taste it quite a bit in different regions to tell whether you \u2019 re getting the results of older vines giving a little better flavor or the basalt, or the vineyard manager changing his approach a little bit, \u201d he says. \u201c there \u2019 s no question in my mind that the basalt does help, but i can \u2019 t say that all of a sudden i can get this flavor of lead pencil in there. \u201d the fruit off the vineyards pleases winemakers, however, as it offers extra depth to the wines. this is true of les collines, which sits just three feet above the basalt rock, whereas the gentle terrain at sevein sits about 12 feet above the basalt. mckibben expects pogue \u2019 s presentation to generate some interest in washington state, where many wineries are showing a growing appreciation for regional differences. the number of avas in the state is increasing ( two were approved last year alone ), and seminars at industry meetings regularly showcase differences from wines made with grapes from different vineyards. \u201c anything that draws attention ( to our wines ) so that people will try them is going to help us, \u201d mckibben says. the columbia valley ava includes 6, 670 acres of vines, primarily at elevations below 400 meters ( 1, 300 feet ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42266874926277404, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.547487"} {"text": "adjusting to a baby in the family can be difficult for toddlers, who are still trying to understand their own place in the world. but there are ways you can help them handle their emotions and feel more confident in their new role of big sibling. more > > parents may want their young learners working on early math and reading skills, but teachers often have a different set of goals. sitting still, paying attention and getting along with others are key to later success in school. more > > by vanessa voltolina four - year - old ryan mclynn of hopewell junction, n. y., has no problem making friends. \" ryan will just go up to other kids on the playground and ask ' do you want to play with me? ' \" says mom susan. but his sister, kerry ann, was always very cautious making social connections. \" when kerry ann was a toddler, she would only be friends with kids who befriended her first - - and she definitely wouldn ' t initiate it. \" parents of shy, quiet or reserved toddlers worry that their kids may grow up to be loners or lack a social life. but it ' s important to remember that toddlers have different temperaments and move at different social speeds. while an outgoing toddler will be happy at the center of a large friend group, a quieter child will likely have fewer friends and may take longer to make them. in that respect, \" toddlers are very much like adults, \" says kim whaley, phd, associate professor of human development and family science at ohio state university. it doesn ' t matter how many friends your child is comfortable making, as long as he has the ability to make at least one. the best way for you to help boost his social skills is to understand his particular style and guide him with that in mind. the 123s of friendship friend - making skills develop between the ages of two and four. at age two, your toddler will engage in imitation, or parallel play. he will shadow and mimic others kids that he considers \" friends. \" at three, imitation becomes much less frequent as verbal skills develop. three - year - olds begin to negotiate, using words to get what they need and want out of friendships. a wrong move by a friend may prompt your toddler to say, \" you ' re not my friend if you don ' t let me play with that ball. \" it isn ' t until age four that your toddler really starts to pick and choose friends that she most enjoys spending time with.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.378835061710466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.552791"} {"text": "##ler to say, \" you ' re not my friend if you don ' t let me play with that ball. \" it isn ' t until age four that your toddler really starts to pick and choose friends that she most enjoys spending time with. \" as toddlers start to mature, they ' ll gravitate toward others with similar interests and personalities, \" whaley says. \" give toddlers credit for having just as meaningful friendships as adults do. \" parents tend to blame shyness for preventing less extroverted kids from making friends. however, there are other factors that come into play. \" shy toddlers may be watching on the sidelines to learn social cues, or could simply not care about making lots of friends, \" says whaley. this said, parents should be careful not to label child as \" shy \" because it can become a self - fulfilling prophecy. \" even now, i have to push kerry ann to take the first step. i think she ' s nervous about being rejected. but she ' s gotten a lot better, \" susan says. \" i have a feeling this is never going to be an issue for ryan. \" when your toddler finds a friend - - or a few friends - - that he really hits it off with, encourage the friendship by arranging playdates on a weekly or bi - weekly basis. this way, he will have enough face time to become comfortable and allow the relationship to grow. don ' t force it by the time your toddler is four, you need to step back and let him form his own friendships with kids that he chooses to pursue. \" many times, parents will try to force kids into friendships with their own friends ' children and the kids won ' t necessarily like one another, \" says dr. whaley. at this stage, you can introduce the kids, but ultimately allow them to decide whether or not to be best buds. if they ' re just not clicking, set up an activity, like watching a movie, that allows them to coexist without having to interact much. and then you can visit with the friend that you ' ve chosen for yourself. copyright ( c ) 2010 studio one networks. all rights reserved. vanessa voltolinais an associate editor at studio one networks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40972938774431245, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.553684"} {"text": "although his grades were not excellent, obama was still admitted to occidental college in los angeles. obama made several black friends at school, but he still did not fully understand what it meant to be a black american, which left him feeling like he did not belong, according to the video. after his sophomore year, obama transferred to columbia university in new york, where he eventually graduated in 1983 with a degree in political science. while at columbia, obama walked through many ethnic neighborhoods and tried to understand the \" societal forces around the issue of race, \" according to the a & e video. obama eventually knew that he wanted to be a community organizer, a job he hoped would allow him to confront the kind of racism and poverty that had troubled him for most of his life. after graduation, obama moved to chicago ' s south side to help with the developing communities project and the altgeld gardens public housing development. after successfully completing projects in school reform and hazardous waste cleanup, and establishing a job - training center, obama set his sights on harvard law. \" so much of the struggle of people being left behind involved laws, and if ( obama ) was to be an advocate, he needed to be credentialed in the law, \" said david axelrod, a media adviser. before going to harvard law school, 26 - year - old obama went to kenya to visit his dead father ' s grave. he also visited his grandparents and half - siblings, and he faced the shocking poverty of his father ' s homeland. the overall experience helped obama further understand his father and why he had returned to kenya instead of staying with him. this father and son pair had many similarities, including high goals of helping poverty and their own people, according to the a & e video. \" the work i was doing was directly connected to my own family and their own struggles, \" obama said. \" it helped to unify my outward self with my inward self in an important way. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41048879374977454, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.555877"} {"text": "facing the harsh reality of a child with birth defects can be tough. no expectant parent imagines such a thing happening to her child. however, understanding why these things happen, learning methods of prevention and learning how to deal with what may come, is better than sticking ones head in the sand. what are birth defects? birth defects are defined as an abnormality in the structure, function or metabolism of a newborn, which may lead to physical or mental disabilities, or eventually prove fatal. there are thousands of known birth defects. they are caused by genetic or environmental factors and while some can be diagnosed during pregnancy, others cannot. many birth defects can be treated, and new research has helped to find cures, some of which can be performed in the womb. nevertheless, the loss of a baby during the first year of life is mostly attributed to these problems. birth defect types some kinds of defects seen in children are : structural and metabolic defects when some internal or external part of the baby \u2019 s body is not formed properly, that is a structural defect. the most common structural defect is heart defects. other types include, spina bifida, where the spinal cord is malformed, and malformations of the urinary tract and genital organs. metabolic defects cannot be seen externally. they are caused when certain enzymes in the body - needed to change one substance to the other, or to carry something from one place to the other - are not produced. depending on what kind of enzyme the baby lacks, the affected areas may be the brain, eyes, blood or other organs. congenital infection defects pregnancy is a crucial time in the life of the mother and child. if the mother contracts an infection during this time, the baby can also become infected, which may result in birth defects. some of the infections that can harm the baby include, toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegallo virus ( cmv ) or syphilis. other birth defects may be caused by alcohol or drug abuse during pregnancy, or the baby \u2019 s rh factor differing from that of the mother. major causes of birth defects birth defects are mainly caused by environmental factors, genetic disorders, or a combination of the two. genetics play a significant role in the development of certain birth defects. every living being has cells containing chromosomes, which contain the genes that dictate the unique characteristic of an organism. when a human embryo is fertilised, it gets half of its chromosomes from the father and the other half from the mother.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5314330877325328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.562056"} {"text": "every living being has cells containing chromosomes, which contain the genes that dictate the unique characteristic of an organism. when a human embryo is fertilised, it gets half of its chromosomes from the father and the other half from the mother. birth defects may occur if the number of chromosomes passed on to the child is more or less than is required. problems may also arise if any one of the chromosomes is faulty. genetic birth defects in babies can occur even when both parents are healthy. some of the inheritance patterns that may cause defects are : - dominant inheritance : occurs when a child inherits a birth defect even though only one parent carries the defective gene. in these cases, the parent who passed the gene may be completely unaffected by it. this commonly occurs with achondroplasia, a kind of dwarfism. - recessive inheritance : when both parents carry the same recessive gene there is usually a one in four chance that they will produce a child who suffers from the recessive defect. neither of the parents will display any signs that they carry this disease. genes that are passed this way include cystic fibrosis and tay sachs disease. - maternal inheritance : some defects are passed from mother to son, such as colour blindness and haemophilia. - chromosomal defects : if the number or structure of the chromosome passed on to the child is somehow different from the norm, defects such as down \u2019 s syndrome may occur. these include factors such as the mother \u2019 s exposure to radiation, chemical substances and drug or alcohol abuse. some birth defects may be a combination of genetic disease and environmental factors ; for example, neural tube defects. common birth defects some of the commonly occurring birth defects in children are : - heart defects : in which the heart is not properly formed. this is one of the most common defects. the malformation may be a hole in the wall dividing the heart into its two chambers, or a contraction of the aorta, the most important blood vessel in the body. - cerebral palsy : occurs when the baby \u2019 s muscles do not respond to commands. it may differ in severity depending on the individual. some patients may have difficulty walking, others may not speak coherently. - neural tube defects : during the first month of conception, the foetus \u2019 brain and spinal cord begin to develop. if the tubal structure forming these organs is not completely formed, neural tube defects result occur. two common tubal defects are : spina bifida, which results when the column surrounding the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5401028071495217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.563107"} {"text": "foetus \u2019 brain and spinal cord begin to develop. if the tubal structure forming these organs is not completely formed, neural tube defects result occur. two common tubal defects are : spina bifida, which results when the column surrounding the spinal cord is not formed, and anencephaly, which occurs when the brain is not completely formed. - congenital hip dislocation : the hipbone in some children may be improperly placed within the pelvic socket. if this defect goes untreated, the child may have difficult walking. this more commonly occurs in girls and is usually hereditary. - congenital hypothyroidism : the thyroid gland, located in the neck, is sometimes malformed, or completely undeveloped. this hampers growth and brain development. oral thyroid hormone treatment can treat the defect, but only when this condition is caught early. - clubfoot : all defects related to the leg ( i. e. foot, ankle, joints, blood vessels or muscles ) fall under this category. the leg may point upwards, or downwards and motion is limited. this defect is seen more in boys than girls and is treated by casting the leg just after birth. - cleft lip or palate : occurs when the lip of the baby is malformed or joined to the nose. this can be treated surgically. - cystic fibrosis : affects the respiratory and digestive systems. in children with cf, the body is unable to move chloride, a chemical that the body requires to function properly, to different organs, resulting in respiratory and digestive problems. this disorder is genetic and parents with one child with cf can have genetic testing done to ensure that any subsequent babies are born healthy. - gastrointestinal defects : internal structural defects that affect the stomach, intestines, oesophagus, diaphragm, rectum or anus of the child. the baby will have problems digesting, may vomit frequently or have difficulty swallowing. may be treated surgically at an early age to avoid further complications. - down ' s syndrome : a relatively common genetic defect caused by the presence of a 21st chromosome. causes mental retardation, distinct physical characteristics and facial expressions, and heart problems. depending on the severity of the child ' s down syndrome, the child may also behave violently under some circumstances. - fragile x syndrome : this genetic defect may be passed from one generation to the next before it manifests. a male with the abnormality passes the defect to his daughters. any baby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48993266401178515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.564159"} {"text": "down syndrome, the child may also behave violently under some circumstances. - fragile x syndrome : this genetic defect may be passed from one generation to the next before it manifests. a male with the abnormality passes the defect to his daughters. any baby born to these carrier females has a 50 % chance of exhibiting symptoms. the defect may cause learning disabilities, mental retardation, autistic behaviour and emotional problems. - sickle cell anaemia : passed from both parents, sickle cell causes severe anaemia, heart problems and severe pain, due to abnormal, sickle shaped red blood cells. treatment for this defect may include blood transfusions, bone marrow replacement, cord blood transplants or antibiotics. - tay sachs disease : affects the central nervous system and may cause blindness, paralysis, deafness or dementia and is often fatal. tay sachs is a recessive gene that both parents must pass to the child. persons of ashkenazi jewish and eastern european descent commonly carry the gene. - muscular dystrophy : all genetic defects related to the muscles come under this category. muscular dystrophy leads to weakness and degeneration of the muscles, including the heart. - foetal alcohol syndrome : caused by alcohol abuse during pregnancy. may lead to mental retardation, slow growth or abnormal facial features. there is no treatment, but foetal alcohol syndrome can be prevented by avoiding alcohol during pregnancy. most birth defects are abnormalities for which no one is to blame. the best way to deal with them is to be informed, practice preventative measures and seek a diagnosis early for the best treatment options.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4762485990408073, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.564784"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. any of various thick, dark, sticky substances obtained from the distillation residue of coal tar, wood tar, or petroleum and used for waterproofing, roofing, caulking, and paving. - n. any of various natural bitumens, such as mineral pitch or asphalt. - n. a resin derived from the sap of various coniferous trees, as the pines. - v. to smear or cover with or as if with pitch. - v. to throw, usually with careful aim. see synonyms at throw. - v. to discard by throwing : pitched the can out the window. - v. baseball to throw ( the ball ) from the mound to the batter. - v. baseball to play ( a game ) as pitcher. - v. baseball to assign as pitcher. - v. to erect or establish ; set up : pitched a tent ; pitch camp. - v. to set firmly ; implant ; embed : pitched stakes in the ground. - v. to set at a specified downward slant : pitched the roof at a steep angle. - v. to set at a particular level, degree, or quality : pitched her expectations too high. - v. music to set the pitch or key of. - v. to adapt so as to be applicable ; direct : pitched his speech to the teenagers in the audience. - v. informal to attempt to promote or sell, often in a high - pressure manner : \" showed up on local tv to pitch their views \u201d ( business week ). - v. sports to hit ( a golf ball ) in a high arc with backspin so that it does not roll very far after striking the ground. - v. games to lead ( a card ), thus establishing the trump suit. - v. games to discard ( a card other than a trump and different in suit from the card led ). - v. to throw or toss something, such as a ball, horseshoe, or bale. - v. baseball to play in the position of pitcher. - v. to plunge headlong : he pitched over the railing. - v. to stumble around ; lurch. - v. to buck, as a horse. - v. nautical to dip bow and stern alternately. - v. to oscillate about a lateral axis so that the nose lifts or descends in relation to the tail. used of an aircraft. - v. to oscilla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5079547531190203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.581914"} {"text": "horse. - v. nautical to dip bow and stern alternately. - v. to oscillate about a lateral axis so that the nose lifts or descends in relation to the tail. used of an aircraft. - v. to oscillate about a lateral axis that is both perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and horizontal to the earth. used of a missile or spacecraft. - v. to slope downward : the hill pitches steeply. - v. to set up living quarters ; encamp ; settle. - v. sports to hit a golf ball in a high arc with backspin so that it does not roll very far after striking the ground. - n. the act or an instance of pitching. - n. baseball a throw of the ball by the pitcher to the batter. - n. baseball a ball so thrown. - n. chiefly british a playing field. also called wicket. - n. nautical the alternate dip and rise of the bow and stern of a ship. - n. the alternate lift and descent of the nose and tail of an airplane. - n. a steep downward slope. - n. the degree of such a slope. - n. architecture the angle of a roof. - n. architecture the highest point of a structure : the pitch of an arch. - n. a level or degree, as of intensity : worked at a feverish pitch to meet the deadline. - n. acoustics the distinctive quality of a sound, dependent primarily on the frequency of the sound waves produced by its source. - n. music the relative position of a tone within a range of musical sounds, as determined by this quality. - n. music any of various standards for this quality associating each tone with a particular frequency. - n. the distance traveled by a machine screw in a single revolution. - n. the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent screw threads or gear teeth. - n. the distance between two corresponding points on a helix. - n. the distance that a propeller would travel in an ideal medium during one complete revolution, measured parallel to the shaft of the propeller. - n. informal a line of talk designed to persuade : \" [ his ] pious pitch for... austerity \u201d ( boston globe ). - n. informal an advertisement. - n. chiefly british the stand of a vendor or hawker. - n. games see seven - up. - n. printing the density of characters in a printed line, usually expressed as characters per inch. - pitch in informal to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5861221675627875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.583047"} {"text": "an advertisement. - n. chiefly british the stand of a vendor or hawker. - n. games see seven - up. - n. printing the density of characters in a printed line, usually expressed as characters per inch. - pitch in informal to set to work vigorously. - pitch in informal to join forces with others ; help or cooperate. - pitch into informal to attack verbally or physically ; assault. - on informal to succeed in choosing or achieving, usually quickly : pitched on the ideal solution. century dictionary and cyclopedia - to pierce with a sharp point ; divide with something sharp and pointed ; transfix. - to thrust into the ground, as a stake or pointed peg ; hence, to plant or fix ; set up ; place : as, to pitch a tent or a camp ; to pitch the wickets in cricket. - to fix or set in order ; array ; arrange ; set. - to fix, as a rate, value, or price ; rate ; class. - to fling or throw ; hurl ; toss : as, to pitch a pike or a dart ; to pitch a ball or a penny. - specifically, in base - ball, to serve ( the ball ) to the batter. see base - ball. - in music, to determine or set the key ( tonality ) or key - note of ; fix the relative shrillness or height of ; start or set ( a piece ) by sounding the key - note or first tone : as. to pitch a tune high. - to pave roughly ; face with stones. - in certain card - games, to lead one of ( a certain suit ), thereby selecting it as trump. - to fix a tent or temporary habitation ; encamp. - to come to rest ; settle down ; sit - down ; alight. - to fix or decide : with on or upon. - to plunge or fall headlong. - nautical, to plunge with alternate fall and rise of bow and stern, as a ship passing over waves. the motion is most marked when running into a head sea. - to throw, toss, or hurl a missile or other object ; throw a ball ; specifically, in games of ball, to fill the position of pitcher ; serve the ball to the batsman. - to buck ; jump from the ground with the legs bunched together, as a mustang or mule. sportsman ' s gazetteer. see cut under buck. - n. the highest point or reach ; height ; acme. - n. height", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5722795653369979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.585927"} {"text": "- to buck ; jump from the ground with the legs bunched together, as a mustang or mule. sportsman ' s gazetteer. see cut under buck. - n. the highest point or reach ; height ; acme. - n. height ( or depth ) in general ; point or degree of elevation ( or of depth ) ; degree ; point. - n. in acoustics and music : - n. that characteristie of a sound or a tone which depends upon the relative rapidity of the vibrations by which it is produced, a relatively acute or high pitch resulting from rapid vibrations, and a relatively grave or low pitch from slow vibrations. pitch is therefore coordinate with force, timbre, and duration. it is estimated and stated in terms of the vibration per second of the sounding body. it is experimentally determined either by direct comparison with a standard tuning - fork or by such instruments as the siren. - n. a particular tonal standard or example with which given tones may be compared in respect to their relative height : as, concert pitch ; french pitch. various standards have from time to time been used or promulgated \u2014 as, for example, classical pitch, during the last half of the eighteenth century, for the a next above middle c about 415 to 430 vibrations per second ; concert pitch ( commonly called high pitch ), used in concert and operatic music during the middle of the nineteenth century, varying for the same a from about 440 to 455 vibrations ; french pitch ( commonly called low pitch ), the diapason normal adopted by the french academy in 1859, for the same a 435 vibrations ; philosophical pitch, an arbitrary pitch for middle c, obtained by taking the nearest power of 2, that is, 256 vibrations, or for the next a above about 427 vibrations ; scheibler ' s pitch, adopted by the stuttgart congress of physicists in 1834, for the same a 440 vibrations. - n. specifically. - n. the height to which a hawk rises in the air when waiting for game to be flushed, or before stooping on its prey. - n. stature ; height. - n. inclination ; angle to the horizon. - n. in mech. : - n. the distance between the centers of two adjacent teeth in a cog - wheel, measured on the pitch - line, which is concentric with the axis of revolution, and at such a distance from the base of the teeth as to have an equal rate of motion with a similar line in the cog -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6277770272454676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.588228"} {"text": "cog - wheel, measured on the pitch - line, which is concentric with the axis of revolution, and at such a distance from the base of the teeth as to have an equal rate of motion with a similar line in the cog - wheel with which it engages. - n. the distance between the medial lines of any two successive convolutions or threads of a screw, measured in a direction parallel to the axis : the pitch of a propeller - screw is the length measured along the axis of a complete turn. - n. the distance between the paddles of a steamship, measured on the circle which passes through their centers. - n. the distance between the stays of marine and other steam - boilers. - n. the distance from center to center of rivets. - n. the rake of saw - teeth ( see rake ). - n. a throw ; a toss ; the act by which something is thrown or hurled from one or at something. specifically, in base - ball : - n. a place on which to pitch or set up a booth or stand for the sale or exhibition of something ; a stand. - n. in card - playing, the game all - fours or seven - up played without begging, and with the trump made by leading ( pitching ) one of a selected suit, instead of being turned up after dealing. - n. in mining, a certain length on the course of the lode, taken by a tributor, or to work on tribute. also called tribute - pitch. - n. in floor - cloth printing, one of the guide - pins used as registering - marks, corresponding to the register - points in lithographic printing. - n. in naval architecture, downward angular displacement of the hull of a vessel, measured in a longitudinal vertical plane at right angles with and on either side of a horizontal transverse axis passing through the center of flotation : a correlative of scend ( which see ). - n. an iron crowbar with a thick square point, for making holes in the ground. - n. a thick tenacious resinous substance, hard when cold, the residuum of tar after its volatile elements have been expelled : obtained also from the residues of distilled turpentine. it is manufactured mostly in tar - producing countries, especially russia. it is largely used to cover the seams of vessels after calking, and to protect wood from the effects of moisture ; also medicinally in ointments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5778604931079304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.589177"} {"text": "turpentine. it is manufactured mostly in tar - producing countries, especially russia. it is largely used to cover the seams of vessels after calking, and to protect wood from the effects of moisture ; also medicinally in ointments, etc. - n. the sap or crude turpentine which exudes from the bark of pines. [ an improper use. ] - n. bitumen : a word of indefinite meaning used to designate any kind of bituminous material, but more especially the less fluid varieties ( maltha and asphaltum ). - to smear or cover over with pitch : as, to pitch the seams of a ship. - to make pitch - dark ; darken. - in brewing, to add to ( wort ) the yeast for the purpose of setting up fermentation. - to lose flesh in sickness ; fall away ; decline. - to set out, as plants. - in golf, to strike ( the ball ) with a lofted club so that it goes up into the air and alights with little roll. - n. in textile manuf, the setting, or distance apart, of the wire teeth in card - clothing. - n. in golf, a ball played with more or less loft. - n. in cricket : that part of the cricket - field upon which the batting and bowling are done. - n. the point at which the ball first touches the ground when bowled. - n. of the ball bowled, the distance between the bowler ' s wicket and the point where the ball first touches the ground ; the length. - n. in building, the slope, as of a roof ; the angle with the horizon, generally stated in terms of the horizontal and vertical. thus, a tin roof may have a pitch of one in twenty - four, or half an inch to a foot. - n. in an electric generator or motor, the distance from the center of a pole to that of the next pole of opposite sign, measured along the pitch - line. - n. the memory of such precise pitch, or the power to reproduce it at will. a person with the sense of absolute pitch can name tones correctly upon hearing them, even in fortuitous or distracting relations ; can produce particular tones with the voice without help from instruments or other artificial reference ; and can even give tones at correct pitch while incorrect tones are being sounded. the capacity or faculty of noting absolute pitch seems to vary in different persons, but it can be greatly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5591886243701489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.590857"} {"text": "produce particular tones with the voice without help from instruments or other artificial reference ; and can even give tones at correct pitch while incorrect tones are being sounded. the capacity or faculty of noting absolute pitch seems to vary in different persons, but it can be greatly cultivated by attention and practice. many otherwise good musicians lack it, while some who are not specially musical have it. it is often notable in the case of the blind. - n. a sticky, gummy substance secreted by trees ; sap. - n. a dark, extremely viscous material remaining in still after distilling crude oil and tar. - n. baseball the act of pitching a baseball. - n. sports the field on which cricket, soccer, rugby or field hockey is played. - n. an effort to sell or promote something. - n. the distance between evenly spaced objects, e. g. the teeth of a saw, the turns of a screw thread, or letters in a monospace font. - n. the angle at which an object sits. - n. more specifically, the rotation angle about the transverse axis. - n. a level or degree. - n. aviation a measure of the degree to which an aircraft ' s nose tilts up or down. - n. aviation a measure of the angle of attack of a propeller. - n. nautical the measure of extent to which a nautical vessel rotates on its athwartships axis, causing its bow and stern to go up and down. compare with roll, yaw and heave. - n. the place where a busker performs. - n. an area in a market ( or similar ) allocated to a particular trader. - n. an intensity. - n. climbing a section of a climb or rock face ; specifically, the climbing distance between belays or stances. - n. caving a vertical cave passage, only negotiable by using rope or ladders. - n. a person or animal ' s height. - v. transitive to throw. - v. transitive or intransitive, baseball to throw ( the ball ) toward home plate. - v. intransitive, baseball to play baseball in the position of pitcher. - v. transitive to throw away ; discard. - v. transitive to promote, advertise, or attempt to sell. - v. transitive to deliver in a certain tone or style, or with a certain audience in mind. - v. transitive to assemble or erect (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.58361314290937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.592761"} {"text": ". - v. transitive to promote, advertise, or attempt to sell. - v. transitive to deliver in a certain tone or style, or with a certain audience in mind. - v. transitive to assemble or erect ( a tent ). - v. transitive, intransitive to move so that the front of an aircraft or ship goes alternatively up and down. - v. transitive, golf to play a short, high, lofty shot that lands with backspin. - v. intransitive, cricket to bounce on the playing surface. - v. intransitive, of snow to settle and build up, without melting. - n. music the perceived frequency of a sound or note. - n. music in an a cappella group, the singer responsible for singing a note for the other members to tune themselves by. - v. to produce a note of a given pitch. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. a thick, black, lustrous, and sticky substance obtained by boiling down tar. it is used in calking the seams of ships ; also in coating rope, canvas, wood, ironwork, etc., to preserve them. - n. ( geol. ) see pitchstone. - v. to cover over or smear with pitch. - v. fig. : to darken ; to blacken ; to obscure. - v. to throw, generally with a definite aim or purpose ; to cast ; to hurl ; to toss - v. to thrust or plant in the ground, as stakes or poles ; hence, to fix firmly, as by means of poles ; to establish ; to arrange - v. to set, face, or pave with rubble or undressed stones, as an embankment or a roadway. - v. to fix or set the tone of. - v. obsolete to set or fix, as a price or value. - v. to fix or place a tent or temporary habitation ; to encamp. - v. to light ; to settle ; to come to rest from flight. - v. to fix one ' s choise ; - - with - v. to plunge or fall ; esp., to fall forward ; to decline or slope - n. a throw ; a toss ; a cast, as of something from the hand. - n. ( cricket ) that point of the ground on which the ball pitches or lights when bowled. - n. a point or peak ; the extreme point or degree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5433659358836893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.595190"} {"text": "a throw ; a toss ; a cast, as of something from the hand. - n. ( cricket ) that point of the ground on which the ball pitches or lights when bowled. - n. a point or peak ; the extreme point or degree of elevation or depression ; hence, a limit or bound. - n. obsolete height ; stature. - n. a descent ; a fall ; a thrusting down. - n. the point where a declivity begins ; hence, the declivity itself ; a descending slope ; the degree or rate of descent or slope ; slant. - n. ( mus. ) the relative acuteness or gravity of a tone, determined by the number of vibrations which produce it ; the place of any tone upon a scale of high and low. - n. ( mining ) the limit of ground set to a miner who receives a share of the ore taken out. - n. the distance from center to center of any two adjacent teeth of gearing, measured on the pitch line ; - - called also circular pitch. - n. the length, measured along the axis, of a complete turn of the thread of a screw, or of the helical lines of the blades of a screw propeller. - n. the distance between the centers of holes, as of rivet holes in boiler plates. - n. ( elec. ) the distance between symmetrically arranged or corresponding parts of an armature, measured along a line, called the pitch line, drawn around its length. sometimes half of this distance is called the pitch. - v. heel over - v. move abruptly - n. abrupt up - and - down motion ( as caused by a ship or other conveyance ) - v. throw or toss with a light motion - v. set the level or character of - v. sell or offer for sale from place to place - n. a high approach shot in golf - n. the property of sound that varies with variation in the frequency of vibration - v. set to a certain pitch - n. any of various dark heavy viscid substances obtained as a residue - v. fall or plunge forward - n. degree of deviation from a horizontal plane - v. lead ( a card ) and establish the trump suit - n. ( baseball ) the act of throwing a baseball by a pitcher to a batter - v. hit ( a golf ball ) in a high arc with a backspin - n. the action or manner of throwing something - v. throw or hurl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6313349803711578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.596193"} {"text": ". ( baseball ) the act of throwing a baseball by a pitcher to a batter - v. hit ( a golf ball ) in a high arc with a backspin - n. the action or manner of throwing something - v. throw or hurl from the mound to the batter, as in baseball - n. promotion by means of an argument and demonstration - n. a vendor ' s position ( especially on the sidewalk ) - n. an all - fours game in which the first card led is a trump - v. be at an angle - v. erect and fasten - from old english pic, from latin pix. cognate with dutch pek, german pech. ( wiktionary ) - middle english pich, from old english pic and from anglo - norman piche, both from latin pix, pic -. middle english pichen, probably from old english * piccean, causative of * pician, to prick. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c - - to illustrate : if a gear has 40 teeth, and the pitch diameter of the wheel is 4 inches, there are 10 teeth to each inch of the pitch diameter, and the gear is then 10 _ diametral pitch _. \u201d \u201c when two gears of equal size mesh together, the pitch line, or the _ pitch circle _, as it is also called, is exactly midway between the centers of the two wheels. \u201d \u201c the king he is hunting the deer ; i am coursing myself : they have pitched a toil ; i am toiling in a pitch, pitch that defiles : defile! \u201d \u201c the indians hollow the red elms into canoesi fome of which made out of one spiece will contain twenty perfons ; others are made of the bark ; the different pieces of which they few together with the inner rind, and daub over the feams with pitch or rather a bituminous matter refem - bling pitch \u00bb to prevent their leaking ; the ribs of thefs canoes are made of boughs of trees. \u201d \u201c the term pitch count was still a century from being fashionable when charles howard hinton was whiling away afternoons watching the princeton baseball team. \u201d \u201c bob franken, cnn national correspondent : it is, although inside i think the term pitch is a very, very quiet pitch, dignified pitch. \u201d \u201c unidentified group : ( singing foreign language ) greenspan : down on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5188939472713183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.598208"} {"text": "team. \u201d \u201c bob franken, cnn national correspondent : it is, although inside i think the term pitch is a very, very quiet pitch, dignified pitch. \u201d \u201c unidentified group : ( singing foreign language ) greenspan : down on the pitch is a fierce four - against - four match as players kick the ball from one side to the other, ricocheting it off the sides of the ring before the striker can run up and launch it between the goalposts. \u201d \u201c the creative team in your pitch is the one we expect to see actually working on your book. \u201d \u201c for example, babe ruth iii invents an electronic device that can signal whether a pitch is a ball or a strike. \u201d \u201c people are bored by business - type pitches that are essentially rooted in self - promotion, though the appearance may be that the pitch is all about generosity and community, it is often quite plainly about getting a piece of the pie. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 pitch \u2019. a list of games and sports played with a ball, including names of the courts, fields and pitches in which they are played. i ' ll start the list with basque pelota, which is played in id... protagonists and relevant words in the book of creation ( source : king james bible ) includes words of the \" prodcom list \" feel free to wax poetic. these words seem very familiar but are awfully - versatile and oftentimes serve senses exceptionally beyond people ' s presumptions... words only ( i left out the expressions ) from geza kerenyi ' s en - hu interpreters ' dictionary. most of them pose some difficulty when interpreted between hu and en in either or both directions. words in the bible evoking biblical stories or with special spiritual meaning. proper names have been reduced to the minimum. words used quite often in steampunk words about central ideas and actions looking for tweets for pitch.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5276166438792491, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.599102"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - adj. characterized by appropriateness or suitability ; fitting : the proper knife for cutting bread ; not a proper moment for a joke. - adj. called for by rules or conventions ; correct : the proper form for a business letter. - adj. strictly following rules or conventions, especially in social behavior ; seemly : a proper lady ; a proper gentleman. - adj. belonging to one ; own : restored to his proper shape by the magician. - adj. characteristically belonging to the being or thing in question ; peculiar : an optical effect proper to fluids. - adj. being within the strictly limited sense, as of a term designating something : the town proper, excluding the suburbs. - adj. ecclesiastical for use in the liturgy of a particular feast or season of the year. - adj. mathematics of or relating to a subset of a given set when the set has at least one element not in the subset. - adj. worthy of the name ; true : wanted a proper dinner, not just a snack. - adj. out - and - out ; thorough : a proper whipping. - adv. thoroughly : beat the eggs good and proper. - n. ecclesiastical the parts of the liturgy that vary according to the particular feast or season of the year. century dictionary and cyclopedia - special ; peculiar ; belonging to a species or individual and to nothing else ; springing from the peculiar nature of a given species or individual ; particularly suited to or befitting one ' s nature ; natural ; original. - belonging to one ; one ' s own. - fit ; suitable ; appropriate. - according to recognized usage ; correct ; just : as, a proper word ; a proper expression. - rightly so called, named, or described ; taken in a strict sense : in this sense usually following the noun : as, the apes proper belong to the old world ; no shell - fish are fishes proper. - decent ; correct in behavior ; respectable ; such as should be : as, proper conduct. - well - formed ; good - looking ; personable ; handsome ; also, physically strong or active. - in heraldry, having its natural color or colors : said of any object used as a bearing : thus, a coil of rope proper is represented brown, and the spiral lines of the cordage are indicated. - in liturgics, used only on a particular day or festival, or during a particular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.516631525937738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.623017"} {"text": "said of any object used as a bearing : thus, a coil of rope proper is represented brown, and the spiral lines of the cordage are indicated. - in liturgics, used only on a particular day or festival, or during a particular octave or season : as, the proper introit ; a proper preface ; proper psalms. - fine ; pretty : said ironically of what is absurd or objectionable. - becoming ; deserved. - synonyms particular, individual, specific. - 3 and fitting, befitting, meet, seemly, becoming, legitimate. - n. that which is set apart to special or individual use. specifically, in liturgics, a special office or special parts of an office appointed for a particular day or time : as, the proper of the day ; the proper of whitsunday. - n. a property in the logical sense. - properly ; very ; exceedingly. - to appropriate. - to make proper ; adorn. - in geometry, not figurative ; not at infinity : as, proper points. - adj. suitable. - adj. possessed, related. - adj. accurate, strictly applied. - adv. scotland properly ; thoroughly ; completely. - adv. nonstandard, slang properly gnu webster ' s 1913 - adj. belonging to one ; one ' s own ; individual. - adj. belonging to the natural or essential constitution ; peculiar ; not common ; particular. - adj. befitting one ' s nature, qualities, etc. ; suitable in all respect ; appropriate ; right ; fit ; decent. - adj. archaic becoming in appearance ; well formed ; handsome. - adj. pertaining to one of a species, but not common to the whole ; not appellative ; - - opposed to - adj. rightly so called ; strictly considered - adj. ( her. ) represented in its natural color ; - - said of any object used as a charge. - adv. colloq & vulgar properly ; hence, to a great degree ; very. - adj. having all the qualities typical of the thing specified - adj. marked by suitability or rightness or appropriateness - adj. limited to the thing specified - adj. appropriate for a condition or purpose or occasion or a person ' s character, needs - from anglo - norman proper, propre, old french propre ( french : propre ), and their source, latin proprius. ( wi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5459524108609397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.624043"} {"text": "adj. appropriate for a condition or purpose or occasion or a person ' s character, needs - from anglo - norman proper, propre, old french propre ( french : propre ), and their source, latin proprius. ( wiktionary ) - middle english propre, from old french, from latin proprius ; see per1 in indo - european roots. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c no tractarians proper are introduced : and this is noted in the advertisement : \" no _ proper _ representative is intended in this tale, of the religious opinions, which had lately so much influence in the university of oxford. \u201d \u201c for example, it is satisfied by a model in which a whole can be decomposed into several proper parts all of which overlap one another ( figure 2, right ), and it may be argued that such models do not do justice to the meaning of part\u2122 : after all, the idea is that the removal of a proper part should leave a remainder, but it is by no means clear what would be left of x once z ( along with its parts ) is removed. \u201d \u201c as in the case of seeds, he used the term proper to bodies, saying, \" it is not quickened, except it die : \" so in the case of bodies, the expression belonging to seeds, saying, \" it is sown in corruption, it is raised in incorruption. \u201d \u201c boswell ' s conversation with the king about the title proper to be given to the young pretender. \u201d \u201c _ boswell ' s conversation with the king about the title proper to be given to the young pretender. \u201d \u201c but he is concerned with news that bin laden ' s body was buried at sea, without what he called a proper muslim burial. \u201d \u201c u. s. officials said wednesday they will continue to push for what they describe as proper reform. \u201d \u201c when an englishman used the word proper, he could only mean one thing \u2014 another englishman. \u201d \u201c now, this is what i call proper spending of the defence budget \u201d \u201c eh bien, you must rest quietly a moment, and be courtois... what you call proper, correct... until you have explained what i wish to know. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 proper \u2019. a russian doll word is a word that, when you remove the first and last letters, is either the empty string, or a russian doll word. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4986546358668218, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.625221"} {"text": "what i wish to know. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 proper \u2019. a russian doll word is a word that, when you remove the first and last letters, is either the empty string, or a russian doll word. these are all of the 6 or more letter russian doll words found in... a list of words that are odd or words that i have looked up. i ' ve noticed many, many words start with pro and this is just a collection of them. all words of the lisbon treaty ( persons ' names, foreign and grammatical words have been eliminated, mwes have been split up into individual words. capitalization has been retained if r... 1. strictly eu terms with special european meaning used only in the eu 2. keywords central to the understanding of the eu ( people working for the eu are usually able to give thematic... busie old foole, unruly sunne,.. sawcy pedantique wretch, goe chide late schooleboyes. well - known phrases in irish english that aren ' t understood in american english. ( given saturday, march 4, 1865, washington, d. c. ) at this second appearing to take the oath of the presidential office there is less occasion for an extended a... with all nations, among ourselves, a just and lastin..., cherish, achieve, to do all, for his widow and..., to care for him w..., to bind up the na..., let us strive on..., with firmness in..., with charity for all and 169 more... words and phrases used in blazoning heraldic devices, along with names and other terms associated with the art and science. other similar lists can be found on wordnik, especially that... very basic words for esl students. words that mean \" cool \" around the world and through the ages. looking for tweets for proper.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5271925478493216, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.626164"} {"text": "3d : landscape photography unlike the human eye that can convey depth, a digital camera is limited in technology. so, how do you add depth to your landscape photos that need it the most? well, here are a few suggestions. follow these tips and you will be well on your way to creating perfect 3d images! now, you know objects that are closer to the lens appear larger than those further away from them, right? well, take this cue and bring some perspective to your landscape shots. your shot could be clouds nearing the horizon, water ripples close to you and further away, ocean waves, rivers, streams, trees, flowers, roads, etc. the point is to exaggerate what you want and minimize what you don \u2019 t want. by doing that, you are also creating a 3d effect by showing the distance between two objects : the one near the camera and the one further away from it. it \u2019 s all in the angle your landscape photos should have a point of view. this is where the lenses come into play. the wide angle lenses increase the perceived distance between elements in the composition and promote a feeling of deep space. telephoto lenses lend exactly the opposite of this. they compress the distance between elements in the scene. to accentuate these extreme effects, you should position the camera as close as possible to the nearest object in the composition. adjusting the height of your camera this can only come by experimentation. since you own a digital camera, you can take multiple pictures and still not burn a hole in your pocket, unlike the old days. as a rule, landscape subjects that are closer to you should be positioned lower in your field of view than those more distant. why? because your eyes are more than five feet above the ground and if you want to achieve the highest 3d effect, you should focus on the object at about a 45 degree angle above the ground. in other words, the focal length of your lens should be wide enough to include the horizon and a bit of sky. if you place the camera too low, you will lose visual exposure of the spaces between size cues. if you set up too high, you will lose the horizon and the familiar eye - level configuration of the size cue. either position results in a flattening of the scene. maximize your size cues position the camera horizontally so that the number of size cues portrayed are maximized and the cues are kept separate and distinct. this step may require you to move the camera forward or backward, as well as, sideways. in most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4950903371057759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.630550"} {"text": ". maximize your size cues position the camera horizontally so that the number of size cues portrayed are maximized and the cues are kept separate and distinct. this step may require you to move the camera forward or backward, as well as, sideways. in most situations, you should set depth of field to include both the closest size cue and features on the horizon ( usually infinity ). add mood to your landscapes landscapes on hazy days can be great for photography. due to particles suspended in the atmosphere, close objects appear more detailed than those further away. aerial perspective is commonly encountered as fog, mist, snow, dust and haze. when shooting in these moody conditions, you can be assured of opportunities on the periphery of the atmospheric phenomenon, like the edge of storms or cloud banks. you can modulate the effect by changing position or waiting for a change or movement of the weather pattern. timing is everything the earlier in the day you shoot, the greater the effect. to flatten perspective and achieve an impression that is somewhat surreal, shoot early or late in the day, with the sun directly behind you for better illumination. landscapes illuminated from the side fall into areas of highlight and shadow. this overlapping of objects or planes is emphasized and clarified, because the shadow portion of one is set against the highlight portion of another. give some space if you are trying to include moving subjects into your landscape photos, like a passing cloud, rain drops or a dust storm, give the subject some space in your image to move into. if you do that, your landscapes will look that much more three dimensional. framing does it frame your subject. you can emphasize your subject by placing it into a frame of some sort. things like an open window, tree branches or a doorway work very well. shallow depth of field this is a great way to handle a busy background that would otherwise interfere with your subject. to get to a shallow depth of field, use a long focal length, open the aperture as wide as possible and get as close as possible to your subject. this works best with dslrs. it \u2019 s an effect that is hard to achieve with a point and shoot camera. and yes, use a polarizer to bring down the brightness of the skies. this works best with blue skies and when the sun is to your left or right. polarizers also increase the saturation of the colors in your image. some dos and don \u2019 ts 1. ) use what is called \u201c negative space \u201d to your advantage. it is the part of an image that is not your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48142065940902357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.631646"} {"text": "articleswhere ' s the wisdom in wisdom teeth? pediatric diseases and conditionsdental procedures for children also called third molars, wisdom teeth usually make their first appearance in young adults between the ages of 17 to 21. because most mouths are too small for these four additional molars, an extraction ( removal ) procedure, sometimes immediately after they surface, is often necessary. the following symptoms may indicate that the wisdom teeth have erupted and surfaced, and should be removed before they cause more serious problems. the wisdom teeth may be partially erupted - - meaning, the teeth have partially surfaced and have no room in the mouth to come in completely. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. signs and symptoms may include : infection in the mouth swelling of the gumline in the back of the mouth completely impacted teeth have not come through the gum and may never erupt into the mouth. if they are not causing problems or potential problems, then many dentists will opt to monitor them over time. if the wisdom teeth are causing problems or likely to cause problems, most oral health specialists will recommend an immediate removal of the wisdom teeth. early removal will help to eliminate problems, such as an impacted tooth that causes the roots of the second molar to dissolve. according to the american academy of general dentistry, third molar impaction is the most prevalent medical developmental disorder. bacteria and plaque buildup cysts development ( a fluid - filled sac ) jaw and gum disease decay or root resorption of the adjacent tooth wisdom tooth extraction surgery involves making an incision through the gum tissue that presides over the tooth, gently detaching the connective tissue between the tooth and the bone, removing the tooth, and suturing ( sewing ) the opening in the gum. occasionally, some bone surrounding the tooth must be removed and the tooth may need to be cut into sections to allow removal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4131298622401389, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.634538"} {"text": "nasa ' s hubble breaks new ground with distant supernova discovery washington - - nasa ' s hubble space telescope has looked deep into the distant universe and detected the feeble glow of a star that exploded more than 9 billion years ago. the sighting is the first finding of an ambitious survey that will help astronomers place better constraints on the nature of dark energy, the mysterious repulsive force that is causing the universe to fly apart ever faster. \" for decades, astronomers have harnessed the power of hubble to unravel the mysteries of the universe, \" said john grunsfeld, associate administrator for nasa \u2019 s science mission directorate in washington. \" this new observation builds upon the revolutionary research using hubble that won astronomers the 2011 nobel prize in physics, while bringing us a step closer to understanding the nature of dark energy which drives the cosmic acceleration. \" as an astronaut, grunsfeld visited hubble three times, performing a total of eight spacewalks to service and upgrade the observatory. the stellar explosion, nicknamed sn primo, belongs to a special class called type ia supernovae, which are bright beacons used as distance markers for studying the expansion rate of the universe. type ia supernovae likely arise when white dwarf stars, the burned - out cores of normal stars, siphon too much material from their companion stars and explode. sn primo is the farthest type ia supernova with its distance confirmed through spectroscopic observations. in these types of observations, a spectrum splits the light from a supernova into its constituent colors. by analyzing those colors, astronomers can confirm its distance by measuring how much the supernova ' s light has been stretched, or red - shifted, into near - infrared wavelengths because of the expansion of the universe. the supernova was discovered as part of a three - year hubble program to survey faraway type ia supernovae, opening a new distance realm for searching for this special class of stellar explosion. the remote supernovae will help astronomers determine whether the exploding stars remain dependable cosmic yardsticks across vast distances of space in an epoch when the cosmos was only one - third its current age of 13. 7 billion years. called the candels + clash supernova project, the census uses the sharpness and versatility of hubble ' s wide field camera 3 ( wfc3 ) to assist astronomers in the search for supernovae in near - infrared light and verify their distance with spectroscopy. candels is the cosmic assembly near - infrared deep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5361279205829834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.640370"} {"text": "and versatility of hubble ' s wide field camera 3 ( wfc3 ) to assist astronomers in the search for supernovae in near - infrared light and verify their distance with spectroscopy. candels is the cosmic assembly near - infrared deep extragalactic legacy survey and clash is the cluster lensing and supernova survey. \" in our search for supernovae, we had gone as far as we could go in optical light, \" said adam riess, the project ' s lead investigator, at the space telescope science institute and the johns hopkins university in baltimore, md. \" but it ' s only the beginning of what we can do in infrared light. this discovery demonstrates that we can use the wide field camera 3 to search for supernovae in the distant universe. \" the new results were presented on jan. 11 at the american astronomical society meeting in austin, texas. the supernova team ' s search technique involved taking multiple near - infrared images over several months, looking for a supernova ' s faint glow. after the team spotted the stellar blast in october 2010, they used wfc3 ' s spectrometer to verify sn primo ' s distance and to decode its light, finding the unique signature of a type ia supernova. the team then re - imaged sn primo periodically for eight months, measuring the slow dimming of its light. by taking the census, the astronomers hope to determine the frequency of type ia supernovae during the early universe and glean insights into the mechanisms that detonated them. \" if we look into the early universe and measure a drop in the number of supernovae, then it could be that it takes a long time to make a type ia supernova, \" said team member steve rodney of the johns hopkins university. \" like corn kernels in a pan waiting for the oil to heat up, the stars haven ' t had enough time at that epoch to evolve to the point of explosion. however, if supernovae form very quickly, like microwave popcorn, then they will be immediately visible, and we ' ll find many of them, even when the universe was very young. each supernova is unique, so it ' s possible that there are multiple ways to make a supernova. \" if astronomers discover that type ia supernovae begin to depart from how they expect them to look, they might be able to gauge those changes and make the measurements of dark energy more precise. riess and two other astronomers shared the 2011 nobel prize in physics for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5215457720341943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.641512"} {"text": "how the federal government helps information and assistance teacher assistance corps at the direction of secretary rod paige, the u. s. department of education formed the teacher assistance corps ( tac ), to assist states in implementing the highly qualified teacher requirements in the law. consisting of practitioners, state and district officials, researchers, higher education leaders and others, tac teams have provided assistance in understanding the law, shared innovative practices from other states and listened to states as they shared implementation challenges. many states invited principals, superintendents and teachers to these meetings, allowing them a chance to ask questions and voice concerns. the tac initiative will provide further assistance, as needed, while states are in the process of all phases of implementation. teacher - quality web site the u. s. department of education sponsors the web site www. teacherquality. us. it includes links to information on many interesting state and district initiatives around the nation focused on improving teaching and learning, along with other information specifically designed for classroom teachers. teacher - to - teacher summer workshops the u. s. department of education has brought together some of the nation ' s most effective teachers and education experts to share with their colleagues research - based practices and effective methods of using data to inform instruction that have been successfully applied in the classroom. the u. s. department of education will sponsor a research - to - practice summit, where the latest findings of effective teaching and learning will be presented. teacher practitioners will share how they have applied those findings in everyday teaching and how they have equipped their students to reach unprecedented levels of success. | teachers may sign up to receive electronic updates from the department. these short e - bytes address some of the hot topics from our teacher outreach and provide links to resources to aid teachers in learning about the latest policy, research and professional issues affecting the classroom. sign up at www. teacherquality. us. | no child left behind provides funds to states and districts to conduct a wide variety of activities aimed at supporting teachers. it is important to note that districts can transfer up to 50 percent of federal formula grant funds they receive under different parts of the law ( title ii - - improving teacher quality and educational technology, title iv - - safe and drug - free school grants, title v - - innovative programs ) to any one of these programs or to their title i program ( improving the academic achievement of the disadvantaged ). this allows districts the opportunity to target resources as they see fit, including moving funds into title ii to provide even more support for teachers. this can be accomplished without separate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43438083410241224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.646563"} {"text": "programs or to their title i program ( improving the academic achievement of the disadvantaged ). this allows districts the opportunity to target resources as they see fit, including moving funds into title ii to provide even more support for teachers. this can be accomplished without separate requests and approval. improving the academic achievement of the disadvantaged ( title i ) each district that receives title i funds must spend at least 5 percent of its title i allocation on professional development activities to assist teachers. in fiscal year ( fy ) 2004, title i funding included about $ 605. 2 million targeted to professional development alone. with a record request of $ 13. 3 billion for the program in fy 2005, the amount targeted to professional development would be at least $ 653. 7 million. improving teacher - quality state grants ( title ii ) no child left behind makes funds available specifically to help all states support teachers and improve teaching and learning. funding for fy 2004 was $ 2. 93 billion ; total funding from fy 2002 - 04 amounts to more than $ 8. 7 billion. states have already submitted applications to the department describing their annual goals for increasing the percentage of highly qualified teachers. states have also described how they will use funds to meet the teacher and paraprofessional requirements of the law and how they will hold districts accountable for their progress in helping all teachers reach the highly qualified standard for the subjects they teach. | district needs assessment | | to receive title ii funds, each district must conduct a needs assessment, outlining activities that must be implemented to give teachers the content knowledge and teaching skills they need, and to give principals the instructional leadership skills they need to help teachers. no child left behind requires that teachers participate in the needs assessment process. teachers should contact their state or district about getting involved in this process, if they have not already been invited to participate. | educational technology state grants program ( title ii ) each district receiving educational technology state grants funds must spend at least 25 percent ( a total of $ 173 million in fy 2004 ) on high - quality professional development in the integration of technology into curricula and instruction, unless a district can demonstrate that it already provides such training. english language acquisition state grants program ( title iii ) in fy 2004, $ 548 million is available to states for english language acquisition state grants under title iii of nclb. states may use up to 5 percent of these funds for professional development and other uses to support teachers. in addition, more than $ 68 million dollars is available specifically for professional development projects to assist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4384377075615311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.647658"} {"text": "english language acquisition state grants under title iii of nclb. states may use up to 5 percent of these funds for professional development and other uses to support teachers. in addition, more than $ 68 million dollars is available specifically for professional development projects to assist districts and schools in improving the teaching of english language learners. of this amount, $ 39 million is available for project - grants under the nclb title iii english language acquisition state grants program. these competitive grants are awarded for up to five years to colleges and universities to provide professional development to improve instruction for english language learners. the remaining $ 29 million is available to continue professional development projects that were awarded under the 1997 version of the elementary and secondary education act, before it was reauthorized as nclb. other programs to improve teaching and learning the federal government supports several other grant programs for teachers, such as teaching american history ; math and science partnerships ; troops for teachers ; transition to teaching ; teach for america ; and the american board for the certification of teacher excellence, among others. the u. s. department of education also funds programs to support school leadership, as well as the teaching of students with disabilities, english language learners, and native american and migrant children. for more information on grants to improve teacher quality, recruitment and retention, visit www. ed. gov / admins / tchrqual / learn / tpr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4383739398448888, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.648220"} {"text": "note from the author : i just wanted to say thanks to everyone for supporting my guide. as of writing this, i have had over 1000 views on this topic, which is outstanding to me! keep an eye out for lots more updates soon! contentschapter 1 : introductionchapter 2 : styles of playchapter 3 : yo - yoschapter 4 : strings and bearingschapter 5 : yo - yo maintenancechapter 6 : yo - yo contestschapter 7 : yo - yo trick listchapter 8 : yoyoexpertchapter 9 : external linkschapter 10 : faqs ( frequently asked questions ) chapter 11 : conclusionchapter 1 : introduction what is yo - yoing? when you mention a yo - yo, you might start to think of distant childhood memories of throwing ( or trying to ) a yo - yo, or your father showing you what toys were like when he was a kid. here at yoyoexpert, we believe that yo - yoing is more than that. to us, it is a sport or a skill which we have developed in order to \" make the simple amazing \", as andre would say. this guide is here to help you along your yo - yo journey. let ' s begin! chapter 2 : styles of play with yo - yoing, there are several styles of play. at contests, there are six ( excluding the combined division ) main styles of play. however, there are many other styles. here is a quick description of them : main styles1a - string tricks with a single yo - yo. the yo - yo tends to be unresponsive ( at advanced levels of play ) to allow complicated string tricks to be performed. single a is what most people think of when you talk about yo - yoing. this style is also almost always the first style yo - yoers learn due to it being the most well known and the easiest to start. 2a - a style based on the use of two looping yo - yos, one in each hand. high - level aa play consists of various series of continuous regenerations, such as loops, hops, moons, punches, stalls, etc. also performed are hundreds of different forms of around - the - worlds and other circular motions with the yo - yo. while combining loops and continuous circles, wraps can be done. another growing part of aa ( also possible in aaa ) is based on the tangler trick, where the strings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5370596651241548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.663776"} {"text": "of around - the - worlds and other circular motions with the yo - yo. while combining loops and continuous circles, wraps can be done. another growing part of aa ( also possible in aaa ) is based on the tangler trick, where the strings of the yo - yo cross, spin around the \" knot \", and are then uncrossed. generally the yo - yos used for aa are based on either a modified or a classic shape. those yo - yos used among popular players consist of the yomega raider and fireball ( usually modified ), the yoyojam sunset trajectory, the duncan speed beetle, the team losi da bomb, the duncan ballistic and the relic, as well as many others from various other companies. - string ( aka long spin ) tricks with two yo - yos. popularized and pioneered by mark mcbride, the first modern triple a trick appeared in fiend magazine and was called velvet rolls. the different mounts are referred to as houses ( e. g. \" kink house \" ). photos from as early as the late 1950 ' s show early yo - yo demonstrators performing very basic triple a tricks, such as a sleeper with one hand, and a trapeze with the other. while triple a as a concept has existed for many years, it was not until the release of velvet rolls that development began on what is currently considered triple a. 4a - offstring yo - yoing is a yo - yo style where the string is tied to the finger but not to the yo - yo. single a yo - yos are often used, as well as dedicated offstring yo - yos. offstring yo - yo tend to be butterfly shaped and very wide so landing the yo - yo on the string after the throw is as easy as possible. 5a - where a weight ( typically a casino die or small ball ) is attached to the end of the yo - yo string that would otherwise be attached to the finger. the yo - yo itself is attached to the string in the normal manner. developed in 1999 by steve brown, freehand is considered to be the fastest - growing style of yo - yo play, as well as one of the most exciting to watch, due mainly to the wide diversity of styles from one 5a player to the next. for more yo - yoing styles, please visit : http : / / yoyowiki. org / wiki / styles _ of _ playchapter 3 : yo - yos well, before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5115617178311267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.665076"} {"text": "one 5a player to the next. for more yo - yoing styles, please visit : http : / / yoyowiki. org / wiki / styles _ of _ playchapter 3 : yo - yos well, before you began, you are going to need a yo - yo. once you choose what style of play you want to learn, it is time to get a yo - yo! if you want to learn : 1a, i suggest either a journey ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyojam / journey / ), a velocity ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyofactory / velocity / ), or a kickside ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyojam / kickside /, i suggest two sunset trajectories ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyojam / sunset - trajectory / ) or two loop 720s ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyofactory / loop720 /, i suggest two speedmakers ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyojam / speed - maker /, i suggest an aquarius ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyojam / aquarius / ) or a hayabusa ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / duncan / hayabusa /, i suggest a lyn fury ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / yoyojam / lyn - fury / ) or a freehand zero ( http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / duncan / freehand - zero / ). chapter 4 : strings and bearings once you get a yo - yo, you are going to need some string and maybe a different bearing besides the stock bearing that comes with your yo - yo. there are three main types of string. 100 % cotton, 50 / 50 polyester / cotton, and 100 % polyester string. pure cotton string is not very common, since is tangles quickly and is not very durable / strong. it is best left for the yo - yos that little kids play with. next is 50 / 50 string. 50 / 50 is great for the beginner yo - yoer. it is strong and durable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45410140008012445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.665903"} {"text": "and is not very durable / strong. it is best left for the yo - yos that little kids play with. next is 50 / 50 string. 50 / 50 is great for the beginner yo - yoer. it is strong and durable, yet still has half cotton. 50 / 50 is the preferred string for looping and off - string. last is pure polyester. most pros favor this type of string because of its strength while not getting tangled as quickly as the other types. if you are interested in yo - yo string, please visit the following link : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / product / expert / string / there are also several types of bearings. the main bearings are stock bearings ( bearings that come with your yo - yo ) which are great once you break them in and konkave bearings which are great for making a yo - yo unresponsive. stock bearings differ from yo - yo brands, so it is hard to talk about them when they differ. yoyofactory and yoyojam have excellent stock bearings. konkave bearings literally are concave bearings, so they look kinda like this : ) ( this causes the string to stay in the middle of the bearing away from the response. chapter 5 : yo - yo maintenance there are several important factors that keep your yo - yo spinning, so you will need to keep good care of your yo - yo. instead of me explaining this all, i ' ll let the yo - yo master, andre boulay, do the talking. see below for the videos. cleaning a yo - yo bearing : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / learn / 411 - maintenance - cleaning - a - bearing. html lubing yo - yos : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / learn / 410 - maintenance - lube. html using spacers : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / learn / 409 - maintenance - spacers. html fix loose axles : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / learn / 414 - maintenance - loose - axle - fix. htmlchapter 6 : yo - yo contests as i mentioned before, there are six main styles of play. 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, and ap, or artistic performance, where the yo - yoer incorporates dance moves with yo - yoing. for a list of upcoming yo - yo contests, please visit this link : http", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4931073283043852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.667254"} {"text": ". 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, and ap, or artistic performance, where the yo - yoer incorporates dance moves with yo - yoing. for a list of upcoming yo - yo contests, please visit this link : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / forums / index. php / topic, 720 chapter 7 : yo - yo trick list a simple yet large list of yo - yo tricks and videos on how to do them. the growing trick list project. http : / / yoyoexpert. com / forums / index. php / topic, 763. 0. htmlchapter 8 : yoyoexpert new to yoyoexpert? my good friend, steven, wrote a topic for the guests and new users of our site. this is a guide of what we do around here for the guests. guest ' s : if any guests are reading this, thanks for looking at yoyoexpert. if you really like the site, come and join the fun! this is an awesome site. i ' m going to tell you what we do around here! thursday : we have a chat night once a month on thursday night. i think it ' s 8 : 00pm to 9 : 00pm eastern time. andre boulay, the yo - yo pro, and site creator, asks us questions in the chat room. you can go to the chat room by scrolling up and there is a button in the forum navigation that says \" chat \". just click and you ' re in! well, andre boulay asks us questions and we answer. if you get it right, you get a point. the people that scored are in the 2nd round. some people with 1 or 2 points are in, but the people with no points are out. if you get in the the second round, andre will ask more questions. the user with the most correct answers will win a yo - yo that andre decides to give them for free! sometimes, andre does a raffle. he ' s going to pick a random user who will win a free yoyoexpert t - shirt or something else! it ' s every thursday so don ' t miss out on it. even if you get out, it ' s a lot of fun watching other people battle! shop : well, as you can see, yoyoexpert does have a shop. they have yoyojam, yoyofactory, duncan, and some accessories. i think andre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46183392098677445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.668278"} {"text": "' s a lot of fun watching other people battle! shop : well, as you can see, yoyoexpert does have a shop. they have yoyojam, yoyofactory, duncan, and some accessories. i think andre did a good job picking out good companies and good yo - yos to put on the site. go check them out and buy one! forums : i think the forums are the best thing about this site. it ' s fun, entertaining, and just nice to go on when you ' re bored! these are some sections we have. general yo - yo forum for just normal yo - yo talk. we have yo - yo trick help, yo - yo reviews, yo - yo videos, yo - yo contest information, unrelated discussion, and yoyoexpert site improvments. there all fun post threads in and just to have fun in. learn : if you scroll up all the way to the top you will see learn. if you click that they have offstring, counterweight, string tricks, looping, maintenance, everything. click on what you want and they have a trick list. when you click, there will be a list of tricks. here are some examples of some string tricks : trapeze, double or nothing, and matrix. in the video that you choose, andre boulay will teach you how to perform the trick. almost all my tricks are from andre. he explains really well, and shows different angles of the trick so you can see it. news : if you have a question on when the next contest is, or what new yo - yos are coming to yoyoexpert just click news up at the top! the \" news \" section is for upcoming contests, new yo - yos coming, yo - yo articles, yo - yo videos, and yoyoexpert news. so, if your wondering about anything similar to all of those topics, click \" news \" and you can get your answer. one of them isn ' t an answer, it ' s the yo - yo videos topic. it ' s just some videos of pro ' s showing their freestyles. if you want to see some freestyles, go to it! the news section is very exciting! chat : the chat isn ' t just fun on thursday. it ' s fun on any day! we talk about yo - yos, yo - yo tricks, and lots more! there ' s something really cool that ' s in there too", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49516215864272695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.669307"} {"text": "! chat : the chat isn ' t just fun on thursday. it ' s fun on any day! we talk about yo - yos, yo - yo tricks, and lots more! there ' s something really cool that ' s in there too.. andre made a robot in there so when there ' s no one in there he comes in and chats with you! he ' s really cool. come in the chat whenever you can! yoyoexpert is the best yo - yo site that i ' ve ever been on. there ' s so much fun here everyday! yoyoexpert has almost every yo - yo you need. if you guys want to join the fun, join yoyoexpert! i promise you will have a good time here. chapter 9 : external links here are some great places to check out to get started on yo - yoing! http : / / www. mastermagic. net http : / / www. yoyonation. comhttp : / / www. yoyojam. comhttp : / / www. theyostore. comhttp : / / www. yoyocrazy. comhttp : / / www. yoyoguy. comchapter 10 : faqs ( frequently asked questions ) for a growing faqs list, please check out this link : http : / / yoyoexpert. com / forums / index. php / topic, 734. 0. htmlchapter 11 : conclusion well, i hope this guide has helped you get started with yo - yoing. yo - yoing is an amazing sport with endless possibilities. i hope you take our amazing sport to heart and master it! we here at yoyoexpert will help you further along with your journey. if you have any questions, feel free to message me or one of my friends here at yoyoexpert. we would love to help you out! loved this guide, but need more help? be sure to check out my great friend, samad ' s, guide here! http : / / yoyoexpert. com / forums / index. php / topic, 689. 0 \u00ab last edit : september 24, 2009, 05 : 05 : 10 pm by mitchell \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4861943506630289, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.670121"} {"text": "innovation is one of those words that is as loaded as it is inescapable. it appears constantly on billboards, tv commercials and political speeches. i \u2019 ll wager every big organization in the world lays claim to the concept through a mission statement or some other purported self - description. our hopes for improved institutional outcomes \u2013 from schools, from hospitals, from governments \u2013 are all stoked by a devotion to the glimmering promise of doing things better in a new way. what about digital preservation? is innovation the key to dealing with all that valuable digital data? this is, of course, an very unsatisfying answer. innovation should be the answer to everything, most especially to all things digital. \u201c never before in history has innovation offered promise of so much to so many in so short a time, \u201d is a quote attributed bill gates, and at first glance it seems to ring with a self - evident truth. when considered from the popular perspective of innovation, digital preservation looks like a straightforward challenge for libraries, archives, museums and other entities that long have kept information on behalf of society. all they need are some new ideas, practices and tools \u2013 all of which information technology excels in delivering. there \u2019 s also a neat symmetry here : technology created new kinds of information for libraries to preserve, so technology can help libraries do the job. but it isn \u2019 t quite so easy. the basic problem is what larry downes has called \u201c the laws of disruption, \u201d of which the most fundamental is \u201c technology changes exponentially, but social, economic and legal systems change incrementally. \u201d downes notes that innovative digital technology has thoroughly roiled many social conventions and that \u201c nothing can stop the chaos that will follow. \u201d an overly dramatic statement, yes, but it illustrates that innovation is not a safe, orderly or controllable process. it sends out big ripples of disruption with an unpredictable impact. consider the irony : organizations tout innovation as a way to thrive and prosper when the truth of the matter is that real innovation often destabilizes and destroys. libraries and other memory organizations are now bouncing on ripples of disruption, and the ride likely will stay scary for the foreseeable future. innovation puts these institutions in a bind : they are now confronted with a huge array of demands and choices that traditional structures are ill - suited to address. they face an irresistible need for change. but the further they stick their toes into the waves of innovation, the greater the potential for even more desta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5555465774927969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.676902"} {"text": "now confronted with a huge array of demands and choices that traditional structures are ill - suited to address. they face an irresistible need for change. but the further they stick their toes into the waves of innovation, the greater the potential for even more destabilization. and since most institutions strongly resist that which threatens their stability, they have an unmovable incentive to resist real change. all this means that the ability of traditional institutions to fully meet the need for digital preservation is in doubt. well, that \u2019 s depressing. wait, though \u2013 there \u2019 s a another side to innovation that offers hope for meeting the digital preservation challenge. many individual librarians and archivists are using new kinds of tools and services \u2013 such as lockss and \u201c micro - services \u201c \u2013 to build local preservation solutions. even more significantly, individuals of all kinds are playing a role in determining what gets saved and how that content is used. consider the impact that one person \u2013 brewster kahle \u2013 has made over the years through the internet archive. jason scott is getting high - profile attention for his grassroots work to preserve large volumes of web content abandoned by companies such as yahoo!. all kinds of average people are developing interest in personal digital archiving to preserve their family memories. tim o \u2019 reilly, the visionary who first saw the development known as web 2. 0, sees a major role for individuals in digital preservation. here \u2019 s a summary from an account of his talk at a recent library of congress meeting : o \u2019 reilly stressed the preservation role of people working outside of institutions. he called for \u201c baking in \u201d more preservation functionality into tools used to create and distribute digital content to enable a more distributed stewardship mindset. this is important because \u201c the things that turn out to be historic are not thought to be historic at the time. \u201d o \u2019 reilly also said one of the most tweetable bits at the meeting : \u201c digital preservation won \u2019 t be just the concern of specialists, it will be the concern of everyone. \u201d i have some sympathy with o \u2019 reilly \u2019 s argument. it builds on the powerful trend of individuals asserting control over how information is published, distributed and used. the result of a broad - based popular effort to steward digital data would also address some fundamental preservation needs : lots of distributed copies that are open for active use. individuals also often can adapt to change with more flexibility than can institutions. ultimately, we have to hope that innovation pushes along the trend toward the democratization of digital preservation. the more people who care about saving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5072140831554706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.679482"} {"text": "march 9 \u2014 take a family document ( baptismal certificate, passenger list, naturalization petition, etc. ) and write a brief narrative using the information. i had to really give this one some thought. gilbert stephens was an ancestor of mine who fought in the revolutionary war. he served from virginia, later moving his family to morgan county, kentucky. years ago, i sent for his pension file from the national archives. it was a large one, costing a total of $ 72! the day it arrived was indeed a happy one. and, nothing else got done in my house for several days as i read through it. gilbert was entitled to bounty land for his service in the revolutionary war. we were a country that was cash poor, but land rich. the last years of his life was spent trying to secure the necessary proof needed for his land. then, he died. wife nancy osborn stephens was left to continue on with the quest. and, this quest went on for years. she spent those years trying to produce the needed proof of her marriage to gilbert. many, many documents are included in the pension file that attest to witnesses having known them all of their married life, and that they were indeed married. it wasn ' t good enough. even their sons wrote that their parents were indeed married. that wasn ' t good enough. nancy asked a man to go back to virginia to see if anyone was alive that could remember the wedding, which took place at thomas leadingham ' s home, where she was a servant. the man went, but died when he was there. one of the final pages in the pension file indicates the following : nancy states that after years of trying to prove she was indeed married to gilbert stephens, \" she expects she will not be able to produce any public record of her marriage \". this absolutely touched my heart. she was 88 years old and couldn ' t remember if she was married in 1796 or 1797. dozens of friends and relatives stated their knowledge of gilbert and nancy being husband and wife, including her own brother, jesse. but, none of it was good enough. in the end, she actually was given the bounty land due to her and gilbert. she died a very short time later.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4389382852506143, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.681911"} {"text": "the gakken ' s photo encyclopedia \" ants \" this illustrated book was published from the gakushu kenkyusha in 1979 as \" ants \" in a series of gakken ' s photo encyclopedia. this book provided very good introductory information about ants with wonderful ecological photos and illustrations of ants and simple explanations. to our regret, however, the book has long been unpublished. therefore, under the condition that its use is only for educational enlightment, this book was entered in the \" color image database of japanese ants \" and pulished as an introduction to myrmecology by obtaining special permission from gakusyu kenkyusha, mr. kuribayashi and others who were associated with the publication of this illustrated book. in recording this book on the database, the text was inputted and edited by imai, and the digital imaging processing and editing of the illustrations were performed by tsukii from the originally printed illustrations using a scanner. although the layout of the text and illustrations differ from the original text, as much care as possible has been taken to avoid changing the spirit of the original text. since a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last publication of this text, the japanese names of ants and the taxonomic descriptions have been revised in part based on the latest research findings. furthermore, this test was written originally as an introductory book for school chilldren and all of the chinese characters omitted from the school textbooks were written in the japanese cursive \" hiragana \" characters. this appeared to make the sentences difficult to read and the meaning hard to understand for junior and senior school and university students and further, for ordinary readers who are the predicted users of this text. therefore, ordinary words and technical terms were represented by chinese characters and the reading was expressed by japanese cursive characters in parenthesis ( ) after the corresponding chinese character.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5097801232391029, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.686584"} {"text": "sound and architecture have an ambiguous interaction in their relationship to an one another. sound used to be one of the main criteria for constructions of buildings, such as churches and cathedrals. complex construction where sound was a key element in the consideration of the structures design and indeed the sonic organization of a space would inspired the composition of that space. today sound is the poor parent of the architectures dominated by visually based dictate of contemporary construction, as an added extra sound is often overlooked and thus a virtually non - existent feature of modern architecture. artists, architects and theoreticians are increasingly beginning to address this deficit and have started to think about the relationship between sound and architecture as warranting a possible field of exploration in itself \u2013 as a medium such as sound perception or production \u2013 architectural deconstruction or understanding driven by its sonic and social interactions within a space. as an extension of the human habitat we see architecture from a personal space to a massive collective habitat or the human activity of building and by correlation as the urban construction or as public open architectures / public space. thus, architecture is a place where the physical relation to walls and doors, roofs and windows are paramount, a place for the purpose of protection as control and punishment, a place for circulation and exchange, for streams of people imprinting their daily lives on an embodied enclosure. with archisonic we ask artist to address, extend and interrogate the question of sound and space. what is our experience of sound in the environment? how does this affect our perception of a space or sound? can the mechanical processes of sound production reveal hidden structures within architectural space otherwise unobtainable to the perception of those that inhabit or traverse these buildings / spaces? can we explain sound as a simple air and reflection phenomena extracted from the real by artistic gesture? how we create those process, how we revealed those phenomena?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5531834519079837, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.690016"} {"text": "broad bean rust is one of the most common fungal diseases of broad bean leaves. the fungus causes small, dusty dark brown spots on leaves and stems. what is broad bean rust? broad bean rust is caused by the fungus uromyces viciae - fabae. it is not as damaging as another common broad bean disease, chocolate spot, but severe attacks can cause defoliation. expect to see significant levels of this rust from mid - summer. it attacks broad beans, peas and other related legumes and has several races, but in the uk is only important on broad beans. runner and french beans are affected by a more serious, but unrelated rust disease. you may see the following symptoms : - on leaves and stems : small, dusty, dark brown spots appear - maximise air flow around the plants by wider spacing and avoid damp, humid sites - destroy infected plant material at the end of the season there are no effective fungicides available to gardeners for rust control on broad beans. uromyces viciae - fabae is a typical example of a rust fungus that carries out its entire life cycle on one host, which, in the uk, is the broad bean. unlike chocolate spot, the infected leaf tissues remain alive, providing nutrients for the fungus while it produces dusty brown airborne dispersal spores. a dormant resting spore carries it over the winter. another fungal pathogen, didymella fabae ( syn. ascochyta fabae ), causes spots on leaves and pods, but is usually less damaging than broad bean rust.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4476090728518261, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.691565"} {"text": "the medical community has long warned against overusing antibiotics in farm animals because of the potential threat to human health. excessive and unnecessary use of the drugs, which are similar to what doctors prescribe for people ' s ear infections, strep throats and other illnesses, can lead to super - resistant strains of bacteria that can cause serious human diseases that have no cure. to keep the drugs working effectively, they should be used judiciously and sparingly. that ' s why it ' s so troubling that the food and drug administration is expected to approve a powerful cattle antibiotic to treat a common pneumonia - like illness, according to a recent report in the washington post. never mind that the agency ' s own panel of advisers urged that the drug be rejected, citing concerns that it could promote emergence of drug - resistant bacteria and that the drug belongs to an class of drugs needed as a last line of defense against serious human infections. or that the american medical association and several other health groups also warned against its use in cattle. it ' s believed that it would be difficult for the fda to deny approval because of its own animal - drug guidelines, which critics say are too industry - friendly. in response to the post story, stephen sundlof, director of the fda center for veterinary medicine, said the agency has not reached a decision and is still collecting information. but the entire debate seems unnecessary. the drug was developed to treat bovine respiratory disease in cattle, yet there already are more than a dozen effective medicines on the market. and if cattle had less - crowded and more hygienic living conditions, disease wouldn ' t be as much of an issue in the first place. in addition to evaluating the drug ' s effect on human health, the fda should consider whether approval would facilitate factory farming. this is bad for the animals, bad for the soil, bad for the environment and, ultimately, bad for us. the drugs turn up in waterways, threatening fish, plants and drinking water, and they also are in manure, used to fertilize farm fields. hl2 style = \" briefs ( underscore ) subhead \" > medicine in your rice the u. s. department of agriculture has given a provisional go - ahead for genetically modified rice containing human genes to be grown in kansas, despite concerns that the proteins from the pharma rice could find their way into the food chain. the rice would be able to make human proteins that could help reduce bouts of diarrhea in children by about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4133052983808543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.695977"} {"text": "human genes to be grown in kansas, despite concerns that the proteins from the pharma rice could find their way into the food chain. the rice would be able to make human proteins that could help reduce bouts of diarrhea in children by about a day. meanwhile, the company behind the new rice varieties, ventria bioscience, has talked to the fda about putting the proteins into health foods such as yogurt and granola bars. given the fda ' s track record on ensuring the safety of prescription drugs, the public has good reason to be leery of medicinal food. a scathing report by the national academy of sciences ' institute of medicine called the fda \" disorganized and demoralized \" and said its system for testing new drugs is deeply flawed. the usda, meanwhile, has demonstrated poor oversight of biotechnology. in less than a year, u. s. regulators have confirmed three incidents of genetically modified rice contamination, including one that has disrupted rice exports. the national academy of sciences has warned that it is virtually impossible to keep plant - made pharmaceuticals from entering the food supply when food crops are engineered to produce them. until this problem is solved, pharmaceutical crops shouldn ' t be cultivated outside. you have until march 30 to submit comments to the usda. if approved, ventria will begin planting rice in the next few months. hl2 style = \" briefs ( underscore ) subhead \" > a run on glass baby bottles concerns about the chemical bisphenol a, used in many plastic goods, including shatterproof polycarbonate baby bottles, have sparked a run on glass baby bottles from evenflo, according to natural baby. in the last three weeks, \" we have had had at least 1, 000 more orders than normal for glass baby bottles alone, \" said jen thames, general manager of natural baby. the interest in glass was triggered largely by a california environment research and policy center report that warns about the dangers of bpa, which can leach from certain bottles into breast milk or formula. animal studies have shown that bpa can have reproductive effects. a federal advisory panel studying the safety of the chemical has delayed releasing its finding. to get in line for glass bottles, you can place an order at naturalbabyhome. com. babies \" r \" us also carries glass bottles, according to evenflo. * e - mail julie deardorff at jdeardorff @ tribune. com and visit her blog at chicagotribune. com / julie. send health and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47575772376554926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.697055"} {"text": "two astronomers at jet propulsion laboratory have seen halley ' s comet with the naked eye, the first report of persons viewing the comet unaided during its current visit. \" we jumped around and gave a few yells into the night air for the coyotes to hear, \" astronomer charles morris said. morris and steve edberg, another jpl astronomer who is also the coordinator for amateur observations for the international halley watch, saw the comet early friday morning from a turnout off angeles crest highway near mount waterman, 7, 000 feet above sea level. \" it ' s the first naked - eye sighting to my knowledge, \" said brian marsden, director of the central bureau for astronomical telegrams, a clearing house for such sightings in cambridge, mass. the comet is still far too dim for most people to be able to see it, although if the weather permits, it should be visible this weekend through binoculars. the two astronomers found the comet first with binoculars and then were able to observe it without optical aids because they knew exactly where to look. halley will grow in brightness for several months before it disappears on the other side of the sun in february. when it reappears in march, it should look more like a comet, sporting a tail. the comet will be at its brightest just before dawn the first week in april.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4234843865118512, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.698405"} {"text": "it \u2019 s president \u2019 s day! and what \u2019 s a better way to celebrate than to honor two of our most remembered presidents : george washington and abraham lincoln than to highlight some of their green achievements. you may think that going \u201c green \u201d is a relatively new movement, but some people have been watching out for our earth for centuries. even though neither george washington nor abraham lincoln are known for environmentalism, both made their mark and set good examples for generations to follow. president washington may be known for his outstanding leadership in the military, and his exemplary work as the first president, but what i bet you didn \u2019 t know is how much he was into the environment. his first true love was farming. he was out in the yard every day before his days in the office. don \u2019 t believe us? just take a trip to mount vernon where it all began. not only did washington admire his gardens, but he revolutionized them. have you ever used a repository for dung, or maybe rotated your crops? both of these ideas came from him. yes, our former first president, george washington used to spend his time experimenting with manure. he was the first one to construct a separate building to create natural fertilizer. he hoped that by experimenting with the dung, he could find out what works best in the fields. president washington may have been into the environment in his mature days, but i don \u2019 t think any of us have forgotten about his infamous cherry tree myth. but that \u2019 s just it.. is it myth or fact? regardless of the truth, i think washington would be very proud of each one of us who plant a tree to honor this day. for us new englanders or others living in cold climates, who cannot go out and plant that tree, you can always donate to a supporting tree foundation. as far as president abraham lincoln goes, he has certainly done us a favor. i don \u2019 t know about you guys, but i love being able to take a stroll in a beautiful park and enjoy mother nature. president lincoln was the first person to establish land preserves for our collective enjoyment. the first two areas of land were california \u2019 s yosemite valley and mariposa grove. the creation of these protected forests began the foundation for national park systems. this tall president was bigger than parks though. although in the midst of civil war, lincoln established the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) in 1862 and the national academy of sciences in 1863. without his help who knows where our organic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4156559118823054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.702940"} {"text": "mawson, c. o. s., ed. ( 18701938 ). rogets international thesaurus. 1922. class iv. words relating to the intellectual faculties division ( i ) formation of ideas section iv. reasoning processes confutation, refutation ; answer, complete answer ; disproof, conviction, redargution, invalidation ; exposure, exposition, expose [ f. ], clincher [ colloq. ], retort, reductio ad absurdum [ l. ] ; knock - down - ; tu quoque - argument ; sockdolager [ slang, u. s. ]. confute, refute ; parry, negative, disprove, redargue, expose, show up, show the fallacy of, rebut, defeat ; demolish ( destroy ) [ see destruction ] ; overthrow, overturn ; scatter to the winds, explode, invalidate ; silence ; put -, reduce - to silence ; clinch - an argument, - a question ; give one a setdown [ colloq. ], stop the mouth, shut up ; have, have on the hip, have the better of ; confound [ archaic ], convince. not leave a leg to stand on, cut the ground from under ones feet ; smash all opposition ; knock the bottom out of an argument [ colloq. ]. be confuted & c. ; fail ; expose -, show - ones weak point. confutable, confutative, refutable ; confuting, confuted, & c. v. ; capable of refutation. condemned - on ones own showing, - out of ones own mouth ; hoist with his own petar [ hamlet ]. the argument falls to the ground. it does not hold water. suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo. terence thy speech bewrayeth thee. bible now, infidel, i have you on the hip. merchant of venice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5706622729138643, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.704911"} {"text": "hans christian andersen. ( 18051875 ) tales. the harvard classics. 190914. the constant tin soldier there were once five - and - twenty tin soldiers ; they were all brothers, for they had all been born of one old tin spoon. they shouldered their muskets and looked straight before them ; their uniform was red and blue, and very splendid. the first thing they had heard in the world, when the lid was taken off their box, had been the words tin soldiers! these words were uttered by a little boy, clapping his hands ; the soldiers had been given to him, for it was his birthday ; and now he put them upon the table. each soldier was exactly like the rest ; but one of them had been cast last of all, and there had not been enough tin to finish him ; but he stood as firmly upon one leg as the others on their two ; and it was just this soldier who became remarkable. on the table on which they had been placed stood many other playthings, but the toy that attracted most attention was a neat castle of card - board. through the little windows one could see straight into the hall. before the castle some little trees were placed round a little looking - glass, which was to represent a clear lake. waxen swans swam on this lake, and were mirrored in it. this was all very pretty ; but the prettiest of all was a little lady, who stood at the open door of the castle ; she was also cut out in paper, but she had a dress of the clearest gauze, and a little narrow blue ribbon over her shoulders, that looked like a scarf ; and in the middle of this ribbon was a shining tinsel rose, as big as her whole face. the little lady stretched out both her arms, for she was a dancer, and then she lifted one leg so high that the tin soldier could not see it at all, and thought that, like himself, she had but one leg. that would be the wife for me, thought he ; but she is very grand. she lives in a castle, and i have only a box, and there are five - and - twenty of us in that. it is no place for her. but i must try to make acquaintance with her. when the evening came, all the other tin soldiers were put into their box, and the people in the house went to bed. now the toys began to play at visiting, and at war, and giving balls. the tin soldiers rattled in their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4780659492016559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.710461"} {"text": ". when the evening came, all the other tin soldiers were put into their box, and the people in the house went to bed. now the toys began to play at visiting, and at war, and giving balls. the tin soldiers rattled in their box, for they wanted to join, but could not lift the lid. the nut - cracker threw somersaults, and the pencil amused itself on the table ; there was so much noise that the canary woke up, and began to speak too, and even in verse. the only two who did not stir from their places were the tin soldier and the dancing lady ; she stood straight up on the point of one of her toes, and stretched out both her arms : and he was just as enduring on his one leg ; and he never turned his eyes away from her. but when the morning came, and the children got up, the tin soldier was placed in the window ; and whether it was the goblin or the draught that did it, all at once the window flew open, and the soldier fell, head over heels, out of the third story. the servant - maid and the little boy came down directly to look for him, but though they almost trod upon him they could not see him. if the soldier had cried out, here i am! they would have found him ; but he did not think it fitting to call out loudly, because he was in uniform. and they made a boat out of a newspaper, and put the tin soldier in the middle of it ; and so he sailed down the gutter, and the two boys ran beside him and clapped their hands. goodness preserve us! how the waves rose in that gutter, and how fast the stream ran! but then it had been a heavy rain. the paper boat rocked up and down, and sometimes turned round so rapidly that the tin soldier trembled ; but he remained firm, and never changed countenance, and looked straight before him, and shouldered his musket. but the stream became stronger and stronger. the tin soldier could see the bright daylight where the arch ended ; but he heard a roaring noise, which might well frighten a bolder man. only thinkjust where the tunnel ended, the drain ran into a great canal ; and for him that would have been as dangerous as for us to be carried down a great waterfall. now he was already so near it that he could not stop. the boat was carried out, the poor tin soldier stiffening himself as much as he could, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45363221880522697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.711401"} {"text": "that would have been as dangerous as for us to be carried down a great waterfall. now he was already so near it that he could not stop. the boat was carried out, the poor tin soldier stiffening himself as much as he could, and no one could say that he moved an eyelid. the boat whirled round three or four times, and was full of water to the very edgeit must sink. the tin soldier stood up to his neck in water, and the boat sank deeper and deeper, and the paper was loosened more and more ; and now the water closed over the soldiers head. then he thought of the pretty little dancer, and how he should never see her again ; and it sounded in the soldiers ears : o, how dark it was in that fishs body! it was darker yet than in the drain tunnel ; and then it was very narrow, too. but the tin soldier remained unmoved, and lay at full length, shouldering his musket. the fish swam to and fro ; he made the most wonderful movements, and then became quite still. at last something flashed through him like lightning. the daylight shone quite clear, and a voice said aloud, the tin soldier! the fish had been caught, carried to market, bought, and taken into the kitchen, where the cook cut him open with a large knife. she seized the soldier round the body with both her hands, and carried him into the room where all were anxious to see the remarkable man who had travelled about in the inside of a fish ; but the tin soldier was not at all proud. they placed him on the table, and thereno! what curious things may happen in the world! the tin soldier was in the very room in which he had been before! he saw the same children, and the same toys stood upon the table ; and there was the pretty castle with the graceful little dancer. she was still balancing herself on one leg, and held the other extended in the air. she was faithful too. that moved the tin soldier : he was very near weeping tin tears, but that would not have been proper. he looked at her, but they said nothing to each other. the tin soldier stood there quite illuminated, and felt a heat that was terrible ; but whether this heat proceeded from the real fire or from love he did not know. the colors had quite gone off from him ; but whether that had happened on the journey, or had been caused by grief, no one could say. he looked at the little lady", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4799604105907385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.712470"} {"text": "corn kernels await planting at a farm in rural angola. \" get biotechnology on the agenda for africa \" op - ed, the japan times june 30, 2008 author : calestous juma, professor of the practice of international development ; director, science, technology, and globalization project ; principal investigator, agricultural innovation in africa leaders at the group of eight industrialized nations ' summit in hokkaido next month need to take strong measures to promote cooperation in using biotechnology to address africa ' s food challenges. at present there is resistance from europe, and even japan is dragging its feet on this vital issue. critics often argue that using modern biotechnology in african agriculture would harm farmers, wreck the environment and expose consumers to unknown risks. but by failing to adopt biotechnology, africa puts its poor populations at greater risk of starvation. without substantial investment in biotechnology to address critical challenges such as drought, africa will continue to experience food deficits. the g8 summit should encourage africa and its partners to design new models of cooperation that involve partnerships between government, industry and academia. an example of such creative institutional arrangements is the water efficient maize for africa initiative funded by the bill and melinda gates foundation and the howard g. buffett foundation. the aim of the $ 47 million grant to the african agricultural technology foundation ( aatf ) is to develop drought - tolerant and royalty - free maize varieties for africa. it will use marker - assisted technology and other biotechnologies. the first drought - tolerant variety will be available in seven years. critics argue that intellectual property rights prevent african countries from obtaining technologies to meet basic needs. but new drought - tolerance techniques have already been licensed to aatf without charge. they can be developed, tested and distributed to small - scale african farmers without charge. under this novel arrangement, the international maize and wheat improvement center ( cimmyt ) avails itself of conventionally developed drought - tolerant, high - yielding maize varieties suited to african conditions. in addition to cimmyt ' s expertise, monsanto will offer proprietary genetic material and advanced breeding techniques. monsanto and basf will offer royalty - free, drought - tolerant genes arising from their collaboration. participating countries ( kenya, uganda, tanzania and south africa ) will provide additional expertise available in farmers ' groups and local companies. considerable effort has gone into forging partnerships that let african countries enter into genuine partnership with companies in industrialized countries as envisaged in the \" freedom to innovate \" report commissioned by the african union and the new economic partnership for africa ' s development. this partnership illustrates the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48537492577124947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.719315"} {"text": "i \u2019 ve observed a constellation of ideas that has been a part of western thinking for a long time, but became most influential beginning with the enlightenment. it has to do with notions of freedom and determinism ( specifically in terms of materialism and mechanism, environmentalism and communitarianism / socialism ) along with heretical views about god and nature, specifically such views as deism and pantheism / panentheism. it, of course, involves criticisms of biblical literalism and the rise of modern biblical studies in general, the enlightenment idea being that faith and revelation doesn \u2019 t trump reason. an early origin of this constellation has to do with the stoics. they dealt with the problems of human fate. it was from the stoics that the early christians inherited natural law. freewill was a major issue for christian theologians in those first several centuries. augustine was heavily impacted by his experience as a manichaean, and through this he introduced elements of manichaeism into catholicism. he particularly struggled with evil and freewill. this led him to a compromised position of original sin and the necessity of the church as a proxy to enforce god \u2019 s will and hence enforce social order. later on, the reformation era was a major factor in setting the stage for the enlightenment. take erasmus as an example. he helped form modern biblical criticism and the humanistic tradition. he also was involved with a famous debate with luther about freewill. my focus on these ideas, however, isn \u2019 t as directly related to religion. the specific constellation of ideas can be seen in hobbes \u2019 writings, but more clearly takes form with spinoza and locke ( the latter two born in the same year ). spinoza and locke represent the two sides of the enlightenment, radical and moderate. locke isn \u2019 t part of my main focus at the moment, although he forms an obvious context for most people in thinking about the development of the western tradition. instead, the more radical spinoza has been on my mind. this constellation of ideas can be seen in the entire enlightenment tradition and represents a core element, but it is most clearly manifest in the radical enlightenment with its tendency toward deism. in light of spinoza, hobbes has come to my attention. hobbes is a precursor to the moderate enlightenment, but he does share at least one thing in common with spinoza. both were determinists. hobbes saw human nature as dangerous. so, he put forth a secularized version of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5856299905323562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.726602"} {"text": "jefferson \u2019 s deism and his original draft of the declaration of independence that declared all people equal, no matter their religion, race or gender ). if freedom is part of natural law, then it is destined to be. god isn \u2019 t arbitrary. god \u2019 s will is the law of this world, i. e., natural law. as such, all of the world chafes at the reigns of oppression for, from this view, it is unnatural and unsustainable. during lincoln \u2019 s life, marxism and socialism were having great impact. many of the left - wing revolutionaries in europe had immigrated to america, some even joining lincoln \u2019 s administration or the leadership of the union army. more of marx \u2019 s writings had been published in a republican newspaper than anywhere else in the world and that newspaper was regularly read by lincoln. marx was another thinker who was influenced by spinoza, and some marxists today have attempted to rehabilitate marxism by way of spinoza. socialism is closely related to environmentalism for the environment includes both the social environment and the natural environment. this also brings us to the whole deep ecology angle which relates to the nature \u2019 s god of the deists and so goes back to spinoza. the original influence on deep ecology came from a philosophical pessimist, peter wessel zapffe. there is the common idea of the environment influencing or determining human behavior, an idea that was implicit if often submerged in the enlightenment project. different theorists go in diverse directions about this environmental influence, but it has becoming increasingly central to the ideas most clearly formulated by the first enlightenment thinkers. ideas about freedom have a close history with ideas about fate. this reminds me, as many things do, of the trickster archetype. there is the liminal space between seemingly polar concepts. they are secretly connected and can \u2019 t be divided for it goes beyond mere philosophy. this is moreso about human nature than about any particular ideology. this constellation of ideas can lead to many ideologies. what makes me wonder is the factor that causes these ideas to constellate in the fist place. what is their affinity? in the trickster archetype, there are issues of egalitarianism in terms of bringing the high down low and there are issues of charisma that offers a vision of egalitarianism and empowerment. thinkers such as paine and lincoln certainly weren \u2019 t lacking in charisma. i \u2019 m not sure what all this adds up to. just some thoughts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5681818768349527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.730095"} {"text": "carbon monoxide is an odorless, tasteless, colorless gas which can build up in your home and become a very real health threat. it is produced when fuels are not burned completely. these fuels are commonplace in both the home and work environments. carbon monoxide is produced by any vehicle, motor, appliance, generator or power equipment that runs on fuel. these fuelsinclude : wood, coal, kerosene, home heating oil, diesel fuel, natural and propane gas, and charcoal. anything that burns can produce carbon monoxide. according to the consumer product safety commission, each year there are over 170 reported deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning. many people are aware of the dangers of leaving a car running in a closed garage, but more deaths occur from malfunctioning fuel powered appliances than car exhaust. these appliances are common in almost every household and include, gas ranges, oil burners, fireplaces \u2013 both gas and wood \u2013 hot water heaters, gas dryers, generators, room heaters and wood and coal stoves. fatalities due to carbon monoxide poisoning rises in the winter months, during power outages and the use of gas powered generators or gas stoves are used for heat. emergency rooms treat several thousand people suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning each year. the key to avoiding carbon monoxide poisoning is prevention. - fuel supplied heating systems \u2013 gas, oil, wood, coal - should be checked and serviced once a year by a professional. make sure when the heating system is serviced or inspected that special attention is given to exhaust venting systems such as chimneys and flues. the venting system also needs to be checked for corrosion, loose connections and disconnection of chimney parts. wood and coal burning stoves and fireplaces should have their chimneys cleaned at least once a year. - even though the garage door may be open, never run any type of gas powered machinery or appliance in the garage. generators, mowers, automobiles and fuel engine driven machines will exhaust carbon monoxide. also, never use a camp stove or any portable stove, barbecue, etc in the garage, house or any enclosed space. carbon monoxide can very easily creep into the house and build up in enclosed places quickly reaching poisonous levels and may be fatal. - when appliances such as gas ranges and dryers are installed, always use a professional to do this. they will make sure it is installed to manufacturer \u2019 s specifications and meets all building code standards. this ensures they are operating properly and are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5166556517351903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.735393"} {"text": "fatal. - when appliances such as gas ranges and dryers are installed, always use a professional to do this. they will make sure it is installed to manufacturer \u2019 s specifications and meets all building code standards. this ensures they are operating properly and are not a source of carbon monoxide poisoning. another good preventative is installing carbon monoxide sensors. they should be installed in the hallway by bedrooms and on every level of the house. be sure to purchase one that meets current safety standards and test the batteries twice a year. the average life span of a sensor is 2 years. follow the manufacturer \u2019 s guideline for how often they need to be replaced. if you suspect carbon monoxide in your home, you can check by using a badge or test kit. this is an inexpensive device which can be placed in a suspected area. the badge will change color within 15 minutes if carbon monoxide is detected. even a slight change of color needs to be investigated immediately. if the badge does not change color it can be left in place for 60 - 90 days depending on what the manufacturer suggests. symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning : - mental confusion - flue like symptoms that come on suddenly with no fever - shortness of breath if you or your family have these symptoms and you suspect or have tested positive for levels of carbon monoxide, take immediate steps. - clear the house! - open the windows to ventilate and go to the emergency room! do not stay in the house or area as the undetectable gas can make a person very ill in a very short time, depending on the concentration. the symptoms can rapidly progress to unconsciousness and death. awareness and prevention are the best way to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4582166865866778, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.737685"} {"text": "jezreel expedition update july 2012 by jennie ebeling associate professor of archaeology university of evansville by norma franklin the zinman institute of archaeology university of haifa members of the jezreel expedition headed by co - directors norma franklin ( zinman institute of archaeology, university of haifa ) and jennie ebeling ( department of archaeology and art history, university of evansville ) conducted an intensive landscape survey of greater jezreel in june 2012. the main goal of the inaugural season was to record surface features in a three square kilometer area to the west, north, and east of tel jezreel in order to identify areas for excavation in summer 2013 ( figure 1 ). the jezreel team documented more than 360 features, including cisterns, cave tombs, rock - cut tombs, agricultural and industrial installations, terrace and village walls, quarries and more ; most of these features had never been systematically recorded before. the results of this survey shed light on the extent of different settlements at jezreel from late prehistory through to the 20th century ce palestinian village of zerin. in preparation for the 2012 season, maps, plans, aerial photographs, and various other unpublished materials relating to the site were collected from sources in israel, great britain, and elsewhere. in february 2012, the jezreel team commissioned a lidar ( light detection and ranging ) airborne laser scan of ca. 7. 5 square kilometers of greater jezreel from ofek aerial photography, ltd. the lidar scan provided us with accurate locational and height data that enabled the creation of a three - dimensional model of the land surface ( figure 2 ). the resultant model was examined to identify historic and natural features and georeferenced with aerial photographs ( the earliest of which dates to 1918 ) ; this provided us with data concerning the landscape before mechanized farming and other modern surface - changing events took place. this is the first time that aerial lidar has been used by an archaeological project in israel. land to the west, north, and east of the tel was divided into survey areas based on the lidar model ; when possible, natural, and modern features delineated these large areas. each identified feature was assigned a locus / feature number and information was recorded along with one or more sketch plans on a locus sheet. coordinates and elevations were taken for each feature using a handheld gps ( garmin etrex hc ), and a digital camera was used to document each feature from several angles ( figure 3 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4836668009677096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.744196"} {"text": "with one or more sketch plans on a locus sheet. coordinates and elevations were taken for each feature using a handheld gps ( garmin etrex hc ), and a digital camera was used to document each feature from several angles ( figure 3 ). since the goal of this survey was to identify surface features, pottery and other artifacts were not systematically collected other than in area t, located on the terrace that overlooks ein jezreel ( the spring ) ( figure 4 ). pottery, lithic, and ground stone artifacts were collected on the terrace to the west and the east of the masha, or uncultivated area that was too overgrown to properly survey, designated area s. to the west of the masha, the team collected pottery from the early bronze, intermediate bronze, middle bronze, iron age, roman, byzantine and modern periods ; to its east, wadi rabah, chalcolithic, early bronze, intermediate bronze, iron, and byzantine pottery was collected. this information, along with the results of earlier surveys conducted by n. zori and members of the tel aviv british school of archaeology excavation team in the 1990s led by p. croft, suggest that the site was inhabited continuously from as early as the late neolithic period until the byzantine period. the team plans to open an excavation area on the terrace in 2013 in order to investigate the occupational phases of this lower site. other excavation areas are also planned in selected areas on the tel and on the north and east slopes. the 2012 jezreel expedition team included norma franklin ( university of haifa ) and jennie ebeling ( university of evansville ), ian cipin ( university college london ), julye bidmead ( chapman university ), noga blockman ( tel aviv university ), and deborah appler ( moravian theological seminary ) along with eight archaeology majors and alumni from the university of evansville : megan anderson, nathan biondi, sarah carlton, emma dunleavy, kelly goodner, michael koletsos, emily mella, and hilda torres ( figure 5 ). john egerton, deborah graf, and rebekah thomas of moravian theological seminary participated for several days, as well did jeff anderson ( wayland baptist university ), willie ondricek ( university of the holy land ), and daria trumbo. technical support was provided by peter ostrin ( university of leicester ) and matthew bradley in oxford. the team wishes to thank former co - director of the tel jezreel excavations david ussishkin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4756224057482168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.745257"} {"text": "), and daria trumbo. technical support was provided by peter ostrin ( university of leicester ) and matthew bradley in oxford. the team wishes to thank former co - director of the tel jezreel excavations david ussishkin ( tel aviv university ) as well as mina weinstein - evron and michael eisenberg ( university of haifa ) for their support of this project, and deborah cantrell ( vanderbilt university ), shimon gibson ( university of the holy land ) and eran arie ( tel aviv university ) for their advice and assistance. we have benefited from cooperation with the megiddo expedition and the generosity of directors israel finkelstein and david ussishkin ( tel aviv university ) and eric cline ( george washington university ). we also wish to thank sheila bishop, president of the foundation for biblical archaeology, for her generous assistance. the jezreel team lodged in the partnership house at kibbutz yizreel for the month of june and enjoyed the warm hospitality of kibbutz members. for more information about the jezreel expedition, please visit our website : www. jezreel - expedition. com figures 1 and 4 courtesy of todd bolen. use the form below to submit a new comment. comments are moderated and logged, and may be edited. you must provide your full name. inappropriate material will not be posted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42496943991092373, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.745826"} {"text": "oikodome : ( the act of ) building, a buildingoriginal word : \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7, \u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 part of speech : noun, feminine phonetic spelling : ( oy - kod - om - ay ' ) short definition : the act of building, a building, edification definition : ( a ) the act of building, ( b ) a building, ( c ) met : spiritual advancement, edification. cognate : 3619 oikodome \u2013 properly, a building ( edifice ) serving as a home ; ( figuratively ) constructive criticism and instruction that builds a person up to be the suitable dwelling place of god, i. e. where the lord is \" at home. \" see 3618 ( oikodemeo ). word origin from oikos and the same as doma ( the act of ) building, a building building ( 8 ), buildings ( 3 ), edification ( 5 ), edifying ( 1 ), upbuilding ( 1 ). strongs nt 3619 : \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7, \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 ( \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, and \u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03c9 to build ), a later greek word, condemned by phryn., yet used by aristotle, theophrastus, ( ( but both these thought to be doubtful ) ), diodorus ( 1, 46 ), philo ( vit. moys. i. \u00a7 40 ; de monarch. ii. \u00a7 2 ), josephus, plutarch, the sept., and many others, for \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 and \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 ; cf. lob. ad phryn., p. 481ff, cf. p. 421 ; ( winer ' s grammar, 24 ) ; 1. ( the act of ) building, building up, equivalent to \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd ; as, \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, 1 macc. 16 : 23 ; \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5, 1 chronicles 26 : 27 ; in the n. t. metaphorically, \" edifying, edification, i. e. the act of one who promotes another ' s growth in christian wisdom, piety, holiness, happiness \" ( see \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5117266858178108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.755499"} {"text": "n. t. metaphorically, \" edifying, edification, i. e. the act of one who promotes another ' s growth in christian wisdom, piety, holiness, happiness \" ( see \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9, b. \u03b2 '. ( cf. winer ' s grammar, 35 ( 34 ) ) ) : romans 14 : 19 ; romans 15 : 2 ; ( 1 corinthians 14 : 26 ) ; 2 corinthians 10 : 8 ( see below ) ; ; ephesians 4 : 29 ; with a genitive of the person whose growth is furthered, \u03c5\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd, 2 corinthians 12 : 19 ( cf. 10 : 8 ) ; \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 ( tdf. \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 ), ephesians 4 : 16 ; \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, ephesians 4 : 12 ; \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, 1 corinthians 14 : 12 ; equivalent to \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, what contributes to edification, or augments wisdom, etc. \u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd, 1 corinthians 14 : 3, 5. 2. equivalent to \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, a building ( i. e. thing built, edifice ) : mark 13 : 1f ; \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5, matthew 24 : 1 ; used of the heavenly body, the abode of the soul after death, 2 corinthians 5 : 1 ; tropically, of a body of christians, a christian church ( see \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9, b. \u03b2 '. ), ephesians 2 : 21 ( cf. \u03c0\u03b1\u03c2, i. 1 c. ) ; with a genitive of the owner or occupant, \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5, 1 corinthians 3 : 9. < 1 > feminine ( abstract ) of a compound of oikos and the base of doma ; architecture, i. e. ( concretely ) a structure ; figuratively, confirmation - - building, edify ( - ication, - ing ). see greek oikos see greek doma \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5119165660588956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.756150"} {"text": "- - building, edify ( - ication, - ing ). see greek oikos see greek doma \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 oikodomai oikodomai oikodomas oikodomas oikodomas oikodome oikodome oikodome oikodome oikodomen oikodomen oikodomen oikodomen oikodomes oikodomes oikodomes oikodomes strong ' s greek 3619 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u2014 1 occ. \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u2014 2 occ. \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u2014 2 occ. \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u2014 11 occ. \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u2014 2 occ. matthew 24 : 1 n - afp bib : \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 nas : out the temple buildings to him. kjv : him the buildings of the temple. int : to him the buildings of the temple mark 13 : 1 n - nfp bib : \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 nas : stones and what wonderful buildings! kjv : and what buildings [ are here ]! int : and what [ wonderful ] buildings mark 13 : 2 n - afp bib : \u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b7 nas : great buildings? not one stone kjv : these great buildings? there shall not int : great buildings no not romans 14 : 19 n - gfs bib : \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4884966502801732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.756762"} {"text": "afs bib : \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 nas : be done for edification. kjv : be done unto edifying. int : all things for building up let be done 2 corinthians 5 : 1 n - afs bib : \u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03b7 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5 nas : we have a building from god, kjv : we have a building of int : tabernacle be destroyed a building from god 2 corinthians 10 : 8 n - afs bib : \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c5\u03ba nas : gave for building you up and not for destroying kjv : us for edification, and not int : lord for building up and not 2 corinthians 12 : 19 n - gfs bib : \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 nas : and all for your upbuilding, beloved. kjv : for your edifying. int : your building up 2 corinthians 13 : 10 n - afs bib : \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c5\u03ba nas : gave me for building up and not for tearing down. kjv : me to edification, and not int : me for building up and not ephesians 2 : 21 n - nfs bib : \u03c9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 nas : the whole building, being fitted together, kjv : all the building fitly framed together int : whom the whole building fitted together increases ephesians 4 : 12 n - afs bib : \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 nas : of service, to the building up of the body kjv : for the edifying of the body int : of [ the ] ministry for building up of the body ephesians 4 : 16 n - afs bib : \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd nas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4657302540714522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.758312"} {"text": "here is one method of front suspension for a bicycle that came out in 1889! this was patented by j. s. copeland. when the front wheel hits a bump, it can travel up in relation to the frame. it also has a cool spoon brake, which was the norm before caliper brakes were invented. it is the same idea as shown in the softride shock absorber stem above, which is also a parallelogram with a strong spring, to cushion some shock from hard bumps. but in the softride version, the wheel doesn \u2019 t travel up, the handlebars travel down. my friend kurt inutah really likes his softride stem, and has used it for years. here is a pretty well developed full suspension bike patented in 1890, a year before mcglinchey \u2019 s full suspension velocipede, and 32 years before telescoping forks of sage. as far as i know, becker is the first inventor of the full suspension bicycle here is a rear suspension bike from 1891 which used springs in a tube to give some give to the rear wheel. here is another candidate for the first rear suspension bicycle design, from 1891. its modern counterpart is shown below. here is a very early version of front suspension on a bike. in this patent from 1891 there is a spring in the headset, and the fork assembly can move back and forth to absorb road shock. this front suspension seems to be the precursor to early springer motorcycle forks. the beefy springs allowed the front wheel and forks to move upward and absorb some road shocks. those old bike designers tried a lot of ways to cushion the ride of the safety bike on the rough roads found at the end of the 19th century. here is a different way to employ springs on the front forks to cushion the ride. this appears to be a front suspension bike, patented in 1891. the seat and cranks are attached solidly to the rear wheel, but if the front wheel hit a bump it would be allowed to raise up against the spring located near the crank. interesting. many other early suspension designs are in the bicycle technology section of the patent pending blog. in the top version of this bike, steering is by handles by the saddle, which is connected to the front wheel by cables. there is no traditional handlebar. i think the inventor was trying to allow the rider to sit upright and not have to lean forward to steer the front wheel. that might really relieve some back strain. here is a good way to have multiple speeds on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4340277455840326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.761073"} {"text": "this is called the \" thrifty gene hypothesis \" which was first used to explain why diabetes is so common. basically it suggests that these alleles would have provided some kind of advantage, over the other possible alleles at that loci, until the environment changed. then the environment changed and the allele became harmful. environments are always changing and therefore favour different alleles ( variant of a loci ). i suggest the genes linked to obesity in the modern world would, if tested on the old world populations would have been linked to being of a healthy weight. further, those without it may have been skinnier and more likely to suffer from the disadvantages of being in such condition. however, this paper present some counter arguments to the thrifty gene hypothesis. speakman suggests that the genes responsible spread via genetic ( allelic ) drift rather than by positive selection. it is worth remembering that drift is very poor at spreading new mutations through large populations so there are also weaknesses to his arguments. one example of a change in the favoured allele caused by an environmental shift is the ddt resistance gene in drosophila which was present in the population at very low levels for a long period of time. as an aside, it possibly remained this way because it was subject to sexually antagonistic selection - beneficial to females whilst detrimental to males. it then spread through the population when ddt pesticides were used because it obviously became highly beneficial. many other examples of environmental change leading to different selection are around, this is just one off the top of my head. another is the galapagos finches in a drought in the late 20th century. hth, if not please ask more and if it does then please accept it!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5254910794303983, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.765028"} {"text": "research carried william g. christen harvard medical school in boston united states showed that consumption of fish containing omega - 3 can significantly reduce the risk of age - related mucular degenerations ( amd ). in his research, reviewing data christen 38. 022 women who previously suffered blindness due to aging. this research is one part of a long - term study called the women \u2019 s health study. the women \u2019 s diet was studied through interviews at the beginning of the study, including information regarding the intake of fatty acid dha ( docosahexaenoic acid ) and epa ( eicosapentaenoic acid ) \u2013 omega - 3 fatty acids found in fish. the study also tracks consumer intake of aa ( arachidonic acid ) and linoleic acid which is an omega - 6 fatty acids. after monitoring for about 10 years, researchers found 235 cases of amd among the respondents. the research, published in the journal archives of ophthalmology found that women who consumed the most dha recorded 38 percent lower risk of suffering from amd than those who consume the lowest amounts. consumption of one or more servings of fish contain omega 3 in a week, compared with the intake of one serving of fish per month, with regard to 42 percent lower risk of amd. \u201c this lower risk is present mainly in the consumption of tuna and dark meat ( dark meat ), \u201d said christen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48337815694431163, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.767945"} {"text": "high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a common yet serious health condition affecting about 1 out of every 3 adults in the u. s. it is often called the \u201c silent killer \u201d because it greatly increases the risk of heart attack and stroke yet many people with hypertension do not have the classic symptoms of high blood pressure : sweating, nervousness, or trouble sleeping. with this being national high blood pressure education month, we thought we would help dispel harmful misconceptions surrounding this condition. myth 1 : high blood pressure runs in my family so i will get it too. while a family history of hypertension does increase your risk of developing it, that doesn \u2019 t mean you can \u2019 t avoid it. these healthy lifestyle factors can help prevent high blood pressure : - eat a healthy diet that consists of fruits and vegetables, lean protein and whole grains. limit unhealthy saturated fats, sodium and fast carbs ( sugar and processed flour ) - get regular physical activity \u2013 about 30 minutes a day - maintain a healthy weight - manage stress - avoid tobacco and limit alcohol consumption to 1 drink per day for women and 2 for men. myth 2 : i feel fine. i don \u2019 t have to worry about high blood pressure. even if you feel good and have no family history or other risk factors for high blood pressure, that doesn \u2019 t mean you are safe. many people don \u2019 t have symptoms. be sure to get your blood pressure checked at least once every two years. myth 3 : if my blood pressure is 119 / 79 ( considered normal ) then i \u2019 m in good shape. not so fast. normal blood pressure for a healthy person may be 119 / 79 ( or below ) but if you have other health conditions such as diabetes, excess body weight or high cholesterol, then your doctor may want your blood pressure even lower. myth 4 : kosher and sea salt are low sodium alternatives to table salt. like table salt, both kosher and sea salt contain 40 % sodium and count the same toward total sodium consumption. myth 5 : i was diagnosed with high blood pressure but i have it under control now so i can stop taking medication. high blood pressure can be a life - long disease. don \u2019 t stop taking your medication, but do speak with your doctor about your concerns and prognosis. for more ways to lower your risk of hypertension or keep it in check try these 10 top ways to manage blood pressure naturally. american heart association", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4482013859749184, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.770507"} {"text": "introduction to the issue the origination of cheerleading in this country has been traced back to supportive fans right here at the university of minnesota in 1898 ( boden, tacchetti, & mueller, 2003 ). unfortunately, the activity of cheerleading, both in high school and collegiate settings, has become much more complicated today. injuries resulting from cheerleading, both minor and severe, are increasing at an alarming rate and there has not been enough done to prevent these regrettable injuries. most people consider cheerleading to be a relatively safe sport, especially compared to other contact sports, like football ( magna \u2019 s campus legal, 2006 ). however, cheerleading injuries, especially catastrophic injuries, have been dramatically rising over the last twenty - five years and are continuing to do so ( magna \u2019 s campus legal, 2006 ). it is estimated that there are about one million participants in cheerleading activities in the united states, ranging from elementary school through professional sport levels ( jacobson, redus, & palmer, 2005 ). four - hundred and fifty thousand of those participants are in high schools and colleges. cheerleading has quickly become more appealing and is now one of the four most popular organized sports activities for females in high school ( boden, tacchetti, & mueller, 2003 ). even though the number of participants in cheerleading activities is increasing, the rates of injuries are still disproportionately high. the national center for catastrophic sports injury research ( nccsi ) has included a special section on severe cheerleading injuries in their 2007 annual report ( mueller & cantu, 2007 ). the report has indicated that cheerleading is the leading cause of direct catastrophic injuries for all high school and college females, accounting for 55 % of all high school direct catastrophic injuries, and 59. 3 % of comparable college injuries. the 2007 nccsi annual report also indicated that cheerleading injuries are a major cause of all sports - related fatalities for females ( mueller & cantu, 2007 ). there were 75 direct deaths reported among high school and college female athletes from the fall of 1982 to the spring of 2007. forty - two of these deaths resulted from cheerleading injuries. high school deaths totaled 25, and college deaths totaled 17. the majority of the deaths that were not caused by cheerleading were the result of gymnastics. the two sports share a variety of dangerous movements ( e. g. tumbling ). there is a wide variety of injuries experienced by cheerleaders, varying also in severity. in an attempt to identify those most likely to experience injury and what type of injury is most common", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46742660016728105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.775741"} {"text": "a variety of dangerous movements ( e. g. tumbling ). there is a wide variety of injuries experienced by cheerleaders, varying also in severity. in an attempt to identify those most likely to experience injury and what type of injury is most common, jacobson, redus, & palmer conducted a study of 30 division ia schools in 2005. the median age of active cheerleaders responding was just over 20 years, and 78 % of all respondents had been injured at some point in their cheerleading career. most had been injured multiple times, with a median of 3. 5 total career injuries and 16. 7 % reporting 5 or more career injuries. roughly 87 % of the injuries required treatment by a doctor and 40 % required surgery. there is definitely a large amount of serious injuries resulting from this once relatively harmless activity. the most common site for injury is the ankle ( 44. 9 % ). other sites include wrist / hand ( 19. 3 % ), back ( 9. 2 % ), and knee ( 11. 2 % ). varying sources cite that head and neck injuries, which tend to be much more serious, account for between 7 and 10 % of all cheerleading - associated injuries ( jacobson, redus, & mueller, 2005 ). as the data indicates, cheerleading injuries occur most often in females. this is predominantly because the overwhelming majority of cheerleading participants are female. females are also more likely to be the ones that perform the most dangerous aspect of stunts, such as being a \u201c flyer \u201d ( one who is tossed or held up in the air by other cheerleaders ). data is unclear on male cheerleading injuries. sometimes they are even intentionally left out of statistical studies ( mueller & cantu, 2007 ). photo source : nationalspirit. com - - cheerleading has become much more dangerous over the past few decades - - at the same time, it is increasing in popularity, and has many more participants - - even with increased participation, the rates of injuries are still disproportionately high - - cheerleading is the leading cause of direct catastrophic injuries for all high school and college females - - 42 out of 75 sports - related direct deaths resulted from cheerleading injuries - - according to a recent study, 78 % of cheerleaders are injured at least once in their cheer career, varying in severity - - head / neck injuries account for 7 - 10 % of all sustained injuries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43130600519712636, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.776689"} {"text": "1. the pre - islamic arab romance of antara and the maley islamic hikayat of mohammad hanafiah dafari, saleh salim sahlan al -, and mohammad hanafiah. \u201c the pre - islamic arab romance of antara and the malay islamic hikayat of mohammad hanafiah : a comparative study. \u201d gombak review 1. i ( 1996 ) : 59 - 66. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 14 apr. 2011. 2. the hostage, or who was who? gelder, geert jan van, and geert jan van gelder. \u201c the hostage, or who was who? a story from pre - islamic arabia. \u201d middle eastern literatures 11. ii ( 2008 ) : 127 - 137. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 14 apr. 2011. the development of arabic literature would coincide with the history of the middle east. with increased contact with the west, arab writers would begin to try new literature styles. prior to that time, most writers focused on writing poems or told stories orally. arabs would take the western form of the short story and make it their own. it took a while for the short story to take root in the arab culture but once it did it would soon flourish faster than even the west. common themes of stories in the early period were focused on religion and common occurrences of everyday life, and there was little room or comfort for writers to really break the box of creative writing. a period arouse in arabic literature that would allow writers to begin to look more closely into their own lives \u2013 the romantic period. writers from egypt to iraq were writing about their own country. this sense of \u201c home \u201d coincided with nationalistic sentiments that were occurring in society. in addition, these writers were very connected to their country and therefore were very emotional in their descriptions, and were also very detailed as well when describing daily events, the land, social issues, etc. however, this very romantic idea of life did not last long as things took a different turn in the arab world. writers would begin to portray a more realistic depiction of social events. as sentiments of nationalism began to dwindle, more divides in society were beginning to appear. several divisions in society included the country vs. city, tribal vs. modernity, rich vs. poor \u2013 these divisions in society would begin to be written about by arab writers. social issues were beginning to be addressed more directly. writers in general felt more comfortable writing outside the comfort", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.449909272481884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.785448"} {"text": "country vs. city, tribal vs. modernity, rich vs. poor \u2013 these divisions in society would begin to be written about by arab writers. social issues were beginning to be addressed more directly. writers in general felt more comfortable writing outside the comfort zone of not just religion, but being creative and analyzing such social issues like the corruption of the upper class. the realistic period would highlight prominent issues in the middle east, like the arab israeli conflict, the conflicting morality of humans, to name a few. the short story in the middle east has had a major influence on society. it provided an outlet for writers to talk about social issues, weather they did so indirectly or directly through the stories they told. these short stories act as great historical documents of how different parts of the middle east lived and responded to events. 1. women in pre - islamic poetry by d. amaldi amaldi, d. \u201c women in pre - islamic poetry. \u201d verse and the fair sex : studies in arabic poetry and in the representation of women in arabic literature. a collection of papers presented at the 15th congress of the union europeenne des arabisants et islamisants ( utrecht / driebergen \u2026 1990 ). ed. f. de jong. 77 - 84. utrecht : houtsma stichting, 1993. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 16 mar. 2011. 2. classical poems by arab women by adbullah udhari ( isbn : 0863560474 ) 3. love poetry by arab women by gert borg please search on the american university of cairo website to get access to these dissertation \u2019 1. a study of linguistic patterning in pre - islamic arabic poetry by mary catherine kassarjian 2. the concept of allah as the highest god in pre - islamic arabia : a study of pre - islamic arabic religious poetry by sayuti najmah \u2013 dissertation at the american university of cairo 3. the concept of the hero in pre - islamic and early islamic poetic texts by amin hosny bonnah 4. the symbol of wine in pre - islamic poetry by mohamed ahmad birairy and the american university of cairo 5. the mu \u2019 allaqa of imru \u2019 al - qays : its sturcture and meaning by adnan faud haydar 6. old age and lost youth in early arabic poetry by al - ruhayli and sauud dakhil 1. the pre - islamic languages 2. arabic patterns ( link from cornell university ) - in arabic 3.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46416318580418625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.786402"} {"text": "faud haydar 6. old age and lost youth in early arabic poetry by al - ruhayli and sauud dakhil 1. the pre - islamic languages 2. arabic patterns ( link from cornell university ) - in arabic 3. arabic metre ( link from cornell university ) 4. semetic languages by edward lipinksi 5. tradition and modernity in arabic language and literature by jr smart ( isbn : 0700704116 ) 6. futures of literature ( doi : 10. 1353 / dia. 0. 0036 ) by jeffrey sacks 7. the adverbs of place in arabic grammar and poetry by ahmed taher hassanein 8. reflections on the lingusitic map of pre - islamic arabia macdonald, m. c. a. \u201c reflections on the linguistic map of pre - islamic arabia. \u201d arabian archaeology and epigraphy 11. i ( 2000 ) : 28 - 79. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 16 mar. 2011. 9. languages of pre - islamic arabia beeston, a. f. l. \u201c languages of pre - islamic arabia. \u201d arabica 28. ( 1981 ) : 178 - 186. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 16 mar. 2011. 1. general background information 2. link from cornell university to amr ibn kulthum \u2019 s mullaqat 1. the seven golden odes of pagan arabia by lady anne blunt 2. the mu \u2019 allaqat 3. a prose translation of the mo \u2019 allaqah of labid by william wright by u. shedler 4. the social context of pre - islamic poetry : poetic imagery and social reality in the mu \u2019 llaqat brown, jonathan a. c. \u201c the social context of pre - islamic poetry : poetic imagery and social reality in the mu\u02bfllaqat. \u201d arab studies quarterly 25. iii ( 2003 ) : 29 - 50. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 16 mar. 2011. 5. the moallakat in english literature by issam al - khatib khatib, issam al -. \u201d the moallakat in english literature. \u201d adab al rafidayn 3. ( 1971 ) : 1 - 25. index islamicus. ebsco. web. 16 mar. 2011. 6. mystic mythopoiesis of pre - islamic arabic odes urbonaite, dalia. \u201c mystic mythopoiesis of pre - islamic arabic odes. \u201d acta oriental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47328394228379345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.787269"} {"text": "february 20, 2013 people who live by large, inland bodies of water have a phrase in their lexicon that describes the blizzards that hit them throughout the winter : \u201c lake - effect snow. \u201d when wintry winds blow over wide swaths of warmer lake water, they thirstily suck up water vapor that later freezes and drops as snow downwind, blanketing cities near lake shores. these storms are no joke : a severe one dumped nearly 11 feet of snow over the course of week in montague, n. y. before new year \u2019 s day, 2002 ; another week - long storm around veteran \u2019 s day in 1996 dropped around 70 inches of snow and left more than 160, 000 residents of cleveland without power. other lake - effect snowstorms, such as those that skim the surface of utah \u2019 s great salt lake, are more of a boon, bringing fresh, deep powder to ski slopes on the leeward side of nearby mountains. but new research shows that mountains don \u2019 t just force the moisture - laden winds to dump snow. mountains upwind can actually help guide the cold air patterns over lakes, helping to produce severely intense snowstorms. mountains far afield can also deflect cold wind away from water, reducing a lake \u2019 s ability to fuel large storms. if these forces work with smaller topographic features, they may help illuminate whether gently rolling hills near the great lakes contribute to the creation and intensity of lake - effect snow. the research, published yesterday in the american meteorology society \u2018 s journal, monthly weather review, focused on wind patterns that swirl around the great salt lake. \u201c what we \u2019 re showing here is a situation where the terrain is complicated \u2013 there are multiple mountain barriers, not just one, and they affect the air flow in a way that influences the development of the lake - effect storm over the lake and lowlands, \u201d said the study \u2019 s senior author jim steenburgh, in a statement. steenburgh, a professor of atmospheric sciences at the university of utah, and lead author trevor alcott, a recent doctoral graduate from the university and now a researcher at the national weather service in salt lake city, became interested in studying utah \u2019 s winter weather after they noticed that current weather forecast models struggle to anticipate the intensity of the dozen or so lake - effect storms that strike their state \u2019 s major cities each winter. these models don \u2019 t include the effects of topography, such as the wasatch range ( which forms the eastern border of the valley that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46237920352805517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.792366"} {"text": "the intensity of the dozen or so lake - effect storms that strike their state \u2019 s major cities each winter. these models don \u2019 t include the effects of topography, such as the wasatch range ( which forms the eastern border of the valley that encloses the great salt lake ), the oquirrh mountains ( which forms the western border of the valley ) or the mountains along the north and northwest borders of utah some 150 miles away from the population centers of salt lake city and provo. so alcott and steenburgh ran a computer simulation that incorporated mountains close to the lake as well as those closer to the idaho and nevada borders to mimic the creation of a moderate lake effect storm that occurred over the great salt lake from oct. 26 - 27, 2010, which brought up to 11 inches of snow to the wasatch. after their first simulation \u2013 their \u201c control \u201d \u2013 was complete, they ran several more simulations that plucked out geographic features. using this method, \u201c we can see what happens if the upstream terrain wasn \u2019 t there, if the lake wasn \u2019 t there, if the wasatch range wasn \u2019 t there, \u201d steenburgh explained. when they removed the lake and all mountains from their simulation, the model didn \u2019 t produce any snowfall. when they kept all the mountains but removed the lake, only 10 % of the snow simulated the model of the real storm fell. keeping the lake but flattening all the mountains resulted in only 6 percent of the snow falling. resurrecting the wasatch range but removing the other mountains yielded 73 percent of the snow compared to the simulation of the real storm. but the real surprise is what happened when both the wasatch and oquirrh ranges were retained, but the ranges in northern utah at the idaho and nevada borders were removed. the result? 61 percent more snowfall than simulated in the real storm. the wasatch and oquirrh ranges form a funnel, guiding wind over the lake and enhancing snowfall in the downwind cities of salt lake city and provo. further, without the barrier of the northern mountains, which range between 7, 600 feet to 10, 000 feet in peak elevation \u2013 considerably less than the wasatch \u2019 s peak elevation of nearly 12, 000 feet, waves of cold air can reach the great salt lake without deflection. in effect, utah \u2019 s major cities are shielded by moderately sized mountains that together cast a long snow shadow! sign up for our free email newsletter and receive the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4575676241060736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.793274"} {"text": "by john brewer, administrator of the foreign agricultural service i \u2019 m here in tegucigalpa to recognize honduras as one of the western hemisphere \u2019 s leaders in incorporating biotechnology in agricultural and energy production. biotechnology is a powerful tool that can be used to boost agricultural productivity and food security, reduce environmental impact, combat climate change, and build prosperity among the rural poor \u2013 a vision that usda and the u. s. government share with honduras. last night and this morning i met with honduran government officials from the agroforestry sector and the honduran biotechnology and biosafety commission ; the inter - american institute for cooperation in agriculture ; academic and think tank scholars ; and local farmers. each of these groups work together to implement the use of biotechnology in the fields and to gain acceptance by society. while 25 countries around the world are currently planting genetically engineered ( ge ) crops, honduras is the only central american country doing so. i chose to come to honduras because their leadership in the implementation of bio - safety regulations can be a model for other countries in the region. ge crops provide a multitude of tangible benefits to both producers and consumers. pest - resistant crops reduce the need for pesticides and save on fossil fuel usage and carbon emissions. increased productivity per acre ensures food security and keeps food prices down, while enhanced nutritional value helps to alleviate hunger. planting ge crops isn \u2019 t the only area where honduras can be a leader in our hemisphere. the u. s. government is committed to working with willing partners such as honduras to simultaneously combat climate change and provide alternate sources of energy. under president obama \u2019 s energy and climate partnership of the americas honduras is a priority country for collaboration with usda \u2019 s renewable biomass energy project. this program aims to improve agriculture and forestry practices, increase scientific exchanges, and enhance biomass production. today i encouraged honduras to ramp up production of renewable biomass energy with usda \u2019 s assistance through this program. president lobo \u2019 s government has stated that each hectare of biomass harvested in honduras could create 1. 5 jobs directly and 2 jobs indirectly. the u. s. government fully supports honduras in realizing this potential. since 2007, honduras has reduced or eliminated taxes and tariffs on biofuels and implemented a mechanism to mix biofuels with fossil fuels to lower harmful emissions from cars, making this sector attractive for investments. by offering energy alternatives to fossil fuels right in our own hemisphere, honduras is increasing energy security for the united states too. i \u2019 ve appreciated meeting the people making these advances possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45299286644664777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.797304"} {"text": "the burr oak attains immense size in indiana and some other northern states. a gentleman living in marion county, indiana, told the writer : \" the bun - oaks in this neighborhood attain the diameter of six feet, and with a stem, in one instance, of sixty feet high without a limb. \" the following description of the burr oak is given by dr. p. p. hoy, of pacine, an accomplished naturalist, and member of the philadelphia academy of natural sciences : \" this is, perhaps, the most ornamental of our oaks. nothing can exceed the graceful beauty of these trees when not crowded or cramped in their growth, but left free to follow the laws of their development. who has not admired these trees in our extensive burr - oak openings? its large leaves are a dark green above and a bright silvery white beneath, which gives the tree a singularly fine appearance when agitated by the wind. the wood is tough, close - grained, and more durable than the white oak, especially when exposed to frequent changes of moisture and dryness. did the tree grow to the same size it would be preferred for most uses. abundant and richly worthy of cultivation, both for utility and ornament, burr oaks in wisconsin do not generally attain more than one foot in diameter, and the limbs grow near the ground, making a sort of espalier, and rarely growing higher than thirty to forty feet, straight, with very rough bark. the acorn is enclosed in a burr something like a chestnut, hence their name. \" this is the most useful of all trees. loudon describes somewhere in the neighborhood of one hundred and twenty, and this number has since been added to. these trees are found mostly in the temperate zone ; those that we find in the tropics are in elevated positions. it is found distributed over europe and north america. these trees are of a beautiful appearance, and have not been paid sufficient attention as ornamental trees. bryant says : \" in many of the oaks the form of the leaves varies so much with different conditions of the tree, or different stages of its growth, that it constitutes an uncertain characteristic by which to distinguish the species. consequently, where the wood is similar, different species are sometimes confounded under one name. the fructification affords a more certain mode of distinction. \" it seems to be the opinion of many that the oak should be left where it grows from the seed, but throughout europe the tree - planters affirm that it is best to transplant them. some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4196641557630774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.801627"} {"text": "affords a more certain mode of distinction. \" it seems to be the opinion of many that the oak should be left where it grows from the seed, but throughout europe the tree - planters affirm that it is best to transplant them. some botanists call the scarlet oak merely a variety of the black oak ; but it differs in some particulars, viz., the leaves turn to a bright red in the fall ; the acorns have a white kernel, and not yellow, as in the black oak. the wood is of a very poor quahty, and for fuel and timber i cannot say that it is to be recommended very highly for cultivation. height, eighty feet ; diameter, six feet ; and is the fastest - growing of the oaks. is a very handsome and ornamental tree, and will grow on almost any soil, either rich or poor. it is found all over the united states. the wood is coarse - grained, of a red color, open pores, and of little durability. it is sometimes used when timber is not abundant. this is a large, ornamental tree, coarse - grained, open - pored, and not very durable. it thrives best in moist ground. it has a conical head and a light - green, beautiful foliage. the willow oak grows to the height of fifty or sixty feet. its leaves very much resemble those of the willow. the wood is very coarse - grained and strong, but it is not fit for fuel. if any amateur has any curiosity on the subject of this tree i would advise him to cultivate it, but that is the only time i would recommend it for cultivation. this tree usually reaches from forty to fifty feet in height, and is about two feet in diameter. it much resembles the laurel in its fohage, and so takes its name. it is used in rural districts for rails ; sometimes for house - frames. the wood is coarse - grained and not valuable. the only use i ever found this tree put to was for fuel, and as such it is esteemed more than any other of the oak family. it is a small tree, with generally a very crooked trunk. it grows in any soil, but is found in the most barren. it seldom exceeds thirty feet in height. this tree is sometimes confounded with the red oak, whose wood it very much resembles. it is common in the maritime parts of the southern states and southern illinois, but is scarce in the mississippi valley. in favorable situations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4650175755199391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.802917"} {"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. scientific and medical of aspects : human reproductive cloning to refer to individuals that have identical nuclear dna but different mitochondrial dna. how is reproductive cloning done? two methods are used to make live - born mammalian clones. both require implantation of an embryo in a uterus and then a normal period of gestation and birth. however, reproductive human or animal cloning is not defined by the method used to derive the genetically identical embryos suitable for implantation. techniques not yet developed or described here would nonetheless constitute cloning if they resulted in genetically identical individuals of which at least one were an embryo destined for implantation and birth. the two methods used for reproductive cloning thus far are as follows : \u2022 cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer ( scnt ). this procedure starts with the removal of the chromosomes from an egg to create an enucleated egg. the chromosomes are replaced with a nucleus taken from a somatic ( body ) cell of the individual or embryo to be cloned. this cell could be obtained directly from the individual, from cells grown in culture, or from frozen tissue. the egg is then stimulated, and in some cases it starts to divide. if that happens, a series of sequential cell divisions leads to the formation of a blastocyst, or preimplantation embryo. the blastocyst is then transferred to the uterus of an animal. the successful implantation of the blastocyst in a uterus can result in its further development, culminating sometimes in the birth of an animal. this animal will be a clone of the individual that was the donor of the nucleus. its nuclear dna has been inherited from only one genetic parent. the number of times that a given individual can be cloned is limited theoretically only by the number of eggs that can be obtained to accept the somatic cell nuclei and the number of females available to receive developing embryos. if the egg used in this procedure is derived from the same individual that donates the transferred somatic nucleus, the result will be an embryo that receives all its genetic material \u2014 nuclear and mitochondrial \u2014 from a single individual. that will also be true if the egg comes from the nucleus donor \u2019 s mother, because mitochondria are inherited maternally. multiple clones might also be produced by transferring identical nuclei to eggs from a single donor. if the somatic cell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5167688047313078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.809022"} {"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. states, the authors estimate the national costs of adverse events to be $ 37. 6 billion and of preventable adverse events to be $ 17 billion. the total national costs associated with adverse events was approximately 4 percent of national health expenditures in 1996. in 1992, the direct and indirect costs of adverse events were slightly higher than the direct and indirect costs of caring for people with hiv and aids. it has been estimated that for every dollar spent on ambulatory medications, another dollar is spent to treat new health problems caused by the medication. 97 studies of the direct costs of medication - related errors fall into three categories ; ( 1 ) population - based studies of patients in a community or health plan ; ( 2 ) studies of medication - related errors that occur in hospitals ; and ( 3 ) studies of medication - related errors that occur in nursing homes. one estimate places the annual national health care cost of drug - related morbidity and mortality in the ambulatory setting as high as $ 76. 6 billion in 1994. 98 not all drug - related morbidity and mortality is preventable, but numerous studies document errors in prescribing, 99, 100 dispensing by pharmacists, 101 and unintentional nonadherence on the part of the patient. 102 medication - related errors occur frequently, most do not result in actual harm, but those that do are costly. one recent study conducted at two prestigious teaching hospitals found that almost two percent of admissions experienced a preventable ade, resulting in an average increased length of stay of 4. 6 days and an average increased hospital cost of nearly $ 4, 700 per admission. 103 this amounts to about $ 2. 8 million annually for a 700 - bed teaching hospital, and if these findings are generalizable, the increased hospital costs alone of preventable adverse drug events affecting inpatients are about $ 2 billion for the nation as a whole. in a matched case - control study of all patients admitted to a large teaching hospital from january 1990 through december 1993, it was found that adverse drug events complicated 2. 43 admissions per 100. 104 controls were matched to cases on primary discharge diagnosis related group ( drg ), age, sex, acuity, and year of admission. the occurrence of an ade was associated with an increased length of stay of 1. 91 days", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4736155291123584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.815504"} {"text": "is widely believed by thais, that theirs was one of the countries that asoka sent buddhist missionaries to in the 3rd century bc. while this is quite possible, there is at present no evidence to support this belief. however by the 6th century ad buddhism was well established in south and central areas of what is now thailand. later mahayana and tantra together with hinduism became the prominent religions. but in the 13th and 14th centuries monks from sri lanka succeeded in establishing theravada buddhism and it has remained the state religion ever since. having been conquered by the colonial powers, thailand was never subjected to assaults by christian missionaries or imposed western influence, and today some 94 % of thais call themselves buddhists. in the 19th century king mongkut, himself a former monk, conducted a campaign to reform and modernise the monkhood, a movement that has continued in the present century under the inspiration of several great ascetic monks from the north - east of the country. the western disciples of one of these monks, ajhan cha, have successfully founded thriving monasteries in the u. k., australia, new zealand and several other countries. a history of buddhism in siam, bangkok, 1965 ; k. e. wells thai buddhism - its rites and activities, k. kusalasaya, buddhism in thailand - its past and present,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4032130560496194, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.825745"} {"text": "food shouldn ' t be a source of stress. in fact, food should be one of your best stress - busting allies. our bodies use food to help affect our ability to respond to a moment ' s tension or a long - standing stress. some foods can make us jumpy, while other foods can steady our energy and equip us to handle challenges as they arise. and yet no one food could be labelled \" best stress - buster. \" by eating a healthy and balanced diet, you give your body almost everything it needs to function well under pressure. that said, there are a few foods you should try to add to your diet to help you work through the tension. when stress strikes, your body may crave carbohydrates. eat carb - filled foods and your body creates serotonin, which sends good - mood messages to your brain. to get \" carb calm \" you need to eat complex carbohydrates, like whole grains. complex carbs are digested more slowly than simple carbs found in sugary foods. if you eat sweets, any \" carb calm \" you feel will be cancelled out by the surge of insulin that will lower your blood sugar and make you feel hungry again. slow carbs will keep you full for longer, too, so you won ' t have to stress over hunger pangs or digestive dramas. stress less snacks : fill up on fibre - rich foods like oatmeal or whole - grain breads, rice, and pasta to help you stay calm, cool, and collected. most starchy vegetables and legumes will fit the bill, too. try starchy sweet potatoes, crunchy carrots, baked beans, or just about any green vegetable! give your daily diet a vitamin c boost to balance your body ' s output of stress hormones. some studies show that with enough vitamin c during tense times, your body may be able to slow down the production of cortisol. that ' s the chemical stuff of stress that sends us into that \" fight - or - flight \" frenzy we experience when challenged or threatened. cortisol is good for our bodies in healthy doses, but too much cortisol on a regular basis can make us more vulnerable to depression, learning and memory difficulties, and physical illness - all sources of further stress. stress less snacks : oranges aren ' t the only source of c in the bushel. papaya bursts with vitamin c, as do strawberries, cantaloupe, and ki", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46606832640499307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.832082"} {"text": "difficulties, and physical illness - all sources of further stress. stress less snacks : oranges aren ' t the only source of c in the bushel. papaya bursts with vitamin c, as do strawberries, cantaloupe, and kiwi fruit. munch on raw bell pepper, a sprig of parsley, or steam some greens like broccoli, brussels sprouts, or kale. fat is usually the bad guy, but when you ' re stressed out, fat can be your friend. if you trim the fat during lean times, you leave yourself vulnerable and ill - equipped to handle stress. in one study, women put on a low - fat diet experienced swings in their mood, showing more irritability than the group on a normal - fat diet. don ' t go for any old fat, though. since stressful times boost your body ' s cortisol levels, any excess calories you eat can quickly turn to unhealthy belly fat. instead, opt for healthy fats, like those found in foods rich in omega - 3 fatty acids. these fats may help support your body with a steadier attitude toward stress. stress less snacks : net the benefits of omega - 3s by eating more oily fish, including salmon, mackerel, herring, and light tuna. if fish isn ' t your thing, omega - 3 fatty acids can also be found in walnuts, flaxseed, beans, tofu, and olive oil. monounsaturated fats are another healthier choice. creamy avocados will give you the fit fat, along with other nuts like almonds, cashews, and peanuts. a body under stress pumps out cortisol, which then borrows from the body ' s vitamin storage to power all of those dreaded stress symptoms. fight back against cortisol by stockpiling b vitamins. this complex of vitamins - including folate, niacin, and riboflavin - supports the nervous system. stress less snacks : feast on green leafy vegetables and whole grains, and you ' ll meet most of your body ' s b requirement. getting b6 and b12 can be tricky for vegetarians and vegans, as these nervous - system supporting vitamins are mostly found in animal products. if organ meats, fish, liver, eggs, poultry, and milk are not on the menu, try adding brown rice and soybeans or taking supplements. reacting to stress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4454052051519538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.835436"} {"text": "theory of elasticity the theory of elasticity means, when the property of solid materials to deform under the application of an external force and getting back to their original shape after the external force is removed. the external force which is applied on the external force is said to be stress, the amount of deformation is called the strain. when the material has a force applied to it, let say, the compressive force is acting at each end of a bar ; there will be an internal reaction to that force. this leads to the newton \u2019 s third law, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. the internal reaction of the bar has the magnitude which is equal to the applied force. this will be very useful for engineers for considering the reactive force which is equally distributed over the cross sectional area of the bar. when the material has applied force on it, that material will be deformed neither plastically ( permanently ) nor elastically. in elastic structures such as buildings and bridges, if the force is removed the change in shape will disappear. strain is nothing but, the degree of deformation extension, compression, shear or torsion as a proportion of the original size of a material. strain is a proportion, or ratio, so it is dimensionless, i. e. it does not have units. depending on the amount of deformation, the strain can be expressed in percentage. the use of stress and strain in place of load and deformation will make the calculation easier for engineers. the linearized theory of elasticity the linearized theory of elasticity has played the vital role in the analysis of engineering. the engineers have used the linearized theory of elasticity from the cast iron and steel truss bridges of the eighteenth century till the international space station. they are using them in making design decisions effecting the strength, stiffness, weight, and cost of structures and components. the linearized theory of elasticity includes a comprehensive introduction to tenor analysis, specification of boundary conditions, and a survey of solution methods for important class of problems. it covers two and three dimensional problems, torsion of noncircular cylinders, variational methods and complex variable method. an widespread treatment of important solutions and solution methods, including the use of potentials, variational methods, and complex variable methods, follows the development of the linearized theory.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6346940505561918, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.838782"} {"text": "april 2013 weather and its impacts on missouri commercial agriculture / university of missouri extension preliminary data from missouri indicated april temperatures averaged nearly 3 degrees below normal for the state, and ranked as the coolest april since 1997. it was a continuation of a cool weather pattern, contrary to the recent trend, where march and april combined to be the coolest start to meteorological spring in nearly 3 decades, or since 1984, figure 1. with the exception of a few warm days during the second week of april, and a handful of mild days thereafter, maximum and minimum temperatures remained mostly cooler than normal, and abruptly fluctuated from one extreme to another as contrasting air masses swept through the state, figure 2. april temperature anomalies varied across missouri with largest departures found across northwestern sections, averaging more than 5 degrees f below normal. the below normal temperature departures were not as large traveling southeastward through the state, where southeastern sections averaged only 1 - 2 degrees below normal for the month. the clash of air masses contributed to an unsettled weather pattern during april with numerous periods of showers and thunderstorms impacting the region, including an unusual snow event during the last week of the month. preliminary data indicated a statewide average monthly rainfall of 6. 22 inches, making it the fourth consecutive month with above normal precipitation, figure 3. total statewide precipitation for the first quarter of the year was 16. 54 inches, more than 5 inches above normal for the period, and the 7th wettest january through april on record, or since 1895. it was the wettest first quarter of the year since 2008. precipitation varied regionally with heaviest totals, ranging from 6 - 10 inches, reported over parts of southwestern missouri and extending into central and northeastern sections. cocorahs observers in boone, cole, marion and randolph counties reported the highest monthly totals of 9. 09, 9. 34, 10. 20, and 10. 42 inches, respectively. the lowest precipitation totals occurred over parts of northwestern and south central missouri where 3 - 4 inches were reported. the farm service agency office in platte co. reported only 3. 08 inches for the month. a notable and widespread heavy rain event impacted much of the midwest during the middle of the month and resulted in flooding along several streams and rivers in the upper mississippi river watershed. several inches of rain fell over a 48 - hour period, on april 17 - 18, and contributed to major flooding along the mississippi river, figure 4. it was the worst early spring flooding along the mississippi river, north of st. louis,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4178897870160633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.843014"} {"text": ". several inches of rain fell over a 48 - hour period, on april 17 - 18, and contributed to major flooding along the mississippi river, figure 4. it was the worst early spring flooding along the mississippi river, north of st. louis, since 1973. in addition to flooding, severe thunderstorms with 7 documented tornadoes impacted the state during the month. five tornadoes were reported on april 10, impacting east central ( st. louis and franklin co. ) and southeastern missouri ( butler and stoddard co. ), and two were documented on april 17 in monroe county. the strongest tornado was classified as an ef - 2 tornado ( 115 - 125 mph ) and impacted the st. louis county communities of bridgeton, hazelwood and florissant. residential, structural and tree damage were observed with this tornado, but there were no serious injuries reported. an unusual spring snow event impacted parts of northwestern and west central missouri during the early morning hours of april 24. several locations reported totals ranging from a trace to 2 inches of snow. the communities of grant city and conception, in far northwestern missouri, reported 1 and 2 - inches of snow, respectively. the cool, wet weather during the month delayed spring tillage and planting opportunities across the state. according to the missouri agricultural statistics service, spring tillage near the end of the month was 38 % complete compared to the 5 - year average of 56 %. only 15 % of the corn crop had been planted and was more than 2 weeks behind normal. topsoil and subsoil moisture conditions were mostly in adequate to surplus status. source : pat guinan, 573 - 882 - 5908", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3926672310370505, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.843682"} {"text": "the parable of the prodigal son is one of the greatest teachings in the bible, illustrating the importance of viewing one ' s own shortcomings objectively and embarking on a path of self - improvement. the turning point is when the son recognizes and admits to himself that he was applying a double standard against his own father. - jesus said, \" a man had two sons. the younger son said to his father, ' father, give me my share of your inheritance. ' and his father gave him half of his wealth. - soon afterward the younger son took everything he could and left for a distant land, where he wasted his life through careless, sinful behavior. but after he had lost everything, a terrible famine struck the land, he began to go hungry. he latched onto a citizen there, who sent him into his fields to feed the pigs. and he would have given anything to eat the same food that the pigs enjoyed, yet no man gave him anything. - he came to his senses, saying, ' how many of my father ' s servants have plenty of bread, and yet i ' m starving to death! ' i will get up and go to my father, and will say to him, ' father, i have sinned against heaven, and against you, and i am unworthy of being called your son : treat me as you would a hired hand instead. ' - and so he got up, and headed back to his father. but when he was still far from home, his father saw him, and had compassion, and ran to him, and embraced him, and kissed him. and the son said to him, ' father, i have sinned against heaven, and against you, and i am unworthy of being called your son. ' - but the father said to his servants, ' bring forth the best robe, and put it on him ; and put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet. and bring the finest calf here, and butcher it ; and let us eat, and celebrate. for my son was dead, and is alive again ; he was lost, and is found. and they began to celebrate. - now his elder son was in the field : and as he came and drew near the house, he heard music and dancing. and he called to one of the servants, and asked what these things meant. and the servant replied, ' your brother has come home ; and your father is serving the finest calf, because he has been returned to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4832928825256029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.850192"} {"text": ", he heard music and dancing. and he called to one of the servants, and asked what these things meant. and the servant replied, ' your brother has come home ; and your father is serving the finest calf, because he has been returned to him safe and sound. ' and he was angry, and would not go in : therefore his father came out, and pleaded with him. - and in answer to his father he said, ' look, in all these many years i have served you, i have never gone against your will : and yet you never gave me such a feast, that i might celebrate with my friends : but as soon as this son returned, who had squandered his inheritance from you on prostitutes, you ' ve given up your finest calf in honor of him. ' and the father responded, saying ' son, you are always with me, and all that i have is yours. it is fitting that we should celebrate though, and be glad : for this man your brother was dead, and is alive again ; and was lost, and is found. \" the parable has several key elements. the prodigal ( wasteful ) son does not return until he begins to judge his own conduct and situation objectively. until that point, he is like others who insist on rejecting god for something far worse than what god routinely provides to everyone, family and worker alike. when the prodigal son does return, his father ( god ) rushes out to meet him \" while he was still a long way off. \" finally, god ' s rejection of his other son ' s objection shows that god ' s forgiveness is always available, regardless of inconsistent treatment of those seeking for it. put another way, it is never too late to ask for forgiveness from god.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45361239153939276, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.854087"} {"text": "pneumothorax is a condition in which air or gas collects in the \" pleural space \" or \" pleural cavity, \" which is the space between the lungs and the chest cavity. this can cause the lung to collapse. normally, the lungs sit next to the inner surface of the chest wall. thin membranes called pleura cover both the lungs and the chest wall. a pneumothorax occurs when air either escapes the lung or leaks in through the chest wall and builds up in the pleural space between them. this build - up of air can result in the collapse of the affected lung. there are different types of pneumothorax, and each one is defined by its cause. occurs when there is no other underlying lung disease. it is often caused by the rupture of an air - filled sac in the lung, called a bleb or bulla. smoking is associated with a higher incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax. occurs as a complication of another lung disease. lung diseases which are associated with the development of pneumothorax include : occurs as a result of a traumatic injury to the chest. the injury could be penetrating, such as a bullet or stab wound, or blunt, such as a blow to the chest or automobile accident. a traumatic pneumothorax can complicate other medical procedures that may be necessary following a traumatic injury. rib fractures with pneumothorax copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. tension pneumothorax occurs when excessive pressure builds up around the lung and forces it to collapse. this pressure can also affect the heart \u2019 s ability to pump blood. for this reason, tension pneumothorax is considered the most serious type. the following factors increase your chance of developing pneumothorax : - spontaneous pneumothorax occurs most often in tall, thin men who are between the ages of 20 - 40 - having a family history of pneumothorax - having other lung diseases such as copd, asthma, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, or pertussis - suffering a trauma injury to the chest - infants who require ventilator assistance are at a higher risk of developing tension pneumothorax - more men than women experience pneumothorax if you experience any of the symptoms listed below, do not assume it is due to pneumothorax. these symptoms are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5033083487258914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.863880"} {"text": "higher risk of developing tension pneumothorax - more men than women experience pneumothorax if you experience any of the symptoms listed below, do not assume it is due to pneumothorax. these symptoms are often caused by other, less serious health conditions. if you experience any of them, see your physician. symptoms of pneumothorax may occur while you are awake or while you are asleep. they can include : - sudden, sharp pain in the chest that becomes worse during coughing or taking deep breaths - acute shortness of breath - fever ( mild ) - tightness in the chest - rapid heartbeat - bluish color of the skin due to a lack of oxygen - flaring of the nostrils anxiety, stress, and tension - hypotension, or low blood pressure - a distended abdomen your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. he or she may notice that the affected side of your chest has reduced or absent breath sounds during the stethoscope examination. other tests may be performed, such as : - chest x - ray \u2014 may be performed to determine if there is air outside the lung. - ct scan \u2014 may be performed instead. \u2014 an alternative option for those who can \u2019 t be moved, commonly used in trauma cases. - ekg \u2014 reads electrical activity in the heart. - pulse oximetry \u2014 noninvasive way to measure your oxygen status. since the development of pneumothorax can be delayed in the case of traumatic pneumothorax, repeating x - rays the day after the injury may be needed. while a small pneumothorax will usually resolve itself without intervention in a week or two, a larger pneumothorax often requires treatment. oxygen is commonly administered. treatment focuses on removing the air from the pleural space so the lung can again expand to its full capacity. this can be accomplished by inserting a needle and syringe or inserting a chest tube. - in this procedure, the doctor will insert a small tube between the ribs into the pleural cavity where the pneumothorax is located. before the procedure, you may receive sedation, your doctor will then numb the area where the tube is to be inserted using local anesthesia. next, he or she will make an incision, insert the tube, and connect it to a bottle or canister that contains sterile liquid. a su", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45931344437532184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.865199"} {"text": "your doctor will then numb the area where the tube is to be inserted using local anesthesia. next, he or she will make an incision, insert the tube, and connect it to a bottle or canister that contains sterile liquid. a suction mechanism is also attached to encourage drainage. the tube is held in place by a suture or a piece of surgical tape. - the chest tube will remain in place until x - rays show that the air or gas has drained from the pleural space and the lung is once again fully expanded. this can take several days. no further medication is necessary, although sometimes antibiotics are prescribed to ward off possible infection from the tube. surgery to remove blebs or attach the lung permanently to the chest wall is sometimes needed to prevent recurrences. up to 50 % of patients who experience pneumothorax have a recurrence, but there are no long - term consequences following treatment. if you are diagnosed with pneumothorax, follow your doctor ' s there is no known way to prevent pneumothorax. however, you can lower your risk of developing pneumothorax by : - not smoking. - wearing a seatbelt when in a motor vehicle to help prevent accident - related chest trauma. - being aware of the symptoms associated with pneumothorax if you have another lung disease. - if you have a history of pneumothorax, it is often recommended that you avoid scuba diving.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41200278379957234, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.867572"} {"text": "lets say i want to build a simple chat program that has encryption that is impossible to crack for anyone, even a theoretical government with a massive super computer. ok here ' s my idea. you ' ll need to read all the points to get the whole picture i think. - only two people can communicate with each other with the chat program. no group conversations. - the people will be communicating over the internet. - the chat program will just handle basic characters, numbers and symbols that are on a standard us keyboard. this is to keep things simple. - we ' ll say there ' s a limit of 160 characters per single chat message. but obviously being a real - time chat program over the internet you can type up more than one message. chat person # 1 ( bob ) generates a large list of secret random keys ( or pads ). each one time pad is 160 characters long. so we end up with a long list of pads. these get put in a sqlite database or something with primary keys numbered from say 1 to 5000. - bob copies the database to a usb drive / cd / dvd / blu - ray and meets chat person # 2 ( alice ) in person and gives them the database. alice loads that database up on her computer. then they secure erase the usb drive or burn / smash the cd / dvd / blu - ray. anyway now they both have the same list of one time pads on their computers. - ok bob, seeing he generated the list, he uses the odd numbered primary key pads to encrypt and send messages to alice ( # 1, # 3, # 5 etc ). alice being the person who loaded the list, uses the even numbered primary key pads ( # 2, # 4, # 6 etc ) to encrypt and send messages back to bob. - each person ' s program always keep a record of which numbered pad they ' ve used, so that a message doesn ' t get encrypted twice with the same pad. there ' s no mixup in one person using the same pad as the other because they ' re using odd and even numbered pads. the number of the pad to be used for decrypting the message could be tacked onto the end of the message. the number of the pad to be decrypted wouldn ' t necessarily need to be encrypted either it could just be on the end of the message eg \" # 123 \". - now to secure the session, and provide a layer of protection against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6400155717277773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.872638"} {"text": "pad to be decrypted wouldn ' t necessarily need to be encrypted either it could just be on the end of the message eg \" # 123 \". - now to secure the session, and provide a layer of protection against mitm attacks, the whole chat session could be encrypted with ssh or ssl maybe. - now suppose the chat session gets intercepted by an attacker ( eve ) who wants to interfere with the communications, maybe trick bob into sending another message again with the same pad so they can figure out what was said. well she won ' t be able to because bob is maintaining a list of all the pads he ' s used and all the numbered pads that alice has sent him. if attacker eve tries to send a different message to bob to pretend it ' s from alice then she can ' t because she doesn ' t have any pads to encrypt the message with. - if eve tampers with the number on the end specifying the pad to decrypt with then the receiver will try and decrypt that message and realise the message is garbled so they will know something is up. if she tried to re - use an old pad then bob would know too as that message has already been received indicating tampering. also if the number increased significantly from the last message received eg last message received was # 200 and the next one received was # 230 then you ' d know there ' s been missing messages or someone playing man in the middle. - when the two parties have used up their 5000 messages then the chat session is ended and they ' ll need to regenerate a list of pads again and give them to the other chat party in person so they can continue chatting. obviously 5000 pads is an arbitrary number. you could in theory generate a million pads and have communication with them for a life time. ok so that ' s my idea in a nutshell, i ' ve had it on my mind for a while. if it ' s workable this would be an open source app that i would develop myself and release for everyone to use. open source because the code can be scrutinised and tested for flaws by the experts. are there any potential flaws or weaknesses, or possible attack vectors you can see? what improvements would you make to the idea?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6167643619045875, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.873568"} {"text": "build your family tree at the library published on thursday, february 18, 2010 - 3 : 42pm ever wonder about your ancestors? the dc public library can help. check out heritage quest, a free database that includes u. s. census records from 1790 to 1930 and freedman \u2019 s bank records. incorporated in 1865 to benefit freed slaves, freedman \u2019 s bank records contain information about the depositors and their families from 1865 to 1874. in some cases, the names of former slave owners are included. accessing this database only requires a dc public library card. before starting database research, a few tips will help get better results : - decide who to research. collect the real name of ancestors, their siblings, how old they would be and where they lived in 1930. - search broadly. enter the last name, year of birth, and city / state in heritage quest \u2019 s census database. - work backwards. review the 1930 census information, then plan to search the 1920 census. continue stepping back through available census data. - explore freedman \u2019 s bank records. find the surname of an ancestor and where they may have lived from 1865 to 1874. heritage quest is one of many resources available to research family history. to learn more about the library \u2019 s databases, visit dclibrary. org or any library location.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4285169606578652, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.875135"} {"text": "from practical fishkeeping, about the usa : deepwater oil spill area has more ill fish a government - funded survey of the entire gulf of mexico last summer found more ill fish in the area of the 2010 deepwater oil spill than anywhere else. the survey took place last summer with funding from noaa and cooperation from the state \u2019 s marine science laboratory in st. petersburg and caught over 4000 fish and found many exhibited unusual skin lesions. steve murawski, an oceanographer who previously served as the chief fisheries scientist of the national oceanographic and atmospheric administration who lead the project said that whilst the highest frequency of disease in fish was the area where the oil spill was that people shouldn \u2019 t necessarily assume that this was the cause. he pointed out that the large number of fish with skin lesions could have also been caused by oil rigs, leaky pipelines and even natural oil vents in the sea floor. \u201c even if the disease is from oil, \u201d he said. \u201c it \u2019 s another step to show it \u2019 s from the oil spill. \u201d however, other scientists studying fish believe that the two are connected. james cowan, an oceanography professor at louisiana state university is quoted saying : \u201c we still are seeing sick fish offshore and the usf survey confirmed our findings of 2 - 5 % of red snapper being affected \u201d. he added that lab studies show that chronic exposure to oil and dispersants can cause a wide range of effects including impacts to the genome to compromised immune systems in fish, shrimps and crabs found in the oil spill location. other scientists have also found fish with lesions spreading with a professor from the university of south alabama finding affected fish in the surf off the coast. whilst there is unfortunately no baseline survey to compare results with, the usf scientists plan a second survey of the gulf next month. they also plan to check whether the fish they have caught also suffer from immune system and fertility problems. the results will be reported by april 20, 2012 \u2013 the second anniversary of the deepwater horizon explosion. meanwhile, there have been other signs something unusual might be going on further afield in the northern part of the gulf. more than 600 dolphins have stranded over the past two years ; which in some areas is 10 times more than normal. so far 10 have tested positive for the bacterial infection brucella, which scientists believe may be a sign that the oil spill harmed the dolphins \u2019 immune systems.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4154623143843398, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.878110"} {"text": "the truth about pit bulls pit bulls are not the stereotypical devil dog put forth in media myths. they are companion animals who have enhanced the lives of many through their devoted people - loving natures, positively channeled physical prowess, bravery, and intelligence. pit bulls have served key roles in search - and - rescue efforts, excel in agility training, and work nationwide as therapy and service dogs. famous pit bulls include petey in \" our gang / little rascals \" film series and an american poster mascot during pit bulls have great physical and mental characteristics that make them excellent partners for responsible, active, and caring owners. these same outstanding qualities can also make them a little difficult to handle for people who don ' t have a lot of experience with dog ownership. obedience classes are strongly recommended for this breed. a well behaved and obedient pit bull will be a wonderful companion, and a great ambassador for an often misunderstood breed. pit bulls are very adaptable and will even do well in urban living, provided they have enough exercise or other positive outlets for their energy. pit bulls are strong, energetic, agile, and powerful dogs. they are also very resourceful and driven. \" determination \" is one of their most notable traits \u2026 whether it is escaping an inadequately fenced yard to go explore the neighborhood, or destroying your new couch when left home alone, or climbing into your lap to shower you with kisses! they just don ' t give up easily. most pit bulls are very good with children. however, any dog must be supervised with children at all times. like other active dogs, they need substantial daily exercise - - and depend on their owners to teach them good manners, such as not jumping. owner responsibility is required for anyone getting any dog. pit bulls strive to take on the behaviors that their guardians instill in them, and their behavior is reflective of the care, training and socialization practices ( or lack thereof ) used by their owners. it is essential for owners to socialize and train their dogs so they are well - behaved with people of all ages and in public situations. one very important characteristic of the pit bull dogs, is their amazing love of people. human aggression, severe shyness, and instability are not traits typically found and accepted in the pit bull breed. unlike the myth propagated by the media though, human aggression is not a trait associated with the pit bull breed. in fact, pit bulls tend to do better than average in temperament tests. unlike the myth propagated by the media though,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4118800477371362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.882429"} {"text": "unlike the myth propagated by the media though, human aggression is not a trait associated with the pit bull breed. in fact, pit bulls tend to do better than average in temperament tests. unlike the myth propagated by the media though, human aggression is not a problem specific to the pit bull breed. humans have created very specialized dogs through emphasizing desired traits and eliminating unwanted ones. it is no different with the pit bull breed - ' selectively ' bred for hundreds of years to fight other dogs. certain specific traits were selectively bred into the dogs and are now part of the breed ' s character. it ' s like the digging instinct of many terriers, the compulsion to run in greyhounds, etc. we don ' t condone or glorify it, but dog - aggression is common with pit bull type dogs. owners must recognize and accept this fact or they won \u2019 t be able to provide competent ownership and have fun with their dogs. it is not necessarily a hate of other dogs that will cause pit bulls to fight, but rather an \" urge \" to do so that has been bred into the breed for many generations. pit bull owners must be aware of the remarkable fighting abilities of this breed and always keep in mind that pit bulls have the potential to inflict serious injuries to other animals. pit bulls can and do interact peacefully with other dogs and animals. individual dog temperament, early training and socializing, all play an important role in whether or not a pit bull is capable of getting along with other animals. many people successfully keep multiple pit bulls and other pets in the same household. success is based on careful supervision, proper management and training, and the individual animals involved. in closing, please remember that animal - aggression and people - aggression should never be confused, as they are two different traits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42428996908444266, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.883271"} {"text": "skip to content search results for refine your search [ june 17, 1916 - july... april 8, 1918 ward, hortense sparks... [ pinchot, amelia brice... cunningham, minnie fis... page 1 of 2 : ( add to favorites campaign information about women ' s voting rights in texas pamphlet explaining how, when and where women can vote in the july, 1918 democratic primary election. the pamphlet also recounts how texas governor james e. ferguson led the group at the democratic national... chronology of war events this newspaper article lists all notable events of world war i that occured between august 1914 and july 1918. save the sugar : 24 recipes using sugar substitutes the pamphlet includes recipes which use sugar substitutes. call issued to halt action on woman suffrage. article arguing against women ' s right to vote in texas. the article argues that texans voted down women ' s suffrage at the ballots and that texas is not willing for other suffrage states to force women... soldier rations letter letter from the national woman ' s liberty loan committee explaining in detail the rations supplied to soldiers. governor signs bill giving woman vote in primaries article about signing of bill giving women right to vote in primaries. governor william hobby signed the bill in his private office and was witnessed by mrs. minnie fisher cunningham, mrs. d. h. doom, mrs.... article about women ' s suffrage article points out that german citizens in texas are allowed to vote in the july 1918 primaries, but women are still denied the vote. the article insists that the equal suffrage be passed as a war measure.... houston woman tendered place on accident board article about election of hortense ward to texas industrial accident board. she is the first woman secretary of the board. article about mrs. minnie fisher cunningham article about mrs. minnie fisher cunnigham ' s campaign to pass a suffrage amendment to the state constitution. the campaign will largely be an educational one, with speakers sent to every part of the state.... letter to members of suffrage league letter to members of suffrage league requesting that in october, each league takes part in the \" missionary \" work of starting new leagues in neighboring towns in order to raise awareness and raise numbers.... letter to suffragists this letter requests that suffragists encourage their local representatives to support womens ' suffrage. newspaper clipping about primary suffrage newspaper editorial in support of women ' s suffrage in texas primaries. the article argues that it is supported by a majority", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4296890893039344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.890749"} {"text": "##ragists this letter requests that suffragists encourage their local representatives to support womens ' suffrage. newspaper clipping about primary suffrage newspaper editorial in support of women ' s suffrage in texas primaries. the article argues that it is supported by a majority in both houses of the legislature, and that if the governor were not actively... list of campaign suggestions the document lists ways to advance the womens ' suffrage movement. document about primary suffrage bill document in support of a partial suffrage bill to allow women to vote in the texas primary elections as part of a war measure. the document explains that a similar war measure was passed in arkansas in... copy of joint resolution the resolution proposes to expand voting rights to women by amending section 2, article 6 of the texas state constitution. copy of house bill no. 105 the bill gives all qualified texas women the right to vote. article about gubernatorial election this article encourages the women of texas to vote for governor hobby in the next election. document about womens ' suffrage this document contains passages from various texas newspapers and individuals concerning the womens ' suffrage movement. document about members of house committee this document describes the attitudes that several congressmen hold towards womens ' suffrage. letter about brownsville equal suffrage league letter describing the youngest and best loved child, the brownsville equal suffrage league. they will be working on conservation and thrift efforts for the first few months. letter request that conservation... add to favorites page 1 of 2 : ( \u00a9 2013 the university of houston, 114 university libraries, houston, tx 77204 - 2000 ( 713 ) 743 - 1050 state of texas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38662596061348625, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.891512"} {"text": "date : may 2009 creator : hembreiker, linda - rose description : during the 20th century, chamber works for harp expanded to include significantly different instrumentations, like flute, voice and harp. indeed, a body of works for flute, voice, and harp began to develop mainly through the commissioning efforts of ensembles comprised of these instruments. this study of george crumb ' s federico ' s little songs for children for flutes, soprano, and harp considers the unique advantages and challenges of this instrumentation and offers specific suggestions for performance. attention to various compositional elements of federico ' s little songs for children, especially as they relate to the text, is also helpful in preparing to perform this work. the form, pitch material, and text - painting in the work allow for special opportunities to convey meaning to audiences in ways that do not rely on traditional tonal relationships. accompanying the shift away from traditional tonal relationships, the development of the harp repertoire in chamber and solo settings during the 20th century also led to the development of many extended - techniques for this instrument. for the most part, these techniques have been described and given various notational symbols but not discussed in detail with regard to execution. federico ' s little songs for children itself requires several unique extended - techniques. recommendations are given in... contributing partner : unt libraries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4976241156395139, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.895481"} {"text": "date of this version embryonic stem cells have the ability to develop into virtually any cell in the body, and they may have the potential to treat medical conditions such as diabetes and parkinson \u2019 s disease. in august 2001, president bush announced that for the first time, federal funds would be used to support research on human embryonic stem cells, but funding would be limited to \u201c existing stem cell lines. \u201d nih has established a registry of 78 human embryonic stem cell lines that are eligible for use in federally funded research, but only 21 cell lines are currently available. scientists are concerned about the quality and longevity of these 21 stem cell lines. nih director elias zerhouni stated before a senate subcommittee in march 2007 that research advancement requires access to new human embryonic stem cell lines. some have argued that adult stem cells ( from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood ) should be pursued instead of embryonic stem cells because they believe the derivation of stem cells from embryos is ethically unacceptable. the nih director and many other scientists believe adult stem cells should not be the sole target of research because of important scientific and technical limitations. reports issued by nih and the institute of medicine state that both embryonic and adult stem cell research should be pursued. some scientists are exploring the possibility of obtaining human embryonic stem cells that bypass the destruction of living human embryos. the president \u2019 s council on bioethics cited four potential alternative sources of human embryonic stem cells in a may 2005 paper. a number of pro - life advocates support stem cell research ; those opposed are concerned that stem cell isolation requires embryo destruction. on january 11, 2007, the house passed h. r. 3 ( degette ) on a vote of 253 to 174. h. r. 3 would allow federal support of research that utilizes human embryonic stem cells regardless of the date on which the stem cells were derived from a human embryo, and thus negate the august 2001 bush stem cell policy limitation. on april 11, 2007, the senate passed s. 5 ( reid ), which has the same text as h. r. 3 and an additional section supporting research on alternative human pluripotent stem cells. the senate also passed s. 30 ( coleman ) on april 11, 2007. unlike h. r. 3 and s. 5, s. 30 provides support only for research on alternative human pluripotent stem cells. ( the 109th congress passed legislation identical to h. r. 3, h. r. 810 ( castle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4715974529295708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.898589"} {"text": "sequential compression and decompression is done using the classes bz2compressor and bz2decompressor. create a new compressor object. this object may be used to compress data sequentially. if you want to compress data in one shot, use the compress ( ) function instead. the compresslevel parameter, if given, must be a number between 9 ; the default provide more data to the compressor object. it will return chunks of compressed data whenever possible. when you ' ve finished providing data to compress, call the flush ( ) method to finish the compression process, and return what is left in internal buffers. finish the compression process and return what is left in internal buffers. you must not use the compressor object after calling this method. create a new decompressor object. this object may be used to decompress data sequentially. if you want to decompress data in one shot, use the decompress ( ) function instead. provide more data to the decompressor object. it will return chunks of decompressed data whenever possible. if you try to decompress data after the end of stream is found, eoferror will be raised. if any data was found after the end of stream, it ' ll be ignored and saved in see about this document... for information on suggesting changes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5041281703844077, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.905959"} {"text": "dependent personality disorder is characterized by dependent and submissive behavior. the person often defers the majority or all decision - making to someone else. people with this type of personality disorder are not aware that their thoughts and behaviors are inappropriate. it is not clear what causes personality disorders, but it is likely a combination of genetic ( inherited ) factors and a person ' s environment. a risk factor is something that increases your chance of acquiring a disease or condition. factors that increase the risk of dependent personality disorder include : symptoms of dependent personality disorder may include : - irrational fear - relying on others for guidance, decision - making, reassurance, and advice - excessive sensitivity to criticism - a strong fear of rejection - perception of oneself as powerless you will likely be referred to a psychiatrist or other mental health professional. you will be asked about your symptoms. a mental and medical health history will be taken. a diagnosis will be made after a complete psychiatric assessment that rules out other disorders. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment options include : counseling may be beneficial for people with dependent personality disorder. counseling sessions focus on learning how to manage your anxiety and be more assertive. in some cases, medications, such as tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, or alprazolam, may help manage symptoms. for most patients, medications only provide a minimal amount of symptom relief. other treatments, such as group therapy and social skills training, can help you manage symptoms. - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 93 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48051978406909684, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.908152"} {"text": "editor ' s note : colin stuart is an astronomy and science writer, who also works as a freelance astronomer for the royal observatory greenwich in london. his first book is due to be published by carlton books in september 2013. follow @ skyponderer on twitter. london ( cnn ) - - reports coming from russia suggest that hundreds of people have been injured by a meteor falling from space. the force of the fireball, which seems to have crashed into a lake near the town of chebarkul in the ural mountains, roared through the sky early on friday morning local time, blowing out windows and damaging buildings. this comes on the same day that astronomers and news reporters alike were turning their attention to a 40 meter asteroid - - known as 2012 da14 - - which is due for a close approach with earth on friday evening. the asteroid will skirt around our planet, however, missing by some 27, 000 kilometers ( 16, 777 miles ). based on early reports, there is no reason to believe the two events are connected. and yet it just goes to show how much space debris exists up there above our heads. it is easy to think of a serene solar system, with the eight planets quietly orbiting around the sun and only a few moons for company. the reality is that we also share our cosmic neighborhood with millions of other, much smaller bodies : asteroids. made of rock and metal, they range in size from a few meters across, up to the largest - - ceres - - which is 1000 kilometers wide. they are left over rubble from the chaotic birth of our solar system around 5000 million years ago and, for the most part, are found in a \" belt \" between the orbits of mars and jupiter. but some are known to move away from this region, either due to collisions with other asteroids or the gravitational pull of a planet. and that can bring them into close proximity to the earth. once a piece of space - rock enters our atmosphere, it becomes known as a meteor. traveling through the sky at a few kilometers per second, friction with the air can cause the meteor to break up into several pieces. eyewitnesses have described seeing a burst of light and hearing loud, thunderous noises. this, too, is due to the object tearing through the gases above our heads. if any of the fragments make it to the ground, only then are they called meteorites. such events are rare, but not unprecedented. an object entered earth ' s atmosphere in 1908 before breaking up over siberia. the force", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4836233180280994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.915008"} {"text": "gases above our heads. if any of the fragments make it to the ground, only then are they called meteorites. such events are rare, but not unprecedented. an object entered earth ' s atmosphere in 1908 before breaking up over siberia. the force of the explosion laid waste to a dense area of forest covering more than 2000 square kilometers. it is not hard to imagine the devastation of such an event over a more highly populated region. the earth is sprinkled with around 170 craters also caused by debris falling from space. the largest is found near the town of vredefort in south africa. the impact of a much larger asteroid - - perhaps as big as 15 kilometers across - - is famously thought to have finished off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. it is easy to see why, then, that astronomers are keen to discover the position and trajectory of as many asteroids as possible. that way they can work out where they are heading and when, if at all, they might pose a threat to us on earth. it is precisely this sort of work that led to the discovery of asteroid 2012 da14 last february by a team of spanish astronomers. however, today ' s meteor strike shows that it is not currently possible to pick up everything. a non - profit foundation, led by former nasa astronaut ed lu, wants to send a dedicated asteroid - hunting telescope into space that can scan the solar system for any potential threats. for now, astronomers will use friday ' s fly - by to bounce radar beams off 2012 da14 ' s surface, hoping to learn more about its motion and structure. one day this information could be used to help move an asteroid out of an earth - impacting orbit. this latest meteor over russia just goes to show how important such work is and how crucial it is that we keep our eye on the sky. the opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of colin stuart.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4780841558415436, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.915870"} {"text": "a map of marco polo ' s route to and from china. in the 13th century, a young venetian named marco polo set out with his father and uncle on a great adventure. following a series of trade routes, they traveled across the vast continent of asia and became the first europeans to visit the chinese capital ( modern beijing ). marco so impressed the reigning emperor of china, kublai khan, that he was appointed to the imperial court. for the next 17 years, marco was sent on missions to many parts of kublai ' s sprawling empire. the polos finally returned to venice via the sea route. marco later wrote a book about his experiences, which inspired new generations of explorers to travel to the exotic lands of the east. read through the entire lesson plan and become familiar with the content and resources. bookmark relevant websites for later reference. marco polo was on the last leg of his journey home from china to venice. after visiting several seaports in india, he and his party sailed across the arabian sea and to the mouth of the persian gulf, landing at the port city of hormuz. marco had visited hormuz with his father and uncle many years before when they were on their way to china. at that time, they had considered a sea route too dangerous and decided instead to travel eastward across asia following a land route. perhaps they were right \u2014 by the time they arrived in hormuz on their journey home, nearly all of the 600 people who had set out with them from china had perished! historians attribute this to a combination of storms, disease, and combat with hostile natives encountered along the way. after delivering the mongol princess they were escorting to the persian court, the polos trekked northward through persia and armenia ( part of modern turkey ) to the black sea. the most famous building in constantinople was the hagia sophia. it remains one of the most impressive churches in the world. learn about the hagia sophia by visiting the following websites ( available through labyrinth ) : marco and his father and uncle boarded a trading ship in constantinople and sailed home to venice. this final lap of their long journey from china was an easy voyage on the mediterranean sea. have the students write a short essay about constantinople. it can be illustrated with images downloaded from the websites visited in this lesson or by original drawings. 1 - 2 class periods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4635979220271243, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.923722"} {"text": "contact the department to report wildlife emergencies relating to : - crocodiles in queensland - incidents where a person has been bitten or scratched by a bat or has had bat saliva or neural tissue come into contact with their eyes or other mucous membrane surfaces ( e. g. inside the mouth ) to report all other wildlife emergencies such as sick, injured or orphaned animals, marine animal strikes or strandings, contact the rspca qld. flooding and potentially dangerous wildlife flooding of waterways and low - lying areas can temporarily increase the mobility and distribution of potentially dangerous wildlife \u2013 particularly snakes and crocodiles \u2013 and as such these animals may be present in areas they do not usually inhabit. all crocodile sightings in queensland should be reported to the crocwatch hotline on 1300 130 372. the department of environment and heritage protection records and investigates all crocodile reports made by the public and will take appropriate action based on the potential safety risk posed by the animal. a summary of all current crocodile sightings and declared crocodiles of concern is available on the department \u2019 s crocwatch page. always remember that no natural waterway in crocodile country is ever 100 % risk free, and the public should remain ' croc - wise ' at all times when in and around crocodile habitat. snakes found on premises can be removed and relocated by private snake catchers authorised under the nature conservation act 1992. contact details of local snake catchers can be obtained through the yellow pages or via the internet. and somewhere nearby... there ' s wildlife whether it \u2019 s your backyard or a remote national park, one thing is certain : there is a native animal somewhere nearby. it may be as inconspicuous as a tiny spider tucked up in the corner of your ceiling or something more imposing like a three metre carpet python coiled around a roof truss in your carport. we cross paths with wild animals throughout our lives \u2014 from our first encounters with storybook animals to those chance meetings with wildlife in the wild places where they live. these encounters are most likely to be with animals that attract our attention : the colourful, the big, the unusual \u2014 and the few that find ways to annoy us or even put our safety at risk. but there are the many animals we don \u2019 t notice and these are often the ones that are so common that they simply blend into the background noise of daily life. these animals are just waiting to be \u2018 discovered \u2019 \u2014 all you have to do is stop and look. curiosity and wildlife go hand in hand. this part of the website is all about learning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3871268362565718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.928197"} {"text": "that they simply blend into the background noise of daily life. these animals are just waiting to be \u2018 discovered \u2019 \u2014 all you have to do is stop and look. curiosity and wildlife go hand in hand. this part of the website is all about learning : learning how to understand and appreciate the wildlife around you and, more importantly, how to live safely alongside it. learning starts by asking the right questions : - where can i find out about queensland \u2019 s native wildlife? - what wildlife is living around your home? - are any of them dangerous? - how can you learn more about your \u2018 wild neighbours \u2019 and how to live alongside them? - where can i see wildlife? - are there any threatened species facing extinction right on your doorstep and what are we doing to ensure their survival? - what threats do our wildlife face? - what happens if you find a baby wild animal on its own, or one that \u2019 s sick or hurt? - what native animals can i keep, use or collect? - what can you do to protect the wildlife living in queensland? this website will help you answer these questions. but no website has all the answers and, when it comes to learning about wildlife, you will need to link up with other \u2018 sites \u2019 \u2026 like your backyard, your local bushland, or your nearest national park. wildlife online \u2014 species lists for queensland permit and licence management - licences and permits if you witness or suspect an offence to wildlife please complete the wildlife complaint report form. \u2021 requires microsoft office files viewer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4459216106670505, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.928826"} {"text": "topic : powerful earthquake in japan - tepco reports nuclear fuel meltdown at fukushima no. 1 - japanese imperial couple to visit fukushima province - tepco detects dangerous radiation level at fukushima no. 1 reactor - engineers continue monitoring radiation at fukushima - damage levels at the fukushima i nuclear power plant - radiation checks in fukushima - situation near the troubled fukushima i nuclear power plant - blast at japan ' s fukushima no. 1 nuclear plant - the fukushima i nuclear power plant - reconstruction : fukushima - 1 nuclear power plant accident, japan - flying robots provide video from fukushima power plant - footage released of inside fukushima \u2019 s crippled nuclear power plant the japanese authorities have started evacuation of people who live outside the 20 kilometer radius from the troubled fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant, nhk tv channel reported on sunday. families with babies and children up to kindergarten age and pregnant women are the first of the 7, 700 residents of two towns to evacuate, the tv channel said. municipal officials have said they have secured temporary housing for almost all of the residents who want it. some farmers cannot evacuate soon as they have not been able to find places to move their cattle. some families cannot move together to designated temporary housing or cannot decide on the place to go as they would be far from work or school, the tv channel said. the japanese government has expanded the evacuation zone around the plant to areas where cumulative radiation levels are 20 millisieverts or higher per year, the tv channel said. an earthquake and a tsunami that swept northeastern japan two months ago damaged the cooling system at fukushima, which resulted in serious meltdown. in mid - april, japan ' s nuclear authorities assigned the highest level of danger to the fukushima nuclear disaster for the first time after the devastating chernobyl nuclear accident in the soviet union in 1986. moscow, may 15 ( ria novosti ) add to blog you may place this material on your blog by copying the link. image galleries : liliger cub at the novosibirsk zoo and other animal news infographics : global warming : predicting future disasters cartoons : polar explorer day the growing outright rivalry between the united states and china gives russia more foreign policy weight, enabling it to assume the role of a balancer. so far it has been doing so rather skillfully. today it may participate in a joint naval exercise with china that beijing positions as outwardly anti - american. but tomorrow it can team up with the naval forces of the old world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48800268549222336, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:44.934415"} {"text": "| pre - hispanic city of chichen - itza | | name as inscribed on the world heritage list | | criteria | | i, ii, iii | | unesco region | | latin america and the caribbean | | inscription | | 1988 ( 12th session ) | chichen itza ( pron. : / /, spanish : chichen itza [ t\u0283i\u02c8t\u0283en i\u02c8tsa ], from yucatec maya : chi ' ch ' een iitsha ' [ ] ; \" at the mouth of the well of the itza \" ) was a large pre - columbian city built by the maya civilization. the archaeological site is located in the municipality of tinum, in the mexican state of yucatan. chichen itza was a major focal point in the northern maya lowlands from the late classic ( c. ad 600 \u2013 900 ) through the terminal classic ( c. ad 800 \u2013 900 ) and into the early portion of the early postclassic period ( c. ad 900 \u2013 1200 ). the site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles, reminiscent of styles seen in central mexico and of the puuc and chenes styles of the northern maya lowlands. the presence of central mexican styles was once thought to have been representative of direct migration or even conquest from central mexico, but most contemporary interpretations view the presence of these non - maya styles more as the result of cultural diffusion. chichen itza was one of the largest maya cities and it was likely to have been one of the mythical great cities, or tollans, referred to in later mesoamerican literature. the city may have had the most diverse population in the maya world, a factor that could have contributed to the variety of architectural styles at the site. the ruins of chichen itza are federal property, and the site \u2019 s stewardship is maintained by mexico \u2019 s instituto nacional de antropologia e historia ( national institute of anthropology and history ). the land under the monuments had been privately owned until 29 march 2010, when it was purchased by the state of yucatan. [ nb 1 ] chichen itza is one of the most visited archaeological sites in mexico ; an estimated 1. 2 million tourists visit the ruins every year. name and orthography the maya name \" chichen itza \" means \" at the mouth of the well of the itza. \" this derives from chi ', meaning \" mouth \" or \" edge \", and ch ' en or ch ' e ' en, meaning \" well. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44352595019232477, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.105212"} {"text": "chichen itza \" means \" at the mouth of the well of the itza. \" this derives from chi ', meaning \" mouth \" or \" edge \", and ch ' en or ch ' e ' en, meaning \" well. \" itza is the name of an ethnic - lineage group that gained political and economic dominance of the northern peninsula. one possible translation for itza is \" enchanter ( or enchantment ) of the water \", from its, \" sorcerer \", and ha, \" water \". the name is spelled chichen itza in spanish, and the accents are sometimes maintained in other languages to show that both parts of the name are stressed on their final syllable. other references prefer the maya orthography, chichen itza ' ( pronounced [ t\u0283it\u0283\u02bcen itsa\u0294 ] ). this form preserves the phonemic distinction between ch ' and ch, since the base word ch ' e ' en ( which, however, is not stressed in maya ) begins with a postalveolar ejective africate consonant. the word \" itza ' \" has a high tone on the \" a \" followed by a glottal stop ( indicated by the apostrophe ). evidence in the chilam balam books indicates another, earlier name for this city prior to the arrival of the itza hegemony in northern yucatan. while most sources agree the first word means seven, there is considerable debate as to the correct translation of the rest. this earlier name is difficult to define because of the absence of a single standard of orthography, but it is represented variously as uuc yabnal ( \" seven great house \" ), uuc hab nal ( \" seven bushy places \" ), uucyabnal ( \" seven great rulers \" ) or uc abnal ( \" seven lines of abnal \" ). [ nb 2 ] this name, dating to the late classic period, is recorded both in the book of chilam balam de chumayel and in hieroglyphic texts in the ruins. chichen itza is located in the eastern portion of yucatan state in mexico. the northern yucatan peninsula is arid, and the rivers in the interior all run underground. there are two large, natural sink holes, called cenotes, that could have provided plentiful water year round at chichen, making it attractive for settlement. of the two cenotes, the \" cenote sagrado \" or sacred cenote ( also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48910576842822345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.106984"} {"text": "large, natural sink holes, called cenotes, that could have provided plentiful water year round at chichen, making it attractive for settlement. of the two cenotes, the \" cenote sagrado \" or sacred cenote ( also variously known as the sacred well or well of sacrifice ), is the most famous. according to post - conquest sources ( maya and spanish ), pre - columbian maya sacrificed objects and human beings into the cenote as a form of worship to the maya rain god chaac. edward herbert thompson dredged the cenote sagrado from 1904 to 1910, and recovered artifacts of gold, jade, pottery and incense, as well as human remains. a study of human remains taken from the cenote sagrado found that they had wounds consistent with human sacrifice. political organization several archaeologists in late 1980s suggested that unlike previous maya polities of the early classic, chichen itza may not have been governed by an individual ruler or a single dynastic lineage. instead, the city \u2019 s political organization could have been structured by a \" multepal \" system, which is characterized as rulership through council composed of members of elite ruling lineages. this theory was popular in the 1990s, but in recent years, the research that supported the concept of the \" multepal \" system has been called into question, if not discredited. the current belief trend in maya scholarship is toward the more traditional model of the maya kingdoms of the classic period southern lowlands in mexico. chichen itza was a major economic power in the northern maya lowlands during its apogee. participating in the water - borne circum - peninsular trade route through its port site of isla cerritos on the north coast, chichen itza was able to obtain locally unavailable resources from distant areas such as obsidian from central mexico and gold from southern central america. between ad 900 and 1050 chichen itza expanded to become a powerful regional capital controlling north and central yucatan. it established isla cerritos as a trading port. the layout of chichen itza site core developed during its earlier phase of occupation, between 750 and 900 ad. its final layout was developed after 900 ad, and the 10th century saw the rise of the city as a regional capital controlling the area from central yucatan to the north coast, with its power extending down the east and west coasts of the peninsula. the earliest hieroglyphic date discovered at chichen itza is equivalent to 832 ad, while the last known date", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.448250610788432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.108924"} {"text": "controlling the area from central yucatan to the north coast, with its power extending down the east and west coasts of the peninsula. the earliest hieroglyphic date discovered at chichen itza is equivalent to 832 ad, while the last known date was recorded in the osario temple in 998. the late classic city was centred upon the area to the southwest of the xtoloc cenote, with the main architecture represented by the substructures now underlying the las monjas and observatorio and the basal platform upon which they were built. chichen itza rose to regional prominence towards the end of the early classic period ( roughly 600 ad ). it was, however, towards the end of the late classic and into the early part of the terminal classic that the site became a major regional capital, centralizing and dominating political, sociocultural, economic, and ideological life in the northern maya lowlands. the ascension of chichen itza roughly correlates with the decline and fragmentation of the major centers of the southern maya lowlands. as chichen itza rose to prominence, the cities of yaxuna ( to the south ) and coba ( to the east ) were suffering decline. these two cities had been mutual allies, with yaxuna dependent upon coba. at some point in the 10th century coba lost a significant portion of its territory, isolating yaxuna, and chichen itza may have directly contributed to the collapse of both cities. | classic maya collapse | | spanish conquest of yucatan | | spanish conquest of guatemala | | spanish conquest of peten | according to maya chronicles ( e. g., the book of chilam balam of chumayel ), hunac ceel, ruler of mayapan, conquered chichen itza in the 13th century. hunac ceel supposedly prophesied his own rise to power. according to custom at the time, individuals thrown into the cenote sagrado were believed to have the power of prophecy if they survived. during one such ceremony, the chronicles state, there were no survivors, so hunac ceel leaped into the cenote sagrado, and when removed, prophesied his own ascension. while there is some archaeological evidence that indicates chichen itza was at one time looted and sacked, there appears to be greater evidence that it could not have been by mayapan, at least not when chichen itza was an active urban center. archaeological data now indicates that chichen itza declined as a regional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4018141952408939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.110345"} {"text": "at one time looted and sacked, there appears to be greater evidence that it could not have been by mayapan, at least not when chichen itza was an active urban center. archaeological data now indicates that chichen itza declined as a regional center by 1250 ce, before the rise of mayapan. [ nb 3 ] ongoing research at the site of mayapan may help resolve this chronological conundrum. while chichen itza \" collapsed \" or fell ( meaning elite activities ceased ) it may not have been abandoned. when the spanish arrived, they found a thriving local population, although it is not clear from spanish sources if maya were living in chichen itza or nearby. the relatively high density of population in the region was one of the factors behind the conquistadors ' decision to locate a capital there. according to post - conquest sources, both spanish and maya, the cenote sagrado remained a place of pilgrimage. spanish conquest in 1526 spanish conquistador francisco de montejo ( a veteran of the grijalva and cortes expeditions ) successfully petitioned the king of spain for a charter to conquer yucatan. his first campaign in 1527, which covered much of the yucatan peninsula, decimated his forces but ended with the establishment of a small fort at xaman ha ', south of what is today cancun. montejo returned to yucatan in 1531 with reinforcements and established his main base at campeche on the west coast. he sent his son, francisco montejo the younger, in late 1532 to conquer the interior of the yucatan peninsula from the north. the objective from the beginning was to go to chichen itza and establish a capital. montejo the younger eventually arrived at chichen itza, which he renamed ciudad real. at first he encountered no resistance, and set about dividing the lands around the city and awarding them to his soldiers. the maya became more hostile over time, and eventually they laid siege to the spanish, cutting off their supply line to the coast, and forcing them to barricade themselves among the ruins of the ancient city. months passed, but no reinforcements arrived. montejo the younger attempted an all out assault against the maya and lost 150 of his remaining troops. he was forced to abandon chichen itza in 1534 under cover of darkness. by 1535, all spanish had been driven from the yucatan peninsula. montejo eventually returned to yucatan and, by recruiting maya from campeche and champoton, built a large indio - spanish army and conquered the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36960332241282623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.111482"} {"text": "1534 under cover of darkness. by 1535, all spanish had been driven from the yucatan peninsula. montejo eventually returned to yucatan and, by recruiting maya from campeche and champoton, built a large indio - spanish army and conquered the peninsula. the spanish crown later issued a land grant that included chichen itza and by 1588 it was a working cattle ranch. modern history chichen itza entered the popular imagination in 1843 with the book incidents of travel in yucatan by john lloyd stephens ( with illustrations by frederick catherwood ). the book recounted stephens \u2019 visit to yucatan and his tour of maya cities, including chichen itza. the book prompted other explorations of the city. in 1860, desire charnay surveyed chichen itza and took numerous photographs that he published in cites et ruines americaines ( 1863 ). in 1875, augustus le plongeon and his wife alice dixon le plongeon visited chichen, and excavated a statue of a figure on its back, knees drawn up, upper torso raised on its elbows with a plate on its stomach. augustus le plongeon called it \u201c chaacmol \u201d ( later renamed \u201c chac mool \u201d, which has been the term to describe all types of this statuary found in mesoamerica ). teobert maler and alfred maudslay explored chichen in the 1880s and both spent several weeks at the site and took extensive photographs. maudslay published the first long - form description of chichen itza in his book, biologia centrali - americana. in 1894 the united states consul to yucatan, edward herbert thompson purchased the hacienda chichen, which included the ruins of chichen itza. for 30 years, thompson explored the ancient city. his discoveries included the earliest dated carving upon a lintel in the temple of the initial series and the excavation of several graves in the osario ( high priest \u2019 s temple ). thompson is most famous for dredging the cenote sagrado ( sacred cenote ) from 1904 to 1910, where he recovered artifacts of gold, copper and carved jade, as well as the first - ever examples of what were believed to be pre - columbian maya cloth and wooden weapons. thompson shipped the bulk of the artifacts to the peabody museum at harvard university. in 1913, the carnegie institution accepted the proposal of archaeologist sylvanus g. morley and committed to conduct long - term archaeological research at chichen itza. the mexican revolution and the following government instability, as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.406297446898221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.113046"} {"text": "the peabody museum at harvard university. in 1913, the carnegie institution accepted the proposal of archaeologist sylvanus g. morley and committed to conduct long - term archaeological research at chichen itza. the mexican revolution and the following government instability, as well as world war i, delayed the project by a decade. in 1923, the mexican government awarded the carnegie institution a 10 - year permit ( later extended another 10 years ) to allow u. s. archaeologists to conduct extensive excavation and restoration of chichen itza. carnegie researchers excavated and restored the temple of warriors and the caracol, among other major buildings. at the same time, the mexican government excavated and restored el castillo and the great ball court. in 1926, the mexican government charged edward thompson with theft, claiming he stole the artifacts from the cenote sagrado and smuggled them out of the country. the government seized the hacienda chichen. thompson, who was in the united states at the time, never returned to yucatan. he wrote about his research and investigations of the maya culture in a book people of the serpent published in 1932. he died in new jersey in 1935. in 1944 the mexican supreme court ruled that thompson had broken no laws and returned chichen itza to his heirs. the thompsons sold the hacienda to tourism pioneer fernando barbachano peon. there have been two later expeditions to recover artifacts from the cenote sagrado, in 1961 and 1967. the first was sponsored by the national geographic, and the second by private interests. both projects were supervised by mexico ' s national institute of anthropology and history ( inah ). inah has conducted an ongoing effort to excavate and restore other monuments in the archaeological zone, including the osario, akab d \u2019 zib, and several buildings in chichen viejo ( old chichen ). in 2009, to investigate construction that predated el castillo, yucatec archaeologists began excavations adjacent to el castillo under the direction of rafael ( rach ) cobos. site description chichen itza was one of the largest maya cities, with the relatively densely clustered architecture of the site core covering an area of at least 5 square kilometres ( 1. 9 sq mi ). smaller scale residential architecture extends for an unknown distance beyond this. the city was built upon broken terrain, which was artificially levelled in order to build the major architectural groups, with the greatest effort being expended in the levelling of the areas for the castillo pyramid, and the las monjas,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4348396537354882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.114940"} {"text": ". the city was built upon broken terrain, which was artificially levelled in order to build the major architectural groups, with the greatest effort being expended in the levelling of the areas for the castillo pyramid, and the las monjas, osario and main southwest groups. the site contains many fine stone buildings in various states of preservation, and many have been restored. the buildings were connected by a dense network of paved causeways, called sacbeob. [ nb 4 ] archaeologists have identified over 80 sacbeob criss - crossing the site, and extending in all directions from the city. the architecture encompasses a number of styles, including the puuc and chenes styles of the northern yucatan peninsula. the buildings of chichen itza are grouped in a series of architectonic sets, and each set was at one time separated from the other by a series of low walls. the three best known of these complexes are the great north platform, which includes the monuments of el castillo, temple of warriors and the great ball court ; the osario group, which includes the pyramid of the same name as well as the temple of xtoloc ; and the central group, which includes the caracol, las monjas, and akab dzib. south of las monjas, in an area known as chichen viejo ( old chichen ) and only open to archaeologists, are several other complexes, such as the group of the initial series, group of the lintels, and group of the old castle. architectural styles the puuc - style architecture is concentrated in the old chichen area, and also the earlier structures in the nunnery group ( including the las monjas, annex and la iglesia buildings ) ; it is also represented in the akab dzib structure. the puuc - style building feature the usual mosaic - decorated upper facades characteristic of the style but differ from the architecture of the puuc heartland in their block masonry walls, as opposed to the fine veneers of the puuc region proper. at least one structure in the las monjas group features an ornate facade and masked doorway that are typical examples of chenes - style architecture, a style centred upon a region in the north of campeche state, lying between the puuc and rio bec regions. those structures with sculpted hieroglyphic script are concentrated in certain areas of the site, with the most important being the las monjas group. architectural groups great north platform el castillo dominating the north platform of chichen it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45751700830225134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.116934"} {"text": "and rio bec regions. those structures with sculpted hieroglyphic script are concentrated in certain areas of the site, with the most important being the las monjas group. architectural groups great north platform el castillo dominating the north platform of chichen itza is the temple of kukulkan ( a maya feathered serpent deity similar to the aztec quetzalcoatl ), usually referred to as el castillo ( \" the castle \" ). this step pyramid stands about 30 metres ( 98 ft ) high and consists of a series of nine square terraces, each approximately 2. 57 metres ( 8. 4 ft ) high, with a 6 - metre ( 20 ft ) high temple upon the summit. the sides of the pyramid are approximately 55. 3 metres ( 181 ft ) at the base and rise at an angle of 53\u00b0, although that varies slightly for each side. the four faces of the pyramid have protruding stairways that rise at an angle of 45\u00b0. the talud walls of each terrace slant at an angle of between 72\u00b0 and 74\u00b0. at the base of the balustrades of the northeastern staircase are carved heads of a serpent. mesoamerican cultures periodically superimposed larger structures over older ones, and el castillo is one such example. in the mid - 1930s, the mexican government sponsored an excavation of el castillo. after several false starts, they discovered a staircase under the north side of the pyramid. by digging from the top, they found another temple buried below the current one. inside the temple chamber was a chac mool statue and a throne in the shape of jaguar, painted red and with spots made of inlaid jade. the mexican government excavated a tunnel from the base of the north staircase, up the earlier pyramid \u2019 s stairway to the hidden temple, and opened it to tourists. in 2006, inah closed the throne room to the public. on the spring and autumn equinoxes, in the late afternoon, the northwest corner of the pyramid casts a series of triangular shadows against the western balustrade on the north side that evokes the appearance of a serpent wriggling down the staircase. some have suggested the effect was an intentional design by the maya builders to represent the feathered - serpent god kukulcan. archaeologists have found no evidence to support such an assertion. great ball court archaeologists have identified thirteen ballcourts for playing the mesoamerican ballgame in chichen itza, but the great ball court about 150 metres ( 490 ft ) to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47497904950600367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.118295"} {"text": "archaeologists have found no evidence to support such an assertion. great ball court archaeologists have identified thirteen ballcourts for playing the mesoamerican ballgame in chichen itza, but the great ball court about 150 metres ( 490 ft ) to the north - west of the castillo is by far the most impressive. it is the largest and best preserved ball court in ancient mesoamerica. it measures 168 by 70 metres ( 551 by 230 ft ). the parallel platforms flanking the main playing area are each 95 metres ( 312 ft ) long. the walls of these platforms stand 8 metres ( 26 ft ) high ; set high up in the centre of each of these walls are rings carved with intertwined feathered serpents. [ nb 5 ] at the base of the high interior walls are slanted benches with sculpted panels of teams of ball players. in one panel, one of the players has been decapitated ; the wound emits streams of blood in the form of wriggling snakes. at one end of the great ball court is the north temple, also known as the temple of the bearded man ( templo del hombre barbado ). this small masonry building has detailed bas relief carving on the inner walls, including a center figure that has carving under his chin that resembles facial hair. at the south end is another, much bigger temple, but in ruins. built into the east wall are the temples of the jaguar. the upper temple of the jaguar overlooks the ball court and has an entrance guarded by two, large columns carved in the familiar feathered serpent motif. inside there is a large mural, much destroyed, which depicts a battle scene. in the entrance to the lower temple of the jaguar, which opens behind the ball court, is another jaguar throne, similar to the one in the inner temple of el castillo, except that it is well worn and missing paint or other decoration. the outer columns and the walls inside the temple are covered with elaborate bas - relief carvings. additional structures the tzompantli, or skull platform ( plataforma de los craneos ), shows the clear cultural influence of the central mexican plateau. unlike the tzompantli of the highlands, however, the skulls were impaled vertically rather than horizontally as at tenochtitlan. the platform of the eagles and the jaguars ( plataforma de aguilas y jaguares ) is immediately to the east of the great ballcourt. it is built in a combination maya and toltec styles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45062199288756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.119338"} {"text": "as at tenochtitlan. the platform of the eagles and the jaguars ( plataforma de aguilas y jaguares ) is immediately to the east of the great ballcourt. it is built in a combination maya and toltec styles, with a staircase ascending each of its four sides. the sides are decorated with panels depicting eagles and jaguars consuming human hearts. this platform of venus is dedicated to the planet venus. in its interior archaeologists discovered a collection of large cones carved out of stone, the purpose of which is unknown. this platform is located north of el castillo, between it and the cenote sagrado. the temple of the tables is the northernmost of a series of buildings to the east of el castillo. its name comes from a series of altars at the top of the structure that are supported by small carved figures of men with upraised arms, called \u201c atlantes. \u201d the steam bath is a unique building with three parts : a waiting gallery, a water bath, and a steam chamber that operated by means of heated stones. sacbe number one is a causeway that leads to the cenote sagrado, is the largest and most elaborate at chichen itza. this \u201c white road \u201d is 270 metres ( 890 ft ) long with an average width of 9 metres ( 30 ft ). it begins at a low wall a few metres from the platform of venus. according to archaeologists there once was an extensive building with columns at the beginning of the road. cenote sagrado the yucatan peninsula is a limestone plain, with no rivers or streams. the region is pockmarked with natural sinkholes, called cenotes, which expose the water table to the surface. one of the most impressive of these is the cenote sagrado, which is 60 metres ( 200 ft ) in diameter, and sheer cliffs that drop to the water table some 27 metres ( 89 ft ) below. the cenote sagrado was a place of pilgrimage for ancient maya people who, according to ethnohistoric sources, would conduct sacrifices during times of drought. archaeological investigations support this as thousands of objects have been removed from the bottom of the cenote, including material such as gold, carved jade, copal, pottery, flint, obsidian, shell, wood, rubber, cloth, as well as skeletons of children and men. temple of the warriors the temple of the warriors complex consists of a large stepped pyramid fronted and flanked by rows of carved columns depicting warriors. this complex is analogous to temple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47101960722337505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.120680"} {"text": "shell, wood, rubber, cloth, as well as skeletons of children and men. temple of the warriors the temple of the warriors complex consists of a large stepped pyramid fronted and flanked by rows of carved columns depicting warriors. this complex is analogous to temple b at the toltec capital of tula, and indicates some form of cultural contact between the two regions. the one at chichen itza, however, was constructed on a larger scale. at the top of the stairway on the pyramid \u2019 s summit ( and leading towards the entrance of the pyramid \u2019 s temple ) is a chac mool. this temple encases or entombs a former structure called the temple of the chac mool. the archeological expedition and restoration of this building was done by the carnegie institute of washington from 1925 to 1928. a key member of this restoration was earl h. morris who published the work from this expedition in two volumes entitled temple of the warriors. group of a thousand columns along the south wall of the temple of warriors are a series of what are today exposed columns, although when the city was inhabited these would have supported an extensive roof system. the columns are in three distinct sections : a west group, that extends the lines of the front of the temple of warriors ; a north group, which runs along the south wall of the temple of warriors and contains pillars with carvings of soldiers in bas - relief ; and a northeast group, which apparently formed a small temple at the southeast corner of the temple of warriors, which contains a rectangular decorated with carvings of people or gods, as well as animals and serpents. the northeast column temple also covers a small marvel of engineering, a channel that funnels all the rainwater from the complex some 40 metres ( 130 ft ) away to a rejollada, a former cenote. to the south of the group of a thousand columns is a group of three, smaller, interconnected buildings. the temple of the carved columns is a small elegant building that consists of a front gallery with an inner corridor that leads to an altar with a chac mool. there are also numerous columns with rich, bas - relief carvings of some 40 personages. a section of the upper facade with a motif of x \u2019 s and o \u2019 s is displayed in front of the structure. the temple of the small tables which is an unrestored mound. and the thompson \u2019 s temple ( referred to in some sources as palace of ahau balam kauil ), a small building with two levels that has frie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4548692426672983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.121788"} {"text": "of the structure. the temple of the small tables which is an unrestored mound. and the thompson \u2019 s temple ( referred to in some sources as palace of ahau balam kauil ), a small building with two levels that has friezes depicting jaguars ( balam in maya ) as well as glyphs of the maya god kahuil. el mercado this square structure anchors the southern end of the temple of warriors complex. it is so named for the shelf of stone that surrounds a large gallery and patio that early explorers theorized was used to display wares as in a marketplace. today, archaeologists believe that its purpose was more ceremonial than commerce. osario group south of the north group is a smaller platform that has many important structures, several of which appear to be oriented toward the second largest cenote at chichen itza, xtoloc. the osario itself, like el castillo, is a step - pyramid temple dominating its platform, only on a smaller scale. like its larger neighbor, it has four sides with staircases on each side. there is a temple on top, but unlike el castillo, at the center is an opening into the pyramid which leads to a natural cave 12 metres ( 39 ft ) below. edward h. thompson excavated this cave in the late 19th century, and because he found several skeletons and artifacts such as jade beads, he named the structure the high priests ' temple. archaeologists today believe the structure was neither a tomb nor that the personages buried in it were priests. the temple of xtoloc is a recently restored temple outside the osario platform is. it overlooks the other large cenote at chichen itza, named after the maya word for iguana, \" xtoloc. \" the temple contains a series of pilasters carved with images of people, as well as representations of plants, birds and mythological scenes. between the xtoloc temple and the osario are several aligned structures : the platform of venus ( which is similar in design to the structure of the same name next to el castillo ), the platform of the tombs, and a small, round structure that is unnamed. these three structures were constructed in a row extending from the osario. beyond them the osario platform terminates in a wall, which contains an opening to a sacbe that runs several hundred feet to the xtoloc temple. south of the osario, at the boundary of the platform, there are two small buildings that archaeologists believe were residences for important persona", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.457674961646964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.122851"} {"text": "a wall, which contains an opening to a sacbe that runs several hundred feet to the xtoloc temple. south of the osario, at the boundary of the platform, there are two small buildings that archaeologists believe were residences for important personages. these have been named as the house of the metates and the house of the mestizas. casa colorada group south of the osario group is another small platform that has several structures that are among the oldest in the chichen itza archaeological zone. the casa colorada ( spanish for \" red house \" ), is one of the best preserved buildings at chichen itza. its maya name is chichanchob, which according to inah may mean \" small holes \". in one chamber there are extensive carved hieroglyphs that mention rulers of chichen itza and possibly of the nearby city of ek balam, and contain a maya date inscribed which correlates to 869 ad, one of the oldest such dates found in all of chichen itza. in 2009, inah restored a small ball court that adjoined the back wall of the casa colorada. while the casa colorada is in a good state of preservation, other buildings in the group, with one exception, are decrepit mounds. one building is half standing, named casa del venado ( house of the deer ). the origin of the name is unknown, as there are no representations of deer or other animals on the building. central group las monjas is one of the more notable structures at chichen itza. it is a complex of terminal classic buildings constructed in the puuc architectural style. the spanish named this complex las monjas ( \" the nuns \" or \" the nunnery \" ) but it was actually a governmental palace. just to the east is a small temple ( known as the la iglesia, \" the church \" ) decorated with elaborate masks. el caracol ( \" the snail \" ) is located to the north of las monjas. it is a round building on a large square platform. it gets its name from the stone spiral staircase inside. the structure, with its unusual placement on the platform and its round shape ( the others are rectangular, in keeping with maya practice ), is theorized to have been a proto - observatory with doors and windows aligned to astronomical events, specifically around the path of venus as it traverses the heavens. akab dzib is located to the east of the caracol. the name means", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46290717479597887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.123890"} {"text": "is theorized to have been a proto - observatory with doors and windows aligned to astronomical events, specifically around the path of venus as it traverses the heavens. akab dzib is located to the east of the caracol. the name means, in yucatec mayan, \" dark writing \" ; \" dark \" in the sense of \" mysterious \". an earlier name of the building, according to a translation of glyphs in the casa colorada, is wa ( k ) wak puh ak na, \" the flat house with the excessive number of chambers, \u201d and it was the home of the administrator of chichen itza, kokom yahawal cho ' k \u2019 ak \u2019. inah completed a restoration of the building in 2007. it is relatively short, only 6 metres ( 20 ft ) high, and is 50 metres ( 160 ft ) in length and 15 metres ( 49 ft ) wide. the long, western - facing facade has seven doorways. the eastern facade has only four doorways, broken by a large staircase that leads to the roof. this apparently was the front of the structure, and looks out over what is today a steep, but dry, cenote. the southern end of the building has one entrance. the door opens into a small chamber and on the opposite wall is another doorway, above which on the lintel are intricately carved glyphs \u2014 the \u201c mysterious \u201d or \u201c obscure \u201d writing that gives the building its name today. under the lintel in the door jamb is another carved panel of a seated figure surrounded by more glyphs. inside one of the chambers, near the ceiling, is a painted hand print. old chichen old chichen ( or chichen viejo in spanish ) is the name given to a group of structures to the south of the central site, where most of the puuc - style architecture of the city is concentrated. it includes the initial series group, the phallic temple, the platform of the great turtle, the temple of the owls, and the temple of the monkeys. other structures chichen itza also has a variety of other structures densely packed in the ceremonial center of about 5 square kilometres ( 1. 9 sq mi ) and several outlying subsidiary sites. caves of balankanche approximately 4 km ( 2. 5 mi ) south east of the chichen itza archaeological zone are a network of sacred caves known as balankanche ( spanish : gruta de balankanche ), balamka ' an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5006382438414947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.124924"} {"text": "of balankanche approximately 4 km ( 2. 5 mi ) south east of the chichen itza archaeological zone are a network of sacred caves known as balankanche ( spanish : gruta de balankanche ), balamka ' anche ' in yucatec maya ). in the caves, a large selection of ancient pottery and idols may be seen still in the positions where they were left in pre - columbian times. the location of the cave has been well known in modern times. edward thompson and alfred tozzer visited it in 1905. a. s. pearse and a team of biologists explored the cave in 1932 and 1936. e. wyllys andrews iv also explored the cave in the 1930s. edwin shook and r. e. smith explored the cave on behalf of the carnegie institution in 1954, and dug several trenches to recover potsherds and other artifacts. shook determined that the cave had been inhabited over a long period, at least from the preclassic to the post - conquest era. on 15 september 1959, jose humberto gomez, a local guide, discovered a false wall in the cave. behind it he found an extended network of caves with significant quantities of undisturbed archaeological remains, including pottery and stone - carved censers, stone implements and jewelry. inah converted the cave into an underground museum, and the objects after being catalogued were returned to their original place so visitors can see them in situ. chichen itza is one of the most visited archaeological sites in mexico ; in 2007 it was estimated to receive an average of 1. 2 million visitors every year. tourism has been a factor at chichen itza for more than a century. john lloyd stephens, who popularized the maya yucatan in the public \u2019 s imagination with his book incidents of travel in yucatan, inspired many to make a pilgrimage to chichen itza. even before the book was published, benjamin norman and baron emanuel von friedrichsthal traveled to chichen after meeting stephens, and both published the results of what they found. friedrichsthal was the first to photograph chichen itza, using the recently invented daguerreotype. after edward thompson in 1894 purchased the hacienda chichen, which included chichen itza, he received a constant stream of visitors. in 1910 he announced his intention to construct a hotel on his property, but abandoned those plans, probably because of the mexican revolution. in the early 1920s, a group of yucatecans, led by writer / photographer francisco gomez rul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42192203195189915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.126219"} {"text": "of visitors. in 1910 he announced his intention to construct a hotel on his property, but abandoned those plans, probably because of the mexican revolution. in the early 1920s, a group of yucatecans, led by writer / photographer francisco gomez rul, began working toward expanding tourism to yucatan. they urged governor felipe carrillo puerto to build roads to the more famous monuments, including chichen itza. in 1923, governor carrillo puerto officially opened the highway to chichen itza. gomez rul published one of the first guidebooks to yucatan and the ruins. gomez rul ' s son - in - law, fernando barbachano peon ( a grandnephew of former yucatan governor miguel barbachano ), started yucatan \u2019 s first official tourism business in the early 1920s. he began by meeting passengers that arrived by steamship to progreso, the port north of merida, and persuading them to spend a week in yucatan, after which they would catch the next steamship to their next destination. in his first year barbachano peon reportedly was only able to convince seven passengers to leave the ship and join him on a tour. in the mid - 1920s barbachano peon persuaded edward thompson to sell 5 acres ( 20, 000 m2 ) next to chichen for a hotel. in 1930, the mayaland hotel opened, just north of the hacienda chichen, which had been taken over by the carnegie institution. in 1944, barbachano peon purchased all of the hacienda chichen, including chichen itza, from the heirs of edward thompson. around that same time the carnegie institution completed its work at chichen itza and abandoned the hacienda chichen, which barbachano turned into another seasonal hotel. in 1972, mexico enacted the ley federal sobre monumentos y zonas arqueologicas, artisticas e historicas ( federal law over monuments and archeological, artistic and historic sites ) that put all the nation ' s pre - columbian monuments, including those at chichen itza, under federal ownership. there were now hundreds, if not thousands, of visitors every year to chichen itza, and more were expected with the development of the cancun resort area to the east. in the 1980s, chichen itza began to receive an influx of visitors on the day of the spring equinox. today several thousand show up to see the light - and - shadow effect on the temple of kukulcan in which the feathered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3896869236458525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.127349"} {"text": "1980s, chichen itza began to receive an influx of visitors on the day of the spring equinox. today several thousand show up to see the light - and - shadow effect on the temple of kukulcan in which the feathered serpent god supposedly can be seen to crawl down the side of the pyramid. [ nb 6 ] tourists are also wondered by the acoustics at chicen itza. for instance a handclap in front of the staircase of the el castillo pyramid is followed by an echo that resembles the chirp of a quetzal as investigated by declercq. chichen itza, a unesco world heritage site, is the second - most visited of mexico ' s archaeological sites. the archaeological site draws many visitors from the popular tourist resort of cancun, who make a day trip on tour buses. in 2007, chichen itza ' s el castillo was named one of the new seven wonders of the world after a worldwide vote. despite the fact that the vote was sponsored by a commercial enterprise, and that its methodology was criticized, the vote was embraced by government and tourism officials in mexico who project that as a result of the publicity the number of tourists expected to visit chichen will double by 2012. [ nb 7 ] the ensuing publicity re - ignited debate in mexico over the ownership of the site, which culminated on 29 march 2010 when the state of yucatan purchased the land upon which the most recognized monuments rest from owner hans juergen thies barbachano. over the past several years, inah, which manages the site, has been closing monuments to public access. while visitors can walk around them, they can no longer climb them or go inside their chambers. the most recent was el castillo, which was closed after a san diego, california, woman fell to her death in 2006. photo gallery photo of the great limestone column in the cave of balankanche, surrounded by tlaloc - themed incense burners see also - concerning the legal basis of the ownership of chichen and other sites of patrimony, see breglia ( 2006 ), in particular chapter 3, \" chichen itza, a century of privatization \". regarding ongoing conflicts over the ownership of chichen itza, see castaneda ( 2005 ). regarding purchase, see \" yucatan : paga gobierno 220 mdp por terrenos de chichen itza, \" la jornada, 30 march 2010, retrieved 30 march 2010 from jornada. unam. mx", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4381472111213429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.128606"} {"text": "2005 ). regarding purchase, see \" yucatan : paga gobierno 220 mdp por terrenos de chichen itza, \" la jornada, 30 march 2010, retrieved 30 march 2010 from jornada. unam. mx - uuc yabnal becomes uc abnal, meaning the \u201c seven abnals \u201d or \u201c seven lines of abnal \u201d where abnal is a family name, according to ralph l. roys ( roys 1967, p. 133n7 ). - for summation of this re - dating proposal, see in particular andrews et al. 2003. - from mayan : sakb ' e, meaning \" white way / road \u201d. plural form is sacbeob ( or in modern maya orthography, sakb ' eob ' ). - a popular explanation is that the objective of the game was to pass a ball through one of the rings, however in other, smaller ball courts there is no ring, only a post. - see quetzil castaneda ( 1996 ) in the museum of maya culture ( university of minnesota press ) for a book length study of tourism at chichen, including a chapter on the equinox ritual. for a 90 - minute ethnographic documentary of new age spiritualism at the equinox see jeff himpele and castaneda ( 1997 ) [ incidents of travel in chichen itza ] ( documentary educational resources ). - figure is attributed to francisco lopez mena, director of the consejo de promocion turistica de mexico ( cptm - council for the promotion of mexican tourism ). - see also \" chichen itza \". english pronunciation guide to the names of people, places, and stuff. inogolo. com. retrieved 21 november 2007. - barrera vasquez et al, 1980. - gobierno del estado de yucatan 2007. - miller 1999, p. 26. - boot 2005, p. 37. - pina chan 1980, 1993, p. 13. - luxton 1996, p. 141. - koch 2006, p. 19. - osorio leon 2006, p. 458. - osorio leon 2006, p. 456. - coggins 1992. - anda alanis 2007. - freidel, p. 6. sharer and traxler 2006, p. 581. - schmidt 2007, pp. 166 \u2013 167. - cobos plama 2004, 2005, pp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5051742427671322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.129495"} {"text": ". - anda alanis 2007. - freidel, p. 6. sharer and traxler 2006, p. 581. - schmidt 2007, pp. 166 \u2013 167. - cobos plama 2004, 2005, pp. 539 - 540. - cobos palma 2004, 2005, p. 540. - cobos palma 2004, 2005, pp. 537 - 541. - cobos palma 2004, 2005, p. 531. - cobos palma 2004, 2005, pp. 531 - 533. - osorio leon 2006, p. 457. - osorio leon 2006, p. 461. - cobos palama, 2004, 2005, p. 541. - thompson 1954, 1966, p. 137. - chamberlain 1948, pp. 136, 138. - restall 1998, pp. 81, 149 ; landa 1937, p. 90. - clendinnen 2003, p. 23. - chamberlain 1948, pp. 19 \u2013 20, 64, 97, 134 \u2013 135. - chamberlain 1948, pp. 132 \u2013 149. - clendinnen 2003, p. 41. - breglia 2006, p. 67. - morley 1913, pp. 61 \u2013 91. - brunhouse 1971, pp. 74 - 75. - brunhouse 1971, pp. 195 - 196 ; weeks and hill 2006, p. 111. - brunhouse 1971, pp. 195 - 196 ; weeks and hill 2006, pp. 577 \u2013 653. - usborne ( 2007 ). - sharer and traxler 2006, pp. 562 - 563. - sharer and traxler 2006, p. 562. coe 1999, pp. 100, 139. - cano 2002, p. 84. - garcia salgado 2010, p. 118. - garcia salgado 2010, pp. 119, 122. - phillips 2006, 2007, p. 264. - willard 1941. - diario de yucatan, 3 march 2006. - garcia salgado 2010, pp. 121 - 122. - kurjack et al 1991, p. 150. - pina chan 1980, 1993, p. 42. - pina chan 1980, 1993, p. 44. - cano 2002, p. 83. - cirerol sansores 1948, pp. 94 \u2013 96. - cano 2002, p. 85. - coggins 1984, pp. 26 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46040694714507824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.130276"} {"text": "1980, 1993, p. 44. - cano 2002, p. 83. - cirerol sansores 1948, pp. 94 \u2013 96. - cano 2002, p. 85. - coggins 1984, pp. 26 - 7 - fry 2009. - cano 2002, pp. 84, 87. - osorio leon 2006, pp. 457, 460. - aveni 1997, pp. 135 \u2013 138. - voss and kremer 2000. - andrews 1961, pp. 28 \u2013 31. - andrews 1970. - sectur 2007. - palmquist and kailbourn 2000, p. 252. - madeira 1931, pp. 108 \u2013 109, - breglia 2006, pp. 45 \u2013 46. - ball, 14 december 2004. - sectur 2006. - efe, 29 june 2007. - boffil gomez, 30 march 2010. - andrews, anthony p. ; 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( 30 march 2007 ). \" yucatan compra 80 has en la zona de chichen itza \" [ yucatan buys 80 hectares in the chichen itza zone ]. la jornada ( mexico city : demos, desarollo de medios, s. a. de c. v. ). retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14. ( spanish ) - boot, erik ( 2005 ). continuity and change in text and image at chichen itza, yucatan, mexico : a study of the inscriptions, iconography, and architecture at a late classic to early postclassic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4794000720199976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.132042"} {"text": "14. ( spanish ) - boot, erik ( 2005 ). continuity and change in text and image at chichen itza, yucatan, mexico : a study of the inscriptions, iconography, and architecture at a late classic to early postclassic maya site. cnws publications no. 135. leiden, the netherlands : cnws publications. isbn 90 - 5789 - 100 - x. oclc 60520421. - breglia, lisa ( 2006 ). monumental ambivalence : the politics of heritage. austin : university of texas press. isbn 978 - 0 - 292 - 71427 - 4. oclc 68416845. - brunhouse, robert ( 1971 ). sylvanus morley and the world of the ancient mayas. norman, oklahoma : university of oklahoma press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8061 - 0961 - 9. oclc 208428. - cano, olga ( 2002 ). \" chichen itza, yucatan ( guia de viajeros ) \". arqueologia mexicana, vol. ix, numero 53, january \u2013 february 2002, pp. 80 - 87 ( mexico : editorial raices ). issn 0188 - 8218. oclc 29789840. ( spanish ) - castaneda, quetzil e. ( 1996 ). in the museum of maya culture : touring chichen itza. minneapolis : university of minnesota press. isbn 0 - 8166 - 2672 - 3. oclc 34191010. - castaneda, quetzil e. ( may 2005 ). \" on the tourism wars of yucatan : tiich \u2019, the maya presentation of heritage \" ( reprinted online as \" tourism \u201c wars \u201d in the yucatan \", an commentaries ). anthropology news ( arlington, va : american anthropological association ) 46 ( 5 ) : pp. 8 \u2013 9. issn 1541 - 6151. oclc 42453678. retrieved 22 november 2007. - chamberlain, robert s. ( 1948 ). the conquest and colonization of yucatan 1517 \u2013 1550. washington d. c. : carnegie institution of washington. oclc 42251506. - charnay, desire ( 1886 ). \" reis naar yucatan \" ( project gutenberg etext reproduction [ # 13346 ] ). de aarde en haar volken, 1886. haarlem, netherlands : kruseman & tjeenk willink. oclc 12339106. retrieved 23", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4331601003222163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.133988"} {"text": "( project gutenberg etext reproduction [ # 13346 ] ). de aarde en haar volken, 1886. haarlem, netherlands : kruseman & tjeenk willink. oclc 12339106. retrieved 23 november 2007. ( dutch ) - charnay, desire ( 1887 ). ancient cities of the new world : being voyages and explorations in mexico and central america from 1857 \u2013 1882. j. gonino and helen s. conant ( trans. ). new york : harper & brothers. oclc 2364125. - cirerol sansores, manuel ( 1948 ). \" chi cheen itsa \" : archaeological paradise of america. merida, mexico : talleres graficos del sudeste. oclc 18029834. - clendinnen, inga ( 2003 ). ambivalent conquests : maya and spaniard in yucatan, 1517 \u2013 1570. new york : cambridge university press. isbn 0 - 521 - 37981 - 4. oclc 50868309. - cobos palma, rafael ( 2004, 2005 ). \" chichen itza : settlement and hegemony during the terminal classic period \". in arthur a. demarest, prudence m. rice and don s. rice. the terminal classic in the maya lowlands : collapse, transition, and transformation ( paperback ed. ). boulder, colorado : university press of colorado. pp. 517 \u2013 544. isbn 0 - 87081 - 822 - 8. oclc 61719499. - coe, michael d. ( 1987 ). the maya ( 4th edition, revised ed. ). london and new york : thames & hudson. isbn 0 - 500 - 27455 - x. oclc 15895415. - coe, michael d. ( 1999 ). the maya. ancient peoples and places series ( 6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed. ). london and new york : thames & hudson. isbn 0 - 500 - 28066 - 5. oclc 59432778. - coggins, clemency chase ( 1984 ). cenote of sacrifice : maya treasures from the sacred well at chichen itza. austin, tx : university of texas press. isbn 0 - 292 - 71098 - 4. - coggins, clemency chase ( 1992 ). artifacts from the cenote of sacrifice, chichen itza, yucatan : textiles, basketry, stone, bone, shell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.465302696016888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.134789"} {"text": ". isbn 0 - 292 - 71098 - 4. - coggins, clemency chase ( 1992 ). artifacts from the cenote of sacrifice, chichen itza, yucatan : textiles, basketry, stone, bone, shell, ceramics, wood, copal, rubber, other organic materials, and mammalian remains. cambridge, ma : peabody museum of archaeology and ethnology, harvard university ; distributed by harvard university press. isbn 0 - 87365 - 694 - 6. oclc 26913402. - colas, pierre r. ; and alexander voss ( 2006 ). \" a game of life and death \u2013 the maya ball game \". in nikolai grube ( ed. ). maya : divine kings of the rain forest. eva eggebrecht and matthias seidel ( assistant eds. ). cologne, germany : konemann. pp. 186 \u2013 191. isbn 978 - 3 - 8331 - 1957 - 6. oclc 71165439. - cucina, andrea ; and vera tiesler ( 2007 ). \" new perspectives on human sacrifice and postsacrifical body treatments in ancient maya society : introduction \". in vera tiesler and andrea cucina ( eds. ). new perspectives on human sacrifice and ritual body treatments in ancient maya society. interdisciplinary contributions to archaeology. michael jochim ( series ed. ). new york : springer. pp. 1 \u2013 13. isbn 978 - 0 - 387 - 48871 - 4. oclc 81452956. issn 1568 - 2722. - demarest, arthur ( 2004 ). ancient maya : the rise and fall of a rainforest civilization. case studies in early societies, no. 3. cambridge : cambridge university press. isbn 0 - 521 - 59224 - 0. oclc 51438896. - diario de yucatan ( 2006 - 03 - 03 ). \" fin a una exencion para los mexicanos : pagaran el dia del equinoccio en la zona arqueologica \" [ end to an exemption for mexicans : they will have to pay entry to the archaeological zone on the equinox ]. diario de yucatan ( merida, yucatan : compania tipografica yucateca, s. a. de c. v. ). oclc 29098719. ( spanish ) - efe ( 29 june 2007 ). \" chichen itza podria duplicar visitantes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47609149363323655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.135599"} {"text": "2006 ). the aztecs, the conquistadors, and the making of mexican culture. jefferson, north carolina : mcfarland & co. isbn 0 - 7864 - 2252 - 1. oclc 61362780. - kurjack, edward b. ; ruben maldonado c. and merle greene robertson ( 1991 ). \" ballcourts of the northern maya lowlands \". in vernon scarborough and david r. wilcox ( eds. ). the mesoamerican ballgame. tucson : university of arizona press. pp. 145 \u2013 159. isbn 0 - 8165 - 1360 - 0. oclc 51873028. - landa, diego de ( 1937 ). william gates ( trans. ), ed. yucatan before and after the conquest. baltimore, maryland : the maya society. oclc 253690044. - luxton ( trans. ) ( 1996 ). the book of chumayel : the counsel book of the yucatec maya, 1539 - 1638. walnut creek, california : aegean park press. isbn 0 - 89412 - 244 - 4. oclc 33849348. - madeira, percy ( 1931 ). an aerial expedition to central america ( reprint ed. ). philadelphia : university of pennsylvania. oclc 13437135. - masson, marilyn ( 2006 ). \" the dynamics of maturing statehood in postclassic maya civilization \". in nikolai grube ( ed. ). maya : divine kings of the rain forest. eva eggebrecht and matthias seidel ( assistant eds. ). cologne, germany : konemann. pp. 340 \u2013 353. isbn 978 - 3 - 8331 - 1957 - 6. oclc 71165439. - miller, mary ellen ( 1999 ). maya art and architecture. london and new york : thames & hudson. isbn 0 - 500 - 20327 - x. oclc 41659173. - morley, sylvanus griswold ( 1913 ). w. h. r. rivers, a. e. jenks and s. g. morley, ed. archaeological research at the ruins of chichen itza, yucatan. reports upon the present condition and future needs of the science of anthropology. washington, d. c. : carnegie institution of washington. oclc 562310877. - osorio leon, jose ( 2006 ). \" la presencia del clasico tardio en chichen itza ( 600 - 800", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4459531821396884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.137634"} {"text": "washington, d. c. : carnegie institution of washington. oclc 562310877. - osorio leon, jose ( 2006 ). \" la presencia del clasico tardio en chichen itza ( 600 - 800 / 830 dc ) \" ( pdf ). xix simposio de investigaciones arqueologicas en guatemala, 2005 ( edited by j. p. laporte, b. arroyo y h. mejia ) ( guatemala city, guatemala : museo nacional de arqueologia y etnologia ) : 455 \u2013 462. retrieved 2011 - 12 - 15. ( spanish ) - palmquist, peter e. ; and thomas r. kailbourn ( 2000 ). pioneer photographers of the far west : a biographical dictionary, 1840 \u2013 1865. stanford, ca : stanford university press. isbn 0 - 8047 - 3883 - 1. oclc 44089346. - perez de lara, jorge ( n. d. ). \" a tour of chichen itza with a brief history of the site and its archaeology \". mesoweb. retrieved 23 november 2007. - perry, richard d. ( ed. ) ( 2001 ). exploring yucatan : a traveler ' s anthology. santa barbara, ca : espadana press. isbn 0 - 9620811 - 4 - 0. oclc 48261466. - phillips, charles ( 2006, 2007 ). the complete illustrated history of the aztecs & maya : the definitive chronicle of the ancient peoples of central america & mexico - including the aztec, maya, olmec, mixtec, toltec & zapotec. london : anness publishing ltd. isbn 1 - 84681 - 197 - x. oclc 642211652. - pina chan, roman ( 1980, 1993 ). chichen itza : la ciudad de los brujos del agua. mexico city : fondo de cultura economica. isbn 968 - 16 - 0289 - 7. oclc 7947748. ( spanish ) - restall, matthew ( 1998 ). maya conquistador. boston, massachusetts : beacon press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5506 - 9. oclc 38746810. - roys, ralph l. ( trans. ) ( 1967 ). the book of chilam balam of chumayel. norman, oklahoma : university of oklahoma press. oclc 2249", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41374574794362917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.138535"} {"text": "harvard university ed. ). cambridge, massachusetts : the museum. oclc 2199473. - usborne, david ( 7 november 2007 ). \" mexican standoff : the battle of chichen itza \". the independent ( independent news & media ). retrieved 9 november 2007. - voss, alexander w. ; and h. juergen kremer ( 2000 ). \" k ' ak ' - u - pakal, hun - pik - tok ' and the kokom : the political organization of chichen itza \" ( pdf ). in pierre robert colas ( ed. ). the sacred and the profane : architecture and identity in the maya lowlands ( proceedings of the 3rd european maya conference ). 3rd european maya conference, university of hamburg, november 1998. markt schwaben, germany : verlag anton saurwein. isbn 3 - 931419 - 04 - 5 oclc 47871840. - weeks, john m. ; and jane a. hill ( 2006 ). the carnegie maya : the carnegie institution of washington maya research program, 1913 \u2013 1957. boulder, colorado : university press of colorado. isbn 978 - 0 - 87081 - 833 - 2. oclc 470645719. - willard, t. a. ( 1941 ). kukulcan, the bearded conqueror : new mayan discoveries. hollywood, california : murray and gee. oclc 3491500. further reading - coggins & shane, \" cenote of sacrifice \", ( u. of texas, 1984 ). - holmes, arch\u00e6ological studies in ancient cities of mexico, ( chicago, 1895 ) - spinden, maya art, ( cambridge, 1912 ) - stephens, john lloyd in incidents of travel in yucatan, ( two volumes, 1843 ) | wikimedia commons has media related to : chichen itza | - chichen itza on mesoweb. com - chichen itza digital media archive ( creative commons - licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas ), with particularly detailed information on el caracol and el castillo, using data from a national science foundation / cyark research partnership - unesco page about chichen itza world heritage site - ancient observatories page on chichen itza - chichen itza reconstructed in 3d - archaeological documentation for chichen itza created by non - profit group insight and funded by the national science foundation and chabot space and science center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46798495986551875, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.140171"} {"text": "coat of arms of serbia and montenegro | coat of arms of serbia and montenegro | coat of arms of sfr yugoslavia, used by serbia and montenegro 1992 - 1994 | use | | as official emblem of the state union of serbia and montenegro, 1992 - 2006. | the coat of arms of serbia and montenegro was the national symbol of serbia and montenegro ( federal republic of yugoslavia until 2003 ). official status the coat of arms was officially adopted by the federal parliament in 1994. it replaced the coat of arms of the socialist federal republic of yugoslavia which had remained as the federal republic ' s coat of arms from 1992 to 1994. usage of the arms was discontinued in 2006, after the dissolution of the state union of serbia and montenegro. usage as the coat of arms of serbia and montenegro the legal acts which reconstituted the federal republic of yugoslavia into the state union of serbia and montenegro stipulated that a law was to be passed by the end of 2003 specifying the union ' s coat of arms and anthem. such a law was never brought forward, and unlike with the flag and anthem, no notable proposals for a new coat of arms were ever put forward. thus the state union continued to use the yugoslav arms by inertia until its dissolution in june 2006. heraldic description gules, atwo - headed eagle argent, en surtout an inescutcheon, quarterly 1 and 4 a lion passant or ( montenegro ) and 2 and 3, a cross between four fire steels argent. ( serbia ) origins of coat of arms the coat of arms was designed after the breakup of the former socialist federal republic of yugoslavia, to symbolise the new union consisting only of serbia and montenegro. its design thus features the traditional heraldical elements connected historically with both countries. throughout history, the arms of both montenegro and serbia have featured a double - headed eagle, usually silver, on a shield, usually red, bearing on their chests usually a red shield, which in montenegro ' s case contained a golden lion while in serbia ' s a cross with four firesteels, usually silver. thus the arms of fr yugoslavia were designed by combining these elements : the eagle is the symbol common to both countries, symbolizing their unity, the lions represent montenegro and crosses with firesteels, serbia. the red shield in the middle was divided into 4 parts, although the federation consisted of 2 federal units. this was done with the intention to accommodate any possible further expansion of the federation. the coat of arms was initially proposed by dr. a. palavestra in 1992.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45713640728528837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.145057"} {"text": "java virtual machine a java virtual machine ( jvm ) is a virtual machine that can execute java bytecode. it is the code execution component of the java platform. sun microsystems has stated that there are over 5. 5 billion jvm - enabled devices. a java virtual machine is a program which executes certain other programs, namely those containing java bytecode instructions. jvms are most often implemented to run on an existing operating system, but can also be implemented to run directly on hardware. a jvm provides a run - time environment in which java bytecode can be executed, enabling features such as automated exception handling, which provides root - cause debugging information for every software error ( exception ). a jvm is distributed along with java class library, a set of standard class libraries ( in java bytecode ) that implement the java application programming interface ( api ). these libraries, bundled together with the jvm, form the java runtime environment ( jre ). jvms are available for many hardware and software platforms. the use of the same bytecode for all jvms on all platforms allows java to be described as a write once, run anywhere programming language, versus write once, compile anywhere, which describes cross - platform compiled languages. thus, the jvm is a crucial component of the java platform. java bytecode is an intermediate language which is typically compiled from java, but it can also be compiled from other programming languages. for example, ada source code can be compiled to java bytecode and executed on a jvm. oracle corporation, the owner of the java trademark, produces the most widely used jvm, named hotspot, that is written in the c + + programming language. jvms using the java trademark may also be developed by other companies as long as they adhere to the jvm specification published by oracle corporation and to related contractual obligations. execution environment oracle ' s java execution environment is termed the java runtime environment, or jre. programs intended to run on a jvm must be compiled into java bytecode, a standardized portable binary format which typically comes in the form of. class files ( java class files ). a program may consist of many classes in different files. for easier distribution of large programs, multiple class files may be packaged together in a. jar file ( short for java archive ). the java application launcher, java, offers a standard way of executing java code. compare the jvm runtime executes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5456443663496411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.159993"} {"text": "easier distribution of large programs, multiple class files may be packaged together in a. jar file ( short for java archive ). the java application launcher, java, offers a standard way of executing java code. compare the jvm runtime executes. class or. jar files, emulating the jvm instruction set by interpreting it or using a just - in - time compiler ( jit ) such as oracle ' s hotspot. jit compiling, not interpreting, is used in most jvms today to achieve greater speed. there are also ahead - of - time compilers that enable developers to precompile class files into native code for particular platforms. like most virtual machines, the java virtual machine has a stack - based architecture akin to a microcontroller / microprocessor. however, the jvm also has low - level support for java - like classes and methods, which amounts to a highly idiosyncratic [ clarification needed ] memory model and capability - based architecture. jvm languages although the jvm was primarily aimed at running compiled java programs, many other languages can now run on top of it. the jvm has currently no built - in support for dynamically typed languages : the existing jvm instruction set is statically typed, although the jvm can be used to implement interpreters for dynamic languages. java 7 supports dynamically typed languages which started as sun ' s \" da vinci machine \" project bytecode verifier a basic philosophy of java is that it is inherently safe from the standpoint that no user program can crash the host machine or otherwise interfere inappropriately with other operations on the host machine, and that it is possible to protect certain methods and data structures belonging to trusted code from access or corruption by untrusted code executing within the same jvm. furthermore, common programmer errors that often lead to data corruption or unpredictable behavior such as accessing off the end of an array or using an uninitialized pointer are not allowed to occur. several features of java combine to provide this safety, including the class model, the garbage - collected heap, and the verifier. the jvm verifies all bytecode before it is executed. this verification consists primarily of three types of checks : - branches are always to valid locations - data is always initialized and references are always type - safe - access to private or package private data and methods is rigidly controlled. the first two of these checks take place primarily during", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5137176974717872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.161152"} {"text": "three types of checks : - branches are always to valid locations - data is always initialized and references are always type - safe - access to private or package private data and methods is rigidly controlled. the first two of these checks take place primarily during the verification step that occurs when a class is loaded and made eligible for use. the third is primarily performed dynamically, when data items or methods of a class are first accessed by another class. the verifier permits only some bytecode sequences in valid programs, e. g. a jump ( branch ) instruction can only target an instruction within the same method. furthermore, the verifier ensures that any given instruction operates on a fixed stack location, allowing the jit compiler to transform stack accesses into fixed register accesses. because of this, that the jvm is a stack architecture does not imply a speed penalty for emulation on register - based architectures when using a jit compiler. in the face of the code - verified jvm architecture, it makes no difference to a jit compiler whether it gets named imaginary registers or imaginary stack positions that must be allocated to the target architecture ' s registers. in fact, code verification makes the jvm different from a classic stack architecture which efficient emulation with a jit compiler is more complicated and typically carried out by a slower interpreter. code verification also ensures that arbitrary bit patterns cannot get used as an address. memory protection is achieved without the need for a memory management unit ( mmu ). thus, jvm is an efficient way to get memory protection on simple architectures that lack an mmu. this is analogous to managed code in microsoft ' s. net common language runtime, and conceptually similar to capability architectures such as the plessey 250, and ibm system / 38. the original specification for the bytecode verifier used natural language that was incomplete or incorrect in some respects. a number of attempts have been made to specify the jvm as a formal system. by doing this, the security of current jvm implementations can more thoroughly be analyzed, and potential security exploits prevented. it will also be possible to optimize the jvm by skipping unnecessary safety checks, if the application being run is proved to be safe. bytecode instructions the jvm has instructions for the following groups of tasks : - load and store - type conversion - object creation and manipulation - operand stack management ( push / pop ) - control transfer ( branching ) - method invocation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5183929830807548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.162233"} {"text": "safe. bytecode instructions the jvm has instructions for the following groups of tasks : - load and store - type conversion - object creation and manipulation - operand stack management ( push / pop ) - control transfer ( branching ) - method invocation and return - throwing exceptions - monitor - based concurrency the aim is binary compatibility. each particular host operating system needs its own implementation of the jvm and runtime. these jvms interpret the bytecode semantically the same way, but the actual implementation may be different. more complex than just emulating bytecode is compatibly and efficiently implementing the java core api that must be mapped to each host operating system. - the young generation stores short - lived objects that are created and immediately garbage collected. - objects that persist longer are moved to the old generation ( also called the tenured generation ). originally there was no permanent generation, and objects and classes were stored together in the same area. but as class unloading occurs much more rarely than objects are collected, moving class structures to a specific area allows significant performance improvements. secure execution of remote code a virtual machine architecture allows very fine - grained control over the actions that code within the machine is permitted to take. this is designed to allow safe execution of untrusted code from remote sources, a model used by java applets. applets run within a vm incorporated into a user ' s browser, executing code downloaded from a remote http server. the remote code runs in a restricted sandbox, which is designed to protect the user from misbehaving or malicious code. publishers can purchase a certificate with which to digitally sign applets as safe, giving them permission to ask the user to break out of the sandbox and access the local file system, clipboard, execute external pieces of software, or network. c to bytecode compilers | this section relies on references to primary sources. ( november 2011 ) | from the viewpoint of a compiler, the java virtual machine is just another processor with an instruction set, java bytecode, for which code can be generated. the jvm was originally designed to execute programs written in the java language. however, the jvm provides an execution environment in the form of a bytecode instruction set and a runtime system that is general enough that it can be used as the target for compilers of other languages. because of its close association with the java language, the jvm performs the strict runtime checks mandated by the java specification. that requires c to bytecode compiler", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4809251034622941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.163275"} {"text": "general enough that it can be used as the target for compilers of other languages. because of its close association with the java language, the jvm performs the strict runtime checks mandated by the java specification. that requires c to bytecode compilers to provide their own lax machine abstraction, for instance producing compiled code that uses a java array to represent main memory ( so pointers can be compiled to integers ), and linking the c library to a centralized java class that emulates system calls. most or all of the compilers listed below use a similar approach. several c to bytecode compilers exist : - nestedvm translates c to mips machine language first before converting to java bytecode. - cibyl works similarly to nestedvm but targets j2me devices. - lljvm compiles c to llvm ir, which is then translated to jvm bytecode. - c2j is also gcc - based, but it produces intermediary java source code before generating bytecode. supports the full ansi c runtime. win32 only. - axiomatic multi - platform c supports full ansi c 1989, swt, and j2me cdc 1. 1 for mobile devices. - java backend for gcc, possibly the oldest project of its kind, was developed at the university of queensland in 1999. - javum is an attempt to port the full gnu environment to the jvm, and includes one of the above compilers packaged with additional utilities. starting with java platform, standard edition ( j2se ) 5. 0, changes to the jvm specification have been developed under the java community process as jsr 924. as of 2006 [ update ], changes to specification to support changes proposed to the class file format ( jsr 202 ) are being done as a maintenance release of jsr 924. the specification for the jvm is published in book form, known as blue book. the preface states : we intend that this specification should sufficiently document the java virtual machine to make possible compatible clean - room implementations. oracle provides tests that verify the proper operation of implementations of the java virtual machine. one of oracle ' s jvms is named hotspot. clean - room java implementations include kaffe and ibm j9. oracle retains control over the java trademark, which it uses to certify implementation suites as fully compatible with oracle ' s specification. see also - list of java virtual machines - comparison of java virtual machines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47447172329577675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.164263"} {"text": "java implementations include kaffe and ibm j9. oracle retains control over the java trademark, which it uses to certify implementation suites as fully compatible with oracle ' s specification. see also - list of java virtual machines - comparison of java virtual machines - comparison of application virtual machines - automated exception handling - java performance - list of jvm languages - java processor - common language runtime - learn about java technology - \" hotspot group \". openjdk. java. net. retrieved 2013 - 01 - 30. - \" the java and javaw commands \". ibm. 2010. retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16. \" the javaw command is identical to java, except that javaw has no associated console window. \" - 1996, possibly the first new language specifically designed to run on the jvm ) - tolksdorf, robert ( 2005 ). \" languages for the java vm \". retrieved 2008 - 06 - 08. - nutter, charles ( 2007 - 01 - 03 ). \" invokedynamic : actually useful? \". retrieved 2008 - 01 - 25. - \" oracle technology network for java developers \". java. sun. com. retrieved 2013 - 01 - 30. - krill, paul ( 2008 - 01 - 31 ). \" sun ' s da vinci machine broadens jvm coverage \". retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06. - \" the verification process \". the java virtual machine specification. sun microsystems. 1999. retrieved 2009 - 05 - 31. - stephen n. freund and john c. mitchell. 1999. a formal framework for the java bytecode language and verifier. in proceedings of the 14th acm sigplan conference on object - oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications ( oopsla ' 99 ), a. michael berman ( ed. ). acm, new york, ny, usa, 147 - 166. doi = 10. 1145 / 320384. 320397 http : / / doi. acm. org / 10. 1145 / 320384. 320397 - \" frequently asked questions about garbage collection in the hotspot java virtual machine \". sun microsystems. 6 february 2003. retrieved 7 february 2009. - masamitsu, jon ( 28 november 2006 ). \" presenting the permanent generation \". retrieved 7 february 2009. - nutter, charles ( 11 september 2008 ). \" a first taste of invokedynamic \". retrieved 7 february 2009. - \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4667085272007562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.165538"} {"text": "a misdialed call or wrong number is a telephone call to an incorrect telephone number. this may occur because the number has been physically misdialled, the number is simply incorrect, or because the area code or ownership of the number has changed. in north america, toll - free numbers are a frequent source of wrong numbers because they often have a history of prior ownership. in the united kingdom, many misdialled calls have been due to public confusion over the dialling codes for some areas. the recipient of a wrong number is usually unknown to the caller. this aspect has been used in social science experiments designed to study the willingness of people to help strangers, and the extent to which this is affected by characteristics such as race. this experimental method is known as the \" wrong - number technique \". on a landline, wrong numbers are harmless to the recipient other than the annoyance of answering an unwanted call. but on a cellphone, if the plan charges minutes for incoming calls, a wrong number may cost the subscriber one or more minutes. sources of misdialled calls are similar to sources of typographical error : - pressing one or more wrong keys on the keypad of the phone ( example 2379 rather than 2349 ) - pressing a key on the dialpad more times than appears in succession in the phone number, thereby completing the length of the number prior to completing the intended number ( example 7522 - 7 with the final 7 being ignored rather than 7527 ) - getting the digits in the phone number out of order ( example 3416 rather than 3146 ) proper telephone etiquette recommends that the wrongly dialled party politely inform the caller of that fact, and also that the caller apologize rather than simply hanging up. often the two parties will confirm whether or not the intended number is indeed the number that was reached ( e. g. \" is this 555 - 0184? \" ) before ending the call. it is widely considered \" dangerous \" for the called party to disclose their phone number \u2014 rather it is considered more prudent to require the calling party to state which number he dialled and for the called party to simply confirm whether or not that is his number. see also - lee lapin, how to get anything on anybody 3, p. 560 - \" dialling mix - up on hospital calls \". newbury today. 7 april 2007. retrieved 2 february 2012. - \" calling sheffield 0114 3....... \". the star. 18 june 2009. retrieved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47293341943671807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.168962"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( december 2009 ) | oceanus procellarum is the large mare in the center and upper left of this image. visible in the upper right is another large mare, imbrium, and below is the small round mare humorum. | diameter | | 2, 592 km ( 1, 611 mi ) | | eponym | | ocean of storms | oceanus procellarum ( pron. : / / ; latin for \" ocean of storms \" ) is a vast lunar mare on the western edge of the near side of earth ' s moon. it is the only one of the lunar maria to be called an \" oceanus \" ( ocean ), due to its size : oceanus procellarum is the largest of the maria, stretching more than 2, 500 km ( 1, 600 mi ) across its north - south axis and covering roughly 4, 000, 000 km2 ( 1, 500, 000 sq mi ). like all lunar maria, oceanus procellarum was formed by ancient basaltic flood volcanic eruptions that covered the region in a thick, nearly flat layer of solidified magma. unlike the other lunar maria, however, oceanus procellarum may or may not be contained within a single well - defined impact basin. around its edges lie many minor bays and seas, including mare nubium and mare humorum to the south. to the northeast, oceanus procellarum is separated from mare imbrium by the carpathian mountains. on its north - west edge lies the 32 km wide aristarchus ray crater, which is considered as the brightest feature on the near side of the moon. also, the more - prominent ray - crater copernicus lies within the eastern edge of the mare, distinctly with its bright ray materials sprawling over the darker material. on the northern edge of oceanus procellarum lies sinus roris. there are several hypotheses about the origin of oceanus procellarum and a related asymmetry between the near and far sides of the moon. one of the most attractive is that procellarum was a result of an ancient giant impact on the near side of the moon. the size of the impact basin has been estimated to be more than 3, 000 kilometers, making it if existed one of the largest craters in the solar system. the impact likely happened very early in the lunar history : at the time when magma ocean still existed or just ceased to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4445819802381852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.172888"} {"text": "basin has been estimated to be more than 3, 000 kilometers, making it if existed one of the largest craters in the solar system. the impact likely happened very early in the lunar history : at the time when magma ocean still existed or just ceased to exist. it deposited 5 \u2013 30 km of crustal material on the far side forming highlands. if this is the case, all impact related structures such as crater rim, central peak etc have been obliterated by later impacts and volcanism. one piece of evidence in support of this hypothesis is concentration of incompatible elements ( kreep ) and low calcium pyroxene around oceanus procellarum. other hypotheses include spatially inhomogeneous tidal heating during the moon ' s formation and a late accretion of a companion moon on the far side. the latter postulates that in addition to the present moon, another smaller ( about 1, 200 km in diameter ) moon was formed from debris of the giant impact. after a few tens million years it collided with the moon and due to a small collisional velocity simply piled up on one side of the moon forming what is now known as far side highlands. the robotic lunar probes luna 9, luna 13, surveyor 1 and surveyor 3 landed in oceanus procellarum. the manned apollo 12 mission also landed in oceanus procellarum, with astronauts pete conrad and alan bean on board. their landing site, within 300m of surveyor 3, has become known as mare cognitum. - \" oceanus procellarum \". gazetteer of planetary nomenclature. usgs astrogeology. retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. - dk space encyclopedia : the near side of the moon - nakamura, r. ; yamamoto, s. ; matsunaga, t. ; ishihara, y. ; morota, t. ; hiroi, t. ; takeda, h. ; ogawa, y. et al. ( 2012 ). \" compositional evidence for an impact origin of the moon ' s procellarum basin \". nature geoscience 5 ( 11 ) : 775. doi : 10. 1038 / ngeo1614. - byrne, c. j. ( 2008 ). \" a large basin on the near side of the moon \". earth, moon, and planets 101 ( 3 \u2013 4 ) : 153 \u2013 188. doi : 10. 1007 / s11038 - 007 - 9225 - 8. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47102984985911833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.173700"} {"text": "penalty ( ice hockey ) a penalty in ice hockey is a punishment for an infringement of the rules. most penalties are enforced by detaining the offending player within a penalty box for a set number of minutes, during which the player can not participate in play. the offending team usually may not replace the player on the ice, leaving them short handed as opposed to full strength. the opposing team is said to be on a power play, having one player more on the ice than the short - handed team. the short handed team is said to be \" penalty killing \" until the penalty expires and the penalized player returns to play. while standards vary somewhat between leagues, most leagues recognize several common degrees of penalty, as well as common infractions. the statistic used to track penalties was traditionally called \" penalty infraction minutes \" ( pim ), although the alternate term \" penalties in minutes \" has become common in recent years. the first codified rules of hockey, known as the halifax rules, were brought to montreal by james creighton, who organized the first indoor hockey game in 1875. two years later, the montreal gazette documented the first set of \" montreal rules \", which noted that \" charging from behind, tripping, collaring, kicking or shinning the ball shall not be allowed \". the only penalty outlined by these rules was that play would be stopped, and a \" bully \" ( faceoff ) would take place. revised rules in 1886 mandated that any player in violation of these rules would be given two warnings, but on a third offence would be removed from the game. it was not until 1904 that players were ruled off the ice for infractions. at that time, a referee could assess a two, three or five minute penalty, depending on the severity of the foul. by 1914, all penalties were five minutes in length, reduced to three minutes two years later, and the offending player was given an additional fine. when the national hockey league ( nhl ) was founded in 1917, it mandated that a team could not substitute for any player who was assessed a penalty, thus requiring them to play shorthanded for the duration. the penalty was shortened to two minutes for the 1921 \u2013 22 season, while five and ten minute penalties were added two years later. types of penalties both the nhl and the international ice hockey federation ( iihf ) recognize the common penalty degrees of minor and major penalties, as well as the more severe misconduct, game misconduct, and match penalties. quick reference chart |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5114355492443654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.205217"} {"text": "added two years later. types of penalties both the nhl and the international ice hockey federation ( iihf ) recognize the common penalty degrees of minor and major penalties, as well as the more severe misconduct, game misconduct, and match penalties. quick reference chart | penalty type | | minor | | double minor | | triple minor | | major | | misconduct | | game misconduct | | match | | short - handed? | | yes | | yes | | yes | | yes | | no | | no | | yes ( 5 min ) | | ends with goal against? | | yes | | sometimes | | sometimes | | no | | no | | no | | no | | statistical penalty min nhl | | 2 | | 4 | | 6 | | 5 | | 10 | | 10 | | 10 | | statistical penalty min iihf | | 2 | | 4 | | 6 | | 5 | | 10 | | 20 | | 25 | minor penalty a minor penalty is the least severe type of penalty. a minor penalty is two minutes in length. the offending player is sent to the penalty box and in most cases, his team will play shorthanded. if the offending player is the goaltender or a team is given a \" bench minor \" penalty ( assessed against the team, rather than an individual player ), then any skater who was on the ice at the time of the infraction may serve the penalty. a team with a numerical advantage in players will go on a power play. if they score a goal during this time, the penalty will end and the offending player may return to the ice. in hockey ' s formative years, teams were shorthanded for the entire length of a minor penalty. the nhl changed this rule following the 1955 \u2013 56 season where the montreal canadiens frequently scored multiple goals on one power play. most famous was a game on november 5, 1955, when jean beliveau scored three goals in 44 seconds, all on the same power play, in a 4 \u2013 2 victory over the boston bruins. coincidental minor penalties occur when an equal number of players from each team are given a minor penalty at the same time. the permission of a substitute player depends on the league and the situation at the time of the infractions. in some leagues, such as the nhl, the teams will play four - on - four for the duration of the penalties if they occurred when both teams were at even strength. however, if there is already a manpower differential, then both teams are allowed to make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48441213900591473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.206206"} {"text": "leagues, such as the nhl, the teams will play four - on - four for the duration of the penalties if they occurred when both teams were at even strength. however, if there is already a manpower differential, then both teams are allowed to make substitutions while the penalized players will remain in the penalty box until the first stoppage in play after their penalty expires. in other competitions, such as iihf events, coincidental penalties do not affect manpower in any situation. in some cases, a referee can impose a double minor or triple minor penalty. the infraction is counted as two separate minor penalties for a double minor, and three for a triple minor. if a team scores a power play goal during the first two minutes of a double minor, the first penalty expires and the penalty clock is reset to two minutes. the power play then continues until either the second penalty time expires or a second goal is scored. if the team with the power play scores a goal during the first two minutes, the penalty time is reset to four minutes ; and if a power play is scored after the first two minutes but before the last two minutes, the penalty clock is reset to two minutes. in the last two minutes of a triple minor penalty, the penalty ends if the team with the power play scores, or if the penalty time expires. major penalty a major penalty is a stronger degree of penalty for a more severe infraction of the rules than a minor. most penalties which incur a major are more severe instances of minor penalty infractions ; one exception is fighting, which always draws a major. a player who receives a major penalty will remain off the ice for five minutes of play during which his team will be short - handed. a major penalty cannot end if a goal is scored against the short - handed team. if major penalties are assessed to one player on each team at the same time, they may be substituted for, and teams will not be reduced by one player on the ice. they will remain in the penalty box until the first stoppage of play following the end of the penalties. this commonly occurs with majors for fighting. under iihf rules, every major penalty carries an automatic game misconduct penalty ; in other competitions, earning three major penalties in a game results in a game misconduct penalty, though a number of infractions that result in a major penalty automatically impose a game misconduct as well. misconduct penalty a player who receives a misconduct penalty will remain off the ice for ten minutes. the player may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49144193896756605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.207139"} {"text": "game results in a game misconduct penalty, though a number of infractions that result in a major penalty automatically impose a game misconduct as well. misconduct penalty a player who receives a misconduct penalty will remain off the ice for ten minutes. the player may be substituted for on the ice and may return to the ice at the first stoppage in play following the expiration of the penalty ( unless other penalties were assessed ) ; however, in practice, misconduct penalties are normally assessed along with two minute minor penalties ( resulting in a penalty combination colloquially called a \" two - and - ten \" ) and another player will serve this penalty first. in the instances where a misconduct penalty is called, it is usually to allow tempers to cool and are sometimes also awarded in conjunction with fighting majors, giving the offending player ( s ) the opportunity to calm down as they sit out their 10 minutes. if an additional penalty is incurred with a misconduct penalty, the times run consecutively - one right after the other. for example, if a player receives a 2 minute minor plus a misconduct for boarding, they would have someone else serve the 2 minute minor. at the expiration of the minor penalty ( either goal scored or time elapsed ) the player serving the minor would be allowed out of the penalty bench and the 10 minute misconduct time would begin. this is according to usa hockey rule 401 ( a ). game misconduct penalty a player ( whether a skater, goaltender or any member of any team ' s coaching staff ) who receives a game misconduct penalty is ejected, and is sent to the team ' s dressing room. the player may be immediately substituted for on the ice ; however, in practice, game misconduct penalties are normally assessed along with five minute major penalties and another player will serve this penalty first. regardless of the time of the penalty, the player is charged with ten penalty minutes ( twenty in the iihf rules ) for statistical purposes. this rule also applies to match penalties ( see below ). in most leagues, the referee has the discretion to call a game misconduct on a player charged with boarding due to the likelihood of injury to the boarded player. however, in the nhl, if a boarded player suffers a head or facial injury, the offending player receives an automatic game misconduct. any player who is dismissed twice for stick infractions, boarding or checking from behind, or dismissed three times for any reason, in a single nhl regular season incurs an automatic one - match ban, and further discipline is possible for subsequent ejections. for each subsequent game", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4618500803349034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.208289"} {"text": "for stick infractions, boarding or checking from behind, or dismissed three times for any reason, in a single nhl regular season incurs an automatic one - match ban, and further discipline is possible for subsequent ejections. for each subsequent game misconduct penalty, the automatic suspension shall be increased by one game. salary lost as a result of a ban is usually donated to a league - supported charity or to a program to assist retired players. an example of a game misconduct penalty is getting out of the penalty box before the penalty time is served. match penalty a player who receives a match penalty is ejected. a match penalty is imposed for deliberately injuring another player, attempting to injure another player, or a goaltender going to the penalty box. any player other than the goaltender must be chosen to go to the penalty box to serve a five minute major penalty during which he may not be substituted for on the ice. if the goaltender receives a match penalty, another player serves the time so that the team may immediately insert a backup. in most cases, offending players are suspended from the next game their team plays, and often face hearings with the possibility of a lengthier ban. in the nhl, a match penalty and a game misconduct are virtually identical in application. however, a match penalty carries a larger fine, and the offending player is suspended indefinitely until the commissioner rules on the issue. in ncaa hockey, a similar penalty called a game disqualification results in automatic suspension for the number of games equal to the number of game disqualification penalties the player has been assessed in that season. for statistical purposes, match penalty is counted as ten minutes in nhl and as twenty - five minutes per the iihf rules. penalty shot a penalty shot is a special case of penalty for cases in which a scoring opportunity was lost as a result of an infraction ( like being tripped or hooked while on a breakaway ; or a player ( other than the goaltender ) covers the puck with their hand inside the crease ). the player who was deprived of the opportunity, or one chosen by the team, is allowed an unchallenged opportunity to score on the opposing goaltender as compensation. if the infraction occurred when the penalized team has pulled their goalie, a goal is immediately awarded to the other team rather than a penalty shot. apart from their use as a penalty, penalty shots also form the shootout that is used to resolve ties in many leagues and tournaments. gross misconduct penalty similar to a game misconduct, gross misconduct penalties have been eliminated from the nhl rulebook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5042877116109767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.209291"} {"text": "penalty shot. apart from their use as a penalty, penalty shots also form the shootout that is used to resolve ties in many leagues and tournaments. gross misconduct penalty similar to a game misconduct, gross misconduct penalties have been eliminated from the nhl rulebook. it was imposed for an action of extreme unsportsmanlike conduct, such as abuse of officials or spectators, and could be assessed to any team official in addition to a player. infractions which garnered a gross misconduct now earn a game misconduct. the penalty had last been assessed in 2006 on atlanta thrashers coach bob hartley due to post - game comments made regarding referee mick mcgeough ' s blown call during a game versus edmonton. the phoenix coyotes ' shane doan was the last player to be given a gross misconduct penalty in 2005 for alleged ethnic slurs directed at french - canadian referees ( later investigated and subsequently cleared by the nhl ). however, this penalty is still in effect in canadian hockey. \u201c a gross misconduct penalty shall be assessed [ to ] any player or team official who conducts herself in such a manner as to make a travesty of the game. \u201d - this penalty can be assessed for actions which include the consumption of alcohol prior or during the game. - where a player or team official becomes involved in a fight with a team official or spectator. - any player or team official who sprays water on or at an official - any player or team official who engages in verbal taunts based on discriminatory grounds ( race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation ) enforcement of penalties the referee ( s ) make most penalty calls. linesmen generally may call only certain obvious technical infractions such as \" too many players on the ice \". when a penalty is called, the official will put an arm in the air ; the official will stop play only once the offending team has control of the puck, or play is stopped by normal means. a delayed penalty is one in which the penalty is called but play is not yet stopped because the non - offending team retains the puck. the goaltender of the non - offending team will often go to the players ' bench upon seeing the arm signal to allow an extra attacker on the ice until the play is stopped. in the nhl, if the non - offending team scores a goal prior to play being stopped on a delayed minor penalty call, the penalty is waived. this used to be the case in college hockey as well, until the 2010 - 2011 season, when a rule change meant that the penalty would still", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42183932370042415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.210265"} {"text": "team scores a goal prior to play being stopped on a delayed minor penalty call, the penalty is waived. this used to be the case in college hockey as well, until the 2010 - 2011 season, when a rule change meant that the penalty would still be imposed even if a goal was scored. major penalties and match penalties are enforced in the usual manner, in both college hockey and the nhl, whether or not a goal is scored. the offending player ( s ) are sent to the penalty box where they must remain until the penalty has expired. typically a team will not be allowed to replace the penalized player on the ice ; the player will return directly to the ice once the penalty has expired. this creates a power play during which the penalized team will have one player fewer than their opponent and is said to be \" short - handed \". if two players on a team are in the penalty box at the same time, their team will be in a \" five on three \" situation ( as is customary, the goalies are not counted in this expression ). additional players may be penalized, but a team will never play with fewer than three skaters on the ice. additional penalties will be delayed until one of the earlier penalties has expired. in leagues which play with a four - on - four overtime, the first penalty leaves the teams at four - on - three, while a second penalty to the same team during the first results in the opposing team adding a player, making the penalty five - on - three. if the first penalty expires without a goal being scored, the teams normally play five - on - four until the next stoppage of play when the teams will revert back to four - on - three. similarly, in the southern professional hockey league, where they play three - on - three overtime, each minor penalty results in the opposing team adding a skater to the ice. in the final two minutes of overtime, however, officials instead award a penalty shot to the team which would have received the powerplay, mainly to give the team a better chance at winning the game, since a powerplay would be cut short by the end of the game. while goaltenders can be assessed penalties, the penalty must be served by another player from their team who was on the ice at the time of the infraction ( the pim will be charged to the goaltender ). if the goaltender receives either ( a ) three major penalties ( nhl rule 28. 2 ), ( b ) one game misconduct penalty ( nhl rule 28", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4780652235129963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.211198"} {"text": "at the time of the infraction ( the pim will be charged to the goaltender ). if the goaltender receives either ( a ) three major penalties ( nhl rule 28. 2 ), ( b ) one game misconduct penalty ( nhl rule 28. 4 ), or ( c ) one match penalty ( nhl rule 28. 5 ) however, he or she is ejected for the remainder of the game and must be substituted. while a team is short - handed, they are permitted to ice the puck as they wish. being shorthanded during the final minutes of a game in which the opponents take their goaltender out for an extra attacker affords the short - handed team the ability to shoot at the empty net without the penalty of icing if they miss. stacked penalties when two players on one team are in the penalty box at the same time, it becomes a 5 on 3 situation. when a third player of the same team gets a penalty before either of the other two have expired, it remains 5 on 3 and it becomes a stacked penalties situation. this means that the third penalty will start when one of the others expire, whether the time expires or the opposing team scores on the powerplay. this is because there can be no fewer than three skaters for each team on the ice at one time. this also means that the player whose penalty expires first out of the three must wait for a stoppage in play, or the expiration of the second penalty, before leaving the penalty box so that it is appropriately 5 on 3, 5 on 4, and 5 on 5 in succession for each respective situation. in overtime, play is played as a 4 on 4, so when a team gets two penalties before the first expires, it becomes a 5 on 3 situation, rather than a 4 on 2. list of infractions in the nhl, infractions that result in penalties include : - abuse of officials - arguing with, insulting, using obscene gestures or language directed at or in reference to, or deliberately making violent contact with any on or off - ice official. this generally is issued in addition to other penalties or as a bench penalty against a coach or off - ice player, and is grounds for ejection under a game misconduct or match penalty in most leagues including the nhl. - aggressor penalty - assessed to a player who engages in a fight with an unwilling combatant. this is independent of the instigator penalty, and both are usually not assessed to the same player at one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49697682414821326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.212259"} {"text": "leagues including the nhl. - aggressor penalty - assessed to a player who engages in a fight with an unwilling combatant. this is independent of the instigator penalty, and both are usually not assessed to the same player at one time ( in that case the player ' s penalty for fighting is usually escalated to deliberate injury of opponents, which carries a match penalty ). - attempt to injure - deliberately trying to harm an opponent ( successfully or not ). this type of infraction carries an automatic match penalty. - carries a major penalty. - pushing an opponent violently into the boards while the player is facing the boards. - butt - ending ( or stabbing ) - jabbing an opponent with the end of the shaft of the stick. it carries an automatic major penalty and game misconduct. - broken stick - engaging in play while holding a broken stick. - taking more than three strides or jumping before hitting an opponent. - checking from behind - hitting an opponent from behind is a penalty. it carries an automatic minor penalty and misconduct, or a major penalty and game misconduct if it results in injury. see checking. this is generally allowed in the nhl, as long as the player is not violently thrown into the boards, or if the player ' s head is not specifically targeted. - illegal check to the head - as of the start of the 2010 - 11 nhl season, any form of \" lateral or blind side hit to an opponent, where the player ' s head is targeted and / or the principal point of contact \" is punishable with a combination five - minute major penalty and game misconduct, due to the increasing concern following concussion injuries to nhl players following incidents such as david booth and marc savard ' s concussions in the 2009 - 10 nhl season. a second incident of this type caused by the same player in a season ( or post - season playoffs ) results in an automatic suspension for the following game their team plays, with the potential for increasing durations of suspension from active play, for any subsequent checks to opposing players ' head areas. - delivering a check below the knees of an opponent. if injury results, a major penalty and a game misconduct will result. - hitting an opponent with the stick when it is held with two hands and no part of the stick is on the ice. - delay of game - stalling the game ( for example, shooting the puck out of play, holding the puck in the hand, refusing to send players out for a faceoff, or even repeated deliberate offsides ). as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5000114628858539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.213297"} {"text": "on the ice. - delay of game - stalling the game ( for example, shooting the puck out of play, holding the puck in the hand, refusing to send players out for a faceoff, or even repeated deliberate offsides ). as part of the rule changes following the 2004 \u2013 05 nhl lockout, nhl officials also call an automatic delay of game penalty to goaltenders that go into the corners behind the goal line ( outside a trapezoid - shaped area just behind the net ) to play the puck. some delay of game offenses, such as taking too long to send players to take a faceoff, are not punished with a penalty : instead, the official may choose to eject the center of the offending team from the face - off circle and order him replaced with another player already on the ice. - diving ( or \" embellishment \" ) - falling to the ice in an attempt to draw a penalty. - hitting an opponent with the elbow. - carries a major penalty and often a match penalty. - engaging in a physical altercation with an opposing player, usually involving the throwing of punches with gloves removed or worse. minor altercations such as simple pushing and shoving, and punching with gloves still in place, are generally called as roughing. - goaltender interference - physically impeding or checking the goalie. visually impeding the goalie ' s view of the play with the body, called \" screening \", is legal ; but at no time may a goaltender be hit or checked. - goaltender leaving crease - a goaltender may not leave the vicinity of his crease during an altercation. once he has left the crease during an altercation, he may be given a penalty. - hitting an opponent with the head. a match penalty is called for doing so. - touching an opponent with the stick above shoulder level. a minor penalty is assessed to the player. if blood is drawn, a double - minor ( 4 minutes ) is usually called. a common ( yet false ) belief is that blood drawn automatically warrants a double - minor. there is no such rule ; this is, however, the precedent that has been in place for years. referees may use their discretion to assess only a minor penalty even though blood was drawn. they may also assess a double - minor when blood is not drawn, but he believes that the player was sufficiently injured or that the offending player used excessively reckless action with his stick. if a player, while in the action of \" following through \" on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48014325241013645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.214233"} {"text": "assess a double - minor when blood is not drawn, but he believes that the player was sufficiently injured or that the offending player used excessively reckless action with his stick. if a player, while in the action of \" following through \" on a shot, strikes an opposing player in the head or face area with his stick, high sticking is not called unless the referee can determine that the player taking the shot was deliberately aiming to strike the opposing player. a penalty is also not called when the puck is hit by a high stick, but play will be stopped and the ensuing faceoff will take place at a spot which gives the non - offending team an advantage. also, a goal that is scored by means of hitting the puck with a stick above the height of the crossbar will not be counted, except if the goaltender is credited with his own goal, but an opponent scored against his own team. - grabbing an opponent ' s body, equipment or clothing with the hands or stick. generally a minor ; usa hockey rules call for a major and a game misconduct for grabbing and holding a facemask or visor. - holding the stick - grabbing and holding an opponent ' s stick, also called when a player deliberately wrenches a stick from the hands of an opposing player or forces the opponent to drop it by any means that is not any other penalty such as slashing. - using a stick as a hook to slow an opponent, no contact is required under new standards. - illegal equipment - using equipment that does not meet regulations, either by size ( length, width ) or number ( two sticks ) or other guidelines ( e. g. a goalie ' s facemask can no longer be the \" jason voorhees \" - style form - fit mask, a skater may not have a stick with a curve exceeding 3 / 4 \" ( 19 mm ), nor may they play with a goalie ' s stick. a goalie may play with a regular player ' s stick. ). if a player ( non - goalie ) broke a stick, it is mandatory to drop the stick immediately and play without it until getting a replacement from the bench. otherwise this penalty will be assessed to the offending player ( some game summaries call this \" playing with a broken stick \" ). in addition, in the nhl a player may not pick a broken stick up off the ground after it has been dropped ( they can only receive a stick from another player or from the bench ; goalkeepers may not go to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44438499842467605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.215508"} {"text": "broken stick \" ). in addition, in the nhl a player may not pick a broken stick up off the ground after it has been dropped ( they can only receive a stick from another player or from the bench ; goalkeepers may not go to the bench but must have a stick carried out to them ). this rule is generally not enforced in amateur leagues except for broken sticks or egregiously out - of - spec equipment as the cost of acquiring gear that meets nhl specifications \" post - lockout \" is prohibitive, especially for goalies. goalies will now receive a two - game suspension for the use of oversized equipment. their teams will also be fined $ 25, 000 and the trainer will be docked $ 10, 000. - instigator penalty - an instigator of an altercation is a player who demonstrates any of the following actions : distance travelled ; gloves off first ; first punch thrown ; menacing attitude. a player deemed an instigator will receive a instigating minor penalty. a player who instigates a fight in the final five minutes of a game will receive an automatic one - game suspension. the length of the suspension would double for each additional incident. the players coach will be fined $ 10, 000, a penalty that would double for each recurrence. - impeding an opponent who does not have the puck, or impeding any player from the bench. - joining a fight - also called the \" 3rd man in \" rule, the first person who was not part of a fight when it broke out but participates in said fight once it has started for any reason ( even to pull the players apart ) is charged with an automatic game misconduct in addition to any other penalties they receive for fighting. - kicking an opponent with the skate or skate blade. kicking carries a match penalty if done with intent to injure, but otherwise carries a major penalty and a game misconduct. ( under hockey canada rules, kicking or attempting to kick an opponent always carries a match penalty regardless of intent. ) - hitting an opponent with the knee. - leaving the penalty bench - a penalized player who leaves the penalty bench before his penalty has expired, whether play is in progress or not, shall incur an additional minor penalty after serving his unexpired penalty. any player who, having entered the penalty bench, leaves the penalty bench prior to the expiration of his penalty for the purpose of challenging an official \u2019 s ruling, shall be assessed a game misconduct penalty. he shall also be automatically suspended", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45432818052168694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.218522"} {"text": "the offending team fails to put the starting lineup on the ice at the beginning of each period, the exception being injuries. for this penalty to be called, the captain of the non - offending team must bring this breach of the rules to the referee ' s attention immediately at the first stoppage of play. also the penalty may be given if a player is not put on the scoresheet at the beginning of the game and plays. the only way for this to be called is if the official scorer notifies the referee of this oversight. - substitution infraction ( illegal substitution ) - this rare bench minor penalty is called when a substitution or addition is attempted during a stoppage of play after the linesmen have signalled no more substitutions ( once the face - off is set ) or if a team pulls its goalie and then attempts to have the goalie re - enter play at any time other than during a stoppage of play. too many men on the ice and / or starting the wrong lineup can also simply be called a substitution infraction. - throwing the stick / throwing stick / throwing equipment - often accompanied by a penalty shot. if any player on the ice who throws his stick or any part thereof or any other object ( i. e. equipment ) in the direction of the puck or an opponent in any zone, except when such act has been penalized by the assessment of a penalty shot or the awarding of a goal then a minor penalty will be assessed. should any player, coach, or non - playing person on the players \u2019 bench or penalty bench throw anything on the ice during the progress of the game or during a stoppage of play, a bench minor penalty unsportsmanlike conduct shall be assessed. can be upgraded to game misconduct or match penalty depending on severity. - too many men on the ice - having more than the allowable number of players ( six, including the goalie, if not already short handed ) on the ice involved in the play at any given time. \" involved in the play \" is key ; players that are entering the ice as substitutes for players coming off ( line changing ) may enter the ice once the player returning to the bench is less than five ( 5 ) feet from his team ' s bench ( rule 74. 1 ) ; at that point the returning player is considered out of the play, even if the play passes in front of the bench, unless he actively makes a move for the puck. players entering the ice are part of the play as soon as their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45314742072488967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.220660"} {"text": "1 ) ; at that point the returning player is considered out of the play, even if the play passes in front of the bench, unless he actively makes a move for the puck. players entering the ice are part of the play as soon as their skates touch the ice. - using a stick or one ' s body to trip an opponent, no contact is required under new standards. - unsportsmanlike conduct - arguing with a referee ; using slurs against an opponent or teammate ; playing with illegal equipment ; making obscene gestures or abusing an official. can carry either a minor, misconduct, game misconduct or match penalty, depending on the gravity of the infraction ( for instance, using obscene language to a referee initially results in a minor, but making an obscene gesture to an opponent, fan or official carries a game misconduct. ) also, in some leagues the penalty progression is different for players and team officials ( for example, in the usa hockey rulebook players get a minor for their first infraction, a misconduct for their second and a game misconduct for their third, whereas the option of a misconduct is removed for coaches ; in addition, after each penalty for a team official, the penalty count resets itself ). unsportsmanlike conduct may also be called if a player drops gloves and stick in preparation for a fight, but the non - offending player does not drop the corresponding equipment and has committed no action ( verbal or physical harassment ) to attempt to instigate a fight. since 2008, the nhl has ruled that standing in front of an opposing goalie and engaging \" in actions such as waving his arms or stick in front of the goaltender ' s face, for the purpose of improperly interfering with and / or distracting the goaltender \" will draw a minor unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, a rule interpretation inspired by the play of sean avery against martin brodeur. list of minor penalties - closing hand on puck - delay of game - goalkeeper interference - holding the stick - illegal equipment - illegal stick - leaving penalty bench too early - leaving the crease ( goalkeeper ) - participating in the play beyond the center red line ( goalkeeper ) - throwing puck towards opponent \u2019 s goal ( goalkeeper ) - throwing stick - unsportsmanlike conduct list of bench minor penalties - abuse of officials - delay of game - deliberate illegal substitution - face - off violation - illegal substitution - improper starting line - up - interference from players \u2019 or penalty bench - interference with an official - leaving bench at end of period - refusing to start play", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4344253283524988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.221807"} {"text": "abuse of officials - delay of game - deliberate illegal substitution - face - off violation - illegal substitution - improper starting line - up - interference from players \u2019 or penalty bench - interference with an official - leaving bench at end of period - refusing to start play - stepping onto ice during period ( coach ) - throwing objects onto ice - too many men on the ice - unsportsmanlike conduct - unsustained request for measurement list of major penalties - checking from behind - illegal check to the head list of misconduct penalties - banging boards with stick in protest of an official \u2019 s ruling - continuing or attempting to continue a fight - deliberately breaking stick or refusing to surrender stick for measurement - deliberately throwing any equipment ( including stick ) out of playing area - entering or remaining in the referee \u2019 s crease - fighting off the playing surface ( or with another player who is off the playing surface ) - inciting an opponent - instigating a fight - interfering or distracting opponent taking a penalty shot - knocking or shooting puck out of reach of an official - leaving bench to speak to official - refusing to change non - regulation piece of protective equipment ( second violation ) - use of profane or abusive language - verbal abuse of an official list of game misconduct penalties - continues or attempts to continue a fight - fighting off the playing surface or with an opponent who is off the playing surface - first or second player to leave the players \u2019 bench during or to start an altercation - first to intervene in an altercation ( third man in ) - interferes with a game official in the performance of their duties - leaving the penalty bench during an altercation - obscene gestures - persists to challenge or dispute an official \u2019 s ruling - physically abuses an official - player who has been ordered to the dressing room but returns to the bench or the ice - player who deliberately attempts to injure a manager, coach or other non - playing club personnel in any manner - certain major penalties, generally stick infractions - interfering with or striking a spectator - racial taunts or slurs list of match penalties - attempt to injure ( in any manner ) - checking from behind - deliberate injury ( in any manner ) - goalkeeper who uses his blocking glove to the head or face of an opponent * - grabbing of the face mask - hair pulling - illegal check to the head - kicking a player - punching and injuring an unsuspecting opponent * - throwing stick or any object - wearing tape on hands in altercation * - * infraction must have match penalty assessed if injury results other leagues typically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4608674774956105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.223025"} {"text": "check to the head - kicking a player - punching and injuring an unsuspecting opponent * - throwing stick or any object - wearing tape on hands in altercation * - * infraction must have match penalty assessed if injury results other leagues typically assess penalties for additional infractions. for example, most adult social leagues and women ' s hockey leagues ban all body checking ( a penalty for roughing or illegal check is called ), and in most amateur leagues, any head contact whatsoever results in a penalty. if a player pulls down another female ' s ponytail, they will be charged with a game misconduct penalty. penalty as strategy | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( october 2011 ) | coaches or players may occasionally opt to commit an infraction on purpose. in some cases, it is hoped that the infraction can be concealed from the officials, avoiding a penalty. gordie howe was one player renowned for his ability to commit infractions without being called. hockey players that opt to commit an infraction despite the punishment do so in order to degrade the opposing team ' s morale or momentum, or boost their own. this is most common with fighting, because the likely coincidental penalties do not result in a hindrance for their team. hockey players also sometimes commit infractions with the hope of drawing the other player into committing a retaliatory infraction, and being penalized, while not being caught themselves. hockey players known as \" pests \" specialize their game in the strategy of trying to draw opponents into taking a penalty. an example is sean avery, who is renowned in his ability to goad opponents into taking penalties as well as making other fundamental mistakes. some players, coaches, and fans find this technique unsportsmanlike. it is also not uncommon to see players \" dive \" or make a borderline hit appear to be a penalty by embellishing or exaggerating their reaction to it ; this, however, is a penalty in itself, although it is inconsistently enforced. another common reason to commit an infraction is as last resort when an opposing player has a scoring opportunity, when a penalty kill is the preferable alternative to the scoring opportunity. these are referred to on most broadcasts as \" good penalties \". nhl penalty records the nhl keeps individual statistics on the penalties each player accrues through the penalties in minutes statistic ( abbreviated \" pim \" ). players renowned for their fighting or for being dirty players will usually lead their team in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47109587105966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.224004"} {"text": "penalties \". nhl penalty records the nhl keeps individual statistics on the penalties each player accrues through the penalties in minutes statistic ( abbreviated \" pim \" ). players renowned for their fighting or for being dirty players will usually lead their team in pim and have such statistics highlighted by the media. the record for the most penalty minutes in one season is held by dave schultz of the philadelphia flyers with 472 in the 1974 \u2013 75 nhl season. the record for most penalty minutes in a career is held by tiger williams who had 3, 966 over 14 years. the active penalty minute leader is chris neil from the ottawa senators, who has accumulated 1, 925 pim. neil is now playing in his 12th nhl season. the most penalties in a single game occurred in a fight - filled match between the ottawa senators and philadelphia flyers on march 5, 2004 when 419 penalty minutes were handed out. statistically, a game misconduct counts as 10 penalty minutes, in addition to other penalties handed out. in rare cases ( as a result of multiple infractions, for instance the player participating in multiple fights ), multiple game misconducts may be handed to a player \u2014 that is merely statistical, not ( automatically ) a multi - game suspension, although the league will often suspend the player in a subsequent decision. [ original research? ] khl penalty records on 9 january 2010, a massive brawl broke out in an avangard omsk game against vityaz chekhov. the conflict started during pre - game warm - ups when darcy verot intentionally shot a puck at lasse kukkonen forcing alexander svitov to stand up for his team - mate. soon after the game started brandon sugden challenged svitov to another fight, which then involved all other 8 skaters on the ice. a number of other fights ensued resulting in a bench - and penalty - box clearing. the officials had to suspend the game just after 3 minutes 39 seconds in the first period as there were only four players left to play the game. a world record total of 707 penalty minutes were incurred during the game. the khl imposed heavy fines on both teams, some players and the head coaches as well as disqualifying 6 vityaz ' s players and avangard ' s dmitry vlasenkov, who was first to leave the bench during a fight. the game was counted as a 5 - 0 defeat for both teams with no points being awarded. - nhl. com - the national hockey league web site - mckinley,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4311250254594955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.225007"} {"text": "dmitry vlasenkov, who was first to leave the bench during a fight. the game was counted as a 5 - 0 defeat for both teams with no points being awarded. - nhl. com - the national hockey league web site - mckinley, 2006, p. 7 - mckinley, 2006, p. 8 - \" new rules for the regulation of the game \". montreal gazette. 1886 - 01 - 08. p. 8. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29. - duplacey, 1996, pp. 56 \u2013 57 - www. talkicehockey. co. uk / guides / ice _ hockey _ penalties. html, \" ice hockey penalties \". p. 29. - rule 501 \u2013 minor penalty, iihf, 2010, pp. 57 \u2013 59 - rule 16 \u2013 minor penalties, nhl, 2011, p. 26 - rule 19 \u2013 coincidental minor penalties, nhl, 2011, p. 28 - rule 512 \u2013 coincidental penalties, iihf, 2010, p. 63 - \" six penalty minutes, all at once \". the sports xchange. 1 - 19 - 2012. retrieved 16 may 2013. - rule 18 \u2013 double minor penalties, nhl, 2011, p. 27 - nhl rules - rule 21 - match penalties - rule 25 \u2013 awarded goals, official nhl rules - rule 4. 7 ( b ) 2012 - 2014 hockey canada rule book - \" rule 15 - calling of penalties \". national hockey league. retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14. - rule 48 \u2013 illegal check to the head, official rules, nhl. com - rule 27 - goalkeeper ' s penalties, official rules, nhl. com - \" rule 60 - high - sticking \". national hockey league. retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22. - \" rule 80 - high - sticking the puck \". national hockey league. retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22. - \" a look at the nhl ' s new rules \". nbcsports. com, 2005, p. 26. - \" a look at the nhl ' s new rules \". nbcsports. com, 2005, p. 26. - nhl rule 55. 3 hooking \u2013 major penalty - iihf rule 533 hooking - nhl rule 56. 4 interference \u2013 major penalty - \" understanding major penalties in ice hockey \". isport. com, p. 27. - \" khl hands out fines, suspensions for brawl \". yahoo! sports. 2010 - 01 - 10. - \" khl game suspended at 3 : 39 \". iihf. 2010 - 01", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46552358873186406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.226876"} {"text": "principality of minsk | this article does not cite any references or sources. ( august 2012 ) | | principality of minsk | languages | | old east slavic | the principality of minsk was a ruthenian principality centered around the city of minsk in modern belarus, that existed from its founding in 1101 until it was integrated into the grand duchy of lithuania in 1242, and only nominally until 1413. the principality originally occupied territories around the drut, svislach and berezina river basins. besides the capital city of minsk, other population centers in the principality included barysaw, lahojsk, zaslawye, orsha and the historical town of drutsk. the area around minsk was controlled by the principality of polotsk beginning from the 10th century. following the death of vseslav of polotsk in 1101, polotsk was divided into six smaller principalities each to be inherited by one of his six surviving sons. vseslav ' s second born son, gleb vseslavich inherited the lands surrounding minsk and started the minsk branch of the princes of polotsk. almost immediately following his fathers death, gleb vseslavich started a war against his brothers davyd, prince of polotsk and roman, prince of drutsk to expand his territory. in 1106, he had partaken in a raid against the baltic tribes in semigallia. in 1116, he started a war with vladimir ii of the principality of kiev and burned the town of slutsk to the ground. in retaliation, vladimir marched towards minsk and laid a two - month siege which was at first unsuccessful but vladimir wanted to continue the siege following the winter season. gleb vseslavich upon seeing the preparations for a long siege, sent peace envoys to the enemy camp and agreed to a peace treaty on the condition of good behavior on his part. completely ignoring the peace treaty, gleb resumed his hostilities and in 1117, attacked smolensk. in retaliation, vladimir ii sent his son mstislav to minsk with a large army. he besieged and took minsk, and brought gleb to kiev as prisoner, where he died in 1119. following the death of gleb vseslavich, the principality of minsk fell under kievan influence. in 1146, gleb ' s son, rostislav glebovich regained control of minsk. rostislav and his descendents would fight wars with the princes of drutsk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3960939233314764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.230579"} {"text": "the principality of minsk fell under kievan influence. in 1146, gleb ' s son, rostislav glebovich regained control of minsk. rostislav and his descendents would fight wars with the princes of drutsk and vitebsk. this period saw the principality ' s relationship with the grand duchy of lithuania grow, and in 1164, rostislav ' s son, volodar glebovich with the help of the lithuanians, won an important battle against the prince of polotsk, which affirmed the principalities independence from polotsk. in the 13th century, the influence of lithuanian princes grew and the princes of minsk were virtually vassals of the grand duchy of lithuania. minsk escaped the mongol invasion of rus in 1237 - 1239, however, in later years it was attacked by nomadic invaders from the golden horde, who ravaged and vassalized many principalities to the south. trying to avoid the tatar yoke, the principality of minsk sought the protection of the their lithuanian allies and in 1242, minsk was peacefully annexed by the grand duchy of lithuania. in 1249, a combined minsk and lithuanian army repelled a tatar - mongol invasion. the city of minsk oversaw periods of growth and prosperity during lithuanian reign and many local nobles enjoyed high ranking in the society of the grand duchy. for instance, in 1326, a treaty between grand duchy of lithuania and the city of novgorod was signed for lithuanian prince gediminas by vasily, the then ruler of minsk. in 1413, when the grand duchy of lithuania and the kingdom of poland signed the union of horod\u0142o, the principality of minsk ceased to exist and the city became the center of the newly created minsk voivodeship. see also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4041149561378853, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.231176"} {"text": "prophetic medicine ( ' al - tibb al - nabawi, arabic : \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a ) refers to the actions and words ( hadith ) specifically of the islamic prophet muhammad with regards to sickness, treatment and hygiene, and the genre of writings undertaken primarily by non - physician scholars to collect and explicate these traditions. it is distinct from islamic medicine, in that the latter is a broader category encompassing a variety of medical practices rooted in greek natural philosophy. prophetic medical traditions exhort humans to not simply stop at following muhammad ' s teachings, but encourage them to search for cures as well. the literature of prophetic medicine thus occupies a symbolic role in the elucidation of islamic identity as constituted by a particular set of relationships to science, medicine, technology and nature. there has historically been a tension in the understanding of the medical narratives : are they of the same nature as muhammad \u2019 s religious pronouncements, or are they time - sensitive, culturally - situated, and thus not representative of a set of eternal medical truths? this body of knowledge was fully articulated only in the 14th century, at which point it was concerned with reconciling sunnah ( traditions ) with the foundations of the galenic humoral theory that was prevalent at the time in the medical institutions of the islamicate world. it is nonetheless a tradition with continued modern - day currency, as suggested by the online presence of resources on the genre. prophetic medicine is sometimes casually identified with unani medicine or traditional medicine, although it is distinguished from some iterations of these and from scientific medicine most predominantly by the former being specifically a collection of advice attributed to muhammad in the islamic tradition.. one would do well to note that medieval interpretations of the medical hadith were produced in a galenic medical context, while modern - day editions might bring in recent research findings to frame the importance of the genre. in the hadith, muhammad recommended the use of honey and hijama ( wet cupping ) for healing and had generally opposed the use of cauterization for causing \" pain and menace to a patient \". other items with beneficial effects attributed to muhammad, and standard features on traditional medicine in the islamicate world, include olive oil ; dates ; miswak as a necessity for oral health and nigella sativa or \" black seed \" or \" black cumin \" and its oils. these items are still sold in islamic centers or sellers of other islamic goods. the value of honey is traced to specific mention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48911085473073224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.238015"} {"text": "as a necessity for oral health and nigella sativa or \" black seed \" or \" black cumin \" and its oils. these items are still sold in islamic centers or sellers of other islamic goods. the value of honey is traced to specific mention of its virtues in the quran and not just muhammad : and thy lord taught the bee to build its cells in hills, on trees, and in ( men ' s ) habitations ; then to eat of all the produce ( of the earth ), and find with skill the spacious paths of its lord : there issues from within their bodies a drink of varying colours, wherein is healing for men : verily in this is a sign for those who give thought. make use of medical treatment, for allah has not made a disease without appointing a remedy for it, with the exception of one disease, namely old age. this belief can be said to be a grounding philosophy of this otherwise loosely - defined field, and is said to have encouraged early muslims to engage in medical research and seek out cures for diseases known to them. while the prominent works focused on treatment of the hadith related to health date from several centuries a. h., sahih al - bukhari and other earlier collections included these as well. ' abd allah b. bustam al - nisaburi \u2019 s tlbb al - a ' imma, aggregating a legacy of several shi \u2019 ite imams, is widely considered to be the first known treatise on prophetic medicine, although it is rooted in a somewhat different cosmology. the canonical al - bukhari corpus, divided into 97 books with 3450 chapters, includes over a 100 traditions in its book 76 loosely related to medicine, covering topics ranging from precautions against leprosy and epidemics to the forbidding of alcohol and suicide. the most notable works that still survive are attributed to religious scholars and largely not to galenic physicians, although the latter are occasionally referenced. ibn qayyim al - jawziyya in the 1300s produced one of the most influential works about prophetic medicine in his 277 - chapter book, al - tibb al - nabawiya. al - jawziyya deals with a diversity of treatments as recommended by muhammad but also engages with ethical concerns, discussing malpractice and the hallmarks of the competent doctor. ethics of medical practice continue to be an important marker of islamic medicine for some. al - jawziyya also elaborates on the relationship between medicine and religion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.492466943366051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.239041"} {"text": "with ethical concerns, discussing malpractice and the hallmarks of the competent doctor. ethics of medical practice continue to be an important marker of islamic medicine for some. al - jawziyya also elaborates on the relationship between medicine and religion. a theologian renowned for his exegetical endeavors, al - suyuti also composed two works on prophetic medicine, one of which was on sexual relations as ordered by muhammad. al - suyuti ' s other manuscript divides medicine into 3 types : traditional, spiritual and preventive ( e. g. dietary regimen and exercise ). along with al - jawziyya, al - suyuti also included commentary that spoke to dealing with contagion and thus was relevant to the black death in the islamic world. both of the works above also address bioethical issues of abortion and conception, issues that, like the idea of islamic medical heritage as being holistic, continue to be important in constructions of modern islamic identity.. other notable works include those of ibn tulun ( d. ad 1546 ) and al - dhahabi ( d. ad 1348 ). - muzaffar iqbal, science and islam ( westport, ct : greenwood press, 2007 ), 59 - ahmed ragab. journal of the american oriental society 132. 4 ( 2012 ). 657 - 673. - stearns, justin ( 1 december 2011 ). \" writing the history of the natural sciences in the pre - modern muslim world : historiography, religion, and the importance of the early modern period \". history compass 9 ( 12 ) : 923 \u2013 951. doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1478 - 0542. 2011. 00810. x. - tibb - e - nabawi ~ healing by islam, both for the body & soul, for the doctor & patient, for the sick & healthy ; prophetic - medicine - rosenthal, franz ; marmorstein, jenny ( 1975 ). the classical heritage in islam. berkeley : university of california press. p. 182. isbn 0 - 520 - 01997 - 0. - deuraseh nurdeen. \" ahadith of the prophet on healing in three things ( al - shifa ' fi thalatha ) : an interpretational \". journal of the international society for the history of islamic medicine 2003 ( 4 ) : 14 \u2013 20. - quran 16 : 69 - borchardt, john k. ( 2002 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4599610652174271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.239856"} {"text": "thedraw is a text editor for ms dos to create ansi and animations as well as ascii art. the editor is especially useful to create or modify files in ansi format and text documents, which use the graphical characters of the ibm ascii code pages, because they are not supported by microsoft windows anymore. the first version of the editor was developed in 1986 by ian e. davis of thesoft programming services. the last public version of the editor was version 4. 63, which was released in october 1993. thedraw was one of the first ansi editors that supported ansis longer than 25 rows. the limit in the latest available version is still 100 rows. other editors, such as aciddraw are able to support ansis larger than 100 lines for a single ansi / ascii ( aciddraw supports 1, 000 lines ). the animation mode is limited to 50 lines ( rows ). the column width can be extended from the standard 80 characters to 160, but this also reduces the row limit down to 50. compatibility with microsoft windows the program runs stably in a dos window on windows xp and allows the user to maintain mouse control. used with windows vista however, thedraw performs with less predictable results. it works with dosbox. significant features some of the features of the editor include : - mouse support to select blocks of text within the editor ( even under windows in window and full - screen mode ) - for the selected area / block exist a number of unique functions - fill function to change the color of a whole section of the text - copy / move and paste function to copy / move entire blocks of text within the document. - erase function that clears the selected area of any characters without the surrounding characters changing position. - replace function to replace the content of the selected area with the content of the thedraw \" clipboard \". - load / save function to save only the selected area or load an ansi / ascii from the hard disk into the selected area ( replace ). - font manager to create / modify and organize ascii and ansi fonts to be used within the editor - additional file formats in addition to ansi (. ans ) and text (. asc ). - the proprietary pcboard (. pcb ) and wildcat! bbs (. bbs ) file formats. - the avatar (. avt ) file standard defined by fidonet. - save files for various programming languages, including assembly (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42410058450049287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.242421"} {"text": "while once more widely used, the primary use of tinplate now is the manufacture of tin cans. formerly, tinplate was used for cheap pots, pans and other holloware. this kind of holloware was also known as tinware and the people who made it were tinplate workers. the untinned sheets employed in the manufacture are known as black plates. they are now made of steel, either bessemer steel or open - hearth. formerly iron was used, and was of two grades, coke iron and charcoal iron ; the latter, being the better, received a heavier coating of tin, and this circumstance is the origin of the terms coke plates and charcoal plates by which the quality of tinplate is still designated, although iron is no longer used. tinplate was consumed in enormous quantities for the manufacture of the tin cans in which preserved meat, fish, fruit, biscuits, cigarettes and numerous other products are packed, and also for the household utensils of various kinds made by the tinsmith. the practice of tinning ironware to protect it against rust is an ancient one. this may have been the work of the whitesmith. this was done after the article was fabricated, whereas tinplate was tinned before fabrication. the manufacture of tinplate was long a monopoly of bohemia, but about 1620 the industry spread to saxony. tinplate was apparently produced in the 1620s at a mill of ( or under the patronage of ) the earl of southampton, but it is not clear how long this continued. andrew yarranton, an english engineer and agriculturist, and ambrose crowley ( a stourbridge blacksmith and father of the more famous sir ambrose ) were commissioned to go to saxony and if possible discover the methods employed. they visited dresden in 1667 and found out how it was made. in doing so, they were sponsored by various local ironmasters and people connected with the project to make the river stour navigable. in saxony, the plates were forged, but when they conducted experiments on their return to england, they tried rolling the iron. this led to the ironmasters philip foley and joshua newborough ( two of the sponsors ) in 1670 erecting a new mill, wolverley lower mill ( or forge ). this contained three shops, one being a slitting mill ( which would serve as a rolling mill ), and the others were forges. in 1678 one of these was making frying pans and the other drawing out blooms made in finery forges elsewhere. it is likely that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3993311923206313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.255083"} {"text": "in 1891. one of the greatest markets was the united states of america, but that market was cut off in 1891, when the mckinley tariff was enacted there. this caused a great retrenchment in the british industry and the emigration to america of many of those who could no longer be employed in the surviving tinplate works. in 1891, the united states made 11, 000 tons of tinplate and imported 325, 100 tons, but in 1899, it made 360, 900 tons, importing only 63, 500 tons ( mostly for re - export ). british exports were further hindered by the dingley tariff, which removed the advantage of welsh plate on america ' s pacific coast., had by 1900 increased to more than 849, 000, 000 lb, of which over 141, 000, 000 lb were terne - plates. the total imports in that year were only 135, 264, 881 lb. in later years, again, there was a decline in the american production, and in 1907 only 20 % of the american tinplate mills were at work, while the british production reached 14 million boxes. despite this blow, the industry continued, but on a smaller scale. nevertheless there were still 518 mills in operation in 1937, including 224 belonging to richard thomas & co. however the traditional ' pack mill ' had been overtaken by the improved ' strip mill ', of which the first in great britain was built by richard thomas & co. in the late 1930s. strip mills rendered the old pack mills obsolete and the last of them closed in about the 1960s. plate production methods the pack mill process the pack mill process begins with a tin bar, which is a drawn flat bar that was usually purchased from an ironworks or steel works. the tin bar could be wrought iron or mild steel. the cross - section of the bar needed to be accurate in size as this dictates the length and thickness of the final plates. the bar was cut to the correct length to make the desired size plate ; for instance, if a 14 in \u00d7 20 in ( 360 mm \u00d7 510 mm ) plate is desired the tin bar is cut to a length and width that is divisible by 14 and 20. the bar is then rolled and doubled over, with the number of times being doubled over dependent on how large the tin bar is and what the final thickness is. continuing the example, if the starting tin bar is 20 in \u00d7 56 in ( 510 mm \u00d7 1, 400 mm ) then it must be at least finished on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4545798057676238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.257164"} {"text": "doubled over dependent on how large the tin bar is and what the final thickness is. continuing the example, if the starting tin bar is 20 in \u00d7 56 in ( 510 mm \u00d7 1, 400 mm ) then it must be at least finished on the fours, or doubled over twice, and if a thin gauge is required then it may be finished on the eights, or doubled over three times. the tin bar is then heated to a dull red heat and passed five or six times through the roughing rolls. between each pass the plate is passed over ( or round ) the rolls, and the gap between the rolls is narrowed by means of a screw. the plate is then reheated and run through the finishing rolls. if the plate is not finished on singles, or without doubling the plate over, it is doubled over in a squeezer. the squeezer was like a table where one half of the surface folds over on top of the other and a press flattens the doubled over plate so the rolled end will fit in the rollers. it is then reheated for another set of rolling. this is repeated until the desired geometry is reached. note that if the plate needs to be doubled over more than once the rolled end is sheared off. the pack is then allowed to cool. when cool, the pack is sheared slightly undersized from the final dimensions and the plates separated by openers. at this point, the plates are covered in scale and therefore must be pickled. this involves dipping the plates in sufuric acid for five minutes. the pickling turns the scales into a greenish - black slime which is removed via annealing. the plates are annealed for approximately 10 hours and then allowed to slowly cool. at this point the plates are known as pickled and annealed black plates. these plates were commonly sold for stamping and enameling purposes. after this, the plates are still rough and not straight, so they are cold rolled several times. the rolling lengths the plates to their final dimension. they are then annealed again to remove any strain hardening. these plates are called black plate pickled, cold rolled, and close annealed ( black plate p. cr. and ca. ). to attain perfect cleanliness the plates are pickled again in a weak sulfuric acid. finally they are rinsed and stored in water until ready to be tinned. the tinning set consists of at least one pot of molten tin, with a zinc chloride flux on top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4607510891604303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.258199"} {"text": "the plates are pickled again in a weak sulfuric acid. finally they are rinsed and stored in water until ready to be tinned. the tinning set consists of at least one pot of molten tin, with a zinc chloride flux on top, and a grease pot. the flux dries the plate and prepares it for the tin to adhere. if a second tin pot is used, called the wash pot, it contains tin at a lower temperature. this is followed by the grease pot, which contains oil and a tinning machine. the tinning machine has two small rollers that are spring - loaded together so that when the tinned plate is inserted the rolls squeeze any excess tin off. the springs on the tinning machine can be set to different forces to give different thicknesses of tin. finally, the oil is cleaned off with fine bran and dusted clean. what is described here is the process as employed during the 20th century. the process grew somewhat in complexity with the passage of time, as gradually it was found that the inclusion of additional procedures improved quality. however the practice of hot rolling and then cold rolling evidently goes back to the early days, as the knight family ' s tinplate works had ( from its foundation in about 1740 ) two rolling mills, one at bringewood ( west of ludlow ) which made blackplate, and the other the tin mill at mitton ( now part of stourport, evidently for the later stages. the strip mill | this section requires expansion. ( september 2009 ) | early hot rolling strip mills did not produce strip suitable for tinning, but in 1929 cold rolling began to be used to reduce the gauge further, which made tinning achievable. the plate was then tinned using the process outlined above. tinning processes there are two processes for the tinning of the black plates : hot - dipping and electroplating. tinplate made via hot - dipped tin plating is made by cold rolling steel or iron, pickling or remove any scale, annealing to remove any strain hardening, and then coating it with a thin layer of tin. originally this was done by producing individual or small packs of plates, which became known as the pack mill process. in the late 1920s strip mills began to replace pack mills, because they could produce the raw plates in larger quantities and more economically. in electroplating, the item to be coated is placed into a container containing a solution of one or more tin salts. the item is connected to an electrical circuit,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43930545180576086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.259792"} {"text": "mills, because they could produce the raw plates in larger quantities and more economically. in electroplating, the item to be coated is placed into a container containing a solution of one or more tin salts. the item is connected to an electrical circuit, forming the cathode ( negative ) of the circuit while an electrode typically of the same metal to be plated forms the anode ( positive ). when an electrical current is passed through the circuit, metal ions in the solution are attracted to the item. to produce a smooth, shiny surface, the electroplated sheet is then briefly heated above the melting point of tin. most of the tin - plated steel made today is then further electroplated with a very thin layer of chromium to prevent dulling of the surface from oxidation of the tin. - terne - plate is a similar product to tinplate, but the bath is not of tin, but of tin and lead mixed, the latter metal constituting from 7. 59 % of the whole. the name derives from ' terne ' - meaning dull or tarnish. terne - plates began to be produced in england about the middle of the 19th century, and are widely employed in the united states for roofing purposes. - for many purposes, tinplate has been replaced by galvanised ( zinc - coated ) vessels, though not for cooking as zinc is toxic, where stainless steel is often used. zinc protects iron electrolytically, that is, the zinc will oxidise and turn to a white powder to preserve the iron, whereas tin will only protect the iron if the tin - surface remains unbroken, as it electrolytically cannibalises unprotected iron to preserve itself. see also - brown 1988, pp. 42 \u2013 8 - king 1988, pp. 104 \u2013 13 - king 1988, p. 109 - h. r. schubert, history of the british iron and steel industry... to 1775, 429. - minchinton 1957, p. 10. - data extracted from d. p. hussey et al., gloucester port books database ( cd - rom, university of wolverhampton 1995 ). - minchinton 1957, pp. 67 \u2013 68. - tregoning 1901, pp. 1278 \u2013 1279. - tregoning 1901, pp. 1279 \u2013 1280. - tregoning 1901, pp. 1280 \u2013 1281. - tregoning 1901, p. 1281. - tregoning 1901, pp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49729137156938996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.260809"} {"text": "\u2013 1279. - tregoning 1901, pp. 1279 \u2013 1280. - tregoning 1901, pp. 1280 \u2013 1281. - tregoning 1901, p. 1281. - tregoning 1901, pp. 1281 \u2013 1282. - minchinton 1957, pp. 250 \u2013 3. - l. ince, the knight family and the british iron industry ( 1991 ). - brown, p. j. ( 1988 ), \" andrew yarranton and the british tinplate industry \", historical metallurgy 22 ( 1 ) : 42 \u2013 8 - king, p. w. ( 1988 ), \" wolverley lower mill and the beginnings of the tinplate industry \", historical metallurgy 22 ( 2 ) : 104 \u2013 113 - minchinton, w. w. ( 1957 ), the british tinplate industry : a history, clarendon press, oxford - tregoning, w. h. ( 1901 ), \" proceedings - institution of mechanical engineers, parts 3 - 5 \", in institution of mechanical engineers ( great britain ), the manufacture of tin - plate, institution by mechanical engineering publications ltd., pp. 1273 \u2013 1282. - this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : chisholm, hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). encyclop\u00e6dia britannica ( 11th ed. ). cambridge university press. further reading - f. w. gibbs, ' the rise of the tinplate industry ' annals of science 6 ( 1950 ), 390ff ; 7 ( 1 ) ( 1951 ), 25ff ; 43ff ; 113ff. - p. jenkins, ' twenty by fourteen ' : a history of the south wales tinplate industry 1700 - 1961 ( gomer, llandysul, dyfed 1995 ). - d. a. irwin, ' did late nineteenth century u. s. tariffs promote infant industries? evidence from the tinplate industry ' ( nber working paper 6835 1998 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4425987763971885, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.261457"} {"text": "by marianthe bickett \u2019 15, student farm crew leader the tail end of fall here has been unseasonably warm, allowing for more enjoyable farm work and enthusiastic volunteers. we ' ve been lucky to have students from the environmental science class working on the farm as a class requirement, as well as other students and community members. much of our time is spent working steadily on building beds by layering rich composted horse manure and straw over loosened soil. we are excited to be more prepared for spring planting then last year at this time, thanks to our expanded staff. volunteers helping manage the farm as winter approaches. we ' ve also been hard at work cultivating our food forest. a food forest is a permaculture design that works by planting perennial food - producing trees, bushes, and herbs in a layered arrangement so that as they mature it looks like a forest, only everything offers something edible. over the last year, we ' ve planted many fruit and nut trees, berry bushes, and herbs, but it is a continual process to eliminate invasive species we don ' t want and allow the useful plants to propagate. students harvesting greens in the hoop house. we ' ve been hard at work digging out poisonous hemlock, which had managed to run rampant all over what is now the farm. we were diligent in chopping it down before it could go to seed during the last growing season ; however, it has a biennial life cycle. this will allow it to persist in our garden at least another season, requiring continued attention to eradicate it. we also have a bounty of stinging nettle and catnip growing wildly around the farm, and have been transplanting them into larger patches where we can more easily access them. stinging nettle has many health benefits and can be used in soup, or dried as a tea. black astralorp chickens roaming the farm. our student employees have been working on individual projects in their areas of interest as well. al zork \u2019 16 has been making beautiful signs with a wood burner to label all our plants in the food forest, so we can easily locate and harvest them. kiersten savage \u2019 16 and diana harvey \u2019 16 have started growing sunflower sprouts in birch commons for us to eat in the dining hall. sam cottle \u2019 16 and emma louise mutrux \u2019 16 traveled with kat christen, antioch farm manager, to the acres conference in louisville, kentucky, where they picked up lots of useful information on ecological food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41396093940657885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.264688"} {"text": "what regulations exist for organic materials and compost facilities? organic material management is regulated ( i. e., siting, permitting, and management ) at the state level, except for biosolids and animal manures. states have assumed the lead role in regulating composting facilities. composting facilities may need approval from the state before operating. the permit requirements for composting facilities vary among states. examples of topics covered in the permitting process include : a detailed facility design, operating plans, a description of incoming materials, the amount and types of residue to be generated in the plant, monitoring plans, potential environmental releases, landfills to be used, and potential markets for the compost. on the federal level, the standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge ( 40 cfr part 503 under the clean water act ) was published in the federal register ( 58 fr 9248 to 9404 ) on february 19, 1993. this act pertains to land application ( and biosolids composting ), surface disposal, and combustion of biosolids sewage sludge. many of the standards promulgated in this rule can be applicable to municipal solid waste compost. for more information about this regulation, please go to epas biosolids page. under section 301 of the clean water act ( title 33, chapter 26, 1311, usc ), epa has the authority to regulate point source discharges ( including cafos ) into us waters through the national pollutant discharge elimination system ( npdes ) permitting program. manure and wastewater from cafos have the potential to release pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, organic matter, sediments, pathogens, heavy metals, hormones, antibiotics, and ammonia to the environment. excess nutrients in water ( i. e., nitrogen and phosphorus ) can result in or contribute to low levels of dissolved oxygen ( anoxia ), eutrophication, and toxic algal blooms. these conditions may be harmful to human health and, in combination with other circumstances, have been associated with outbreaks of microbes such as pfiesteria piscicida. decomposing organic matter can reduce oxygen levels and cause fish kills. pathogens, such as cryptosporidium, have been linked to impairments in drinking water supplies and threats to human health. pathogens in manure can also create a food safety concern if manure is applied directly to crops at inappropriate times. in addition, pathogens are responsible for some shellfish bed closure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4316752501243284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.269527"} {"text": "public accountability : the perceived usefulness of school annual reports tooley, stuart & hooks, jillian ( 2010 ) public accountability : the perceived usefulness of school annual reports. australasian accounting business & finance journal, 4 ( 2 ), pp. 39 - 59. annual reports are an important component of new zealand schools \u2019 public accountability. through the annual report the governance body informs stakeholders about school aims, objectives, achievements, use of resources, and financial performance. this paper identifies the perceived usefulness of the school annual report to recipients and the extent to which it serves as an instrument of accountability and / or decision - usefulness. the study finds that the annual report is used for a variety of purposes, including : to determine if the school has conducted its activities effectively and achieved stated objectives and goals ; to examine student achievements ; to assess financial accountability and performance ; and to make decisions about the school as a suitable environment for their child / children. nevertheless, the study also finds that other forms of communication are more important sources of information about the school than the annual report which is seen to fall short of users \u2019 required qualities of understandability, reliability and readability. it would appear imperative that policy makers review the functional role of the school annual report which is a costly document to prepare. further, school managers need to engage in alternative means to communicate sufficient and meaningful information in the discharge of public accountability. citation countsare sourced monthly fromand citation databases. these databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and web of science generally from 1980 onwards. citations counts from theindexing service can be viewed at the linked google scholar\u2122 search. full - text downloadsdisplays the total number of times this work \u2019 s files ( e. g., a pdf ) have been downloaded from qut eprints as well as the number of downloads in the previous 365 days. the count includes downloads for all files if a work has more than one. | item type : | | journal article | | keywords : | | school annual reporting, public accountability, new zealand | | subjects : | | australian and new zealand standard research classification > commerce management tourism and services ( 150000 ) > accounting auditing and accountability ( 150100 ) > auditing and accountability ( 150102 ) | | divisions : | | current > qut faculties and divisions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4583111622664864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.273722"} {"text": "fatmawati, fidya ( 2010 ) stuttering ( studi tentang latar belakang terjadinya stuttering dan stresor - stresor pemicu munculnya simptom stuttering ). other thesis, university of muhammadiyah malang. download ( 4kb ) | preview stuttering is a speech disorder, in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which stutterer is unable to produce sounds. many stutter don t know, causes of stuttering and many stressor as symptom of this. this situation make problem for them in daily activities. this researchers purpose to study of the history and stressors are symptoms of stress stuttering. this research is using qualitative with case study approach, sample amount two people who have been diagnosed according to stuttering criteria of dsm iv. from result of research which have been done, indicated that stuttering happened because of anxiety on family factors, where an over - protective parents. they don t give credence to its people and the lack of communication within the family. in addition, stuttering occurs when they stay on stress situation. the stuttering stress symptoms occur when they speaking in front of other people, situations to talk to someone new, formal speaking situations and situations where people talk about competing to speak. | item type : | | thesis ( other ) | | subjects : | | h social sciences > h social sciences ( general ) | | divisions : | | faculty of psychology > department of psychology | | depositing user : | | rayi tegar pamungkas | | date deposited : | | 13 apr 2012 07 : 47 | | last modified : | | 13 apr 2012 07 : 47 | actions ( login required )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5202615415457468, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.275443"} {"text": "deduction - what does the sentence concern? which words does the unknown word seem to relate to? part of speech - which part of speech is the unknown word? is it a verb, noun, preposition, adjective, time expression or something else? chunking - what do the words around the unknown word ( s ) mean? how could the unknown word ( s ) relate to those words? - this is basically deduction on a more local level. vocabulary activation - when quickly skimming through the text, what does the text seem to concern? does the layout ( design ) of the text give any clues? does the publication or type of book give any clues to what the text might be about? which words can you think of that belong to this vocabulary category? jack quickly entered the didot and cleaned the various misturaes he had been using to repair the wuipit. he had often thought that this job was extremely yullning. however, he had to admit that this time things seemed to be a bit easier. when he finished, he put on his redick and went back to the study to relax. he took out his favourite pipe and settled into the beautiful new pogtry. what a fantastic schnappy he had made when he had bought the pogtry. only 300 yagmas! what could a ' didot ' be? what part of speech is ' misturaes '? if jack used the ' misturaes ' to repair the ' wuipit ' what do you think the ' mistraes ' must be? what could ' yulling ' mean? - what part of speech is often used with an ending ' - ing '? which synonym could be used for ' yulling '? what type of things do you put on? based on the above question, what kind of thing must a ' redick ' be? is a ' pogtry ' used inside or outside? which words let you know that the ' pogtry ' was cheap? what must ' yagmas ' be? - cigarette type - type of money", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.537888608528923, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.278509"} {"text": "the technical details : determining delta values when we talk about the isotopic ratio in a sample, we talk about the delta value. let ' s look at how a delta value is actually calculated : - the first step in figuring out the \u03b413c for a sample is to find the ratio of 13c to 12c within the sample. next compare ( by dividing ) this ratio to the ratio of 13c to 12c in a standard. - there is a specific standard, with a known, unchanging ratio of 13c to 12c that all laboratories use in their comparison. for the stable carbon isotopes, this standard is a limestone ( called pee dee belemnite \u2014 or pdb ) from south carolina. although pdb is no longer run as the standard, other carbonates ( with a known, unchanging 13c to 12c ratio ) are used and compared on the pdb scale. the carbonate standard is reacted with an acid to create gaseous co2, so that the sample and standard are both in the same phase. - often the sample and standard may have very similar ratios of the two stable isotopes, which will give you a value very close to ( but not exactly ) 1. two sample bellows are used so that the sample is compared to a standard many samples that actually have different ratios of 13c to 12c will give what seems like similar values ( say, for example, 0. 99 and 0. 98 ). these samples do have different isotopic ratios, but this is hard to see when they only differ after the decimal point. to make this difference easier to see, 1 is subtracted from this value, and then this new calculation is multiplied by 1, 000 to give the actual \u03b413c of the sample. - this makes it much easier to see the difference between two samples. for the ratios of 0. 99 and 0. 98, the delta values are - 10 \u2030 and - 20 \u2030 respectively. the equation for this is : making the values more \u201c friendly \u201d even when comparing samples with ratios of 13c to 12c of 0. 99 and 0. 98, the delta notation is much easier. well, when we look at ratios that atmospheric scientists actually study, it becomes infinitely easier to compare using delta notation \u2013 in fact it would be too difficult without! | carbon pool | | 13c | | actual ratio of 13c to 12c | | ocean & atmosphere | | - 8 \u2030 | | 0. 011142 | why go through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4808909735215098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.283331"} {"text": "delta notation \u2013 in fact it would be too difficult without! | carbon pool | | 13c | | actual ratio of 13c to 12c | | ocean & atmosphere | | - 8 \u2030 | | 0. 011142 | why go through this much work? this seems like an awful lot of calculations when you can just look at differences among samples in their 13c to 12c ratios and ignore all of the calculation steps. the reason that it is conventional to compare to a standard ( and then continue on to the next steps in order to get a more \u2018 friendly \u2019 value ) is so that it is easier to compare results both among isotope laboratories and within a single laboratory over a long time period. it is impossible to have an isotope ratio mass spectrometer that perfectly finds the ratio of 13c to 12c in a sample. isotope ratio mass spectrometers measure relative isotopic ratios much better than actual ratios. by comparing to a standard, the precision of the data values are much, much better since all values are relative to a given standard. for example, if the ratio for both the sample and standard are overestimated ( or underestimated ) by the same relative amount, then dividing the two values will account for this, making it possible to compare \u03b413c among laboratories all across the world. the formula for determining the \u03b414c of a sample is similar to \u03b413c : the difference is in the term fn [ x ], which is still a comparison of the sample to a standard. however, after this comparison, several other calculations occur to find fn [ x ]. - the ratio is corrected for \u201c background \u201d 14c counts, where atoms or molecules that were accidentally and incorrectly identified as 14c are no longer included. - the ratio is additionally corrected for the small amount of radioactive decay between the time the sample was collected and the time it was measured, so that the \u03b414c at the time of collection rather than the time of analysis is reported. - the final difference is that \u03b414c is normalized, where the effect of fractionation is removed. that is, we know from the 13c measurements that, for example, when carbon dioxide is photosynthesized by plants, it fractionates, resulting in proportionately less 13c in the plant. the same thing happens to 14c, so plants have proportionately less 14c than the atmosphere does. if we know how much 13c fractionation occurs, we can calculate precisely how much 14c fractionation there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4898135475073222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.286581"} {"text": "etd at indian institute of science > division of earth and environmental sciences > civil engineering ( civil ) > please use this identifier to cite or link to this item : | title : | | stabilised rammed earth for walls : materials, compressive strength and elastic properties | | authors : | | kumar, prasanna p | | advisors : | | reddy, b v venkatarama | | keywords : | | structural analysis ( civil engineering ) | cement stabilised rammed earth rammed earth buildings cement stabilised rammed earth walls rammed earth - strength rammed earth - elastic properties soil - stability stabilised rammed earth | submitted date : | | jul - 2009 | | series / report no. : | | g23519 | | abstract : | | rammed earth is a technique of forming in - situ structural wall elements using rigid formwork. advantages of rammed earth walls include flexibility in plan form, scope for adjusting strength and wall thickness, variety of textural finishes, lower embodied carbon and energy, etc. there is a growing interest in the construction of rammed earth buildings in the recent past. well focused comprehensive studies in understanding the structural performance of rammed earth structures are scanty. clear - cut guidelines on selecting soil grading and soil characteristics, assessing strength of rammed earth walls, density strength relationships, limits on shrinkage, standardised testing procedures, behaviour of rammed earth walls under in - plane and out of plane loads, etc are the areas needing attention. the thesis attempts to address some of these aspects of cement stabilized rammed earth for structural walls. brief history and developments in rammed earth construction with illustrations of rammed earth buildings are presented. a review of the literature on rammed earth has been provided under two categories : ( a ) unstabilised or pure rammed earth and ( b ) stabilised rammed earth. review of the existing codes of practice on rammed earth has also been included. summary of the literature on rammed earth along with points requiring attention for further r & d are discussed. objectives and scope of the thesis are listed. the thesis deals with an extensive experimentation on cement stabilised rammed earth ( csre ) specimens and walls. four varieties of specimens ( cylindrical, prisms, wallettes and full scale walls ) were used in the experiments. a natural soil and its reconstituted variants were used in the experimental work. details of the experimental programme, characteristics of raw materials used in the experimental investigations, methods of preparing different types of specimens and their testing procedures are discussed in detail. influence of soil grading, cement content, moulding water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5435485470851904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.291927"} {"text": "used in the experimental work. details of the experimental programme, characteristics of raw materials used in the experimental investigations, methods of preparing different types of specimens and their testing procedures are discussed in detail. influence of soil grading, cement content, moulding water content, density and delayed compaction on compaction characteristics and strength of cement stabilised soil mixes were examined. five different soil gradings with clay content ranging between 9 and 31. 6 % and three cement contents ( 5 %, 8 % and 12 % ) were considered. effect of delayed compaction ( time lag ) on compaction characteristics and compressive strength of cement stabilised soils was examined by monitoring the results up to 10 hours of time lag. influence of moulding water content and density on compressive strength and water absorption of cement stabilised soils was examined considering for a range of densities and water contents. the results indicate that ( a ) there is a considerable difference between dry and wet compressive strength of csre prisms, and the strength decreases as the moisture content at the time of testing increases, ( b ) wet strength is less than that of dry strength and the ratio between wet to dry strength depends upon the clay fraction of soil mix and cement content, ( c ) saturated moisture content depends upon the cement content and the clay content of the soil mix, ( d ) optimum clay percentage yielding maximum compressive strength is about 16 %, ( e ) compressive strength of compacted cement stabilised soil increases with increase in density irrespective of cement content and moulding moisture content, and the strength increases by 300 % for 20 % increase in density from 15. 70 kn / m3, ( f ) compressive strength of rammed earth is one - third higher than that of rammed earth brick masonry and ( g ) density decreases with increase in time lag and there is 50 % decrease in strength with 10 hour time lag. stress - strain relationships and elastic properties of cement stabilised rammed earth are essential for the analysis of csre structural elements and understanding the structural behaviour of csre walls. influence of soil composition, density, cement content and moisture on stress - strain relationships of csre was studied. three different densities ( 15. 7 \u2013 19. 62 kn / m3 ) and three cement percentages ( 5 %, 8 % and 12 % by weight ) were considered for csre. stress - strain characteristics of csre and rammed earth brick masonry were compared. the results reveal that ( a ) in dry condition the post peak response shows considerable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4767639381943842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.292964"} {"text": "##s ( 5 %, 8 % and 12 % by weight ) were considered for csre. stress - strain characteristics of csre and rammed earth brick masonry were compared. the results reveal that ( a ) in dry condition the post peak response shows considerable deformation ( strain hardening type behaviour ) beyond the peak stress and ultimate strain values at failure ( dry state ) are as high as 3. 5 %, which is unusual for brittle materials, ( b ) modulus for csre increases with increase in density as well as cement content and there is 1 to 3 times increase as the cement content changes from 5 % to 12 %. similarly the modulus increases by 2. 5 to 5 times as the dry density increases from 15. 7 to 19. 62 kn / m3 and ( c ) the modulus of csre and masonry in dry state are nearly equal, whereas in wet state masonry has 20 % less modulus. compressive strength and behavior of storey height csre walls subjected to concentric compression was studied. the results of the wall strength were compared with those of wallette and prism strengths. the wall strength decreases with increase in slenderness ratio. there is nearly 30 % reduction in strength as the height to thickness ratio increases from 4. 65 to 19. 74. it was attempted to calculate the ultimate compressive strength of csre walls using the tangent modulus theory. at higher slenderness ratios, there is a close agreement between the experimental and predicted values. the storey height walls show lateral deflections as the load approaches failure. the walls did not show visible buckling and the shear failure patterns indicate material failure. the shear failures noticed in the storey height walls resemble the shear failures of short height wallette specimens. the thesis ends with a summary of the results with concluding remarks in the last chapter. | | appears in collections : | | civil engineering ( civil ) | items in etd @ iisc are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49006820037204346, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.293865"} {"text": "a hard hat is a helmet - like protective head covering used to shield the wearer from painful or damaging blows to the skull. once made of metal, modern ones are made of sturdy plastic. besides the hard outer shell, the hard hat also has a fabric mesh or straps on the inside, set about an inch or so away from the shell. this mesh is what rests on the worker ' s head, instead of the shell, to provide a degree of shock absorption due to especially heavy blows. additionally, an adjustment mechanism of some kind can be found on the back, which is used to adjust the hard hat to the wearer ' s head for a secure fit. some have a brim around the edge to direct liquids away from the wearer, in case of rain or liquids spilled from above. others have a short bill in the front like a baseball cap. hard hats can offer several attachments depending on design. some have ear protection built in to the side. some have a spot to attach a face shield for tasks like grinding and pouring chemicals. others can attach a welding mask. usually these are removable so they don ' t get in the way when not needed. hard hats come in many colors, signifying nothing. some companies use different colors to help differentiate workers from each other ( mechanics, electricians, outside contractors, foremen, etc ), but this is an internal decision and is not standardized. most hard hats are white. yellow is also a popular choice due to its high visibility. some workers will decorate their hard hats with stickers or paint to personalize them. this is fine as long as it doesn ' t reduce the effectiveness of the protection or interfere with the worker ' s field of view. the hard hat is intended to protect people working in mining, industrial, or construction areas. they provide excellent protection against bumping the head on low hanging objects and against tools or material dropped from above. they are not intended to replace other personal protective equipment, such as eye protection, only to supplement them. unfortunately, hard hats are uncomfortable as they are rigid, do not breathe well, and require a tight fit to do their job properly, so workers do not like to wear them unless absolutely necessary. when they are necessary, a hard hat could very well save a person ' s life. blows to the head are among the most serious injuries that can be sustained on a job site, because although the skull generally offers good protection to the brain, it was never designed to shield it from today ' s technological marvels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4930913003786973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.297028"} {"text": "stillwater \u2014 whether doing their homework on the computer, playing a video game or watching television, children are spending more time in front of a screen than ever before. however, moderating kids \u2019 screen time can have positive effects on their physical, mental and emotional well - being. it is estimated that kids spend an average of four to six hours sitting and viewing some type of screen. watching television can be educational \u2014 preschoolers can learn the alphabet and older kids can keep up with current events or watch historical documentaries. but, hours of unrestricted screen time can translate into long periods of physical inactivity, less time spent interacting with others and increased exposure to advertising for high calorie, less nutritious foods. since language skills are developed through reading and conversation, extended daily screen time can affect children \u2019 s ability to learn how to positively interact with others. research also indicates that kids who watch less television do better on standardized tests, while children who watch more television tend to be heavier. \u201c taking even small steps toward limiting your kids \u2019 time in front of the television can have big impacts on their overall health, and the well - being of the entire family, \u201d said deana hildebrand, oklahoma state university cooperative extension nutrition specialist. one effective strategy for limiting screen time is to plan how much time will be devoted on a daily or weekly basis to activities such as watching television, online surfing, playing video games and viewing dvds. the american academy of pediatrics recommends no television for children under the age of 2, and older children should be limited to no more than one to two hours of screen media time per day. developing a chart is a visual way of tracking how much time is spent on various activities, including screen time. each family member should be involved in creating the chart. that way, said hildebrand, everyone has an opportunity for input, which encourages commitment to the plan. \u201c hang the chart near the television or some other place where it can be seen by everyone, \u201d she said. \u201c this helps hold each person accountable and gives parents and older siblings a chance to model positive behavior by managing their own viewing habits. \u201d identifying specific television shows to view also can help cut down on the time children spent in front of a screen. committing to a viewing plan gives families the added advantage of knowing exactly when the television can be turned on and when it should be turned off. having a television and other related technology in the bedroom increases the likelihood of children watching more television while unsupervised, hildebrand said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4679329048635399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.302478"} {"text": "the added advantage of knowing exactly when the television can be turned on and when it should be turned off. having a television and other related technology in the bedroom increases the likelihood of children watching more television while unsupervised, hildebrand said. consequently, relocating televisions, gaming systems and computers to common areas of the house translates into greater control over how much screen time children log on a daily basis. \u201c you can choose not to keep the television on all the time, \u201d said hildebrand, who suggested establishing media - free periods such as while children are doing their homework or at meal times. \u201c turning off the televisions, cell phones, pagers, mp3 players and dvd players at certain times of the day means increased quality time with other family members and helps minimize distractions while your children are studying. \u201d compiling a list of activities to do instead of sitting in front of the television or computer or playing video games can help families curb screen time. \u201c it could be anything \u2013 taking walks, enjoying a family a game night, visiting a museum or organizing a game of volleyball in the yard, \u201d said hildebrand. similarly, efforts to reduce screen time represent opportunities to encourage kids \u2019 interest in reading. visiting the library, setting aside time for everyone in the family to read together and having older and younger siblings taking turns reading to each other are all easy ways of promoting and reinforcing the importance of reading. \u201c you can even get creative. role play scenes from favorite books. pick a book the whole family can read together, and once you all finish it, create a storytelling time. start your own book club with your family members, \u201d said hildebrand, who suggested checking the national education association website at www. nea. org for ideas, tips and resources related children and reading. when children do watch television or go online, it is a good idea for parents to watch with them or closely monitor the websites they visit. parents should discuss the television programs and online content their children view. these conversations are good opportunities to help kids learn to be media savvy and critically evaluate marketing and advertising campaigns targeting them. \u201c television and screen time in moderation can be a good thing, \u201d hildebrand said. \u201c maintaining a balance and establishing positive viewing habits are two extremely important things you can do for your family. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4656775521514128, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.303642"} {"text": "african american newspapersedit this page from familysearch wiki african - american newspapers came into existence before the civil war as a medium of expression of abolitionist sentiment. in 1827, samuel cornish and john b. russwarm started the first african - american periodical, called freedom ' s journal. freedom ' s journal initiated the trend of african - american papers throughout the united states to fight for liberation and rights, demonstrate racial pride, and inform readers of events affecting the african - american community. unfortunately, because the african - americans able to support the paper and the white abolitionists were few, the paper ended its circulation in 1830. also, during the antebellum south, other african - american newspapers came about. one of these, the north star, founded by frederick douglass, had the same fate as freedom ' s journal. as african - americans migrated from fields to urban centers, virtually every large city with a significant african - american population soon had african - american newspapers. examples were the chicago defender, detroit tribune, the pittsburgh courier, and the ( new york ) amsterdam news. while it was certainly important for african - american newspapers to report the news of the day, it was not their primary purpose. most cities already had daily newspapers that were aimed to the general public. the idea of an african - american newspaper was to give african - americans the news through the lens of their own eyes. to learn about african - american newspapers in the area where your ancestor lived, see : - henritze, barbara k. bibliographic checklist of african american newspapers. baltimore, md. : genealogical publishing company, 1995. fhl book 973 f23hb. 5539 titles are identified, including 348 in new york, 337 in mississippi, 336 in georgia, 191 in virginia, and 41 in west virginia. - pinnick, timothy n. finding and using african american newspapers. the gregath publishing company, 2008. isbn : 978 - 0 - 944619 - 85 - 8. from an economic perspective, african - american newspapers were formed in order to make a profit. according to a study of early african - american newspapers, the \" primary motivation \" of african - american newspaper proprietors was \" not uplift, but profit. \" in addition, from a social standpoint, these newspapers were a source of pride for the african - american community and a focal point for african - americans to stick together and fight the constant oppression they were under. taking this into account, it seems apparent that it was most beneficial for african", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3762344437661618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.307465"} {"text": "any sound recorded by one mic is a mono sound or track and will never truly be stereo even when placed into a \u201c stereo \u201d mix. at this juncture lets discuss some mono or single microphone techniques. the first and most commonly used technique is \u201c close \" micing which places the mic very near to the source, thus excluding virtually all other incident sound and environmental effects and gives the most control over the sound. this is the preferred technique for multitrack recording which is based primarily on mono tracks of many instruments and / or vocals. since the final resulting mix is generally an unknown factor, the purer and more uncolored the initial tracks are, the better the mix options at final mixdown. for example, a coloration from room acoustics in the initial recording cannot be deleted later. tracks resulting from close micing will be far freer from artifacts. the direct opposite of this technique is distant or ambient micing, where the desired result is to pickup the effects of environment along with the specific sound. often when a collection of instruments that are in the same immediate physical location ( such as drum sets ), they can be recorded together to give a cohesive whole kit sound by using \u201c room \u201d mics that record all sounds within the room, plus the reverberant character of the room. in this example most often close mics are also used to give precise control over critical portions of the sound. the room mic simply adds the ambience from the environment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5164026548467118, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.310357"} {"text": "as the winter months grind along, serious forage producers often seek comfort in determining what new varieties of alfalfa they will seed the next spring and where they will be planted. just as important as the \u201c what \u201d and \u201c where \u201d is the question of \u201c how \u201d alfalfa will be established. specifically, will a companion crop be used? what \u2019 s the first thing that pops into your mind when someone says \u201c cover crops \u201d? stopping soil erosion, right? it took barry fisher nearly an hour during a tour of cover crop plots at roger wenning \u2019 s farm to mention soil savings. the indiana association of soil and water conservation districts recently honored five outstanding families. each received a conservation farmer of the year award. one of the most important crops is the one not to harvest, but to protect and improve the soil. seeding cover crops to enhance basic rotations is a new frontier in nebraska cropping systems, according to its adherents. interest has grown in the past few years in trying seedings of one or two cover crops or a cocktail blend of several after wheat harvest in summer or even after taking off soybeans or corn in the fall. as yet, acreage remains limited. a recent survey from iowa state university estimates that only 15 % of illinois farmers planted a cover crop between 2000 and 2005. according to an increasing number of iowa farmers, agronomists and soil conservationists, cover crops such as rye, wheat and clover are environmentally beneficial, and with proper management won \u2019 t inhibit yields in various crop systems, including no - till and organic farming. cover crops can help offset feed costs for cattle, hold precious nitrogen in place and add important organic matter to soils, increasing their ability to soak up water during heavy rains. the potential uses of cover crops are many, and new momentum for this practice has increased dramatically. an aerial - applied seeding of a wheat and red clover cover crop mixture is helping to suppress weeds, reduce soil erosion and provide other environmental benefits on 200 acres of certified organic cropland for a farming family in southeast iowa. the 200 acres helps feed their 150 - head certified organic dairy herd in van buren county near milton. taking time this winter to design your cover crop plan will increase the successful establishment of the crop and potentially allow for improved staggering of fall harvest. fall is a busy time even in a normal year. harvesting, handling grain, fall fertility and tillage concerns are priorities. cover crops rank about fifth. it is tough to get a cover crop established in the fall with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4576220027555562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.321870"} {"text": "staggering of fall harvest. fall is a busy time even in a normal year. harvesting, handling grain, fall fertility and tillage concerns are priorities. cover crops rank about fifth. it is tough to get a cover crop established in the fall with a tight schedule for the timing. a diverse mix of small grains and cover crops helps spring come a little earlier on the arnaud family farm near monett. in fact, there \u2019 s something green and growing on just about every acre that jim arnaud farms, just about every month of the year. on our farm we have used yellow blossom sweet clover for many years as a plow - down crop to build our soil. this vigorous, sweet - smelling biennial legume has provided our fields with organic matter and nitrogen since we began organic farming. the morton county, n. d., soil conservation district and bismarck state college farm management education received a conservation innovation grant. the three year project studies the use of intensive cover crops with no - till farming to increase production on highly erodible, low - quality land. winter can be a tough time for cover crops. snow, rain, ice and cold temperatures can really push these plants to their limits. cover crops are the green plants that cover the ground between harvest of a cash crop in the fall, such as corn or soybeans, and planting of a new cash crop during the following spring. some members of practical farmers of iowa have been experimenting with adding cover crops to their farming systems since the on - farm research program, the cooperators program, formally began in 1987. some farmers are concerned about winter cover crops being a potential host for goss \u2019 s wilt. if you were going to build a road, how would you do it? hans kok says most road builders start with a sandy loam soil if possible, wet it down, then disk it many times. you \u2019 ve got a soil at its most vulnerable time, and a tool that compacts soil. you don \u2019 t read often about a tool that has never been tried. but mike shuter and sons patrick and brian, frankton, have a good record at developing innovative equipment. at press time, their latest tool was ready to rock \u2018 n \u2019 roll but hadn \u2019 t officially been in the field yet. dan gillespie, hudson, s. d., was one of seven farmers who received south dakota \u2019 s soil conservation award in 2010. one reason he was recognized was for his use of cover crops to help control weeds, improve soil health and produce plant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4417796610254306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.322954"} {"text": "dan gillespie, hudson, s. d., was one of seven farmers who received south dakota \u2019 s soil conservation award in 2010. one reason he was recognized was for his use of cover crops to help control weeds, improve soil health and produce plant nutrients. two years ago when jamie foster was moving from florida to become a texas agrilife research forage agronomist in south texas, her job almost hit her in the face \u2014 literally. trying something new and innovative is always easier when you can learn from someone else \u2019 s experience. for a small group of innovative farmers experimenting with cover crops in pottawattamie county in western iowa, that someone else is pete hobson. mark pokorny is one of 10 farmers working with iowa learning farms and practical farmers of iowa on a project comparing corn and soybean yields following a winter rye cover crop. located near clutier in tama county, he began hosting a demonstration site in fall 2009 for the cover crop working group. last fall an estimated 40, 000 acres of cover crops were planted in iowa. a number of iowa farmers planted a cover crop, usually rye, in fields to help protect against soil erosion over winter. those that had enough soil moisture had a good stand of cover crops, while others had little to no fall germination. what \u2019 s the best approach to restoring a field that flooded during the summer? chris nelsen, mission hill, s. d., says he isn \u2019 t an expert at it, but has some experience. cover crops have been around as a sound cropping and soil health practice for years. but in the past few years, they \u2019 ve been steadily growing in popularity throughout the midwest. the practice would probably be growing faster if there wasn \u2019 t so much head - scratching about how to get seed established in fall. ray styer knows how to build on something patiently to make it pay off. that is the way he treats his soil, which he continually improves by using a careful cover - crop selection over decades. in research plots at the center for environmental farming systems in goldsboro, n. c., george naderman, a retired extension soil specialist and an associate professor emeritus at north carolina state university, measured from 100 to 200 pounds more of nitrogen in the top 5 inches of soil where conservation tillage had been used for six crop years, compared to conventional tillage. researchers had put on the same amount of n on both fields during operations. cover crops seem to be taking the midwest by storm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46362375842165326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.324081"} {"text": "the top 5 inches of soil where conservation tillage had been used for six crop years, compared to conventional tillage. researchers had put on the same amount of n on both fields during operations. cover crops seem to be taking the midwest by storm. here \u2019 s why these farmers are sold on them. cover crops can help conserve moisture, says kris nichols, research soil microbiologist with the usda agriculture research service, mandan, n. d. nearly 90, 000 acres of cover crops were planted in iowa in the fall of 2012. that estimate is based on data from several sources including sales figures from major cover crop seed companies and cost - shared acres through the usda natural resources conservation service \u2019 s eqip program, and the iowa department of ag and land stewardship \u2019 s state cost - share funding. gail fuller admits he didn \u2019 t harvest much of a corn crop this year. but the emporia farmer did manage to chop some silage in july and he actually harvested 60 acres of corn planted late and into cover crops, he told attendees of this year \u2019 s no - till on the plains annual winter conference in salina jan. 24 - 26. one of the biggest issues for farmers in areas where drought can be a ever - present problem \u2014 like most of kansas \u2014 has been how summer cover crops perform, and what kind of moisture they take out of the soil profile when the weather turns hot and dry. drought throws a wrench into our best strategies. it can ruin a market garden. it robs our livestock of needed forages. it throws plant growth cycles off. it is difficult to deal with. eventually, bare ground in a farm field will be a rare sight, predicts steve groff, a cover crop researcher and no - till farmer from holtwood, pa. as farmers become aware of the benefits of using cover crops, more of them are protecting and improving their soil with cover crops, he explains. \u201c the trend is upward, so you \u2019 ll probably be doing it one day or another, one decade or another. \u201d looking across the 14 different cover crop plots on tom finkenbine \u2019 s farm, it \u2019 s natural to wonder which one \u2019 s the best. but no one crop will be best for every situation. paul brown is a young man who could be making big bucks in north dakota \u2019 s oil fields. but he figures he \u2019 s making more per hour mob - grazing yearling beef cattle on his family \u2019 s bismarck, n. d., ranch. cereal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42310646755536235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.325308"} {"text": "is a young man who could be making big bucks in north dakota \u2019 s oil fields. but he figures he \u2019 s making more per hour mob - grazing yearling beef cattle on his family \u2019 s bismarck, n. d., ranch. cereal rye and manure, when combined, provide benefits to each other, resulting in greater overall benefits to livestock producers, their bottom line and the environment. when bryan jorgensen turns his family \u2019 s agricultural enterprise, jorgensen land and cattle, over to the next generation, he wants the fields he now manages to be in better condition and more productive than when they started raising crops there in the early 1900s. cronin farms, gettysburg, s. d., is making some big gains in soil organic matter. it \u2019 s risen from 2 % soil organic matter to 4 % organic matter in recent years \u2014 which is worth about $ 1, 100 per acre by some estimates. mitch and andy hoenhause, lisbon, n. d., are doing some things on their farm that might be worth watching. andy and mitch hoenhause \u2019 s success with cover crops has encouraged the lisbon, n. d., brothers to try some new ways to get the cover crops planted on more of their acres. the recent mid - april storm reminded many southern iowa farmers why there is never a good time for tillage \u2014 even after a dry winter and the warmest march on record. up to 8 inches of rain, along with strong winds and tornadoes, hit southern iowa on april 14, causing property and cropland damage. in many cases, crop inputs like corn seed and fertilizer washed away. the most productive soils overwhelmingly have features in common ; certain physical, chemical and biological properties that allow them to function well and produce abundant biomass. the benefits of no - till farming and management for soil health were on full display sept. 5, when the south central kansas residue alliance made its annual summer crop tour of eight fields in harper county to see firsthand how they fared at the end of a second blistering - hot, dry summer. for harper county farmer robert sharp, there \u2019 s no such thing as too much residue. glenn bauer, regan, n. d., has had good luck using cover crops to convert conservation reserve program acres to cropland. yields have been good, and costs have been low, he says. cover crop research is gaining ground in the northern plains. north dakota state university is conducting several studies. gabe brown and son paul have a breakeve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42174636006170174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.326284"} {"text": "did hurricane wilma have 209 mph sustained winds? at last week ' s 30th conference on hurricanes and tropical meteorology of the american meteorological society, dr. eric uhlhorn of noaa ' s hurricane research division presented a poster that looked at the relationship between surface winds measured by the sfmr instrument and flight - level winds in two category 5 storms. hurricane hunter flights done into category 5 supertyphoon megi ( 17 october 2010 ) and category 5 hurricane felix ( 03 september 2007 ) found that the surface winds measured by sfmr were greater than those measured at flight level ( 10, 000 feet. ) usually, surface winds in a hurricane are 10 - 15 % less than at 10, 000 feet, but he showed that in super - intense category 5 storms with small eyes, the dynamics of these situations may generate surface winds that are as strong or stronger than those found at 10, 000 feet. he extrapolated this statistical relationship ( using the inertial stability measured at flight level ) to hurricane wilma of 2005, which was the strongest hurricane on record ( 882 mb ), but was not observed by the sfmr. he estimated that the maximum wind averaged around the eyewall in wilma at peak intensity could have been 209 mph, plus or minus 20 mph - - so conceivably as high as 229 mph, with gusts to 270 mph. yowza. that ' s well in excess of the 200 mph minimum wind speed a top end ef - 5 tornado has. the joplin, missouri ef - 5 tornado of may 22, 2011 had winds estimated at 225 - 250 mph. that tornado ripped pavement from the ground, leveled buildings to the concrete slabs they were built on, and killed 161 people. it ' s not a pretty thought to consider what wilma would have done to cancun, key west, or fort myers had the hurricane hit with sustained winds of what the joplin tornado had. figure 1. hurricane wilma ' s pinhole eye as seen at 8 : 22 a. m. cdt wednesday, oct. 19, 2005, by the crew aboard nasa ' s international space station as the complex flew 222 miles above the storm. at the time, wilma was the strongest atlantic hurricane in history, with a central pressure of 882 mb and sustained surface winds estimated at 185 mph. the storm was located in the caribbean sea, 340 miles southeast of cozumel, mexico. image source : nasa ' s space photo gallery. figure 2. damage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4146091129325655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.335486"} {"text": "with a central pressure of 882 mb and sustained surface winds estimated at 185 mph. the storm was located in the caribbean sea, 340 miles southeast of cozumel, mexico. image source : nasa ' s space photo gallery. figure 2. damage in joplin, missouri after the ef - 5 tornado of may 22, 2011. image credit : wunderphotographer thebige. official all - time strongest winds in an atlantic hurricane : 190 mph the official record for strongest winds in an atlantic hurricane is 190 mph, for hurricane allen of 1980 as it was entering the gulf of mexico, and for hurricane camille of 1969, as it was making landfall in pass christian, mississippi. in dr. bob sheets ' and jack williams ' book, hurricane watch, they recount the hurricane hunters flight into camile as the hurricane reached peak intensity : on sunday afternoon, august 17, and air force c - 130 piloted by marvin little penetrated camille ' s eye and measured a pressure of 26. 62 inches of mercury. \" just as we were nearing the eyewall cloud we suddenly broke into a clear area and could see the sea surface below, \" the copilot, robert lee clark, wrote in 1982. \" what a sight! although everyone on the crew was experienced except me, no one had seen the wind whip the sea like that before... instead of the green and white splotches normally found in a storm, the sea surface was in deep furrows running along the wind direction.... the velocity was beyond the descriptions used in our training and far beyond anything we had ever seen. \" so, the 190 mph winds of camille were an estimate that was off the scale from anything that had ever been observed in the past. the books that the hurricane hunters carried, filled with photos of the sea state at various wind speeds, only goes up to 150 mph ( figure 2 ). i still used this book to estimate surface winds when i flew with the hurricane hunters in the late 1980s, and the books are still carried on the planes today. in the two category 5 hurricanes i flew into, hugo and gilbert, i never observed the furrowing effect referred to above. gilbert had surface winds estimated at 175 mph based on what we measured at flight level, so i believe the 190 mph wind estimate in camille may be reasonable. figure 3. appearance of the sea surface in winds of 130 knots ( 150 mph ). image credit : wind estimations from aerial observations of sea conditions ( 1954 ), by charlie neumann.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36848169347269233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.336510"} {"text": "believe the 190 mph wind estimate in camille may be reasonable. figure 3. appearance of the sea surface in winds of 130 knots ( 150 mph ). image credit : wind estimations from aerial observations of sea conditions ( 1954 ), by charlie neumann. figure 4. radar image of hurricane camille taken at 22 : 15 utc august 17, 1969, a few hours before landfall in mississippi. at the time, camille had the highest sustained winds of any atlantic hurricane in history - - 190 mph. the infamous hurricane hunter flight into wilma during its rapid intensification while i was at last week ' s conference, i had a conversation with rich henning, a flight meteorologist for noaa ' s hurricane hunters, who served for many years as a air reconnaissance weather officer ( arwo ) for the air force hurricane hunters. rich told me the story of the air force hurricane hunter mission into hurricane wilma in the early morning hours of october 19, 2005, as wilma entered its explosive deepening phase. the previous airplane, which had departed category 1 wilma six hours previously, flew through wilma at an altitude of 5, 000 feet. they measured a central pressure of 954 mb when they departed the eye at 23 : 10 utc. the crew of the new plane assumed that the hurricane, though intensifying, was probably not a major hurricane, and decided that they would also go in at 5, 000 feet. winds outside the eyewall were less than hurricane force, so this seemed like a reasonable assumption. once the airplane hit the eyewall, they realized their mistake. flight level winds quickly rose to 186 mph, far in excess of category 5 strength, and severe turbulence rocked the aircraft. the aircraft was keeping a constant pressure altitude to maintain their height above the ocean during the penetration, but the area of low pressure at wilma ' s center was so intense that the airplane descended at over 1, 000 feet per minute during the penetration in order to maintain a constant pressure altitude. by they time they punched into the incredibly tiny 4 - mile wide eye, which had a central pressure of just 901 mb at 04 : 32 utc, the plane was at a dangerously low altitude of 1, 500 feet - - not a good idea in a category 5 hurricane. the pilot ordered an immediate climb, and the plane exited the other side of wilma ' s eyewall at an altitude of 10, 000 feet. they maintained this altitude for the remainder of the flight. during their next pass through the eye at 06 : 11 utc, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4178335274386744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.337535"} {"text": "recently, the benefits of technology discussed how modern innovations help researchers either find lost sites or recover important data that was considered long gone. this past weekend, the bbc reported another fascinating development and this one hails from the vienna academy of sciences. rome has over 40 jewish and christian catacombs tunneling more than 100 miles in and around subterranean rome. however, due to structural concerns, the vatican only allows public access to approximately 1, 600 feet of these treasures. other catacombs can be accessed only by special permission. over the past three years, a team of 10 scientists have been mapping the largest one, saint domitilla, via laser scanner. the scanner looks deceptively like something one would find in an astronomy store but has a more complex programming. the instrument collects data by sending out light impulses. the impulse bounces off the catacomb wall back into the scanner which then records the information in its database as a specific location point. over time, these points build up into a pixilated photo. since the scanner turns while it \u2019 s sending light impulses, the end result photo is a 360 degree view of both the frescoes and the actual building structure. the ability to study the structural aspect of these tombs in 3 - d was the plus in using the laser scanner as opposed to the more inflexible video option. unfortunately, there are no plans at this time for scanning all of the catacombs but this hasn \u2019 t been ruled out entirely. however, the vienna academy has promised to share its findings on saint domitilla once the data has been studied. this release is tentatively planned within a year \u2019 s time. this means researchers can now expect to see unique fresco art finally brought to the light after 2, 000 years in darkness. for more photos and carvings, see tales from the crypts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5179000665528852, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.339615"} {"text": "population : 10. 5 million ( july 2009 estimate ) area : approximately 11, 780 square miles ( 30, 528 sq km ) borders : france, luxembourg, germany and the netherlands coastline : about 40 miles ( 60 km ) on the north sea belgium is an important country to both europe and the rest of the world as its capital, brussels, is the headquarters the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ) and of the european commission and the council of the european union. in addition, that city is the home of many worldwide banking and insurance firms, leading some to call brussels the unofficial capital of europe. history of belgium like many of the world ' s countries, belgium has a long history. its name is derived from the belgae, a celtic tribe that lived in the area in the first century b. c. e. also, during the first century, the romans invaded the area and belgium was controlled as a roman province for nearly 300 years. around 300 c. e., rome ' s power began to diminish when germanic tribes were pushed into the area and eventually the franks, a german group, took control of the country. after the arrival of the germans, the northern part of belgium became a german - speaking area, while the people in the south remained roman and spoke latin. soon after, belgium became controlled by the dukes of burgundy and was eventually taken over by the hapsburgs. belgium was then later occupied by spain from 1519 to 1713 and austria from 1713 to 1794. in 1795, however, belgium was annexed by napoleonic france after the french revolution. shortly thereafter, napoleon ' s army was beaten during the battle of waterloo near brussels and belgium became a part of the netherlands in 1815. it was then not until 1830 that belgium won its independence from the dutch. in that year, there was an uprising by the belgian people and in 1831, a constitutional monarchy was established and a monarch from the house of saxe - coburg gotha in germany was invited to run the country. throughout the decades following its independence, belgium was invaded several times by germany. in 1944 though, british, canadian and america armies formally liberated belgium. languages of belgium because belgium was controlled by different foreign powers for centuries, the country is very diverse linguistically. its official languages are french, dutch and german but its population is divided into two distinct groups. the flemings, the larger of the two, live in the north and speak flemish - a language closely related to dutch. the second group lives in the south and consists of the wall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42503092425689426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.344472"} {"text": "dutch and german but its population is divided into two distinct groups. the flemings, the larger of the two, live in the north and speak flemish - a language closely related to dutch. the second group lives in the south and consists of the walloons who speak french. in addition, there is a german community near the city of liege and brussels is officially bilingual. these different languages are important to belgium because concerns over losing linguistic power has caused the government to divide the country into different regions, each of which has control over its cultural, linguistic and educational matters. today, belgium ' s government is run as a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch. it has two branches of government. the first is the executive branch which consists of the king, who serves as the head of state ; the prime minister, who is the head of government ; and the council of ministers which represents the decision - making cabinet. the second branch is the legislative branch which is a bicameral parliament made up of the senate and the house of representatives. the major political parties in belgium are the christian democratic, the liberal party, the socialist party, the green party and vlaams belang. voting age in the country is 18. because of its focus on regions and local communities, belgium has several political subdivisions, each of which have a varied amount of political power. these include ten different provinces, three regions, three communities and 589 municipalities. industry and land use of belgium like many other european countries, belgium ' s economy consists mainly of the service sector but industry and agriculture are also significant. the northern area is considered the most fertile and much of the land there is used for livestock, although some of the land is used for agriculture. the main crops in belgium are sugar beets, potatoes, wheat and barley. in addition, belgium is a heavily industrialized country and coal mining was once important in southern areas. today, though, almost all of the industrial centers are in the north. antwerp, one of the largest cities in the country, is the center of petroleum refining, plastics, petrochemicals and the manufacturing of heavy machinery. it is also famous for being one of the world ' s largest diamond trading centers. geography and climate of belgium the lowest point in belgium is sea level at the north sea and its highest point is signal de botrange at 2, 277 feet ( 694 m ). the rest of the country features a relatively flat topography consisting of coastal plains in the northwest and gently rolling hills throughout the country ' s central portion. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4793317231564915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.345586"} {"text": "its highest point is signal de botrange at 2, 277 feet ( 694 m ). the rest of the country features a relatively flat topography consisting of coastal plains in the northwest and gently rolling hills throughout the country ' s central portion. the southeast, however, does have a mountainous region in its ardennes forest area. the climate of belgium is considered maritime temperate with mild winters and cool summers. the average summer temperature is ( ) while winters average around ( ). belgium can also be rainy, cloudy and humid. a few more facts about belgium - belgium has a literacy rate of 99 % - the life expectancy is 78. 6 - 85 % of belgians live in towns and cities - nearly 80 % of the population of belgium is roman catholic but there are several other religions in the country, all of which receive government subsidies. central intelligence agency. ( 2010, april 21 ). cia - the world factbook - - belgium. retrieved from : https : / / www. cia. gov / library / publications / the - world - factbook / geos / be. html infoplease. com. ( n. d. ) belgium : history, geography, government, and culture. retrieved from : http : / / www. infoplease. com / ipa / a0107329. html united states department of state. ( 2009, october ). belgium ( 10 / 09 ). retrieved from : http : / / www. state. gov / r / pa / ei / bgn / 2874. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4457943767300622, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.346131"} {"text": "digital preservation : audio and video formats in the last of our four - part series on digital preservation, this webinar present and explain : - basic formats and standards used in digital audio and video collections for libraries, archives, and museums - the development of audio and video formats and introduce participants to the significant technical features that pertain to digital libraries. - audio formats and encodings introduced include pulse - code modulation ( pcm ), wav and bwav, and the issues related to compression for online delivery. - video topics include formats and standards, particularly the role of compression and data storage. - the meaning of \u201c hd \u201d and options for video transfer and capture, as well as format and encodings for uncompressed video and the motion jpeg standards. participants in this webinar will be able to make informed decisions about digital audio and video projects and revisit their planned or existing projects with an eye to making sure they will be useful sustainable into the future. this webinar will be of interest to : librarians archivists who are involved in developing digital projects, no special technical background required. this presentation is the fourth in the series. archived webinars are available at : webinar 1, digital preservation : fundamentals archive webinar 2, digital preservation : text and image formats archive webinar 3, digital preservation : storing and managing digital collections feb 7, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5088244002171203, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.347426"} {"text": "het dorp rincon, te rincon, rincon : rinon ( papamientu ) meaning of rincon, spanish for corner / nook, may refer to : a \u201c rincon \u201d is also a place where you can have activities, such as a restaurant ( \u201c ex : the corner of the good food \u201d ) or a shop ( \u201c the corner of hot sales \u201d ). it means as well a remote settlement, a group of houses. a rincon can be built inland or by the sea. is rincon protected from the pirate attacks? 1 / rincon is sheltered in the north by the brandaris ( 240 m ) and seru mangel ( 144, 6 m ), in the west by seru dos pos ( 125, 6 m ) and montagne ( 143 m ), and, in the south by seru largu ( 133 m ). rincon is almost invisible from the sea and far less exposed than palu di lechi. 2 / rincon is protected by a very shallow sand bank on the east side of bonaire, right in front of the town. 3 / even inland, sheltered and protected, the rincon has been raided several times, cf laurens prins in 1665. rincon village is the oldest village on bonaire. additionally, it is the oldest in continual existence within the netherlands antilles and aruba. in 1527, the spaniards came back from hispaniola to bonaire and then founded the first settlement on bonaire : rincon. on their return they brought indians and various types of livestock along. rincon \u2019 s location was chosen because it is in a fertile valley and has an always blowing trade wind and it was out of the eye of passing ( pirate ) ships and beyond the reach of their raids. in 1636 the west india company, which has long been established on curacao, decided to bonaire add to their possessions. the dutch exploited bonaire mainly for its salt and paint timber. brasil wood ( palu di brasil ) was used as red pigment for paint. when the dutch saw that they needed more labor, they imported slaves from africa, who then had to settle in rincon. the slaves worked on plantations in the area of rincon and on salt pans on the opposite side of the island. because the walk from rincon to the salt pans took about 10 hours the slaves build themselves small huts to sleep in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4355398574560126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.352955"} {"text": "the slaves worked on plantations in the area of rincon and on salt pans on the opposite side of the island. because the walk from rincon to the salt pans took about 10 hours the slaves build themselves small huts to sleep in. the slaves worked the salt pans and stayed in their huts during the week, on saterday they were allowed to go back to their homes in rincon. in 1850, these shacks were replaced by stone houses. these stone houses are still standing along the salt pans. after the abolition of slavery on july 1st of 1863, the former slaves stayed in rincon, they maintained their culture and to this date many of the current residents of rincon are descendants of the slaves. 1 altamira unjo \u2013 panorama rincon 2 cadushy distillery & heritage center 3 polar bar ( closed ) 4 catholic church 5 rose inn 6 kos bon so grill restaurant 7 excellent supermarket 8 community centre \u2013 centro di bario 9 gas station 10 lourdes grotto \u2013 replica of lourdes cave 11 mangazina di rei \u2013 culture park 12 protestant church 13 direction playa grandi 14 direction dos pos 16 plantation onima 17 watapana school 18 san luis bertran school 19 windmill park 20 traditional cottage \u2013 kas krioyo ( closed ) 21 kanta orchidia 22 soccer stadium 23 kununu \u2019 s ( farming grounds ) west 24 kunuku \u2019 s ( farming grounds ) east 25 statue of julio abraham 26 memorial stone founding of rincon 27 posada para mira 28 market square 29 tropicana bar 30 orange bar \u00a92012 olivier douvry / globedivers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3595111314104825, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.353541"} {"text": "the nas \u2019 s errors regarding speciation science and creationism also deals with speciation, another of the classic errors of the evolutionists ( science and creationism, p. 10 ). according to this booklet, \" scientists also have gained an understanding of the processes by which new species originate. \" in this view, living things exposed to geographic isolation \u2014 in other words separated from one another by geographical borders \u2014 become increasingly different from the other members of the group they have split away from, as a result of mutation, natural selection, and other processes. the result is that new species eventually emerge. or so the nas claims. however, the fact is that the process referred to here leads not to the emergence of new species, but rather to variation \u2014 in other words to different forms within a single species. what is misleading here is that the evolutionists use the concept of \" species \" \u2014 which is in any case subject to debate \u2014 in a manner to suit their theory. different experts in various areas of biology offer differing definitions of \" species. \" the biologist john endler makes the following comment about the chaos these various definitions have caused : species are \" tools that are fashioned for characterizing organic diversity \" ( lewin, 1979 ). just as there are a variety of chisels made for different purposes, different species concepts are best for different purposes ; and just as it is inadvisable to use a carving chisel to cut a mortise, problems arise when one species concept is used when it is inappropriate. confusion and controversy have often resulted because different people working with different groups of organisms mean different things by \" species. \" 1 professor ali demirsoy, a prominent proponent of darwinism in turkey, expresses this fact in these terms : the question of along which lines the species, taken as the basic unit in the classification of animals and plants, should be distinguished from other species, in other words the definition of \" species, \" is one of the hardest questions for biology to answer. to give a definition which applies to all animal and plant groups appears impossible in the present state of our knowledge. 2 the word species generally brings to mind kinds such as dogs, horses, spiders, dolphins, and apples. the theory of evolution ' s claims regarding the \" origin of species \" bring to mind the origin of these life forms. biologists, however, define \" species \" in a different way. according to modern biology, a living species is a population consisting of individuals which can mate and reproduce amongst themselves. this definition separates groups of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5721082321035189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.380633"} {"text": "to mind the origin of these life forms. biologists, however, define \" species \" in a different way. according to modern biology, a living species is a population consisting of individuals which can mate and reproduce amongst themselves. this definition separates groups of living things that we think of as single species in daily life, into many more species. for instance, some 34, 000 species of spider have been described. 3 some 34, 000 species of spider have been identified. in order to understand the deception in evolutionary theory with regard to speciation, \" geographic isolation \" first needs to be clarified. in every living species there are differences stemming from genetic variation. if a natural obstacle such as a mountain range, a river, or the sea comes between two populations belonging to a given species, and the populations thus become \" isolated \" from one another, then in all probability different variants will begin to dominate the two separated groups. 4 for instance, variant a, a dark - colored and long - haired variation, might come to dominate one group, while variant b, a shorter - haired and lighter - colored variation, might become predominant in the other. the more the two populations are separated from one another, the more the two variants become distinct. cases of variation like these, with distinguishing morphological differences among subgroups of the same species, are known as \" subspecies. \" here the speciation claim enters the picture. sometimes it happens that when variants a and b, after having split away from each other due to geographical isolation, are brought back together in some way but are unable to reproduce with each other. since they are unable to reproduce, they cease being subspecies, according to the modern biological definition of \" species, \" and become separate species. this is known as \" speciation. \" evolutionists, however, make the following unwarranted inference : \" there are some cases of speciation in nature by natural means ; therefore, all species emerged in this way. \" however, there is a major deception concealed within this argument. two important elements of this deception are : 1 ) variants a and b, geographically isolated from one another, may not be able to reproduce when they come together. yet this generally stems from \" mating behavior \" differences. in other words, individuals belonging to variants a and b do not mate because they regard the other variant as foreign to themselves. however, there is no genetic impediment to their reproducing. for that reason, they are still members of the same species from the point of view of genetic information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5712709672200945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.381736"} {"text": "not mate because they regard the other variant as foreign to themselves. however, there is no genetic impediment to their reproducing. for that reason, they are still members of the same species from the point of view of genetic information. ( in fact, for this reason the concept of \" species \" continues to be the subject of debate in biology. ) 2 ) the really important point is that the \" speciation \" in question is not an increase in genetic information, but on the contrary stems from a loss of such information. the reason for the differentiation is not that new genetic information has been added to one or other of the variants. there is no such addition. for instance, neither of the variants acquires a new protein, enzyme, or organ. there is no \" development \" here. on the contrary, instead of a population which had previously harbored different sets of genetic information ( in our example, a population possessing both long and short hair, as well as both light and dark colors ), now there are two populations that are both impoverished from the point of view of genetic information. how did living species first come into being? how did the bacterial, protist, fungus, plant, and animal worlds first emerge on the earth? how did phyla \u2014 the highest taxonomic category ( for example, chordates and molluscs ) \u2014 as well as classes ( mammals and birds ), orders ( primates and carnivores ), and families ( cats and dogs ) first come about? these are the questions which evolutionists really need to answer. for this reason, nothing about speciation supports the theory of evolution. the theory of evolution claims that living species evolved from one another, from the simpler to the more complex, completely by chance. for the theory to be taken seriously, therefore, it needs to posit a mechanism for increasing genetic information. it needs to be able to explain how living things without eyes, ears, hearts, lungs, wings, feet, and other organs and systems came to acquire them, and where the genetic information describing such systems and organs came from. a mechanism that divides an already - existing species into two groups, each of which undergoes a loss of genetic information, clearly has nothing to do with this. this is in fact accepted by evolutionists. for this reason, they define variations within a species and instances of speciation by division of a population into two parts as \" microevolution. \" microevolution is used in the sense of variations occurring within an already", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.513007230782043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.383028"} {"text": "by evolutionists. for this reason, they define variations within a species and instances of speciation by division of a population into two parts as \" microevolution. \" microevolution is used in the sense of variations occurring within an already existing species. yet the inclusion of the term \" evolution \" in this description is a deliberate deception. there is no evolutionary process here at all, not even a \" micro \" one. this process merely distributes genetic information that already exists within the genetic pool among a different combination of individuals. the questions that need to be answered are these : how did the living categories first come into being? how did the kingdoms of the monera ( bacteria ), protista ( amoebas ), fungi ( mushrooms ), plantae, and animalia come into being? how did the higher taxonomical categories of families ( cats and dogs ), orders ( carnivores and primates ), classes ( birds and mammals ), and phyla ( chordates, arthropods, and molluscs ) first come into being? these are the issues that evolutionists need to be able to explain. evolutionists describe their theories concerning the origin of these basic categories as \" macroevolution. \" it is actually macroevolution which is intended when the theory of evolution is referred to. that is because the genetic variations known as microevolution are an observed biological phenomenon accepted by everyone, but one which has nothing to do with evolution itself ( in spite of the name ), as we have seen above. as far as the claim of macroevolution is concerned, there is no evidence for it at all, either in observational biology or in the fossil record. there is an absolutely essential point to be made here. those with insufficient knowledge in this area may be deceived into thinking that \" since microevolution takes place in a very short space of time, macroevolution could also occur given tens of millions of years. \" some evolutionists do indeed make this mistake, or else attempt to use this error to make others believe in the theory of evolution. this is the form that all of charles darwin ' s \" proofs of evolution \" in the origin of species take. the examples put forward by subsequent evolutionists are all along the same lines, as well. in all of these examples, the genetic variation known to evolutionists as microevolution is used as proof of the theory they describe as macroevolution. let us give an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5595066235764476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.384078"} {"text": "subsequent evolutionists are all along the same lines, as well. in all of these examples, the genetic variation known to evolutionists as microevolution is used as proof of the theory they describe as macroevolution. let us give an example to illustrate the error in this reasoning. what would you say if someone proposed to you the following argument? \" a bullet fired into the air from a pistol travels at 400 km ( 250 miles ) an hour. it will therefore shortly leave the earth ' s atmosphere and reach the moon, and in the weeks that follow will eventually arrive at the planet mars. \" if someone made such a claim to you, you would immediately realize that it was a simple deception. the person making the claim is expressing only a very narrow observation ( about the speed of the bullet leaving the pistol ) and is concealing two basic facts, gravity and friction, which restrict the progress of the bullet. all evolutionists ' attempts to derive macroevolution from microevolution employ exactly the same method. the upshot of this micro / macro evolution debate and evolutionists ' \" speciation \" fairytales is this : living things emerged on the earth as \" kinds \" possessing structures that differed from one another. ( the fossil record demonstrates this. ) within these kinds, variants and subspecies may appear thanks to the richness of their genetic pools. for instance, the \" rabbit \" type contains white - haired and grey - haired, and long - eared and short - eared, variants within itself, and these have spread according to the prevailing natural conditions. however, kinds can never turn into each other. there is no natural mechanism that can design new kinds, or that can form new organs, systems, or body plans within a type. each kind was created with its own peculiar structure, and since god has created them all with a rich variation potential, every kind produces a rich, but restricted, range of variation. evolutionists ' confessions about speciation apart from \" amateur \" evolutionists who have only a superficial knowledge of the subject and such dogmatic evolutionists as the members of the national academy of sciences, almost all darwinists are very well aware of the fundamental problem : to account for the origin of living kinds and the diversity of life. as theodosius dobzhansky, one of the architects of neo - darwinism, wrote in the introduction to his genetics and the origin of species, the main problem facing evolution is the variety of life. 5 this is the subject that charles darwin and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5554183791999838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.387404"} {"text": "only act over very long periods of time. for that reason speciation cannot be observed in nature or in the laboratory. \" however, this, too, is nothing but a rationalization with no scientific basis. that is because no sign of speciation has been seen in fruit flies or bacteria, which have very short life spans, thus making it possible for a single scientist to observe thousands of generations. to date, countless experiments and studies on various microorganisms and animal species have destroyed evolutionists ' dreams. one evolutionist, kevin kelly, the editor of wired magazine and chairman of the all species foundation, describes this : no case of speciation has ever been seen in creatures such as fruit flies or bacteria, of which thousands of generations can be observed by scientists due to their short life spans. despite a close watch, we have witnessed no new species emerge in the wild in recorded history. also, most remarkably, we have seen no new animal species emerge in domestic breeding. that includes no new species of fruitflies in hundreds of millions of generations in fruitfly studies, where both soft and harsh pressures have been deliberately applied to the fly populations to induce speciation \u2026 in the wild, in breeding, and in artificial life, we see the emergence of variation. but by the absence of greater change, we also clearly see that the limits of variation appear to be narrowly bounded, and often bounded within species. 9 in order to demonstrate speciation, fruit flies have been bred for the last 70 years or so. these have constantly been exposed to mutations, yet no evolutionary change has been experienced, and no form of speciation encountered. fruit flies have remained fruit flies. 10 in the same way, experiments and studies on the bacterium escherichia coli down the years have revealed no new bacteria, much less multicellular organisms. e. coli have remained e. coli. 11 however, the difficulties facing evolutionists are not restricted to such observations and experiments : the fossil record also definitively rejects the concept of speciation. there is absolutely no sign in the record of the countless intermediate species that should have once lived according to darwinism. it has now been acknowledged that darwin ' s claim that these fossils would be found in the future is definitely incorrect. evolutionists now offer the excuse that \" speciation is so rapid that it cannot be seen in the fossil record \" or, to put it more accurately, they attempt to console themselves with that thought. the approximately 300 - millionyear old paraisobuthus ( scorpion ) fossil is identical to the present", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.552084257381011, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.390023"} {"text": "is so rapid that it cannot be seen in the fossil record \" or, to put it more accurately, they attempt to console themselves with that thought. the approximately 300 - millionyear old paraisobuthus ( scorpion ) fossil is identical to the present - day scorpion. kevin kelly and his book out of control : the new biology of machines, social systems, and the economic world. in brief, subjects such as the origin of species, the emergence of species, and the variety of life cannot be accounted for by natural processes and random effects as maintained by the theory of evolution. moreover, scientific discoveries prove that darwinism is an unscientific and unrealistic theory. a great many scientists today are aware of this. yet, out of a fear of being excluded from the scientific community, very few biologists openly express such views. one of those who do is the well - known professor lynn margulis of the university of massachusetts. margulis states that darwinism ' s claims on this subject are \" completely mistaken. \" margulis ' s views were also cited in kevin kelly ' s book, out of control : the new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world : \" it is totally wrong. it ' s wrong like infectious medicine was wrong before pasteur. it ' s wrong like phrenology is wrong. every major tenet of it is wrong, \" said the outspoken biologist lynn margulis about her latest target : the dogma of darwinian evolution. [ with her theses ], margulis was... denouncing the modern framework of the century - old theory of darwinism, which holds that new species build up from an unbroken line of gradual, independent, random variations. margulis is not alone in challenging the stronghold of darwinian theory, but few have been so blunt. 12 david tilman, of the department of ecology, evolution and behavior at the university of minnesota, summed the matter up most appropriately in an article published in nature on may 11, 2000 : \" the existence of so great a diversity of species on earth remains a mystery. \" 13 the myth of the evolving finches science and creationism says \" a particularly compelling example of speciation involves the 13 species of finches studied by darwin on the galapagos islands, now known as darwin ' s finches. \" ( science and creationism, p. 10 ) the fact is, however, that darwin ' s finches are an instance not of speciation, but of variation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49528643822605584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.391086"} {"text": "the galapagos islands, now known as darwin ' s finches. \" ( science and creationism, p. 10 ) the fact is, however, that darwin ' s finches are an instance not of speciation, but of variation. during his trip on the beagle, darwin studied different finch species on the galapagos islands, later attributing the differences in beak size and feeding habits amongst these birds to evolution. thirteen species live on the galapagos islands themselves and one species on cocos island, some 600 kilometers to the northeast. although these birds are classified into 14 different species, they closely resemble one another, possessing similar body shapes, colors, and habits. in science and creationism, it is suggested that these birds evolved from a single species that came from south america. ever since darwin, evolutionists have been portraying these birds as an example of evolution by means of natural selection and the best - known proof of evolution. this chapter will explain that the different species of finch do not represent evidence of evolution, and show how evolutionists attempt to portray them as such by misinterpreting the facts. 14 different species of finch. darwin wrote in his origin of species that the emergence of new species by means of natural selection is a very slow process, which is why it cannot be observed, but only inferred. this, however, was not acceptable to the developing standards of modern science. in order to maintain their claims that the theory of evolution is actually scientific, neo - darwinists began looking for new \" proofs. \" at this point, the story of the galapagos finches appeared as a savior. these birds thus became the focus of wide - ranging research. a number of evolutionists made statements based on their own observations. in an article in the april 1953 edition of scientific american magazine, the ornithologist david lack claimed that the evolution of the birds on the galapagos had taken place in the recent past, and that this could even be seen as proof of differentiation between species. 14 another evolutionist, peter grant, suggested that the evolution of the galapagos finches was still going on. 15 the names of peter grant and his wife rosemary grant can be found in most articles and writings about the finches in question. in fact, the claims made about the finches in science and creationism are actually based on the grants ' work. these two researchers first went to the galapagos islands in 1973, with the aim of observing the effects of evolution on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5171963228272081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.392132"} {"text": "question. in fact, the claims made about the finches in science and creationism are actually based on the grants ' work. these two researchers first went to the galapagos islands in 1973, with the aim of observing the effects of evolution on the finches, and carried out detailed studies and observations in the following years. they are thus remembered as experts on darwin ' s finches. 16 peter and rosemary grant ' s errors peter grant and his wife, both from the department of ecology and evolutionary biology at princeton university, studied individual members of the medium ground finch species on the galapagos for years, and regularly monitored some 20, 000 finches across several generations. in addition, the grants and their team constantly measured the amount of rainfall on the islands and studied the effects of different climates on birds. at this point we need to make a brief mention of the climatic conditions on the galapagos islands. generally speaking, the islands enjoy a hot and rainy climate from january to may ; on some islands, a cooler and drier climate prevails. total rainfall levels during the warm and rainy season vary widely from year to year. furthermore, atmospheric events known as \" el nino, \" which occur at irregular intervals and various intensities every two to 11 years, alter the climatic balances. during times of el nino, an excessive amount of rain falls on the galapagos, while the years which follow are generally dry and rainless. the amount of rain is of vital importance for the finches, which feed on seeds. in years when rain is plentiful, the finches can easily find the seeds they need to grow and reproduce. in years of drought, however, the number of seeds produced by plants is limited and may not be enough ; as a result some finches die of starvation. left, medium ground finch grant and his colleagues measured the rainfall on daphne major, one of the galapagos, as normal in 1976, but as only one - fifth of that level in 1977. in the period of drought which began in the middle of 1976 and lasted until the rain began again in january 1978, they observed a severe drop in the amount of seeds on the island and noticed that a number of ground finches had disappeared \u2014 to such an extent, in fact, that the ground finch population fell by 15 % over the preceding year. they assumed that most of the vanished birds had died, and that a few had migrated. grant and his team also recorded that those finches which survived after the drought had rather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48650709893713473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.393194"} {"text": ", that the ground finch population fell by 15 % over the preceding year. they assumed that most of the vanished birds had died, and that a few had migrated. grant and his team also recorded that those finches which survived after the drought had rather larger bodies and deeper beaks than normal. the average depth of ground finch beaks on the island \u2014 in other words, the distance between the top and bottom of the beak at the point where the beak joins the body \u2014 was approximately half a millimeter, or 5 %, larger in 1977 compared to 1976. taking this as their starting point, the researchers suggested those finches which fed solely on small seeds were weeded out, while those with beaks capable of breaking and opening larger and harder shells survived. in an article in the journal scientific american published in october 1991, peter grant declared that this research was direct proof of evolution. according to grant, 20 selection events were sufficient to turn the medium ground finch into the large ground finch ; if it is assumed that there is a drought every 10 years, then such a change could happen in as little as 200 years. he maintained that, with the addition of a margin of error, it might take 2, 000 years, but that bearing, in mind the long time the birds had been on the island, even that figure might be too short. a greater period of time was required for natural selection to turn the medium ground finch into the cactus - eating finch. 17 grant renewed his claims in subsequent articles, insisting that finches had verified darwinism and proved that natural selection caused living things to evolve. 18 av\u0131ew of the galapagos islands these statements were regarded as a salvation in evolutionist circles : the theory of evolution by natural selection, which had always failed in experiments and observations, was portrayed as having been proved. grant ' s research was the theme of jonathan weiner ' s pulitzer prize \u2013 winning book the beak of the finch. with this book, peter and rosemary grant were made the icons of darwinism. it is true that professor grant and his team put in a lot of work in the galapagos islands. yet, for some reason their care and attention in the field were not reflected when it came to analyzing their results. they made a serious error by evaluating their discoveries not in the light of science, but in that of their evolutionist preconceptions. let us now consider the evolutionists ' errors on this subject, especially those of professor grant and the national academy of sciences. the error of extrapolating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49371430461553756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.395158"} {"text": "not in the light of science, but in that of their evolutionist preconceptions. let us now consider the evolutionists ' errors on this subject, especially those of professor grant and the national academy of sciences. the error of extrapolating the change in finches ' beaks as we have already made clear, el nino affects the western regions of north and south america once every few years, and there is heavy rainfall in the galapagos islands at such times. this leads to luxurious plant growth and abundant seeds. finches are thus easily able to obtain the seeds they need. their numbers therefore increase during rainy periods. grant and his colleagues witnessed just such a situation in 1982 - 1983. with the rain there was an abundance of seeds, and the beak size in medium ground finches returned to its previous value to before the drought of 1977. this astonished evolutionists, who were expecting regular growth in beak size. the explanation for the change in the average size of the galapagos finches ' beaks is this : in years of drought when seeds are scarce birds with beaks slightly larger than the average are able to use these more powerful beaks to open the remaining hard and large seeds. weak individuals and finches with small beaks die off since they are unable to adapt to the prevailing conditions. in this way, the average beak size goes up. during periods of heavy rain, when small and soft seeds are plentiful, the situation is reversed. under these conditions, those finches with small beaks are able to adapt to the prevailing conditions, and their numbers rise. the average beak size thus returns to normal. peter grant and his student lisle gibbs actually accepted this in an article published in nature magazine in 1987. 19 in short, the findings show that there is no such thing as evolutionary change. average beak size sometimes rises above a fixed value according to the seasons and sometimes falls \u2014 in other words, it fluctuates. as a result, there is no directional change. danny faulkner, a professor of astronomy and physics from the university of south carolina, says that this fluctuation in beak size is no evidence for evolution : and so if you have supposed microevolution one direction and then later it reverts right back to where it started from, that ' s not evolution, it can ' t be. 22 therefore, any increase or reduction in the size of finches ' beaks depending on food resources proves nothing in regard to evolution. evolutionists ' belief that they have found proof", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5162290430695561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.396394"} {"text": "from, that ' s not evolution, it can ' t be. 22 therefore, any increase or reduction in the size of finches ' beaks depending on food resources proves nothing in regard to evolution. evolutionists ' belief that they have found proof of evolution in the oscillation in finch beak sizes is a purely ideological one. grant and his team analyzed thousands of ground finches ( geospiza fortis ) from the 1970s until the 1990s and found no tendency towards either a net increase or reduction in beak size. moreover, no new species or feature appeared, and there was no change in any specific direction. this is what the observations show. the duty of an objective scientist is to report these facts without distorting them or engaging in speculation. it is unacceptable to exaggerate this phenomenon or distort its meaning solely for the sake of producing evidence for evolution. yet, professor grant made a totally contradictory analysis, claiming a phenomenon he did not observe \u2014 namely, that a species of finch could turn into another species in as little as from 200 to 2, 000 years, and thus casting a shadow over his entire study. as the biologist dr. jonathan wells puts it, this is \" exaggerating the evidence. \" 23 wells states that darwinists frequently resort to such methods and cites examples of statements in science and creationism, saying : it is astonishing that an institution such as the national academy of sciences, which claims to be scientifically trustworthy, would perpetrate such a deception in order to provide evidence for evolution in finches and for natural selection in general. in this regard, professor phillip johnson of the university of california at berkeley says the following in an article on the subject in the wall street journal : when our leading scientists have to resort to the sort of distortion that would land a stock promoter in jail, you know they are in trouble. 25 to sum up, this story of the galapagos finches, which is claimed to be one of \" the most impressive examples of evolution by natural selection, \" is in fact a clear case of deception. it is also one of hundreds of examples showing that evolutionists will resort to all kinds of unscientific methods. 10. gordon r. taylor, the great evolution mystery, new york : harper & row, 1983, p. 48 ; michael pitman, adam and evolution, london : river publishing, 1984, p. 70 ; jeremy rifkin, algeny, new york : viking press, 1983, p. 134. 11. pierre -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5213004104943959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.397468"} {"text": "james augustin brown scherer ( aka james a. b. scherer ) was born in salisbury, north carolina on may 22, 1870 to the rev. simeon scherer and harriet isabella brown. after earning his bachelor ' s degree from roanoke college, scherer accepted a position teaching english at the japanese imperial government school in saga, japan. while serving in this post, he met bessie brown, a native of yamaguchi, japan, whom he wed on july 5, 1894. he also began a lifelong interest in the japanese people and culture. scherer returned to the united states with his new wife the following year, and went on to complete both his master ' s and doctoral diplomas at pennsylvania college in 1897. scherer ' s work as an educator and administrator began in earnest when he took his first teaching position as a professor of history at the lutheran seminary at charleston, s. c. after seven years teaching, nearby newberry college offered its vacant presidency to scherer and he accepted. in 1908, scherer came west to head the throop polytechnic institute. throop ' s board of trustees knew of scherer ' s aptitude for organization and fundraising and hired him although had little scientific background or training. scherer reorganized throop into a west coast center of science and an academic powerhouse - renaming it the california institute of technology in the process - the following year. when the united states entered world war i in 1917, scherer volunteered to serve as the chief field agent for the state councils ' section of the council of national defense. in the summer of 1918, scherer abruptly quit his post when secretary of war newton baker ordered him to cease his criticism of william randolph hearst ' s newspapers, which scherer had felt harbored pro - german sentiments. though he remained on as a special representative of the united states shipping board, scherer resigned his primary post on the grounds that baker ' s orders infringed on his rights to free speech. in 1920, scherer retired from caltech and spent six years traveling the nation and writing. during this period, he produced a number of books on the history of california. on his return, he became director of the southwest history museum at los angeles. he continued in this position until 1931, when he made a final voyage to japan. during these five years, scherer wrote six books on the japanese, which garnered him the imperial order of the sacred treasure - an extraordinary honor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4371858660223099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.403554"} {"text": "at los angeles. he continued in this position until 1931, when he made a final voyage to japan. during these five years, scherer wrote six books on the japanese, which garnered him the imperial order of the sacred treasure - an extraordinary honor - from emperor hirohito in 1937. true to his convictions regarding his freedom of speech, however, scherer returned the medal to the japanese government a year later when it suppressed his indictment of japanese imperialism in japan defies the world ( 1938 ). during world war ii, scherer again offered his services to the war effort. after the entrance of the united states into the war in december 1941, the office of war information ( owi ) capitalized scherer ' s fluency in the japanese language and his familiarity with the japanese people, and had the former university president send out bi - weekly short - wave broadcasts across the pacific ocean. once again, scherer found his participation in the war effort cut short, due not to political disagreements, but to ailing health. scherer never lived to see the rapprochement between the united states and japan. he passed away at his home in santa monica of a heart defect in february 1944. scope and content the bulk of the collection centers on scherer ' s work with the council of national defense during the first world war. there are two and half boxes of documents which had been previously collected in two large volumes. the original arrangement ( by date ) has been retained for both collections ( labeled \" bulletins \" and \" general letters \" respectively ) in cataloged form. the \" general letters \" collection is the most extensive ; it comprises the entirety of box 2 and the first half of box 3. in some cases - due to the similarity of their subject material - two or more consecutive listings in the index have been cataloged together in one folder. there are two smaller collections labeled \" noteworthy activities undertaken by state councils \" and \" i. c. a. circulars. \" these two smaller document collections have their own folders in box 3. all four contain an index - those for the two still - bound collections list the bulletins in the reverse order of their appearance. the two large volumes have been cataloged in the order listed in their indexes. the collection also has one box of semi - cataloged manuscripts, correspondence, and ephemera. in addition to directives on the formation of community - level patriotic organizations and meetings, americanization programs, and fuel and food conservation for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4855744003398355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.404574"} {"text": "join for just $ 16 a year - discounts on travel and everyday savings - subscription to aarp the magazine - free membership for your spouse or partner true clubfoot is characterized by abnormal bone formation in the foot. there are four variations of clubfoot, including talipes varus, talipes valgus, talipes equines, and talipes calcaneus. in talipes varus, the most common form of clubfoot, the foot generally turns inward so that the leg and foot look somewhat like the letter j. in talipes valgus, the foot rotates outward like the letter l. in talipes equinus, the foot points downward, similar to that of a toe dancer. in talipes calcaneus, the foot points upward, with the heel pointing down. clubfoot can affect one foot or both. sometimes an infant ' s feet appear abnormal at birth because of the intrauterine position of the fetus birth. if there is no anatomic abnormality of the bone, this is not true clubfoot, and the problem can usually be corrected by applying special braces or casts to straighten the foot. experts do not agree on the precise cause of clubfoot. the exact genetic mechanism of inheritance has been extensively investigated using family studies and other epidemiological methods. as of 1999, no definitive conclusions had been reached, although a mendelian pattern of inheritance is suspected. this may be due to the interaction of several different inheritance patterns, different patterns of development appearing as the same condition, or a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. the msx1 gene has been associated with clubfoot in animal studies. but, as of 2001, these findings have not been replicated in humans. a family history of clubfoot has been reported in 24. 4 % of families in a single study. these findings suggest the potential role of one or more genes being responsible for clubfoot. several environmental causes have been proposed for clubfoot. obstetricians feel that intrauterine crowding causes clubfoot. this theory is supported by a significantly higher incidence of clubfoot among twins compared to singleton births. intrauterine exposure to the drug, misoprostol, has been linked with clubfoot. misoprostol is commonly used when trying, usually unsuccessfully, to induce abortion in brazil and in other countries in south and central america. researchers in norway have reported that males who are in the printing trades have significantly more offspring with clubfoot than men in other occupations. for unknown reasons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4730070951469878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.408011"} {"text": "when trying, usually unsuccessfully, to induce abortion in brazil and in other countries in south and central america. researchers in norway have reported that males who are in the printing trades have significantly more offspring with clubfoot than men in other occupations. for unknown reasons, amniocentesis, a prenatal test, has also been associated with clubfoot. the infants of mothers who smoke during pregnancy have a greater chance of being born with clubfoot than are offspring of women who do not smoke. author info : l. fleming fallon jr., md, drph, the gale group inc., gale, detroit, gale encyclopedia of genetic disorders part i, 2002this feature is for informational purposes only and should not be used to replace the care and information received from your healthcare provider. please consult a healthcare professional with any health concerns you may have. enter your symptoms in our symptom checker to find out possible causes of your symptoms. go. enter any list of prescription drugs and see how they interact with each other and with other substances. go. enter its color and shape information, and this tool helps you identify it. go. find information on drug interactions, side effects, and more. go. member access to health and insurance products and services at aarphealthcare. com. members can get an instant quote with aarp\u00ae dental insurance administered by delta dental insurance company. members can save on eyewear with aarp\u00ae vision discounts provided by eyemed. caregiving can be a lonely journey, but aarp offers resources that can help.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4160058033477011, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.408719"} {"text": "on a moonless texas night in 1895, an ambitious young landowner suffers the loss of \u201c the only woman he \u2019 s ever been fond of \u201d when his wife dies during childbirth with the couple \u2019 s fourth boy, karel. from an early age karel proves so talented on horseback that his father enlists him to ride in acreage - staked horseraces against his neighbors. but karel is forever haunted by thoughts of the mother he never knew, by the bloodshot blame in his father \u2019 s eyes, and permanently marked by the yoke he and his brothers are forced to wear to plow the family fields. confident only in the saddle, karel is certain that the horse \u201c wants the whip the same way he wants his pop \u2019 s strap... the closest he ever gets to his father \u2019 s touch. \u201d in the winter of 1910, karel rides in the ultimate high - stakes race against a powerful spanish patriarch and his alluring daughters. hanging in the balance are his father \u2019 s fortune, his brother \u2019 s futures, and his own fate. fourteen years later, with the stake of the race still driven hard between him and his brothers, karel is finally forced to dress the wounds of his past and to salvage the tattered fabric of his family. 1. the book opens with karel \u2019 s birth, which is also the occasion of his mother \u2019 s death. how does this change the family dynamic? how does it introduce the themes of guilt and shame and how do you see these themes continue throughout the book? 2. in the book \u2019 s opening pages, we see sr. villasenor establish himself at the local bank. when he is condescended to by the banker, how does he get his revenge? how are villasenor and skala different sorts of men? how are they the same? 3. discuss karel \u2019 s relationship with his father. vaclav never holds his infant son ; later, the narrator says, \u201c karel wanted his pop \u2019 s strap, the stinging and unambiguous urgency of its attention, and, for karel, the closest he got to his father \u2019 s touch \u201d ( p. 20 ). where else do you see the correlation of violence with affection? how else does this correlation play out in karel \u2019 s life? 4. on pages 30 \u2013 31, karel recounts a nightmare in which his father is kicked by a horse, then a horseshoe is nailed to his hand. what does this image of crucifixion signify in the story? vacl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47037980525786544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.412772"} {"text": "? 4. on pages 30 \u2013 31, karel recounts a nightmare in which his father is kicked by a horse, then a horseshoe is nailed to his hand. what does this image of crucifixion signify in the story? vaclav is far from christ - like, but what sacrifice happens in the book? what redemption? 5. karel is haunted by the absence of his mother. how does he seek maternal love? how does he confuse maternal love with something else? 6. on page 43, karel kicks a pregnant cow. why does he do this? how do we know this act is premeditated? what sorts of connections might karel have between violence and money, or value? where would those have come from? 7. the structure of the book is not strictly chronological. why do you think the author chose to structure the book this way? how do the characters unfold through this broken narrative? what is gained by seeing karel and the other characters at different points in their lives? 8. does karel feel bonded with the knedlik boys because of the way their fathers died? was that a reliable trust? when you finally read the scene of vaclav \u2019 s death, is it what you expected? does this change how you feel about karel? 9. discuss the pivotal horserace between karel and graciela. what made this race different than any other race? how is this race different than the one karel ran against the dalton boy earlier in the book? what are we to understand about karel \u2019 s sportsmanship? 10. after the race, during the fight that ensues between the skala men, what does the author mean when he says the fight was \u201c flawless in its wickedness \u201d? why does it feel like this fight was fated? what was gained, and what lost, in the fight? 11. there are a few short passages in the book told from the point of view of father carew. why do you think the author chose to switch the narration for these few moments? what do we gain from his perspective? 12. raymond knedlik says to karel, \u201c \u2018 you ain \u2019 t got any brothers, skala, unless you \u2019 re talking about me and joe here. them others won \u2019 t claim you. \u2019 \u201d ( page 293 ). what does karel think of this claim? what does being a brother mean to karel? what do you think makes men into brothers? 13. the title of the book is \u201c the wake of forgiveness. \u201d who is forgiven?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47964694609030156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.413703"} {"text": "the presentation for nouns is simple but very effective you will need - picture of a black triangle ( or a black pyramid if you have one ), paper and black pen. say to the child - can you bring a, quickly go into the hallway and get a, hurry! the child will look confused as you haven ' t specified anything to bring - wait until they ask you what you want them to bring or say i don ' t know what you want. reply ' you don ' t know what to bring me as i haven ' t given you a name ' ask the child their name - ' you all have names, if we look around there are millions of things with names ' ' i am going to write a name ' - write pen and ask the child to get a pen. continue 2 or 3 times naming various objects ' how did you know to bring me a pen / book / teddy etc? ' their response will be along the lines of - because you told us. ' yes, because all these objects have a special name. we call these names nouns. ' noun comes from the latin nomen which means name. the name of something is a noun ( person, place or thing ) introduce the black pyramid / triangle - this black pyramid represents names, because just like names the pyramids are ancient. nouns are probably the oldest part of speech. we followed up with various worksheet games to reinforce the concept. ( i. e. circle the noun in these sentences )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5465886568823128, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.415037"} {"text": "nothing can justify violence towards children in most of europe today, society tolerates and even approves recurrent forms of violence against children, in particular those inflicted in the home. no religion, economic situation or \" educational \" method can justify hitting, smacking, spanking, abusing, humiliating, or any other practice that violates a child ' s dignity. it is internationally recognised in human rights law that children have a right to protection from all forms of violence, including corporal punishment in all settings \u2013 home, school, penal systems, care institutions, wherever children are found. one third of our member states have made corporal punishment illegal and others are committed to legal reform. but despite these positive developments, corporal punishment remains lawful in most countries. lawfulness of corporal punishment is also contrary to the right of children to equal protection under the law. abolishing it calls for changes in legislation and new policies to ensure implementation and guidance for those working with children and families. it also requires awareness raising to inform the public about children ' s human rights. web content display ' ' raise your hand against smacking! ' ' - launch of 2008 awareness - raising action at the launch of the europe - wide initiative against corporal punishment of children in zagreb, ( croatia ), on 15 june, deputy secretary general maud de boer - buquicchio said there was ' ' no footnote ' ' in the european convention granting human rights to adults only. ' ' abolishing corporal punishment is a matter of vision and political leadership, ' ' she added. jadranka kosor, croatia \u2019 s deputy prime minister and minister of family, veterans \u2019 affairs and intergenerational solidarity said : ' ' it is important to move from smacking to positive parenting, nurturing and love. ' ' ( more... )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41667304771803304, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.417952"} {"text": "october 4, 2005 : intricate wisps of glowing gas float amid a myriad of stars in this image of the supernova remnant, n132d. the ejected material shows that roughly 3, 000 years have passed since the supernova blast. as this titanic explosion took place in the large magellanic cloud, a nearby neighbor galaxy some 160, 000 light - years away, the light from the supernova remnant is dated as being 163, 000 years old from clocks on earth. this composite image of n132d comprises visible - light data taken in january 2004 with hubble ' s advanced camera for surveys, and x - ray images obtained in july 2000 by chandra ' s advanced ccd imaging spectrometer. the complex structure of n132d is due to the expanding supersonic shock wave from the explosion impacting the interstellar gas of the lmc. a supernova remnant like n132d provides information on stellar evolution and the creation of chemical elements such as oxygen through nuclear reactions in their cores. when viewing objects in space, one must realize that the speed of light is a finite quantity, and that many objects that we are observing with high - powered telescopes, like hubble, are extremely far away. if we refer to the speed of light as an unchanging value, and state that nothing can go faster than this speed, we can then use the term \" light - second, \" \" light - minute, \" \" light - hour \", and so on up to \" light - year \" as finite quantities of distance that are equal to the distance that light travels in that amount of time. based on the speed of light and the distance from earth to the sun, we can say that the sun is 8 light - minutes away from the earth and vice - versa. if the sun showed a flare, it would be visible on earth 8 minutes later. if an object is seen in the large magellanic cloud ( lmc ), it takes 160, 000 years for the light from the lmc to reach us. if some event occurs in the lmc, like a supernova, astronomers on earth viewing the supernova going off today know that the supernova actually exploded 160, 000 years ago. if our telescopes show that 3, 000 years have passed since the time of the supernova, based on the presence of ejection material in the remnant, the actual clock - time of when that event occurred based on our earth calendars was 3, 000 + 160, 000 years ago, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.561627096742644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.420490"} {"text": "( submitted august 15, 1998 ) i ' m a middle school geography teacher with no formal expertise in, but a lifelong fascination with, astronomy and space in general. i seem to remember from a long ago college astronomy course a discussion of oblers ' paradox that explains why we don ' t have perpetual daylight despite the billions of bright stars that presumably send their light to all parts of the earth. in trying to explain this concept to my eight - year old daughter, i get tongue - tied by all the technical jargon involved. can you help me put my explanation in layman ' s in an infinite universe, which has existed forever, we shouldn ' t have night. imagine a universe divided into shells, with stars of a single brightness distributed evenly - - - if you look at a shell twice as far, each star is only a quarter as bright, but there are four times as many stars, so each shell is equally bright. if you have an infinite number of shells, you end up with infinite brightness! the big bang cosmology solves this, mainly by the implied age of the universe. we only see light emitted within the last 12 billion years ( or whatever the age of the universe might be ). this is a long time, but certainly not infinite, and not enough to make the night sky bright. koji mukai & maggie masetti for ask an astrophysicist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5756432416756441, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.422836"} {"text": "the cherokee indians were one of the largest of five native american tribes who settled in the american southeast portion of the country. the tribe came from iroquoian descent. they had originally been from the great lakes region of the country, but eventually settled closer to the east coast. despite popular folklore, the cherokee actually lived in cabins made of logs instead of the stereotypical tee pee. they were a strong tribe with several smaller sections, all lead by chiefs. the tribe was highly religious and spiritual. when the american revolution took place, the cherokee indians supported the british soldiers, and even assisted them in battle by taking part in several attacks. the creek and choctaw tribes also assisted in the battles on the british side. eventually around the 1800s, the cherokee indians began to adopt the culture that the white man brought to them. they began to dress more european, and even adopted many of their farming and building methods. in 1828, gold was discovered on the cherokee \u2019 s land. this prompted the overtaking of their homes, and they were forced out. they had been settled in georgia for many years, but were now being made to leave and find a new place to settle. this is the origin for the historically popular trail of tears, where men, women, and children had to pack up their belongings and find new homes, marching a span of thousands of miles. when all was said and done, about 4, 000 cherokee lost their lives on the journey. today, the cherokee indians have a strong sense of pride in their heritage. the cherokee rose is now the state flower of georgia. today, the largest population of cherokee indians live in the state of oklahoma, where there are three federally recognized cherokee communities with thousands of residents. related article links disclaimer : the american indian heritage foundation or indians. org do not personally endorse or support any of the comments made within the writings of this article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44242462433591057, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.426032"} {"text": "a sound monetary and banking system is the foundation of economic growth and industrial progress. our central bank, the federal reserve, claims, by mandate, to maintain \u201c stable prices \u201d and \u201c full employment. \u201d yet its record is one of chronic monetary instability. because money is the essential link between all the diverse, coordinated sectors of our economy, this instability is the root of the painful boom - bust cycles that have repeatedly undercut economic growth over the last century. fortunately, the idea that the fed should be radically reformed or abolished is starting to gain currency among republican politicians. but that raises the question : what is the alternative? \u201c the gold standard \u201d is not a sufficient answer. which gold standard? one administered by a central bank like we had from 1913 to 1933? one hindered by onerous and distortionary banking regulations at the federal and state levels like we had before that? the ultimate question, in fact, is not so much about what ought to be the monetary standard \u2014 the reserve asset, if any, used to back the currency. the ultimate question is who should decide which asset should be used to back whose currency. the real alternative is between central banking on the one hand and a fully free system of money and banking, on the other. in a free system, banks are free to issue their own currency, backed by whichever reserve asset they choose, in order to compete for depositors who are free to deal with whichever bank they choose. perhaps the best way to learn about this alternative is to look at the actual history of banking systems around the world. it \u2019 s valuable to see the difference among, for example, the regulated banking system of the u. s. before 1913, the fully centralized system after 1913, and the relatively free banking system enjoyed in canada before 1935. there is no better expositor of this history, and the theory behind it, than george selgin, economics professor at the university of georgia, whose own work in the late 1980 \u2032 s was critical to the reemergence of free banking ideas. here he is enlightening a room full of congressional staffers on the subject :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.507407879610311, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.429470"} {"text": "jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. it is produced from plants in the genus corchorus, which has been classified in the family tiliaceae, or more recently in malvaceae. jute is one of the most affordable natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses of vegetable fibers. jute fibres are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose ( major component of plant fibre ) and lignin ( major components of wood fibre ). it is thus a ligno - cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood. it falls into the bast fibre category ( fibre collected from bast or skin of the plant ) along with kenaf, industrial hemp, flax ( linen ), ramie, etc. the industrial term for jute fibre is raw jute. the fibres are off - white to brown, and 1 \u2013 4 metres ( 3 \u2013 12 feet ) long. jute fibre is often called hessian ; jute fabrics are also called hessian cloth and jute sacks are called gunny bags in some european countries. the fabric made from jute is popularly known as burlap in north america. jute needs a plain alluvial soil and standing water. the suitable climate for growing jute ( warm and wet climate ) is offered by the monsoon climate during the monsoon season. temperatures from 20? c to 40? c and relative humidity of 70 % \u2013 80 % are favourable for successful cultivation. jute requires 5 \u2013 8 cm of rainfall weekly and more during the sowing period. white jute ( corchorus capsularis ) several historical documents ( including, ain - e - akbari by abul fazal in 1590 ) state that the poor villagers of india used to wear clothes made of jute. simple hand looms and hand spinning wheels were used by the weavers, who use to spin cotton yarns as well. history also states that indians, especially bengalis, used ropes and twines made of white jute from ancient times for household and other uses. tossa jute ( corchorus olitorius ) tossa jute ( corchorus olitorius ) is an afro - arabian variety. it is quite popular for its leaves that are used as an ingredient in a mucilaginous potherb called molokhiya, popular in certain arab countries. the book of job in the hebrew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.505236322778341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.443444"} {"text": ") is an afro - arabian variety. it is quite popular for its leaves that are used as an ingredient in a mucilaginous potherb called molokhiya, popular in certain arab countries. the book of job in the hebrew bible mentions this vegetable potherb as jew \u2019 s mallow. tossa jute fibre is softer, silkier, and stronger than white jute. this variety astonishingly showed good sustainability in the climate of the ganges delta. along with white jute, tossa jute has also been cultivated in the soil of bengal where it is known as paat from the start of the 19th century. currently, the bengal region ( west bengal, india, and bangladesh ) is the largest global producer of the tossa jute variety. for centuries, jute has been an integral part of culture of bengal, in the entire southwest of bangladesh and some portions of west bengal. during the british raj in the 19th and early 20th centuries, much of the raw jute fibre of bengal was carried off to the united kingdom, where it was then processed in mills concentrated in dundee. initially, due to its texture, it could only be processed by hand until it was discovered in that city that treating it with whale oil, it could be treated by machine the industry boomed ( \u201c jute weaver \u201d was a recognised trade occupation in the 1901 uk census ), but this trade had largely ceased by about 1970 due to the appearance of synthetic fibres. margaret donnelly, a jute mill landowner in dundee in the 1800s, set up the first jute mills in bengal. in the 1950s and 1960s, when nylon and polythene were rarely used, one of the primary sources of foreign exchange earnings for the erstwhile united pakistan was the export of jute products, based on jute grown in then east bengal now bangladesh. jute has been called the \u201c golden fibre of bangladesh. \u201d however, as the use of polythene and other synthetic materials as a substitute for jute increasingly captured the market, the jute industry in general experienced a decline. during some years in the 1980s, farmers in bangladesh burnt their jute crops when an adequate price could not be obtained. many jute exporters diversified away from jute to other commodities. jute - related organisations and government bodies were also forced to close, change or downsize. the long decline in demand forced the largest jute mill in the world ( adamjee jute mills ) to close in bangladesh. bangladesh \u2019 s second largest mill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4524816571290806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.444529"} {"text": "not only for cultivation, but also for various uses. jute is used chiefly to make cloth for wrapping bales of raw cotton, and to make sacks and coarse cloth. the fibres are also woven into curtains, chair coverings, carpets, area rugs, hessian cloth, and backing for linoleum. while jute is being replaced by synthetic materials in many of these uses, some uses take advantage of jute \u2019 s biodegradable nature, where synthetics would be unsuitable. examples of such uses include containers for planting young trees, which can be planted directly with the container without disturbing the roots, and land restoration where jute cloth prevents erosion occurring while natural vegetation becomes established. the fibres are used alone or blended with other types of fibres to make twine and rope. jute rope has long been popular in japan for use in bondage. jute butts, the coarse ends of the plants, are used to make inexpensive cloth. conversely, very fine threads of jute can be separated out and made into imitation silk. as jute fibres are also being used to make pulp and paper, and with increasing concern over forest destruction for the wood pulp used to make most paper, the importance of jute for this purpose may increase. jute has a long history of use in the sackings, carpets, wrapping fabrics ( cotton bale ), and construction fabric manufacturing industry. traditionally jute was used in traditional textile machineries as textile fibres having cellulose ( vegetable fibre content ) and lignin ( wood fibre content ). but, the major breakthrough came when the automobile, pulp and paper, and the furniture and bedding industries started to use jute and its allied fibres with their non - woven and composite technology to manufacture nonwovens, technical textiles, and composites. therefore, jute has changed its textile fibre outlook and steadily heading towards its newer identity, i. e., wood fibre. as a textile fibre, jute has reached its peak from where there is no hope of progress, but as a wood fibre jute has many promising features. jute can be used to create a number of fabrics such as hessian cloth, sacking, scrim, carpet backing cloth ( cbc ), and canvas. hessian, lighter than sacking, is used for bags, wrappers, wall - coverings, upholstery, and home furnishings. sacking, a fabric made of heavy jute fibres, has its use in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4630121671524332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.446597"} {"text": "canvas. hessian, lighter than sacking, is used for bags, wrappers, wall - coverings, upholstery, and home furnishings. sacking, a fabric made of heavy jute fibres, has its use in the name. cbc made of jute comes in two types. primary cbc provides a tufting surface, while secondary cbc is bonded onto the primary backing for an overlay. jute packaging is used as an eco - friendly substitute. diversified jute products are becoming more and more valuable to the consumer today. among these are espadrilles, floor coverings, home textiles, high performance technical textiles, geo textiles, composites, and more. jute floor coverings they consist of woven and tufted and piled carpets. jute mats and matting with 5 / 6 mts width and of continuous length are easily being woven in southern parts of india, in solid and fancy shades, and in different weaves like, boucle, panama, herringbone, etc. jute mats & rugs are made both through powerloom & handloom, in large volume from kerala, india. the traditional satranji mat is becoming very popular in home decor. jute non - woven and composites can be used for underlay, linoleum substrate, and more. jute has many advantages as a home textile, either replacing cotton or blending with it. it is a strong, durable, color and light - fast fibre. its uv protection, sound and heat insulation, low thermal conduction and anti - static properties make it a wise choice in home decor. also, fabrics made of jute fibres are carbon - dioxide neutral and naturally decomposable. these properties are also why jute can be used in high performance technical textiles. moreover, jute can be grown in 4 \u2013 6 months with a huge amount of cellulose being produced from the jute hurd ( inner woody core or parenchyma of the jute stem ) that can meet most of the wood needs of the world. jute is the major crop among others that is able to protect deforestation by industrialisation. thus, jute is the most environment - friendly fibre starting from the seed to expired fibre, as the expired fibres can be recycled more than once. jute is also used to make ghillie suits, which are used as camouflage and resemble grasses or brush. another diversified jute product is geo textiles, which made this agricultural commodity more popular in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4619725724221258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.447771"} {"text": "fibres can be recycled more than once. jute is also used to make ghillie suits, which are used as camouflage and resemble grasses or brush. another diversified jute product is geo textiles, which made this agricultural commodity more popular in the agricultural sector. it is a lightly woven fabric made from natural fibres that is used for soil erosion control, seed protection, weed control, and many other agricultural and landscaping uses. the geo textiles can be used more than a year and the bio - degradable jute geo textile left to rot on the ground keeps the ground cool and is able to make the land more fertile. methods such as this could be used to transfer the fertility of the ganges delta to the deserts of sahara or australia. jute has gained an advantage as being an eco - friendly option instead of poly and paper bags as polybag are made from petroleum and are non - biodegradable and manufacturing paperbags requires large quantities of wood. jute has none of these problems and are therefore being used widely for these purposes but higher cost is a setback for it. it is also used for making fashion & promotional bags. jute leaves are consumed in various parts of the world. it is a popular vegetable in west africa. the yoruba of nigeria call it \u201c ewedu \u201d. the hausa people of nigeria and their fulbe neighbours call it \u201c rama. \u201d they use it to produce soup ( \u201c taushe \u201d ) or boil the leaves and mix it with \u201c kuli - kuli \u201d or groundnut cake and consume the mixture which they call \u201c kwado \u201d in hausa. the hausa peasant farmers cultivate it beside their corn - stalk constructed homesteads or among their main crops in their farms. there are commercial jute farmers in northern and south western nigeria. they ( jute commercial farmers ) have a strong national association registered by the authorities. in northern sudan it \u2019 s called \u201c khudra \u201d meaning green in sudanese arabic. the hausa and fulbe peoples also use jute leaves to treat some diseases. and the songhay of mali call it \u201c fakohoy \u201d whereas tunisians call it mulukhiyah. it is made into a common mucilaginous ( somewhat \u201c slimy \u201d ) soup or sauce in some west african cooking traditions, as well as in egypt, where it is called mulukhiyya, cypriots call it molocha \u2013 and that refers to food \u2013 in terms of fibre this would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4735735291046878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.449094"} {"text": "slimy \u201d ) soup or sauce in some west african cooking traditions, as well as in egypt, where it is called mulukhiyya, cypriots call it molocha \u2013 and that refers to food \u2013 in terms of fibre this would be unknown \u2013 and it is sometimes eaten as boiled vegetable with lemon and olive oil. it is also a popular dish in the northern provinces of the philippines, where it is known as saluyot. jute leaves are also consumed among the luyhia people of western kenya, where it is commonly known as \u2018 mrenda \u2019 or \u2018 murere \u2019. it is eaten with \u2018 ugali \u2019, which is also a staple for most communities in kenya. the leaves are rich in betacarotene, iron, calcium, and vitamin c. the plant has an antioxidant activity with a significant? - tocopherol equivalent vitamin e. diversified byproducts from jute can be used in cosmetics, medicine, paints, and other products. - jute fibre is 100 % bio - degradable and recyclable and thus environmentally friendly. - it is a natural fibre with golden and silky shine and hence called the golden fibre. - it is the cheapest vegetable fibre procured from the bast or skin of the plant \u2019 s stem. - it is the second most important vegetable fibre after cotton, in terms of usage, global consumption, production, and availability. - it has high tensile strength, low extensibility, and ensures better breathability of fabrics. therefore, jute is very suitable in agricultural commodity bulk packaging. - it helps to make best quality industrial yarn, fabric, net, and sacks. it is one of the most versatile natural fibres that has been used in raw materials for packaging, textiles, non - textile, construction, and agricultural sectors. bulking of yarn results in a reduced breaking tenacity and an increased breaking extensibility when blended as a ternary blend. - the best source of jute in the world is the bengal delta plain in the ganges delta, most of which is occupied by bangladesh. - advantages of jute include good insulating and antistatic properties, as well as having low thermal conductivity and a moderate moisture regain. other advantages of jute include acoustic insulating properties and manufacture with no skin irritations. - jute has the ability to be blended with other fibres, both synthetic and natural, and accepts cellulosic dye classes such as natural, basic,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47169385055505864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.450297"} {"text": "other advantages of jute include acoustic insulating properties and manufacture with no skin irritations. - jute has the ability to be blended with other fibres, both synthetic and natural, and accepts cellulosic dye classes such as natural, basic, vat, sulfur, reactive, and pigment dyes. as the demand for natural comfort fibres increases, the demand for jute and other natural fibres that can be blended with cotton will increase. to meet this demand, some manufactures in the natural fibre industry plan to modernize processing with the rieter \u2019 s elitex system. the resulting jute / cotton yarns will produce fabrics with a reduced cost of wet processing treatments. jute can also be blended with wool. by treating jute with caustic soda, crimp, softness, pliability, and appearance is improved, aiding in its ability to be spun with wool. liquid ammonia has a similar effect on jute, as well as the added characteristic of improving flame resistance when treated with flameproofing agents. - some noted disadvantages include poor drapability and crease resistance, brittleness, fibre shedding, and yellowing in sunlight. however, preparation of fabrics with castor oil lubricants result in less yellowing and less fabric weight loss, as well as increased dyeing brilliance. jute has a decreased strength when wet, and also becomes subject to microbial attack in humid climates. jute can be processed with an enzyme in order to reduce some of its brittleness and stiffness. once treated with an enzyme, jute shows an affinity to readily accept natural dyes, which can be made from marigold flower extract. in one attempt to dye jute fabric with this extract, bleached fabric was mordanted with ferrous sulphate, increasing the fabric \u2019 s dye uptake value. jute also responds well to reactive dyeing. this process is used for bright and fast coloured value - added diversified products made from jute. 1. bbc. co. uk ( http : / / www. bbc. co. uk / iplayer / episode / b00n5pvr / brian _ coxs _ jute _ journey / ) 2. a b jute. ( ijsg ) ( http : / / web. archive. org / web / 20080526151933 / http : / / www. jute. org / home2. htm ). retrieved 13 june 2007. 3. the golden fibre trade centre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42079058539982006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.451185"} {"text": "on may 22, a falcon 9 rocket carrying a dragon space capsule lifted off the pad at cape canaveral air force station. the mission itself was unremarkable : carry cargo to the international space station. but it was historic. on that day, spacex became the first private company to take on a mission to supply the iss, ushering in a new era of space flight. more flights are planned by spacex and a host of other companies that hope to tap into what may be a lucrative new growth industry. the space race is on again, but this time involves private companies and regions that hope to get a piece of the action. the field is packed. ap science writer seth borenstein pointed out that there are more companies looking to make bucks in orbit than there are major u. s. airlines still flying. the federal aviation administration has licensed eight spaceports, and alabama in early 2012 said it might try to establish one, perhaps on the gulf coast. that alabama is interested is no surprise. the state for years has been a player in the space industry, thanks to huntsville, home of nasa \u2019 s marshall space flight center and the army \u2019 s missile programs. once the purview of nation states, space is a bold new playing field for private companies. the aerospace industries association estimates space to be a $ 45. 14 billion piece of the $ 217. 65 billion aerospace industry in 2012. fortunately for the gulf coast, it \u2019 s already a player in the wide - open field and part of the exclusive club of areas with technology - focused nasa centers. it has two nasa operations, mississippi \u2019 s stennis space center and new orleans \u2019 michoud assembly facility. in addition, the gulf coast is home to an air force center at eglin air force base that for 40 years has operated a powerful space surveillance system which tracks more than 16, 000 near and deep space objects. but the big question is, how much of the commercial sector can the region attract? both stennis and michoud are offering thousands of acres to private companies. and with space flight costs so high, that could provide a savings hard to pass up. ssc is the most capable of the nasa sites where rocket engines are tested, the last place in the country where nasa can test full - scale engines or whole rocket stages 24 / 7. it will test engines for nasa \u2019 s space launch system. forty miles away, michoud has 43 acres under one roof that includes world - class advanced manufacturing equipment. it \u2019 s building", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4698829603583572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.459647"} {"text": "full - scale engines or whole rocket stages 24 / 7. it will test engines for nasa \u2019 s space launch system. forty miles away, michoud has 43 acres under one roof that includes world - class advanced manufacturing equipment. it \u2019 s building some of the sls, including the orion crew vehicle. but both locations have room to do even more. nasa and dixie it was the underdeveloped south that was the big winner in the space race. spurred on by president kennedy \u2019 s challenge to get a man on the moon before the end of the decade, nasa launched an ambitious program to establish the manufacturing, test and launch facilities needed to beat the soviets. the south became the home to key nasa facilities in part because of the availability of large tracts of land and interconnected waterways needed to transport large space vehicles. longer periods of fair weather flying, the same things that attracted the military, also played a role. in addition, powerful, senior southern politicians embraced the space program and recognized the economic benefit it would bring. the huntsville operation was joined by houston, cape canaveral, bay st. louis, miss., and new orleans, and the term \u201c space crescent \u201d was used to describe the arc of centers in the south. \u201c way station to space \u201d by mack r. herring pointed out a cover story in the july 20, 1964 issue of u. s. news & world report that described the space program as a new industry in the south worth \u201c billions. \u201d the article said money for facilities was being spent at the rate of \u201c one million dollars every two hours. \u201d that the south benefited when nasa dominated the space program is clear. what is less clear is how well it will do in an age when private players may eventually dominate space. some areas are already taking steps to ensure they get a piece of the growing field. it was big news in florida late last year when a nasa facility at kennedy space center, that faced an uncertain future with the end of the space shuttle program, got a new lease on life when boeing decided to use it to build the company \u2019 s cst - 100 spacecraft. space florida, an aerospace economic development agency, took over the space shuttle main engine processing facility and processing control center and is leasing it to boeing for 15 years to build its crew space transportation spacecraft there, and move the program \u2019 s headquarters there as well. a november story in time magazine likened the lease to an aristocrat selling off parts of the family estate. but with aerospace workers idled, florida officials saw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4857998386169763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.460959"} {"text": "its crew space transportation spacecraft there, and move the program \u2019 s headquarters there as well. a november story in time magazine likened the lease to an aristocrat selling off parts of the family estate. but with aerospace workers idled, florida officials saw the buildings as a chance to attract the commercial space flight industry. the commercial industry \u2019 s growth appears inevitable, and it \u2019 s not just the number of spaceports that tell the tale. the federal aviation administration said 21 percent of orbital launch attempts in 2011 were commercial, earning revenue of $ 1. 9 billion. in addition, more than two dozen teams are competing for google \u2019 s $ 30 million prize to be the first privately funded team to land a robot on the moon. the list of companies now pushing into space is impressive. it includes spacex, bigelow aerospace, virgin galactic, orbital sciences corp., alliant techsystems, boeing co., sierra nevada corp., and blue origin. the commercial interest is understandable. companies have been part of the space program from the start. one reason having a nasa center was seen as an economic boon was the space program \u2019 s ties to the aerospace industry. nasa needed companies to develop systems, whether it was a grumman - built lunar module or saturn v rocket with stages built by boeing, north american aviation and douglas aircraft. in many cases they established operations close to nasa centers to be near the customer and facilities it had established. but in the new age, nasa might wind up being simply one customer, and perhaps not even the largest. space flight companies are cropping up in multiple places nationwide, including washington and colorado. still, the south continues to have some of the most unique capabilities available in the world, and it \u2019 s those capabilities that can be a lure for the new breed. the industry, whether a huge aerospace company that \u2019 s worked in the field for years or one of the startups backed by the deep pockets of billionaires, still needs the same things nasa has built up over 60 years. for some companies it makes sense to tap into what \u2019 s already there. patrick scheuermann, director of stennis space center, said there are a lot of companies with great ideas that are in the laboratory or subscale version. success with those smaller versions will force them to make an investment in their own back yard or search for a location to test the larger scale. \u201c rather than them duplicating infrastructure somewhere or putting their capital dollars somewhere, they \u2019 re basically using resources that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43767738450392113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.464059"} {"text": "a number of videos about the parthenon and pericles \u2019 building program are available on - line : this video, by the hellenic ministry of culture, presents a wonderful visual history of the parthenon in only a few minutes. at the end, a narrator reads an excerpt from byron \u2019 s \u201c curse of minerva \u201d in condemnation of lord elgin \u2019 s removal of sculpture to the british museum. for more information on the \u201c elgin marble \u201d controversy, you can read mary beard \u2019 s excellent discussion here. this short 5 - minute video on the parthenon from pbs \u2019 \u201c the greeks : crucible of civilization \u201d, narrated by liam neelson. it includes some good visuals, especially of the interior and the frieze. this short documentary includes discussion of the form and construction of the parthenon : finally, the entire nova episode, secrets of the parthenon, is now available on hulu. com. it includes fascinating discussion about the current efforts to preserve the monument. you may also be interested in these 3d models of the acropolis for google earth : - 3d model of acropolis as it looks today : view in google earth - 3d model of athens in 150 ce, including the acropolis, walls, houses near the acropolis, the dipylon and sacred gates, and more : view in google earth. please note that this model includes structures that were built after the classical period ( notably, the odeon of herodes and stoas on the south slope of the acropolis, and the temple of olympian zeus, which was begun by peisistratos, but only completed 750 years later during the reign of the roman emperor hadrian ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46205316494849935, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.465720"} {"text": "every time you turn around, another person is deciding to give up caffeine. while some people have a real allergy to the stuff, most of the people are doing it because of peer pressure. there are reports everywhere about how bad caffeine is for people. \u201c time to stop caffeine \u201d is what newly expectant women listen to, usually immediately after they \u2019 ve announced their pregnancy. whenever an individual decides to \u201c get healthy \u201d one of many first pieces of advice they get is to give up caffeine. giving up caffeine may be the first sign that someone is trying to get healthier. the simple fact is that there are numerous benefits connected to caffeine too. it \u2019 s true! keep reading to educate yourself about a few of the great things about ingesting caffeine. harvard university not long ago unveiled a study that showed adult men who consumed four or more cups of coffee a day were at a much lower risk of developing parkinson \u2019 s disease. they appear to believe that the reason is, caffeine improves the activity of the dopamine molecules in your brain. they believe it \u2019 s also possible that, on account of caffeine \u2019 s blocking of adenosine receptors, the brain become less likely to develop amyloid - beta. this is the exact brain plaque which is often associated with alzheimer \u2019 s disease. there are not any studies that can say definitively whether or not caffeine can make you smart ( that we are able to find anyway ) but it is nice to find out that it may be able to reduce your risk of contracting alzheimer \u2019 s or parkinson \u2019 s diseases. there will always be of evidence that demonstrates that caffeine raises your body \u2019 s blood pressure. this means that it could possibly put you at a larger risk for diseases of the heart as well as heart failure. there are actually scientific studies, however, that say the other. brooklyn college commissioned a study that proved men who ingested a few cups of coffee each day would be less likely to develop heart issues. the basic thought is that, if you aren \u2019 t already suffering from hypertension, caffeine won \u2019 t make the problem worse. if you do already suffer from difficulty with your heart, though, you should avoid taking in caffeine. there usually are many people who think caffeine will help you with your exercise routines. muscle contraction is definitely reliant upon your body \u2019 s release of calcium. adenosine helps the body regulate that.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46909276819399803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.470905"} {"text": "avoid taking in caffeine. there usually are many people who think caffeine will help you with your exercise routines. muscle contraction is definitely reliant upon your body \u2019 s release of calcium. adenosine helps the body regulate that. caffeine hinders the adenosine receptors. that possibly sounds counterproductive but when a person \u2019 s adenosine receptors get obstructed, your brain sets of a chain of electrical impulses. the electrical impulses make your whole body release bursts of calcium. since your muscle mass need calcium to work out, the extra calcium can help you make your workouts more effective. of course, for caffeine to be effective and be helpful it should only be taken in in moderation. while caffeine may be very good for disease prohibition and increasing health, that isn \u2019 t a good excuse to go over the top in your consumption of it. the simple fact is that an excess of caffeine really is bad for you. when ingested in moderation, however, caffeine will surely transform your overall health. don \u2019 t you intend to reduce your threat of heart disease? who doesn \u2019 t want to prevent parkinson \u2019 s disease? who doesn \u2019 t really want his or her exercise sessions to be more effective? as long as you never over do it, caffeine can really assist you with all of that.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45095259160919227, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.471509"} {"text": "how might a migrant worker convict luxurious homeowners about their oppressive lifestyles? what might a poor, rural believer say to wealthy, urban idolaters? amos was neither trained as a prophet nor assumed the career of a prophet. he was a shepherd near the judean wilderness six miles se of bethlehem in the backwater village of tekoa. he supplemented his income through cultivating sycamore - fig trees ( probably as a kind of migrant worker since they did not grow in the area of tekoa ). he was, most likely, a poor man and certainly so by the standards of the ruling elite in israel. nevertheless, he was, for a brief time, yahweh \u2019 s voice out of zion ( jerusalem ) to the northern kingdom of israel. he ventured into israel sometime prior to the great earthquake that rocked israel around 760 bce. the destruction was so devastating that not only is there evidence of it in hazor \u2019 s archeological record, but the earthquake became part of palestine \u2019 s living memory. zechariah 14 : 5 uses it as a metaphor for the day of the lord some 250 years after it happened. it was for ancient palestinian jews what the 1755 lisbon earthquake was for europe. the 760s, however, were a time of prosperity and peace. jeroboam ii ( 786 - 746 bce ) ruled over the northern kingdom while uzziah ( 783 - 742 bce ) reigned over judah. jeroboam ii had the longest reign of any northern king and uzziah had the second longest of any king of judah. together their reigns approximated the \u201c golden age \u201d of solomon himself in terms of territory, building projects and economic trade. they lived in peace as assyria had suppressed syria ( aram ) even as assyria \u2019 s imperial designs were interrupted by internal troubles. israel and judah developed their economies and expanded their borders. peace and prosperity, however, did not form a just and faithful nation. on the contrary, wealth was increasingly located in the hands of the few and the elite. instead of thanking yahweh, they thanked other gods for their blessings. whereas their blessings should have blessed all, the wealthy consumed their blessings rather than sharing them. the shepherd amos went from his rural environs near tekoa to the heartland of israel \u2019 s ruling elite in bethel and samaria. his message decries injustice, oppression and idolatry. he announces israel \u2019 s future \u2013 one of both judgment and hope. how do the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39975517416911144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.474775"} {"text": "##virons near tekoa to the heartland of israel \u2019 s ruling elite in bethel and samaria. his message decries injustice, oppression and idolatry. he announces israel \u2019 s future \u2013 one of both judgment and hope. how do the poor speak a word from god to the rich? how does a lowly shepherd address the ruling elite about the plight of their nation? what might that address say for us? that is why we read amos. we stand with amos as he speaks against injustice and idolatry. yes, we want to stand with the prophet. but we will miss the message if we do not become amos \u2019 audience as well. we must hear amos as those who live in luxury with more wealth than we need. we must see ourselves as amos \u2019 audience if we are to be convicted by his words. otherwise we will simply make excuses and judge that his words do not apply \u2013 much like israel itself responded to amos. the ancient words of amos address us. we may not live in 760 \u2032 s palestine \u2013 and the cultural differences are enormous, but we \u2013 especially middle class to upper class americans \u2013 share a similar social location that gave rise to the prophet \u2019 s mission. prosperity often creates spiritual apathy along with greed and covetousness ( as we always want more ). if nothing else, the words of amos warn us that prosperity is only a blessing if it is acknowledged with gratitude and shared. otherwise it becomes the root of greed, injustice and oppression. how we hear amos will probably say more about our own hearts than it does anything else.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4478108261699074, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.475368"} {"text": "some info for the people choose food over food - like substances, food writer michael pollan tells cdc by daniel j. denoon webmd health news reviewed by louise chang, md we americans suffer a national eating disorder : our unhealthy obsession with healthy eating. that ' s the diagnosis delivered by food author michael pollan in a lecture given last week to an overflow crowd of cdc scientists. as part of an effort to bring new ideas to the national debate on food issues, the cdc invited pollan - - a harsh critic of u. s. food policies - - to address cdc researchers and to meet with leaders of the federal agency. \" the french paradox is that they have better heart health than we do despite being a cheese - eating, wine - swilling, fois - gras - gobbling people, \" pollan said. \" the american paradox is we are a people who worry unreasonably about dietary health yet have the worst diet in the world. \" in various parts of the world, pollan noted, necessity has forced human beings to adapt to all kinds of diets. \" the masai subsist on cattle blood and meat and milk and little else. native americans subsist on beans and maize. and the inuit in greenland subsist on whale blubber and a little bit of lichen, \" he said. \" the irony is, the one diet we have invented for ourselves - - the western diet - - is the one that makes us sick. \" snowballing rates of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease in the u. s. can be traced to our unhealthy diet. so how do we change? 7 words & 7 rules for eating pollan says everything he ' s learned about food and health can be summed up in seven words : \" eat food, not too much, mostly plants. \" probably the first two words are most important. \" eat food \" means to eat real food - - vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and, yes, fish and meat - - and to avoid what pollan calls \" edible food - like substances. \" don ' t eat anything your great grandmother wouldn ' t recognize as food. \" when you pick up that box of portable yogurt tubes, or eat something with 15 ingredients you can ' t pronounce, ask yourself, \" what are those things doing there? \" pollan says. don \u2019 t eat anything with more than five ingredients, or ingredients you can ' t pronounce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4501290706442237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.481609"} {"text": "or eat something with 15 ingredients you can ' t pronounce, ask yourself, \" what are those things doing there? \" pollan says. don \u2019 t eat anything with more than five ingredients, or ingredients you can ' t pronounce. stay out of the middle of the supermarket ; shop on the perimeter of the store. real food tends to be on the outer edge of the store near the loading docks, where it can be replaced with fresh foods when it goes bad. don ' t eat anything that won ' t eventually rot. \" there are exceptions - - honey - - but as a rule, things like twinkies that never go bad aren ' t food, \" pollan says. it is not just what you eat but how you eat. \" always leave the table a little hungry, \" pollan says. \" many cultures have rules that you stop eating before you are full. in japan, they say eat until you are four - fifths full. islamic culture has a similar rule, and in german culture they say, ' tie off the sack before it ' s full. ' \" families traditionally ate together, around a table and not a tv, at regular meal times. it ' s a good tradition. enjoy meals with the people you love. \" remember when eating between meals felt wrong? \" pollan asks. don ' t buy food where you buy your gasoline. in the u. s., 20 % of food is eaten in the car. 7 words & 7 rules for eating continued... is this good advice? janet collins, phd, director of the national center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion, is one of the cdc officials who met with pollan. collins agrees with pollan that advice from health experts has to be simplified. and she loves the suggestions he makes. \" some of the changes in our environment are the reasons behind our obesity epidemic, \" collins tells webmd. \" pollan ' s advice to eat at the table with your family and not the tv is excellent. and portions : during our grandmothers ' era, plates were smaller. if you took the portions that filled their plates and put them on ours, it wouldn ' t look like much to eat. \" eat foods, not nutrients pollan, author of in defense of food : an eater ' s manifesto and the omnivore ' s dilemma : a natural history of four meals, is professor of science and environmental journalism at the university of california, berkeley. pollan says that where we ' ve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4423096966438079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.483559"} {"text": "in defense of food : an eater ' s manifesto and the omnivore ' s dilemma : a natural history of four meals, is professor of science and environmental journalism at the university of california, berkeley. pollan says that where we ' ve gone wrong is by focusing on the invisible nutrients in foods instead of on foods themselves. he calls this \" nutritionism \" - - an ideology that ' s lost track of the science on which it was based. it ' s good for scientists to look at why carrots are good for us, and to explore the possible benefits of, say, substance x found in a carrot. what happens next is well - meaning experts tell us we should eat more foods with substance x. but the next thing you know, the food industry is selling us a food enriched with substance x. we may not know whether substance x, when not in a carrot, is good or bad for us. and we may be so impressed with the new substance - x - filled product that we buy it and eat it - - even though it may have unhealthy ingredients, such as high - fructose corn syrup and salt. pollan identifies four myths behind this kind of thinking : myth # 1 : food is a delivery vehicle for nutrients. what really matters isn ' t broccoli but its fiber and antioxidants. if we get that right, we get our diet right. foods kind of get in the way. myth # 2 : we need experts to tell us how to eat. nutrients are invisible and mysterious. \" it is a little like religion, \" pollan said. \" if a powerful entity is invisible, you need a priesthood to mediate your relation with food. \" myth # 3 : the whole point of eating is to maintain and promote bodily health. \" you are either improving or ruining your health when you eat - - that is a very american idea, \" pollan says. \" but there are many other reasons to eat food : pleasure, social community, identity, and ritual. health is not the only thing going on on our plates. \" myth # 4 : there are evil foods and good foods. \" at any given time there is an evil nutrient we try to drive like satan from the food supply - - first it was saturated fats, then it was trans fat, \" pollan says. \" then there is the evil nutrient ' s doppelganger, the blessed nutrient. if we get enough of that we, will be healthy and maybe live forever. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4993629589872457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.485232"} {"text": "saturated fats, then it was trans fat, \" pollan says. \" then there is the evil nutrient ' s doppelganger, the blessed nutrient. if we get enough of that we, will be healthy and maybe live forever. it ' s funny through history how the good and bad guys keep changing. \" eat foods, not nutrients continued... pollan remembers that when fats were declared to be evil, his mother switched the family to stick margarine. his grandmother predicted that some day stick margarine would be the evil food. today, we know that margarine was made with trans fats. the trouble with the whole notion of \" evil ' and \" blessed \" ingredients is that they help the food industry sell us processed foods that are free of the evil thing or full of the blessed one. we buy them, not realizing they may contain many other ingredients that aren ' t good for us. collins agrees with pollan ' s central theme that whole foods are vastly better for us than are processed foods. but our food system makes it hard for many americans to get whole foods. \" if our food system made more whole foods at lower cost and made them more available, that would help with our public health, \" collins says. \" we need full - service groceries in urban centers, where people can get to them. unfortunately, urban centers are getting filled with fast food stores and liquor stores. pollan ' s rules are good, and it is one thing to eat by his rules, but making our environment such that people can live by the rules is not always easy. \" will the cdc be pushing for these kinds of changes? yes, suggested anne haddix, chief policy officer at the cdc ' s office of strategy and innovation, during the panel discussion following pollan ' s remarks to the cdc. \" how we go forward on this will take some very different types of thinking than we have done in the past, \" haddix said. \" we have an opening we have not had for years.... of the federal agencies trying to address food issues, cdc is uniquely positioned. we have to step out as leaders.... now is the time to ramp up our efforts and reach out to people who make us uncomfortable and go for it. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4262615278676722, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.486201"} {"text": "posted by admin | posted in parenting | posted on 06 - 04 - 2012 - 05 - 2008 the experts in the article suggest that you talk to your children about what is happening, being honest but not alarming them. stress that although things may be hard, you are confident that you can handle tough times together as a family. encourage your children to talk about their concerns with you or another close adult. look for free and inexpensive activities you can do, and emphasize that lack of money doesn \u2019 t have to mean lack of fun. keep up a regular routine, eat healthy, and get enough sleep and exercise. find ways to help yourself keep calm such as listening to music or walking. avoid isolating yourself by reaching out to family and friends. you may also take advantage of some of the free evidenced based programs and services project assist offers to parents during these stressful times. these programs offer parents more tools they can use to take care of their children. \u201c parenting wisely \u201d is a computer based program that parents can work on individually at their own pace with the support of staff. the \u201c incredible years \u201d program is a group for parents of 3 - 6 year - old children. our next group will be on friday mornings from 9 - 11 am starting, april 13. please call jade or katie at 508 - 837 - 6957 if you are interested in either of these programs or in any of the free services we have to help unemployed residents of fall river ( including the project assist job club, case management and job mentoring ). link to article from national child traumatic stress network : http : / / www. nctsnet. org / sites / default / files / assets / pdfs / coping _ for _ parents _ final. pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4346168550760531, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.487881"} {"text": "the boy scouts of america relies on volunteers to provide leadership and support to cub scout packs, boy scout troops, and venturing crews. scouting volunteers come to scouting from a variety of backgrounds and experiences. plumbers, lawyers, housewives, teachers, doctors, janitors, and scientists \u2014 people from just about every occupation imaginable \u2014 are involved in leading youth to become responsible, caring, and competent citizens. they also quickly discover that scout volunteering enables them to learn new skills and build lifelong friendships while having fun. you benefit, too. whether you wish to volunteer your time with elementary school \u2013 age boys or middle and high school \u2013 age youth, the boy scouts of america has a volunteer opportunity that is right for you. in addition to the reward of working with youth, through volunteering for scouts you will : - develop a greater level of pride in your community. - have the opportunity to demonstrate moral and ethical decisions. - build a closer bond with your children and other children in the community. - become a better role model image for youth in your community. - develop a more personal relationship with god. volunteering with the boy scouts of america enables you to work with youth to build a better future for everyone. to learn more about how volunteering helps youth, please read the volunteer outcomes study.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40002964321415346, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.489222"} {"text": "most active stories tue november 13, 2012 how the alternative minimum tax could slam you originally published on tue november 13, 2012 12 : 29 pm anyone who follows the adventures of the alternative minimum tax has to be getting sick of the many sequels. again and again, this unpopular income tax threatens to hit middle - class families with large and unexpected tax increases. and each time the threat reappears, congress applies a \" patch \" to fix the problem temporarily. that makes the threat an annual event \u2014 along with the associated congressional hand - wringing and taxpayer confusion. so here we are again, with the amt looming over about 27 million more taxpayers this year. it ' s just one part of the so - called fiscal cliff \u2014 a big cluster of automatic spending cuts and tax hikes that will take effect at year ' s end unless congress acts. to understand the amt, you need three chunks of information, involving its history, its impact and the politics. let ' s get started. in 1969, congress enacted an individual amt to ensure that everyone paid a minimum amount of taxes, even while preserving tax breaks written into the code as economic and social incentives. here ' s an example : congress wanted to keep the home mortgage interest deduction to provide more incentive to buy real estate, on the grounds that homeownership has economic and social value. but the tax code had so many different deductions that some wealthy people would take lots of them and end up paying very little in taxes. so congress, in effect, said, \" ok, let ' s keep the cherished deductions, but still make sure the rich pay their fair share. wealthy americans can figure out their taxes the regular way, taking whatever deductions that may apply to them. and then they can recalculate everything under a formula that sets a minimum amount of tax. the wealthy taxpayers will pay whichever amount of taxes is greater. \" but congress did not build in an inflation escalator. and then it cut tax rates. the combined effect of higher inflation and lower rates played havoc with the intention of the amt, allowing the parallel tax system to cover more and more middle - class families. a tax that was supposed to hit only the richest americans must continually get updated or it will affect larger and larger numbers of average people. originally, the amt was supposed to affect only the top taxpayers. these days, congress \" patches \" it so that it hits around 5 million upper - middle - class households. usually, those are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44211632756385066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.493441"} {"text": "will affect larger and larger numbers of average people. originally, the amt was supposed to affect only the top taxpayers. these days, congress \" patches \" it so that it hits around 5 million upper - middle - class households. usually, those are families with children in high - cost states like new york and california. this year, unless congress applies a new patch, the amt will apply to nearly half of people with incomes of $ 75, 000 to $ 100, 000. without action, an estimated 27 million more tax filers could find themselves paying an average of $ 3, 700 more in taxes for 2012. and yes, the financial hit applies to this tax year. even if the new, incoming congress applies an amt patch after january, experts say it will be an accounting nightmare. it ' s difficult to undo the tax once the filing season has begun in january, and at the least, it would result in long processing delays of all returns. \" the biggest and thorniest problem for the irs and next year ' s filing season is the amt patch, \" irs commissioner doug shulman said in a september speech to the american bar association. raising taxes for tens of millions of middle - class americans and delaying tax refunds for millions more would hurt consumer spending, economists say. the amt makes for a fine exhibit a for anyone trying to make the case that the u. s. tax code is a mess. and that means it may have some positive political value as congress struggles with the fiscal cliff and its tangled collection of expiring tax breaks. the amt is so unpopular that lawmakers may be able to use its elimination as a kind of \" carrot \" to get lawmakers to move along toward compromise. on the other hand, often on capitol hill, dangling a juicy \" carrot \" in front of lawmakers can hurt negotiations as each side scrambles to grab it first and hold tight. \" if patching the amt were the only thing out there, it would get done, \" says eric toder, co - director of the tax policy center, a nonpartisan research group. but as part of a grand bargain on taxes and spending, \" this could get tied up in the negotiations, \" he warns. so why does congress annually put itself through this weird exercise of having to patch the amt? why not just eliminate it? toder says the problem is that the amt \u2014 if unpatched \u2014 generates loads of theoretical tax revenues in coming years. when congress puts together the annual federal budget", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.36925083389280744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.494553"} {"text": "bronchiolitis is a common illness of the respiratory tract caused by an infection that affects the tiny airways, called the bronchioles, that lead to the lungs. as these airways become inflamed, they swell and fill with mucus, making breathing difficult. most often affects infants and young children because their small airways can become blocked more easily than those of older kids or adults typically occurs during the first 2 years of life, with peak occurrence at about 3 to 6 months of age is more common in males, children who have not been breastfed, and those who live in crowded conditions day - care attendance and exposure to cigarette smoke also can increase the likelihood that an infant will develop bronchiolitis. although it ' s often a mild illness, some infants are at risk for a more severe disease that requires hospitalization. conditions that increase the risk of severe bronchiolitis include prematurity, prior chronic heart or lung disease, and a weakened immune system due to illness or medications. kids who have had bronchiolitis may be more likely to develop asthma later in life, but it ' s unclear whether the illness causes or triggers asthma, or whether children who eventually develop asthma were simply more prone to developing bronchiolitis as infants. studies are being done to clarify the relationship between bronchiolitis and the later development of asthma. bronchiolitis is usually caused by a viral infection, most commonly respiratory syncytial virus ( rsv ). rsv infections are responsible for more than half of all cases of bronchiolitis and are most widespread in the winter and early spring. other viruses associated with bronchiolitis include rhinovirus, influenza ( flu ), and human metapneumovirus. the first symptoms of bronchiolitis are usually the same as those of a common cold : these symptoms last a day or two and are followed by worsening of the cough and wheezing ( high - pitched whistling noises when exhaling ). sometimes more severe respiratory difficulties gradually develop, marked by : rapid, shallow breathing a rapid heartbeat drawing in of the neck and chest with each breath, known as retractions flaring of the nostrils irritability, with difficulty sleeping and signs of fatigue or lethargy the child may also have a poor appetite and not feed well or become dehydrated. vomiting after coughing may occur as well. less commonly, babies, especially those born prematurely, may have episodes where they briefly stop breathing ( this is called apnea ) before developing other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46130055624112215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.501695"} {"text": "a poor appetite and not feed well or become dehydrated. vomiting after coughing may occur as well. less commonly, babies, especially those born prematurely, may have episodes where they briefly stop breathing ( this is called apnea ) before developing other symptoms. in severe cases, symptoms may worsen quickly. a child with severe bronchiolitis may get fatigued from the work of breathing and have poor air movement in and out of the lungs due to the clogging of the small airways. the skin can turn blue ( called cyanosis ), which is especially noticeable in the lips and fingernails. the child also can become dehydrated from working harder to breathe, vomiting, and taking in less during feedings. the infections that cause bronchiolitis are contagious. the germs can spread in tiny drops of fluid from an infected person ' s nose and mouth, which may become airborne via sneezes, coughs, or laughs, and also can end up on things the person has touched, such as used tissues or toys. infants in child - care centers have a higher risk of contracting an infection that may lead to bronchiolitis because they ' re in close contact with lots of other young children. the best way to prevent the spread of viruses that can cause bronchiolitis is frequent hand washing. it may help to keep infants away from others who have colds or coughs. babies who are exposed to cigarette smoke are more likely to develop more severe bronchiolitis compared with those from smoke - free homes. therefore, it ' s important to avoid exposing children to cigarette smoke. although a vaccine for bronchiolitis has not yet been developed, a medication can be given to lessen the severity of the disease. it contains antibodies to rsv and is injected monthly during peak rsv season. the medication is recommended only for infants at high risk of severe disease, such as those born very prematurely or those with chronic lung or heart disease. the incubation period ( the time between infection and the onset of symptoms ) ranges from several days to a week, depending on the infection causing the bronchiolitis. cases of bronchiolitis typically last about 12 days, but kids with severe cases can cough for weeks. the illness generally peaks on about the second to third day after the child starts coughing and having difficulty breathing and then gradually resolves. fortunately, most cases of bronchiolitis are mild and require no specific professional treatment. antibiotics aren ' t useful because bro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40915702934769793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.502716"} {"text": "illness generally peaks on about the second to third day after the child starts coughing and having difficulty breathing and then gradually resolves. fortunately, most cases of bronchiolitis are mild and require no specific professional treatment. antibiotics aren ' t useful because bronchiolitis is caused by a viral infection, and antibiotics are only effective against bacterial infections. medication may sometimes be given to help open a child ' s airways. infants who have trouble breathing, are dehydrated, or appear fatigued should always be evaluated by a doctor. those who are moderately or severely ill may need to be hospitalized, watched closely, and given fluids and humidified oxygen. rarely, in very severe cases, some babies are placed on respirators to help them breathe until they start to get better. the best treatment for most kids is time to recover and plenty of fluids. making sure a child drinks enough fluids can be a tricky task, however, because infants with bronchiolitis may not feel like drinking. they should be offered fluids in small amounts at more frequent intervals than usual. indoor air, especially during winter, can dry out airways and make the mucus stickier. some parents use a cool - mist vaporizer or humidifier in the child ' s room to help loosen mucus in the airway and relieve cough and congestion. if you use one, clean it daily with household bleach to prevent mold from building up. avoid hot - water and steam humidifiers, which can be hazardous and can cause scalding. to clear nasal congestion, try a bulb syringe and saline ( saltwater ) nose drops. this can be especially helpful just before feeding and sleeping. sometimes, keeping the child in a slight upright position may help improve labored breathing. acetaminophen can be given to reduce fever and make the child more comfortable. be sure to follow appropriate dosing and interval of medication based on your child \u2019 s weight. when to call the doctor call your doctor if your child : is breathing quickly, especially if this is accompanied by retractions or wheezing might be dehydrated due to poor appetite or vomiting is sleepier than usual has a high fever has a worsening cough appears fatigued or lethargic seek immediate help if you feel your child is having difficulty breathing and the cough, retractions, or wheezing are getting worse, or if his or her lips or fingernails appear blue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40088970866233964, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.503649"} {"text": "opossums are truly unique among our local wild mammals. unfortunately long islanders are probably most familiar with them as road kill, observed belly up along our busy roadsides. that \u2019 s not a sight that inspires curiosity about these animals that are really one of our more interesting wild neighbors. i hope this blog will engender a little more respect for didelphis virginiana \u2013 the north american opossum. our local opossum is also known as the virginia opossum after the state in which european colonists first noted it in the early 1600 \u2019 s. it was described in rather unflattering terms as having \u201c a tail like a rat, and a head like a swine \u201d to paraphrase. this may be superficially true, but the opossums tail, while rat like, is much more versatile than the tail of a rodent. for that matter, rodents are only distantly related to opossums. the tail of this marsupial is quite prehensile, and is often used rather like a fifth limb, in addition to its other dexterous four feet. the tail, which is hairless, allows the opossum to navigate tree branches with ease. amazingly to me, it also uses its tail to help gather twigs and leaves for nesting material. check out the attached video provided by kings park focus on nature reader stephan nash. you \u2019 ll be impressed to see this animal gathering leaves for a nest with its tail. the opossum also possesses a toe on each foot which is somewhat offset from the other toes. this gives the feet an appearance analogous to a human hand, and allows the marsupial to firmly grip branches. this animal \u2019 s body is covered with soft, grey \u2013 brown fur, while the facial area is white. opossums are active all year round, and do not hibernate like some other mammals in our area. these nocturnal creatures are omnivores, and this diet makes them well adapted to suburban life. if they have access to trash, or pet food they will readily take advantage of that opportunity. their natural diet includes insects, other invertebrates such as slugs and snails, and small animals such as reptiles and amphibians. they will also take small rodents as prey, including voles and rats. additionally, opossums are not above scavenging carrion. rounding out their diet are a variety of fruits ( the more rotten the better! ) and berries. these mammals are especially unique in that they are north", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4084269454323203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.507457"} {"text": "including voles and rats. additionally, opossums are not above scavenging carrion. rounding out their diet are a variety of fruits ( the more rotten the better! ) and berries. these mammals are especially unique in that they are north america \u2019 s only marsupials, contrasting with the far more numerous placental mammals, including us. the female gives birth to a litter of as many as eight babies. the young crawl from the small womb to the compartment called the pouch, where they remain for up to three months. protected from the elements, the young will have a choice of thirteen nipples for milk! when lodgings in the pouch become more crowded than cozy, the young will leave the pouch and make their way to their mothers back. they will hitch - hike on their mom for another two months before finally going off on their own. a virginia opossum produces up to two litters a year. the male of the species plays no role in rearing the young. these marsupials are harmless if left alone, and although they have lots of sharp teeth ( fifty, to be exact ) they are reluctant to use them even in self - defense. though they can inflict a painful bite, if given the option they prefer to flee from danger. if that isn \u2019 t possible they have the curious tendency to \u201c play possum \u201d by entering a state of torpor. in this reflexive condition they are limp, their eyes open, and tongue lolling. additionally, they excrete a vile smelling liquid. this strategy has evolved to either deter predators that are stimulated to attack by live prey, or to defuse an animal \u2019 s territorial instinct. despite this unique survival adaptation, opossums are confronted with many challenges. they must run a gauntlet of predators, including owls, foxes, coyotes, and of course humans and our cars. an opossum is genetically programmed to have a very short lifespan. in the wild they will live typically live about two years, at most four years. despite these handicaps, this species is hardy. didelphis virginiana is resistant to diseases that affect other mammals, such as rabies and lyme. the fossil record of the opossum goes back 70 million years, so clearly these animals are an evolutionary success story. their ancestors managed to dodge the likes of the dinosaurs. unfortunately they have a more difficult time staying out of the way of suv \u2019 s. having read this blog, i hope you \u2019 ll look at these interesting marsupials", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3903170256995857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.508419"} {"text": "adam / dave / rod : september 17, 2009 scripture text for this study : revelation 8 a. seventh seal : prelude to the seven trumpets ( 8 : 1 - 6 ) verse 2 : the seven angels who were given the seven trumpets are said to \u201c stand before god. \u201d is it possible that one of these seven angels was gabriel, as he testified to zechariah ( luke 1 : 19 ) that he \u201c stands in the presence of god \u201d? steve gregg, editor of revelation : four views ( a parallel commentary ), says, \u201c for israel, the trumpet was an instrument used to rally the troops for war or to warn of an enemy invasion. likening the upcoming judgments to the sounding of trumpets suggests that god himself is making war against his enemies in apostate israel \u201d ( p. 146 ). verses 3 - 5 : the \u201c prayers of all the saints \u201d were offered together with \u201c much incense \u201d on the golden altar that was in front of the throne pictured in heaven. it seems clear that the judgments that followed were, in part, a direct result of these prayers. sam storms sees a direct link between the cries of the martyrs for vengeance ( rev. 6 : 10 ) and god \u2019 s response here in these verses. as a result of the censer filled \u201c with fire from the altar \u201d being thrown to the earth, there were \u201c peals of thunder, rumblings, flashes of lightning, and an earthquake. \u201d one application to take away from this passage, then, is that god hears the prayers of his people and acts in a sovereign way in his own timing and according to his will. the thunder, lightning, and rumblings are again reminiscent of the giving of the old covenant through moses at mount sinai ( exodus 19 : 16 ), just as in rev. 4 : 5. john piper said in 1994 that this text \u201c portrays the prayers of the saints as the instrument god uses to usher in the end of the world with great divine judgments \u2026 [ it ] is an explanation of what has happened to the millions upon millions of prayers over the last 2, 000 years as the saints have cried out again and again, \u2018 thy kingdom come \u2026 \u2019 \u201d sam storms, a historicist, agrees with piper \u2019 s cause / effect premise, but disagrees with him regarding the timing of god \u2019 s actions : it may well be that the trumpets, no less than the sixth and seventh seals, are god \u2019 s answer to the prayers of his people in 6 : 9 - 11 for vindication", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4317022227153362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.523294"} {"text": "disagrees with him regarding the timing of god \u2019 s actions : it may well be that the trumpets, no less than the sixth and seventh seals, are god \u2019 s answer to the prayers of his people in 6 : 9 - 11 for vindication against their persecutors. if so, this would strongly militate against the futurist interpretation which relegates the trumpets to the final few years of history just before the second coming. in other words, it seems unlikely that god would act in response to that prayer only at the end of history while passing by and leaving unscathed more than sixty generations of the wicked. sam storms goes on to say that most of the seal, trumpet, and bowl judgments \u201c describe the commonplaces of history. \u201d the preterist response, of course, is that the prayers of the first - century martyrs who cried out \u201c o sovereign lord, holy and true, how long before you will judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth? \u201d ( rev. 6 : 10 - 11 ) were vindicated within one generation when god poured out his judgment on jerusalem in 70 ad ( cf. matt. 23 : 29 - 38 ; luke 13 : 33 - 35 ; rev. 17 : 6, 18 : 20, 24 ). the historicist idea that god has continued to act in various ways upon the prayers of his people throughout history certainly applies. b. first trumpet : vegetation struck ( 8 : 7 ) hail and fire, mixed with blood, is thrown to the earth. in our study of revelation so far, we have suggested that many of the references to \u201c the earth \u201d in the book of revelation are not meant to be taken as worldwide in scope, but as dealing instead with the land of israel / palestine. in a 3 - part study on this subjectbeginning with this post, i have outlined nearly 20 instances where this appears to be the case ( see, for example, the post on revelation 1, where we examined the phrase \u201c tribes of the earth \u201d in verse 7, which is often thought to be worldwide in scope. when this prophecy is compared, though, to its counterpart in zechariah 12 : 10 - 14, it \u2019 s clear that every one of those tribes belonged to the land of israel ). steve gregg notes that \u201c [ as ] the first four seals [ rev. 6 : 1 - 8 ] were set off from the latter three, in that each of the first group revealed a horseman, so the first four trumpets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4755689936468452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.524228"} {"text": "of israel ). steve gregg notes that \u201c [ as ] the first four seals [ rev. 6 : 1 - 8 ] were set off from the latter three, in that each of the first group revealed a horseman, so the first four trumpets are set off from the last three, in that the latter are referred to as \u2018 woes. \u2019 the entire series, however, is concerned with the jewish war of a. d. 66 - 70, \u2018 the last days \u2019 of the jewish commonwealth \u201d ( p. 148 ). steve quotes from jay adams, who notes that during this period \u201c the land suffered terribly. the plagues are reminiscent of those in egypt, at the birth of the hebrew nation. here they mark both the latter \u2019 s cessation, and the birth of a new nation, the kingdom of god ( i pet. 2 : 9, 10 ). \u201d we are told that a third of the earth ( the land of israel ), the trees, and the green grass were burned up in this judgment. if meant to be taken literally, this account from josephus points to a very plausible fulfillment during the five - month siege upon jerusalem leading up to its destruction in 70 ad ( steve gregg, pp. 151 - 152 ) : and now the romans, although they were greatly distressed in getting together their materials, raised their banks in days, after they had cut down all the trees that were in the country that adjoined to the city, and that for ninety furlongs round about, as i have already related. and, truly, the very view itself of the country was a melancholy thing ; for those places which were before adorned with trees and pleasant gardens were now become a desolate country every way, and its trees were all cut down : nor could any foreigner that had formerly seen judea and the most beautiful suburbs of the city, and now saw it as a desert, but lament and mourn sadly at so great a change ; for the war had laid all signs of beauty quite waste ( wars, vi : 1 : 1 ). c. second trumpet : the seas struck ( 8 : 8 - 9 ) verse 8 : john was shown \u201c something like a great mountain burning with fire \u2026 thrown into the sea. \u201d steve gregg asserts that there is both a symbolic and a literal sense in which this trumpet can be applied to the destruction of jerusalem and israel in 66 - 70 ad : it \u2019 s symbolic, in that in biblical prophecy a mountain often refers to a government or a kingdom, even as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4603287625590935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.525172"} {"text": "both a symbolic and a literal sense in which this trumpet can be applied to the destruction of jerusalem and israel in 66 - 70 ad : it \u2019 s symbolic, in that in biblical prophecy a mountain often refers to a government or a kingdom, even as it did for israel ( e. g. exodus 15 : 17 ). the sea is a frequent prophetic \u201c symbol of the gentile nations, in contrast to \u2018 the land, \u2019 signifying israel. the symbolism could predict the jewish state collapsing and the resultant dispersion of the jews throughout the gentile world. \u201d ( 97, 000 jews were sold into slavery by rome in 70 ad. ) it \u2019 s also literal in that jerusalem was burned with fire by the romans in 70 ad ( pp. 154, 156 ). verses 8 - 9 : john was also shown a third of the sea becoming blood, with the result being that a third of the living creatures in the sea died and a third of the ships were also destroyed. for those open to the idea of revelation having been written before 70 ad, this most definitely calls to mind some of the battles during the jewish - roman war ( 66 - 70 ad ). the roman emperor nero officially declared war on israel in february 67 ad in response to the jewish rebellion, and by the spring of that year his general vespasian had marched into the land of judea with 60, 000 men. in the coming months more than 150, 000 jews were killed in judea and galilee. the jewish historian josephus described galilee at one point as \u201c filled with fire and blood. \u201d steve gregg ( pp. 156, 158 ) highlights one battle in particular, recorded by josephus, whose words, says gregg, \u201c seem almost as if they were calculated to present the fulfillment of this trumpet judgment. \u201d this battle took place on the sea of galilee ( tiberius ) : and for such [ jews ] as were drowning in the sea, if they lifted their heads up above the water they were killed by darts [ arrows ], or caught by the [ roman ] vessels ; but if, in the desperate case they were in, they attempted to swim to their enemies, the romans cut off either their heads or their hands ; and indeed they were destroyed after various manners everywhere \u2026 one might then see the lake all bloody, and full of dead bodies, for not one of them escaped. and a terrible stink, and a very sad sight there was on the following days over that country ; for as for the shores, they were full of shipwr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4569226093086374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.526161"} {"text": "the lake all bloody, and full of dead bodies, for not one of them escaped. and a terrible stink, and a very sad sight there was on the following days over that country ; for as for the shores, they were full of shipwrecks, and of dead bodies all swelled ; and as the dead bodies were inflamed by the sun, and putrefied, they corrupted the air [ and the conditions were so miserable that even the roman perpetrators felt pity ]. with such carnage, it \u2019 s easy to see how many creatures in the sea of galilee were poisoned and did not survive, and how a third of its ships could have been destroyed. in my recent term paper on jerusalem \u2019 s destruction in 70 ad, i also referenced a book written by george peter holford in 1805 ( \u201c the destruction of jerusalem \u201d ). the following is an excerpt from my paper, based on his writing, of another battle in the port city of joppa : one of the first towns vespasian crushed was joppa, because its inhabitants had provoked his men by their frequent piracies at sea. the jews there tried to flee from vespasian on their ships, but vespasian was helped by a tremendous storm that blew in just as they began to flee. their vessels were crushed against each other and against the rocks, and when this slaughter was complete more than 4, 200 bodies were strewn along the coast and a very long stretch of the coast was stained with blood. d. third trumpet : the waters struck ( 8 : 10 - 11 ) this passage speaks of a \u201c great star \u201d falling from heaven, \u201c burning like a torch, \u201d causing many deaths because a third of the rivers and springs of water become wormwood ( bitter ). some futurists interpret this trumpet judgment symbolically, as referring either to a future antichrist ( e. g. arno gaebelein ) or a future pope ( e. g. h. a. ironside ) who causes much corruption ( steve gregg, pp. 161, 163 ). other futurist interpreters ( e. g. henry morris, charles ryrie, john walvoord ) see this as a literal reference to a burning meteorite or \u201c a giant set of meteors \u201d that will enter earth \u2019 s atmosphere \u201c with contaminating influence upon the rivers and waters \u201d of the entire planet ( p. 165 ). steve gregg \u2019 s articulation of the preterist understanding is helpful : the turning of fresh water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47296199298776154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.527106"} {"text": "that will enter earth \u2019 s atmosphere \u201c with contaminating influence upon the rivers and waters \u201d of the entire planet ( p. 165 ). steve gregg \u2019 s articulation of the preterist understanding is helpful : the turning of fresh water sources bitter and toxic may be in part a literal result of the decaying corpses that lay in the sea of galilee and in the river as the result of war. however, this fouling of the waters has symbolic significance, occurring as it does here to the nation of israel. there is probably an intentional allusion to the promise ( and implied threat ) god made to israel when they first came out of egypt. when they came to the bitter waters of marah, in response to moses \u2019 casting a tree into the waters, god made the waters sweet and wholesome \u2026 however, god \u2019 s promise / warning implies that their disobedience to him will result in his placing upon them the same plagues that he placed on the egyptians \u2014 the waters can be made bitter again [ cf. exodus 15 : 25 - 26, deuteronomy 28 : 59 - 60 ] \u2026 it is noteworthy that throughout the pages of revelation, the plagues that come upon the apostates are comparable to those with which god afflicted the egyptians in the days of moses. the star which was burning like a torch ( v. 10 ) is reminiscent of the tree cast into the waters by moses, but has the opposite effect ( pp. 160, 162 ). david chilton adds, the name of this fallen star is wormwood, a term used in the law and the prophets to warn israel of its destruction as a punishment for apostasy ( deut. 29 : 18 ; jer. 9 : 15 ; 23 : 15 ; lam. 3 : 15, 19 ; amos 5 : 7 ). again, by combining these old testament allusions, st. john makes his point : israel is apostate, and has become an egypt ; jerusalem has become a babylon ; and the covenant - breakers will be destroyed, as surely as egypt and babylon were destroyed ( gregg, p. 164 ). [ the following information in blue font was edited into this post on october 26, 2009 : ] to further illustrate this point, it \u2019 s also instructive to consider the test for adultery under the law of moses, as recorded in numbers 5 : 11 - 31. this test was to be administered by a priest in cases where a married woman was suspected of defiling herself in an adult", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48264047726826503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.528309"} {"text": "also instructive to consider the test for adultery under the law of moses, as recorded in numbers 5 : 11 - 31. this test was to be administered by a priest in cases where a married woman was suspected of defiling herself in an adulterous manner ( numbers 5 : 11 - 14 ). the priest would mix dust from the floor of the tabernacle into holy water contained in a vessel, to create \u201c the water of bitterness that brings the curse \u201d ( vss. 16 - 18 ). the woman would then take the following oath : if no man has lain with you, and if you have not turned aside to uncleanness while you were under your husband \u2019 s authority, be free from this water of bitterness that brings the curse. but if you have gone astray, though you are under your husband \u2019 s authority, and if you have defiled yourself, and some man other than your husband has lain with you, then ( let the priest make the woman take the oath of the curse, and say to the woman ) the lord make you a curse and an oath among your people, when the lord makes your thigh fall away and your body swell. may this water that brings the curse pass into your bowels and make your womb swell and your thigh fall away ( vss. 20 - 22 ). the woman would then say, \u201c amen. amen, \u201d and the curses would be written into a book and washed off into the bitter water. the woman would then be made to drink the water ( vss. 23 - 26 ), with the following possible results : and when he has made her drink the water, then, if she has defiled herself and has broken faith with her husband, the water that brings the curse shall enter into her and cause bitter pain, and her womb shall swell, and her thigh shall fall away, and the woman shall become a curse among her people. but if the woman has not defiled herself and is clean, then she shall be free and shall conceive children ( vss. 27 - 28 ). if this imagery and this procedure is what is mirrored by the third trumpet judgment, then this is one more indication that israel had been found to be apostate. many people died from the bitter water because they were indeed guilty of spiritual adultery, and were found to be in a state of defilement. e. fourth trumpet : the heavens struck ( 8 : 12 - 13 ) verse 12 : regarding the common contention of fu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45372667935921696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.529554"} {"text": "from the bitter water because they were indeed guilty of spiritual adultery, and were found to be in a state of defilement. e. fourth trumpet : the heavens struck ( 8 : 12 - 13 ) verse 12 : regarding the common contention of futurists that these judgments must literally take place in the future, i. e. a third of the light of the sun, moon, and stars will cease to shine ; a practical question is in order. since this is not to be the final plague, and other judgments must follow this one, is it possible that any life would continue to survive for even a few days, let alone months, under those conditions? we know that life exists on this planet because the sun basically maintains its present intensity. a significant increase or decrease in its intensity would either cause mankind to burn or freeze. alternatively, david chilton writes, the imagery here was long used in the prophets to depict the fall of nations and national rulers ( cf. isa. 13 : 9 - 11, 19 ; 24 : 19 - 23 ; 34 : 4 - 5 ; ezek. 32 : 7 - 8, 11 - 12 ; joel 2 : 10, 28 - 32 ; acts 2 : 16 - 21. [ he quotes f. w. farrar ( 1831 - 1903 ), who wrote that ] \u201c ruler after ruler, chieftain after chieftain of the roman empire and the jewish nation was assassinated and ruined. gaius, claudius, nero, galba, otho, vitellius, all died by murder or suicide ; herod the great, herod antipas, herod agrippa, and most of the herodian princes, together with not a few of the leading high priests of jerusalem, perished in disgrace, or in exile, or by violent hands. all these were quenched suns and darkened stars \u201d ( gregg, pp. 166, 168 ). verse 13 : as terrible as these plagues are, a flying eagle with a loud voice announces that the three remaining trumpet judgments are even more woeful. their target again is \u201c those who dwell on the earth, \u201d another reference to the land of israel, as discussed earlier. we will see these woes beginning in chapter 9. steve gregg quotes from adam clarke ( 1732 - 1815 ), who he says is a historicist but \u201c accurately puts forth the preterist position \u201d : these woes are supposed by many learned men to refer to the destruction of jerusalem : the first woe \u2014 the seditions among the jews themselves ; the second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4937874475044266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.530547"} {"text": "says is a historicist but \u201c accurately puts forth the preterist position \u201d : these woes are supposed by many learned men to refer to the destruction of jerusalem : the first woe \u2014 the seditions among the jews themselves ; the second woe \u2014 the besieging of the city by the romans ; the third woe \u2014 the taking and the sacking of the city, and burning the temple. this was the greatest of all the woes, as in it the city and temple were destroyed, and nearly a million men lost their lives. our study of revelation 9 can be found here. all of our revelation chapter - by - chapter studies, and any other posts related to the book of revelation, can be found here. for more on the concept that 70 ad marked the birthing of god \u2019 s kingdom, in the exclusive sense that it was completely separated from the judaic system, see here here, and matthew 21 : 33 - 45, hebrews 8 : 13. one of the fascinating things in revelation is the way it portrays the experience of the people of god in terms very similar to what transpired for israel in egypt and the ten plagues of judgment. for example, 1 ) prominence of the red sea ( ex. 14 : 1 - 31 ) / / 1 ) prominence of glassy sea ( rev. 15 : 2 ) 2 ) song of deliverance ( ex. 15 : 1 - 18 ) / / 2 ) song of deliverance ( rev. 15 : 2 - 4 ) 3 ) god \u2019 s enemy : pharaoh / / 3 ) god \u2019 s enemy : the beast 4 ) court magicians of egypt / / 4 ) the false prophet 5 ) persecution of israel / / 5 ) persecution of the church 6 ) protected from plagues ( ex. 8 : 22 ; 9 : 4, 26 ; 10 : 23 ; 11 : 7 ) / / 6 ) protected from wrath ( rev. 7 : 1 - 8 ; 9 : 4 ) 7 ) hardened / unrepentant ( ex. 8 : 15 ; 9 : 12 - 16 ) / / 7 ) hardened / unrepentant ( rev. 16 : 9, 11, 21 ) 8 ] the name of god ( ex. 3 : 14 ) / / 8 ] the name of god ( rev. 1 : 4 - 6 ) 9 ) israel redeemed from bondage by blood / / 9 ) church redeemed from sin by blood 10 ) israel made a kingdom of priests ( ex. 19 : 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47260519994406847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.531387"} {"text": "wed december 12, 2012 what north korea ' s rocket launch means \u2014 and what it doesn ' t originally published on wed december 12, 2012 3 : 31 pm north korea ' s successful rocket launch may conjure up visions of nuclear missiles in the hands of one of the planet ' s least predictable regimes. but building a satellite launch vehicle doesn ' t directly translate into an ability to rain warheads on distant enemies. pyongyang still faces major obstacles before it can claim to possess reliable, nuclear - tipped intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of hitting its asian neighborhood and much of the pacific basin, including alaska. by launching the three - stage unha - 3 rocket into orbit wednesday, \" the north has crossed a major threshold in terms of mating an icbm with a nuclear weapon, \" victor cha, who holds the korea chair at the center for strategic and international studies, writes in a q & a for the think tank. cha says the unha - 3 has a range of possibly 4, 000 to 6, 000 kilometers. some estimates put it closer to 10, 000 kilometers, which would put much of the western united states in striking distance. while north korea might have the reach, it still faces the problem of perfecting a nuclear warhead \u2014 a much larger obstacle than simply exploding a nuclear device, which north korea first accomplished in 2006. \" the north koreans have demonstrated some of the capabilities they would need to have in order to develop an icbm, \" greg thielmann, a senior fellow at the arms control association, tells npr. \" but that doesn ' t mean that they are ready to build one. \" warheads need to be relatively small, able to withstand the intense heat and vibration of re - entry, and land on \u2014 or at least near \u2014 their intended targets. \" they are not there on the nuclear end and would have to have many more tests to have enough confidence that they have a reliable mode of delivery, \" says jim walsh, an expert in international security and a research associate at the massachusetts institute of technology ' s security studies program. \" you need reliability. if you shoot one, you better be pretty confident it is not going to malfunction, hit your own territory and explode. \" thielmann agrees that producing a useful warhead is fraught with difficulty. \" based on the testing we ' ve seen and some other assumptions about north korean abilities, we don ' t think they ' re ready to arm an icbm with a nuclear warhead yet even if they had an icbm, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.473292680115141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.535939"} {"text": "with difficulty. \" based on the testing we ' ve seen and some other assumptions about north korean abilities, we don ' t think they ' re ready to arm an icbm with a nuclear warhead yet even if they had an icbm, which they don ' t yet. \" then there ' s the fuel problem. unlike most icbms, which run on solid fuel, the unha - 3 is powered by liquid fuel, which can ' t be stored for long periods inside the rocket, thielmann notes. liquid fuel rockets have other drawbacks, too. for starters, they are \" really too big and too unwieldy to move around, \" he says. \" so, it ' s a stationary target. any stationary target is going to be vulnerable to pre - emption. \" in other words, if it looks as though north korean leader kim jong un is planning an attack using an unha - 3 type of missile, washington might become aware of the preparations in time to destroy it on the launchpad. walsh concurs : \" liquid - fueled rockets sitting on the ground for hours are seen as being vulnerable to strike. \" while north korea isn ' t at the icbm stage right now, cha of the center for strategic and international studies cautions against underestimating that threat. \" i think there ' s a natural tendency to discount the north koreans as being these crazy people who are not successful in terms of their technology, \" he tells npr. \" but i think there needs to be greater attention paid to the strategic significance of what they ' ve done. \" there are still other technological thresholds they need to cross to target the u. s. with an icbm warhead, \" he says. \" still, it ' s only a matter of time before they are able to do that, as this test shows. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4708898096386414, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.536660"} {"text": "do orchestras really need conductors? filed by kosu news in science. november 27, 2012 have you ever wondered whether music conductors actually influence their orchestras? they seem important. after all, they \u2019 re standing in the middle of the stage and waving their hands. but the musicians all have scores before them that tell them what to play. if you took the conductor away, could the orchestra manage on its own? a new study aims to answer this question. yiannis aloimonos, of the university of maryland, and several colleagues recruited the help of orchestral players from ferrara, italy. they installed a tiny infrared light at the tip of an ( unnamed ) conductor \u2019 s baton. they also placed similar lights on the bows of the violinists in the orchestra. the scientists then surrounded the orchestra with infrared cameras. when the conductor waved the baton, and the violinists moved their bows, the moving lights created patterns in space, which the cameras captured. computers analyzed the infrared patterns as signals : using mathematical techniques originally designed by nobel prize - winning economist clive granger, aloimonos and his colleagues analyzed whether the movements of the conductor were linked to those of the violinists. the scientists hypothesized that if the movement of the conductor could predict the movements of the violinists, then the conductor was clearly leading the players. but if the conductor \u2019 s movements could not predict the movement of the violinists, then it was really the players who were in charge. \u201c you have a signal that is originating from the conductor, because he is moving his hands and his body, \u201d aloimonos explained. \u201c and then the players, they perceive that signal, and they create another signal by moving the bows of the violin appropriately. so you have some sort of sensorimotor conversation. \u201d ( the research study is part of a larger project where aloimonos is trying to figure out if human movements share something in common with human language ; he suspects both are not only governed by a grammar, but that both may be based on similar processes in the brain. ) aloimonos said the study found that conductors were leading the violinists \u2014 the movement of the conductors predicted the movement of the violinists, not the other way around. but the study found more : the scientists had two conductors lead the same orchestra. one was a veteran who exercised an iron grip over the violinists. the other was an amateur. \u201c what we found is the more the influence of the conductor to the players, the more aesthetic \u2014 aesthetic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4294385210253475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.539555"} {"text": "tue november 8, 2011 as asteroid approaches, here ' s how to watch it as we reported at the end of october, 2005 yu55, an asteroid bigger than an aircraft carrier, is set to have a very close rendezvous with planet earth. it ' ll be closer than the moon and today at 6 : 28 p. m. et, it will make its closest approach. don ' t worry. nasa is confident it will miss us. here ' s a video nasa put together that explains the trajectory and shows an animation : of course, the big question, here, is how can one see the asteroid. if you don ' t have a telescope, you ' re out of luck. wired reports while the asteroid is of moderate size, it will still be 201, 700 miles away, so you need at least a six - inch telescope. if you have a telescope, sky and telescope reports the track is favorable for viewing here in the united states. it will be moving very fast, says sky and telescope, you have to know exactly where to look. they explain : the object will traverse the 70\u00b0 of sky eastward from aquila to central pegasus in just 10 hours, clipping along at 7 arcseconds per second. use the chart here to get a sense of what part of the sky it ' s in, then download our detailed finder chart for use between 9 and 10 p. m. november 8th eastern standard time ( 2 : 00 and 3 : 00 november 9th universal time ). if you don ' t have a suitable scope, or if it ' s cloudy tonight, check out the live webcast of the asteroid ' s flyby from bellatrix astronomical observatory in italy. also, for a little more context, space. com put together this amazing info - graphic :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4588882881984478, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.542811"} {"text": "this post has been corrected. see note at the bottom for details. new delhi - - warning and monitoring systems put in place after the 2004 asian tsunami appeared to work well wednesday after an 8. 6 - magnitude earthquake that struck roughly the same area off indonesia, said officials, civic groups and citizens in affected areas. however, the real test will only come with another major disaster. fortunately, no more than slightly higher than normal waves were seen in only a few coastal towns along the southwestern coast of sumatra island, with no reports of deaths or major damage. the rapid dissemination of warnings and relatively rapid evacuation of coastal areas throughout the indian ocean, including fairly isolated communities, were helped by fresh memories of the tsunami that battered the region eight years ago, killing 230, 000 people. also helpful was the footage aired after japan \u2019 s massive march 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster, motivating people to take the risk seriously, even though ultimately the wave proved elusive. from a public safety perspective, complacency is often the biggest killer, especially if people have not experienced or heard about a tsunami in decades. \u201c things worked quite well, \u201d said dailin wang, oceanographer with the pacific tsunami warning center in ewa beach, hawaii. the indonesian earthquake and tsunami of 2004 \u201c was not too long ago. people took it seriously and moved away from the coast. the challenge is to keep the knowledge alive. \u201d the earthquake was also deeper in the ocean and roughly twice as far from the indonesian island of sumatra as the 2004 temblor that generated that year \u2019 s tsunami. more importantly, it was of the strike - slip motion type often seen along the san andreas fault, said bruce w. presgrave, a geophysicist with the u. s. geological survey in denver. that means tectonic plates move horizontally, which tend to displace less water and therefore present less of a tsunami risk than quakes generating significant vertical movement. \u201c in general, for an earthquake of this size, it \u2019 s prudent to issue things like this warning, even if a tsunami didn \u2019 t occur, \u201d he said. \u201c prudence saves lives. \u201d according to the u. s. geological survey, the powerful quake was centered 20 miles beneath the ocean floor around 308 miles from the provincial capital aceh on the indonesian island of sumatra. another factor that has helped in warning more people relative to 2004 is the prevalence of cellphones. \u201c the mass media, mobile telephones and [ short messaging ] mainly contributed to getting the word", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45380276053182506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.546707"} {"text": "the provincial capital aceh on the indonesian island of sumatra. another factor that has helped in warning more people relative to 2004 is the prevalence of cellphones. \u201c the mass media, mobile telephones and [ short messaging ] mainly contributed to getting the word out, \u201d said suresh bartlett, the world vision charity director for sri lanka based in colombo. \u201c the news got to everybody. of course the roads were a bit congested as people tried to get to higher ground. \u201d so long as transmission towers and telecommunication infrastructure remain in place during a disaster, mobile phones can be more effective than tsunami sirens, which end up being posted every few miles and sometimes out of earshot, wang said. television footage immediately after wednesday \u2019 s earthquake showed terrified indonesians pouring into the street, making cellphone calls and hugging each other in fear, some going back into buildings to find lost colleagues. indonesian officials said lessons learned from 2004 were applied. \" the early warning system in [ the affected areas of ] aceh and padang and the west coast of sumatra is much better, \u201d said sutopo nugroho, data information chief at the national disaster mitigation agency. \u201c people have fled to mosques and churches in the affected areas. we have established better communication networks and we know from speaking with them that a tsunami has not struck. \" on the timeline front, the oceanographer wang said hawaii \u2019 s tsunami center sent an alert to the u. s. geological survey within six minutes of wednesday \u2019 s earthquake, which hit at around 2 : 30 p. m. local time in indonesia ( 12 : 30 a. m. pdt ). it issued a tsunami watch approximately a minute later to countries across the indian ocean region, he added, that included a warning that 28 nations were potentially vulnerable. officials in sri lanka, thailand, indonesia, india and pakistan reported that their system all worked well. as warnings were rescinded worldwide, experts breathed a sigh of relief. \u201c fortunately nothing too bad happened, \u201d wang said, \u201c this time. \u201d [ for the record, 2 : 22 p. m. pdt april 11 : an earlier version of this post incorrectly spelled geophysicist bruce w. presgrave \u2019 s last name as presgrove. it also incorrectly referred to the 2011 tsunami in japan as a tidal wave. additionally, the magnitude of the quake, earlier estimated as 8. 7, has been lowered to 8. 6. ] - - mark magnier special correspondent kate lamb in jakarta, indonesia contributed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3904367561423133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.550857"} {"text": "there \u2019 s lots of talk about the urgent need to improve latino students \u2019 math and science performance. but what programs exist that help latino students pursue the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics? \u201c we \u2019 re really focusing on the hispanic community because of the education statistics we see for our students and where we will be as a nation if we don \u2019 t address these students. \u201d said rudy reyna, executive director of the pre - freshman engineering program based in san antonio. \u201c these students are such a critical resource for the future of the nation. \u201d here are a few programs that i learned about during a presentation by the hispanic stem initiative at the college board \u2019 s recent \u201c preparate \u201d conference. the initiative \u2019 s members might be good resources for reporters looking to write about this topic. \u2666 parent institute for quality education : the piqe organization recently piloted a stem awareness class for parents in stockton, calif. about 75 percent of parents participating in piqe programs are spanish - speaking. during the classes, parents were made aware of and encouraged to get their children involved with stem - related school clubs and math competitions. \u201c they get to hear what their children would be earning if they went into these fields, \u201d said david valladolid, president and ceo of piqe. \u201c they \u2019 re learning the preparation. parents leave the classes with a full list of classes their children need to take. \u201d \u2666 prep - usa ( university of texas at san antonio ) : middle and high school students take part in a seven - week summer learning pre - freshman engineering program on college campuses, where they can earn elective high school credits. courses include problem solving, technical writing, water science and computer science. the program also takes place in other areas of the state, including dallas, houston and laredo. \u2666 mesa ( mathematics engineering science achievement ) : this california program works on preparing a pipeline of stem students beginning in middle school and carrying through college. about 60 percent of the student participants are latino, said executive director oscar porter. the schools program is dedicated to year - round support for middle school and high school students. the community college program focuses on supporting students at the college level, improving their skills in calculus - based majors and encouraging them to transfer to universities. finally, the engineering program works on students at four - year institutions. mesa leaders say that the high school participants have a college - going rate of 70 percent, much higher than the state average.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4805346428899096, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.559854"} {"text": "us policy on access to low earth orbit ( leo ) is on the edge of a dramatic shift. currently, only three governments have the independent capability of launching astronauts into leo : the united states, russia and china. after the us space shuttle is decommissioned from service, there will be only two. the review of us human spaceflight plans committee, headed by the highly respected former aerospace executive, norm augustine, included in their report, the option of stimulating commercial efforts to provide access to leo. it makes sense : we have been flying to leo for almost fifty years, so the technology is quite mature and available. the challenge is to make this a commercial practicality. the idea of private, commercial space access has been around for decades. it is not a new one, and it is not one that has yet found success. the advent of spaceship one winning the ansari x - prize in 2004, was an important milestone. although the privately built vehicle was only designed for suborbital flight, it proved that a non - government spacecraft was possible. commercial orbital flight will be much more difficult, but i believe it is possible. many of my colleagues and peers have written articles and pieces, deriding the idea of commercial leo access. indeed, the track record of the self - described \u201c new space \u201d companies has thus far, been marked generally with failure and arrogance. not all, but many of these folks, before they run their companies into the ground, seem to spend the bulk of their time attending self - serving, self - aggrandizing conferences where openly slinging mud at nasa is sport. this is hardly constructive, and it brings discredit to others who have serious aspirations for the future of commercial spaceflight. however, i respectfully disagree with my colleagues who believe that only governments can and should engage in human spaceflight. we members of the augustine commission ( as the review committee came to be known ) fully intended for the commercial leo efforts to include contributions from the traditional aerospace companies. these companies, or their predecessors, built every us crewed spacecraft to date. they have much to offer. to exclude them entirely would be foolish and valuable knowledge wasted. the time is right for commercial human spaceflight. private companies should learn the lessons from nasa and traditional aerospace, and then try to apply them in a more efficient manner. it is understandable how and why the processes for government / contractor space programs have evolved into what they are today : bureaucratic and inefficient, but safe. the key is to work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5019649979440147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.564095"} {"text": "your government information libguide this guide will lead you to the many government documents available through kraemer family library. the federal depository library program ( fdlp ) was established by congress to ensure that the american public has access to its government information. since 1813 depository libraries have collected, organized, preserved, and assisted users with information from the federal government. government documents include any publication issued by a government agency. this guide will help you locate information published in such documents. searching for government documents can be complicated and, therefore, somewhat daunting. but it can also be interesting and rewarding if approached with a sense of adventure and exploration. i hope this guide will be helpful in your search. the kraemer family library has been a selective depository in the federal depository system since 1974, collecting approximately 34 % of all documents published in a variety of formats. the specific titles we collect are determined by the needs and interests of our campus and the surrounding community. the library also collects selected colorado state documents as well as a number of local documents. in recent years, our collection has included more and more online documents in addition to the tangible formats such as print, microfiche, and cd ' s or dvd ' s. use the above tabs to help guide you to the information you need. how to find gov docs in kraemer family library the government documents collection in kraemer family library is in a separate collection located on the second floor. government documents contain information on almost every subject, including education, business, politics, the environment, medicine and history. they vary in size from one page brochures to lengthy research reports. some documents come in formats such as microfiche, cd ' s or dvd ' s and many titles are now published online by government agencies. records for many of our government documents can be found in the library \u2019 s online catalog. you may search by author ( personal or government agency ), title, subject, keyword, or call number. some of our pre - 2007 documents are not cataloged. they can be found through the document shelf list ( see map ). if you need assistance using the shelf list, ask at the reference desk or contact the government documents coordinator. to find government documents in the collection, use the call numbers provided in the online catalog, the cgp, or the shelflist. each document has a call number on its front cover or on its spine. federal document call numbers are called superintendent of documents call numbers or \u201c sudoc \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43616377291902986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.569300"} {"text": "use the call numbers provided in the online catalog, the cgp, or the shelflist. each document has a call number on its front cover or on its spine. federal document call numbers are called superintendent of documents call numbers or \u201c sudoc \u201d numbers. examples are he20. 2002 : b52 / 8 and y 4. c 43 / 2 : h75 / 2. ( see the how to read call numbers on documents tab above for more detail on this numbering system. ) when you have the sudoc call number, go to the documents area in the library to find the government document you are looking for. microfiche and maps are housed in special cabinets in the documents area. if you need a document that kraemer family library does not own, consult the catalog of u. s. government publications ( cgp ). prospector or interlibrary loan are available for requesting documents kraemer family library does not own. another source for documents is the fdsys database. this database provides free electronic access to more than 1, 000 databases of federal information. if you need assistance with the documents collection, contact the reference desk or the government documents coordinator. off campus access you do not need to connect to the library vpn in order to access online documents. they are available free for all patrons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44753012680919707, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.570006"} {"text": "not like the gas carbon dioxide for which only ' crazies ' consider a pollutant. i suppose it could be said astronauts pollute their environment. they do not need to use the larger biosphere ( \" to clean the air \" ) which should tell you how easy it is. in addition to ground transport, air transport is a consideration. ( we can leave sea for another day... a large place to hide or dump trash for a time ) i did some editing and put in bold a comment about a or the rate - determining step involving a layer of atmosphere. the rds is a chemical term i searched for a few days ago and just got around to reading. you also will note that they do not use the word saturation but instead speak of a new equilibrium. table 4 ( concawe ( 1997 ), ec ( 1996 ) ) shows how the emissions of co, hydrocarbons, nox and particulate matter have been reduced in europe, reflecting the ability of technology to deliver reductions in emissions. the data show how the largest reductions in emissions have already taken place, with projections that further reductions will be possible by the introduction of on - board diagnostic systems, in - service emissions testing, recall programmes and fuel quality improvements ( concawe, 1997 ). these reductions in petrol and diesel engined vehicle emissions are sufficient to leave little room for improvement by switching to alternative hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas or vegetable oil. the only cleaner option, as far as local emissions are concerned, is for a zero - emissions vehicle powered by electricity or hydrogen fuel cells. for such vehicles, it is important to consider, however, the total environmental impact of their use, as the air pollution emissions from remote generation of electricity or production of hydrogen fuel could possibly exceed the exhaust emissions that a conventional vehicle would produce. the main advantage of zero - emission vehicles is that the emissions can be relocated to where they are further from human receptors, so benefits to human health can be obtained while other environmental impacts are not reduced ( see fig. 1 ). many decades, they say. you can probably take that with a grain of salt. when comparing different impacts of aircraft upon the global atmosphere with each other, and with the effect of emissions from other transport sectors and non transport related activity, the most challenging aspect of co2 is perhaps the time scale over which it has an effect. co2 is chemically sufficiently unreactive for its dominant removal process to be physical. solution in the water of the upper ocean and exchange of carbon between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5462548448986075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.580975"} {"text": "the most challenging aspect of co2 is perhaps the time scale over which it has an effect. co2 is chemically sufficiently unreactive for its dominant removal process to be physical. solution in the water of the upper ocean and exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and terrestrial biomass are relatively rapid, with the combined annual flux amounting to 20 % of the atmospheric carbon reservoir mass of 750 gt ( houghton et al., 1996 ), but these fluxes are bi - directional. the rate determining step for net removal of carbon is mixing from the surface and intermediate ocean to the much larger carbon reservoir of the deep oceans. at the turn of the 21st century, anthropogenic carbon emissions of 7 to 8 gt per year ( including deforestation ) are greater than the equilibrium rate of removal at current atmospheric and surface ocean concentrations, such that an amount of carbon equal to around half the emissions each year are removed and the imbalance results in a steady increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. were emissions to remain constant at today \u2019 s rate, the atmospheric concentration would reach an equilibrium level about one third higher than today \u2019 s value towards the end of the 21st century. the global total emissions of co2 from aviation in 1990 was about 450 million tonnes of carbon ( barrett, 991 ), which was less than 20 % of global road transport emissions and about 3 % of total anthropogenic emissions. furthermore, historical emissions of co2 from aviation are almost zero going back just a few decades into the mid 20th century, while around half the carbon dioxide from all anthropogenic sources currently in the atmosphere was emitted before 1980, so the overwhelming majority of the total is from non - aviation sources. the small contribution of aviation is, however, increasing, and the small amounts of co2 being emitted by aircraft now will remain in the air for many decades. finally, water vapour from jet engines can also form line - shaped clouds in the free troposphere. the temperature of these clouds is lower than that of earth \u2019 s surface, so their black body radiation is less than what would be emitted from earth \u2019 s surface were the clouds not there, resulting in net warming. this is more significant than the amount of incoming solar radiation reflected, so that overall the contrails have a warming effect on climate at the surface. usually, contrails evaporate again within minutes or even seconds such that their impact is negligible, but under certain meteorological conditions they can be sufficiently persistent [ and ] a large part of the sky can become obscured continually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5202958281175951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.582191"} {"text": "climate at the surface. usually, contrails evaporate again within minutes or even seconds such that their impact is negligible, but under certain meteorological conditions they can be sufficiently persistent [ and ] a large part of the sky can become obscured continually along a major flight path until weather conditions change many hours or days later. in the stratosphere, contrails are never persistent because of the low ambient relative humidity there, although the water vapour from aircraft is not removed rapidly by precipitation as it is in the troposphere so has a small warming effect on climate because of its greenhouse gas properties. - current ability to quantify impact and major sources of uncertainty - in theory, the impact of aircraft emissions on upper troposphere and lower stratosphere chemistry can be quantified using global models of circulation and chemistry ( such as johnson et al., 1999 ). however, despite the fact that the reaction mechanisms are now qualitatively understood, quantifying the impact of aircraft emissions remains elusive. there are two main reasons for this : firstly, the chemical reaction cycles are complex, as different gas - phase and heterogeneous pathways become more important at different temperatures. small errors in the predicted mix of different pollutants can propagate via resulting errors in the relative rates of two or more competing reactions to end up with quite unrealistic simulated o3 concentrations. not only must the chemical composition of the upper troposphere and stratosphere be simulated accurately, but rates of mixing between layers as well as chemistry determines the composition, the temperature needs to be known to determine where heterogeneous processes occur, and the temperature has a large influence on the mixing. the whole process of stratospheric o3 destruction in particular is a highly non - linear catastrophic process. secondly, emissions of aircraft in the upper troposphere and stratosphere occur along highly localised flight paths that vary in time and space. the physical size of these is much less than the resolution of the global - scale models that are required to simulate chemistry in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. this problem of scale is added to the fact that the total emissions from aircraft are at least as difficult to quantify as emissions for road traffic are on the ground. it is exacerbated by the fact that other sources of the same pollutants in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, such as lightening and mixing from the lower troposphere, are also very difficult to quantify accurately.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5326629598114512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.585698"} {"text": "american entomologist william harris ashmead had an eye for detail and an infatuation with insects. he must have liked fruit, too. living in florida, he founded a publishing house to print agricultural tomes with a focus on bugs. his passion for pests was palpable, and in 1880 he penned a book called orange insects : a treatise on the injurious and beneficial insects found on orange trees in florida. this was just the beginning of his love affair with insects. in his career as an entomologist, ashmead identified and named more than 3, 000 insect species, specializing in ants, beetles, wasps and parasitic insects. among these, one creature has the gall to stand above the rest. the blueberry stem gall wasp is one of his naming legacies, and the scientific name that ashmead bestowed upon this small wasp is of interest. \u201c hemidas nubilipennis \u201d is what he called this insect, and its name doesn \u2019 t describe what you might think! \u201c pennis \u201d is not, as one might assume, an alternate spelling, but rather it is a latin root that roughly translates into \u201c feathers \u201d and describes the elongated shape of this insect \u2019 s most obvious feature \u2014 an ovipositor, a female appendage used for reproduction. another etymological reference ( to this entomological question ) translates it as a description of the non - gender - specific tail of this wasp. and how exactly does the female use its namesake appendage? this wasp has devised an ingenious method of reproduction. in the summer, the female wasp lays eggs in either the shoot, twigs or stems of the blueberry plant. she then goes to the very tip of that shoot and sabotages it, stabbing it repeatedly with her ovipositor. this repeated piercing damages the tissue in the area that was attacked, and will deter the growth of the fruit as those buds are damaged by the stabbing. at the same time, the damaged tissue allows the plant \u2019 s nutrients to be redirected to the tumor - like growth ( or gall ) to nourish the wasp \u2019 s growing larvae. all of this action happens inside the gall and cannot be seen. in the winter, the wasp larva lies in wait for a warmer season, when it will emerge as an adult. as it happens, the preponderance of these adult wasps will be female. evidence of h. nubilipennis is easy to find. look no further than the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4649157336531329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.591319"} {"text": "in wait for a warmer season, when it will emerge as an adult. as it happens, the preponderance of these adult wasps will be female. evidence of h. nubilipennis is easy to find. look no further than the high and low bush blueberries that grow wild about the island. there you will see a kidney - shaped swelling on the tips of the stems and branches of blueberry bushes. these started off as spongy, green swellings in the summer and then dried and turned brown in the fall. they now appear as hard and woody tumors or galls. an interesting side note, for those who may feel that these wasps are taking unfair advantage of the blueberry plants, is that other species of insects are in turn taking advantage of them! inside those galls are about a dozen blueberry stem gall wasps, plus possibly more than half a dozen other parasitic insects that take advantage of the wasps \u2019 multi - chambered home. the exit strategy for the wasps is to preempt the bud break and chew out of the gall. holes in galls will then be visible where the wasps or other parasitic insects have emerged. with the right timing, the galls can be collected in the spring and the insects \u2019 emergence observed over time. so there is really more to the story than meets the eye! beneath the bumpy outer shell of the gall on the blueberry stem, a gregarious group of insect species is growing, out of sight but not out of mind, providing more for the insect - loving heirs of w. h. ashmead to appreciate. and more for fruit lovers to fear! suzan bellincampi is director of the felix neck wildlife sanctuary in edgartown.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4127792622260787, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.592143"} {"text": "mrs. marathon pundit and little marathon pundit traveled to latvia last month. last week i wrote about their visit to a german world war i cemetery in her hometown of sece. today we move on to the second world war. the largest civilian german concentration camp in the baltic states was salaspils, although nazi officials classified it as a work camp. estimates of the number of people who died here vary widely - - as few as 2, 000 or as high as 100, 000. since the retreating germans felt compelled to burn down the camp in 1944, i feel comfortable in dismissing the lower figure. adjacent to the concentration camp was a nazi prisoner of war camp where soviet officials said 43, 000 red army soldiers died of disease or starvation. salaspils was built by jewish slave laborers in 1941, but no jews were held there. the inmates consisted mostly of political prisoners from the baltic states. some soviet pows also toiled in the construction of the camp. at the entrance of the camp. the caption reads, \" behind this gate the earth groans \" \" here human is punished because he committed no crime. here he is punished because he loved his country. \" the salaspils memorial opened in 1967, the statues are of the socialist realism style. the fist represents defiance. expressionless faces, a characteristic of social realism, fits the somberness of the site. many children were sent to salaspils without their parents. this statue portrays a mother protecting her children. these toys honor the memory of the children who perished at the camp. this figure represents the shame endured by the incarcerated. that ' s a birch tree to the left, of which there are many in latvia. mrs. marathon pundit had visited salaspils just once before - - when she was a schoolgirl. she said the sound of a beating heart emanated from this wall, but apparently the sound system wasn ' t operating that day, she told me. sece, latvia ' s world war i german cemetery two russian army world war i pics lutheran church in sece, latvia twenty years ago : latvia ' s barricade days riga doms and latvia ' s barricade days latvia 20 years after independence : tearing down a stucka statue 1990 bread line in riga, latvia potato harvesting in latvia in the early 1970s from the other side of the iron curtain : gas mask drill in latvia vintage photo : janis ancits of latvia monument to the heroic defenders of leningrad latvian president valdis zatlers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44563265963600196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.594838"} {"text": "about fifteen or so years ago, companion planting was all the rage. numerous books were written on the subject : don \u2019 t plant onions near beans, squash grows well with corn, etc. it was all so scientific and mind boggling! at times, it was enough to make a gardener throw in the towel in frustration! while it is true that some plants make better \u201c marriages \u201d together than others do, the art of companion planting doesn \u2019 t have to be complicated at all. companion planting can be defined in two different ways : first of all, there are those plants that enhance each other \u2019 s growth or add protection to one or the other plant by being planted together. secondly, there are those plants that make great partners simply because they look good together. let \u2019 s look a little into each of these concepts : for two examples of the first definition : plant garlic near roses. pests such as aphids are repelled by the scent of the garlic. native american culture that was passed along to the first settlers included the practice of planting the \u201c three sisters \u201d together : corn, beans, and squash. in a symbiotic relationship, beans fix nitrogen in the soil, allowing it to be made available to the corn. in turn, the corn provides support and shade for the climbing vines of the beans and squash. herbs are a group of plants that also assist in helping their companions. one of the most classic examples of plant combinations is the pairing of tomatoes and basil. since most herbs are aromatic, their essences attracts or repels insects, both beneficial and pests. for a short list of what to grow and what not to grow together : hyssop is an herb that will attract white cabbage butterflies. it is a companion to the cole crops, and acts as a trap crop for the cabbage butterfly. cabbage and cole crops in general do well in the presence of onions, cucumbers, potatoes, marigolds, beets and bush beans. interestingly, the cole family resents being planted near pole beans. strawberries are also a bad combination with the cole crops. beets do well with cabbage, onions, radishes, and bush beans. basil is a great companion for peppers and tomatoes. think italian! along with cabbage, pole beans aren \u2019 t very happy with beets or onions. the vegetable kingdom loves lovage! it gets along well with just about everybody. about the only plant it has a \u201c rhubarb \u201d with is rhubarb! peppers will sul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4875244446879422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.599765"} {"text": "\u2019 t very happy with beets or onions. the vegetable kingdom loves lovage! it gets along well with just about everybody. about the only plant it has a \u201c rhubarb \u201d with is rhubarb! peppers will sulk in the presence of onions. in addition to garlic, roses also do well around onions and tomatoes. artemisia helps to keep aphids off of roses. speaking of tomatoes : don \u2019 t locate tomatoes next to corn. they feud. slip some chives around your apple trees, including crab apples, to deter apple scab. other plants protected by chives are roses and carrots. garlic will help to prevent borers when planted around fruit trees and raspberries. marigolds repel many insect pests and are appreciated by most flowers and vegetables. they also act somewhat as a weed deterrent. these are just a few of the companions and enemies of some of our commonly grown plants. there are many others, and there are many resources out there, some easy to understand, others more complicated. a good rule of thumb is experience. if you have ever grown peppers next to onions, you will have discovered that the performance of the peppers is less than spectacular. you will not be very likely to grow them together again. the second concept of companion planting is not so much that it is for the function of a partnership as it is for the good looks in combination. roses are usually tops in anyone \u2019 s ornamental garden. the problem with roses is that while the tops of the plants are pretty, the bottoms of the plant can be somewhat sparse and leggy. try to under plant roses with other plants that hide their bottoms. lavender, catmint, and some of the taller growing dianthus are good companion plants for this purpose. for your taller growing or climbing roses, interplant with clematis. they look good together, and both will benefit from the application of rose food. parsley is not only good looking and great for hiding the legs of roses, it also acts as a deterrent to insects. when growing spring flowering bulbs, especially daffodils, add daylilies to the site. as the foliage of the bulbs starts to die down, the foliage of the daylilies will sprout up and hide the yellowing foliage of the bulbs. hostas and ferns are classics together in the shade garden. ditto for hostas, ferns, astilbe, and japanese forest grass, or hakonechloa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42365760320825707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.600933"} {"text": "##rout up and hide the yellowing foliage of the bulbs. hostas and ferns are classics together in the shade garden. ditto for hostas, ferns, astilbe, and japanese forest grass, or hakonechloa. \u2018 silver mound \u2019 artemesia, with its feather - soft silver foliage, lends its naturally rounded form as a softening effect in the garden. pair it with the exclamation points of \u2018 sunny border blue \u2019 veronica. many people plant rhododendrons, but shy away from planting other companions with them. hostas, dwarf mountain laurel, and ferns all make wonderful companions. monarda and feverfew are wonderful together. the red upright flowers of monarda blends well with the tiny, white, daisylike flowers of feverfew. the blue of a german or bearded iris is stunning when planted with the bright orange of the oriental poppy. not only is the color combination spectacular, but the contrast in foliage form and color is also complementary, as well. the swordlike green of the iris pairs wonderfully with the feathery soft green foliage of the poppies. there are many other plants that work well together. whether grown together as beneficial partners or for artistic effect, try out a few of them. not only will your plants thank you, but you can show off your green thumb and make your neighbors green with envy!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45460087018794154, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.602610"} {"text": "it is sad that one of the greatest culprits in the use of all sorts of fallacies is political campaign. this occurs because the united states is not, nor has it ever been, a true democracy. in a true democracy, as was practiced in ancient athens, each citizen is given one vote. rather than being a democracy ( one citizen one vote ), the united states ' type of government is called a republic. in a republic, like ancient rome, there is a select group of people who are elected to represent the citizenry of the country. for all of its benefits, this type of government has the side effect of placing vast power into the hands of a few ( or a few hundred ) people. because of this power, it has become cost effective to spend millions ( and occasionally hundreds of millions ) of dollars to ensure that the candidate of your choice is elected. with this much at stake, logic is generally the driving force in a campaign. it was this realization that shocked americans with the marketing and selling of richard nixon. do you want your congressmen to know how you truly feel about what kind of job they are doing? check out usa. gov where you can obtain contact information for elected officials. this political advertisement is blatantly illogical. - it associates the candidate with the american flag. - it portrays a glamorous view of the candidate. ( oddly, better looking candidates have an advantage over candidates who are not as good looking. - it begs the question by assuming that \" they \" don ' t want veronica in congress. - it also begs the question by assuming that veronica is honest. of the four political advertisements on page 139, this one has the greatest appeal to logic. - it appears to direct the reader to a web site, presumably in which issues are discussed. - it does not picture the american flag or other symbols of patriotism. to see why political campaign managers tend to use patriotic red - white - blue advertisements, try showing the four political ads on page 139 to several people. ask each person which ad is the most appealing. given no additional information, which of the four candidates would each person be most likely to vote for? if you find that the red - white - blue ads are chosen more often, then you can see why campaign managers choose this style. these comments are not screened before publication. constructive debate about the information on this page is welcome, but personal attacks are not. please do not post comments that are commercial in nature or that violate copyright. comments that we regard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5065320567976317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.605943"} {"text": "heatmap displays a matrix as an image whose color intensities reflect the magnitude of its values. in addition, it enables you to specify the following properties : * x - and y - axes tick labels : display the row / column indices or any other numeric or text labels. x - axis tick labels can even be rotated. * text labels : overlay the heatmap image with formatted text labels. the text labels can be derived from the original numeric matrix or a different matrix or cell array for displaying another dimension of data. you can control the font size and font color of the labels. the labels update automatically with zooming, panning or resizing the figure. * custom color maps : use matlab ' s default color maps or specify your own. the function provides two additional color maps - \" money \" ( shown in the example image ) and \" red \" ( a color map of red color intensities ). specify linear or logarithmic color maps and the number of color levels. you can even use different color maps for different heat maps within a figure. * other configurable parameters such as grid lines, color bars. for detailed examples, see the associated document heatmap _ examples. m note : if using rotated tick labels, heatmap will resize the axes to make room for the tick labels. when overwriting existing heatmap plots with a new heatmap, use clf to first clear the figure. see heatmap _ examples for an illustration.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49795212954231555, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.608666"} {"text": "posted dec 13, 2012by on this day \u2013 december 13, 1972 \u2013 40 years ago today eugene cernan and harrison schmitt begin the third and final extra - vehicular activity ( eva ) or \u201c moonwalk \u201d of apollo 17. to date they are the last humans to set foot on the moon. in december of 1972, apollo 17 astronauts eugene cernan and harrison schmitt spent about 75 hours on the moon, in the taurus - littrow valley, while colleague ronald evans orbited overhead. the apollo 17 crew returned with 110 kilograms of rock and soil samples, more than from any of the other lunar landing sites. and after thirty years, cernan and schmitt are still the last to walk on the moon. ( ap, wikipedia, wikicommons ) the gettysburg cyclorama was demolished in early 2013. here \u2019 s a photo gallery that will allow you to take a s this collection of photos shows some of the veterans and those who came to pay their respects at the battlefield du youths rioted in several different suburbs around stockholm, sweden for a fifth consecutive night on may 24, 2013. on this day \u2013 january 3, 1870 \u2013 the construction of the brooklyn bridge begins. the brooklyn bridge is a section of the interstate 5 bridge over the skagit river between mount vernon and burlington, washington collapse the gettysburg monuments are a large attraction for visitors to the area. the photos show the various monuments in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4246566035310345, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.610146"} {"text": "a reference resource life before the presidency john quincy adams was born on july 11, 1767, in the village of braintree ( now quincy ), massachusetts, a few miles south of boston. his early years were spent living alternately in braintree and boston, and his doting father and affectionate mother taught him mathematics, languages, and the classics. his father, john adams, had been politically active for all of john quincy ' s life, but the calling of the first continental congress in 1774 marked a new stage in john adams ' activism. the older adams would go on to help lead the continental congress, draft the declaration of independence, and oversee the execution of the revolutionary war. he was also absent from his children ' s lives more often than he was present, leaving much of their raising and education to their mother, abigail. in the first year of the war, young john quincy adams feared for the life of his father and worried that the british might take his family hostage. indeed, when john adams signed his name to the declaration of independence, he committed an act of treason against england, an offense punishable by death. for john quincy, these years were actually the beginning of his manhood, and he recalled later in life feeling responsible \u2014 as the eldest son \u2014 for protecting his mother while his father attended to the business of revolution. john quincy witnessed the battle of bunker hill with his mother from the top of one of the braintree hills and regularly saw soldiers passing through his hometown. the revolutionary war was not some distant, theoretical event but an immediate and frightening reality. grooming for the world stage from ages ten to seventeen, adams experienced an incredible european adventure that prepared him for his later career in the foreign service of his country. in late 1777, john adams was posted to europe as a special envoy, and in 1778, john quincy accompanied him to paris. over the next seven years, john quincy would spend time in paris, the netherlands, and st. petersburg, with shorter visits to england, sweden, and prussia. the young adams experienced his first formal schooling at the passy academy outside of paris where \u2014 together with the grandsons of benjamin franklin \u2014 he studied fencing, dance, music, and art. the adamses remained in france for a little over a year and then returned home for some three months. when john adams was again posted to europe in november 1779, tasked with negotiating the peace with britain, he returned with his sons john quincy and charles, reaching paris in february 1780 after a harrowing journey in first a leak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4417614070968559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.624060"} {"text": "home for some three months. when john adams was again posted to europe in november 1779, tasked with negotiating the peace with britain, he returned with his sons john quincy and charles, reaching paris in february 1780 after a harrowing journey in first a leaky ship, then overland on mules from spain. john, recognizing that there was little likelihood of peace negotiations, decided in the summer of 1780 to relocate to amsterdam along with his sons, both of whom briefly attended the university of leiden. charles proved unhappy in europe and was sent home after a year and a half. around the same time in 1781, john quincy ' s education was interrupted when francis dana, the newly appointed u. s. emissary to st. petersburg, asked that john quincy, then fourteen years old, accompany him as translator and personal secretary. a year later, john quincy traveled alone for five months from st. petersburg to the hague, the dutch seat of government, to rejoin his father. when he returned to america in 1785, adams enrolled in harvard college as an advanced student, completing his studies in two years. after college, adams studied law and passed the massachusetts bar exam in the summer of 1790. while preparing for the law exam, he mastered shorthand and read everything in sight, from ancient history to popular literature. he especially enjoyed the humorous novel tom jones by henry fielding, which he deemed \" one of the best novels in the language. \" always in awe of thomas jefferson, a close friend of his father and the principal author of the declaration of independence, adams considered jefferson ' s notes on virginia a brilliant piece of writing. as a young man, adams stood apart from his age group. he took no part in the usual college pranks nor did he think much of his teachers \u2014 many of whom were less well read and had less worldly experience than he had. but adams did have an appreciative eye for young women. his first love, at age fourteen, was a french actress whom he never met personally but dreamed about after seeing her stage performance. during his legal apprenticeship, john quincy fell deeply in love with a young woman he met in newburyport, massachusetts, where he was studying law. the romance lasted for several months before his mother, abigail adams, persuaded him to put off marriage until he could afford to support a wife. john quincy agreed, and the two drifted apart. it was a parting that he always regretted, but it demonstrated a character trait in adams that accompanied him throughout his life : his respect for the opinions of his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4649792824548379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.625101"} {"text": "until he could afford to support a wife. john quincy agreed, and the two drifted apart. it was a parting that he always regretted, but it demonstrated a character trait in adams that accompanied him throughout his life : his respect for the opinions of his parents. from 1790 to 1794, adams practiced law with little success in boston. as a new, young lawyer competing for clients with far more established and senior men, he had difficulty attracting paying clients. not even the fact that his father was now vice president of the united states seemed to help. when not practicing law, adams wrote articles in support of the washington administration and debated the political issues of the day with his fellow lawyers. finally, in 1794, just as john quincy ' s law career was beginning to make headway, president george washington, appreciative of the young adams ' s support for his administration and aware of his fluency in french and dutch, appointed him minister to the netherlands. it was a good time for the young diplomat. he carefully managed the repayment of dutch loans made to america during the american revolution and sent well - regarded official reports to washington on the aftermath of the french revolution. a moody suitor while traveling in france as a young boy, john met louisa catherine, the four - year - old daughter of joshua johnson, an american merchant who had married an englishwoman and was then living in nantes, france. years later, in 1797, when louisa had grown into a pretty 22 - year - old woman, she and adams met again. now he was a 30 - year - old diplomat and the son of the president of the united states. she was living in london, where her father served as the american consul, and adams had been sent to london from the hague to exchange the ratifications of the jay treaty. the johnson family provided the social center for americans in london, and adams regularly visited. in time, he began to court louisa, dining nightly with the family but always leaving when the girls began to sing after the evening meal \u2014 adams disliked the sound of the female voice in song. louisa found herself intrigued by her moody suitor. the two were married on july 26, 1797, over the initial objections of adams ' s parents, who did not think it wise for a future president to have a foreign - born wife. right around the time of their marriage, john quincy was appointed u. s. minister to prussia, where he remained until his father lost his reelection bid for a second term as president in 1800. the adamses returned to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4338145067316601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.626177"} {"text": "a foreign - born wife. right around the time of their marriage, john quincy was appointed u. s. minister to prussia, where he remained until his father lost his reelection bid for a second term as president in 1800. the adamses returned to the united states in 1801 with their son george washington adams, and john quincy threw himself into local politics, winning election to the state senate. then the massachusetts legislature appointed him to the u. s. senate in 1803. career in diplomacy as the u. s. senator from massachusetts, he shifted from his nominally federalist position to support the democratic - republican administration of president thomas jefferson. he supported the louisiana purchase, one of only two federalists to do so, and the imposition of the embargo act of 1807 against foreign trade. in 1808, the federalist - controlled massachusetts state legislature was infuriated by adams ' s pro - jeffersonian conduct and expressed their displeasure by appointing adams ' s successor nearly a full year before adams ' s term was complete. adams promptly resigned and subsequently changed his party affiliation from federalist to democratic - republican. shortly after the loss of his senate seat, president james madison appointed adams the first u. s. minister to russia. although adams had previously expressed negative feelings about russia as a nation of \" slaves and princes, \" he soon developed a strong personal attachment to czar alexander, whom he admired for his willingness to stand up to napoleon. while in russia, adams persuaded the czar to allow american ships to trade in russian ports, and when napoleon invaded russia in 1812, adams ' s dispatches home provided madison with detailed and perceptive accounts of the war. in 1814, president madison appointed adams to head a five - person delegation to negotiate a peace agreement ending the war of 1812 with britain. it was an auspicious group of americans who met in ghent, belgium : special envoy john quincy adams, secretary of the treasury albert gallatin, senator james a. bayard of delaware, speaker of the house henry clay, and u. s. minister to sweden jonathan russell. the treaty negotiations took five months, resulting in an agreement to end the fighting and restore all territory to the status quo at the beginning of the war. no mention was made of the issues that had started the war, such as the impressment of american seamen or the rights of neutral commerce. still, the treaty was a significant victory for the united states : the young nation had engaged the greatest military power in the world without conceding anything in return for peace. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42847302812193644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.627352"} {"text": "as the impressment of american seamen or the rights of neutral commerce. still, the treaty was a significant victory for the united states : the young nation had engaged the greatest military power in the world without conceding anything in return for peace. the treaty was signed on december 24, 1814, two weeks prior to the great victory of u. s. forces over the british at the battle of new orleans. word did not reach america of the treaty until mid - february, and the senate ratified it unanimously on february 17, 1815. madison subsequently posted adams to england for two years. with the election of james monroe as president, adams accepted appointment as secretary of state, serving from 1817 to 1825. during his long tenure as head of the state department, he compiled an impressive record of diplomatic accomplishments. at the top of the list stands his role in formulating the monroe doctrine, which warned european nations not to meddle in the affairs of the western hemisphere. although thomas jefferson and james madison had advised president monroe to issue the proclamation in a joint statement with britain, adams \u2014 understanding the diplomatic symbolism involved \u2014 persuaded monroe to make a unilateral and independent statement as a mark of u. s. sovereignty in the hemisphere. secretary of state adams also successfully negotiated u. s. fishing rights off the canadian coast, established the present u. s. - canadian border from minnesota to the rockies, formulated a pragmatic policy for the recognition of newly independent latin american nations, and achieved the transfer of spanish florida to the united states in the adams - onis treaty of 1819. this treaty also fixed the southwestern boundary of the united states at the sabine river ( in present - day texas ) and removed spanish claims to oregon. adams also halted russian claims to oregon. within the state department, he appointed staff on the basis of merit rather than patronage, and upon his election as president in 1824, he left behind a highly efficient diplomatic service with clear accountability procedures and a system of regularized correspondence in place.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4255429381508136, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.628217"} {"text": "today \u2019 s new york times has a wonderful feature article on how language shapes our perception of the world. the infamous sapir - whorf hypothesis claimed that our understanding was limited by language and has long been used as an example of a \u2018 dead theory \u2019 but new evidence is suggesting that certain aspects of a language can indeed influence how we think the nyt piece is a wonderfully engaging look at the studies which have shown how our perceptions are biased by language and is written by linguist guy deutscher. some 50 years ago, the renowned linguist roman jakobson pointed out a crucial fact about differences between languages in a pithy maxim : \u201c languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey. \u201d this maxim offers us the key to unlocking the real force of the mother tongue : if different languages influence our minds in different ways, this is not because of what our language allows us to think but rather because of what it habitually obliges us to think about \u2026. in recent years, various experiments have shown that grammatical genders can shape the feelings and associations of speakers toward objects around them. in the 1990s, for example, psychologists compared associations between speakers of german and spanish. there are many inanimate nouns whose genders in the two languages are reversed. a german bridge is feminine ( die brucke ), for instance, but el puente is masculine in spanish ; and the same goes for clocks, apartments, forks, newspapers, pockets, shoulders, stamps, tickets, violins, the sun, the world and love. on the other hand, an apple is masculine for germans but feminine in spanish, and so are chairs, brooms, butterflies, keys, mountains, stars, tables, wars, rain and garbage. when speakers were asked to grade various objects on a range of characteristics, spanish speakers deemed bridges, clocks and violins to have more \u201c manly properties \u201d like strength, but germans tended to think of them as more slender or elegant. with objects like mountains or chairs, which are \u201c he \u201d in german but \u201c she \u201d in spanish, the effect was reversed. link to \u2018 does your language shape how you think? \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5774735561287763, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.630400"} {"text": "school : down to earth school area of science : engineering interim : we are concerned about children in our area getting burned by slides at local parks and in yards at home. children all over the u. s have been burned by playground equipment from the ages of 6 months to 6 years. most of the burns occur due to young children not having the reaction of pulling away from heated materials quick enough. density is defined as weight per unit volume, though more properly called \u201c specific weight \u201d. less dense materials heat faster because the amount of atoms is less and they take less time for all to heat. light from the sun excites electrons in the atoms which create the materials themselves. this is knows as \u201c radiationless transitions \u201d. the atoms of the material vibrate and that vibrational energy is roughly equal to the electronic energy ( photons ) absorbed from the sun. we hope to find a safer alternative material for slides by learning how the density of material holds heat and changes temperature. we hope to use this information to design a safer slide. the model programming we are using is netlogo. we will be modeling a slide being heated by rays from the sun. we plan to have the sun move across the sky, and agent - based heat rays that will travel to heat the slide. the slide will be made of color changeable patches. when the patches are hit by the rays they will change color. the starting patch color will depend on the density of the material in use and the temperature surrounding the area. the slide will begin flashing the warm colors when the temperature gets to skin burning degrees. we have the main part of our research completed to start our model. we have started on all our other projects involved in the challenge. we have begun our model with the sun and heat rays. we are working on getting the sun path laid out so the sun will follow it. we are also working on getting the heat rays attached to the sun and heading set for the slide. we would like for the model to show the suns angle and how it affects the temperature of the material. the results we expect to get include finding out what material heats up the most based on the density. we hope to find a solution on what materials would be safest.. we will be using the information to create a \u201c safe slide \u201d. kristen hampton. wistv. com. 621, 12 wbtv. http : / / www. wistv. com / story / 1884371 / hot - playground - equipment - can - burn - children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5818515186127855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.634769"} {"text": "the term biomass refers to all the earth ' s vegetation and many products and coproducts that come from it. biomass is the oldest known source of renewable energy - humans have been using it since we discovered fire - and it has high energy content. the energy content of dry biomass ranges from 7, 000 btus / lb for straws to 8, 500 btus / lb for wood. domestic biomass resources include agricultural and forestry wastes, municipal solid wastes, industrial wastes, and terrestrial and aquatic crops grown solely for energy purposes, known as energy crops. biomass is an attractive energy source for a number of reasons. first, it is a renewable energy source as long as we manage vegetation appropriately. biomass is also more evenly distributed over the earth ' s surface than finite energy sources, and may be exploited using less capital - intensive technologies. it provides the opportunity for local, regional, and national energy self - sufficiency across the globe. and energy derived from biomass does not have the negative environmental impact associated with non - renewable energy sources. according to the u. s. department of energy, \" developing a strong biomass industry in the united states will have tremendous economic benefits including trade deficit reduction, job creation, and strengthening of agricultural markets. growth of the biomass industries can create new markets and employment for farmers and foresters, many of whom currently face economic hardship. growing biomass energy crops provides new uses for agricultural land currently out of production which can help conserve farm land for future generations. biomass usage can spur the development of new processing, distribution, and service industries in rural communities. additionally, using biomass residues rather than disposing of them in landfills can also reduce a major land use problem. \" the map below shows biomass potential for the u. s. to learn more about biomass and bioenergy, visit the department of energy ' s biomass program website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.504908603418768, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.637250"} {"text": "five little known \u201c facts \u201d about christopher columbus in october of 1492, as every child is taught in school, christopher columbus sailed the ocean blue and discovered america. he was granted the ability to come to america by king ferdinand and queen isabella of spain. but is that how everything really happened? most of us aren \u2019 t told about the real christopher columbus. here are five things you might not have known about this famous explorer. christopher columbus : the man columbus may have been born in genoa. no one really knows, but the name we know him as is an english version of the name. the genoese knew him as, chrisoffa corombo. he was born around 1451 and went to sea at the age of ten. columbus worked for some wealthy businessmen and it is known that he traveled to the aegean sea, england, ireland and iceland \u2013 where he may have heard rumor of lands to the west. the moment in time while we have often heard that people thought the earth was flat in columbus \u2019 day and that he convinced the royalty of spain to let him prove his theories, this is simply not true. the flat - earth story actually comes from a biography on columbus by washington irving in 1828, known as \u201c the life and voyages of christopher columbus \u201d. the round earth was widely known in columbus \u2019 day. the ancient greeks knew about the curvature of the earth and the means to calculate it \u2019 s diameter through use of an astrolabe was used by eratosthenes in the second century b. c. columbus \u2019 calculations were based on information from arabic and phoenician scientists, but miscalculated the information. columbus was able to get the money to do his journey because the spanish had just finished a conflict with the moors in january, 1492 and the spanish needed gold because the war was so costly. the nina, the pinta, and the santa maria columbus left spain on august 3, 1492 in three ships \u2013 the nina ( spanish for \u2018 little girl \u2019 ), the pinta ( spanish for \u2018 the painted \u2019 ), and the santa maria ( saint mary ). right? well, sort of. the real names of the ships were : the caravel, the santa clara, which was nicknamed the nina, after its owner juan nino. the caravel, the pinta and the huge carrack, the santa maria, which was known by its nickname, the gallega. it took him five weeks to make the journey to the new world. while they were there, they lost the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3754350201485318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.641808"} {"text": "the caravel, the pinta and the huge carrack, the santa maria, which was known by its nickname, the gallega. it took him five weeks to make the journey to the new world. while they were there, they lost the santa maria to a sand bar and columbus came back with a skeleton crew after leaving 39 men to keep watch on what is now haiti. they were killed by local natives. as for the rest \u2013 they brought a special treat back to europe with them \u2013 syphilis. play it again, chris... columbus went back to the new world three more times in his lifetime trying to find china. he never realized that he was in the wrong place and always thought he could find the right passage to keep going. on his later journeys, columbus proved his inability to be a great leader and was considered a scourge to the new world. he enslaved the natives with impunity, was a cruel leader to his own people, and got himself banished from hispaniola by the spanish crown because he was such a terrible person. in fact, columbus had two goals while making his trips : find gold at all costs and enslave the populace. he did both without remorse. he is sometimes described as a religious zealot. he brought christianity to the new world \u2013 but not for the natives. the catholic law stated that it was illegal to enslave other christians \u2013 so columbus refused to baptize any natives on the island. the death of christopher columbus the older columbus got, the more religious and demanding he became. he tried forcing the spanish crown to give him 10 % of all gold found in the new world. they refused, claiming he had done such a lousy job running the place that he deserved nothing. some stories claim that he died penniless, while there is some belief that he had a modest fortune at his death at the age of 55 in 1506. while today, columbus is revered as a hero in the united states, italy, and spain, he was really not that well known during his life or even thereafter. his fame came about centuries later after america had been named after fellow explorer, amerigo vespucci. today, he is considered the father of exploration.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3682279697208021, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.642783"} {"text": "on march 22, the global day of water, thousands participated in the plurinational march for water, life, and dignity to protest the ecuadorian government \u2019 s promotion of large - scale mining \u2014 correa \u2019 s government is the first to open up the country to large - scale mining. communities that suffered through the civil wars of the 1980s and 1990s are once again faced with violence as they defend their land against international interests. this article was published in the spring 2012 issue of the nacla report on the americas, \" central america : legacies of war. \" william brownfield, u. s. assistant secretary of state for the bureau of international narcotics and law enforcement affairs ( inl ), toured central america last week to quell the growing opposition to u. s. drug war policies that have failed to reduce demand for drugs in the united states or disrupt supply routes from producer countries. even to many who paid attention to the rest of latin america, central america was terra incognita into the 1970s. i distinctly remember one night in the late 1970s when i pulled out the atlas and located the central american countries in the very small area that they occupied on the continental map. this was the beginning of my intense engagement with central america, and there was much more to learn. thirty years ago, today, on march 23, 1982, guatemalan general efrain rios montt overthrew president romeo lucas garcia. the new military junta suspended the constitution, closed the legislature, and installed one of the bloodiest military regimes in guatemalan history. three decades later, for the first issue of our 45th anniversary volume, we look to the legacies of war in central america. over the weekend of february 18 and 19, in tocoa, honduras, more than 1, 400 campesinos, indigenous people and their allies met to continue their fight against repression. activists organized the international gathering in solidarity with honduras to expose the rampant violations of human rights and the systematic killing of campesinos. the complexities of the armed conflict in colombia ' s drug - producing region of catatumbo are set to garner greater attention from both the colombian military and the media. this is underscored by the fact that in addition to the presence of the epl, farc, and eln guerrilla forces, the region is also host to the neo - paramilitary organizations los rastrojos and los urabenos. on december 9, santos decreed law 4635, ostensibly creating the means for the colombian government to compensate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4199838059213348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.646239"} {"text": "farc, and eln guerrilla forces, the region is also host to the neo - paramilitary organizations los rastrojos and los urabenos. on december 9, santos decreed law 4635, ostensibly creating the means for the colombian government to compensate and assist afro - colombian victims that have been kicked off their land. however santos failed to consult afro - colombians prior to the decree \u2014 a right protected in the constitution. without such consultation this is just another piece of legislation that has made a mockery of the rights of afro - descendants. protestors in cajamarca, peru, are anxiously awaiting a ruling by the peruvian constitutional court. the court is expected to decide this week if the cajamarca regional council overstepped its constitutional authority when it unanimously approved a law on december 28 banning the construction of the new multibillion - dollar minas conga gold and copper mine. on monday morning, crowds gathered in the community of el mozote to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the signing of the peace accords that ended el salvador\u00b4s 12 - year - long civil war. at the solemn event, el salvador \u2019 s first leftist president, mauricio funes, apologized for the state role in the 1981 el mozote massacre and announced reparations for the victims and their families.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39505476387984295, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.646787"} {"text": "6 oct. 1772 \u2013 13 aug. 1833 leonard henderson, lawyer, teacher, and chief justice of the north carolina supreme court, was born in the nutbush community near williamsboro, granville county, the third son of six children of richard and elizabeth keeling henderson. his grandfather was samuel henderson, first sheriff of the county, and his wife, elizabeth williams, who had moved there from hanover, va., in 1740. at their home, jonesboro, the richard hendersons raised two daughters ( fannie, who married judge spruce macay ; and elizabeth, who became mrs. william lee alexander ) and four sons ( richard, who moved to virginia and became a judge ; archibald, who moved to salisbury and there married the sister of governor nathaniel alexander ; leonard ; and john lawson, who often represented the borough of salisbury in the general assembly, and was comptroller of the state and clerk of the supreme court in raleigh ). leonard ' s education was confined to instruction by local teachers and the reverend henry pattillo, the prescribed courses at springer college, and one or two sessions at a school in salisbury. afterwards he studied law at williamsboro under judge john williams, of montpelier, who had married henderson ' s maternal grandmother and with whom he lived after the death of his parents. he was admitted to the bar and for a time was clerk of the district court in hillsborough. a freemason, in 1797 he was senior warden of hiram lodge no. 24. in 1802 he was elected to the council of state, and in 1807 he was appointed a commissioner of the town of williamsboro. in 1808, two years after the district system of courts was abolished, henderson was elected by the general assembly to fill a vacancy on the superior court bench caused by the death of judge spruce macay. the election of henderson, a thoroughgoing federalist and an ardent supporter of alexander hamilton and john marshall, was a high tribute to his character and eminent qualifications, as the legislature was solidly republican. about this time henderson opened a law school at williamsboro and soon earned a reputation for thoroughness and accuracy. although he did not formulate the case method of instruction, his pupils were well versed in concrete cases selected by henderson from numerous volumes. among the many young men who studied with him were richmond m. pearson, william horn battle, robert ballard gilliam, robert h. burton, and hutchins g. burton. the school at henderson ' s home, jonesboro, was the forerunner of richmond hill and the university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3992163008961073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.653179"} {"text": "with him were richmond m. pearson, william horn battle, robert ballard gilliam, robert h. burton, and hutchins g. burton. the school at henderson ' s home, jonesboro, was the forerunner of richmond hill and the university of north carolina law schools. after eight years as a superior court judge and with a growing family, henderson resigned in 1816 to resume his law practice in williamsboro and teach in his law school. in 1817 he was elected a trustee of the university of north carolina, serving until his resignation in 1828. late in 1818 the court system was again changed and the supreme court of north carolina was established. judges henderson and john hall, with john louis taylor as chief justice, comprised the first court. in 1829, after the death of taylor, henderson became chief justice, a position he held until his own death. henderson county and the cities of henderson and hendersonville were all named in the judge ' s honor. he was described as a large man, over six feet tall and weighing 212 pounds, with dark hair, gray eyes, a large, symmetrical head, and a long chin. he was buried at montpelier, his childhood home, and survived by his wife, frances farrar, whom he had married on 3 nov. 1795 ; she was the niece of judge john williams, who had guided his legal studies at williamsboro. they had four sons and two daughters : archibald erskine, william farrar, john leonard, and richard ( who died three years before his father ), fannie ( who married dr. william v. taylor and moved to memphis, tenn. ), and lucy ( who married dr. richard sneed and moved to henderson, ky. ). a portrait of chief justice henderson was presented to the north carolina supreme court on 20 apr. 1909. john l. cheney, jr., ed., north carolina government, 1585 \u2013 1979 ( 1981 ). dab, vol. 4 ( 1960 ). t. b. kingsbury, \" chief justice leonard henderson, \" wake forest historical society papers ( 1899 ). samuel t. peace, \" zeb ' s black baby, \" vance county, north carolina ( 1955 ). nannie may tilley, \" studies in the history of colonial granville county \" ( m. a. thesis, duke university, 1931 ). c. l. van noppen papers ( manuscript department, duke university library, durham ). john b. watkins, historic vance county ( 1941 ). john h. wheeler", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3971563229705818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.654929"} {"text": "\" ( m. a. thesis, duke university, 1931 ). c. l. van noppen papers ( manuscript department, duke university library, durham ). john b. watkins, historic vance county ( 1941 ). john h. wheeler, historical sketches of north carolina ( 1851 ). \" leonard henderson 1772 - 1833. \" n. c. highway historical marker g - 99, n. c. office of archives & history. http : / / www. ncmarkers. com / markers. aspx? sp = markers & k = markers & sv = g - 99 winston, robert w. and clark, walter. \" leonard henderson : address of judge robert w. winston presenting the portrait of chief justice henderson to the supreme court of north carolina. \" [ raleigh? : s. n. ]. 1908. http : / / archive. org / details / leonardhenderson111wins ( accessed january 4, 2013 ). north carolina supreme court historical society. \" portrait of chief justice leonard henderson. \" http : / / www. ncschs. net / henderson _ leonard. aspx ( accessed january 4, 2013 ). horton, lucy henderson, compiler. \" leonard henderson \" family history compiled by lucy henderson horton. franklin, tenn. : press of the news. 1922. 283 - 284. http : / / books. google. com / books? id = hwtvaaaamaaj & pg = pa283 # v = onepage & q & f = false ( accessed january 4, 2013 ). w. h. battle, \" memoir of chief justice leonard henderson. \" north carolina university magazine 9, no. 4 ( november, 1859 ) : 193 - 202. http : / / books. google. com / books? id = tawyaqaamaaj & pg = pa193 # v = onepage & q & f = false ( accessed january 4, 2013 ). t. b. kingsbury, \" chief justice leonard henderson, \" wake forest student. november, 1898. \" lithograph, accession # : h. 19xx. 331. 67. \" 1900 - 1920. north carolina museum of history. 1 january 1988 | royster, lucy b.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4341220486672985, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.656038"} {"text": "the causes of bone cancer is extremely unclear despite the developing medical sciences. structured be explained by doctors as to why some individuals develop bone cancer. however, this cancer is just not contagious. adhere to what they we have an exposure of your person towards the risks, the illness could be developed. as being the causes are unknown, various risks are taken into account. the numerous risks are mentioned below : 1. being at certain age. 2. being adult, child or young. 3. previous chemotherapy or radiation. 4. reputation of bone cancer in family. 5. paget \u2019 s disease 6. inheritance of retinoblastoma. there are numerous methods for managing bone cancer. that depends over the extent of tumor. various factors such as harshness of cancer and its location are usually noted before recommending any treatment. listed below are the various treatments : 1. surgery is one such opportunity for dealing with this cancer. it is almost always done if the tumor can be quite big and possesses to become removed completely. a patient resorts to surgery once the bone or surrounding portions of the bone lead to further problems. full bones are examined from the pathologist for checking if you have any tumor growth. in case the removing tumor is not complete, cellular matrix will become growing slowly. the entire small area around it will probably be affected. bone cancer may reoccur when the surgical treatment is not done with proper care. 2. in past times, amputations needed to be undergone for removing bone cancer. however, sophisticated and new techniques are introduced for getting eliminated tumor. the tumor is usually scraped when it is really small. 3. a compact bone graft may address a reduced tumor. however, if considerable damage has been carried out to the bone, larger graft might be opted from the surgeons. bone implantation could also be used. 4. chemotherapy enables you to stay away from the growth and development of cells. the development of cancerous cells is stopped. chemotherapy is often suggested before the surgery. this way, tumor can shrink bigger. the surgery becomes very easier and success rate can be quite higher. the cancer cells are effectively killed with the chemotherapy sessions. however, sometimes the healthy cells can also be killed. thinning hair, nausea and giddiness may perhaps be experienced patients after sessions of chemotherapy. 5. radiation will be killing the body of bone cancer. couple of weeks or months could be taken because of the therapy. the dosage and kind of radiation differs in line with the cancer type. bone cancer is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4274022669673881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.660563"} {"text": "patients after sessions of chemotherapy. 5. radiation will be killing the body of bone cancer. couple of weeks or months could be taken because of the therapy. the dosage and kind of radiation differs in line with the cancer type. bone cancer is a really malignant condition which means that both adults and children might be affected. a variety of diseases are encompassed during the term \u201c bone cancer \u201d. therefore, number of variation can be bought in the symptoms of the cancer. as one, the categorization of cancer can be done in line with the origination of cancer and whether it has spread on a vacation location from the bone or not. secondary bone cancer is a cancer which spreads towards the bones off their areas of the body. this cancer is quite called as opposed to primary bone cancer. there \u2019 s a simple variation inside indication of this cancer. this will likely rely upon the type of cancer. the best commonly experienced symptom could be the pain. the appearance of this cancer is frequently perfectly located at the long bones on the legs as well as the arms. thus, these became a regular site for pain. you have to remember all bone tumors usually are not cancerous. some are benign too. the relation of bone pain is frequently carried out with a benign condition which includes a trauma. it is far from often associated with cancer. other indications of this cancer include : 1. inflammation or joint tenderness 2. fractures which result because of weakness in bones. 3. usually there are some non specific symptoms also which include fat reduction, unintentional fat loss, fever and anemia. this can also the principle the signs of this cancer on a later stage. these indicate severe conditions. if someone is experiencing bone pain just in case he thinks he has cancer of bone, consulting the physician becomes essential. the expression or worry early over bone cancer may be very essential. do that so the thoughts can be remedied from the doctor quickly. one needs to also remember that cancer of bone is quite uncommon. thus, the symptoms can be linked to less serious conditions as well. the conditions may be ruled out because of the doctor before his efforts to diagnose bone cancer. there are some common signs and symptoms of this cancer like inflammation, tenderness, decrease in range and bone pain. however, this will likely not resume prompt the doctor for seeking additional tests for investigating the reason behind the symptoms. many exams are also useful for diagnosing bone cancer. thus, one must properly experience the indications of bone cancer and take treatment accordingly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4714823409881357, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.661603"} {"text": "( called also victorinus marius, or marius fabius victorinus, and frequently referred to as victorinus afer. ) a fourth - century grammarian, rhetorician, philosopher, and theologian, b. in africa about the year 300. in pursuance of his profession as teacher of rhetoric he migrated to rome where he attained such fame and popularity that in 353 a statue was erected in his honour in the forum of trajan ( jerome, \" chron. \" ad an. 2370 ). details regarding his life come almost entirely from jerome or augustine, the latter of whom calls him a man of the highest learning and thoroughly skilled in the liberal arts. in addition to his activities as a teacher he was a copious author and wrote or translated many works. three works written before his conversion still exist : \" liber de definitionibus \" ; a commentary on the \" de inventione \" of cicero ; and a treatise on grammar, \" ars grammatica \". works from the same period which have perished are : a treatise on logic, \" de syllogismis hypotheticis \" ; commentaries on the \" topica \" and the \" dialogues \" of cicero ; a translation and commentary of artistotle ' s \" categories \" ; a translation of the same author ' s \" interpretation \" ; translations of porphyry ' s \" isagoge \", and works of other neo - platonists. the conversion of victorinus, which took place before 361, was brought about, according to augustine, through study of the bible. a seeming reluctance at first to enroll himself in the christian community was compensated for afterwards by his insistence on making his profession of faith as publicly as possible. his accession to the church, which was received with joy by the christians of rome, did not cause victorinus to abandon his profession, and he continued to teach until the edict of julian in 362, closing the teaching profession to christians, caused him to retire. nothing more is known of his subsequent career except what can be gleaned from his writings. the range and fulness of these manifest his diligence and zeal in defence of his faith. most of the writings of his christian days have perished. those which survive are an anti - arian treatise, \" liber de generatione divini verbi \" ; a work \" adversus arium \" in four books, a tract \" de hoimoousio recipiendo \" ; three hymns \" de trinitate \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38978448433103086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.666428"} {"text": "treatise, \" liber de generatione divini verbi \" ; a work \" adversus arium \" in four books, a tract \" de hoimoousio recipiendo \" ; three hymns \" de trinitate \" ; commentaries on st. paul ' s epistles to the galatians, to the ephesians, and to the philippians. other works of doubtful authenticity are \" liber ad justinum manichaeum \" ; \" de verbis scripturae : factum est vespere et mane dies unus \" ; \" liber de physicis \". many references in his own writings show that victorinus was the author of many other works of a theological, exegetical, or polemical character. he is also credited with the translation of some of origen ' s works and the authorship of other christian hymns. though a man of varied books and great erudition victorinus is little studied. this neglect is largely attributed to the fact that his style is obscure and burdensome in the extreme. recent study of his works tends to enhance his position in the history of pedagogy, letters, and theology, and above all as a potent influence in disseminating neo - platonic doctrines in the west. there is no critical edition of the works of victorinus. p. l., viii, is the most accessible. koffmann, de mario victorino philosopho christiano ( breslau, 1880 ) ; monceaux, histoire litteraire de l ' afrique chretienne, 111 ( paris, 1905 ), 373 - 422. apa citation. ( 1912 ). caius marius victorinus. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 15414b. htm mla citation. \" caius marius victorinus. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 15. new york : robert appleton company, 1912. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 15414b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by thomas m. barrett. dedicated to the poor souls in purgatory. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. october 1, 1912. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4383480913836332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.667280"} {"text": "geoengineering schemes need ranking system to avoid wasting money, destroying the planet october 26, 2008 with so - called geoengineering proposals proliferating as concerns over climate change mount, philip boyd of new zealand ' s niwa warns that \" no geo - engineering proposal has been tested or even subjected to preliminary trials \". he says that despite widespread media attention, scientists have yet to even come up with a way to rank geoegineering schemes for their efficacy, cost, associated risk, and timeframe. thus is it unclear whether ideas like carbon burial, geochemical carbon capture, atmospheric carbon capture, ocean fertilization, cloud manipulation, \" space sunshades \", or strategically - placed pollution can be effective on a time - scale relevant to humankind, economical, or even safe. \" the rationale for any geo - engineering scheme must be based on its efficacy, \" he writes, then noting that existing proposals have often started out with \" overoptimistic claims on efficacy \", \" oversimplistic cost estimates \", and failure to recognize \" unwanted \" and \" potentially expensive \" side - effects. to better evaluate human solutions to a human - created problem, boyd writes that scientists \" must apply metrics that incorporate efficacy, cost, risk and time in order to rank where future research effort is best focused. \" he proposes a transparent ranking system based on objective criteria to determine what projects are most promising and therefore worthy of limited government research funds. \" such an assessment of all of the well - established proposals is urgently needed but so far entirely lacking, \" he writes. \" funding research into only a few promising schemes, according to such metrics, may lead to one or two relatively reliable mitigation options that can be placed in a ' climate - change toolbox '. in the near future, we must decide the relative importance of time, cost, risk and efficacy in tackling climate change if it is decided to press ahead with a geo - engineering approach. of course, it could transpire after such an analysis that climate mitigation strategies with a very low risk but apparently higher costs, such as direct carbon capture and storage, are the best approach. \" \" as the costs of inaction and of delaying the mitigation of climate change are rising, an initial high investment \u2014 matched with a very low risk \u2014 may seem more and more reasonable, \" he concludes. philip w. boyd. ranking geo - engineering schemes. nature geoscience | vol 1 | november 2008 | www.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4605447799624963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.671128"} {"text": "are rising, an initial high investment \u2014 matched with a very low risk \u2014 may seem more and more reasonable, \" he concludes. philip w. boyd. ranking geo - engineering schemes. nature geoscience | vol 1 | november 2008 | www. nature. com / naturegeoscience shell oil funds \" open source \" geoengineering project to fight global warming ( 7 / 21 / 2008 ) shell oil is funding a project that seeks to test the potential of adding lime to seawater as a cost - effective way to fight global warming by sequestering large amounts of carbon dioxide in the world ' s oceans, reports chemistry & industry magazine. geoengineering solution to global warming could destroy the ozone layer ( 4 / 24 / 2008 ) a proposed plan to fight global warming by injecting sulfate particles into earth ' s upper atmosphere could damage the ozone layer over the arctic and antarctic, report researchers writing in the journal science. planktos kills iron fertilization project due to environmental opposition ( 2 / 19 / 2008 ) planktos, a california - based firm that planned a controversial iron - fertilization scheme in an attempt to qualify carbon offsets, announced that it failed to find sufficient funding for its efforts and would postpone its project indefinitely. too early to say if iron seeding will slow global warming - scientists ( 1 / 10 / 2008 ) schemes to use feed the ocean with iron as a way to enhance carbon sequestration from the atmosphere are premature and could be damaging to sea life and marine ecosystems, warns a letter published in the journal science by an international group of scientists. new research discredits a $ 100 billion geoengineering fix to global warming ( 11 / 29 / 2007 ) scientists have revealed an important discovery that raises doubts concerning the viability of plans to fertilize the ocean to solve global warming, a projected $ 100 billion venture.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5025708284998955, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.671996"} {"text": "happy 200th birthday, charles dickens, author of \" oliver twist, \" \" great expectations, \" \" a christmas carol, \" \" the old curiosity shop, \" and much more. portrait of dickens as a young man. the beinecke rare book and manuscript has both well - known and unique images of dickens at various times in his life. dickens \u2019 contemporaries would have recognized this and the following portrait. photographs of dickens near the end of his life. ( beinecke library ) portrait of dickens as a parliamentary reporter, painting by daniel maclise, this and the next portrait \u2014 the only copies of which are at the beinecke library \u2014 were created by friends of dickens and illustrators of his books, and were less iconic likenesses. ( beinecke library, gimbel collection ) sketch portrait of dickens by john leech, dickens, ca. 1855 to1860. ( beinecke, gimbel collection ) wood engraving by john leech, \u201c scrooge is shown ignorance and want by the spirit of christmas present, \u201d from \u201c a christmas carol. \u201d ( beinecke library ) john everett millais, \u201c l \u2019 enfant du regiment \u201d ( 1854 - 55 ). dickens is credited with creating the victorian cult of the child through such popular characters as little nell, the heroine of \u201c the old curiosity shop. \u201d this picture, inspired by an opera, illustrates dickens \u2019 influence in its sentimental portrayal of an injured child. ( yale center for british art ) dickens, \u201c reflections on the death of nell \u201d ( manuscript ). ( beinecke library ) engraving after john leech, frontispiece and title page of \u201c a christmas carol. \u201d vivid visual descriptions are a hallmark of dickens ' fiction. vincent van gogh wrote in a letter of 1883, \u201c there is no writer, in my opinion, who is so much a painter and a black - and - white artist as dickens. \u201d ( beinecke library ) engraving after john leech, \u201c last of the spirit \u201d ( with facing page ), \u201c a christmas carol. \u201d ( beinecke library ) augustus egg, \u201c the life of the duke of buckingham. \u201d dickens \u2019 friend augustus egg adopted a dickensian way of telling a story when he depicted the infamous restoration rake, the duke of buckingham. ( yale center for british art ) serial cover, \u201c the mystery of edwin drood. \u201d dickens invited artist luke fildes, to illustrate dickens ' last, unfinished novel, \" the mystery of edwin drood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3543028844391243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.675005"} {"text": "rake, the duke of buckingham. ( yale center for british art ) serial cover, \u201c the mystery of edwin drood. \u201d dickens invited artist luke fildes, to illustrate dickens ' last, unfinished novel, \" the mystery of edwin drood. \" yale owns both sketches and numerous copies of their printed versions. ( beinecke library ) drawing by luke fildes. this image of the london opium den called \u201c in the court, \u201d an illustration in \" the mystery of edwin drood, \" inspired one of the most famous engravings in gustave dore and blanchard jerrold ' s \u201c london : a pilgrimage. \u201d ( beinecke library ) also among the beinecke library ' s holdings are many of the contents of this bas relief of his study, including...... his writing slope,...... a desk calendar,...... a quill pen,...... his pipe,...... and his chair. the artist luke fildes visited dickens ' kent home, gad \u2019 s hill, shortly after the writer died in 1870. while there fildes created the first of many depictions of dickens \u2019 study, titled \" the empty chair. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38187309176393813, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.675508"} {"text": "you \u2019 ve heard of fighting fire with fire, but fighting cancer with cancer? a mayo clinic study has found that a mutant gene long thought to accelerate tumor growth in thyroid cancer patients actually inhibits the spread of malignant cells, showing promise for novel cancer therapies. the findings will be presented by mayo clinic researcher honey reddi, ph. d., at the endocrine society meeting in boston. dr. reddi \u2019 s discovery could have widespread implications in cancer research and endocrinology. it could help oncologists sharpen the diagnosis of specific types of thyroid cancers, while leading pharmaceutical researchers toward therapeutics derived from a protein once thought to feed tumor growth. \u201c it \u2019 s not an oncogene like everyone thought it was, \u201d dr. reddi says, referring to a gene with the potential to cause cancer. \u201c we all knew what happened in the cell culture, but we said, \u2018 that \u2019 s not good enough, \u2019 so we asked, \u2018 what would it do in mice? \u2019 \u201d thyroid cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world, and 15 to 20 percent of all thyroid cancer cases are follicular, a type that is more aggressive. dr. reddi \u2019 s findings could aid this diagnosis and treatment for thousands of patients. distinguishing benign from malignant follicular thyroid cancer poses a unique challenge to oncologists. an accurate diagnosis of malignant follicular cancer cannot be made until after cancerous material is removed. that has led to countless unnecessary surgeries in patients with benign thyroid tumors. patients who now present with non - papillary cancerous growths on thyroid cells must undergo surgery to remove the tumor \u2014 even if the cancer is benign. dr. reddi \u2019 s research found that the pax8 / ppar\u03b3 fusion protein, developed from a mutated fusion gene found in many follicular thyroid carcinomas, functions as a tumor suppressor by upregulating ( encourages natural production of ) microrna - 122 and pten, both naturally occurring anti - tumor agents. based on her discussions with clinicians at mayo clinic, dr. reddi says, \u201c there are many complications from thyroid surgery, and having early detection markers could save thousands of unnecessary surgeries every year. we \u2019 re just getting started and look towards a rapid translation from bench to bedside. \u201d others on the study team include bryan mciver, m. b., ch. b., ph. d. ; norman eberhardt, ph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47882515922544283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.678232"} {"text": "how to beat winter depression london, nov 9 ( ani ) : winter is almost here. while for some it ' s their favourite part of the year - for many others, shorter days and the reduction in natural daylight, is marked by the onset of dreaded winter blues. seasonal affective disorder ( sad ) affects millions of people all over the world every single year. it is caused when the brain does not receive enough daylight, which is essential to trigger production of serotonin, a hormone important for regulating mood. however, now scientists have come up with a new way of tackling seasonal affective disorder ( sad ), that they say cures it in just eight minutes a day. the technique involves beaming light directly into the brain through the ears. it is based on the discovery that the brain itself is just as sensitive to daylight as the eyes, with ' photoreceptive ' parts using it to help set our biological clocks. at least 18 brain regions contain light - sensitive opsin proteins, which are also found in eyes, discovered scientists at oulu university in finland, a country with high rates of sad. they have been working with a company called valkee to come up with an ipod - like device for delivering a daily dose of artificial sunshine through a pair of tiny torches hidden in earbud headphones. a clinical trial in 89 volunteers with sad found 74 to 79 per cent were totally cured of depressive symptoms, when they used the device for between eight and 12 minutes a day. most benefited from having their session about an hour after waking up, he said, leading to boosted levels of the ' day hormone ' serotonin, and reduced levels of the ' night hormone ' melatonin, involved with sleep. the results are being presented at the international forum for mood and anxiety disorders in budapest. ( ani ) read more : finland | dhikala nc park ( seasonal ) | badrinath seasonal | bampa seasonal | malari seasonal | sattal edso ( seasonal ) | gorakhpur university | agra university | ayurvedic university | bundelkhand university so | mds university ajmer dtso | gujarat university | international airport | a. c. company | madras university po | world university centre | pondicherry university | annamalai university | lond | k. r. high school | bnmu university madhepura ranbir kapoor stays away from social - networking sites may 25, 2013 at 9 : 37 am congress brass to implement measures to strengthen party may 24, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4985121151266302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.681106"} {"text": "paris in the 1890s was the centre of the modern world. in 1889 the city had staged the exposition universelle, a world \u2019 s fair organised to commemorate the centenary of the french revolution and to boost the national economy and culture \u2014 to mark the event, engineer gustave eiffel built his 300 - metre tower. early work, the nabis a number of still lifes, portraits, domestic interiors and street scenes from the 1890s reveal bonnard \u2019 s early talent as a painter who translated his observations of the life around him into highly subjective compositions. eager to capture striking phenomena for his art, his eyes were continuously moving, literally hunting for new images, transposing into his work the vibrant, irregular rhythm and cultural momentum of paris. bonnard, who had begun to study law in 1887, also attended art classes at the academie julian in paris. with a number of other young art students, he was co - founder of a group called the nabis ( from the hebrew word for prophets ), who sought to foster a new aesthetic \u2014 a poetic transposition of form and colour. they particularly admired paul gauguin \u2019 s expressive use of colour. the nabis included paul serusier, ker - xavier roussel, edouard vuillard, maurice denis, aristide maillol and felix vallotton. the cosmopolitan spirit and new lifestyle of the city is reflected in work produced at the time by bonnard and his nabi friends. they introduced decorative pictorial motifs borrowed from contemporary design ; they responded to the bold flat colours of the currently popular japanese woodblock prints ; they were inclined to move between subjects, ranging from images of their fast - moving urban surroundings to quieter scenes of leisure at home or in country retreats. for them, art embraced all areas of human life, including the cultural pursuits of an urban society \u2014 literature, theatre, music, dance, photography, applied art, interior design and fashion design. in 1854 japan \u2019 s two centuries of isolation from the rest of the world came to an end, and the west discovered a completely new aesthetic with the influx of japanese art and traditional objects. in 1890 in paris, at the ecole des beaux - arts, an exhibition of the history of japanese woodblock prints featured more than 700 prints from private collections in paris. the exhibition inspired in bonnard what would be a life - long interest \u2014 he came to be known by his friends as le nabi tres japonard ( the very japanese nabi ). much later bonnard recalled the impact of the exhibition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45240241724758473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.685582"} {"text": ". the exhibition inspired in bonnard what would be a life - long interest \u2014 he came to be known by his friends as le nabi tres japonard ( the very japanese nabi ). much later bonnard recalled the impact of the exhibition : i realized that colour could express everything, as it did in this exhibition, with no need for relief or texture. i understood that it was possible to translate light, shapes and character by colour alone, without the need for values. the inspiration of japanese woodblock prints is apparent in the flat, bold colours and the delineation of forms in bonnard \u2019 s early work, with his cropping of forms a lasting characteristic. from 1893 onwards the linear style of bonnard \u2019 s early nabi paintings gradually gave way to a more painterly visual approach. his figures are no longer brought to life with an undulating line ; instead their contours have become diffused and sketchy, merging into their surroundings. the broken and fragmented silhouette has become a vehicle for bonnard to express in a very different way the corporeality and movement of his figures. this manner of painting is particularly evident in bonnard \u2019 s images of children \u2014 a favourite subject since becoming uncle to the children of his sister andree and her husband, the composer claude terrasse. drawings and paintings vividly capture movement and sometimes humorous body language. bonnard \u2019 s approach here owes much to the japanese master ando ( utagawa ) hiroshige, who explored in his prints the ever - changing poses of people going about their daily lives. | introduction | gallery | literature | chronology | glossary | education kit | the pierre bonnard works on this page are reproduced with the permission of | adagp, paris and viscopy ltd, sydney 2003.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4800696639960677, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.686409"} {"text": "the robin \u2019 s - egg blue kitchen looks out on the brown grass of the empty plains. the gas stove lurches away from the wall, and, in the wild yard, the white bones of a deer bleach in the sun. plaster fragments litter the floors of the rooms, and down in the cellar a galvanized wringer washer stands watch by the long - dead coal furnace. in the upstairs bedroom, a window sash has slipped and become a trapezoid framing the abandoned orchard to the west. two old cars rust nearby, caressed by the moan of the wind. the stone footing of a vanished barn stares east at wheat and grass. ghost towns stud north dakota, and this empty house is just one bone in a giant skeleton of abandoned human desire. this is the place where american assumptions about the land proved to be wrong. the homesteaders believed rain followed the plow. in the grasslands of western kansas, nebraska, and the dakotas, they learned better. and so for almost a century we \u2019 ve watched stranded towns and houses fall one by one like autumn leaves in the chill of october. in most of the united states, abandoned buildings are a sign of change and shifting economic opportunities. on the high plains, they always mean that something in the earth and the sky mutinied against the settlers. successive human waves have been bested on the high plains of north dakota. indians on horseback lived a dream of motion and buffalo for more than a century before the u. s. military and hide hunters destroyed their world. for several decades in the early 19th century, trading posts thrived off fur - bearing animals until both the beasts and the traders were also gone. for three years in the 1880s, a cattle kingdom rushed into the cemetery of the bison until blizzards and drought snapped everyone back to reality.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41708034533688276, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.688303"} {"text": "relationship to the land \" we grew what we ate \" rex gorleigh, planting, 1943 african americans have a history of strong agricultural roots. \" their ancestors claimed, cleared, and worked the land in the beginning, turning a vast and inhospitable swamp into astonishing fertile land. \" their strong connection to the land provided over time a deep respect placed on food within african american culture. prior to enslavement, african americans subsisted upon the land for thousands of years, and continued to uphold the tradition within the confides of slavery. following the emancipation proclamation, slaves dispersed in many directions, but their lives still revolved around the land. some chose to stay where they were while others ventured their hand at sharecropping if they could find available land. african americans used the land for self sufficiency, and it served as the primary resource for their lives. in the south, the need for basic nutrition kept african americans close to the land. but this relationship grew much closer through the process of cultivation. through cultivating the land, african americans felt their food through all the senses, and respected its humble origins back in west africa. this agricultural lifestyle, cultivating foods such as corn, greens, okra and melons, unconsciously reinforced a traditional heritage, and centered life around the cultivation and preparation of food. george ackerman, durham county, north carolina, september 1933 collard greens also signify another example of a food that has familial heritage. traditionally prepared in in the basic \" one pot \" style, cooks boiled collard greens with a bit of ham hock or salt pork. but collard greens also have traditional value and wealth of folklore associated with them. served with black - eyed peas and hog jowl on on new year ' s day, they promise a year of good luck. and leaving a leaf hanging over your door will ward off ward off evil spirits. they also promise to cure a head - ache if a fresh leaf is placed on the forehead. thelonius monk, the famed jazz musician, wore a collard leaf in his lapel when he played the new york city clubs. these two dishes exemplify the african americans relationship between food, tradition, culture, and ultimately the land. walker evans, faulkner ' s mississippi, 1948 | african americans in the delta invested their time and energy into the land and gardens. they planted, harvested, cooked, baked, canned and preserved. it was a cycle of utilization and renewal through which they gave and took", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48022425896329324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.693620"} {"text": "faulkner ' s mississippi, 1948 | african americans in the delta invested their time and energy into the land and gardens. they planted, harvested, cooked, baked, canned and preserved. it was a cycle of utilization and renewal through which they gave and took from the earth, taking pride and satisfaction in their work. it is no surprise that food plays a central unifying role within african american families. this rich agricultural history has given deep significance to the food itself, its preparation, and the mealtime. for rural african americans the dinner table is a time to appreciate what you have before you. | the loss of land in the north those who chose to migrate north from the mississippi delta to chicago abandoned their agricultural roots. in the crowded and bustling city, migrants found little time or space for farming. african - americans in chicago did not grow their own food, and as a result, certain aspects of their diets significantly changed. this transformation did not affect food preparation or the cultural elements within their foods, for this remains an intrinsic element of african - american culture. a study undertaken in 1929, examined the dietary habits of fifty african - american families in cooperation with the welfare society of chicago. there were two hundred and eleven individuals studied within the fifty families, ranging in economic status. the study gave good insight into the differences in african - american diets after they migrated north to chicago, as 89 % of the group had migrated from the south. of the 89 %. the data of the study was collected from the mother ' s of each family, who were asked to give in detail each item and size proportion of food served to all family members during a period of twenty four hours. the collected information revealed that staple foods the families had eaten were fairly simple and similar to foods found in the delta during the same time period. but it was clear from this study that there were a few specific foods that did change in african - american ' s diets following their migration to chicago. the major difference was the consumption of fruits and vegetables, which do not even appear in the top 10 list. top 10 list : # of times appeared 1. meats................................ 86 ( 54 % salt pork ) 2. white bread..................... 50 5. white potatoes.............", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43879384710364283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.694698"} {"text": "86 ( 54 % salt pork ) 2. white bread..................... 50 5. white potatoes................. 32 10. bacon............................. 17 in the mississippi delta, where vegetables were plentiful in rural homes, the decrease in both vegetable and fruit consumption proved most outstanding. collard greens, a traditional southern favorite appeared only once, while macaroni and cheese appeared five times. this was not to say that african americans eliminated vegetables from their diets, but due to accessibility certain foods were not readily available. tomatoes, onions, and carrots appeared 6, 7, and 8 times, but were more traditional vegetables than collard greens. salt pork remained a strong similarity between the southern and northern diets. of the fifty families, meat appeared 86 times, and salt pork constituted 54 % of the meat served signifying continuity between the north and the south. peaches, apricots, string beans and collard greens traditionally grown on the family farm seemed eliminated. as a result of this seemingly slight change in diet, the study revealed that only 17 % of the 211 individuals studied had adequate food according to national health standards. in the south side, african americans did not have space to grow food. lena vaessar of greenville, mississippi, migrated to chicago in 1941, stated that there \" wasn ' t usually space for the old gardens. \" when questioned about the difference in food between the delta and chicago, vaessar noticed that her \" there was much more garlic in the country, \" and with large grocery stores available she no longer lived on basic staple foods from the country store. she noted that her essential foods in the south were cornmeal, lard, baking soda, rice, canned goods, canned salmon, and salt pork, which she got once a month. although vaessar and many other migrants did not tend gardens in chicago, they continued to eat much as they had in the delta. many migrants continued their interest in the art of cooking by \" keeping up \" with the chicago daily defender which published \" the culinary department. \" this section provided many african american women with recipes and suggestions for the home, proving the continual importance of food in family life after the transition to northern life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4554235801563553, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.695582"} {"text": "finding affordable ways to make technology available to everyone is a common challenge. now, a researcher at nasa ' s goddard space flight center, greenbelt, md. has done that with the process that creates \" nanotubes. \" a nanotube is a tiny, hollow, long, thin and strong tube with an outside diameter of a nanometer that is formed from atoms such as carbon. nanotubes are really important in technology, because when they are made a certain way, a nanotube can conduct ( allow movement of ) electricity as well as copper does. when they are made a slightly different way, nanotubes are electrical semiconductors, which mean they can be switched between insulating from electricity to conducting electricity. semiconductors make it possible to miniaturize electronic components. nanotubes can be either semiconductors or conductors depending on how they are made. nanotubes are also stronger than steel, so long filaments can be used to create super - tough lightweight materials. to understand how strong a nanotube is, think of a hair holding up a barbell. although the carbon nanotubes were discovered 15 years ago, their use has been limited due to the complex, dangerous, and expensive methods for their production. however, goddard researchers drs. jeannette benavides and henning leidecker developed a simpler, safer, and much less costly process to make these carbon nanotubes. the key was that they figured out how to produce bundles of these nanotubes without using metal, which reduced the costs tremendously and made a better quality product. earlier this year, nasa goddard licensed its patented technique for manufacturing these high - quality \" single - walled carbon nanotubes \" to idaho space materials ( ism ) in boise, idaho. now the carbon nanotubes based on this creation process are being used by researchers and companies that are working on things that will impact almost every facet of life, such as new materials with ceramics and polymers. polymers are tiny molecules strung in long repeating chains, like dna in our bodies. polymers are also in proteins and starches in foods we eat, or in plastics, for example. \" ism believes that carbon nanotubes will be a building block for a better world, making people ' s lives better through a wide range of uses, including medical advances, fuel cells, video displays, solar cells, and a host of other applications, \" explained ism vice president roger smith. \" i ' m very excited to see that this agreement is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5687159165528096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.702233"} {"text": "last night \u2019 s pan am episode revolved around a real historical event, jfk \u2019 s 1963 trip to west berlin. on this trip, jfk made one of his most famous speeches, the \u201c ich bin ein berliner, \u201d speech, which doubled as the title of the episode. in this address, kennedy identified with west germany \u2019 s struggle against communism by declaring that he was a berliner ( although in german he actually said he was a jelly doughnut ). in order to prevent the continued exodus of educated people to the west, the soviet union and east germany had erected the berlin wall, which split the city in two, in 1961. the wall quickly became the main symbol of the cold war and the division of europe. the show accurately depicts the tremendous excitement inspired by jfk \u2019 s visit. a review of the speech reveals how much it expressed kennedy \u2019 s cold war liberalism. while we remember jfk as a liberal icon, he was a hawk who campaigned in 1960 on a platform of being tougher on the soviet union. in the \u201c ich bin ein berliner \u201d speech, kennedy declared : there are many people in the world who really don ' t understand, or say they don ' t, what is the great issue between the free world and the communist world. let them come to berlin. there are some who say that communism is the wave of the future. let them come to berlin. and there are some who say in europe and elsewhere we can work with the communists. let them come to berlin. and there are even a few who say that it is true that communism is an evil system, but it permits us to make economic progress. lass ' sic nach berlin kommen. let them come to berlinthe wall would remain the most visible symbol of the cold war throughout the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. its fall in 1989 provided the clearest sign of the end of the u. s. / soviet conflict. west and east germany would reunify shortly thereafter. there were a number of other interesting historical notes in the episode. some of the reporters covering the speech made oblique references to jfk \u2019 s affairs, which were not known to the general public at the time. in this time before feminism fostered a greater stigma toward adultery and vietnam and watergate brought about a more aggressive media, the press did not examine the private lives of politicians. in fact, the episode probably exaggerates the press \u2019 knowledge of these affairs. the trip revives the wartime memories of colette, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5291743818226675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.710689"} {"text": "with the increasing popularity of the modern environmental and survival movements, as well as continually increasing food prices, urban gardening has seen a related rise in interest. about half of the world \u2019 s human inhabitants now live in cities, and people are starting to realize just how screwed they would be if their supply lines for food were ever to be severed. having a garden offers an alternative should the s ever really hit the f. why build a garden? besides being a lifeline to food in a disaster, there are a ton of other benefits to having your own garden in the city. a good garden should save you money in the long run, as you \u2019 ll have to pay less for food. the food is fresher ( no more 3 week old salads that have traveled half way across the world! ), and safer ( no more country - wide e coli scares! ) than regular store - bought food. a mass movement of city dwellers creating their own gardens would lead to a less polluted world, both because plants naturally take carbon dioxide and pollutants out of the air, and because growing your own food means less needs to be shipped across large distances. a garden will make your home look nicer, as well as give you an enjoyable hobby that helps you reconnect with the earth. it \u2019 s a win all around. the basics - what you \u2019 ll need for a successful garden gardening is relatively simple in terms of what is needed. your 4 most important inputs are : sunlight, air, water and a nutrient - rich soil. you \u2019 ll need an outdoor space that receives sunlight, although how much sunlight you \u2019 ll need depends on what you plan to grow. some areas will have direct sunlight for most of the day, while other areas may have only a few hours of filtered sunlight per day. different crops would be appropriate for each area. next, you \u2019 ll need an area with decent air circulation, for your plants to breath. remember that plants inhale carbon dioxide and exhale oxygen, offering a beneficial symbiotic relationship with humans. you \u2019 ll also need a water supply, but this can be flexible - if a crop needs more water than naturally falls in the form of rain, you can supplement it through watering. last, you \u2019 ll need a healthy, balanced soil. soil in the city may be high in lead or other toxins, so you may need to test it first. even if your soil is decent, you \u2019 ll need to supplement it through compost, manure or fertilizer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41506707155765354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.725042"} {"text": "balanced soil. soil in the city may be high in lead or other toxins, so you may need to test it first. even if your soil is decent, you \u2019 ll need to supplement it through compost, manure or fertilizer, to supply it with nutrients that it is naturally lacking, or to replace nutrients that have been used up by the plants you are growing. a good fertilizer will supply nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in a good ratio. you \u2019 ll also want to supplement calcium and magnesium ( a dolomitic limestone supplement will supply these both ). having a home compost is a good way to cheaply supply most of your fertilizer needs. for more information, read these articles on improving soil quality and compost 101. after getting a garden up and running, you will need to consistently maintain it. you will need to remove weeds regularly, and water and prune as needed. so let \u2019 s add dedication and persistence to the list. if you have a backyard, this should usually be your first choice in where to have your garden. it actually has soil (! ), and will likely receive more direct sunlight than other areas. it \u2019 s definitely the low hanging fruit ( confusing pun always intended ) of places to support a garden. here are some lists to help you in choosing which plants to grow in which areas. these guidelines will apply to backyard gardens as well as balcony and rooftop gardens. 1 ) plants that are easy for beginners to grow : carrots, strawberries, zucchini, garlic, rosemary, various peppers, beets, herbs ( parsley, basil, oregano, chives, dill, etc ) 2 ) plants that will grow in shade ( 4 hrs or less of direct sunlight, some filtered ) : salad greens ( leaf lettuce, arugula, etc ), leafy greens ( spinach, kale, etc ), broccoli, cauliflower, beans, beets, brussels sprouts, peas, radishes in contrast, fruiting plants will need lots of direct sunlight. 3 ) hot weather crops : tomatoes, peppers ( hot, sweet ), squash, egg plants potted gardens ( for balconies and rooftops ) if you don \u2019 t have a backyard available, you can still build a potted plant garden. this is the option for balconies and simple rooftop gardens. the same principles above apply in regards to sunlight, air, water and a nutrient rich soil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.412105639036638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.726087"} {"text": "you don \u2019 t have a backyard available, you can still build a potted plant garden. this is the option for balconies and simple rooftop gardens. the same principles above apply in regards to sunlight, air, water and a nutrient rich soil. the difference here is that instead of your plants being planted in the ground, they are planted in soil contained in pots. this gives you the option of moving your plants throughout the day / year and these kinds of gardens are the easiest to make and maintain, but make sure your pots have enough room for the roots to expand. some other questions to consider : what plants thrive in your climate? the ones that do will be easier to grow, the ones that don \u2019 t will be more trouble and require more maintenance to succeed. do you want to attract ( or avoid ) birds, butterflies or bees? do you receive a lot of snow ( which may crack your pottery ) or rain ( which may drown your plants )? and, most importantly, what kind of fruits or vegetables would you actually like to eat? one of the biggest issues with urban gardens is space. in cities people are often crammed together with minimal personal space, so maximizing your yield with the space you do have is essential. here are 3 ways to do that : 1 ) grow up! : no, i \u2019 m not saying you need to become more mature. i \u2019 m saying if space is an issue, then do what city planners do - grow upwards. create multi - level gardens. a shelf with smaller plants on the bottom and larger ones on top can double your yield while taking the same amount of ground space. garden shelves are available for sale, but milk crates and wooden planks works just fine as well. 2 ) start growing indoors and cycle your plants : with some plants, it is recommended to start the plants indoors for the first few weeks. we can use this to our advantage - if there \u2019 s a 5 week indoor period, plant the seeds 5 weeks before spring arrives and it \u2019 s warm enough to grow outside. 5 weeks before they \u2019 re fully ripe and ready for picking, start a second round indoors. this will allow us to fully maximize our yield during the growing season. 3 ) grow bags : if you have a balcony or roof garden, consider grow bags. grow bags are bags filled with soil that you can hang over the edge and grow plants in. they are good for leafy lettuces, strawberries, and various kinds of herbs and flowers. complex rooftop gardens ( green roof", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4144479135726422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.727228"} {"text": "consider grow bags. grow bags are bags filled with soil that you can hang over the edge and grow plants in. they are good for leafy lettuces, strawberries, and various kinds of herbs and flowers. complex rooftop gardens ( green roof systems ) if you have full access to a roof, and are willing to make a long term commitment to your garden, you may want to consider a green roof system. these are roofs designed for gardens, with built in systems for growing plants, irrigation, drainage, etc. various permaculture methods are used to make the system as closed as possible. there are a couple secondary benefits to having a rooftop garden that i haven \u2019 t talked about yet. the first is the urban heat island effect. rooftops in the city tend to be dark and made of asphalt. during the summer months, they absorb sunlight and heat. having a rooftop garden can reduce the temperature of a building by 5 - 10 f, which will save energy and reduce the amount of money you spend on air conditioning. this increase in heat caused by dark roofs also has a negative effect on ground level smog, so a city with rooftop gardens will be cooler and less polluted, all things being equal. the second benefit is that a rooftop garden is an extra layer between your roof and the elements. this reduces the wear and tear your roof faces, and will allow it to last for 50 % longer or more. the best ( and cheapest ) time to install a green roof system is when a roof is being installed or replaced. if this isn \u2019 t an option and you \u2019 re using an existing roof, you \u2019 ll need to inspect it for leaks or damage, and assess how much weight it could hold. in most cities you \u2019 ll need to have it inspected by a structural engineer before you can get a permit for a rooftop garden. green roof systems come in two forms : extensive and intensive. extensive systems have a shallow grow area, are lighter and require less maintenance. intensive systems are more complex with a deeper growing area, and have the potential for more complex plant systems that may require irrigation or pruning. things to consider when designing a green roof system : some of the things you must look at when planning your rooftop garden : 1 ) assessing your roof : what \u2019 s its condition? is there any damage to it? how much weight can it support ( including things like snow and excess water load )? do you have full access to the roof? 2 ) assessing your future garden : how much would it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46361584695130803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.728428"} {"text": "what \u2019 s its condition? is there any damage to it? how much weight can it support ( including things like snow and excess water load )? do you have full access to the roof? 2 ) assessing your future garden : how much would it weight? remember to include all plants, containers, water storage equipment, heating / cooling / ventilation equipment, etc. is this in alignment with your roof assessment? how much will it cost? is this within your budget? 3 ) permits : determine what you need to do to attain all the necessary permits for building a green roof system. 4 ) design : a green roof system will typically need an insulation layer above the roof, then a water proof layer, than a root - proof layer. this is usually followed by a drainage layer, then finally a growing layer ( covered by a wind blanket in the early days ). how will all these parts fit together? how will maintenance be possible? 5 ) irrigation : will you plants need extra water? if so, what it the best way to deliver it? will you need an irrigation system? 6 ) drainage : while a rooftop garden will absorb a lot of water, it will still be necessary to have form of drainage system. stagnant water can add a lot of extra weight to your rooftop and may be harmful to your plants. this can usually be connected to the rooftop \u2019 s existing drainage system with minimal effort. remember that wind speeds double every 10 stories or so. this can lead to a loss in moisture and top soil, so you need to plan for this. good luck and stay prepared!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4333860337589785, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.729180"} {"text": "\u201c this surprising and artful book... entertains and enriches our understanding of a terrible time. \u201d richard breitman, author of the architect of genocide the nazi, the painter and the forgotten story of the ss road g. h. bennett published by reaktion books & distributed by the university of chicago press publication date : june 1, 2012 | isbn : 978 - 1 - 86189 - 909 - 5 | | 240 pages ; 27 halftones | | cloth \u2022 $ 29. 00 | in 2006 a canister of film was discovered in a church in the southwestern corner of the united kingdom. its origin was a mystery, but its contents were tantalizing \u2014 the grainy black and white footage showed members of the german ss and police, led by an unidentified fat man, building a road in the ukraine and crimea in 1943. the bbc caused a sensation when it aired the footage, but the film gave few clues to the protagonists or their task. in the nazi, the painter, and the forgotten story of the ss road, world war ii historian g. h. bennett pieces together the story of the film and its principal characters, unearthing an overlooked chapter of the holocaust : a wartime german road - building project that served the dual purpose of exterminating jewish and other lives while laying the infrastructure for a nazi haven in the ukraine. he tells the story of the road and its builders through the experiences of arnold daghani, a romanian artist who was one of the few jewish laborers to survive the project. daghani describes the brutal treatment he and his fellow laborers endured, and his postwar efforts to bring the perpetrators to justice. bennett also identifies the fat man as walter gieseke and explains how this obscure police lieutenant - commander ended up running the ss task force and became a participant in the nazi \u2019 s final solution. recalling an important but lost episode in our history, the nazi, the painter, and the forgotten story of the ss road is a moving and at times horrifying chronicle of suffering, deprivation, and survival. g. h. bennett is assistant professor of history at the university of plymouth, united kingdom, and a trustee of the britannia royal naval college museum. he is the author of ten books, including hitler \u2019 s ghost ship and the raf \u2019 s french foreign legion. please contact laura avey for more information : firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4546943808575275, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.731902"} {"text": "the computer ( or more accurately the compiler ) doesn ' t really care at all what number base you use in your source code. most commonly used programming languages support bases 8 ( octal ), 10 ( decimal ) and 16 ( hexadecimal ) directly. some also sport direct support for base 2 ( binary ) numbers. specialized languages may support other number bases as well. ( by \" directly support \", i mean that they allow entry of numerals in that base without resorting to mathematical tricks such as bitshifting, multiplication, division etc. in the source code itself. for example, c directly supports base - 16 with its 0x number prefix and the regular hexadecimal digit set of 0123456789abcdef. now, such tricks may be useful to make the number easier to understand in context, but as long as you can express the same number without them, doing so - or not - is only a convenience. ) in the end, however, that is inconsequential. let ' s say you have a statement like this following : int n = 10 ; the intent is to create an integer variable and initialize it with the decimal number 10. what does the computer see? i n t n = 1 0 ; 69 6e 74 20 6e 20 3d 20 31 30 3b ( ascii, hex ) the compiler will tokenize this, and realize that you are declaring a variable of type int with the name n, and assign it some initial value. but what is that value? to the computer, and ignoring byte ordering and alignment issues, the input for the variable ' s initial value is 0x31 0x30. does this mean that the initial value is 0x3130 ( 12592 in base 10 )? of course not. the language parser must keep reading the file in the character encoding used, so it reads 0 followed by a statement terminator. since in this language base 10 is assumed, this reads ( backwards ) as \" 0 ones, 1 tens, end \". that is, a value of 10 decimal. if we specified a value in hexadecimal, and our language uses 0x to specify that the following value is in hexadecimal, then we get the following : i n t n = 0 x 1 0 ; 69 6e 74 20 6e 20 3d 20 30 78 31 30 3b ( ascii, hex ) the compiler sees 0x (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4904615465676075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.737157"} {"text": "##decimal, then we get the following : i n t n = 0 x 1 0 ; 69 6e 74 20 6e 20 3d 20 30 78 31 30 3b ( ascii, hex ) the compiler sees 0x ( 0x30 0x78 ) and recognizes that as the base - 16 prefix, so looks for a valid base - 16 number following it. up until the statement terminator, it reads 10. this translates to 0 \" ones \", 1 \" sixteens \", which works out to 16 in base 10. or 00010000 in base 2. or however else you like to represent it. in either case, and ignoring optimizations for simplicity ' s sake, the compiler allots enough storage to hold the value of an int type variable, and places there the value it read from the source code into some sort of temporary holding variable. it then ( likely much later ) writes the resulting binary values to the object code file. as you see, the way you write numerical values in the source code is completely inconsequential. it may have a very slight effect on compile times, but i would imagine that ( again, ignoring such optimizations such as disk caching by the operating system ) things like random turbulence around the rotating platters of the disk, disk access times, data bus collisions, etc., have a much greater effect. bottom line : don ' t worry about it. write numbers in a base that your programming language of choice supports and which makes sense for how the number will be used and / or read. you spent far more time reading this answer than you will ever recover in compilation times by being clever about which number base to use in source code. ; )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48213460378508605, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.738741"} {"text": "methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | training analysis ( sometimes called training needs analysis ( tna ) ) is the formal process of identifying the training gap and its related training need. training can be described as \u201c the acquisition of skills, concepts or attitudes that result in improved performance within the job environment \u201d. training analysis looks at each aspect of an operational domain so that the initial skills, concepts and attitudes of the human elements of a system can be effectively identified and appropriate training can be specified. training analysis as a process often covers : - training analysis is most often used as part of the system development process. due to the close tie between the design of the system and the training required, in most cases it runs alongside the development to capture the training requirements. design integrated training analysisedit k. tara smith proposed and developed tools and methods for an integrated approach design integrated training analysis, where the trade - offs between design and training are both assessed in the light of the understanding of the operational tasks. this approach also used information regarding recorded critical incidents to review proposed training and to provide traceability between hazards and training. this single integrated approach to human factors and training analysis has been successfully used on a number of defence projects. training analysis processedit over the last 20 years the critical nature of the man - in - the - loop has changed from simply manual dexterity and procedural operation to a state in which their decision making, cognitive abilities, data assimilation, communication skills, and attitude are all crucial. in addition the job structure of the personnel operationally involved with modern systems has diversified in direct proportion to the complexity of the technology. this has fuelled the need for a formal approach. the task of training can be broken down into a number of discrete components, each addressing a different part of the overall learning process. this breakdown is as follows : - - psycho - motor skills - procedural skills - knowledge transfer - communication skills - colossal thinking - attitude learning - performance training. the role of training analysis is to build a formal bridge between the available design data and the training media and training objectives, in order to facilitate the transfer of training elements into the operational environment. for complex multi - user system a user - to - task map is often constructed to present the relationship between the tasks and the identified team structure and also to identify new groups of users that would need to have an understanding of the system. the training gap is assessed by a comparison between the goals and tasks undertaken by the individuals and the existing training. there is a wide variety of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5054704350205913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.749098"} {"text": "identified team structure and also to identify new groups of users that would need to have an understanding of the system. the training gap is assessed by a comparison between the goals and tasks undertaken by the individuals and the existing training. there is a wide variety of training media that can be used, ranging from traditional lecture - based teaching to sophisticated simulators. different media will be more or less appropriate for different activities. it is necessary to determine the most suitable and cost - effective training media for the different areas. there have been many different approaches defined, however, the system approach to training has been the most successful. training needs analysis ( tna ) is defined as the \u201c identification of training requirements and the most cost effective means of meeting those requirements \u201d. a tna should always be performed where a major new development in policy, equipment acquisition or procedures is deemed to have potential impact upon the current training regime. tst has considerable experience of successfully employing the accepted techniques applied to the development of training systems, including the systems approach to training ( sat ) in both the defence and civilian domains using customer specific standards such as jsp 822 where required. carrying out all tna activates in accordance with sat principles ensures rigorous visibility in each design stage with clear audit trails from the initial scoping study through to the recommended solution. see also edit - roi in training : the good, the bad, and... the real a focalworks article | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5176418837409431, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.753883"} {"text": "prog. theor. phys. vol. 82 no. 3 ( 1989 ) pp. 555 - 562 source abundance of cosmic rays randall laboratory of physics, university of michigan, ann arbor research institute for fundamental physics, kyoto university, kyoto 606 ( received march 4, 1989 ) the source abundance of primary cosmic rays is computed and compared with the solar abundance. then a model, proposed by one of the authors, which is based on quantum effects on gravity, is discussed and shown to yeild a prediction for the source abundance. the prediction of the model is compared with the calculated source abundance. doi : 10. 1143 / ptp. 82. 555 - john r. letaw, r. silberberg and c. h. tsao, ap. j. suppl. series 56 ( 1984 ), 369. - y. tomozawa, \" cosmic rays, quantum effects on gravity, and gravitational collapse \", lectures given at the second workshop on fundamental physics, university of puerto rico, humacao, ed. e. esteban ( 1986 ), p. 144. - m. s. longair, high energy astrophysics ( cambridge university press, 1981 ), p. 312. - r. silberberg and c. h. tsao, ap. j. suppl. series no. 220 ( i ) 25 ( 1973 ), 315 ; no. 220 ( ii ) 25 ( 1973 ), 335. r. silberberg, c. h. tsao and j. r. letaw, ap. j. suppl. series 58 ( 1985 ), 873. - a. g. w. camerons, \" elemental and nuclidic abundances in the solar system \", essays in nuclear astrophysics, ed. c. a. barkes, d. d. clayton and d. n. schramm ( 1982 ). - w. r. binns, r. k. fickle, t. l. garrard, m. h. israel, j. klarmann, e. c. stone and c. j. waddington, ap. j. 247 ( 1981 ), l115. - m. casse and p. gorel, ap. j. 221 ( 1978 ), 703 ( for z \u226428 ). n. r. brewster, p. s. frier and c. j. waddington, ap. j.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6217776172255522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.757083"} {"text": "how do you judge how clean the air outside is? if you \u2019 re like many people, you check to see how clear the sky is, or what the \u201c visibility \u201d is like. while visibility can tell you something about the levels of certain types of pollutants in the air, it doesn \u2019 t provide a complete picture of air quality. certain types of pollutants like ozone and carbon monoxide have little effect on visibility ; very high concentrations of these gases can be present even on the clearest day. the u. s. environmental protection agency ( u. s. epa ) has created a better indicator of air quality, the air quality index, or aqi. the aqi is calculated based on the levels of five major pollutants in the air : ground - level ozone, particle pollution, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. monitors at more than a thousand locations across the country record the concentrations of these pollutants each day. these measurements are used to calculate aqi values for each of the individual pollutants as well as an overall aqi for the day. the air quality index runs from 0 to 500 : the larger the number, the greater the level of air pollution. to make it easier to use, the index is broken down into six general categories, each category corresponding to a different level of health concern. when the air quality index value is between 101 and 150, for example, air quality is considered to be \u201c unhealthy for sensitive groups \u201d, like people with heart or lung disease ; when the value rises to above 200, air quality is considered \u201c very unhealthy \u201d or \u201c hazardous \u201d for the entire population. to check the aqi in your area, visit airnow. ( photo courtesy of epa ) * groups that are unusually sensitive to air pollution include individuals with heart and lung disease, children and older adults. simply knowing what the air quality is like, doesn \u2019 t protect you against the harmful effects of air pollution. that \u2019 s why the u. s. epa developed a set of recommendations for each of the individual pollutants. the precautions coincide with the six air quality categories. for example, when the aqi for ozone rises above 150, children and older adults as well as people with lung disease are cautioned to reduce prolonged or heavy exertion outdoors ; when the aqi for sulfur dioxide rises above 200, children and people with heart or lung disease are encouraged to avoid outdoor exertion entirely. a complete set of recommendations can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47707319739971876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.760537"} {"text": "the nhl combine gives us fans, but more importantly, the nhl organizations an indicator of physiological development and physical fitness of a young hockey player. these young potential prospects take part in various testing over a fairly short time frame ( a week ). during this week they are not only psychologically tested but physically tested as well, which helps give us and scouting staff a better perspective whether or not these young men will be able to compete at an elite level, and helps pin - point how far away they may be from competing. the purpose of this post / thread is to help give a fan a better understanding of how to interpret the draft combine. your body uses three energy systems on continuum. it \u2019 s not a question of which system is being used but which one is predominate. anaerobic a - lactic or atp / pcr system requires no oxygen and is used for immediate, intense, short, bursts of energy such as a jump, sprint or olympic style lift. if you continue your intensity and it exceeds your atp / pcr system ( can last about 10 seconds ) then your anaerobic lactic system takes over. you can \u2019 t produce quite as much energy as the atp / pcr system, however you can still generate quite a bit of energy. this system lasts about 120 seconds. during this system you can experience muscle fatigue ( lactic acid ). a good example of the anaerobic lactic system would be a hockey shift. the aerobic system uses oxygen as its main fuel source and this is the one we use the most ; this is our endurance system. it doesn \u2019 t generate anywhere near the amount of energy the other systems do, but for anything that lasts two minutes or longer this system takes over. this is our \u201c base \u201d system, so to speak. a good example of this is walking around during the day or even a marathon. vo2 max ( ml / kg / min ) \u2013 score / test duration the vo2 max test is considered the gold standard when testing for maximal aerobic capacity. it tests how efficiently your body consumes and uses oxygen at a maximal rate. skinny : the higher the vo2 max score the greater the endurance. perspective : since the athlete is sitting on a bike they may score a little lower than they would if they weren \u2019 t on a bike ( this is because they are not using their entire body and thus less muscle mass is used as if they were running on a treadmill ). the highest vo2 max scores recorded are usually from world class cross", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.525536173295666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.784417"} {"text": "if they weren \u2019 t on a bike ( this is because they are not using their entire body and thus less muscle mass is used as if they were running on a treadmill ). the highest vo2 max scores recorded are usually from world class cross country skiiers ( who use their entire body ), clocking in at around 90 ml / kg / min. i would venture to guess that the average sedentary individual could probably score around 35 ml / kg / min, + / - 5 ml / kg / min. basically, you bike until your legs fall off and you literally have nothing left in the tank. peak & mean power output + fatigue index ( wingate ) the wingate test ( which is also done on a bike ) tests for peak anaerobic capacity and mean power output. it tests explosive power. skinny : tests for explosive power ( peak power ) and how long you can keep a high pace for ( mean power ). perspective : you sprint on a bike with resistance relative to bodyweight ( not your actual body weight but it correlates with your weight ) and then you see how long you can keep sprinting for the 30 seconds while the muscles in your legs burn from lactate acid. at first you get an explosive start but then it feels like your climbing a steep mountain on the highest gear of your bike. this test, along with the vo2 max test, is a good one to see who \u201c has the character to push them through \u201d. upper body ( strength ) hand grip ( lbs ) skinny : it is said that there is a strong correlation between handgrip and overall strength. skinny : an upper body strength test that primarily targets the chest ( pectoralis major ) and also targets muscles in the arms. a better indicator for relative / personal strength is when the athlete benches their body weight. push - pull strength ( lbs ) skinny : a maximal strength test for push and pull strength. not entirely sure about this one but i think it would be a good indicator for overall strength across the board comparing against everyone in the combine. push ups ( lbs ) skinny : an upper body muscle endurance test. this measures how long an athlete can maintain a constant stress on the upper body. seated medicine ball throw skinny : the athlete is adjusted so that the arms are isolated during the throw. this is an indicator of arm strength. lower body ( power ) vertical jump ( inches ) skinny : this is a good indicator of explosive power. vertical jump with the pause simply takes away some of the momentum of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4747041872709782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.789910"} {"text": "arms are isolated during the throw. this is an indicator of arm strength. lower body ( power ) vertical jump ( inches ) skinny : this is a good indicator of explosive power. vertical jump with the pause simply takes away some of the momentum of the jump. long jump ( inches ) skinny : another good test for explosive power. like matt nichol ( tsn fitness specialist ) stated, the long jump can also be an indicator of how well an athlete uses their body ( skating ). the more they can stabilize the jump landing with the lower body usually means they are a more agile skater. curl ups ( reps ) skinny : the curl up test is an indicator of core muscle endurance. anthropometrics ( measurements of body ) wing span ( inches ) height ( feet, inches ) yuhasz ( % body fat ) sum of skinfolds skinny : the anthropometrics section is fairly self - explanatory. there are different protocols for measuring body fat percentages, some tests only calculate body fat using only three or four different sites, however the yuhasz is fairly comprehensive using six different sites around the body. so what does this all mean? the draft combine can be an important tool for the draft because not only do nhl organizations have the opportunity to develop better psychological profiles ( character, personality etc. ) of potential draftees but physiological profiles as well. the article, \u201c relationship of physical fitness tests results and hockey playing potential in elite level ice hockey players \u201d has statistically proven that the body index ( which is a composite score of height, lean mass and muscular development ) had significance across all positions ( forwards, defense and goalies ). the most significant factors for drafting players by position is as follows, according to the article : all positions : body index, peak watts skating players ( no goalies ) : peak watts, body index, fatigue index, long jump forwards : body index, peak watts defense : peak watts, fatigue, body index why no vo2 max? the article states, \u201c the absence of aerobic power as a predicator variable suggests that among elite, draft age hockey players, there is littler variation in vo2 max within a given playing position. \u201d this article was assessing the importance of certain physical tests by position, vo2 max is still an important test however there is not one position ( forward, defense, and goalie ) that stands out for this test, it is more the idea that it is equally important for every position. a higher vo2 max can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4765374309125281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.791018"} {"text": "5 written questions 5 matching questions - ad hominem / tu quoque - biased sample - slippery slope - red herring - weak analogy - a if two things that are being compared aren ' t really alike in th relevant respects, the analogy is a weak one, and the argument that relies on it is a weak analogy. - b focus attention on people rather than on arguments or evidence. the conclusion is usually, \" you shouldn ' t believe so and so. \" becaus they are a bad person ( ad hominem ) or a hypocrite ( tu quoque. ) - c partway through an argument, the arguer goes off on a tangent to distract the audience. they often return. - d when a person draws a conclusion about a population based on a sample that is biased or prejudiced. 1 ) sample s, which is biased, is taken from population p. 2 ) conclusion c is drawn about population p based on s. known variously as inductive generalization, generalization, and statistical generalization. - e a chain reaction will take place, but there ' s really not enough evidence for that assumption. the arguer asserts that if we take even one step, we will slide all the way down the hill. 5 multiple choice questions - when we try to gt readers to agree with us simply impressing them with a famous name or by appealing to a supposed authority who really isn ' t much of an expert. - making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate. causes stereotypes. - an arguer tries to get people to accept a conclusion by making them feel sorry for someone. - the arguer takes advantage of th desire most people have to b liked and to fit in with others and uses that desire to try to get the audience to accept his or her argument. - the threat of rejection by one ' s peers is substituted for evidence in an argument. 1 ) person p is pressured by his / her peers or threatened with rejection. 2 ) therefore person p ' s claim x is false. 5 true / false questions appeal to ignorance \u2192 ridicule or mockery is substituted for evidence in an argument. 1 ) x, is some from of ridicule is presented. 2 ) therefore, claim c is false. mocking a claim doesn ' t show that it is false. begging the question \u2192 trying to discredit what a person might later claim by presenting unfavorable information about the person. 1 ) unfavorable info", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5131064314847205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.795851"} {"text": "did you know did you know that there is a town in germany by the name of reher?? that there is also one by the name of stoltenberg?? do you know where our reher and stoltenberg ancestors came from in germany?? johann reher came from the town of bebensee. his father casper came from dreggers which was 6 miles east of there. bad segeberg is also associated with the family. it is about 7 miles north and the closest large town. since the town of reher is 40 miles west of bebensee and dreggers i ' m not sure if there is any connection to our name and family. forty miles in the mid 1800 ' s was quite a distance to travel. claus stoltenberg came from brodersdorf which is 46 miles north of bebensee and about 10 miles northeast of kiel, a major city on the baltic sea. brodersdorf is two to three miles south of the baltic sea. other towns associated with the stoltenberg side of the family are all located in close proximity. they are laboe, stein, fahren, probsteierhagen and wentdorf. the town of stoltenberg is only seven miles to the southeast of brodersdorf. the above map of northern germany will show you where the towns reher, stoltenberg, bebensee, dreggers, and brodersdorf are located. i ' ve marked these towns with a dark asterisk * to make them easier to find. click on the map to make it bigger and easier to see the towns marked with an asterisk. after the larger map comes up, click on that again to zoom in. it is about 60 miles from kiel at the top of the map to hamburg which is towards the bottom of this map. from reher to bebensee it is 40 miles, to brodersdorf it is 46 miles which is also the distance from bebensee to brodersdorf and stoltenberg... almost a perfect equilateral triangle. see the map below... reher is in the bottom left corner or the triangle, bebensee in the bottom right and brodersdorf in the top. hamburg is the port that our johann & sophia reher sailed out of with their two small children, emma and ernest when they came to america in 1872. the map above shows a closer view of the area where bebensee & dreggers are located... where johann", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4114522104596471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.799487"} {"text": "definitions of thrust : - noun : verbal criticism example : \" he enlivened his editorials with barbed thrusts at politicians \" - noun : the act of applying force to propel something - noun : a thrusting blow with a knife or other sharp pointed instrument - noun : the force used in pushing example : \" the thrust of the jet engines \" - noun : a sharp hand gesture ( resembling a blow ) example : \" he made a thrusting motion with his fist \" - verb : press or force example : \" she thrust the letter into his hand \" - verb : push upward example : \" the front of the trains that had collided head - on thrust up into the air \" - verb : geology : thrust ( molten rock ) into pre - existing rock - verb : push forcefully example : \" he thrust his chin forward \" - verb : impose or thrust urgently, importunately, or inexorably - verb : penetrate or cut through with a sharp instrument - verb : place or put with great energy example : \" thrust the money in the hands of the beggar \" - verb : make a thrusting forward movement search for thrust at other dictionaries : onelook, answers. com, merriam - webster \" works flawlessly! \" : rhymezone apps for iphone / ipad and android! help, feedback, customize, android app, iphone / ipad app copyright \u00a9 2013 datamuse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5723560418726579, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.809281"} {"text": "in 2005, congress passed federal transportation legislation that established the national safe routes to school program. * local, regional and national efforts to increase safe walking and bicycling for school children have burgeoned since that time. state programs are well underway and local programs are thriving. today, a strong network of state coordinators and local program leaders, an engaged group of advocates and an increasing body of knowledge on \" what works, \" contribute to the growth of safe routes to school programs across the nation. learn more about the national progress of the federal safe routes to school program : * in july 2012, congress passed a new transportation bill : moving ahead for progress in the 21st century ( map - 21 ). beginning in october 2012, safe routes to school ( srts ) activities will be eligible to compete for funding alongside other programs, including the transportation enhancements program and recreational trails program, as part of a new program called transportation alternatives. the federal highway administration ( fhwa ) is charged with putting the legislation into practice, and it provides information about map - 21 on its website. state srts programs are also in the process of determining how to handle the new legislation. as the states provide information about how they will proceed with safe routes to school, the information will be available on our state srts pages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4388327038017445, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.825455"} {"text": "ann arbor, mi ( scicasts ) \u2013 how do stem cells preserve their ability to become any type of cell in the body? and how do they \u201c decide \u201d to give up that magical state and start specializing? if researchers could answer these questions, our ability to harness stem cells to treat disease could explode. now, a university of michigan medical school team has published a key discovery that could help that goal become reality. in the current issue of the journal cell stem cell, researcher dr. yali dou, and her team show the crucial role of a protein called mof in preserving the \u2018 stem - ness \u2019 of stem cells, and priming them to become specialized cells in mice. their results show that mof plays a key role in the \u201c epigenetics \u201d of stem cells - - that is, helping stem cells read and use their dna. one of the key questions in stem cell research is what keeps stem cells in a kind of eternal youth, and then allows them to start \u201c growing up \u201d to be a specific type of tissue. dou, an associate professor of pathology and biological chemistry, has studied mof for several years, puzzling over the intricacies of its role in stem cell biology. she and her team have zeroed in on the factors that add temporary tags to dna when it \u2019 s coiled around tiny spools called histones. in order to read their dna, cells have to unwind it a bit from those spools, allowing the gene - reading mechanisms to get access to the genetic code and transcribe it. the temporary tags added by mof act as tiny beacons, guiding the \u201c reader \u201d mechanism to the right place. \u201c simply put, mof regulates the core transcription mechanism \u2013 without it you can \u2019 t be a stem cell, \u201d says dou. \u201c there are many such proteins, called histone acetyltransferases, in cells \u2013 but only mof is important in undifferentiated cells. \u201d dou and her team also have published on another protein involved in dna transcription, called wdr5, that places tags that are important during transcription. but mof appears to control the process that actually allows cells to determine which genes it wants to read \u2013 a crucial function for stem - ness. \u201c without mof, embryonic stem cells lost their self - renewal capability and started to differentiate, \u201d she explains. the new findings may have particular importance for work on induced pluripotent stem cells \u2013 the kind of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5054422864288874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.839677"} {"text": "for stem - ness. \u201c without mof, embryonic stem cells lost their self - renewal capability and started to differentiate, \u201d she explains. the new findings may have particular importance for work on induced pluripotent stem cells \u2013 the kind of stem cells that don \u2019 t come from an embryo, but are made from \u201c adult \u201d tissue. ipcs research holds great promise for disease treatment because it could allow a patient to be treated with stem cells made from their own tissue. but the current way of making ipscs from tissue involves a process that uses a cancer - causing gene \u2013 a step that might give doctors and patients pause. dou says that further work on mof might make it possible to stop using that potentially harmful approach. but further research will be needed. what they will focus on is how mof marks the dna structures called chromatin to keep parts of the genome readily accessible. in stem cells, scientists have shown, many areas of dna are kept open for access \u2013 probably because stem cells need to use their dna to make many proteins that keep them from \u2018 growing up. \u2019 once a stem cell starts to differentiate, or become a certain specialized type of cell, parts of the dna close up and aren \u2019 t as accessible. many scientific teams have studied this \u201c selective silencing \u201d and the factors that cause stem cells to start specializing by reading only certain genes. but few have looked at the factors that facilitate broad - range dna transcription to preserve stem - ness. \u201c mof marks the areas that need to stay open and maintains the potential to become anything, \u201d dou explains. its crucial role in many species is hinted at by the fact that the gene to make mof has the same sequence in fruit flies and mice. \u201c if you think about stem cell biology, the self - renewal is one aspect that makes stem cells unique and powerful, and the differentiation is another, \u201d says dou. \u201c people have looked a lot at differentiation to make cells useful for therapy in the future \u2013 but the stem cell itself is actually pretty fascinating. so far, mof is the only histone acetyltransferase found to support the stemness of embryonic stem cells. \u201d in addition to dou, the research team includes her former postdoctoral fellow dr. xiangzhi li, now at shandong university in china ; colleagues from the department of biostatistics and bioinformatics in the rollins school of public health at emory university ; and colleagues from the laboratory of gene expression at the national institutes of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49485950706337267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.841406"} {"text": "\u201c it took less than an hour to make the atoms, a few hundred million years to make the stars and planets, but five billion years to make man! \u201d - george gamow earlier today, a video ( from last month ) was released where one of the members of the us house of representative \u2014 a member who sits on the house committee for science, space and technology \u2013 proudly proclaimed the following : \u201c all that stuff i was taught about evolution, embryology, the big bang theory ; all of that is lies straight from the pit of hell. \u201d - paul broun well, if the big bang is a lie from the pit of hell, then the universe itself is lying to us, and i \u2019 m a liar repeating those lies that it tells us about itself. here \u2019 s why. this is the night sky, our window into the deepest recesses of space itself. the points of light visible in this skyscape are stars and planets, but buried among them are faint, fuzzy structures whose structures were only revealed with the invention of the telescope. originally marked as this - is - not - a - comet, these nebulous structures were found to consist of a variety of star clusters, stellar corpses and remnants, and new star - forming regions. but there was another type of nebula among them, the spiral nebulae, with a distinctive structure and a very peculiar property. these spiral nebulae may come in a variety of orientations and sizes, but they \u2019 re practically all moving very fast, and the ones that are moving fast are all moving very fast away from us. what am i talking about? every atom in the universe absorbs and emits light at very specific frequencies : frequencies determined by the quantum mechanical laws of physics. every atom of hydrogen in the universe absorbs light at identical frequencies to one another, ensuring that when we see a pattern of spectral absorption lines, we can identify what atoms are present, and in what amounts. but if those atoms are moving either towards us or away from us, or if the space between those atoms and ourselves is either contracting or expanding, those spectral lines will be shifted. well, when we look out at those spirals in the sky, this is what we find. the smaller and fainter one of these spiral nebulae appears, the faster it appears to be moving away from us! by making a variety of measurements, including those of individual stars present in these nebulae, we can not only determine their distances from us ( placing them far outside of our own galaxy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5718160207472505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.853186"} {"text": "neutrons! so the big bang model \u2014 simply by stating the universe obeys general relativity and is expanding today \u2014 makes some very big predictions. among them is the prediction that, based on the fact that it was very hot and dense in the past and has been expanding and cooling ever since, we should form the lightest elements in the universe out of protons and neutrons when the universe is only a few minutes old! this includes deuterium, helium - 3, helium - 4, and lithium, in very specific proportions to one another, dependent only on the number of photons in the universe. this also means that, when the universe finally cools enough to form neutral atoms, those photons left over from the big bang should still be there, omnidirectionally, in our universe today. the only difference between then and now is that, because the universe has been expanding and cooling, this radiation is not only no longer visible to our eyes, it isn \u2019 t even infrared anymore! it ought to have redshifted all the way into the microwave portion of the spectrum. and what \u2019 s more than that, it ought to have a very particular spectral distribution, known as a blackbody spectrum. well, this microwave - wavelength radiation was discovered back in the 1960s everywhere in the sky, and its wavelength was determined to an incredible precision to be blackbody in the 1990s by the cobe satellite. and finally, it was only last year that the first absolutely pristine galaxies \u2014 made out of atoms that had never formed stars before \u2014 were found in the universe. but this gas was indeed verified to have the right elemental abundances of hydrogen and helium, with no trace of any heavy elements that shouldn \u2019 t be there! and with those three cornerstones in place \u2014 the expanding universe from the recession of distant galaxies, the abundances of the light elements, and the cosmic background of microwave radiation \u2014 the big bang has been verified in a way that no alternative has. none of the other options proposed can give us these three things together : not the tired light model, not the steady - state model, not a plasma cosmology, nothing. the big bang is the only model ever proposed that is consistent with these three pieces of data. of course, the big bang also gives us structure formation that matches galaxies and clusters in the universe. furthermore, it can actually be consistent with dark matter, dark energy and inflation, and every astronomical observation ever made and physical experiment ever performed. it \u2019 s not only the best theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5890968986564449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.855433"} {"text": "what risks will i run by not implementing an application - layer firewall? am i leaving myself wide open by not using an application - layer firewall? application - layer filtering firewalls are required to protect networks from modern attackers because attackers now focus their efforts on developing exploits against weaknesses in the services they attack. since the application layer is the least protected layer, attackers use a variety of application - specific exploits and target the known and unknown weaknesses in server services in order to take control. for example : stateful inspection firewalls just don ' t detect worms that are injected as a malicious code within the protocols, since they only look at network - layer packet headers. worms require a deep inspection for identifying the signatures and the stream to that particular session to analyze the content. an application - layer filtering firewall is able to examine the application - layer commands and data to determine whether the content or commands being sent to a server on the corporate network fall outside the bounds of valid connection attempts. another good example of the application layer - risk is buffer overflow attacks against server services. this is one of the most common methods attackers use to disable a network service and potentially take control of the server running the network service. for instance, to initiate an attack, the attacker can craft a packet containing oversized smtp commands and then send them to an smtp mail server. if the mail server implementation has a known or unknown buffer overflow weakness, the attack could disable or take over the server. an application - layer firewall is capable of filtering the smtp traffic and blocks the buffer overflow attempt at the firewall itself, preventing the attack to get past the firewall. this was first published in november 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5145697675330484, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.857227"} {"text": "what do you think of when you hear the phrase \" tcp / ip troubleshooting? \" people who are visually imaginative may see a flowchart. more linear - minded types may see a series of numbered steps. others ( far too common ) may feel a sense of inadequacy and frustration. tcp / ip troubleshooting should be simple, right? after all, it ' s just a protocol - - a series of steps to transfer bits over the network. but what a protocol : four layers, with multiple protocols at each layer. the traditional troubleshooting approach some years ago when i first learned about tcp / ip networking, i was taught a simple follow - these - steps approach to troubleshooting problems. the method went something like this : - type ipconfig to check if your ip address, subnet mask, and default gateway are correct. - now ping 127. 0. 0. 1 to see if your network adapter is working. - now ping your own computer ' s ip address. - now try pinging the ip address of another computer on the same subnet. - now try pinging your default gateway ( the near - side interface of the router that connects your subnet to the rest of the network ). - now try pinging the ip address of a computer on a different subnet. - and so on. i call this the \" brain - dead approach \" because it ' s so methodical you can basically turn off your brain and just follow the steps. it ' s also somewhat inefficient, for it automatically assumes that your problem most likely starts with your own computer and that the problem is more likely to be closer to you ( your network card, your computer ' s ip address configuration, your local subnet ) than further away ( other subnets ). and it ' s a method that was probably developed before the internet really took off - - that is, before dns became ubiquitous for name resolution and before firewalls and vpns became a fact of life for most corporate networks. what i mean is this : one of your users says \" i can ' t connect to the server right now. \" what could be the problem? it helps to dissect this simple sentence to understand the issues that may be involved. for example : is this the only user who has called in reporting network problems? if there are others, do they have similar issues? if so, then right away it ' s clear you don ' t need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5423635029775725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.874109"} {"text": "understand the issues that may be involved. for example : is this the only user who has called in reporting network problems? if there are others, do they have similar issues? if so, then right away it ' s clear you don ' t need to take a brain - dead approach and begin your troubleshooting at the user ' s computer. instead, the issue is most likely \" out there \" somewhere, and that could mean maybe your dns server is offline or your dns provider services may be experiencing difficulty. or maybe a router on your internal network may be going crazy and dropping packets. or maybe the server your users are trying to connect to may have crashed. you should also stop and think about any commonalities these users may have. for example, are their machines all on the same subnet? if so, then maybe the default gateway for that subnet is misconfigured or the router crashed. or maybe a contractor working in the plenum crawlspace has accidentally cut a network cable connecting the subnet ' s workgroup switch to the department ' s main ethernet backbone switch. or maybe someone malicious has installed a rogue dhcp server on that subnet and it ' s stealing machines as their leases come up for renewal and assigning them unroutable addresses to create a denial of service condition. if it ' s only that one user though who has the problem, then it ' s probably time to play braindead and start asking questions like \" ok, is your computer turned on? is the network cable securely attached at the back of your machine? \" and so on. a good question to ask this user is \" what do you mean by connect? \" that ' s because \" connect \" is a technical - sounding word that users often use to impress help desk to show they know what they ' re talking about. well, they usually don ' t. why? because there are different kinds of connectivity including mac - level communications, tcp sessions, password - authentication, access rights and privileges, nat - traversal connectivity, firewall pass - through, application - level sessions, and so on. what kind of connectivity problem are they actually having? what are they trying to do when they say they want to \" connect to \" the server? are they trying to access a share on that server? do they get an \" access denied \" message when they do this? are they getting a login box prompting them for credentials? is it rejecting their credentials? are they having trouble finding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47848614136199413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.875120"} {"text": "server? are they trying to access a share on that server? do they get an \" access denied \" message when they do this? are they getting a login box prompting them for credentials? is it rejecting their credentials? are they having trouble finding the share in active directory? is it a mapped drive they are having problems with? are they trying to browse to find the server in my network places? and so on. and is it just that server they ' re having trouble connecting to, or are they having problems connecting to anything on the network? determining the scope of the problem here is important : is connectivity failing in just one way or many ways? you ' ve got this user over here, and this server over there, and the network between. they can ' t connect. why? well, where exactly is that server anyway? is it on the user ' s subnet? on an adjacent subnet? in a different department? on a different floor? in a different building? on a different continent? what kind of network connects the user with that particular server? a wired ethernet lan? a wireless lan ( wlan )? a fractional t1 line? frame relay? a vpn tunnel over the internet? a dial - up modem connection? cable modem or dsl? first determine the type of connection ( possibly several types ) between the user and the server, and then ponder where things might break down. maybe the csu / dsu has gone wonky ; try recycling its power or contact your service provider who should be monitoring it. maybe the janitor is cleaning the server room and he bumped a power bar and an ethernet switch has gone offline. check for an alert message from your network management software, assuming you ' re using managed switches. maybe there ' s been a power blackout at the remote branch office where that server is located. call them on the phone and see what ' s happening. and is it server or servers? is the user having trouble connecting to only that server or to other servers as well? are others having problems connecting to other servers also? what are the commonalities ( if any ) between all the servers being affected? ( or apparently being affected - - remember, the problem may be with the users ' computers or more likely with the network infrastructure itself. ) the time element is crucial in troubleshooting. did the problem just start happening? when was the last time you successfully connected to the server? how long has it been going on for? is it continuous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48340716876710976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.876112"} {"text": "more likely with the network infrastructure itself. ) the time element is crucial in troubleshooting. did the problem just start happening? when was the last time you successfully connected to the server? how long has it been going on for? is it continuous or intermittent? intermittent network problems involving unreliable wan links and other issues can be difficult to troubleshoot, especially if they ' re transient, i. e. brief and occasional. time can also help you relate the problem to other circumstances that might be impacting your network. did the problem start this morning at 10 am? what else happened on your network around then? were patches applied by a wsus server? did scheduled maintenance on a domain controller occur? was a construction crew in the building compound using a backhoe to repair a water main break? a structured approach my own approach to tcp / ip troubleshooting is structured around three critical areas : - determining the elements of the problem. this means : - client end : the client ( s ) who are experiencing the difficulty ( or difficulties ) ( the user end ). - server end : the server ( s ), printer ( s ), or other network resources ( such as the internet ) that the clients are experiencing difficulty with. - network in between : the wires ( if not wireless ), hubs, switches, routers, firewalls, proxy servers and any other network infrastructure between the client end and the server end. - environment : external circumstances that may be affecting your network like power fluctuations, building maintenance and so on. - scope : one or many clients / servers involved. - time frame : continuous, intermittent, occasional ; when did it begin ; and so on. - type of connection problem : physical, network, transport or application layer ; authentication or access control ; and so on. - signposts : error messages on client machines ; login boxes ; and so on. - determine which troubleshooting steps might apply given the above problem elements. this includes : - verifying physical media connectivity for the client ( s ), server ( s ) and network infrastructure hardware involved. this means checking cables, making sure network adapters are properly seated, and looking for other causes of network connections displaying a media disconnected state. - verifying tcp / ip configuration of the client ( s ), server ( s ) and network infrastructure hardware involved. on the clients and servers this means ip address, subnet mask, default gateway, dns settings and so on. for network infrastructure hardware typically means routing tables on route", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48061268838319926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.877119"} {"text": "the client ( s ), server ( s ) and network infrastructure hardware involved. on the clients and servers this means ip address, subnet mask, default gateway, dns settings and so on. for network infrastructure hardware typically means routing tables on routers and internet gateways. - verifying routing connectivity between the client ( s ) and server ( s ) involved. this means using ping, pathping, tracert and other similar tools to verify end - to - end tcp / ip connectivity at the network level ; packet sniffing to monitor transport layer sessions ; using nslookup, telnet and other tools to troubleshoot application layer issues involving name resolution problems, authentication problems and so on. - understand it, question it, test it. - understanding how protocols work, how packets are forwarded by routing tables, what tools like netdiag. exe can tell you, is critical. successful tcp / ip troubleshooting is founded upon a good understanding of how tcp / ip works and the tools that can be used to test it. if you ' ve never plodded through trying to understand a network monitor trace, you ' ll have difficulties troubleshooting certain kinds of problems. - asking the right questions is also critical to good troubleshooting. learning when to be methodical and when to take a mental leap is the essence of the art of troubleshooting, and it involves full use of both your left brain ( logic ) and right brain ( intuition ). - finally, getting your hands dirty and actually testing things to try and isolate the problem is critical, and to do this you need a toolbox of troubleshooting tools you know how to use. there ' s nothing like lots of experience to help you solve a difficult problem, even if it ' s something you ' ve never seen before. troubleshooting tcp / ip networks can be frustrating, but it can also be fun. in future articles we ' ll zoom in on the troubleshooting steps and tools you need to be able to do in order to successfully solve the issues that might arise on your network. until then, stay connected! about the author : mitch tulloch is a writer, trainer and consultant specializing in windows server operating systems, iis administration, network troubleshooting, and security. he is the author of 15 books including the microsoft encyclopedia of networking ( microsoft press ), the microsoft encyclopedia of security ( microsoft press ), windows server hacks ( o ' reilly ), windows server 2003 in a nutshell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5002694419178956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.878046"} {"text": "- about pkal subjectshowing only geoscience show all subject subject show all subject results 1 - 10 of 45 matches geologic puzzles : morrison formation part of interactive lectures : examples images of faulted strata, tilted turbidites, and beach rocks bring the field into the classroom, giving students practice in doing what geoscientists do. these images are examples of geologic puzzles. weathering rates part of interactive lectures : examples a think - pair - share activity in which students calculate weathering rates from tombstone weathering data. 2004 asian earthquake and tsunami disaster project part of cooperative learning : examples students are employees of a unit of the united nations responsible for coordinating disaster relief after a major disaster ( the 2004 asian earthquake and tsunami ) occurs. the agency needs to understand the situation in each country so that it can coordinate the work of various governments and ngo ( nongovernmental organizations ) working in the affected area. carbon dioxide exercise part of interactive lectures : examples students work in groups, plotting carbon dioxide concentrations over time on overheads and estimating the rate of change over five years. learn more about this review process. magma viscosity demos part of interactive lectures : examples this is an interactive lecture where students answer questions about demonstrations shown in several movie files. they learn to connect what they have learned about molecules, phases of matter, silicate crystal structures, and igneous rock classification with magma viscosity, and to connect magma viscosity with volcano explosiveness and morphology. jitt - dam removal - a good idea or not? part of just in time teaching : examples 1 ) what are some of the biological effects of dam removal ( good and bad )? 2 ) what are some of the more pressing / compelling reasons to remove a dam? explain. 3 ) the stanley and doyle ( 2003 ) article states that,... jitt - geologic dating part of just in time teaching : examples 1 ) how are zircons formed? 2 ) which of the following statements describes relative geologic dating? a ) the triceratops and tyrannosaurus rex went extinct at the same time b ) dinosaurs came later than horseshoe... jitt - ethics of fossil collecting part of just in time teaching : examples 1 ) what do you think it means for a fossil resource to be \" abused \"? 2 ) what ' s the issue with fossil hunting on federal land ( such as national parks )? explain what your interpretation of the conflict... investigative case - \" goodbye honey buckets \" part of investigative case based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5592502570709743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.880976"} {"text": "5 simple ways to reduce food waste would you care if the cost of food went up 30 percent? well, you ' re paying that premium right now if you fall within the department of agriculture ' s average of wasting over a quarter of your food. go to sleep and lose weight wasted food is the second - largest component of municipal solid waste in the u. s. in 2010, over 34 million tons of food waste was produced, accounting for almost 14 percent of the total waste stream. only a fraction of this waste was recovered through composting programs, leaving 33 million tons to go into landfills where the decomposing food produces methane, a greenhouse gas more than 20 times as damaging as carbon dioxide. 3 things to remember before hiring a finger food company timothy jones, an anthropologist at the ua bureau of applied research in anthropology, estimates an average family of four currently tosses out $ 590 per year, just in meat, fruit, vegetables and grain products. journalist jonathan bloom, tracked residential food waste for three decades, and estimates that as much as 25 percent of the food we bring into our homes is wasted. so a family of four that spends $ 175 a week on groceries squanders more than $ 40 worth of food each week and $ 2, 275 a year. how women can get great benefits from whey protein although food is wasted at the farm, in transit and on store shelves, a study in tompkins county, n. y., showed that 40 percent of food waste occurs in the home. our personal efforts, therefore, play an important part in closing the gap on food waste and all its associated costs. here are some simple strategies individuals and families can adopt to help reduce food waste :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45147589289698714, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.883921"} {"text": "west coast tsunami dvd sku id # 69663 you save : $ 4. 96 20 % off to order by phone call 1 - 800 - 933 - 6249 - additional details - format : color, dvd - video, ntsc - rating : not rated - number of discs : 1 - run time : 50 minutes - region : region 1 - aspect ratio : 1. 33 : 1 - language : english - studio : history channel - dvd release date : may 9, 2006 in the wake of the 2004 disaster in the indian ocean, seismologists investigate the effects of a similar event off the california coast. - a harrowing look at what might happen if the \" big one \" strikes at sea. - see incredible footage from the asian tsunami of 2004 and other disasters. - seismologists detail the threat that lies off the pacific coast. what would happen if a massive earthquake and tsunami were to strike the west coast of the united states? experts say it could easily match the catastrophic 2004 indian ocean tsunami in scale and might. the 700 - mile stretch of coast from northern california to southern british columbia lies just off the extremely volatile cascadia subduction zone. many seismologists say that after more than 300 years of massive pressure build - up, it is likely to erupt in the not too distant future. and it has happened in the past. geologists have discovered evidence of a massive tsunami that struck the pacific northwest in 1700 - - as powerful as the devastating indian ocean tsunami of 2004. hundreds of thousands of lives are at stake. we ' ll talk to emergency planners, seismologists, and other researchers who are trying to get a handle on when cascadia will blow, and what - - if anything - - we can do to minimize the disaster.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42563254146691054, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.886524"} {"text": "messiah is an oratorio by george frideric handel. it is handel \u2019 s most famous work, and in england, the most often performed of any big choral work. the title messiah means \u201c the anointed one \u201d and is the name given to jesus christ in the christian teaching. background to its composition [ change ] george frideric handel was born in germany. when he was a young man he came to england and he liked it so much that he soon visited england again and stayed there for the rest of his life, becoming a naturalised englishman says the legend. actually he was composer for the king of hannover, who then became king of england, and handel followed his \" employer \". the main reason why handel liked england at that time was because the people liked his music and gave him support. at this time handel was known as a composer of operas. for about 20 years handel spent most of his time working on operas : composing them, organising performances and looking for opera singers to sing his works. by the late 1730s, however, people \u2019 s tastes started to change and opera was not so popular. handel changed to writing oratorios. although it is thought that handel invented the oratorio he in fact did not. oratorio is italian, after the oratory of saint philip neri at rome, where famous musical services were held in the 16th century. handel is just one composer of many who wrote oratorios. his oratorios are based on the english tradition of the masque, which was something between a play and an opera. however, oratorios were about stories from the old testament. instead of ancient gods or roman emperors ( which is what operas were about at that time ) he used dramatic stories from the bible. among many great oratorios that he wrote, messiah is his most famous one. however, it is different from his other oratorios in some ways. handel composes the messiah [ change ] the words of messiah were written by a librettist charles jennens. he chose several passages from the bible and made a libretto, which he sent to handel in 1741 ( although people today often call the work \u201c the messiah \u201d, both handel and jennens call it \u201c messiah \u201d without the word \u201c the \u201d ). handel immediately realized that a great work of music could be made from jennens \u2019 libretto. he thought that jennens was a very clever person, and in his letters to him he calls the work \u201c your oratorio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4552866799978564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.892290"} {"text": "the \u201d ). handel immediately realized that a great work of music could be made from jennens \u2019 libretto. he thought that jennens was a very clever person, and in his letters to him he calls the work \u201c your oratorio messiah \u201d. handel sat down in the front room of his house in brook street, london, and wrote the whole oratorio in twenty four days. it is a long work, lasting over four hours, and when one thinks that handel had to write out all the parts for the choir and orchestra, he must have worked unbelievably hard. when he had finished the work, he put it in a drawer for seven weeks. perhaps he thought it would never be played in london, because at that time the london audiences did not seem to like him. handel goes to dublin [ change ] just at that time he got an invitation to go to dublin. he was asked to give a concert to get money for charity. the main charity for which money was being raised was the debtor \u2019 s prison. in those days people who ran into debt ( meaning that they owed lots of people money but had no money to pay them ) were sent to prison. there they were fed by charity ( people who fed them out of kindness ). if no one fed them they just starved to death. handel had nearly been sent to a debtor \u2019 s prison himself a few years earlier. he went to dublin as soon as he could, and he was there by november. on 23 december he performed his oratorio l \u2019 allegro. unlike the london audiences, people in dublin loved it. this was followed by alexander \u2019 s feast, imeneo and, in april, messiah. he was a very great success in dublin, and he stayed there until august, when he returned to london. the writer alexander pope helped people to change their minds and listen to handel \u2019 s new music. he had just published volume 4 of dunciad. in this work he said how wonderful handel \u2019 s choruses were. when he heard messiah he must have known that he had written the truth. the music [ change ] messiah tells the story of christ. it is divided into three parts. part one tells of the coming and the birth of christ. part two is about his death on the cross, and his ascension into heaven, and part three has some thoughts about christ, with words from the books of job and corinthians book one. handel usually performed his oratorios in theatres, not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4336215981054281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.893176"} {"text": "two is about his death on the cross, and his ascension into heaven, and part three has some thoughts about christ, with words from the books of job and corinthians book one. handel usually performed his oratorios in theatres, not in churches, and his audience went as a change from going to the opera. they did not go for religious worship. handel \u2019 s oratorios are normally dramatic, with the four solo singers ( soprano, alto, tenor and bass ) each taking the part of a character from the bible. messiah is different. the soloists sing about the story of christ. the great choruses, where the choir sings, praise the lord in the wonderful music. some of the music is homophonic ( e. g. the hallelujah chorus ), some of the choruses are dramatic dialogues ( e. g. lift up your heads ), or they are a fugue ( he trusted in god and amen ), or they describe things dramatically ( all we like sheep ). the hallelujah chorus [ change ] the most well known of all the movements in the messiah is the one popularly known as the hallelujah chorus, because of the frequently sung word \u201c hallelujah \u201d. it occurs at the end of the part two of the oratorio. ' there is a famous story about king george ii who attended a royal performance of messiah. when it came to the hallelujah chorus he stood up. whenever the king stood up, everyone in his presence had to stand up, so the whole audience stood. no one is really sure whether the king stood up because he liked the music or for some other reason, but it has become tradition for the audience to stand up when the hallelujah chorus is sung.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43843955521063094, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.893799"} {"text": "7 posts \u2022 page 1 of 1 it would be really cool if someone can help me with the following : i drew a tube in sketchup and i managed to hide some handles to scale ( via component attributes - behavior - scale tool ). so the user can only scale the tube in one direction. no i would like the scaling to snap on a multiple of 25. so when my tube is 100cm and i scale it to 523, the lenght should snap to 525. when i scale the tube to 7cm, it should snap to 25. 25cm is the shortest the tube can be. 12m is the longest the tube can be. does anyone now how to do this? i hope the question is clear enough. if not, don ' t hesitate to ask me more about the problem! thank you in advance and kind regads! the maths to do this is relatively simple - divide by your \" snap unit \", round to an integer, then multiply up again by the snap unit. but first, you need to know about the way that new values get updated from the user interface. for this, you need the special function \" current ( ) \". current ( ) receives a value from your mouse ( or vcb ) interaction, and then makes the dc equations update once, and only once. without this, a reference such as... lenx = round ( lenx / 25 ) * 25... doesn ' t know when to stop calculating, because every change to lenx makes it change again, and again - a circular reference. in reality, this kind of error is trapped, but still gives strange results. the correct form is... lenx = round ( current ( \" lenx \" ) / 25 ) * 25 note that you must wrap the parameter name in quotes as shown here. you could also use the functions ceiling ( ) or floor ( ), if you want the snapping to always round up, or always round down - round ( ) always goes to the closest one. also, watch out for small lengths that might snap to zero length - the if function can test for this, e. g... lenx = if ( current ( \" lenx \" ) > 25, round ( current ( \" lenx \" ) / 25 ) * 25, 25 ) here, if current ( \" lenx \" ) is over 25, you will get the result of the rounding functions, otherwise you get a fixed value of 25. and there is yet another thing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5197655640160618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.897728"} {"text": "active regions on the solar surface are generally thought to originate from a strong toroidal magnetic field generated by a deep seated solar dynamo mechanism operating at the base of the solar convection zone. thus the magnetic fields need to traverse the entire convection zone before they reach the photosphere to form the observed solar active regions. understanding this process of active region flux emergence is therefore a crucial component for the study of the solar cycle dynamo. this article reviews studies with regard to the formation and rise of active region scale magnetic flux tubes in the solar convection zone and their emergence into the solar atmosphere as active regions. coronal holes are the darkest and least active regions of the sun, as observed both on the solar disk and above the solar limb. coronal holes are associated with rapidly expanding open magnetic fields and the acceleration of the high - speed solar wind. this paper reviews measurements of the plasma properties in coronal holes and how these measurements are used to reveal details about the physical processes that heat the solar corona and accelerate the solar wind. it is still unknown to what extent the solar wind is fed by flux tubes that remain open ( and are energized by footpoint - driven wave - like fluctuations ), and to what extent much of the mass and energy is input intermittently from closed loops into the open - field regions. evidence for both paradigms is summarized in this paper. special emphasis is also given to spectroscopic and coronagraphic measurements that allow the highly dynamic non - equilibrium evolution of the plasma to be followed as the asymptotic conditions in interplanetary space are established in the extended corona. for example, the importance of kinetic plasma physics and turbulence in coronal holes has been affirmed by surprising measurements from the uvcs instrument on soho that heavy ions are heated to hundreds of times the temperatures of protons and electrons. these observations point to specific kinds of collisionless alfven wave damping ( i. e., ion cyclotron resonance ), but complete theoretical models do not yet exist. despite our incomplete knowledge of the complex multi - scale plasma physics, however, much progress has been made toward the goal of understanding the mechanisms ultimately responsible for producing the observed properties of coronal holes. we review the properties of solar convection that are directly observable at the solar surface, and discuss the relevant underlying physics, concentrating mostly on a range of depths from the temperature minimum down to about 20 mm below the visible solar surface. the properties of convection at the main energy carrying ( granular ) scales are tightly constrained by observations, in particular by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5282098315741255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.905708"} {"text": "the relevant underlying physics, concentrating mostly on a range of depths from the temperature minimum down to about 20 mm below the visible solar surface. the properties of convection at the main energy carrying ( granular ) scales are tightly constrained by observations, in particular by the detailed shapes of photospheric spectral lines and the topology ( time - and length - scales, flow velocities, etc. ) of the up - and downflows. current supercomputer models match these constraints very closely, which lends credence to the models, and allows robust conclusions to be drawn from analysis of the model properties. at larger scales the properties of the convective velocity field at the solar surface are strongly influenced by constraints from mass conservation, with amplitudes of larger scale horizontal motions decreasing roughly in inverse proportion to the scale of the motion. to a large extent, the apparent presence of distinct ( meso - and supergranulation ) scales is a result of the folding of this spectrum with the effective \" filters \" corresponding to various observational techniques. convective motions on successively larger scales advect patterns created by convection on smaller scales ; this includes patterns of magnetic field, which thus have an approximately self - similar structure at scales larger than granulation. radiative - hydrodynamical simulations of solar surface convection can be used as 2d / 3d time - dependent models of the solar atmosphere to predict the emergent spectrum. in general, the resulting detailed spectral line profiles agree spectacularly well with observations without invoking any micro - and macroturbulence parameters due to the presence of convective velocities and atmosphere inhomogeneities. one of the most noteworthy results has been a significant reduction in recent years in the derived solar c, n, and o abundances with far - reaching consequences, not the least for helioseismology. convection in the solar surface layers is also of great importance for helioseismology in other ways ; excitation of the wave spectrum occurs primarily in these layers, and convection influences the size of global wave cavity and, hence, the mode frequencies. on local scales convection modulates wave propagation, and supercomputer convection simulations may thus be used to test and calibrate local helioseismic methods. we also discuss the importance of near solar surface convection for the structure and evolution of magnetic patterns : faculae, pores, and sunspots, and briefly address the question of the importance or not of local dynamo action near the solar surface", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5153078993437651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.906676"} {"text": ". we also discuss the importance of near solar surface convection for the structure and evolution of magnetic patterns : faculae, pores, and sunspots, and briefly address the question of the importance or not of local dynamo action near the solar surface. finally, we discuss the importance of near solar surface convection as a driver for chromospheric and coronal heating. this article surveys the development of observational understanding of the interior rotation of the sun and its temporal variation over approximately forty years, starting with the 1960s attempts to determine the solar core rotation from oblateness and proceeding through the development of helioseismology to the detailed modern picture of the internal rotation deduced from continuous helioseismic observations during solar cycle 23. after introducing some basic helioseismic concepts, it covers, in turn, the rotation of the core and radiative interior, the \u201c tachocline \u201d shear layer at the base of the convection zone, the differential rotation in the convection zone, the near - surface shear, the pattern of migrating zonal flows known as the torsional oscillation, and the possible temporal variations at the bottom of the convection zone. for each area, the article also briefly explores the relationship between observations and models.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5193867262525264, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.907191"} {"text": "in april, on the 30th anniversary of hostilities between britain and argentina over sovereignty of the falkland islands, the prime minster, david cameron, issued a statement saying that britain remains firmly committed to upholding the rights of the falkland islanders to self - determination. recently, argentina has stepped up its protestations over the status of the south atlantic archipelago, which it knows as the malvinas, as a self - governing overseas territory of the united kingdom. for example, argentina has refused to let cruise ships land at its ports if they carry the british flag. furthermore, legal action is being taken against five british firms prospecting for oil off the coast of the falklands. the bbc reports that on tuesday, the falkland islands legislative assembly announced that inhabitants who are on the electoral roll will be able to vote in the islands \u2019 first - ever referendum. the vote in 2013 will concern the islanders \u2019 own views on which country should govern them. a downing street spokesperson said the impetus for the vote came from the falklands, rather than from mainland politicians. cameron, speaking about the referendum, accused the argentinian government of \u201c shouting down \u201d the islanders \u2019 rights to be heard on the matter of sovereignty. he added : \u201c next year \u2019 s referendum will determine beyond doubt the views of the people of the falklands. britain will respect and defend their choice. we look to all un members to live up to their responsibilities under the un charter and accept the islanders \u2019 decision about how they want to live. \u201d the referendum announcement comes two days before argentinian president, cristina fernandez de kirchner, is due to raise the matter of the malvinas before a meeting of the united nations special committee on decolonisation. in 1965 the un general assembly approved a resolution from the un decolonisation committee, calling on both countries to proceed with negotiations over the sovereignty of the islands : \u201c bearing in mind the interests of the population of the falkland islands. \u201d both britain and argentina are signatories to the internationally - binding un charter, which provides for the \u201c self - determination of peoples \u201d, through peaceful means.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37323486464962274, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.909621"} {"text": "male bonding : the influence of male relationships in captive chimpanzee social groups mary catherine mareno faculty sponsor : dr. steven schapiro in laboratories in the united states, groups of captive chimpanzees are maintained in order to conduct behavioral and medical research that further 1 ) our understanding of human behavioral and cognitive evolution and 2 ) the fight against disease. many studies of wild populations of chimpanzees have examined the importance of male - male bonds to group cohesiveness and have found that variations in the number of males and their age distribution impact the interactions within the group. male - male interactions serve to maintain functional social groups and seem to be of more critical importance to group cohesiveness in chimpanzees than female - female bonds. in the wild, communities are based around a core of adult males who spend the majority of their time together and generally interact with one another affiliatively. these strong relationships maintain the cooperation needed to organize hunts and to protect their territory and females from other groups. considerably fewer data are available on the effects of differences in male composition on interactions within captive social groups. studies have shown that like in the wild, captive male chimpanzees prefer other males as grooming partners. yet many primate facilities shy away from housing multi - male groups for fear of increased aggression. to promote species - typical social conditions, which in turn allow for healthier subjects that yield more valid behavioral and medical data, a balance between affiliation and conflict among males must be achieved. however, the strategies to achieve such a balance are not particularly well characterized. to study the effects of different group compositions, 54 chimpanzees were observed living in five separate social groups at the university of texas m. d. anderson cancer center. each social group was comprised of a different number of male chimpanzees with varying age distributions. the group sizes ranged from eight to 14 animals, and the proportion of males in each group varied from 3 / 8 to 1 / 2. age differences between the oldest and youngest male in each group varied from 16 years to 25 years. each group was observed once a week for 15 weeks. these observations were balanced between morning and afternoon time periods, switching each week. during the observations, the frequencies of 15 behaviors were recorded for each male with special emphasis placed on affiliative and aggressive behaviors. in addition, every three minutes the whole group was scanned to record the social behavior of each individual, using the same 15 behaviors. the results indicate that group composition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5436767820439362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.912597"} {"text": "source : climate change reconsidered bali, r., agarwal, k. k., ali, s. n. and srivastava, p. 2011. is the recessional pattern of himalayan glaciers suggestive of anthropogenically induced global warming? arabian journal of geosciences 4 : 1087 - 1093. bali et al. ( 2011 ) introduce their review of what is known about himalayan glaciers by noting that a \u201c glacial inventory carried out by the geological survey of india reveals the existence of over 9, 000 valley glaciers in india and at least about 2, 000 glaciers in nepal and bhutan, \u201d citing raina ( 2006 ). and they say that \u201c following the alarmist approach of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ), \u201d a number of subsequent reports related to the bleak future of himalayan glaciers have been issued, mainly through the media. these reports, as they describe them, have suggested that \u201c almost all indian glaciers including the gangotri glacier will vanish from the earth in the next few decades. \u201d more particularly, they say the reports suggest that \u201c initially, there would be flooding followed by the drying of glacial fed rivers of the indian subcontinent, desertification, rise of sea level, submergence of the coastal areas, spread of diseases, drop in the production of food grains, etc., \u201d all due, of course, to \u201c anthropogenically induced global warming. \u201d so what \u2019 s the real story? ( more \u2026 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4461152284018168, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.914237"} {"text": "this document is provided to give you some help and guidance so that you can get the maximum number of points on the examinations in ecn 314 - money, banking and financial markets. many students are not used to the style of examination, so i have prepared this to give you some assistance so that you can get the highest score and grade possible. the exam style is more of a graduate exam style and requires a different strategy than a multiple choice exam. the exams are a combination of essays, t - f - uncertain / explain in an essay and problems. 1. write as legibly as possible, in complete sentences. try to avoid using shorthand ( e. g. writing b / c instead of the writing out the word \" because \" ), abbreviations, and / or symbols ( e. g. using up or down arrows instead of writing out the words \" increase \" or \" decrease \" ) in your answers. 2. full credit for an essay requires that you write a complete essay of a minimum of at least one full paragraph, with at least three or four sentences. in almost all cases, an essay of several paragraphs would be more appropriate. as a general rule, plan on writing an essay of at least one full page in your blue book. one or two sentence \u201c essays \u201d will not count for full credit. 3. t - f - uncertain / explain problems should be treated just like an essay question. one or two paragraphs are almost always required to fully explain your answer. you will find a sample t - f - u / explain question along with a complete answer, on the study guide section of my web page. remember that this is very different from a regular t - f exam question, which usually does not require an explanation. a t - f - u / explain question requires that you first select an answer ( indicate clearly whether you are selecting true, false or uncertain as your answer ) and then write a complete explanation of why that answer is correct. in some cases, more than one answer could be correct, and would depend on what assumptions you are making, how you choose to answer the question, etc. a common mistake here is to attempt to answer in one sentence, which will usually not count for full credit. for example, take the sample t - f - u / explain test question : \u201c if the current ytm is greater than a bond \u2019 s coupon rate, the bond will sell at a premium. \u201d an answer that would not qualify for full credit would be : \u201c false, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4893792181405531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.919979"} {"text": "f - u / explain test question : \u201c if the current ytm is greater than a bond \u2019 s coupon rate, the bond will sell at a premium. \u201d an answer that would not qualify for full credit would be : \u201c false, the bond would sell at a discount. \u201d a more detailed explanation would be required, with a discussion of the relation between coupon rates, current bond yields, and whether a bond sells at a discount or premium. this would probably require at least one full paragraph with three or more sentences, such as : \u201c the statement is false, the bond would sell at a discount, not a premium. assume that the coupon rate of the bond is 8 % and current bond yields are 10 %, so that the bond \u2019 s coupon rate is less than the current yields. in other words, bond yields have risen since the original bond was issued. bonds are now being issued with coupon rates of 10 % to reflect the current level of bond yields, and these bonds would sell at par ( p = $ 1000 ). in the bond market, previously issued bonds compete with newly issued bonds. a bond with a coupon rate of only 8 % would therefore be paying lower coupon payments ( $ 80 ) than current bonds are paying ( $ 100 ). therefore, the bond with a 8 % coupon rate would only sell if it was offered at a discount ( p < $ 1000 ). investors now expect a 10 % yield, and will only buy a 8 % coupon bond if it is sold at discount, so that it will give investors a 10 % rate of return. \u201d other explanations are also possible. when in doubt, you should probably write a longer essay instead of a shorter essay. however, try to not include any information that does not directly address the question. plan on writing a full one page essay in your blue book. if you want to practice writing an essay question or t - f - u / explain question for evaluation before the first exam, you may submit an essay answer to any one question from the list of study guide questions and i will grade it for you. 4. label all numbers with appropriate units. for example, instead of \u201c 5 \", you should put $ 5, 5 %, 5 years, ff5 / $, dm5, etc. 5. when you include a graph in your answer, make the graph large and carefully label the graph, with appropriate units specified on both the x and y axis, such as years, interest rate ( %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47546810591266797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.921091"} {"text": "/ $, dm5, etc. 5. when you include a graph in your answer, make the graph large and carefully label the graph, with appropriate units specified on both the x and y axis, such as years, interest rate ( % ), price ( $ ), quantity of bonds, quantity of credit, quantity of money, etc.. 6. show all of your work on the problems to get maximum partial credit. if the answer is wrong, and there is no work to support the answer you could lose all of the points. if the answer is wrong and the work shown indicates that you understood the problem but made a relatively small calculation error, you would possibly qualify for almost common reasons that answers do not receive full credit : 1. answers for essay and t - f - u / explain questions are too short, and not enough information is provided for me to accurately assess whether you understand the problem / issue. for example, do not try to answer two or three essay questions on one page in your blue book! 2. answers for essay and t - f - u / explain questions are too long, especially when unnecessary, irrelevant or inaccurate information is provided. long essays may actually count for full credit, but will be costly in terms of the opportunity cost of your time! 3. the answer to a problem is wrong, and there is not enough work provided to assign partial credit accurately. if there was a small error in an initial calculation that was carried through and resulted in a wrong final answer, i can take this into account when assigning partial credit, assuming that your work is shown!!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46957441753716744, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.921706"} {"text": "with the meeting of the underground railroad conference in st. augustine in a few days, our attention turns to those who ran in the hope of freedom and to those who helped them. from the 1680s until the spanish turned over florida to the british in 1763, enslaved blacks ran to spanish florida from british colonies, especially from south carolina. a spanish royal decree in 1693 had encouraged the runaways by offering the possibility of freedom. much of what we know of the individuals who made it to st. augustine is provided by the records of st. augustine \u2019 s catholic parish. the parish records include information on blacks of the african \u201c nations \u201d of caravali, congo, guinea, mina, as well as others from jamaica, mexico, brazil, curacao, new york and new england. many runaways who arrived in st. augustine were baptized and were given freedom or provided with the possibility of freedom after a period of service. but sometimes, the runaways were returned to carolina, especially when tensions between the british and the spanish were an issue. tomas, a congo born in africa, was one of the runaways who appear in the parish records. his marriage was recorded in the 1740s. he might have talked to himself in this way : \u201c i started life in africa, was captured by slavers, carried across the ocean and after a few years working in the fields of barbados, then found myself moved to carolina. there, everyone knew about the offer made by the spanish that those who ran to florida would be freed. once in florida i agreed to be baptized and took the new name tomas. \u201c at first things went well for us who succeeded in escaping to florida. we were paid to work on defense projects. women worked in the well - to - do households. runaways married local black slaves and free blacks. but the spanish governors were more concerned about keeping things peaceful with the british. so it was never certain for a runaway what the course of action would be when he arrived in florida and st. augustine. \u201c the florida governors are concerned that the british might attack in order to take back us runaways. another time the crown decided that four years of royal service would have to be completed before we could be freed. and then, i sometimes wonder what the slaves who have been in florida all along think about the offer of freedom made to those who ran from carolina, but there is nothing similar offered for them. \u201d the monarchy of spain offered freedom to black runaways, but not at the expense of crown \u2019 s best", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41277751420880293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.924366"} {"text": "biafra \u2013 a history ( part iii \u2013 v ) \u201c as i have said before, and i repeat, the war we are fighting is an imperialist war, waged by britain and russia in an unholy alliance and with the tacit acquiescence of the united states, and fought by proxy. \u201d \u201c i see biafra as a bastion of the free in an age in which freedom and self - determination are conditioned by the color of the skin. i would go further to say that for the acceptance of the black race, there must be a biafra. if this biafra is stifled, then perhaps in the future another will emerge. \u201d \u2013 chukwuemeka odumegwu - ojukwu ( radio biafra broadcasts ; november / december ; 1968 ) by august of 1967, biafra had been forced to withdraw from the occupied territories in nigeria gained during its incursions in july and august. back behind its original borders, ojukwu could do nothing to prevent the destruction of most of his air force by the new nigerian migs. by september, three nigerian regiments had crossed the niger into biafra. with the abandonment of the capitol at enugu for the inland city of umuahia in september, 1967, biafra was effectively on the defensive. biafran soldier w / captured nigerian equipment ; 1968 ) now, his forces spread thin ( augmented by european volunteers and mercenaries committed to his cause of freedom ), ojukwu had to make the choice between losing his country, and losing his one deep - water port, port harcourt, in the south of biafra. port harcourt is on the shores of the bight of biafra, which in turn is part of the atlantic ocean. one of the world \u2019 s largest river - deltas, the niger river delta comprises the gateway to port harcourt, and is a natural \u2018 staging area \u2019 for the large numbers of ships which come to port harcourt every day, bringing supplies to biafra, as well as taking the oil which was such a vital part of the biafran economy. ojukwu \u2019 s dilemma was plain \u2013 with the pressure of nigerian troop - columns threatening his capital, he had to maintain sufficient forces in the field in western biafra to counter this threat \u2013 but he also had to maintain port harcourt at all costs, defending the city while it was under siege. he chose to fight a delaying - action, surrendering over 150 miles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4248936828936775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.940459"} {"text": "sufficient forces in the field in western biafra to counter this threat \u2013 but he also had to maintain port harcourt at all costs, defending the city while it was under siege. he chose to fight a delaying - action, surrendering over 150 miles of territory as the nigerian army pushed east, but holding the coast - district against the onslaught of nigerian artillery and egyptian / british - flown migs and ilushin bombers. savage fighting continued through most of the fall and winter of 1967 - 1968. reinforced by additional mercenaries, volunteers, and biafran regulars, the biafran army managed to hold out through most of spring, 1968. all the while, biafrans were starving. ( biafran children, in late - stages of starvation ; 1968 ) \u201c by the beginning of april, 1968, the truth about biafra and the genocide being perpetrated by nigerians was filtering in increasing volume to the outside world, \u201d said president ojukwu in a broadcast over radio biafra in the summer of 1968. in truth, the biafran famine was far worse than the media presented. by this time, the failure of harvest ( nigeria had occupied most of the biafran farmland close to the border near the niger river ) and the war itself was claiming 50, 000 biafran lives monthly. barring a miracle, biafra was on borrowed time. \u201c for nearly ten months now, we have been fighting a hard and bitter war in defense of our lives and property and the future of our children against nigeria \u2019 s calculated war of destruction and genocide. the immediate tragic circumstances which culminated in this war are well known to all of us \u2026. \u201d \u2013 president chukwuemeka odumegwu - ojukwu ; broadcast of 31 march ; 1968 \u201c in africa, a thing can be true at first light, and a lie by noon. \u201d \u2013 ernest hemingway on 12 may, 1968, fifty thousand troops of the nigerian third marine commando under general adekunle and his second - in - command, general obasanjo, made an amphibious landing south of the biafran city of port harcourt in the niger river delta. at the same time, the nigerian air force stepped up its bombing raids on port harcourt, attacking the outer - ring of port harcourt \u2019 s defenses round - the - clock. over fifty thousand nigerian regulars, mainly hausa troops from the north with no love for the igbo, were chosen to assault the land - based defenses to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3877681188327933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.942102"} {"text": "attacking the outer - ring of port harcourt \u2019 s defenses round - the - clock. over fifty thousand nigerian regulars, mainly hausa troops from the north with no love for the igbo, were chosen to assault the land - based defenses to the west of the city. the outcome left little in doubt. toward the end, broadcasts from radio biafra grew strident in its pleas for military, medical, and united nations assistance. biafran troops, out of ammunition, threw gasoline bombs on advancing nigerian troop - carriers and fought hand - to - hand with fixed bayonets as the nigerian troops pushed deeper into the city. on 23 may, 1968, port harcourt fell. ( biafran soldier with french - made machine gun on hood of land rover \u2013 part of port harcourt burning in background \u2013 1968 ) four brigades ( about 20, 000 effectives ) of biafran troops streamed through the now - chaotic city northward toward the city of owerri to make what might be a final stand. general adekunle, commander of the third marine commando ( nigerian army ), simply let his mainly - hausa troops have the run of the city for nearly a week. bayoneting anyone who resisted, the third marines engaged in a chaotic \u2018 suppression \u2019 of the port harcourt population, raping women at will, murdering their husbands and children, and looting with abandon. entering the port harcourt hospital, they bayoneted the wounded biafran soldiers who could not evacuate, as well as the physicians who stayed behind ; raped nurses and new mothers in the maternity wards, looted all medical supplies, and eventually returned to their units. this complete breakdown in discipline on the part of nigerian third marine commando bought the remnants of the biafran defenders badly - needed time to establish their perimeters around owerri \u2013 but at a civilian cost of over 50, 000 biafran lives during the week - long orgy of murder, looting, and rape in port harcourt. biafra had lost its one deep - water port capable of bringing supplies to the nation via the sea. it had also lost its major population center, plus the oil resources so badly needed to fuel its economy. in august, over 2, 000 short - range rockets and millions of rounds of badly - needed ammunition began arriving at the airfield near owerri. at the same time, the oau ( organization of african unity ) began to lobby the international community for aid. ojukwu has long been criticized for his rejection of land - haulage for food -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3929081948361486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.943707"} {"text": "arriving at the airfield near owerri. at the same time, the oau ( organization of african unity ) began to lobby the international community for aid. ojukwu has long been criticized for his rejection of land - haulage for food - aid \u2013 however, there is a long \u2013 standing west african tradition of using poison to eliminate one \u2019 s enemies, and an equally - long tradition of failing to differentiate between civilian and military personnel in this endeavor ; it may well be that the biafran government wanted to prevent this possibility. ojukwu demanded airlift - only as a means of resupply ; it \u2019 s often been suggested that he wanted this method so he could fly in arms along with food supplies ; however, there \u2019 s little practical evidence that this occurred. what is known is this \u2013 by the end of 1968, over 200, 000 biafrans were dying monthly, due to the nigerian blockade of all road - entries to biafra, plus the crowding of biafra \u2019 s population into a land - area a little less than one - half of the original size of the nation. contacted repeatedly by the biafran foreign - office in lisbon, portugal, the united states was content to do nothing, either to support a nation seeking its independence, or to provide material relief for the biafran civilian population. reinforced by fresh volunteers and french munitions, the biafran army went on a counter - offensive in october of 1968. this resulted in large numbers of nigerian army casualties along with the capture of owerri by the biafran army, but eventually resulted in a stalemate by spring of 1969 as the biafrans ran out of ammunition, food and other supplies. ( biafran refugees leaving owerri ; may, 1968 ) airlift of arms and supplies were neither enough nor of any frequency to sustain the life of the population nor the viability of the army. what followed \u2013 from early 1969 until the end \u2013 is a shameful chapter in modern history. nigeria, with the tacit agreement of the international community and with the active support of great britain and the soviet union, having squeezed the population of biafra into an area around half its original size, was allowed to simply starve biafra into submission. during 1969, biafrans died daily at a horrendous rate. at the peak of biafra \u2019 s suffering, it \u2019 s been estimated that nearly 250, 000 biafrans were dying monthly. on 22 december, 1969,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4269971692706852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.944791"} {"text": ", biafrans died daily at a horrendous rate. at the peak of biafra \u2019 s suffering, it \u2019 s been estimated that nearly 250, 000 biafrans were dying monthly. on 22 december, 1969, the gowon government launched its final offensive. starving ; biafran troops could do no more. they simply threw down their weapons and faded into the jungle. nigerian columns advanced unopposed, cutting biafra in two and rendering the nation indefensible and the situation hopeless. nigerian troops began a systematic process of killing every male over the age of ten, raping and mutilating the women of childbearing - age, and destroying anything that might be of value. ( biafran folk - art painting of nigerian troops raiding biafran village \u2013 1970 ) on 13 january, 1970, president ojukwu fled with most of the biafran government to abidjan in the ivory coast. the remainder of the biafran army capitulated later that day. the war for biafran independence \u2014 which held such promise both for the region and the world \u2014 was over. \u201c blockaded and besieged, we had no alternative but to cry out as loud as we could, so that, should we perish, somewhere, some people in the world, men of good will, would at least record the fact that at one time we did exist. may i take this opportunity to thank all those persons and organizations that have sacrificed that we might live \u2013 that we assure them that their sacrifice will not have been in vain. biafra lives. the struggle continues. long live the republic of biafra. \u201d \u2013 chukwuemeka odumegwu - ojukwu ( president ; biafra \u2013 broadcast - from - exile ; january, 1970 ) \u201c the world is a fine place, and worth fighting for. \u201d \u2013 ernest hemingway as an apologetic for nigerian statehood, biafra stood in sharp contrast to the artificiality of nigeria. biafra was the proof - made - manifest that political - constructs using arbitrary borders do not work in regions where familial and tribal affiliations hold sway. these lessons were learned in biafra, as they were to be learned later in yugoslavia in the 1990 \u2019 s, and in iraq in present day. biafra was also proof that the definition of genocide is very much determined by money, power and skin color \u2013 nearly the same number of ethnic igbos were killed between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4270095433093626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.946319"} {"text": "in yugoslavia in the 1990 \u2019 s, and in iraq in present day. biafra was also proof that the definition of genocide is very much determined by money, power and skin color \u2013 nearly the same number of ethnic igbos were killed between 1967 - 1970 as the number of jewish people during the events in europe between 1937 - 1945 \u2013 but biafra was denied support for its nationhood and any form of united nations - sponsored peacekeeping or aid relief. the expected reprisals after the fall of biafra never occurred, largely due to pressure from both the british and u. s. governments to end the war quietly \u2013 it was believed that there was still a danger of biafra rising again due to popular support if the gowon government completed its genocide. as a result, the entire war, along with its atrocities, were metaphorically \u2018 swept under the rug \u2019 by the international community. tactically, the war was lost in september, 1967, when the original capital at enugu was lost and biafra went over to a defensive posture. strategically, the war was lost when port harcourt fell, and in spite of the recognition of biafra by several west african states at that time, those recognitions did little to enhance biafra \u2019 s stance in the eyes of the rest of the world. deprived of its only deep - water port, its oil - reserves, half of its land - area and nearly all of its arable land, and with its population concentrated together in a manner which invited disease along with starvation, the question most people ask is \u201c why did ojukwu attempt to hold biafra together, when there was little hope of winning? \u201d the answer is plainly obvious to most of us who \u2019 ve studied the phenomenon in any depth \u2013 given the alternative between an uncertain future at the hands of a known enemy, and a certain future \u2013 even death - with one \u2019 s \u2018 own \u2019 \u2013 a person will choose the familiar over the unfamiliar ; the miserable company of one \u2019 s own people over the ill - treatment of foreigners. \u2013 exact numbers are not possible after this time, but numbers between 2, 000, 000 and upward of 5, 000, 000 biafrans dead of starvation, disease, and direct military action ( wounds ) during the war have been suggested. \u2013 while reprisals never materialized after biafra \u2019 s capitulation, the igbo continue to be repressed. many have left their homeland for more - peaceful lives in great britain,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47519914424413634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.952381"} {"text": "wounds ) during the war have been suggested. \u2013 while reprisals never materialized after biafra \u2019 s capitulation, the igbo continue to be repressed. many have left their homeland for more - peaceful lives in great britain, canada, and the united states, where their talents are more welcome. \u2013 the land east of the niger river has never fully recovered from the thirty months of war which marked the existence of the biafran republic. to this day, the igbo are persecuted. \u2013 the united states government has never admitted any failure surrounding the events in biafra from 1967 - 1970. to this date, the u. s. has no foreign policy which adequately addresses africa. \u2013 nigeria continues to suffer from the effects of military dictatorship and corruption to this day. \u2013 president ojukwu returned from exile in 1980 to the acclaim of over a million people who lined the owerri airport to welcome him home. he lives quietly in nnewe, in eastern nigeria. \u2013 president gowon saw a brief transition to democracy, then a descent into more chaotic military dictatorships, being overthrown in a coup in 1975. he lives comfortably today in lagos, nigeria. he was never called to account for his responsibility regarding the genocide in biafra. \u2013 general murtala mohammed was never called to answer for his crimes against humanity or genocide against biafra. the international airport in lagos is named after him. he was installed by coup as gowon \u2019 s replacement in 1975 ; his rule was cut short in another coup attempt in 1976, when his limousine was ambushed in lagos traffic. \u2013 neither general adekunle nor general obasanjo ( the two architects of the biafran genocide - by - starvation ) were held accountable for their crimes. in fact, adekunle said, \u201c i want to prevent even one igbo having one piece to eat before their capitulation, \u201d in response to a question regarding his strategy. adekunle now lives in retirement, and has recently published a memoir ; obasanjo is the current president of nigeria. on an academic level, i \u2019 d be remiss if i didn \u2019 t say i \u2019 d never have been able to complete either my masters \u2019 thesis in college or this small series if the good people at harper ; row hadn \u2019 t had the courage to publish the collected thoughts and speeches of president ojukwu in their fine book \u201c biafra \u201d, released in 1969. i \u2019 ve had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4332810553025843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.954955"} {"text": "college or this small series if the good people at harper ; row hadn \u2019 t had the courage to publish the collected thoughts and speeches of president ojukwu in their fine book \u201c biafra \u201d, released in 1969. i \u2019 ve had a first - edition for many years ; it survived my housefire and is a book i \u2019 ve read several times since i bought it for $ 1. 50 at the used - book sale in college. fredrick forsyth \u2019 s book, \u201c the biafra story \u201d contributed greatly to my understanding of the conflict. there is much which was left out of this story for clarity \u2019 s sake \u2013 the minicoin airforce of swedish count vonrosen makes for a grand tale ; the memoirs of rolf steiner, the mercenary officer from germany, also offered invaluable perspective. i \u2019 m also indebted to the website biafraland. com, which provides much in the way of anecdotal material and other information about the land to the east of the niger. on a personal level \u2013 when biafra seceded from nigeria, i was 12 years old. while other boys were out playing softball, a combination of personal interest and a touch of asthma kept me indoors, either reading or listening to my shortwave radio ( a gift from dad \u2013 he told me he \u2019 d give me his old zenith when he knew i \u2019 d use it ). i had followed the problems in nigeria, right along with the war in vietnam, the six - day war in the middle east, and ( later ) the invasion of czechoslovakia by the soviet union. upon biafra \u2019 s secession, i thought \u2013 \u2018 these people are in the right \u2013 the u. s. will have to do something for them! \u201d i put a map of nigeria on my wall, and followed the troop - movements, gleaned from broadcasts and magazine clippings. i asked my dad when he thought the biafrans would win. he said, \u201c actually, son, i think they \u2019 re going to lose this one. \u201d i was crestfallen. they were a new nation ; certainly deserving of freedom. i was 12 then. i had much to learn. surviving in biafra : the story of the nigerian civil war ( alfred obiora uzokwe ; 2003 ) writers \u2019 advantage press the biafra story ( frederick forsyth ; 1969 ; 2001 ) \u2013 cooper press ; uk the selected speeches of lt. col. ojukwu (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45939702339306343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.956721"} {"text": "it should be a matter of intense interest to all muslims that islam is the only religion whose origins were recorded historically and thus are grounded not in legend but in fact. the koran was revealed at a time of great change in the arab world, the seventh - century shift from a matriarchal nomadic culture to an urban patriarchal system. muhammad, as an orphan, personally suffered the difficulties of this transformation, and it is possible to read the koran as a plea for the old matriarchal values in the new patriarchal world, a conservative plea that became revolutionary because of its appeal to all those whom the new system disenfranchised, the poor, the powerless and, yes, the orphans. muhammad was also a successful merchant and heard, on his travels, the nestorian christians ' desert versions of bible stories that the koran mirrors closely ( christ, in the koran, is born in an oasis, under a palm tree ). it ought to be fascinating to muslims everywhere to see how deeply their beloved book is a product of its place and time, and in how many ways it reflects the prophet ' s own experiences. however, few muslims have been permitted to study their religious book in this way. the insistence that the koranic text is the infallible, uncreated word of god renders analytical, scholarly discourse all but impossible. why would god be influenced by the socioeconomics of seventh - century arabia, after all? why would the messenger ' s personal circumstances have anything to do with the message? the traditionalists ' refusal of history plays right into the hands of the literalist islamofascists, allowing them to imprison islam in their iron certainties and unchanging absolutes. if, however, the koran were seen as a historical document, then it would be legitimate to reinterpret it to suit the new conditions of successive new ages. laws made in the seventh century could finally give way to the needs of the 21st. the islamic reformation has to begin here, with an acceptance of the concept that all ideas, even sacred ones, must adapt to altered realities. now i ' m not saying muslims must think of their scriptures as mere historical documents and not sacred, however, i do think it ' s important to realize that everything done during muhammad ' s time does not, in fact, have to be done today in the same way. you can ride in cars instead of camels. you can use a toothbrush instead of miswak. you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49588319285580995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.964242"} {"text": "important to realize that everything done during muhammad ' s time does not, in fact, have to be done today in the same way. you can ride in cars instead of camels. you can use a toothbrush instead of miswak. you can wait until your daughter is grown instead of marrying her off to some old man when she is twelve or younger. you can have one wife instead of four. i ' ve seen some muslim women talking about this very thing on other blogs lately especially in regards to women ' s rights and roles in this world. i ' ve never read anything from this author before, but he said his hope is \" to illustrate how much the west and the world as a whole can learn from the qur ' an, and to boldly offer the fruits of more than a hundred years of biblical criticism among christians and jews. \" he hopes this will profit jews and christians so they can understand a religion they may know too little about. and he hopes to inspire muslims with \" techniques of scriptural analysis \" so they can \" unlock the treasures of the qur ' an \" for the benefit of everyone. i ' ve yet to get into this book ' s chapters because i had to first read the foreword, introduction, prologue, cast of characters and preface. i did glean a few things from those pages worth sharing. the author reminds us that we are no longer in a secular age like the 20th century was labeled. the liberal christians ' idea that we are in a \" post - religious \" age is just not true according to this liberal christian. also this author believes islam to be \" beautiful \" and will avoid speaking of leaders and followers, but the scriptures. he will talk of the torah, gospel and qur ' an instead of judaism, christianity and islam or even david, jesus or muhammad. so this seems like it will be interesting.. hope so. the author believes the \" qur ' an is as hard to read as the books of daniel or revelation, and it is presented in a similar style. ( pg. 9 ) he had many muslims help with this book and he addressed how they were \" aghast \" at how the bible portrays the prophets and leaders as very imperfect people especially in the jewish scriptures. in the spirit of understanding the other point of view, he wanted the reader to realize this important distinction between muslims with their nearly - perfect prophets and jews and christians with their error - prone prophets. muslims, he claims, use this view of the prophets as proof the bible has been corrupted, whereas jews", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5093987453583301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.965189"} {"text": "technology in africa : building innovative ecosystems across africa, an innovation culture is starting to emerge. in kenya, pesapal piggybacks on the popular m - pesa mobile payments service, enabling kenyans to buy and sell on the internet. tanzania \u2019 s techno brain is selling software for managing businesses in 13 countries. and south africa \u2019 s cobi interactive, a mobile communications software company, is developing popular applications for smart phones. yet for africa to fulfill its potential and emerge among the world \u2019 s economic tigers, social and business leaders agree that much more innovation must happen there. the continent \u2019 s cities, universities, entrepreneurs and commercial r & d organizations can become engines of innovation producing new products and services that are tailored for the african experience. and, in order to make this transition, african institutions and businesses \u2013 plus multinational corporations \u2013 must work together to create innovation ecosystems that foster this kind of creativity. at ibm \u2019 s smarter planet leadership forum today in nairobi, kenya, ceo ginni rometty said ibm hopes to work collaboratively with the people and institutions in africa : \u201c we want to be seen as a citizen of the countries, essential to the government, companies and people. \u201d rometty said ibm \u2019 s decision to locate an ibm research laboratory on the continent \u2013 beginning with an office in nairobi \u2013 sends the strong signal about the company \u2019 s commitment to africa. the message is clear : rometty wants ibm to play an active role in building innovation ecosystems in africa. california \u2019 s silicon valley is the prototype innovation ecosystem. it benefitted from the combination of good universities, entrepreneurial companies, government incentives and robust supplies of venture capital. many of other places have tried to copy silicon valley \u2019 s formula \u2014 some quite successfully, among them bangalore, india, and singapore. kenya is among the countries in africa that have the potential of creating a vibrant innovation ecosystem. students and entrepreneurs dream of tapping science and technology to solve social and business problems. universities aim to expand their research and teaching programs in science, math and technology. business leaders are creating startup incubators to encourage entrepreneurship \u2014 places like ihub, fablab nairobi and nailab the government is playing a vital role, too, by making bold moves aimed at establishing kenya as an information technology hub for east africa. the government recently broke ground for konzo techno city, a new municipality being built from scratch south of nairobi to bring research universities, corporations and government agencies together to support job creation, research collaboration and economic development. another key move was the launch by the kenya ict", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45868839671462014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.973754"} {"text": "recently broke ground for konzo techno city, a new municipality being built from scratch south of nairobi to bring research universities, corporations and government agencies together to support job creation, research collaboration and economic development. another key move was the launch by the kenya ict board of an incubation program for high - tech startups \u2014 including seed capital funding. \u201c if we can build the skills and innovate, it will change the entire continent, \u201d said bitange ndemo, permanent secretary of kenya \u2019 s ministry of information and science. but there \u2019 s an important role for foreign companies and academic institutions to play, as well \u2014 as partners with african institutions in making progress. ibm research \u2019 s new research laboratory in nairobi is the first basic scientific research lab to be established in africa by a foreign multinational firm. we have allied with catholic university of eastern africa to locate the lab on its nairobi campus. the goal of the lab is to produce innovations within africa and also bring in great ideas from ibm \u2019 s other 11 research labs around the world. \u201c we want to create technology solutions optimized for africa that can be exported to the rest of the developing world, \u201d john kelly, senior vice president and director of ibm research said earlier this week. while the first lab office is in nairobi, ibm plans on expanding elsewhere around the continent and also performing collaborative research with a number of universities. already, the company is engaging with the university of nairobi and strathmore university in collaborative programs where scientists from ibm will work with university faculty members on projects of mutual interest. in another sign that kenya is beginning to offer an attractive academic environment, columbia university, one of the leading academic institutions in the united states, has set up columbia global centre / africa as a venue for research aimed at helping african nations reach their un millennium development goals. we believe that foreign firms and institutions won \u2019 t succeed if they try to build islands of expertise. they must work with local universities on collaborative research and to improve the quality of degree programs. sure, if this happens it will mean that ibm research will have to compete vigorously to recruit and retain the most skilled and ambitious young people. but so be it. \u201c this is a long term investment, \u201d said kelly. \u201c we \u2019 re here to help build the skills and, hopefully, we \u2019 ll get our fair share of the most talented graduates. \u201d sustainable cities collective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44925494265167654, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.974758"} {"text": "spaceship circles dc region tuesday morning did you see the shuttle? add your photos to patch! update ( tuesday, 12 : 45 p. m. ) : did you get a photo of the shuttle? add your photos to patch by clicking on a green \" upload photos and videos \" button ( to the left of this text and at the top of this post ). original post ( monday, 4 : 45 p. m. ) : have you ever seen a spaceship fly through the sky? it ' s not an entirely hypothetical question. on tuesday morning, april 17, the space shuttle discovery is slated to circle the washington, dc, region as it makes its final trip \u2014 riding piggyback on a 747 airplane \u2014 from the kennedy space center in florida to the shuttle ' s \" retirement home, \" the smithsonian institution \u2019 s steven f. udvar - hazy center, according to the washington post. before it makes its final landing, the space shuttle, which has made 39 trips into space since 1984 and is nasa ' s oldest surviving shuttle, will make \" a spectacular flyover visible to much of the [ dc ] region, \" the post reported. the shuttle - and - 747 combo will leave florida at 7 a. m., weather permitting, arrive in the dc area at around 10 a. m., and circle the nation ' s capital in a 40 - minute aerial tour. nasa and national air and space museum officials are not releasing the exact flight plan, due to security concerns, but the shuttle will likely fly over the maryland side of the capital beltway, the post reported. the air and space museum encourages people to tweet photos of the shuttle as it flies overhead to # spottheshuttle. the shuttle has a long and important history. \" discovery ' s list of achievements include delivering the hubble space telescope to orbit, carrying the first russian cosmonaut to launch on a u. s. spaceship, performing the first rendezvous with the russian space station mir with the first female shuttle pilot in the cockpit, returning mercury astronaut john glenn to orbit, and bringing shuttle flights back to life after the challenger and columbia accidents, \" the associated press reported.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4736882088778972, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.976796"} {"text": "we mentioned in one of our earlier posts \u2013 blindfold reading - that we had enrolled tammy in a midbrain activation program which activates a person \u2019 s mid - brain ( also known as mesencephalon ) thereby allowing him / her to use both brains instead of using predominantly only one - side of the brain. the benefits of this midbrain activation are said to include improvement in memory, concentration, creativity and self - confidence. any talents a child has, can be unleashed multiple folds ( be it academic, music or sports ). the child is also said to be more emotionally stable with a balanced character. some friends were curious how the midbrain activation is done. i was and still curious too. the instructors are careful to guard that information and no parents are allowed into the room. however, we are told that the midbrain activation is done through play, games, music and sound. when i asked tammy what went on in the room, she said that they were exposed to a variety of extremely loud sounds of high frequency / pitch. i did some research and discovered that sounds can actually create shapes. this video demonstrates the visualisation of cymatics ( study of sound and vibrations ) by sprinkling sand on a metal plate and vibrating the plate through sound. could this be how midbrain activation is done?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5475704913503074, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.978311"} {"text": "google automated self driving car test drove successfully! aligning with google \u2019 s optimistic view about technology \u2019 s ability to advance society, google has made a surprising move! google developed the technology for automated cars and test drove the car from google \u2019 s mountain view campus to santa monica office and on to hollywood boulevard and logged over 140, 000 miles ( 225, 308 kms )! this project uses artificial - intelligence software that can sense anything near the car and mimic the decisions made by a human driver. the automated cars use video cameras, radar sensors and a laser range finder to \u201c see \u201d other traffic, as well as detailed maps to navigate the road ahead. while the test is conducted, the car was manned by a trained safety driver behind the wheel who can take over as easily as one disengages cruise control. with this automation, google expects to reduce traffic accidents. \u201c your car should drive itself ; it \u2019 s amazing to me that we let humans drive cars, \u201d eric schmidt, chief executive officer of google, said at a technology conference last month. \u201c it \u2019 s a bug that cars were invented before computers. \u201d [ bloomberg ] the project is the brainchild of sebastian thrun, the 43 - year - old director of the stanford artificial intelligence laboratory, a google engineer and the co - inventor of the street view mapping service. google is using six priuses and an audi tt in the project. googleblog email : email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4440370617876347, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.981028"} {"text": "the population growth that we have increases the production of waste materials on earth. though there are different waste management processes that have been conducted to minimize our waste still, it grows every day. landfills are now being subject for disapproval by environmentalist and the residents who will be greatly affected in building of dump sites in their area. since having landfills in the area can be a cause of health issues and pollution that will greatly affect the environment and population. recycling facilities are being created to solve the landfill concern that we have nowadays. the recycling facility are responsible for receiving, separating and preparing recyclable waste materials that will be used to produce a new product or selling it to manufacturers. but even if there is a recycling facility, landfill can still be useful because that is where the waste materials are stocked. there are different kinds of recycling facility but clean and dry facility is generally used to distinguish the types of waste materials. wet recycling facility is also being utilized nowadays for specific wet or liquid types of waste material. clean recycling facility is the composition of waste materials that are already separated from the municipal solid waste before it reaches the facility. the waste materials are already sorted according to certain specification and processed accordingly. the process may include shredding, drying crushing, compacting and preparing for shipment to the market. dirty recycling facility on the other hand, is the facility that accepts mixed waste materials. after receiving the mixed waste material, it is being separated and segregated to its different types through mechanical or manual sorting. the sorted waste materials that can be recycled will undergo the processing procedure and the other mixed waste materials will be disposed to a different kind of facility such as landfill. dirty recycling facility can be a great challenge since it requires more labor and expensive than having a clean recycling facility. though having a dirty recycling facility provides higher recovery rates than a clean recycling facility since it can recover more waste materials that can be recyclable. compared to a clean recycling facility, the sorting process is already conducted from the source of the waste material whereas in a dirty recycling facility, they are the ones who also do the sorting process to which, they can have a greater control in selecting the waste materials that can be recycled or sell to the market.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45517812345644637, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.985764"} {"text": "verb ( used with object ) 1. to gather slowly and laboriously, bit by bit. 2. to gather ( grain or the like ) after the reapers or regular gatherers. 3. to learn, discover, or find out, usually little by little or slowly. verb ( used without object ) 4. to collect or gather anything little by little or slowly. 5. to gather what is left by reapers. free for the taking. the email popped up in my mailbox the morning after a night of heavy persistent rain. a farm market 30 miles west not only got the rain but had also been hit by hail. their asparagus fields had survived but the hail had made the remaining stalks unsuitable for sale. however. if you didn ' t mind a little pocked marked asparagus, you could have as much as you could pick up. i quickly did the math. $ 2. 99 a pound for grocery store asparagus or as much as i could pick for the price of a short road trip? i slapped on my mudders and pointed my little car west. the fields were at their end of their season. john, the cheerful man shuttling folks back and forth to the fields explained that we could take whatever we found, stalks lying on the ground, small tips just starting to emerge, take it all because it was just going to be plowed under the next day. armed with my little green grocery basket i went to work. i thought more people would be out gathering the bounty but i toiled alone in my field while this man worked the field next to me. no matter, it was a beautiful day and the birds were chattering to one another in their secret bird language songs. it was better than any ipod music i could jammed into my ears. picking the stalks was not as easy as one would imagine. you ' re searching for green stalks in a green field. nor is it a physically easy. the stalks are low to the ground and you ' ve got to bend to get to them. i got into a rhythm once i did spot the stalks, stoop, snap, rise, crouch, snap and rise again. slowly my basket started to fill. happily not everything was crushed by hail. this was one of the many lady bugs i saw as i picked. a good sign of a nice healthy field. stoop, snap, rise, stoop, snap, rise. my knees and back starting speaking to me as i continued my gleaning. \" don ' t you think it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5452883802803903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.993267"} {"text": "as i picked. a good sign of a nice healthy field. stoop, snap, rise, stoop, snap, rise. my knees and back starting speaking to me as i continued my gleaning. \" don ' t you think it ' s time to stop? \" they urged, \" you have plenty of asparagus. \" the cheapskate side of my brain shouted them down. \" free, it ' s free, just keep picking. \" i tried to distract myself with all the things i would do with my bounty. a majority of it would be blanched and vacuumed sealed to go into the freezer. the tender little tips i had made sure to also pick were destined to become pickles. the best and most tender stalks would go into my dim sum sunday dish. with my basket finally full, i walked back up to the market store to say thanks for the gift and perhaps see what else might make the trip back home. while there was no sign saying how much they were, i ' m betting they were as free as the asparagus. did i mention we got a lot of rain? i drove home happy. my body ached, my nails had a fine line of soil beneath them and my jeans were tatooed with that wonderful black soil. i hadn ' t planned to use asparagus for my dim sum dinner. i had a totally different dished planned. even now there ' s a beautiful pork loin in the fridge still waiting for me. but this was just too good to pass up. i decided to blanch and stir fry my green treasure in sambal sauce. i only made half the amount and instead of shrimp paste i used anchovies crushed into a paste. i added a couple of panko fried soft shell crabs to complete my spring to the extreme dish. the asparagus couldn ' t have been more tender and fresh. the spicy sweet peanut sauce danced through both the salty brine of the crab and the distinctive flavor of the asparagus. it was a beautiful marriage of flavors that made all the hard work and pain very much worth the effort. and while i was very sorry for the farmer ' s loss i was very thankful for his generosity that allowed me such a wealth of goodness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4521100296006137, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:45.994547"} {"text": "milky way ' s birkeland current falsifies \" black hole \" assumption anatomy of the milky way core at present, we find ourselves in the unsatisfying position of having remarkable new observational insight into the nature of the galactic center but lacking a sturdy interpretive framework. - robert l. brown and harvey s. listz \" sagittarius a and it ' s environment \" annual review of astronomy and astrophysics written in 1984 it appears that since then things have only according to some estimates the bright radio source known as sagittarius a * ( pronounced a - star ), residing at the heart of our milky way galaxy, is more than 50 light - years wide. it ' s radio glow stems from synchrotron radiation, the result of charged particles spiraling around magnetic field lines at relativistic speeds. assumptions have been made that the sag a * complex is the result of a massive black hole. yet, save for mathematical computer models based on gravitational conjecture, not a single black hole has ever been found. might the well known plasma dynamics of an electric universe reveal the true nature of the milky way ' s galactic center? the central most region of our galaxy is filled with a variety of dense molecular clouds ( plasma ). a variety of factors such as temperature, chemical composition, bulk velocity etc are known to separate plasma of differing characteristics into separate molecular clouds. this self - organization is a fundamental aspect of plasma and is the ' life like ' quality that prompted irving langmuir to so name them after blood plasma. the sagittarius a complex is divided into \" sag a east \" and \" sag a west \". running perpendicular to the galactic plane is a series of filaments known to be magnetic called the arc. they collectively form a long linearly polarized filament that appears to also interact with other molecular clouds but the filaments do not appear to be deflected by that interaction. that characteristic and their perpendicular relationship also implies that the \" threads \" composing the arc are tracing the path of magnetic field lines. one of these molecular clouds is known as \" m - 0. 02 - 0. 07 \" or simply the \" 50 km s - 1 cloud \". this particular dense cloud of plasma, often mistakenly called a \" gas \", is considered \" unique \" due to high levels of energetic activity. this energetic activity is the result of an interaction which produces the central \" plasma - focused plasmoid \" and non - thermal filamentation as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5376359890426201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.031089"} {"text": "mistakenly called a \" gas \", is considered \" unique \" due to high levels of energetic activity. this energetic activity is the result of an interaction which produces the central \" plasma - focused plasmoid \" and non - thermal filamentation as explained in wheel within a wheel within the brightest region of sagittarius a * yet another dynamic feature resides. it is known as the \" circumnuclear disk \" and has been described as an orbiting oval shaped ring of \" molecular gas \". however, that description belittles the true nature of the milky way galaxy ' s plasma torus. at an estimated 100 kilometers per second the plasma torus appears to orbit, and is said to \" feed \" the central 7 light - year wide feature known as the \" the \" wheel within a wheel \" of our milky way galaxy. the mini - spiral is composed of the \" eastern arm \", the \" western arc \", the \" northern arm \" and all three appear to be joined at a relatively small central \" bar \" such as those which distinguish barred spiral galaxies from spiral galaxies. astrophysicists are generally at great pains to determine the cause of such highly energetic activity but not one of their number has, or can, explain how their gravity only universe can account for the wide variety of compelling features collectively embodied in the milky way ' s galactic nucleus. it ' s \" wheel within a wheel \", or the \" mini - spiral \", has sent them scrambling for any number of assumptive gravitational scenarios such as ' tidally stretched and disrupted clouds ', \" gravitational potential due to the point - mass \", \" accretion disk \", explosive \" blast waves \" from supernova - although the magnitude of sag a * refutes that notion, ' molecular cloud collisions ', \" shock models \", and of course a theoretical black hole \" with over times the mass of the sun. \" or is it 3. 7 million solar masses? but no one has explained how so many supposedly \" young stars \" and star clusters, such as the arches cluster, and the quintuplet cluster can exist in a region so close to an alleged black hole. in it ' s attempts to wrestle with the cause of anomalous gravitational behavior modern astrophysics inadvertently misconstrues the known plasma dynamic of self - organization and reinterprets the observed behavior as \" self - consistent \". atop this interpretation any number of gravitational scenarios and inferences are then placed. the conventional theory of stellar formation via", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5951560419002195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.037551"} {"text": "misconstrues the known plasma dynamic of self - organization and reinterprets the observed behavior as \" self - consistent \". atop this interpretation any number of gravitational scenarios and inferences are then placed. the conventional theory of stellar formation via gravitational collapse fails at galactic center. for example : the standard model for star formation, gas clouds from which stars form should have been ripped apart by tidal forces from the supermassive black hole. evidently, the gravity of a dense disk of gas around sagittarius a * offsets the tidal forces and allows stars to form. the tug - of - war between the black hole ' s tidal forces and the gravity of the disk has also favored the formation of a much higher proportion of massive stars than normal. - \" stars surprisingly form in extreme environment around milky way ' s black hole \" [ emphasis added ] finding such big star clusters so near the gravitational pull of the galactic center is surprising ; tidal forces should rip them apart. - angelle tanner, sky & telescope when observation contradicts the gravity only cosmology the result is to immediately ' morph ' the supposed gravitational characteristics of the ever pliable theoretical black hole. it is habitually done on not only do we see the ' scavenging ' of plasma via well known marklund convection which \" inwards, with the normal e x b / b2 velocity, towards the center of a cylindrical flux tube \" it has been a lack of familiarity with plasma dynamics that has gravitationally interpreted the e x b drift of plasma towards the mini - spiral as \" material... falling inward \". the serpent in the sky when we assign culpability for radio structures many hundreds of kilo parsecs in extent to \" nuclear activity \" and then ascribe that activity to a massive nuclear black hole, we appear to basing our conclusions in large measure on informed, or perhaps inspired speculation. we may be correct, but we also may be simply engaged in clever legerdemain. - robert l. brown and harvey s. listz \" sagittarius a and it ' s environment \" : annual review of astronomy and astrophysics [ emphasis added ] the double helix nebula in infrared - credit : m. morris ucla in june 2006 nasa ' s spitzer space telescope and ucla announced the \" unprecedented \" discovery of double helix nebula. the customary photo released on the occasion merely revealed the approximately 80 light - year long tip of a proverbial iceberg. it appears to have been mark morris of ucla who made the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5932262577114349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.040035"} {"text": "and ucla announced the \" unprecedented \" discovery of double helix nebula. the customary photo released on the occasion merely revealed the approximately 80 light - year long tip of a proverbial iceberg. it appears to have been mark morris of ucla who made the connection and described the double helix nebula in a manner appropriate for the active plasma dynamics of an electric the direct connection between the circumnuclear disk and the double helix is ambiguous, but the images show a possible meandering channel that warrants further investigation - m. morris \" a magnetic torsional wave near the galactic centre traced by a ' double helix ' nebula \" nature journal letters vol 440 [ emphasis added ] the double helix nebula not sitting still. at a distance of perhaps some 300 light - years from the sag a * complex the double helix nebula exhibits unusually high dust temperatures for a galactic feature so far above the galactic plane and unaccompanied by nearby star formation. morris also points out that the axis of the double helix nebula points \" roughly \" towards galactic center and is oriented along the galaxy ' s axis of rotation. morris and his colleagues say the cause of the twist may be a huge disc of gas, known as the circumnuclear disc, which orbits just a few light years outside the black hole at our galaxy ' s center. morris told new scientist the magnetic lines should be anchored in the circumnuclear again, to accredit the existence of such fully formed electromagnetic structures within such close proximity to a theoretical black hole should refute the existence of the latter. morris then searched for a \" meandering channel \" through which a possible \" torsional alfven wave \" could travel from the bright circumnuclear disk of the sag a * complex. although heavily obscured by dust as can bee seen from comparative photos, it appears that morris successfully traced the ' dust infused ' portion of a \" meandering \" birkeland current at least 300 light - years in length towards it ' s point of intersect with the 50 km s - 1 cloud and circumnuclear disk. in addition, the unusually hot dust within the 80 light - year long tip is directly related to the scavenging of dust and plasma via the plasma related process of marklund convection as misconstrued in the abovementioned sky & telescope article as being \" falling inward \". the plasma flow is usually inwards as matter is accumulated in the filaments revealing helically twisted densities greater than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5715031069276839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.043439"} {"text": "of marklund convection as misconstrued in the abovementioned sky & telescope article as being \" falling inward \". the plasma flow is usually inwards as matter is accumulated in the filaments revealing helically twisted densities greater than the surrounding when coupled with the work of anthony peratt wherein : plasmas in relative motion are coupled by the currents they drive in each other and nonequilibrium plasma often consists of current - conducting in the laboratory and in the solar system, filamentary and cellular morphology is a well - known property of plasma. as the properties of the plasma state of matter is believed not to change beyond the range of our space probes, plasma at astrophysical dimensions must also be filamentary. - a. l. peratt and the universe : large scale dynamics, filamentation, and consider the structural formations : the plasma torus ( circumnuclear disk ), the \" mini - spiral \" enclosed within it, dust undergoing inwardly directed radial convection apparently up and out along the massive birkeland current filament away from the galaxy center. the very existence of such structural integrity stares in complete defiance of said black hole theory. during particle - in - cell simulations with up to 12 filaments peratt also noted that multiple birkeland currents can \" neck off \" leaving fewer ( 2 - 3 ) in number to account for the majority of \" cosmic plasma phenomena \". through the decades long work of plasma physics the electric universe is not found \" lacking a sturdy interpretive framework \". the double helix nebula fully demonstrates the nature of galactic - dimensioned birkeland currents. the double helix nebula : a magnetic torsional wave propagating out of the galactic centre : mark morris ( ucla ), keven uchida ( cornell ), tuan do ( ucla ) ( see pages 11 & 14 for graphical presentation of a trip to galactic center : sky & telescope the origin of the high - energy activity at the galactic center : f. yusef - zadeh, w. purcell, e. gotthelf permalink to this article. public comment may be made on this article on the thunderbolts forum / thunderblogs ( free membership required ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5956900868470378, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.046321"} {"text": "if you read last week ' s blog you learned that prepared baby and toddler foods are often high in sugar, particularly added sugar. and as previously mentioned, because infancy and toddlerhood is a critical time period for forming taste preferences and possibly preventing future disease, the need for caretakers to take steps to limit these products is high. this week, we ' re revealing the findings on sodium content of baby and toddler foods from the same research study ( see last week ' s blog for information on what products were analyzed ). 1 as we did with sugar, let ' s start with the sodium recommendations. the american academy of pediatrics and the american heart association recommend that children ages 1 - 3 consume no more than 1, 500 mg of sodium per day ; 4 - 8 consume no more than 1, 900 mg of sodium per day ; 9 - 13 consume no more than 2, 200 mg of sodium per day ; and 14 - 18 consume no more than 2, 300 mg of sodium per day. the american dietetic association recommends even less at 1, 200 mg / day or less for 4 - 8 year - olds and 1, 500 mg / day or less for older children. thus, toddlers should clearly be consuming less than 1, 200 to 1, 500 mg of sodium per day \u2013 about 3. 8 grams of salt or 2 / 3 teaspoon of table salt. so what did the researchers find? over 12 percent of toddler products analyzed contain more than 130 mg of sodium per serving. sixteen products contain more than 260 mg of sodium per serving. and 11 products contain over 400 mg of sodium per serving. toddler entrees / dinners topped the ' high - sodium ' list with some products exceeding 500 mg of sodium per serving \u2013 1 / 2 to 1 / 3 of their daily limit. and similar to what was found with sugar, sodium levels in baby / toddler products are not always nutritionally superior ( less sodium ) than adult products. one such case is yogurt where the amount of sodium was less in the comparable adult product. thus, while not quite as problematic as sugar, researchers found sodium levels in toddler products to be higher than expected. and therefore, the recommendation given at the end of the last week ' s blog on sugar also applies here : parents need to carefully select the foods they serve their babies and toddlers. products marketed toward this age group are not necessarily healthy and oftentimes are quite the opposite. so what ' s the busy parent to do? read food labels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42666229516137066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.060630"} {"text": "by eric simon ( based on a conversation with rabbi dov lipman ) what is tu b ' shevat? any answer ought to start from the same place that all of our jewish tradition flows from : torah and talmud. the torah doesn ' t mention the date, but it is a subject in tractate rosh hashana. in fact, the tractate opens up with the following words : \" there are four new years. on the first of nisan is the new year for kings and for festivals. on the first of elul is the new year for the tithe of animals. r eliazar and r shimon say on the 1st of tishrei. on the 1st of tishrei is the new year for the years, for the shmitta ( sabbatical ) and yovel ( jubilee ) years, for the sapling and for the vegetables. on the 1st of shevat is the new year for the tree according to beis shammai, beis hillel say on the 15th. \" o. k. so it ' s a new year for trees. what does that tell us? well, tithing is a pretty important concept regarding produce in israel. without getting into all the complications of it, suffice it to say that tithing is on a seven - year cycle ( the seventh year is the \" shmitta \" year, where we are not allowed to grow anything in the land of israel - - btw, this year is a shmitta year ), and different years require different tithes, and you are not allowed to pay the tithe of one year with produce from a later in the talmud ( rh 14b ), we read the following rule : \" if one picked fruit from an esrog tree on the eve of the 15th of shevat before the sun went down, and he then picked more of its fruit after the sun went down, we may not separate the tithes from one batch for the other... either from the new crop for the old or from the old crop for the new one... \" so, the 15th of shevat marks the end and the beginning of the \" fiscal year \" by the 11th century, we can read from the writings of rebbenu gershom ( he is probably most well known as the one who issued the decree that a jew may not marry two wives ) that one may not fast on that day, just as we may not fast on rosh hashana. by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4358378451787082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.072573"} {"text": "not cut down the trees. the entire verse, deut. 20 : 19, reads : \" when you lay siege to a city for many days to capture it by making war against it, you shall not destroy its tree, wielding an axe against it ; for you shall eat of it but not cut it down ; for man is a tree of the field... \" man is a tree? ( i should hasten to point out that halachically speaking, and you can see in this verse where it comes from, that one is only prohibited from cutting down trees that bear fruit! ) in tractate ta ' anit ( 7a ) we read : rabbi zeira explained the strange verse \" ki ha ' adam eitz ha ' sadeh \" ( for a man is a tree in the field ) with the seemingly contradictory verse there \" ki mimenu sochel, ve ' oso lo sichros \" ( for you shall eat of it and not cut it down ) - - that if he is a worthy teacher, then eat from him ( learn from him ). otherwise, destroy him and cut others consider the fruit of one ' s \" tree \" as the mitzvos that we do. and, indeed, trees are often a metaphor for torah. the most famous expression of this is in proverbs ( 3 : 18 ) : \" it is a tree of life for those who hold fast to it. \" i ' d like to bring in one other tradition about shevat : in jewish tradition, the entire book of deuteronomy was moshe ' s last speech, and he gave it over the last 5 weeks of his life. tradition posits that he started on the 1st of shevat. it is said that the average person who was there and listening to it began to feel spiritual growth on the 15th of shevat - - tu b ' shevat. ( it occurs to me, i wonder if the dispute about the \" new year for trees \" between beis shammai ( who asserted it was on the 1st ) and beis hillel ( who asserted it was on the 15th is related to this...? ). so, tying it all together : we see that the 15th of shevat is an important growth period for trees. we also see that trees, in our tradition, are related to both torah and to mankind, and that the 15th of shevat was a time when there was major spiritual growth among jews. so, tu b ' shevat is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4569246163855964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.075545"} {"text": "twisted web is : - an http server, that can be used as a library or run as a stand - alone server - an html templating engine - an http client library twisted web supports numerous standards ; for example, it can serve as a wsgi and cgi container, or an xmlrpc server. it can also serve static content. twisted web provides built - in support for name - based virtual hosts, reverse proxying, xml parsing, and more. twisted web is a very simple to set up stand - alone server. for example, to run a server that serves static content out of the current directory, you can just run this short command line : twistd web - - path. - - port 8080 to run a wsgi application, it ' s just as simple : twistd web - - wsgi my. application. name - - port 8080 because twisted web is also a python library with a documented api, you can configure your server entirely using python. for example, let ' s say you have a bunch of directories with names corresponding to each domain you want to serve from your web server. here ' s the configuration file which creates a virtual host configuration serving static content for each domain out of the directory matching its name : # virtual. rpy from twisted. python. filepath import filepath from twisted. web. static import file from twisted. web. vhost import namevirtualhost resource = namevirtualhost ( ) for p in filepath ( \". \" ). children ( ) : resource. addhost ( p. basename ( ), file ( p. path ) ) this configuration can be run with : twistd web - - resource - script = virtual. rpy - - port 8080 unlike some other simple - to - run python web servers, twisted web is an production - grade server that can be used to deploy real applications. among other sites, this web site ( twistedmatrix. com ) is run entirely via twisted web. because it ' s programmable, you can customize your deployment as much or as little as you like, including having your web server run periodic tasks. because it ' s self - contained and requires no configuration, it ' s ideal for developing web applications because your production environment can mirror your deployment environment very closely with little effort. what it ' s not twisted web is a web server, and a framework for doing things with the web - although it shares some components in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48803215927642424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.078422"} {"text": "once you have chosen between a model i and model ii anova, the next step is to test the homogeneity of means. the null hypothesis is that the all the groups have the same mean, and the alternate hypothesis is that at least one of the means is different from the others. to test the null hypothesis, the variance of the population is estimated in two different ways. i ' ll explain this in a way that is strictly correct only for a \" balanced \" one - way anova, one in which the sample size for each group is the same, but the basic concept is the same for unbalanced anovas. if the null hypothesis is true, all the groups are samples from populations with the same mean. one of the assumptions of the anova is that the populations have the same variance, too. one way to estimate this variance starts by calculating the variance within each sample \u2014 take the difference between each observation and its group ' s mean, square it, then sum these squared deviates and divide by the number of observations in the group minus one. once you ' ve estimated the variance within each group, you can take the average of these variances. this is called the \" within - group mean square, \" or mswithin. for another way to estimate the variance within groups, remember that if you take repeated samples of a population, you expect the means you get from the multiple samples to have a standard deviation that equals the standard deviation within groups divided by the square root of n ; this is the definition of standard error of the mean, or remember that the standard deviation is just the square root of the variance, so squaring both sides of this gives : so the second way of estimating the variance within groups is n\u00d7varmeans, the sample size within a group times the variance of the group means. this quantity is known as the among - group mean square, abbreviated msamong or msgroup. if the null hypothesis is true and the groups are all samples from populations with the same mean, the two estimates of within - group variance, mswithin and msamong, should be about the same ; they ' re just different ways of estimating the same quantity. dividing msamong by mswithin should therefore be around 1. this quantity, msamong / mswithin, is known as fs, and it is the test statistic for the anova. if the null hypothesis is not true, and the groups are samples of populations with different means,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5141513020394062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.098453"} {"text": "1. this quantity, msamong / mswithin, is known as fs, and it is the test statistic for the anova. if the null hypothesis is not true, and the groups are samples of populations with different means, then msamong will be bigger than mswithin, and fs will be greater than 1. to illustrate this, here are two sets of five samples ( n = 20 ) taken from normally distributed populations. the first set of five samples are from populations with a mean of 5 ; the null hypothesis, that the populations all have the same mean, is true. | five samples ( n = 20 ) from populations with parametric means of 5. red bars indicate sample means. | | five samples ( n = 20 ) from populations with parametric means of 5. thick horizontal lines indicate sample means. | the variance among the five group means is quite small ; multiplying it by the sample size ( 20 ) yields 0. 72, about the same as the average variance within groups ( 1. 08 ). these are both about the same as the parametric variance for these populations, which i set to 1. 0. | four samples ( n = 20 ) from populations with parametric means of 5 ; the last sample is from a population with a parametric mean of 3. 5. red bars indicate sample means. | | four samples ( n = 20 ) from populations with parametric means of 5 ; the last sample is from a population with a parametric mean of 3. 5. thick horizontal lines indicate sample means. | the second graph is the same as the first, except that i have subtracted 1. 5 from each value in the last sample. the average variance within groups ( mswithin ) is exactly the same, because each value was reduced by the same amount ; the size of the variation among values within a group doesn ' t change. the variance among groups does get bigger, because the mean for the last group is now quite a bit different from the other means. msamong is therefore quite a bit bigger than mswithin, so the ratio of the two ( fs ) is much larger than 1. the theoretical distribution of fs under the null hypothesis is given by the f - distribution. it depends on the degrees of freedom for both the numerator ( among - groups ) and denominator ( within - groups ). the probability associated with an f - statistic is given by the spreadsheet function fdist ( x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5420154910236381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.102989"} {"text": "it depends on the degrees of freedom for both the numerator ( among - groups ) and denominator ( within - groups ). the probability associated with an f - statistic is given by the spreadsheet function fdist ( x, df1, df2 ), where x is the observed value of the f - statistic, df1 is the degrees of freedom in the numerator ( the number of groups minus one, for a one - way anova ) and df2 is the degrees of freedom in the denominator ( total n minus the number of groups, for a one - way anova ). here are some data on a shell measurement ( the length of the anterior adductor muscle scar, standardized by dividing by length ) in the mussel mytilus trossulus from five locations : tillamook, oregon ; newport, oregon ; petersburg, alaska ; magadan, russia ; and tvarminne, finland, taken from a much larger data set used in mcdonald et al. ( 1991 ). tillamook newport petersburg magadan tvarminne 0. 0571 0. 0873 0. 0974 0. 1033 0. 0703 0. 0813 0. 0662 0. 1352 0. 0915 0. 1026 0. 0831 0. 0672 0. 0817 0. 0781 0. 0956 0. 0976 0. 0819 0. 1016 0. 0685 0. 0973 0. 0817 0. 0749 0. 0968 0. 0677 0. 1039 0. 0859 0. 0649 0. 1064 0. 0697 0. 1045 0. 0735 0. 0835 0. 1050 0. 0764 0. 0659 0. 0725 0. 0689 0. 0923 0. 0836 the conventional way of reporting the complete results of an anova is with a table ( the \" sum of squares \" column is often omitted ). here are the results of a one - way anova on the mussel data : | sum of squares | | d. f. | | mean square | | fs | | p | if you ' re not going to use the mean squares for anything, you could just report this as \" the means were significantly heterogeneous ( one - way anova, f4, 34 = 7. 12, p =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5062250825990336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.104517"} {"text": "| p | if you ' re not going to use the mean squares for anything, you could just report this as \" the means were significantly heterogeneous ( one - way anova, f4, 34 = 7. 12, p = 2. 8\u00d710 - 4 ). \" the degrees of freedom are given as a subscript to f. note that statisticians often call the within - group mean square the \" error \" mean square. i think this can be confusing to non - statisticians, as it implies that the variation is due to experimental error or measurement error. in biology, the within - group variation is often largely the result of real, biological variation among individuals, not the kind of mistakes implied by the word \" error. \" graphing the results | length of the anterior adductor muscle scar divided by total length in mytilus trossulus. means \u00b1one standard error are shown for five locations. | the usual way to graph the results of a one - way anova is with a bar graph. the heights of the bars indicate the means, and there ' s usually some kind of error bar : 95 % confidence intervals, standard errors, or comparison intervals. be sure to say in the figure caption what the error bars represent. how to do the test i have put together a spreadsheet to do one - way anova on up to 50 groups and 1000 observations per group. it calculates the p - value, does unplanned comparisons of means ( appropriate for a model i anova ) using gabriel comparison intervals and the tukey \u2013 kramer test, and partitions the variance ( appropriate for a model ii anova ) into among - and within - groups components. some versions of excel include an \" analysis toolpak, \" which includes an \" anova : single factor \" function that will do a one - way anova. you can use it if you want, but i can ' t help you with it. it does not include any techniques for unplanned comparisons of means, and it does not partition the variance. several people have put together web pages that will perform a one - way anova ; one good one is here. it is easy to use, and will handle three to 26 groups and 3 to 1024 observations per group. it does not calculate statistics used for unplanned comparisons, and it does not partition the variance. another good web page for anova is rweb. there are several sas procedures that will perform", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49854182359288995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.107750"} {"text": "and 3 to 1024 observations per group. it does not calculate statistics used for unplanned comparisons, and it does not partition the variance. another good web page for anova is rweb. there are several sas procedures that will perform a one - way anova. the two most commonly used are proc anova and proc glm. either would be fine for a one - way anova, but proc glm ( which stands for \" general linear models \" ) can be used for a much greater variety of more complicated analyses, so you might as well use it for everything. here is a sas program to do a one - way anova on the mussel data from above. data musselshells ; input location $ aam ; cards ; tillamook 0. 0571 = = = = see the web page for the full data set = = = = tvarminne 0. 1045 proc glm data = musselshells ; class location ; model aam = location ; run ; the output includes the traditional anova table ; the p - value is given under \" pr > f \". sum of source df squares mean square f value pr > f model 4 0. 00451967 0. 00112992 7. 12 0. 0003 error 34 0. 00539491 0. 00015867 corrected total 38 0. 00991458 if the data show a lot of heteroscedasticity ( different groups have different variances ), the one - way anova can yield an inaccurate p - value ; the probability of a false positive may be much higher than 5 percent. in that case, the most common alternative is welch ' s anova. this can be done in sas by adding a means statement, the name of the nominal variable, and the word welch following a slash. here is the example sas program from above, modified to do welch ' s anova : proc glm data = musselshells ; class location ; model aam = location ; means location / welch ; run ; here is the output : welch ' s anova for aam source df f value pr > f location 4. 0000 5. 66 0. 0051 error 15. 6955 sokal and rohlf, pp. 207 - 217. zar, pp. 183. mcdonald, j. h., r. seed and r. k. koehn.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4656547459604442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.109215"} {"text": "wild city : a guide to nature in urban ontario, from termites to coyotes wild city is generally used as a paradoxical phrase, often to describe the seeming juxtaposition of animals associated with the wilderness turning up or living in built - up areas. the scope of this book, however, is much broader, and we use wild in the sense of all those aspects of nature that, though near at hand, are not domesticated and directly controlled by us. we also cover the most common street and yard trees that, though intentionally planted and tended, play a central roll in urban ecosystems. cities are commonly thought of as being outside of nature, and certainly there is no landscape more altered and intensely dominated by humans. nature, however, has adapted to and evolved with urban settlement for perhaps 10, 000 years. pigeons, dandelions, house mice, starlings, house flies and an assemblage of other familiar species, together with domestic garden plants, grasses and trees, form a cosmopolitan urban ecosystem. individual cities are a combination of that basic framework on top of the natural habitat on which they are placed. certain native species, such as squirrels, crows, blue jays and raccoons, have learned to prosper in the new, human - structured environment. many others persist in the less disturbed, protected or neglected spaces within cities. their number and diversity may not rival that found in the near - pristine wilderness or even the rural countryside, but for the more than 80 percent of us in ontario who live in urban environs, it \u2019 s the nature most immediate to us in our everyday lives. many people ask, upon hearing about a book on urban nature, whether it will tell them how to get rid of their garden - and bird - feeder - raiding squirrels, garbage - dining raccoons or eaves - nesting sparrows and starlings. such information is featured seasonally in almost every daily newspaper and is available in great detail in public information handouts from all three levels of government and on innumerable internet web sites. this book, rather, is intended as a handy guide to some of the most common wild urban plants and animals that, like them or not, will always be with us and may, on occasion, find their way into places where they \u2019 re not wanted. we \u2019 ve tried to answer some of the most oft - asked questions about their natural lives and look into their place in folklore, culture and history. with the vast majority of ontario \u2019 s urban population living in areas south and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44488768460324446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.121538"} {"text": "re not wanted. we \u2019 ve tried to answer some of the most oft - asked questions about their natural lives and look into their place in folklore, culture and history. with the vast majority of ontario \u2019 s urban population living in areas south and east of the canadian shield, wild city concentrates on the plants and animals found primarily in those regions. many introduced and common native species habituated to urban life also occur in the north, as well as in cites across canada. northern cities, though, also have more immediate and frequent experiences with animals such as moose, bears, porcupines and many birds, commonly associated with remote wilderness. for ease of use, we have followed the same format in wild city as in our previous two books, up north and up north again, which covered the mixed forest hinterland region of central ontario. there are three main sections : \u201c animal kingdom, \u201d \u201c plant kingdom \u201d and \u201c the heavens. \u201d subsections within the chapters are arranged alphabetically ; thus, \u201c birds \u201d comes before \u201c creepy crawlies. \u201d finally, within each subsection, individual entries are arranged alphabetically by common name. vital statistics and tidbits of information are featured in a sidebar with each entry, and included in the entries on featured subjects is information on many other species. their names appear in bold wherever mentioned in some length. at various points throughout the book, we \u2019 ve also included a dozen special entries on selected urban nature subjects and habitats. finally, there \u2019 s an index for quick reference at the back. we hope the book will help illuminate the commonplace and everyday experiences of nature in the city.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46092426576531836, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.122227"} {"text": "transcription of the 1851 new brunswick provincial census, victoria county ( today ' s victoria and madawaska counties ) the 1851 census was the first full nominal census of the province of new brunswick, and the first to include the names of every member of every household. previous censuses had gathered aggregate information for each parish or township. as craig walsh notes on his new brunswick census legislation website, \" the original 1848 act [ calling for a census ] had been nearly identical to the earlier census acts of 1824, 1834, and 1840. fortunately, the 1849 amendment also added a requirement to record people ' s names - - the first time this had been done in the history of the new brunswick censuses. \" this was not however the first census of the madawaska settlements ( which in the 1851 census covered the parishes of st. francis, madawaska, st. basile and st. leonard, and were at that time part of victoria county ). new brunswick had conducted a head - of - household census of madawaska in 1833 ( on both sides of the st. john, including in present - day aroostook co., maine ), while the us had, in 1820, 1830, and 1840, conducted censuses of both sides of the st. john, including what is today in new brunswick. ( the state of maine had also conducted a survey of the area in 1831. ) thus the 1851 census was the fifth time the residents of the north bank of the upper st. john river valley ( what became the new brunswick side of the river by the 1842 treaty between the us and britain ) had been enumerated. the \" 1851 census act ii \", passed by the provincial general assembly in april 1849, called for a census to be taken using two schedules ; schedule i, with information about each individual in every household, and schedule ii, with information about each parish or township. schedule i of the census asked for the name of each member of the household ; his or her sex ; whether head of household, and if not, the relationship to the head of household ; and age. the census also asked for the \" race \" of each person. this term had a different meaning at that time, and in this context referred to nationality, usually in ethnic terms ( though people born in new brunswick were often listed as \" native, \" americans were listed as \" american \", and one person with a scottish last name is listed as \" french, \" with the remark that he was of \" scottish origin \" ). the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3594951793380162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.143613"} {"text": "people born in new brunswick were often listed as \" native, \" americans were listed as \" american \", and one person with a scottish last name is listed as \" french, \" with the remark that he was of \" scottish origin \" ). the form also asked for the rank or occupation of those persons who were employed. it asked the date on which they entered the colony ; persons born in new brunswick usually have written \" birth \" in this column, while others who were born elsewhere and moved to the province have the date indicated, usually by year. in the original, this column is sometimes left blank. the form also asked whether the person was sick or infirm ; in this column is listed the illness or infirmity. finally, there is a remarks column ; most of the remarks consists of information on that person that the census taker wrote somewhere on the line, though not necessarily in the \" remarks \" column. schedule ii was meant to gather information on each parish or township such as numbers and types of buildings, crops, livestock, and industries ( for andover parish alone the census taker gathered information about land, animals, buildings, etc. for each household, in schedule ii. ) apparently this information was meant to be collected for each parish, but the census taker for andover misunderstood and, to our benefit, gathered it for each household. i have transcribed schedule ii for andover parish and included it here. the entries for each household in schedule ii can be reached by a link in the \" remarks \" column for the head of household for each household in andover. the transcription presented here is an exact copy of the returns from that census for victoria county, today ' s victoria and madawaska counties, as preserved in the microfilm copy of the original held in the national archives of canada ( microfilm reel number c - 996 ). victoria county was in 1851 divided into six parishes, four of which ( madawaska, st. basile, st. francis and st. leonard ) make up present - day madawaska county. ( it seems that the part of andover parish called \" french settlement \" is also part of today ' s madawaska county, making up st. andre municipality. ) each parish ' s returns were enumerated by a different census taker ; pages were numbered consecutively for each parish, with a number stamped, usually in the upper left - hand corner of the page, apparently by the government. the microfilm copy of the returns retains those numbers, and unlike the us census,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42222372714223716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.145493"} {"text": "in page numbering at times. the returns from st. basile in particular are confusing in that regard ; the quality of st. basile ' s returns is also at times poor, with some pages being so dark as to be almost illegible. i have in the transcription put asterisks ( * * ) in places where writing is illegible because of this problem. although the census law stipulated that the census takers were to turn in all of the completed returns by november 1, 1851, only three of the parishes of victoria county met that deadline. the dates are indicated in the notes on each parish below. the returns have been microfilmed in alphabetical order by name of parish, rather than in chronological order of when they were done, or in geographical order. here are some notes on the six parishes that made up victoria county andover. the divisions within andover parish are given in the transcription. although they were not indicated on schedule i, which is the listing of households with members ' names, etc, they were included on schedule ii, which lists heads of households and farm and real estate assets. in the transcriptions of the population schedule, i have broken andover out into the subdivisions as indicated in schedule ii. unlike the other parishes, for andover the census taker included the detailed information of schedule ii for each household. the actual instructions were to gather the information by township or parish, but the census taker for andover mistakenly gathered it for each household, and that information is included in the microfilm copy of the 1851 census, and is transcribed here, as pages 27 - 31 of andover. some of the land in andover and perth was set aside in 1817 for soldiers who served in the war of 1812. see the page on \" military settlement survey \" for instructions to the surveyor as well as for a list from 1822 of those soldiers who had been granted land, with links to their places in the 1851 census. the enumerator for andover, adam j. beveridge, turned in the completed returns of that parish on 8 oct 1851 at colebrook. the census in andover thus probably took place over the months of august and september. madawaska covered the area between st. francis and st. basile, and includes the area up the madawaska river, edmundston, and the banks of the st. john. michael tighe enumerated this parish probably in november 1851 ; he turned in the returns on 21 nov 1851. perth. the area covered in the parish of perth is described thus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4108764719478877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.147902"} {"text": ", edmundston, and the banks of the st. john. michael tighe enumerated this parish probably in november 1851 ; he turned in the returns on 21 nov 1851. perth. the area covered in the parish of perth is described thusly : \" the parish of perth, county victoria, on the east side of the river st. john, extent 30 miles settled 16 miles up the tobique river. \" the area covered includes today ' s arthurette. additionally, the totals at the end of the perth returns note the presence of \" 14 indian families, \" including 41 males and 43 females. the totals of males and females written on the page ( not including \" indians \" ), is 541, the number of persons actually counted in the returns. the census therefore did not include the native peoples living in the parish of perth, a large part of which which had in 1801 been set aside by the provincial government for members of the maliseet ( wulustukieg ) nation. much of the land in perth was surveyed in 1817 for soldiers who served in the war of 1812. see the page on \" military settlement survey \" for instructions to the surveyor as well as for a list from 1822 of those soldiers who had been granted land, with links to their places in the 1851 census. the census taker for perth, charles mclauchlan, turned over the returns on november 8, 1851 ; the census in perth was thus probably conducted over the course of the month of october. st. basile. the area in this parish is between madawaska and st. leonard. the census taker, william d. kearney, under the column \" dwellings \", instead of numbering them listed whether the dwelling was a house or a camp. i have numbered the dwellings ( the numbering is mine, and not in the original ) and as you can see many of them include a number of households. in the \" remarks \" column, i have included the information that in the original is under \" dwelling. \" kearney turned in the returns around 1 november 1851 ; he probably enumerated the inhabitants of st. basile during the month of october. st. francis. the area in this parish seems to be everything west of madawaska. as with st - basile, the census taker, william kearney, under the column \" dwellings \", instead of numbering them listed whether the dwelling was a house or a camp. i have numbered the dwellings ( the numbering is mine, and not in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4195019175553489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.149899"} {"text": "- basile, the census taker, william kearney, under the column \" dwellings \", instead of numbering them listed whether the dwelling was a house or a camp. i have numbered the dwellings ( the numbering is mine, and not in the original ) and as you can see many of them include a number of households. in the \" remarks \" column, i have included the information that in the original is under \" dwelling. \" in addition, the pages as numbered on the microfilm copy seem not to be in the original order of the census taker. for example, stamped page number 3 clearly follows page number 13. i will attempt to reconstruct the original order if possible. in going through the st. francis returns from 1851 and comparing them to 1861 and 1871 returns, i ' ve found a number of families who are there in 1851 and 1871 but not in 1861. i am assuming that the 1861 census taker missed those families. because of this, i have included the location of families who appear in the 1871 census of st. francis in the annotations ( based on jean - guy poitras ' s book recensement 1871, comte de victoria / 1871 census of victoria county ). william d. kearney turned in the returns of st. francis on 30 january 1852 ; the census was thus probably conducted over the course of the month of january 1852. st. leonard. this parish covers the area east of st - basile down to andover parish, in particular the \" french settlement \" ( now called st. andre ). as with st. francis, the census taker, william d. kearney, under the column \" dwellings \", instead of numbering them listed whether the dwelling was a house or a camp. i have numbered the dwellings ( the numbering is mine, and not in the original ) and as you can see many of them include a number of households. in the \" remarks \" column, i have included the information that in the original is under \" dwelling. \" kearney swore the accuracy of these returns before the justice of the peace on 12 sept 1851 ; he probably enumerated st. leonard during august and the first half of september. sign the upper st. john valley guestbook visit the website message board return to the upper st. john valley communities page this page is maintained by last revised 25 aug 2004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4101203472999019, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.152731"} {"text": "social activism and r. haskel lookstein ( from rav chesed : the life and times of rabbi haskel lookstein, page 55 - 56 ) political or social activism was hardly the hallmark of american orthodox rabbis in the 1960s. while a number of conservative and reform rabbis participated in the civil rights movement or protested u. s. involvement in the vietnam war, their orthodox counterparts typically regarded such causes as too far removed from jewish concerns to justify their involvement. haskel lookstein, while not personally active in those battles, early on recognized a connection between traditional jewish concepts and modern social struggles. in a may 1966 sermon, which was the subject of a sizable article in the new york times, he argued that the talmud advocated principles similar to that of the civil rights movement. \" it is the talmud that says that no man is free if he must live in a segregated community, whether that segregation is the creation of law or the result of informal social consensus, \" he declared. \" it is the talmud that states that no man is free unless he has economic opportunity, a chance for employment, the social possibility to work in any geographical and economic area in accordance with his god - given and acquired talents. \" in 1971 he was one of the few orthodox rabbis to publicly endorse cesar chavez ' s battles for the rights of farm workers, he urged his kj members to boycott nonunion lettuce. technically, all lettuce was kosher, he acknowledged, but lettuce produced \" under exploitative conditions \" should be regarded as nonkosher. years later, during his tenure as president of the new york board of rabbis, r. haskel engineered the adoption of a resolution urging \" all rabbis and their congregants \" to boycott nonunion grapes, declaring such produce to be in violation of \" ethical kashrut. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4858549447358387, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.166046"} {"text": "in this medical video learn how doctors are studying a way to prevent asthma attacks without drugs. jennifer matthews : carol burke has lived with severe asthma since she was six months old. carol burke : i didn ' t learn to ride a bike until i was 12 and never learned how to swim. jennifer matthews : and she is still struggles with it. carol recently moved from a house to a one - floor condo because it ' s easier to get around. and she bought new furniture to keep her home dust - free. carol burke : because of my asthma, my life has been probably restricted to a certain extent. jennifer matthews : like most asthmatics, carol takes a variety of medications. ali i. musani : go ahead and start, blow, blow, blow, blow. jennifer matthews : now researchers are hoping a new procedure called bronchial thermoplasty, it will help patients get rid of some of their meds and live healthier lives. ali i. musani : this is the first ever, non - pharmacological approach. by non - pharmacological, i mean no medicines are involved. jennifer matthews : asthma attacks happen when allergens cause smooth airway muscle to contract or narrow. in bronchial thermoplasty, doctors insert a tube in the lungs through the nose or mouth. it releases a wire basket which delivers bursts of heat, destroying the smooth muscle responsible for the attacks. patients in the first clinical trial had fewer attacks, reduced their meds and didn ' t visit the emergency room as often. that ' s great news for people like carol. carol burke : it ' s a procedure that would assist in less medication, probably the ability to do more things physically. jennifer matthews : and she hopes to one day live wherever she chooses, not where her asthma lets her. this is jennifer matthews reporting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4410440148054319, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.174002"} {"text": "| ( federated states of faeland ) | | motto : | | cedant arma togae. | ( let violence surrender to law. ) | anthem : | | beethoven ' s 9th symph., 4th mov. | | official languages : | | de jure : | | government : | | federal parliamentary republic | | federal chancellor : | | faelan blair | harry s. donnelly vicki cavazos elizondo joshua l. faulkner adelaide pelland ( vc ) isaac l. perry kian b. ryan | last election : | | march 10, 2011 | 2 february 1921 48, 911. 12 sq. mi. faeland, officially fael, is a country in western europe. it occupies the entirety of the island of faeland and its smaller surrounding islands, bordered to the west and north by the atlantic ocean and the celtic sea respectively, and to the east and south by the bay of biscay, approximately 150 miles from both france and spain. the territory of the country covers the entirety of the island and the surrounding islets, totaling 20, 594 sq. miles and has a temperate seasonal climate. faelish territory also includes the corioles islands in the north atlantic. with approximately 18, 040, 756 inhabitants, it is a rather densely populated country for its size. the island of faeland has been inhabited since prehistoric times. there was a large population surge in the 5th millenium bce ; around 2000 bce, however, the population dropped inexplicably and remained extremely low and sparse until the 3rd century b. c. since that time, many different ethnic groups have established a presence. the result is a culturally diverse country that until modern times only rarely saw peace among its inhabitants. faeland is a directorial federation comprised of nearly autonomous states, considered to be constitutionally sovereign and independent of each other. while the states do operate nearly independently, there is much cooperation between all polities, and citizens of any state are granted full rights to travel to any other member state of the federation. while the constitution provides the only official name as \" fael \" ( the ancient indigenous name for the island ), a constitutional act provided an official description of the country as the federated republics of faeland in 1935, amended in 1955 to the federated states of faeland, to account for the re - establishment of a monarchy in one of the member states ( cf. kingdom of faeland ). faeland is a member of the united nations but, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4568781765014025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.295909"} {"text": ", amended in 1955 to the federated states of faeland, to account for the re - establishment of a monarchy in one of the member states ( cf. kingdom of faeland ). faeland is a member of the united nations but, as a staunchly neutral country, has opted out of inclusion in the european union. despite this, it has adopted the euro alongside its national and local currencies, and conforms occasionally to many of the economic practices of the e. u. it should be remembered, however, that where some states may conform, others may not, creating for a patchwork of economic laws ( oddly, free trade within the country largely negates the ill effects of some states ' practices ). while some in faeland see joining the e. u. as a necessity to progress, no steps can be taken until there is unilateral consensus among the member states, which is not easily achieved. the federated states have a long history of neutrality \u2014 they have never been in a state of war internationally since 1925. faeland comprises several linguistic and cultural regions. faels, fallones, irish, spanish, english, portuguese, norwegians, and french are all present. the federated states therefore do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnic or linguistic identity. the strong sense of belonging to the country is founded on the common historical background, shared values ( socialism, direct democracy, neutrality ) and a proud sense of self - determination for their long - occupied island. the establishment of the federated states then, was an act of anti - colonialism and sodality more so than nationalism. the earliest recorded name for the island of faeland ( as a whole ) was listed by the greek geographer hecataeus of miletus in the 5th century bce in his \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2 ( \" travels round the earth \" or \" world survey ' ) as \" bounessos, \" meaning \" mountain - island. \" this name was given over by the massaliotes \u2014 greek colonists of southern gaul \u2014 as a calque from the gaulish name \u0111liapoelen. during the period known as the washing, celtic tribes called it fhaehlann ( gen., \" of the \" ), after its common totem, the wolf. this term led to the latin name valania and medieval names for the island ( fael, fohln, fel, foalnah, etc ). with the coming of the british", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4879616806667536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.299177"} {"text": ", after its common totem, the wolf. this term led to the latin name valania and medieval names for the island ( fael, fohln, fel, foalnah, etc ). with the coming of the british in the early nineteenth century, the english term \" faeland \" became increasingly popular, and has currency there even today, as english remains a lingua franca for the diverse population. when independence was achieved from the united kingdom in 1925, the constitution referred to the new country as fael. it was thought that this would help forge a common link among all the various ethnicities that currently inhabit the island. later, by further constitutional acts, the official description of the state was agreed to be the federated states of faeland. the wording of the description is meant to imply that the whole of the country is really not in itself a complete body politic, but in fact an amalgam of sovereign and separate nation - states. the federal government sees itself as the administrative apparatus of a federation, not a fused and unitary government for a nation - state. main article : history of faeland the history of faeland can be divided into five major periods based on political developments. the first is the classical period, running from prehistoric times until the 3rd century bce ; the second is the revival period marked by colonization from la tene culture through to the collapse of the roman empire in the west ( some scholars put the end of the revival period nearer to the 10th century a. d. with the coming of the vikings ) ; the medieval period, following through until the early 16th century ; the colonial period, which lasted from the first spanish settlements until independence from the united kingdom in 1925 ; and finally the modern period, marred by costly civil war and followed by rapid growth and modernization that continues today. geography, climate, and environment main article : geography of faeland coastal mountains surround central plains, and the northern of the two largest peninsulas is mountainous nearly to its coast. the highest peak is mt. ryan in the faelca mountains in the riocht fil ( kingdom of faeland ) at 4, 712 ft. the river verdan, which bisects the great faelic plain, is the longest river in faeland at 320 miles. the island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild climate and frequent but soft rainfall. there are many lakes in a crescent formation from the northwest of the island to the north - northeast. the largest of these is lake athloa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4820252750434624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.307759"} {"text": "miles. the island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild climate and frequent but soft rainfall. there are many lakes in a crescent formation from the northwest of the island to the north - northeast. the largest of these is lake athloa. faeland ' s least arable land lies in the southeastern vincennes basin. this area is largely mountainous and rocky, with dramatic vistas overlooking dry plains. main article : climate of faeland the climate is generally one of cool winters and mild summers, with mild winters and warm summers along the southern biscay coast. there is much regional variation, however, as the island on its western shore borders the gulf stream and polar jet stream. main article : environmentalism in faeland faeland is ranked 3rd in europe and 9th globally on the environmental performance index. after unification in 1935, the kingdom of faeland initiated a far - reaching land reform initiative aimed at dismantling the british plantation system that had been imposed on the interior. as the cultural mores of the 60 ' s began to unfold, the land reform took on an somewhat radical environmentalist character, and ever since the kingdom has led the way within faeland in environmental protection, preservation, and restoration. many of the other states have also begun their own initiatives. as they catch up to the kingdom ' s standards, faeland could likely supersede its european rivals for environmental responsibility. faeland is a federal parliamentary republic comprised of eleven member states. the system is highly decentralized, and the top level government functions more as a coordinating and administrative body between autonomous regions than as a legislating government. faeland ' s political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1935 constitutional document known as the organic law. by calling the document organic law, rather than constitution, the authors expressed the intention that it should be understood as a binding cooperative agreement between sovereign nation - states. although ambitious, this bottom heavy framework has had some drawbacks, with sovereign states having the ability to veto \" federal \" legislation. amendments to the organic law generally require a three - fifths majority of the diet. the articles guaranteeing fundamental human rights, the federal structure, and the right to resist attempts to overthrow the constitution are valid in perpetuity and cannot be amended. main article : general government the federal chancellor, is the head of the general government and exercises executive power, similar to the role of a prime minister in parliamentary democracies. federal legislative power is vested in the diet and the directory, which together form a unique", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4600962894836434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.314674"} {"text": ": general government the federal chancellor, is the head of the general government and exercises executive power, similar to the role of a prime minister in parliamentary democracies. federal legislative power is vested in the diet and the directory, which together form a unique type of legislative body. the diet is elected through direct elections in the various states, yet abiding proportional representation. the members of the directory represent the governments of the eleven autonomous states and are generally members of their respective governments. the respective state governments have the right to appoint and remove their envoys at any time ( how this is done varies from one state to another ). although laws binding on all members can be created, in general the diet discusses matters of finance related to funding the initiatives of the directory, which coordinates internal activities and external relations ( e. g. transportation, defense, diplomacy ). matters such as health care, education, taxation, and to some extent even military matters, are generally the province of the autonomous states within the federation. more recently, in 2006 faeland and all of its member states agreed to bring the government \" online. \" since then, most elections and legislation can be accessed via the internet, facilitating near universal access to government data and services. additionally, this has reduced the paper waste of the government significantly. devolved national administrations main article : member states faeland comprises 11 states which are classified as pages or forals, and a territorial protectorate : the corioles islands. - federated dhiall - the dhiall - caudian republic - cauda - dominion of litus - lito - federation of the latin coast - pentapoli - riocht fil - kingdom of faeland / midlands - democratic republic of the aroes - aroes - a cidade livre do vila do infante - vila do infante - sovereign city of new norwich - new norwich - principaute de nouvel aix - new aix - santiago de fuelaterra - santiago - respublica falciana - falx law and criminal justice main article : foreign relations of faeland faeland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has maintained official neutrality since 1935. faeland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and has recently served as an intermediary between other states. despite unofficial discourse, faeland is the only european country to not recognize the united states of america as part of its policy towards nations which it deems have or have operated systems of genocide, ethnic cleansing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47420529023685626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.322159"} {"text": "served as an intermediary between other states. despite unofficial discourse, faeland is the only european country to not recognize the united states of america as part of its policy towards nations which it deems have or have operated systems of genocide, ethnic cleansing, mass murder, etc. interestingly, many american indian and first nations tribes have embassies in cathir na fil. main article : military in faeland the national defense of faeland is the responsibility of the directory. since faeland is neutral, the top level command structure has not been tested thoroughly in wartime. each state contributes either money or trained forces to the collective military, with the chiefs of staff being the top level military commanders of the respective nations, headed by the current chancellor. how well this command structure would work in a large scale conflict has not been tested. men and materiel sent on joint expeditionary forces are often placed under the command of an allied officer. administratively, each state supplies a \" regiment, \" independent in supply, command and training, to the national force. historically, the pentapoli and fil have provided the bulk of the infantry, lito and falx the bulk of the naval forces. main article : economy of faeland faeland is one of the world ' s wealthier nations, with a high per - capita income, a member of the organisation for economic co - operation and development ( oecd ). faeland is a mixed market socialized state, ranking lower than the u. s. but higher than most western european nations on the heritage foundation ' s index of economic freedom. since the early 1990s, faeland \u2019 s economy has been growing rapidly with low unemployment and large government surpluses on the federal level. today faeland closely resembles canada in its market - oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. the economy of the federated states is modern and trade - dependent with growth averaging a robust 10 % in 1995 \u2013 2000. agriculture, once the most important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for 38 % of gdp, about 73 % of exports, and employs 32 % of the labor force. although exports remain the primary engine for faeland ' s robust growth, the economy is also benefiting from a rise in the technology sector. main article : transportation of faeland the bureau of transportation is the executive agency responsible for trunk roads, motorways, rails, air, and public transit systems in faeland apart from the locally owned and operated transport systems of towns and cities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46289934197329863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.325078"} {"text": "technology sector. main article : transportation of faeland the bureau of transportation is the executive agency responsible for trunk roads, motorways, rails, air, and public transit systems in faeland apart from the locally owned and operated transport systems of towns and cities. the bureau states that traffic pollution is the most serious concern of the government. according to the directory - sponsored wellington report of 2008, pollution has been dramatically and rapidly reduced, however, the goals for carbon reduction still remain out of reach given the time constraints placed on the bureau. the main initiatives have been in placing tolls on most highways, extending the train network, and sponsoring and promoting public transit and cycling in cities. one of the main impediments to the latter initiatives has been that the roads themselves have had to be massively rebuilt to accommodate environmental protection laws. across the island, there is a radial road network of of some 19, 445 miles of main roads with a motorway network of 1, 173 miles. the rail network is extensive and carries over 13, 000 passenger trains and nearly 1, 000 freight trains daily. urban rail networks are well developed in most of the capitals and other cities. unlike most countries which tore up rails with the ascendancy of automobiles, many defunct lines in faeland were left intact. it is these lines that are being rehabilitated over increased car use. new norwich international airport, located in the city, is the busiest airport and has the most international passenger traffic of any airport on the island. it is the hub for the flag carrier faellair. main article : demography of faeland census data is collected from all parts of faeland every ten years. the directory is responsible for collecting the data from each state within the federation. how and when the individual states conduct their censuses varies, but all data submitted to the faelish general government must be the most recent information available. according to the most recent census, the total population of the federated states of faeland was 18, 040, 756. current population growth is due equally to net immigration and a rising birth rate and increased life expectancy. estimates revealed that faeland is now home to more people of pensionable age than children under the age of 16 ( it is the general opinion of the nation, however, that the country could benefit from a population decrease ). | vila do infante | | 69, 435 | | 0. 4 % | see also : faelish people indigenous faelish people were thought to be descended from the varied ethnic stocks that settled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46245644572315114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.327877"} {"text": "that the country could benefit from a population decrease ). | vila do infante | | 69, 435 | | 0. 4 % | see also : faelish people indigenous faelish people were thought to be descended from the varied ethnic stocks that settled there before recorded history ; the celts and then the romans were the next largest groups, followed by galicians, english, irish, and norse, among others. genetic research suggests that the first settlers of faeland came through migrations from iberia following the end of the most recent ice age. after the mesolithic, the neolithic and the bronze age, migrants introduced celtic la tene culture and languages. these later migrants from the neolithic to bronze age still represent a majority of the genetic heritage of the native faelish people. culture spread throughout the island, and the gaelic tradition became the dominant form in faeland. today, faelish people are of various ancestries, including some of italic, norse, english, french and galician ancestry, as well as irish. faelic culture forms an important part of national identity, especially in the kingdom of faeland. research also suggests that the faelish natives broadly share a common ancestry with the etruscan people. faeland has a history of small scale, regional immigration, with the coasts having the oldest and most extant non - native concentrations, dating back to at least the iron age. small numbers of african migrants are recorded as living in the area of lito and cauda during queen elizabeth ' s reign. in 1950 there were probably fewer than 20, 000 non - white residents in the f. s. f., almost all born overseas. since 1945, substantial immigration from europe has ebbed to a trickle, mostly from the benelux. migration from new eu member states in central and eastern europe since 2004 has resulted in growth in these population groups, but, as of 2008, the trend is reversing and many of these migrants are returning home, leaving the size of these groups unknown. as of 2001, 96. 1 % of the population identified themselves as white, leaving 3. 9 % of the population identifying themselves as of mixed race or ethnic minority. main article : education in faeland education in faeland varies widely. all member states are, by right, in control of their own educational systems. while this provides extreme variance in curricula, all of the member states enjoy high literacy rates and excellent school systems. the country has several noted universities, most dating from the 18th and 19th century, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4430664170102563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.407276"} {"text": ", in control of their own educational systems. while this provides extreme variance in curricula, all of the member states enjoy high literacy rates and excellent school systems. the country has several noted universities, most dating from the 18th and 19th century, but a few from as far back as the late middle ages. globally, faeland is known for producing excellent graduates in the fields of environmental research, political science, linguistics, international communications, information technology, and archeology. less glamorous but equally acknowledged, faeland has also produced a large number of renowned classical scholars. faeland did not exist as a state until the country ' s unification in 1935. due to this comparatively late unification, and the historical autonomy of the regions that comprise the island of faeland, many traditions, customs, and cultural attributes that are now recognized as distinctly faelish can be identified more accurately by their regions of origin. despite the political and social separation of these regions, faeland ' s internal intercourse is very affable. a native poet once wrote, \" at home i am cadiano ( [ sic ] cf. caudiano ), abroad, i am fael. \" languages of faeland main article : languages of faeland the term \" languages \" is used because unlike many countries, faeland has no unifying common root language that is used across all of its lands. the lingua franca of the nation, english, is in fact an import. the faelish language is native only to riocht fil, elsewhere it is considered a second language. the constitution of faeland states that all languages have equal value and protection, therefore all languages are granted freedom of use and propagation. even though there are official languages, faeland has become a virtual archive of languages, with minority communities establishing themselves across the island. this is due to a strong government policy of language preservation. language preservation strives to prevent languages from becoming unknown. this can happen when a language is no longer taught to younger generations, and the elderly people who do speak the language fluently die. in cases where there are not enough children for a language to be taught in schools, and the government sees that less young people are learning a language than older people passing away, state \" banks \" are set up to archive as much written and oral material as possible, and typically offer free classes for most comers. main article : religion in faeland see also : freedom of religion in faeland the government is legally prohibited from recognizing any religion ( except for legacy statutes like those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4831639739665802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.418016"} {"text": "much written and oral material as possible, and typically offer free classes for most comers. main article : religion in faeland see also : freedom of religion in faeland the government is legally prohibited from recognizing any religion ( except for legacy statutes like those of military chaplains ). instead, it merely recognises religious organizations, according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine. conversely, religious organizations should refrain from intervening in policy - making. tensions occasionally erupt about alleged discrimination against minorities. the highest estimates for the number of vians in faeland is 62 %, representing the last \" pagan \" population of europe ( in reality a henotheist faith ). however, these estimates are based on people with an association with the religion, rather than the number of people truly following the religion ( i. e. cultural association, not necessarily spiritual belief ). professor robert martin suggests that only 30 percent of the entire population profess belief in a deity. by far roman catholicism had the largest influence and impact on faelish beliefs and customs after the departure of the romans until the advent of christism. nevertheless, religion in faeland tends to be syncretic in nature, and this results in a variety of practices, such as parents and children celebrating vian rituals, attending mass, couples holding a wedding at a christian church and funerals being elaborate and ceremonial in vian nature. the roman catholic church officially disapproves of the syncretism, but there is little they can do to stop the tradition of tolerance and incorporation, which is a part of faelish culture. approximately 2. 4 million jews live in faeland, primarily in new norwich and the surrounding area. less than one percent in faeland profess other religions and possibly less than one - half of one percent. main article : faelish literature faelish literature extends thousands of years, from the earliest recorded court archives to the mature fictional novels that arose during the renaissance to entertain the masses of literate faels. the introduction of widespread printing by movable type rapidly spread written knowledge throughout hte island ' s history and culture. in more modern times, the literature has been analyzed as a cohesive unit where previously the linguistic divisions were recognized academically ; but the fact is that many authors and readers are multilingual, thus influencing each other. the literary traditions represented on the island vary widely, and each region has its own attributes and volume of work that has uniquely contributed to the faelish corpus. even though there is a disproportionately", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46264530620239036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.426929"} {"text": "faeland artists from poland, including famous composers like kowo\u0142ski or henderson and traditional, regional folk musicians, create a lively and diverse music scene which continues traditions from all over europe. as of 2006, faeland is one of the few countries in europe where rock and hip hop dominate over pop music, while all kinds of alternative music genres are encouraged. popular sports include football, and in certain regions gaelic football and hurling. stadio di???? is the largest stadium in faeland and was the venue for the 1987 fifa world cup final. faeland also hosts the annual faelish tour, a road bicycle race modeled on the three grand tours. faeland is also famous for its cafe racing association ( the only cafe - style motorcycle racing association in the world ). although varying widely due to external cultural influences, traditional faelish dress dictates that men almost always wear headgear and layers. traditionally, men and women both wore cloaks and / or capes that denoted status. throughout the centuries these have taken many forms and styles, and often, within institutions ( such as the military ), they were highly distinct and reflective of rank. - faeland is perhaps the only modern country that still walls its cities. due to a long tradition of civic independence along the lines of the continental \" right of crenelation \" and more recent developments in environmentalism, many cities have historic or modern walls. while usually not defensive in nature, they traditionally signify the city ' s status ; and in modern times provide a sharp boundary beyond which urban sprawl is not permitted. unlike most urban landscapes, faelish municipalities end abruptly. one can often walk a dozen yards and encounter at first urban, and then natural environments. - zoos are so unpopular in faeland that at the most recent opening in 1968, it was burned down in protest. - the shade of green known as \" lime \" was invented in vintum, county sloan, in april of 1913. funds from licensing have paid for the town ' s expenditures since the 1980 ' s, when the color ' s popularity skyrocketed. town residents have no local taxes because of this. - the omri caves are the only apparent example of a \" time tunnel \" on earth. - there are 249 articles about faeland on this website, a number of no significance whatsoever. main article : philosophy in faeland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.476691498842997, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.434068"} {"text": "how writing improves reading skills - - study reading has long been recognized as a way to improve a student \u2019 s writing. a new study says the reverse - - that writing can improve reading skills as well as content learning - - is equally true, and identifies three ways that teachers and even parents can help students make the connection. the study, published by the alliance for excellent education, comes at a time when many students are not reading and writing well enough to meet grade - level expectations. recent results from the national assessment of educational progress, the national standardized test sometimes called \u201c the nation \u2019 s report card, \u201d showed that nearly 70 percent of the nation \u2019 s eighth graders do not read at the proficient, or highest level. \u201c poor reading and writing skills not only threaten the well - being of individual americans, but the country as a whole, \u201d said bob wise, alliance president and former governor of west virginia. \u201c ensuring that adolescents become skilled readers and writers is not merely an option for america \u2014 it is an absolute necessity. \u201d the study, conducted by the carnegie corporation of new york, is called \u201c writing to read : evidence for how writing can improve reading, identifies the following three related instructional practices that are effective in improving reading skills : 1 ) have students write about the texts they read. writing about a text enhances comprehension because it provides students with a tool to visibly and permanently record, connect, analyze, personalize, and manipulate key ideas in text. students \u2019 comprehension of science, social studies, and language arts is improved specifically when they : - - respond to a text in writing - - write summaries of a text - - write notes about a text - - answer questions about a text in writing, or create and answer written questions about a text. 2 ) teach students the writing skills and processes that go into creating text. students \u2019 reading skills and comprehension are improved by learning the skills and processes that go into creating text specifically when teachers \u201d - - teach the process of writing, text structures for writing, paragraph or sentence construction skills - - teach spelling and sentence construction skills - - teach spelling skills. 3 ) increase how much students write. students \u2019 reading comprehension is improved by having them increase how often they produce their own text. the process of creating a text prompts students to be more thoughtful and engaged when reading text produced by others. the act of writing also teaches students about the importance of stating assumptions and premises clearly and observing the rules of logic. students also benefit from using experience and knowledge to create a text as well as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42761738226228263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.445508"} {"text": "water : underground injection control questions and answers on using the class v experimental technology well classification for pilot geologic sequestration projects - what is geologic sequestration ( gs )? - why is epa issuing guidance on co2 injection? - why are class v wells being used for gs? - what information does the guidance contain? - who should use the guidance? - where can i get additional information? what is geologic sequestration ( gs )? geologic sequestration, the process of capturing carbon dioxide ( co2 ) from an emission source ( e. g., a power plant ) and injecting it into deep subsurface rock formations, is part of a portfolio of technologies and technical approaches ( e. g. fuel efficiency measures, use of biomass and alternative fuels, etc. ) under consideration for reducing greenhouse gas ( ghg ) emissions to the atmosphere. the u. s. department of energy ( doe ), through its regional carbon sequestration partnerships, is sponsoring research at a number of projects that will test the effectiveness and safety of co2 gs in various geologic settings. why is epa issuing guidance on co2 injection? the purpose of the guidance is to assist state and epa regional uic program managers and permit writers in evaluating applications for gs projects and writing appropriate and safe permit conditions for these projects. the guidance also encourages communication and data sharing to support a nationally consistent management approach, increase understanding of technical issues related to gs, and promote public confidence in an emerging technology with a potentially large - scale application. why are class v wells being used for gs? injection of fluids, including solids, semi - solids, and gases ( e. g., co2 ) into the subsurface falls under epa \u2019 s authority under the safe drinking water act ( sdwa ) to ensure that injection activities do not endanger underground sources of drinking water ( usdws ). the uic regulations address the siting, construction, operation, and closure of injection wells to protect human health and the environment. the uic regulations define five classes of injection wells. of these five classes, epa has determined that the class v experimental technology well subclass provides the best mechanism for authorizing pilot gs projects. class v experimental technology wells are intended to demonstrate unproven but promising technologies. wells that inject co2 for the purposes of enhanced oil recovery ( eor ) and enhanced gas recovery ( egr ) are considered to be class ii injection wells. while there are similarities between co2 injection for the purposes of oil and gas extraction and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5079331017268545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.455021"} {"text": "that inject co2 for the purposes of enhanced oil recovery ( eor ) and enhanced gas recovery ( egr ) are considered to be class ii injection wells. while there are similarities between co2 injection for the purposes of oil and gas extraction and for gs, there are important differences as well. for example, co2 injection for gs will eventually involve much greater volumes of co2 which will be stored in the subsurface for very long periods of time. the class v experimental technology well subclass is the best mechanism for testing the efficacy of co2 injection for gs, while ensuring an appropriate level of groundwater and public health protection. what information does the guidance contain? the guidance provides information for uic program managers and permit writers to consider as they evaluate gs project applications and assess the appropriateness of the proposed injection site, the area of review ( aor ), and the well \u2019 s design and construction. it also provides information for permit writers to consider in writing permit conditions related to mechanical integrity testing ( mit ) ; measuring, monitoring, and verification ( mmv ) ; and site closure. who should use the guidance? the guidance will assist uic program managers and permit writers in state primacy agencies and epa regional direct implementation programs that are responsible for issuing permits for gs projects. gs project operators, including the regional carbon sequestration partnerships, would find the information in the guidance useful as they consider injection sites and prepare permit applications. the guidance may also be of interest to operators of eor and egr wells, state oil and gas boards, and the interstate oil and gas compact commission. ( some eor and egr operations may be converted for gs when the oil and gas reservoirs are depleted. ) the guidance also provides information for environmental groups, the public, and interested members of congress. where can i get additional information? for further information, or questions relating to the guidance, please contact lee whitehurst, epa office of ground water and drinking water, drinking water protection division, prevention branch, at ( 202 ) 564 - 3896 or lee whitehurst ( email @ example. com ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46451177838142677, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.456264"} {"text": "fr. ron rolheiser, omi april 25, 2011 each year on good friday the passion of jesus christ according to john is read aloud in our churches. john ' s gospel, as we know, was written later than the other gospels, perhaps some 70 years after jesus died, and those years gave john plenty of time to reflect upon jesus ' death and highlight a number of aspects that are not as evident in the other gospels. what are those special aspects? john ' s narrative of jesus ' death highlights his trial. the bulk of john ' s account focuses on jesus ' trial and the eventual judgment that he be put to death. but it is ingeniously written. john writes up the trial of jesus in such a way that, while jesus is the one being tried, everyone else is on trial except jesus. pilate is on trial, the jewish authorities are on trial, jesus apostles and disciples are on trial, the crowds watching are on trial and we who are hearing the story are on trial. jesus, alone, is not on trial, even as his trial is judging everyone else. hence when pilate asks jesus : what is truth? jesus ' silence puts pilate on trial by throwing pilate back on his own silence, the truth of himself. it ' s the same for the rest of us. next, john emphasizes jesus ' divinity in his passion account. john ' s gospel, as we know, emphasizes jesus ' pre - existence with god and his divinity rather than his humanity. this shines through in his narrative : the jesus being crucified in john ' s gospel is always in control. he is unafraid, shows no weaknesses, carries his own cross, dies in serenity and is buried like a king ( with a staggering amount of myrrh and aloes, wrapped in clothes saturated with aromatic oils ). john ' s jesus does not need any simon of cyrene to carry his cross, nor does he cry out in agony and abandonment. john writes up the passion of christ from the point of view of jesus ' divinity. john then employs some powerful images to help score these points : he has judas and the soldiers arrive to arrest jesus carrying \" lanterns and torches. \" he intends strong irony here : jesus is the light of the world and so the irony should not be missed in the fact that those opposing him come to him guiding themselves by artificial, flimsy lighting - lanterns and torches. this suggests, among other things, that they prefer darkness to light and that they know", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44666770917279286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.463856"} {"text": "world and so the irony should not be missed in the fact that those opposing him come to him guiding themselves by artificial, flimsy lighting - lanterns and torches. this suggests, among other things, that they prefer darkness to light and that they know that what they are doing can only be done at night because it would be shamefully exposed in the full light of day. the powers that oppose god need the cover of darkness and artificial light. next, at the end of the trial, pilate brings jesus out to the crowd and asks them whether they want to accept him as their king. they respond by saying : \" we have no king but caesar! \" historically, for a jewish believer to say this at the time of jesus would have been, in effect, a renunciation of his or her messianic hopes. that is true for us too : every time we do not recognize the power of god in the one who is being crucified we are renouncing our own messianic hope and admitting that the powers of this world are, for us, the deepest reality. eve of passover further, john ' s passion narrative emphasizes that jesus was sentenced to death precisely at noon, the hour on the eve of passover when the temple priests would begin to slaughter the paschal lambs. the inference is clear : jesus is the real lamb who dies for sin. finally, in john ' s account of the passion, after jesus dies, soldiers come and pierce his side with a lance. immediately blood and water flow out. this is a rich image : first of all, it symbolizes birth. when baby is born, blood and water accompany the delivery. for john, jesus ' death is the birth of something new in our lives. what? christians have sometimes been too quick to take this image to infer the sacraments of baptism and eucharist, with the outflow of blood symbolizing the eucharist and the outflow of water symbolizing baptism. that may indeed be valid but there is, first, something more primal in that image : blood symbolizes the flow of life inside us. water both quenches thirst and washes dirt from our bodies. what john wants to say with this image is that those who witnessed the death of jesus immediately recognized too that the kind of love which jesus manifested in dying in this way created a new energy and freedom in their own lives. more joy, more meaning they felt both an energy and a cleansing, blood and water, flowing from jesus ' death. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5261283956180594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.464795"} {"text": "study finds the bulk of shoes \u2019 carbon footprint comes from manufacturing processes. now and then, an ambitious graduate student will decide to tackle a particularly sticky problem in science or engineering. one such student, douglas ricket, created the women ' s technology program as a partial solution to a tough problem with social rather than technical roots. ricket, a 23 - year - old graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science, discovered a deeply entrenched difficulty in his field while teaching an electronics course for high school students. he came up against it again as a teaching assistant in an artificial intelligence course. the problem : few women go into electrical engineering and computer science ( eecs ). women majoring in computer science peaked nationally in 1984 at 37 percent, but dropped to 28 percent by 1994. last year at mit, more than 40 percent of undergraduates were women, but women made up only 20 percent of eecs majors, which is the largest major at the institute. by contrast, 52 percent of undergraduate men majored in eecs. \" those two teaching experiences got me thinking about the issue of women in computers and engineering. i hated to think i was perpetuating a male - dominated system, so i drew up some plans for the program and got the ball rolling, \" said ricket, who added that women, long excluded from the professions, now make up roughly half of all medical and law students. ricket, who is from saratoga, calif., asked professor leslie kaelbling of eecs to be faculty advisor for the innovative program last november. next he got the approval of professor john guttag, head of the department of electrical engineering and computer science. guttag \" enthusiastically supported the idea, though scaled down to 25 students for four weeks from my original 80 students for eight weeks, \" said ricket. \" i was delighted that he supported the residential aspect, since i think that creates a much richer experience. \" the women ' s technology program is the first of its kind. ricket put together a summer program on the mit campus to teach 10th - and 11th - grade girls math, computer science and electrical engineering in a way that conveys the excitement of the field and boosts the students ' self - confidence in their technical abilities. he looked at carnegie mellon ' s experience in addressing gender discrepancies in computer science. a study there found that computer programming experience in high school was not an indicator of success in college. recognizing this, the school changed its computer science admissions criteria. it also changed the introductory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48691848139022914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.471507"} {"text": "s experience in addressing gender discrepancies in computer science. a study there found that computer programming experience in high school was not an indicator of success in college. recognizing this, the school changed its computer science admissions criteria. it also changed the introductory computer science courses to help students who had no experience. the changes had a remarkable effect : the percentage of women in the carnegie mellon computer science department went from 7 percent in 1995 to 42 percent in 2000. looking for a few good women for the mit summer program, ricket received 225 applications. the 25 young women selected come from 15 states as well as cairo, egypt. in late june they moved into an mit dormitory, where they ' ll live through most of july under the supervision of a graduate student residential director and five undergraduate teaching assistants. they will be taught by graduate students. the young women immersed themselves in mit right away. in her first week on campus, elena glassman, a 15 - year - old from doylestown, penn., said, \" you ' re exposed to so much here. i just want to absorb a tiny bit of some of the stuff that goes on. i want to get ideas, to talk to the people doing this stuff and understand the breadth of ai [ artificial intelligence ]. \" glassman has been a frequent visitor to the artificial intelligence lab ' s web site for several years. while browsing the mit site, she found the women ' s technology program and jumped at it. she said her father, an electrical engineer, showed her the ai lab ' s web site when she was in sixth grade trying to build a \" cat brain \" program that could \" differentiate between a dog bark and a mouse squeak. \" ( glassman sounded embarrassed when describing the simple program : \" don ' t write about that. it was just a little thing for a science fair, \" she said. ) \" most of my science and math training comes from my dad. he worked in neural networks for speech. we have this policy we both agree on : he never tells me what to do. if i come to him with a question, he ' ll say, ' o. k. let ' s talk about it. ' and i eventually come to my own conclusions, \" she said. glassman, who has clear blue eyes, a friendly and casual style, and speaks with a mature self - assuredness, calls herself the \" techo fixit gal \" at central bucks high school west. when she transferred there a few years ago, \" everyone knew this one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5039496432234358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.472534"} {"text": "blue eyes, a friendly and casual style, and speaks with a mature self - assuredness, calls herself the \" techo fixit gal \" at central bucks high school west. when she transferred there a few years ago, \" everyone knew this one guy as the techo fixit guy, \" she said, the guy who could help with homework and technical questions and gadgets. \" i was really envious because at my old school, i was the techo fixit gal. after half a year, we became really good friends ; we became a team. but the guy eventually moved away and doesn ' t like science anymore, \" said glassman, who plays the trumpet, an instrument associated with male musicianship. \" a lot of trumpet players kind of have the attitude that if you ' re a girl, you can ' t play trumpet. you just have to show them you can play, and it all goes away, \" said glassman, who also plays ultimate frisbee. mit a ' dream school ' kyung chang, an 18 - year - old korean national living in cairo, egypt, called mit a \" dream school. i can ' t believe i ' m here taking classes, \" she said. she found the women ' s technology program while searching the internet for a summer program. \" because the mail takes a long time to get to cairo, i thought i didn ' t get in. it was one day before the final date that we ' d find out and i hadn ' t heard. \" so she e - mailed ricket, who told her the good news. she said she comes from a family of business - oriented people. \" my father ' s side and my mother ' s side - - we ' re all into business and economics. even my older sister. i ' m the only one who stands out as interested in science, \" said chang, a high school senior at cairo american college. \" i still don ' t have a focus [ in science ]. i ' m very open. \" her father ' s work at a bank has taken the family from korea to los angeles, back to korea and now to cairo, where chang spent the past two years. she credits her interest in science partly to a physics class she took at seoul university in seventh grade. her group made a model of a water clock by studying one, trying to grasp the principles and then building their own. chang, who was wearing pink pants and had barrettes in her long dark hair, calls herself a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5181921206767848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.473438"} {"text": "adamweinberg : in october of 1929, the stock market crashed, and with it went the optimism of the 1920s. eddiecantor : nowadays, when a man walks into a hotel, and requests a room on the 19th floor, the clerk asks him, \u2018 for sleeping or jumping? \u2019 adamweinberg : movie theaters \u2014 like the one in this painting by reginald marsh \u2014 offered a temporary escape from the hardships of everyday life. in the 1930s, more than half of all americans went to the movies every week. this is the lyric theater in times square. at the theater \u2019 s entrance, colorful posters appeal to popular fantasies \u2014 \u201c stripped bare, \u201d \u201c joys of the flesh. \u201d glamorous hollywood film stars hover overhead. on the sidewalk, the artist has captured a representative cast of characters, who are themselves straight out of the movies \u2014 the glamorous blonde, the don juan with a rakish hat, a gangster - type smoking a cigar, and a pair of working girls. american artists like marsh took a new interest in the small dramas of city life. in this room, you \u2019 ll see depictions of people on the subway, young women at a dance hall ; sailors and unemployed men. this work had new, political content ; american artists of the period believed that their work had the power to effect change and combat injustice. having lost their jobs, many found employment under the federal works progress administration. the wpa encouraged artists to create murals and monuments commemorating america \u2019 s history, workers and traditional values. other artists, such as thomas hart benton \u2014 whose work you can also see in this gallery \u2014 praised the merits of rural life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4361323430123191, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.476074"} {"text": "tue july 3, 2012 when ice cream attacks : the mystery of brain freeze originally published on tue july 3, 2012 2 : 12 pm if it hasn ' t happened to you, count yourself as lucky. for many people, eating ice cream or drinking an icy drink too fast can produce a really painful headache. it usually hits in the front of the brain, behind the forehead. the technical name for this phenomenon is cold - stimulus headache, but people also refer to it as \" ice cream headache \" or \" brain freeze. \" the good news is that brain freeze is easy to prevent \u2014 just eat more slowly. the other bit of good news is these headaches don ' t last very long \u2014 a minute at the outside. jorge serrador studies brain freeze headaches, not just because he wants to make the world a safer place for ice cream eaters, but also for what they can tell him about how and why the headaches occur. he ' s hoping that will lead to better ways to treat or prevent them. serrador is the associate director of research at the war related illness and injury study center, which is part of the department of veterans affairs in east orange, n. j. he says many veterans suffer from severe headaches after their deployments. it turns out it ' s hard to study headaches, and a brain freeze headache is one of the few types that can be conjured up on demand. serrador says no one really knows yet what causes them. but there are some theories. for example, serrador has shown that just before the brain freeze hits, there ' s an increase in blood flow to the front of the brain. \" that ' s increasing the volume and therefore increasing the localized pressure in that area, \" he says. the brain may be interpreting that increased pressure as pain. \" another theory that ' s been put out there is that the cold actually stimulates a nerve in the roof of the mouth, \" says serrador. that stimulated nerve in the mouth goes into overdrive. it sends off a barrage of signals to the brain that once again the brain interprets as \" ouch. \" why the brain gets \" ouch \" from the cold and not \" brrrrr \" is a mystery. harvard medical school headache researcher elizabeth loder says it ' s not all that surprising to think scientists may learn something important from studying ice cream headaches. \" some of these things that people think of as silly or whimsical, they ' re actually really fascinating, \" says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4848470469060794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.481155"} {"text": "loder says it ' s not all that surprising to think scientists may learn something important from studying ice cream headaches. \" some of these things that people think of as silly or whimsical, they ' re actually really fascinating, \" says loder, who is also president of the american headache society. like the enduring mystery of why a sweet treat prompts pain. this article is part of joe ' s big idea, an npr project to explore how innovations come about. renee montagne, host : a cool thing to do on a hot summer day is to have an ice cream bar. and i ' ve been up for several hours. it ' s not that hot yet, but it ' s plenty hot enough. so, you know, i got myself a box here of chocolate - covered ice cream bars. think i ' ll have one right now. ( soundbite of opening and crunching on ice cream bar ) montagne : umm. yum. joe palca, byline : renee. renee, hang on. montagne : hi, joe palca. palca : are you aware of the danger you face eating one of those ice creams? montagne : yeah. right. gaining weight? palca : no. i mean ice cream headache. montagne : a brain freeze? montagne : yeah. you know, i ' ve always wondered about brain freeze. i mean, i get them. i get them when i drink a really cold drink really fast out in the heat. but joe, you ' re a science correspondent, what generally causes a brain freeze? palca : well, i ' m so glad you asked that because that ' s the question i ' m going to address in this installment of our series summer science. yes, isn ' t it? palca : anyway, if we ' re going to look at this scientifically, we ' re going to need to be precise about what we mean by brain freeze. so i consulted jorge serrador. he ' s with the department of veterans administration and he studies headaches. he says a brain freeze is what you get when you eat or drink something really cold, really quickly. dr. jorge serrador : you get this localized pain, usually sort of in that forehead area. palca : and the pain can be quite intense. but it doesn ' t last very long. stop eating or drinking the cold stuff, and the pain goes away in 30 or 40 seconds. and guess what, you remember your mother was always", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.551175690870534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.487668"} {"text": ". palca : and the pain can be quite intense. but it doesn ' t last very long. stop eating or drinking the cold stuff, and the pain goes away in 30 or 40 seconds. and guess what, you remember your mother was always telling you not to wolf down your food. she was right. serrador : drink slow, or eat slow, and you probably won ' t get the associated brain freeze. montagne : joe, but you were going to tell us why you get brain freeze when you eat an ice cream bar, like i am right now, or some cold drink. palca : exactly. so that ' s the question i put to jorge serrador. serrador : that is a tough question. palca : hmm. helpful. anyway, it turns out no one really knows for sure, but there are some theories. for example, serrador has shown that just before the brain freeze hits, there ' s an increase in blood flow to the front of the brain. serrador : that ' s increasing the volume therefore ; it ' s increasing sort of the localized pressure in that area. palca : and the brain may be interpreting that increased pressure as pain. serrador : another theory that ' s been put out there is that the cold actually stimulates a nerve in the roof of the mouth. palca : and that stimulated nerve in the mouth goes into overdrive. it sends off a barrage of signals to the brain that once again the brain interprets as ouch. although why the brain gets ouch from the cold and not brrr is a bit of a mystery. serrador isn ' t studying brain freeze to help the world become more comfortably when they eat ice cream or drink slurpees. it turns out it ' s hard to study headaches, and a brain freeze headache is one of the few you can conjure up on demand. and scientists like serrador are hoping understanding brain freeze will help them find better treatments for people with chronic headaches or brain injuries. dr. elizabeth loder : some of these things that, you know, people think of as sort of silly or whimsical phenomena, they ' re actually really fascinating. palca : that ' s elizabeth loder. she ought to know. not only is she a headache researcher at harvard medical school, but she ' s also president of the american headache society. so renee, how ' s the ice cream? did you get a headache? montagne : the ice cream ' s delicious. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48504903425708984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.489726"} {"text": "location and general description types and severity of threats justification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion is equivalent to the dmeer ( 2000 ) unit of the same name. it consists of montane middle to southern hemiboreal pine forests, atlantic dwarf shrub heaths, and one area of ombrotrophic mires in northcentral scotland ( bohn et al. 2000 ). bohn, udo, gisela gollub, and christoph hettwer. 2000. reduced general map of the natural vegetation of europe. 1 : 10 million. bonn - bad godesberg 2000. davis, s. d., v. h. heywood, and a. c. hamilton. 1994. centres of plant diversity. vol. 1 : europe, africa, southwest asia and middle east. wwf and iucn, washington dc. digital map of european ecological regions ( dmeer ), version 2000 / 05 heath, m. f., and m. i. evans, editors. 2000. important bird areas in europe : priority sites for conservation. 2 vols. birdlife international, cambridge, uk. iucn 2000 : the global redlist of species, of the international union for the conservation of nature. url : < http : / / www. redlist. org > ozenda, p. 1994. vegetation du continent europeen. : delachaux et niestle, lausanne, switzerland. stanners, d., and p. bourdeau, editors. 1995. europe ' s environment : the dobris assessment. european environment agency, copenhagen. wheatley, n. 2000. where to watch birds in europe and russia. princeton university press, princeton, new jersey.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4469690212922295, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.491472"} {"text": "thu october 4, 2012 the accountant who changed the world originally published on fri october 5, 2012 4 : 04 pm the story of the birth of accounting begins with numbers. in the 1400s, much of europe was still using roman numerals, and finding it really hard to easily add or subtract. ( try adding mcvi to xciv. ) but fortunately, arabic numerals ( 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. ) started catching on, and with those numbers, merchants in venice developed a revolutionary system we now call \" double - entry \" bookkeeping. this is how it works : every transaction gets entered twice in financial records. if one day you sold three gold coins ' worth of pepper, you would write that the amount of cash you had went up by three gold coins. you would also write in that the amount of pepper you had went down by three gold coins ' worth. before double - entry, people just kept diaries and counted their money at the end of the day. this innovation allowed merchants to see every aspect of their business in neat little rows. jane gleeson - white wrote the new book double entry : how the merchants of venice created modern finance. she explains how significant this new accounting was : \" you could itemize the profits in each account, so you knew which products you were doing well in and which you weren ' t. then you could start to think about how you would change your business activities. it was just a whole revolution in the way of thinking about business and trade. \" luca pacioli was a monk, magician and lover of numbers. he discovered this special bookkeeping in venice and was intrigued by it. in 1494, he wrote a huge math encyclopedia and included an instructional section on double - entry bookkeeping. thanks to the newly invented printing press, his book was mass produced and became a big hit. one of the first readers was leonardo da vinci, who at the time was painting the last supper. pacioli ' s encyclopedia had a section on the mathematics of perspective painting which fascinated da vinci. \" they were hanging out together.... i think they were probably lovers. they certainly spent a lot of time together, and definitely luca pacioli was there in the church when leonardo da vinci was there in the actual church when leonardo da vinci was painting the last supper, \" said gleeson - white. what pacioli is known for today, though, is that tiny section of the book about accounting. today, every country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4474395535459722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.496862"} {"text": "da vinci was there in the actual church when leonardo da vinci was painting the last supper, \" said gleeson - white. what pacioli is known for today, though, is that tiny section of the book about accounting. today, every country and every business uses double - entry bookkeeping. audie cornish, host : from npr news, this is all things considered. i ' m audie cornish. melissa block, host : and i ' m melissa block. we don ' t do too many stories about accounting, for good reason - even accountants admit it ' s boring. but that wasn ' t always the case. david kestenbaum, with our planet money team, has this story about an accounting trick that rocked the world some 500 years ago. it involves a man who was a magician, a mathematician, and possibly the boyfriend of leonardo da vinci. david kestenbaum, byline : this is the story of the birth of accounting. and if you think about it, before you can have accounting, you really need something else. you need numbers. and in the 1400s, much of europe was still using roman numerals. jane gleeson white : i thought roman numerals must have gone out with roman empire. but no, they lasted well into the renaissance. kestenbaum : this is jane gleeson white, author of the new book \" double entry : how the merchants of venice created modern finance. \" white : the problem with roman numerals is, as any school child knows if they tried to work with them, is you can ' t add or subtract with them. you have to... white : they ' re like a written language for recording numerals. i mean, you might as well carve them into rock, that ' s how useful they are. well, we still do that, don ' t we? kestenbaum : fortunately arabic numerals : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, those are catching on in europe. and with those numbers, merchants in venice are keeping very detailed financial records, using a revolutionary system we now call double entry bookkeeping. it ' s what students learn in accounting 101. it ' s unclear who invented it but it works like this. every transaction gets entered twice in your financial records. if one day you sold, say, three gold coins worth of pepper, you would write that the amount of cash you had went up by three gold coins and the amount of pepper you had went down by three", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48410116850853807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.497901"} {"text": "gets entered twice in your financial records. if one day you sold, say, three gold coins worth of pepper, you would write that the amount of cash you had went up by three gold coins and the amount of pepper you had went down by three gold coins worth. before this, people just kept diaries and counted their money at the end of the day. now you could see every aspect of your business in neat little rows. white : it just became, for want of a better word, much more scientific. you could itemize the profits in each account. so you knew which products you were doing well in and which you weren ' t. and then you could think about how you would change your business activities. it was just a whole revolution in the way of thinking about business and trade. kestenbaum : this great idea, though, it needed a way to get out to the world, which is where the accidental hero of our story appears - a man named luca pacioli. and pacioli ' s great role in history is just that he wrote it down. he writes down how to do this. pacioli is a monk and a magician but really, his love is numbers. in 1494, he writes this huge encyclopedia of math, which today would be over a thousand pages long. and tucked inside, he includes a little instructional section on double - entry bookkeeping. thanks to the newly invented printing press, the book can be mass - produced and it ' s a big hit. white : one of first readers of luca pacioli ' s encyclopedia was leonardo da vinci. leonardo reads the book and thinks it ' s the coolest, latest thing. it is the coolest, latest thing in mathematics. kestenbaum : da vinci at the time is painting \" the last supper. \" and conveniently, pacioli ' s book has a section on the mathematics of perspective painting. the two men became friends. it is possible, jane gleeson white says, that pacioli, and his book helped leonardo da vinci complete \" the last supper. \" white : they were hanging out together. you know, they lived together after they left milan. i think that they were probably lovers, they certainly spent a lot of time together. and definitely, luca pacioli, he was there in the church when leonardo da vinci was painting \" the last supper. \" kestenbaum : what pacioli is known for today, though, is that tiny section of his book about accounting. today,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4917874641625872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.498894"} {"text": "greenland ice a benchmark for warming core data greenland was about eight degrees warmer 130, 000 years ago than it is today, an analysis of an almost three - kilometre - long ice core in greenland has revealed. the finding by an international team of 38 institutions from 14 nations provides an important benchmark for climate change modelling and gives an insight into how the natural world will respond to global warming in the future. the study, which involves csiro researchers, also suggests antarctica ' s ice sheets may be more vulnerable to warming than previously thought. published in today ' s nature journal, the results flow out of a four - year expedition known as the north greenland eemian ice drilling operation ( neem ). dr david etheridge, principal research scientist with csiro marine and atmospheric research who has worked on the project, says the neem program is the first to successfully reach down into greenland ' s ice core into the eemian period, which stretched from 130, 000 years to 115, 000 years ago. \" it has been something of a holy grail for greenland work to achieve this \u2026 we are getting to ice close to the bedrock where you get melting and mixing of the ice layers. \" etheridge says in a process similar to assembling a jigsaw puzzle, scientists used comparisons with gas elements in antarctica ' s deep ice core records to re - assemble the layers in their original sequence. deep ice drilling in the antarctic has reached as far back as 800, 000 years. past and future it is important to understand what happened in greenland during the eemian period because the temperatures experienced then are \" within the realms of where we are heading \", says etheridge. however, he says the previous warming was due to the earth receiving more of the sun ' s radiation due to its orbit at the time, while today ' s warming is being driven by increases in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. nature paper co - author dr mauro rubino, of csiro marine and atmospheric research, says it had been previously estimated that greenland ' s temperature was about 4\u00b0c warmer during the eemian than now. but this latest work used analysis of water - stable isotopes to estimate \" the temperature 130, 000 years ago was up to 8\u00b0c warmer [ in greenland ] than what it is today \", says rubino. it also shows sea levels were on average 6 metres higher. the results provide \" important benchmarks for future climate change projections \" in temperature and the contribution of the two main ice sheets to sea level rises, rubino says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5182535916958495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.504057"} {"text": ", says rubino. it also shows sea levels were on average 6 metres higher. the results provide \" important benchmarks for future climate change projections \" in temperature and the contribution of the two main ice sheets to sea level rises, rubino says. he says the study also reveals the greenland ice sheet did not melt as much as previously thought so was not the major contributor to sea level at that time. \" it shows the major contribution to sea level rises was not coming from the greenland ice shelf, \" he says. \" it was previously believed that greenland melted entirely [ during the eemian ], but in fact the ice sheet was not that much different from what it is now. \" most of the contribution to sea level rise comes from these two big ice reserves [ in greenland and the antarctica ] so one of the possible interpretations is antarctica is more susceptible to climate change than we thought. \" etheridge agrees. he says the work shows the greenland ice sheet survived during the eemian - although it was about 400 metres thinner. \" from that figure you can deduce how much it contributed to the sea level rise and it is not as much as was thought. \" that throws things back to antarctica... previously the thought was antarctica was too cold and too stable to be impacted. \" etheridge says csiro was invited by lead institution, the university of copenhagen, to be involved in neem at its formation because of its expertise in analysing air composition in air bubbles trapped in deep ice. rubino says their team began analysis of gas bubbles from the first 80 to 100 metres of ice core down to the final 2540 metre depth. this helped track changes in climate and temperature on a year - by - year basis. he says the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in the air bubbles from the eemian was much lower than what it is today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45256109118471727, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.504814"} {"text": "cynthia kenyon, a researcher into aging at the university of california, claims that sugar is the new tobacco. \" we gave our worms a tiny bit of sugar and it shortened their lifespan by revving up the insulin pathway. i didn ' t go home, \" she laughs, \" i went straight to the store and i bought a book on low - gi ( low - glycemic - low sugar ) diets and found a recipe and that was it, i changed immediately. \" kenyon now avoids all sugar, except dark chocolate, as well as bread, and sticks to low - gi foods. cynthia kenyon, the lead researcher, now avoids all sugar. apparently the link between sugar, insulin and aging is the over - stimulation of receptors related to the aging process. disabling the daf - 2 gene resulted in worms living twice as long and appearing healthy up until their deaths. the link between diet and aging makes sense when you consider that the gene daf - 2, which was partially disabled in kenyon ' s worms, activates receptors that are sensitive to two hormones \u2013 insulin and a growth hormone called igf - 1. later experiments shed more light on the effect of weakening daf - 2 activity, which triggers a sequence of events within the cell, including the activation of a second gene, foxo. this receptor is normally activated by insulin, and too much sugar in the diet, which may have the opposite effect, overstimulating these receptors, says kenyon, who warns that \" sugar is the new tobacco \". apparently, while the tests were carried out on worms, the link with humans is strong. people who live much longer are likely to have a mutated daf - 2 for those who doubt the relevance to humans, kenyon points to studies showing that people who live to be 100 are more likely to have mutations in the daf - 2 gene. there are also variants in the foxo gene that are more frequent among people who live to be 100. so if i understand this correctly, eating sugar over stimulates receptors related to speeding up the aging process. in worms, disabling a gene involved in this process led to the worms living twice as long and remaining healthy. the link to humans is strong in that long lived people often have a mutation of that gene. cynthia kenyon, the leading researcher responsible for this discovery, no longer eats sugar. i ' m not sure i ' m going to look at sugar in quite the same way ever again. this is quite a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4813173029114063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.507284"} {"text": "macular degeneration is a chronic and usually progressive disorder that affects the central part of the retina ( the macula ) and causes reduced ability to see. macular degeneration causes a gradual loss of sharp, central vision. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in the united states. the frequency of this disorder increases with age. the majority of affected people are between 75 - 80. females are slightly affected more than males. adult macular degeneration ( amd ), which is the most common form of macular degeneration, occurs in two main forms : dry macular degeneration ninety percent of people with amd have this type. an area of the retina is affected, which leads to slow breakdown of cells in the macula and a gradual loss of central vision. dry amd sometimes occurs in one eye first, but usually affects both eyes eventually. wet macular degeneration although only 10 % of all people with amd have this type, it accounts for 90 % of all blindness from the disease. as dry amd progresses, new blood vessels may begin to grow and cause \u201c wet \u201d amd. these new blood vessels often leak blood and fluid under the macula. this causes rapid damage to the macula that can lead to significant loss of central vision in a short time. american macular degeneration foundation website. available at : macular degeneration foundation website. available at : national eye institute website. available at : last reviewed [ under medical review ] by christopher cheyer, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5343732299633505, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.509496"} {"text": "| december 16, 1997 | embargoed : 11 : 30 am ( aest ) report on australian youth the australian bureau of statistics ( abs ) released today youth australia : a social report which highlights changes and trends in australia ' s 15 to 24 year - old population group, including living arrangements and housing, health, education, working life, income, social participation, crime and safety. in 1997, people aged 15 - 24 years made up 14 per cent ( 2, 667, 700 ) of the total population but this is projected to fall to about 12 per cent by mid next century as the population ages. some features of australia ' s youth highlighted in the report include : further details are in youth australia : a social report ( cat. no. 4111. 0 ) available in abs bookshops in all capital cities. - in 1996, 88 per cent of 15 - 19 year - olds and 46 per cent of 20 - 24 year - olds were still living with their parents. - among 20 - 24 year - olds, 20 per cent were in a partnership and 50 per cent of these were de facto relationships. - over the last 10 years retention rates in schools to year 12 have risen from 49 per cent to 71 per cent and participation in tertiary education has risen to 29 per cent of the 20 - 24 age group. - in august 1997 the youth unemployment rate was 16 per cent compared with 8 per cent for all persons and unemployed young people accounted for 37 per cent of all unemployed persons. - youth incomes were generally low as a result of their delayed entry to the full - time work force and over the last ten years full - time earnings of young people have declined relative to those of people aged over 25 years. - young people spent more of their leisure time on social life and entertainment, 2. 3 hours per day compared with 1. 5 hours per day for persons 25 and over. young people play more sport and attend more sporting events than older people, with males more involved than females. - deaths of young males outnumber those of young females by a factor of 3 : 1 and the leading cause of death in 1996 was motor vehicle accidents followed by suicide. - young people are over - represented in the criminal justice system and they made up 29 per cent of the prison population in 1995, although this is down from 39 per cent in 1985. - young women are more at risk of violence than older women and in 1996, 16 per cent of women aged 18 - 24 years had experienced incidents of violence in the previous 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4130657409368605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.512110"} {"text": "due to the on - going global recession and economic uncertainty, governments are looking to environmental taxation as a possible way to bolster tax revenues. acca says that for this to happen successfully, governments need buy - in from business and their electorates. chas roy - chowdhury, author of the report and head of taxation at acca says : ' tax shifting to environmental taxation cannot both solve the environmental crisis and raise significant tax income long term. this is because a system aimed at reducing what it is taxing, if successful, will eventually destroy its own tax base. ' acca \u2019 s paper offers a number of recommendations about green taxation, asserting that first and foremost a global approach to green taxation is needed. chas roy - chowdhury explains : ' environmental taxes are an efficient but controversial way for governments to raise revenue. most agree that making the polluter pay should be a principle of a modern tax system. but this needs to be done with care \u2013 especially to avoid companies relocating and taking the pollution problem with them. ' recommendations in acca \u2019 s s paper include : - incentivise environmental goals, for example by reducing vat on sustainable products - governments should be as transparent as possible about green taxation, and they need to run public awareness campaigns to influence and speed up change \u2013 for instance with energy efficiencies - governments should also consult widely before any policy changes are made, and prepare to reverse any changes if unintended consequences happen - environmental taxes should be made more explicit and transparent, with costs and benefits analysed and assessed chas roy - chowdhury adds : ' acca questions how resilient environmental taxes will prove to be in the future. but we also believe that governments must use tax policy as an instrument of positive change by incentivising investment in new cleaner technologies across a wide range of industries. ' this can only be of benefit to business \u2013 it has to remembered that cutting carbon usage can also create competitive advantage for business. even in the midst of a financial crisis, consumers view environmental issues as important to their purchasing decisions and a business \u2019 s credentials on environmental issues has a significant impact on consumer buying choices. ' chas roy - chowdhury concludes : ' environmental taxation, which was almost unheard of 25 years ago, is now being widely used to assist in the fight against climate change, with taxes around the world on everything from emissions trading, plastic bags to energy consumption, car use and waste disposal. business understands that \u2018 business as usual \u2019 is no longer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4468454767129648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.514722"} {"text": "biological concepts and methods 1 ( lab ) biological concepts and methods i biological concepts and methods i i ( lab ) biological concepts and methods i i ( lecture ) guided research molecular genetics understanding the concepts and methods of science adds a very valuable learning skill to a student ' s liberal arts education ; we should become aware of world environmental issues loss of biodiversity and endangered / threatened species. concepts & methods of biology, evolution, molecular phylogenetics / bioinformatics, ecology ; biogeography ; marine ecology ; marine biology ; fishery biology. evolution, ecology, systematics of fishes ; fisheries / environmental science ; endangered fish ; tilefish morphological and molecular ( dna ) phylogeny. 2008 : president faculty research grant, adelphi univ. molecular phylogeny of the tilefishes. j. k. dooley ( 2013 ). branchiostegidae. in k. carpenter ( eds. ). fishes of the eastern north atlantic. ( pp. ( in press ) ). rome, italy : fao, united nations. j. k. dooley ( 2013 ). malacanthidae. in p. heemstra & j. e. randall ( eds. ). fishes of the western indian ocean. ( pp. in press ). j. k. dooley ( 2010 ). indicator of the state of global diversity of fishes : tilefishes. the iucn red list index. london, united kingdom : world conservation union. dooley, j. k. and y. iwatsuki ( 2012 ), a new species of deepwater tilefish ( percoidea : branchiostegidae ) from the philippines, with a brief discussion of the status of tilefish systematics. zootaxa, 3249, dooley, j., matsuura, k., collette, b., nelson, j., fritzsche, r. & carpenter, k. ( 2011 ), branchiostegus japonicus. iucn red list of threatened species., version 2011. 2. j. k. dooley + 30 other international redbook workshop speakers ( 2013, january ). endangered / threatened caribbean fishes. international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ), trinidad and tobago. dooley, j. k., k. kelleperuma, and * l. jimenez, ( 2009 ). cladistic analyses of the tilefishes ( percoidea : malacanthidae and branchiostegidae ) using the mitochondrial 16", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5337357307432394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.519200"} {"text": ". k., k. kelleperuma, and * l. jimenez, ( 2009 ). cladistic analyses of the tilefishes ( percoidea : malacanthidae and branchiostegidae ) using the mitochondrial 16s and cyt. b genes. in amer. soc. ichthyol. & herpetol.. portland, or. kelleperuma, k, l. jimenez, j. k. dooley ( 2009 ). preliminary cladistic analysis of the tilefishes... based on the mitochondrial 16s and cytb genes. in soc. integr. compar. biol ( sicb ). boston, ma. other scholarly / artistic work 2009 - invited participant in the iucn international workshop assessing world ' s endangered and threatened marine fishes, sponsored by zool. soc. london, regent ' s park, london & the global marine assessment organization. 2010. fall sabbatical award, national museum, tokyo japan, molecular genetics and evolution in tilefishes from the east and south china seas ( japan, china, taiwan, philippines, and vietnam ). 2010. fall ; cold spring harbor / national science foundation sponsored dna iplant faculty workshop invitee, university minnesota, st. paul. community and corporate leadership 2008 - 13. board of governors new york marine sciences consortium, stony brook ; 2010. au volunteer community project, building beds for children ; san jose, costa rica, c. a. licenses & certifications 2010 certificate in plant genomics workshop cold springs harbor, nsf, univ. minnesota certificate in advanced dna workshop, cold springs harbor laboratory : certificate in computer science, dept. mathematics, adelphi univ. : scuba certification, national association of underwater instructors ( naui )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46185296277640764, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.519795"} {"text": "stimulants are sometimes prescribed by doctors to treat conditions such as asthma, respiratory problems, obesity, attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ), and sleep disorders like narcolepsy. this class of drug is often abused for its ability to produce euphoric effects or to counteract sluggish feelings induced by tranquilizers or alcohol. in the hands of young adults, stimulants are taken to stay awake, increase alertness and concentration, boost energy, and get high. sometimes people go beyond swallowing these pills. if they are prescribed drugs for adhd, they can save up their pills during the week and share them with friends at weekend parties. they then crush and snort them, or mix with alcohol. some students also report saving and selling their own add drugs around exam time. benzos, xanies, xani - bars, xani - bombs, and roofies withdrawal symptoms may include depression, disturbance of sleep patterns, fatigue, and apathy. overdose or death is preceded by high fever, convulsions, and heart failure. since death in these cases is partially due to strain on the heart, physical exercise increases the risks of stimulant use. interactions with stimulants stimulant abuse often goes along with the use of other substances like alcohol, other prescription drugs, over - the - counter drugs, and the use of illegal substances like marijuana. combining the following substances with stimulant can be highly dangerous : alcohol \u2013 people who use alcohol and stimulants together are likely to drink more before feeling the effects of alcohol because of the stimulant effects. the result? when the stimulant effect ( s ) wear off, the alcohol kicks in. prescription drugs - stimulants should only be used in combination with other medications under a physician ' s careful supervision. over - the - counter drugs - there are dangers associated with mixing stimulants and over the counter drugs that contain decongestants. blood pressure can become dangerously high or lead to irregular heart rhythms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44801985594570254, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.521841"} {"text": "spanish and portuguese galleons, followed by british and dutch traders, sail these seas in search of the spice trade, escorted by their men - of - war to protect them from the daring raids of the bugis and makasar pirates. famed for their seafaring culture, the bugis are still the driving force behind the world ' s last commercial sailing fleet. bugis vessels have sailed as far as australia, leaving behind images of their ships carved in stone, and bugis would which were integrated into the aboriginal language of northern australia. the seafaring bugis dominate the shouthern tip of sulawesi, but in the rugged and remarkable country further north is tana toraja, often refered to as the \" land of the heavenly kings \". the traditional culture of the torajans rivals any in the archipelago, making this area one of the most popular tourist destinations in indonesia. believing that their forefathers descending from heaven in a boat some twenty generations ago, the torajas have a unique christian - animist culture. the majority of the people still follow an ancestral cult called \" aluk todolo \" which governs all traditional ceremonies. their ancestor worship includes elaborate death and after life ceremonies, which are essentially great feasts. a strict social hierarchy is followed in the village and for important figure wedding and burial ceremonies can take days to perform. water buffalo and pigs are sacrificed in numbers appropriate to social rank, and the deceased ' s remind are placed in a coffin and interred in caves hollowed out in high cliffs. the mouth of the cave is guarded by life like status, called tau tau, who look out from a balcony near the burial caves, watching over the families and friends they have left behind. tongkonan, the family houses, are build on stilts with the roof rearing up at either end, representing the prows of the first ship to arrive in the area with the torajan ancestors. the houses all face the north and some say that this is because it was from the north that the ancestor of the toraja came. other however will say that the norths ( and east ) are regarded as the realm of the gods, on the compass of life. south sulawesi is also famouse for it tremendous scenery and the quality and tallent of its silk and silverwork industries, but the economy is largely based on agriculture. the provincial capital of ujung pandang, formerly makasar, however, has excellent facilities for water sport and is easily accessible by air. there are four", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4456178917081548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.524327"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia a ballistic missile is a missile, usually with no wings or fins, with a prescribed course that cannot be altered after the missile has burned its fuel, whereafter its course is governed by the laws of ballistics. in order to cover large distances ballistic missiles must be launched very high into the air or in space, in a sub - orbital spaceflight ; for intercontinental missiles the altitude halfway is ca. 1200 km. when in space and no more thrust is provided, the missiles are freefalling. long and medium range ballistic missiles are generally designed to deliver nuclear warheads because their payload is too limited for conventional explosives to be efficient, and because the extreme heat of re - entry would damage chemical or biological payloads. many advanced ballistic missiles have several rocket stages and their course can be slightly adjusted from one stage to the next. ballistic missiles can vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories based on range. the us distinguishes : - intercontinental ballistic missile ( icbm ) : range greater than 5500 km - intermediate - range ballistic missile ( irbm ) : range between 3000 and 5500 km - medium - range ballistic missile ( mrbm ) : range between 1000 and 3000 km - short - range ballistic missile ( srbm ) : range less than 1000 km. an example is the scud. medium to short range missiles are often called theatre ballistic missiles ( tbm ). using a missile with a considerably longer range than the distance from launch site to target can make sense : it can reach a higher altitude and come down with a higher speed, making defense more difficult. e. g. a missile with a range 3000 km fired at a target that is only 500 km away could arrive at its target after having reached an altitude of about 1200 km - roughly the height reached by icbms. like them, it would arrive at a speed of typically more than 6 km / s. the first ballistic missile was the v - 2 rocket, developed by nazi germany in the 1940s, which was successully launched for the first time on october 3, 1942 and used for the first time in operation on september 8, 1944. specific types of ballistic missiles include : - agni missile - blue steel missile - blue streak missile - minuteman missile - ss - 24 missile - ss - 18 missile - peacekeeper missile - polaris missile - poseidon missile - prithvi missile - css - 2 missile - condor missile - jericho missile - skybolt albm - surya icbm launched from fixed sites,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5697802889275111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.527103"} {"text": "getting started with electranets masterfence energisers, solar cells, batteries, ' useful sunlight ' and helpful information we are often asked \" just what do i need to get started with a system which is going to let me manage my stock effectively and sustainably and not become redundant when i want to add to it? \". here are answers to questions asked by people who encounter electranets for the first time and are a little puzzled by just what is involved in getting started with a flexible netting system and how they are going to power it. there are two basic modes - mains 240 volt ac and remote 12 volt dc. both methods work equally well. if you have mains power on the farm and you can easily connect your electric fencing to it then use it. it is a cheap and reliable option. if you have no mains power and want a highly flexible, easily moveable system you should use a battery powered energiser which you can run off a 12 volt battery. this can be powered by a solar cell or alternatively by recharging the battery with a battery charger. the new manufacturer of electranets is kencove farm fence and their recommendation for what sized enegizer is necessary is as follows : \" we recommend a. 25 joule low - impedance charger minimum per net. ( example : 4 nets connected together would require 1 joule charger ) \" how an electric energiser works an energiser works on the principle of energising the fence line with pulses of high voltage for a short duration. a typical energiser will supply 80, 000 pulses per day, each one of which may peak at over 8, 000 volts, 200, 000 watts, 200 amps, and have a duration of less than 1 / 5000 of a second. an animal touching the energised wires will then complete the circuit from the fence wires, through its body and then through the ground. the discomfort of this shock will then \" encourage \" the animal to stay away from the fence. a pavlovian reaction or course in aversion conditioning. the energiser spends most of its time collecting energy from the power source, ( either the 12 volt dc battery or 240 volt ac mains ), transforming the voltage electronically to higher levels and storing the energy in one or more capacitors. when the capacitor / s is / are fully charged, the energy is discharged in an instant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5067361607801253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.531592"} {"text": "dc battery or 240 volt ac mains ), transforming the voltage electronically to higher levels and storing the energy in one or more capacitors. when the capacitor / s is / are fully charged, the energy is discharged in an instant ( 1 / 5000 of a second ), sent through the main transformer for a final voltage transformation and then delivered to the fence line. to an animal it feels like a very painful electric whiplash. what renders the pulse harmless to people and animals is its short duration. what is a solar panel? a solar panel is the device which can power a 12 volt dc energiser by converting sunlight into useful electricity. the most common type is made up of semi - crystalline silicon solar cells laminated between sheet of acetate and tempered glass. if you are contemplating running your electranets with a battery and solar panel you should buy only the best available and be sure to match the solar panel, battery and energiser. the two tables overleaf describe the size of solar panel and battery which best match the size of energiser which is recommended for the number of electranets masterfence you are intending to use. which type of battery is best and what are \" useful daily sunlight hours \"? will any 12 volt battery do? well yes and no. a 12 volt car or truck battery will deliver volts to the energiser but is not designed for continuous draw down ( when a vehicle is running the battery is being charged all the time ). what is needed is a deepdischarge battery, that is one which can be flattened without damaging itself and then be fully recharged. experience has shown that the best type of batteries for powering energisers are what are usually called gel cells. these are not cheap batteries, being at the forefront of technology, but they are certainly worth the cost in the long run. if you are at all confused about batteries or can ' t find a supplier who has what you want, talk to us and we can make some recommendations. please note well that the only battery chargers which are suitable for deep discharge batteries are those that have a fully automatic mode of operation. always recharge your deep discharge battery with the battery charger set on fully automatic mode ( never on boost ). useful daily sunlight hours are the hours of sunlight which are useful for activating solar cells. obviously this will vary from place to place. alice springs having far more useful hours than say melbourne. the bureau", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5155386930848881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.533387"} {"text": "\u2022 spume \u2022 pronunciation : spyum \u2022 hear it! part of speech : noun meaning : froth or foam from a liquid, especially sea foam. notes : today ' s good word allows us to distinguish sea foam from other types, since \" sea foam \" is its default meaning. this word may be used as a verb, as the volcano spumed forth a froth of fire. it comes with two adjectives, the latinate spumous and the germanic spumy, both meaning \" showing or having foam \". there is also a french adjective, spumescent, which we have already explored. in play : today ' s good word offers us the opportunity of avoiding the cliche \" foaming at the mouth \" : \" the senator loudly pontificated at his audience, arms flailing about and bits of spume forming at the corners of his mouth. \" as the previous example indicated, the verbal applications of today ' s word are not limited to froth in the literal sense, as is the noun : \" when lana jorgia saw the smoke spuming out of the oven door, she knew she ' d left the roast in too long. \" word history : today ' s good word comes from a pie root with a fickle s, an initial s that is sometimes there and sometimes not. in latin it was spuma \" foam \" and in lithuanian it became spaine \" mousse \". but the germanic and slavic languages lost the initial s, so we find foam in english, feim in german, and pena in russian. ( today we thank grogie, the mysterious lexiterian in the alpha agora, for suggesting this lovely foamy good word. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.504628957750503, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.535200"} {"text": "sabine pass : the confederacy ' s thermopylae confederate president jefferson davis made the claim : \" that battle at sabine pass was more remarkable than the battle at thermopylae. \" sabine pass was the site of one of the most decisive civil war battles civil war texas american civil war on september 23, 1862, the union navy steamer kensington, schooner rachel seaman, and mortar schooner henry james appeared off the bar at sabine pass. september 24 - 25, 1862 the next morning, the two schooners crossed the bar, took position, and began firing on the confederate shore battery. the shots from both land and shore fell far short of the targets. the ships then moved nearer until their projectiles began to fall amongst the confederate guns. the confederate cannons, however, still could not hit the ships. after dark, the confederates evacuated, taking as much property as possible with them and spiking the four guns left behind. on the morning of the 25th, the schooners moved up to the battery and destroyed it while acting master frederick crocker, commander of the expedition, received the surrender of the town. union control of sabine pass made later incursions into the interior possible. result ( s ) : union victory location : jefferson county campaign : operations to blockade the texas coast ( 1862 - 63 ) date ( s ) : september 24 - 25, 1862 principal commanders : acting master frederick crocker [ us ] ; major j. s. irvine [ cs ] forces engaged : steamer kensington, schooner rachel seaman, and mortar schooner henry james [ us ] ; fort griffith garrison ( 30 ) and 25 mounted men 3 1 / 2 miles away [ cs ] estimated casualties : unknown pre - civil war 1860 texas map 24 x the period just prior to the civil war. in this period texas was in rapid development, trying to get railroad lines to the major cities and shipping points civil war texas describes texas ' s role in the civil war and notes the location of historical markers, statues, monuments, battle sites, buildings, and museums in texas that may be visited by those interested in learning more about the war. battle on the bay : the civil war struggle for galveston civil war history of galveston is one of the last untold stories from america ' s bloodiest war, despite the fact that galveston was a focal point of hostilities throughout the conflict. galveston emerged as one of the confederacy ' s only lifelines to the outside world. the last battle of the civil war may 12 - 13, the last battle of the civil war had been fought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37717242267084294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.541445"} {"text": "galveston was a focal point of hostilities throughout the conflict. galveston emerged as one of the confederacy ' s only lifelines to the outside world. the last battle of the civil war may 12 - 13, the last battle of the civil war had been fought at the southernmost tip of texas \u2014 resulting in a confederate victory. although palmetto ranch did nothing to change the war ' s outcome, it added the final irony to a conflict replete with ironies civil war history book club recommended reading titles the southern journey of a civil war marine : the illustrated note - book of henry o. gusley on september 28, 1863, the galveston tri - weekly news caught its readers ' attention with an item headlined \" a yankee note - book. \" it was the first installment of a diary confiscated from u. s. marine henry o. gusley, who had been captured at the battle of sabine pass. gusley ' s diary proved so popular with readers that they clamored for more, causing the newspaper to run each excerpt twice until the whole diary was published. for many in gusley ' s confederate readership, his diary provided a rare glimpse into the opinions and feelings of an ordinary yankee - - an enemy whom, they quickly discovered, it would be easy to regard as a friend. this book contains the complete text of henry gusley ' s civil war diary walker ' s texas division, c. s. a : greyhounds of the trans - mississippi ( conflicting worlds : new dimensions of the american civil war ) colorfully known as the \" greyhound division \" for its lean and speedy marches across thousands of miles in three states, major general john g. walker ' s infantry division in the confederate army was the largest body of texans \u2014 about 12, 000 men at its formation \u2014 to serve in the american civil war. from its creation in 1862 until its disbandment at the war ' s end, walker ' s unit remained, uniquely for either side in the conflict, a stable group of soldiers from a single state. richard lowe ' s compelling saga shows how this collection of farm boys, store clerks, carpenters, and lawyers became the trans - mississippi ' s most potent confederate fighting unit bourland in north texas and indian territory during the civil war : fort cobb, fort arbuckle & the wichita mountains the indian conflicts during the period 1861 through 1865 on the southern frontier - the frontier of the confederate states of america. when the united states military forces withdrew in the face of the establishment of the new fledgling southern republic, a partial defense", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42171497769558675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.542520"} {"text": "overnight care of orphaned waterfowl ( ducks / geese ) - safe environment \u2013 place the animal ( s ) in a small covered cardboard box or plastic carrier with plenty of air holes for ventilation. use soft bedding such as towels or old t - shirts. do not use grass clippings, wood chips / shaving, newspaper or paper towels ; these types of bedding become damp very quickly which can lead to hypothermia. keep the box inside in a quiet, dark area away from pets and people. handle the animal as little as possible ; even young wild animals get stressed by captivity and over handling. change the bedding if it gets wet. if the duckling ( s ) are jumping a lot put them in a shallower box ( such as a shoe box ) with lid so they cannot jump themselves to exhaustion ; do not use a pet carrier or aquarium for these types of ducklings. - provide a heat source \u2013 infant birds cannot regulate their own body temperatures adequately and are susceptible to hypothermia. you can place a heating pad set to low under half of the box. if you do not have a heating pad you can fill a bottle with hot water, cover it with a barrier ( towel ) and place it inside the box. water bottles will need to be checked frequently for loss of heat over time. it is important for the animal to be able to move close to or away from the heat source. - a very shallow dish ( peanut butter lid, etc ) of water can be placed into enclosure for drinking purposes. do not let them swim or get wet! they are reliant on their mothers for waterproofing and heat and can die from hypothermia if allowed to swim. - commercially available duck / goose starter can be offered for food in a shallow dish. other temporary alternatives for overnight only are crushed up cheerios, bland hard cereal or cornmeal. do not give bread, seeds / corn, chips, popcorn, etc. if fed inappropriate things young waterfowl are susceptible to getting an intestinal blockage. - get the animal to a licensed wildlife rehabilitator or facility as soon as possible in the morning. it is against the law and not in the animal \u2019 s best interest to keep or raise wildlife without the proper permits and education. - always wash your hands thoroughly after handling a wild animal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4278499109048415, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.545992"} {"text": "parliament of australia house of representatives house is not live senate is not live parliament of australia site sections both the senate and the house of representatives have extensive committee systems, and also work together on a number of joint committees. to find out more about the work of committees : the parliamentary library is part of the department of parliamentary services and provides services to senators, members, their staff and the staff of committees. the first library services were delivered to federal parliament in 1901 and continue to provide significant support to parliament and the democratic process. the 2013 - 14 budget was presented by the treasurer, the hon wayne swan mp in the house of representatives at 7. 30pm on tuesday, 14 may. budget papers can be downloaded from budget. gov. au portfolio budget statements of the parliamentary departments department of the senate | department of the house of representatives | department of parliamentary services | parliamentary budget office the house of representatives, known as the people ' s house, is where government is formed. it has 150 members, and the party or parties able to gain the support of the majority of the house form government. the house ' s other roles are to debate proposed laws, watch over government expenditure, including through its committee system, and to provide a forum for public debate on issues of national importance. parliament house is open to visitors every day of the year except for christmas day. the building is open from 9 : 00am to 5 : 00pm during non - sitting weeks and later during sitting weeks. please refer to the calendar or contact visitor services on 02 6277 5399 for more information. educational resources are available for you to learn more about parliament. back to top parliamentary sitting calendar go to the full calendar of events browse all senators and members", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40379002202588776, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.547691"} {"text": "- full description creating 2d and 3d charts is one of the most common uses of computer graphics. such charts can have wide applications in representing mathematical, physical, and economic functions in your daily life. whether you are an engineer, a quantitative analyst, a teacher, or a student, you will end up dealing with charting applications to some degree. windows presentation foundation ( wpf ) is a next - generation graphics platform that enables you to build advanced user interfaces incorporating documents, media, 2d and 3d graphics, and animations. it is an ideal development tool that allows you to not only generate data, but also easily represent data graphically. practical wpf charts and graphics provides all the tools you will need to develop professional chart and graphics applications in wpf and c #. this book will be useful for wpf and c # programmers of all skill levels, providing a complete and comprehensive explanation of wpfs graphics capability and the creation of various charts, and paying special attention to the details of code implementation. what youll learn - understand the types of charts that can be developed in wpf and how wpf can be used to maximum effect in their development - develop a wide range of charts that consist of not only simple 2d and 3d graphs, but also the multimedia elements, embedded documents, and animations now commonly found in cutting - edge applications - adapt the wide selection of fully working demonstration charts that are provided with the book and integrate them into your own web site for instant results who this book is for practical charts and graphics is more than just a bookit ' s a powerful 2d and 3d charts and graphics package. you will find that many of the examples in the book can be immediately used in your real - world applications, and that many others will inspire you to create advanced graphical and sophisticated chart capabilities of your own. this book is targeted at professional developers and those who are studying to become professionals. its coverage is equally valuable to both groups, providing a strong reference for one audience and an excellent introduction to the other. - table of contents table of contents - overview of wpf programming - 2d transformations - wpf graphics basics in 2d - colors and brushes - 2d line charts - specialized 2d charts - stock charts - interactive 2d charts - 2d chart controls - data interpolations - curve fitting - 3d transformations - wpf graphics basics in 3d - 3d charts with the wpf 3d engine - 3d charts without the wpf 3d engine - specialized 3d charts - source code / downloads if you think that you ' ve found an error in this book, please let", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5526521053836598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.550824"} {"text": "is there a specific leed definition as it relates to whether a project would be considered in an urban, suburban, or rural location? it ' s not in the reference guide. i think it pretty much would be common sense or based on your land use regulations. you might also want to email usgbc to see what they say. the use of the term \" urban \" in the reference guide seems to bea more populated area as demonstrated by the density and connectivity credit ( i. e. 60, 000 sf / ac or 1 / 2 mile... ). but, more to your question and inthe absence of a more definitive explanation from the usgbc, this is cute, per wikipedia : \" in the united states there are two categories of urban area. the term urbanized area denotes an urban area of 50, 000 or more people. urban areas under 50, 000 people are called urban clusters. urbanized areas were first delineated in the united states in the 1950 census, while urban clusters were added in the 2000 census. there are 1371 united states urban areas & urban clusters with more than 10, 000 people. the us census bureau defines an urban area as : \" core census block groups or blocks that have a population density of at least 1, 000 people per square mile ( 386 per square kilometer ) and surrounding census blocks that have an overall density of at least 500 people per square mile ( 193 per square kilometer ). \" however, a review of ssc8 defines the criteria of the 4 lz zones as such ( all per last us census ) : lz 1 : dark ( park and rural settings ) : less than 200 people / square mile lz 2 : low ( residential areas ) : 200 - 3, 000 people / square mile lz 3 : medium ( commercial / industrial / high density residential ) : 3, 000 - < 100, 000 people / square mile lz 4 : high ( major city centers / entertainment districts ) : > 100, 000 people / square mile i suppose i wouldthen define \" urban \" as an lz2 low zone ; density of1, 000 people / square mile? or would i define it as an lz 3 medium zone : density of 50, 000 people / square mile? or, per the us census, urban areas are those which have a minimum population of 50, 000 p / sm? or did they follow this up with a population of at least 5, 000 p / sm? boy, am i confused now! again,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5326768119649606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.555981"} {"text": "sunday 19 may great bustard ( otis tarda ) what \u2019 s the world \u2019 s favourite species? find out here. great bustard fact file - find out more - print factsheet great bustard description a tall bird, the great bustard has a grey head and neck, and a brown back barred with black ( 2 ). the underparts are white with males developing a reddish - brown breast band that gets bigger with age ( 2 ) ( 5 ). the great bustard has an upright stance when walking, and flies with regular and powerful wing beats ( 2 ). - avutarda, avutarda comun. - length : 75 \u2013 105 cm ( 2 ) great bustard biology male great bustards become sexually mature at four to five years of age, while females are known to have bred at just one year of age ( 5 ). males compete in what is known as a lekking system, gathering together at small display grounds ( known as a ' lek ' ) from where they attempt to impress females ( 6 ). the nests, which are shallow pits on dry, soft slopes and plains, are usually situated close to leks. after the female has chosen a male and mated with him, she lays one to three eggs and incubates them for 21 to 28 days ( 5 ) ( 6 ). the male does not incubate the eggs or contribute to caring for the chicks. the chicks can stand soon after hatching and will forage alone after ten days. after 30 to 35 days, the fledglings will be able to fly ( 6 ). some great bustard populations are migratory ( 5 ), and gather in large numbers at pre - migratory sites in order to move collectively to winter grounds ( 6 ). both winter and summer grounds differ between populations. top great bustard range found scattered across europe and asia, the great bustard is thought to breed in morocco, portugal, spain, austria, germany, slovakia, hungary, bulgaria, romania, moldova, turkey, iran, russia, ukraine, kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, uzbekistan, mongolia and china ( 2 ). top great bustard habitat the great bustard inhabits steppe, grassland and open, agricultural land. areas with little or no human disturbance are favoured for breeding ( 2 ). top great bustard statustop great bustard threats increasing human disturbance and land privatisation is expected to lead to habitat loss caused by the ploughing of grasslands, intensive agriculture, afforestation, increased development of irrigation schemes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42074395516045704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.564682"} {"text": "2 ). top great bustard statustop great bustard threats increasing human disturbance and land privatisation is expected to lead to habitat loss caused by the ploughing of grasslands, intensive agriculture, afforestation, increased development of irrigation schemes, and the construction of roads, power lines, fencing and ditches. mechanisation, chemical fertilisers and pesticides, fire and predation are serious threats for chicks and juveniles, and hunting of adults contributes to high mortality in some of their range countries ( 4 ). top great bustard conservation the great bustard is legally protected in all countries in its range ( 5 ), and both a european action plan and an east asian action plan have been formulated. these propose research into the factors causing population decline, protection of current breeding sites and winter grounds, as well as improvements to habitat in east asia. introducing low - intensity farming, preventing steppe fires, illegal hunting and collisions with power lines are also high priority actions ( 4 ). top find out more for further information on the great bustard see : great bustard group : austrian society for great bustard conservation : you can see the great bustard by visiting the salisbury plain : royal geographical society \u2019 s discovering britain walks : authenticated ( 05 / 05 / 08 ) by al dawes, project officer, great bustard group. - system of mating in which males display collectively in an area known as a lek. males compete for the best sites within the lek and females then choose whom to mate with on the basis of the display. iucn red list ( november, 2004 ) birdlife international ( november, 2004 ) cites ( november, 2004 ) cms ( november, 2004 ) - dawes, a. ( 2008 ) pers. comm. - birdlife international. ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book. birdlife international, cambridge, uk. more \u00bb related species play the team wild game myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends. terms and conditions of use of materials copyright in this website and materials contained on this website ( material ) belongs to wildscreen or its licensors. visitors to this website ( end users ) are entitled to : - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use ; - teachers, lecturers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4025406054807933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": 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each media item ) to negotiate terms and conditions for any use of material other than those expressly permitted above. please note that many of the contributors to arkive are commercial operators and may request a fee for such use. save as permitted above, no person or organisation is permitted to incorporate any copyright material from this website into any other work or publication in any format ( this includes but is not limited to : websites, apps, cds, dvds, intranets, extranets, signage, digital communications or on printed materials for external or other distribution ). use of the material for promotional, administrative or for - profit purposes is not permitted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4810990717274318, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.567733"} {"text": "korean society celebrations - main page in korea, on the 100th day after a child ' s birth, a small feast is prepared to celebrate the child ' s having survived this difficult period. if the child is sick at this time, the family passes the day with neither announcement nor party, for to do otherwise is considered bad luck for the infant. at this time the samshin halmoni is honored with offerings of rice and soup in gratitude for having cared for the infant and the mother, and for having helped them live through a difficult period. the family, relatives and friends then celebrate with rice cakes, wine, and other delicacies such as red and black bean cakes sweetened with sugar or honey. to prevent potential harm to the child and to bring him or her good luck and happiness, red bean cakes are customarily placed at the four compass points within the house. if the steamed rice cakes are shared with 100 people, it is believed that the child will have a long life. therefore, rice cakes are usually sent to as many people as possible to help celebrate the happiness of the occasion. those who receive rice cakes return the vessels with skeins of thread, expressing the hope of longevity, and rice and money, symbolizing future wealth. such customs are also part of the tol, or first birthday, celebration. because of the high infant mortality rates in the past, this celebration is considered to be even more important. like the 100th day celebration, it begins with offerings of rice and soup to the samshin halmoni. however, the highlight of this celebration is when the child symbolically foretells his or her own future. for this ritual, the child is dressed in new traditional korean clothes. a male child wears the traditional hood worn by unmarried youths, and the female wears make - up. the child is seated before a table of various foods and objects such as thread, books, notebooks, brushes, ink and money which have all been given to the family by friends and relatives. the child is urged to pick up an object from the table, as it is believed the one selected first will foretell the child ' s future. if the child picks up a writing brush or book, for example, he is destined to be a scholar. if he picks up money or rice, he will be wealthy ; cakes or other food, a government official ; a sword or bow, a military commander. if the child picks up the thread, it is believed he will live a long life. this is followed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47221936166536604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.574174"} {"text": "up money or rice, he will be wealthy ; cakes or other food, a government official ; a sword or bow, a military commander. if the child picks up the thread, it is believed he will live a long life. this is followed by feasting, singing and playing with the toddler. most often guests will present gifts of money, clothes, or gold rings to the parents for the child at this time. upon departure, guests are given packages of rice cakes and other foods to take with them. this sharing of rice cakes is thought to bring the child long life and happiness. the hwan - gap, or 60th birthday, has also been considered an especially important birthday celebration, for this is the day when one has completed the zodiacal cycle. even more important is the fact that, in the past, before the advent of modern medicine, few people lived to be 60 years old. hwan - gap was therefore a time of great celebration when children honor their parents with a large feast and much merrymaking. with the parents seated at the main banquet table, sons and daughters, in order of age, bow and offer wine to their parents. after the direct descendants have performed this ritual, the father ' s younger brothers and their sons and then younger friends pay their respects in the same manner. while these rituals are being carried out, traditional music is usually played and professional entertainers sing songs, urging people to drink. family members and relatives indulge in various activities to make the parents feel young, often dressing like small children and dancing and singing songs. in the old days, guests would compete in composing poetry or songs in celebration of the occasion. in the past, years after the 60th birthday were regarded as extra years and although subsequent birthdays called for a celebration, it was not celebrated as lavishly as the hwan - gap party. upon the 70th birthday, or kohcui meaning old and rare, another celebration equal in scale with the hwan - gap was celebrated. although smaller in size and scope than the hwan - gap and the tol celebrations, the birthday celebration of each member of the family calls for ample food, wine and specially prepared delicacies. back to top information provided by the korean embassy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5012535292470748, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.575575"} {"text": "surveying the scene - martian style | the new pancam design has a camera bar that contains pancam and navcam ( navigation camera ) heads. a \" visor \" changes the elevation of the cameras so the rover can look up or down. credit : cornell university like all good exploration vessels, each of the mars exploration rovers, spirit and opportunity, includes a mast. instead of a crow ' s nest and a lookout, however, the rover mast - a little more than a meter tall - is topped by a pair of cameras - collectively called the pancam ( panoramic camera ) - that can image the scene around the rover as sharply as a person with 20 - 20 vision. the pancam ' s two lenses aim slightly inward from parallel, allowing twin images to be used as a stereo pair, showing the scene in three dimensions. and the whole camera head can rotate 360 degrees, as well as tilting up and down 90 degrees. the pancam design began, literally, from the ground up. \" the governing requirement was that we be able to take images of potential obstacles about the size of the wheels of the rover about 100 meters away, \" says jim bell, pancam lead scientist and an astronomer at cornell university. beginning with that requirement - and some cost constraints - the scientists designed the pancam ' s one - megapixel digital \" film, \" a charge - coupled device ( ccd ) similar to those used in consumer digital cameras. the same space - certified ccd is used on other rover cameras as well. the requirement of being able to make a sharp image at a distance also determined the pancam lenses ' focal lengths, about the same as a moderate telephoto lens on a consumer digital camera or a 110 - mm lens on a 35 - mm - film camera. | the pancam ccd housing assembly. here the pancam ccd itself is covered by a protective piece of orange kapton tape. \" each image is just going to cover a very small part of the landing site, \" bell says, \" so it will take literally hundreds of images to make these beautiful mosaics. \" onboard software will perform some image correction similar to what astronomers normally do with astronomical images. this software will also compress the image data using a method similar to those used for serving images on websites. finally, ground - based software will help researchers stitch hundreds of images into mosaics, for example an uninterrupted 360 - degree panorama. the rover ' s navigation cameras will do most of the range", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48358424311668674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.581480"} {"text": "those used for serving images on websites. finally, ground - based software will help researchers stitch hundreds of images into mosaics, for example an uninterrupted 360 - degree panorama. the rover ' s navigation cameras will do most of the range finding, telling the computer how far away objects are. but the pancam may also prove useful as a rangefinder in certain circumstances. \" the niche for pancam is range finding at far distances, because we have much better resolution than the other cameras, \" bell says. with its sharper resolution, the pancam can make sharper images of distant objects for the rover to investigate - or to avoid. | each \" eye \" of the pancam carries a filter wheel that gives pancam its multispectral imaging capabilities. the ccd used in the rovers cannot record color. to produce a true - color image, the pancam must take three photos, each with a different - color filter. pancam includes eight filters per lens ( all of the optics are protected by sapphire lens covers ), so in addition to true - color images it can make images at various wavelengths, including those slightly beyond the range of human vision in both the ultraviolet and the infrared parts of the spectrum. \" we ' re looking to use the color information to help determine the composition, especially of iron - bearing minerals that have very small changes in their colors in the infrared wavelengths beyond where the human eye is sensitive, \" bell says. iron is important to mars geologists because it provides clues to the history of the rocks and soils, perhaps implicating watery environments that could have harbored life. each lens also includes a special filter allowing the pancam to image the sun directly. to color calibrate the cameras, rover designers included a calibration target with three gray regions of varying darkness, color patches that reflect blue, green, red and near infrared, and a central post that will cast a shadow, allowing the scientists to determine the color cast created by sky light, as opposed to sunlight. the calibration target can also act as a sundial for k - 12 education purposes. in addition to showing individual rocks and distant dunes, the pancam ' s photo mosaics will reveal how wind or surface water may have shaped the martian landscape. the pancam images will be the best - ever pictures of the mars landscape, bell says. the pancam \" is about three times higher resolution than the mars pathfinder and the viking landers ' highest - resolution mode. these are very close to 20", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5292377164110044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.585398"} {"text": "smoking is unhealthy for everyone, but especially for someone with asthma. if a person smokes, their lungs may not work as well as they should. the person might cough, wheeze, and have shortness of breath. smoking causes the airways to become swollen, narrow, and filled with sticky mucus - the same problems that cause breathing trouble in people with asthma. for this reason, if a person with asthma smokes, they ' re more likely to have more frequent and severe flare - ups. being a smoker is an obvious risk, but just being around people who smoke - and breathing in secondhand smoke - can cause problems, too. parents can help kids and teens with asthma by protecting them from the effects of tobacco smoke. the dangers of secondhand smoke secondhand smoke is a well - known asthma trigger. if you smoke, consider quitting, especially if your child has asthma. secondhand smoke can damage the lungs, leading to long - term breathing problems or worsening existing breathing problems. kids with asthma who live in households with smokers : - may have flare - ups more often - are more likely to have to go the emergency department with severe asthma flare - ups - are more likely to miss school because of their asthma - must take more asthma medicine - have asthma that ' s harder to control, even with medication even children who don ' t have asthma are at risk of problems if their parents smoke. these kids are more likely to get upper respiratory infections and develop lung conditions, including asthma. just being exposed to smoke from 10 cigarettes per day may put children at risk of developing asthma, even if they ' ve never had any breathing problems before. and here ' s the best reason of all to quit smoking : children whose parents smoke are more likely to smoke themselves when they get older. you don ' t have to quit on your own. talk to your doctor about possible strategies - from support groups to medication. if you do continue smoking, don ' t smoke in the house or car. exposure to smoke outside the home even if no one in your household smokes, your child will still encounter secondhand smoke. try to help him or her avoid it as much as possible. if your child has asthma, let friends, relatives, and caregivers know that tobacco smoke may cause an asthma flare - up. some other ways you can prevent your child from having to breathe in smoke include : - don ' t allow guests to smoke in your house or car. - avoid smoky restaurants and parties. choosing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40593226827864054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.589878"} {"text": "know that tobacco smoke may cause an asthma flare - up. some other ways you can prevent your child from having to breathe in smoke include : - don ' t allow guests to smoke in your house or car. - avoid smoky restaurants and parties. choosing the nonsmoking section is not adequate protection. - ask friends and relatives not to smoke around your child. - choose caregivers who don ' t smoke or, if they do, ask them not to smoke around your child. - encourage family members who smoke to quit. sending an antismoking message no one wants their child to start smoking, but it ' s especially important to discourage this behavior in children who have asthma. if your child has asthma, smoking may actually undo the effect of any controller medication he or she is taking. your child may also need to use rescue medications more often, visit the doctor or the emergency department more often, and miss school more often because of flare - ups. a child with asthma who smokes may sleep less at night and be less able to participate in sports or other physical activities. and of course, there are the long - term health consequences, such as heart disease, emphysema, and cancer. you might even want to give your child tips on how to say no if offered a cigarette. you can lay the groundwork for that moment by taking these steps : - teach your child the facts about smoking and the short - and long - term damage it can do. - talk about how expensive cigarettes and other tobacco products are. - discuss how smoking gives people bad breath, smelly clothes, and yellow teeth. - tell your child he or she isn ' t allowed to smoke. still, despite the obvious risks, your child may not respond to an antismoking message. though the long - term consequences are clear, preteens and teens often feel invincible. instead, let your child know about the immediate consequences : smoking will cause more asthma flare - ups and make his or her asthma more difficult to control. when asthma isn ' t controlled, it gets in the way of what kids want to do, such as playing sports or going out with friends.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39451794038159727, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.590809"} {"text": "guest author - connie krochmal pollination is critical for most cacti and succulents. a good crop of seeds are needed to ensure the survival of the species. under most circumstances, cross - pollination is preferred by most plants in order to sustain a strong healthy plant population. so, self pollination is usually an exception. this does occur in a few cacti and succulents. in the case of frailea, this cactus takes the route of self pollination. once considered to be an echinocactus, this is native to south america. these are rather small cacti with small blooms located on the top of the plant. these are unusual in that they can be pollinated without the flowers ever opening. depending on the species, frailea flowers are often yellow. they open when the weather is sunny. rather than wait for cross - pollination, the blooms often donit open at all. the reason is that inside the blooms are the seeds, which were already produced through self - fertilization. as an aid to pollination, some species of cacti and succulents have developed close relationships with their pollinators. these often rely on a few partner species to carry our pollination. for example, the plants can co - evolve with their animal helper. this is true for yuccas. if the nocturnal yucca moths arenit present, yuccas are unable to produce seeds. in the case of the joshua tree, scientists say that the plants in different areas of the mohave desert develop flowers for a specific species of yucca moth. there are two species of the moths within the areas. the plant is co - evolving by adjusting the length of the flower canal so this can receive the pollen from the appropriate species of yucca moth. this is a mutual relationship for the female yucca moth needs the pollen for her larvae. the yucca moth collects the pollen, and shapes it into a ball. then, she carries this pollen to a blossom of another yucca plant where she lays an egg. she places the pollen in with the egg so the developing larvae will have a supply of food. some cacti rely on wild bees that are called cactus bees. as solitary insects, these donit live in colonies like honeybees. the cactus bee is able to transfer just enough pollen to achieve pollination, which is less likely to occur with other pollinators in the area. the cactus bee is responsible for pollinating the barrel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42232683964595275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.601065"} {"text": "guest author - dianne rosena jones the 60 \u2019 s brought forth the civil rights era and the 70 \u2019 s ushered in the black power movement. writings about slavery & jim crow gave way to published works of poetry, novels about black love, black hardship, black life, and the introduction of urban fiction. black authors were intellectual, proud, daring, defiant, and bold. james baldwin was a prominent writer in the 60 \u2019 s. although, his most notable work \u201c go tell it on the mountain \u201d was published in 1953, controversy swirled his writings in the 60 \u2019 s. many of his writings dealt with the complexities and challenges of being a homosexual. baldwin moved to paris to avoid the discrimination of being black and gay, but he continued to write and publish novels and essays in america. his lengthy essay called \u201c the fire next time \u201d was published in two issues of the new york times and he was featured on the cover of \u201c time \u201d magazine in 1963. james also wrote a book - length essay in the late 60 \u2019 s that dealt with the assassinations of three of his personal friends : medgar evers, malcolm x, and martin luther king, jr. toni morrison helped promote black literature and authors working as an editor for random house in the 1960s and 70s. morrison herself would later emerge as one of the most important african american writers of the 20th century. her first novel, \u201c the bluest eye \u201d was published in 1970. several black - owned publishing houses and publications sprang up including : third world press, broadside press, and energy black south press. 1970 \u2019 s saw african american books topping the bestseller lists. among the first books to do so was \u201c roots \u201d by alex haley. haley also wrote the autobiography of malcolm x in 1965. very few people know that there was another author during this period who sold nearly 2 million copies of his debut autobiography in 1973. that writer was iceberg slim aka robert beck. iceberg slim was a reformed pimp and father of urban fiction. \u201c pimp : the story of my life \u201d was published in 1969 by holloway house. it sold very well, mainly among black audiences. it was eventually translated into german, french, italian, spanish, dutch, swedish, and greek. the book was largely ignored by white america. beck wrote seven more novels. his urban fiction sold over six million books prior to his death in 1992, making him one of the best - selling african - american writers ( after alex haley ). influenced deeply by the writings of iceberg slim, donald", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44097633918711526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.605703"} {"text": "beck wrote seven more novels. his urban fiction sold over six million books prior to his death in 1992, making him one of the best - selling african - american writers ( after alex haley ). influenced deeply by the writings of iceberg slim, donald goines introduced us to \u201c dopefiend \u201d in 1971. despite being addicted to heroin at various times in his life, he wrote 16 books in five years. just like iceberg slim, he began his writing career while serving time in prison. some of goines ' novels have become films like \u201c never die alone \u201d, starring dmx. donald and his common - law wife were shot to death. it was rumored that they were murdered by neighborhood criminals who objected to characters and storylines donald wrote about. the criminals feared the books would give police clues to their identities. by the end of the 70 \u2019 s african american writers had reached a level of success in publishing previously unheard of, but the best was still yet to come. dianne rosena jones is the founder / ceo of royal treasures publishing, a transformational life coach, motivational speaker, and author of the award - winning \u201c tragic treasures : discovering spoils of war in the midst of tragedy \u201d the \" best inspirational book of the year \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3994951268718524, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.606195"} {"text": "( plasma - cell myeloma ) en espanol ( spanish version ) more indepth information on this condition definition | causes | risk factors | symptoms | diagnosis | treatment | prevention multiple myeloma is a rare cancer of the bone marrow. it results from the abnormal growth of plasma cells in the bone marrow. plasma cells normally produce antibodies. as these abnormal or malignant plasma cells multiply, they produce large quantities of abnormal antibodies. these abnormal antibodies collect in the blood and urine. as the plasma cell tumor grows, it also destroys the bone around it. these events lead to bone pain, kidney damage, and a weak immune system. cancer occurs when cells in the body ( in this case plasma cells ) divide without control or order. normally, cells divide in a regulated manner. if cells keep dividing uncontrollably, a mass of tissue forms, called a growth or tumor. the term cancer refers to malignant tumors, which can invade nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. a benign tumor does not invade or spread. bone marrow in adult risk factors that increase your chance of getting multiple myeloma include : - age : 50 or older - race : black symptoms of early stage multiple myeloma include : - persistent bone pain, often severe. it is most common in the back but also in the limbs or ribs. when the disease progresses, symptoms may include : - broken bones - repeat infections - nausea and vomiting - difficulty urinating - abnormal bleeding - visual problems the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. your doctor may need pictures of your bones. this can be done with : - magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) - computed tomography scan ( ct scan ) - positron emission tomography / computed tomography scan ( pet / ct scan ) your doctor may order tests of your body fluids and tissues. this can be done with : - blood tests - urine tests - bone marrow aspiration or biopsy after cancer is found, staging tests are done to find out if the cancer has spread. treatment is sometimes able to slow the progress of multiple myeloma. complete remission is rare. treatment is also important to control symptoms. treatment depends on your symptoms and the stage of your cancer. options include : chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. chemotherapy may be given in many forms including : pill, injection, and via a catheter. the drugs enter the bloodstream and travel through the body. the drugs kill mostly cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4822283420424723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.611118"} {"text": "include : chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. chemotherapy may be given in many forms including : pill, injection, and via a catheter. the drugs enter the bloodstream and travel through the body. the drugs kill mostly cancer cells. some healthy cells may be killed in the process. chemotherapy drugs are used in combination and may also be given with other types of medicines, like immunomodulating agents. immunomodulating agents work by changing the way the myeloma cells live. this makes it difficult for them to survive, reproduce, and produce proteins that cause symptoms. these medicines are often paired with a corticosteroid. corticosteroids may be combined with other medicines or given alone. corticosteroids can also help to treat the symptoms of chemotherapy, like nausea and vomiting. a proteasome inhibitor is also available to treat multiple myeloma. proteasomes are a type of protein complex that breaks down proteins. it inhibits proteasomes, which causes more proteins to be in the cells. because of these extra proteins, the cells eventually do not grow anymore. biologic therapies repair, encourage, or raise the body \u2019 s response to cancer by affecting the immune system. interferon is one biologic agent used to treat multiple myeloma. interferon may be used with chemotherapy to help prolong remission, slowing the speed at which myeloma cells grow. radiation therapy is the use of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. external beam radiation therapy may be given to relieve bone pain. it is not considered a cure. surgery is done to remove a tumor that causes pain or other disabling symptoms when radiation therapy is not considered a good option. surgery is not a cure. peripheral stem cell transplant involves giving immature, healthy blood cells to replace bone marrow cells that are damaged by cancer. american cancer society multiple myeloma research foundation canadian cancer society casciato d., territo m., manual of clinical oncology, sixth edition, 2009, lippincott williams & wilkins. treating multiple myeloma : bisphosphonates for multiple myeloma. available at : http : / / www. cancer. org / cancer / multiplemyeloma / detailedguide / multiple - myeloma - treating - bisphosphonates. updated july 24, 2012. accessed december 27, 2012. treating multiple myeloma : chemotherapy and other drugs for multiple myeloma. available at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48779387547340725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.612036"} {"text": "##eloma / detailedguide / multiple - myeloma - treating - bisphosphonates. updated july 24, 2012. accessed december 27, 2012. treating multiple myeloma : chemotherapy and other drugs for multiple myeloma. available at : http : / / www. cancer. org / cancer / multiplemyeloma / detailedguide / multiple - myeloma - treating - chemotherapy. updated july 24, 2012. accessed december 27, 2012. treating multiple myeloma : plasmapheresis for multiple myeloma. available at : http : / / www. cancer. org / cancer / multiplemyeloma / detailedguide / multiple - myeloma - treating - plasmapheresis. updated july 24, 2012. accessed december 27, 2012. treating multiple myeloma : radiation therapy for multiple myeloma. available at : http : / / www. cancer. org / cancer / multiplemyeloma / detailedguide / multiple - myeloma - treating - radiation. updated july 24, 2012. accessed december 27, 2012. treating multiple myeloma : stem cell transplant. available at : http : / / www. cancer. org / cancer / multiplemyeloma / detailedguide / multiple - myeloma - treating - stem - cell - transplant. updated july 24, 2012. accessed december 27, 2012. multiple myeloma. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php. updated september 13, 2012. accessed december 27, 2012. rajkumar, sv, hayman, sr, lacy, mq, et al. combination therapy with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone ( rev / dex ) for newly diagnosed myeloma. blood. 2005 ; 106 : 4050. last reviewed november 2012 by mohei abouzied, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41576903881806354, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.612828"} {"text": "climate change : what can botanic gardens do to help? it ' s very hot in the office and we are wondering whether it ' s a sign that climate change is here to stay - it does seem to be a trend. if we accept that it is happening and that temperatures could rise several degrees over the next few decades, then what are we going to do about it? what are the likely problems, and how can botanic gardens help solve them for the well - being of people and the planet? let us know your thoughts - we will publish them ( anonymously if you like ) in the next issue of cultivate. climate change responses we asked cultivate readers what they think about climate change and how botanic gardens can be - and are - involved in assessing and mitigating it ' s impacts. we have had a lot of very interesting responses some of which are published here. join bgci in protecting plants for the planet bgci is a membership organisation. we have more than 700 members, institutional and individual, in 118 countries. you too can join us in our global efforts to ensure plants are protected from the many threats facing them today and get some great benefits. challenges in botanical research and climate change the 2nd world botanic gardens scientific congresswill be held in delft, the netherlands, on 29 june - 4 july 2008. the main themes are conservation and climate change, bionics, new systematics and future issues. registration for those wishing to contribute a paper is 15 december download the gran canaria declaration on climate change as a pdf in issuing its \u2018 gran canaria declaration on climate change and plant conservation \u2019 the gran canaria group, whose membership is drawn from major biodiversity conservation organisations around the world, calls on the international community to take urgent action to protect global plant diversity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.459557735434509, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.614812"} {"text": "thirty - five water conservation methods for agriculture, farming, and gardening. part 1. please note that this is the first of a special four - part series here at big picture agriculture. one post will go up each of the next four days which will list and describe methods for producing \u201c more with less \u201d water use in farming. a leading concern facing the future of agricultural production is the availability of water. it is expected that climate change will cause more extreme climate events including droughts and floods and shifts in plant growing zones. as populations grow, more efficient use of water in growing food will be of key importance. today, some 2. 8 billion people live in water - scarce areas, but by 2030, it is expected that about half of the world \u2019 s population will live in water stressed areas. past overuse of fossil water from aquifers will make it necessary to improve the efficiency of irrigation and rainfed agriculture methods to grow tomorrow \u2019 s food. the increasing competition for water in urban areas and for energy uses will lessen what is now available for agriculture, estimated to be 70 to 80 percent of global fresh water use. as other interests gain a share of the fresh water supply, the production of food will need to increase at the same time that the water used to grow it decreases. agriculture is done using both rainfed and irrigation farming. about 80 percent of globally cultivated land is done with rainfed farming, accounting for 60 percent of world food production. using smart methods to enhance efficient and creative water use in rainfed agriculture has the potential to increase production. the majority of the world \u2019 s poor and hungry live on rainfed farms in south asia and sub - saharan africa, so techniques which can improve water use in these regions are very valuable. while irrigation levels have declined since the 1970s for various reasons, irrigation has the potential to expand in the future in parts of africa. productivity of irrigated land is more than three times that of unirrigated land. around 40 percent of the world \u2019 s food is produced on the 20 percent of land which is irrigated. the monetary value of the yield of irrigated crops is more than six times that of unirrigated crops because crops with higher market values tend to be grown on irrigated land. many of the methods known to conserve water and use it efficiently have been practiced for thousands of years in some very arid regions of the world with great success. the best systems require little maintenance while yielding maximum results. the ability to add water during crucial growth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47295350144338855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.619559"} {"text": "the scientists, who are affiliated with the university of washington ( seattle, wa ), case western reserve university ( cleveland, oh ), the university of bari ( bari, italy ), washington university ( st. louis, mo ), washington state university ( pullman, wa ), and duke university ( durham, nc ), report their findings online today in the journal genome research. dr. evan e. eichler, associate professor of genome sciences at the university of washington, heads the team. \" primate genomic sequence comparisons are becoming useful for elucidating the evolutionary history and organization of our own genome, \" he explains. \" such studies are particularly informative within human pericentromeric regions? areas of rapid change in genomic structure. \" pericentromeric regions are sequences of dna that lie in close proximity to the centromere, which plays a critical role in chromosomal separation during cell division. pericentromeric regions contain an abundance of segmental duplications, which are large dna sequences that exhibit strong similarity to the euchromatic ancestral loci from which they were copied. according to eichler, the limited number of comparisons of pericentromeric regions among closely related primates suggests extraordinary dynamism, where duplication, deletion, and rearrangement of large segments of dna occur at an unprecedented scale. eichler ' s group performed a comprehensive structural an source : cold spring harbor laboratory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5302678640924505, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.621080"} {"text": "adam smith biography adam smith was an economist and philosopher who wrote what is considered the \" bible of capitalism, \" the wealth of nations, in which he details the first system of political economy. while his exact date of birth isn \u2019 t known, adam smith \u2019 s baptism was recorded on june 5, 1723, in kirkcaldy, scotland. he attended the burgh school, where he studied latin, mathematics, history and writing. smith entered the university of glasgow when he was 14 and in 1740 went to oxford. in 1748, adam smith began giving a series of public lectures at the university of edinburgh. through these lectures, in 1750 he met and became lifelong friends with scottish philosopher and economist david hume. this relationship led to smith ' s appointment to the glasgow university faculty in 1751. in 1759 smith published the theory of moral sentiments, a book whose main contention is that human morality depends on sympathy between the individual and other members of society. on the heels of the book, he became the tutor of the future duke of buccleuch ( 1763 \u2013 1766 ) and traveled with him to france, where smith met with other eminent thinkers of his day, such as benjamin franklin and french economist turgot. the wealth of nations after toiling for nine years, in 1776 smith published an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations ( usually shortened to the wealth of nations ), which is thought of as the first work dedicated to the study of political economy. economics of the time were dominated by the idea that a country \u2019 s wealth was best measured by its store of gold and silver. smith proposed that a nation \u2019 s wealth should be judged not by this metric but by the total of its production and commerce \u2014 today known as gross national product ( gdp ). he also explored theories of the division of labor, an idea dating back to plato, through which specialization would lead to a qualitative increase in productivity. smith \u2019 s ideas are a reflection on economics in light of the beginning of the industrial revolution, and he states that free - market economies ( i. e., capitalist ones ) are the most productive and beneficial to their societies. he goes on to argue for an economic system based on individual self - interest led by an \u201c invisible hand, \u201d which would achieve the greatest good for all. in time, the wealth of nations won smith a far - reaching reputation, and the work, considered a foundational work of classical economics, is one of the most influential books ever written. in 1787, smith was named rector of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4748625338936999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.623787"} {"text": "technology transfer is a complex technical process that does not often receive the resources or considerations that it needs to ensure success of complex manufacturing processes. ideally, technology transfer should be managed by a dedicated division or specialist group, which is one of the benefits gained by outsourcing manufacturing projects to an established contract manufacturing organization ( cmo ). a dedicated team knows that technology transfer programs are not always straightforward, quick, or easy to perform and that there will always be challenges to overcome and problems to resolve to achieve success. their experience will also have taught them that clients often have very little idea as to what the transfer process involves, which means that the development of a trusting relationship between the client and the cmo is essential. at many stages during biopharmaceutical product development, it will be necessary to transfer processes from one place to another. whether this is internally between teams within a company ( for example, from the process development team to the scale - up or manufacturing team ) or externally, from one company to another, the key objective is to execute the transfer with minimal disruption or unnecessary cost. this can be an overwhelming proposition for small - to medium - sized start up companies ( usually with an academic or research background ). these companies will prefer to transfer early - stage processes to a cmo for the first time \u2014 for scale - up and manufacture of phase \u00bd clinical trial materials \u2014 and have limited experience of scale - up or the regulations and expectations surrounding a current good manufacturing practices ( cgmp ) process. poor planning, unclear documentation, and bad communication all can lead to an inefficient transfer program, and more often than not will lead to the receiving team having to develop parts of the process that have already been established. any inefficiency in the technology transfer program will inevitably result in delays in production, with the related theoretical loss in revenue and additional increases in the cost of the transfer. it is therefore essential to put serious time and resources into the planning stage of a technology transfer program. ( jens bonnke / getty images ) a stitch in time there are no fool - proof strategies that can guarantee a smooth technology transfer, but certain factors have a large influence on success : meticulous planning, technical understanding of the manufacturing processes, and good communication. a strong emphasis need be placed on a risk - based approach. this involves the identification of risks, both technical and scientific, and logistical, at an early stage, to develop avoidance or mitigation strategies far enough in advance to help keep the transfer program on course", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49716884297718666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.627110"} {"text": "need be placed on a risk - based approach. this involves the identification of risks, both technical and scientific, and logistical, at an early stage, to develop avoidance or mitigation strategies far enough in advance to help keep the transfer program on course. this kind of strategy relies on a highly knowledgeable team of people who have the necessary experience to be able to anticipate the issues that may arise, and excellent communication between the sending and receiving units. for a cmo, one of the biggest challenges in technology transfer can be dealing with client expectations. for first - timers, the idea of technology transfer can seem quite simple and straightforward : \" we ' ve developed this process at our facility \u2014 how hard can it be to do the same thing in a new place? \" the truth is that even transferring the simplest process will be a complex progression of planning, testing, and optimizing, especially considering that most biotech products being transferred to a cmo will be moving into clinical trials with the intention to eventually manufacture commercially. this should mean that processes are, at this stage, being looked at critically to assess suitability for scale - up and regulatory compliance. clear communication and the development of a good relationship between both parties is clearly of benefit to all from the very start of the project.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49954790233285473, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.627612"} {"text": "over the past 40 years, americans have expressed a dynamic and accelerated interest in outdoor recreation. our expanding urban populations, increased mobility and leisure time, and higher standard of living have created a demand for more and better recreation facilities. by the same token, urban expansion and a growing population have increased the need for more public services, such as schools, community buildings, hospitals, and sanitary landfills, just to name a few. recognizing the strong public need for a nationwide system of parks and other recreational and public purposes areas, the congress, in 1954, enacted the recreation and public purposes act ( 68 statute 173 ; 43 united states code 869 et. seq. ) as a complete revision of the recreation act of 1926 ( 44 stat. 741 ). this law is administered by the bureau of land management ( blm ). the act authorizes the sale or lease of public lands for recreational or public purposes to state and local governments and to qualified nonprofit organizations. examples of typical uses under the act are historic monument sites, campgrounds, schools, fire houses, law enforcement facilities, municipal facilities, landfills, hospitals, parks, and fairgrounds. a pamphlet designed to guide prospective applicants in obtaining lands and benefits under the act is available from blm state offices. department of the interior regulations for the recreation and public purposes act are found in title 43 of the code of federal regulations ( 43 cfr ), parts 2740 ( sales ) and 2912 ( leases ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4479018182916229, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.628996"} {"text": "phase diagram of esa complexes at 100 mm nacl salt concentration as a function of pentanol and dodecane content relative to the surfactant weight [ wt % ]. the natural phenomenon of self - assembly \u2014 how molecules or other entities gather to become ordered objects or arrays \u2014 occurs in many areas of science, from nanomaterials to biology. resulting from basic, well understood forces, such as electrostatics, self - assembly may allow scientists to manipulate materials at at tiny scales, ultimately yielding great advances in fields such as data storage, pharmaceuticals, and catalysis. in efforts to better understand self - assembly, many researchers are studying self - assembling systems in solution that consist of an electrolyte ( any molecule that dissociates into ions in solution ) attached to, or \u201c in complex with, \u201d a surfactant, a substance that lowers the surface tension between two liquids ( or between a liquid and a solid ). these liquid systems, called polyelectrolyte - surfactant complexes ( pscs ), are good platforms for scientists to study how polymers and small molecules bind and also how they behave in solution. looking ahead, scientists are targeting pscs as a route toward creating functional materials with specific jobs, such as nanostructures for drug delivery. but investigating psc behavior can be difficult because the complexes self - assemble into phases of many different structures, including cubic assemblies of various - sizes, hexagonal assemblies of cylinders, and stacks. scientists want to find a method that will allow them to \u201c dial in \" a preferred phase. in a significant step toward this ability, researchers working at nsls recently mapped out the full phase diagrams of a new, enhanced type of psc, determining all the possible phases given different solution concentrations. the group, which consists of researchers from stony brook university, nsls, and the university of massachusetts amherst, call their system an electrostatically self - assembled amphiphilic complex, or esa. \u201c my lab is interested in creating ordered nanoporous materials for applications in filters, catalysis and fuel - cell membranes, \u201d said the study \u2019 s corresponding scientist, helmut strey from stony brook university. \u201c this published work is the first step towards this goal by employing self - assembly to create porous materials with tunable pore size. \u201d in psc systems, the different phases are dictated mainly by spherical clusters of surfactant molecules, called micelles, which form when the surfactant is in solution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5554749813403974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.633369"} {"text": "- assembly to create porous materials with tunable pore size. \u201d in psc systems, the different phases are dictated mainly by spherical clusters of surfactant molecules, called micelles, which form when the surfactant is in solution. the phases are governed by the micelles \u2019 size and curvature, and how \u201c bendy \" they are, and thus these are the characteristics the researchers need to control. at nsls, the group discovered that adding a cosurfactant called pentanol to the mix allows the surfactant micelles to loosen up. by then incorporating large amounts of an oily liquid called dodecane, the researchers caused each phase ' s unit cell ( the building block of the structure ) to nearly double in size. this degree of manipulation is a big step forward in the drive to understand self - assembly and use it to create new materials and technologies. said strey, \u201c the advantage of self assembly is that to make a material you just have to throw all the ingredients together and the material forms by itself. in the future, we will develop techniques to solidify our structures to create usable nanoporous materials. \u201d the scientists used x - rays to study the system in its various concentrations, employing an advanced technique that allows them to study many samples at once. this high throughput is achieved using a well plate scanner, a sample analysis system that combines a well plate \u2014 a tool that can hold many samples at once via with an array of small wells \u2014 with a motorized stage that can hold up to three well plates at a time and pass them through the x - ray beam. using this method scientists can study up to 1, 000 samples per day. \u201c this development is exciting because of the possibilities beyond this research, \u201d said co - author elaine dimasi, nsls physicist and group leader for the soft matter interface beamline at the future national synchrotron light source ii. \u201c as beams become smaller and data acquisition becomes faster, potentially every dataset becomes an ' image, ' whether we map out a sample in real space, in ' chemical composition ' space, like this work, or in processing space, such as by changing temperature or applying mechanical stress. \u201c once we can render such data in automatic ways, we have a way to ' light up ' regions of interest even in very large parameter spaces, and quickly hone in on the properties of interest to our applications. \u201d at nsls - ii, the third - generation light source that will succeed nsls, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5512169972184404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.635885"} {"text": "the design of bodc ' s databases have developed over the years to support the evolving nature of data collected by the science of oceanography. - oracle relational database management system ( rdbms ) - national oceanographic database ( nodb ) - project database - web database 1. oracle relational database management system ( rdbms ) our databases adhere to the relational model of database design and have been implemented using the oracle relational database management system ( rdbms ). the databases contain tables which are used to store information. tables consist of columns and rows. sometimes a column is called a field and a row is called a record. each row should be unique and can be identified using a primary key. a primary key is made up of one or more fields. tables can have relationships or links with other tables. a value ( e. g. a parameter code ) stored in one table can have more information stored about it in another table. this approach helps to minimise duplication of information. figure 1 illustrates the relationship between a plankton net data table ( netdata ) and a parameter table ( parameter ). the field para _ code in netdata links to code in parameter. parameter contains more information about the parameter that was measured the relationship between parameter and netdata is one - to - many. each row in parameter corresponds to one type of parameter. the rows in netdata can store the same parameter code many times. 2. national oceanographic database ( nodb ) the nodb stores metadata ( data about data ) in a relational database in the form of a data series. metadata includes the data originator, position and collection start / end dates and times. the actual data measurements are stored outside the database in binary data files. these data are available by online delivery via our nodb data series facility. the concept of a data series is fundamental to the design of the nodb. each series consists of a number of data cycles. each data cycle usually contains one value for each parameter sampled. examples include - a year of tide gauge data measuring sea level at a given location every 15 minutes. - a ctd profile measuring temperature and salinity every 2 m from the sea surface to the sea floor at a particular place and time. each data series has one row in the master nodb table. the table links to other nodb tables containing metadata about parameters, restrictions, documents and storage. the origins of the nodb go back to the 1970s. it was developed by meirion jones and trevor sankey using a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5024783466997229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.640211"} {"text": "the master nodb table. the table links to other nodb tables containing metadata about parameters, restrictions, documents and storage. the origins of the nodb go back to the 1970s. it was developed by meirion jones and trevor sankey using a conference on data systems languages ( codasyl ) system. its aim was to improve the availability of oceanographic data for science and industry, and to protect it for future use. a function the nodb still performs today. 3. project database the project database is used to manage data for large multi - disciplinary research projects. both the data measurements and the metadata are stored in the oracle rdbms. its evolution started in 1988, when bodc took on data management for the north sea project. advances in analytical technology used by oceanographers had dramatically increased the number of parameters that could be measured. the nodb was not designed to support such large numbers. metadata collected for the nodb was paper based and was not adequate for the hundreds of water bottle samples taken during the north sea project. bodc decided to develop a new database structure. this was made possible by the replacement of the codasysl system ( running on a honeywell mainframe computer ) by the oracle rdbms ( running on an ibm mainframe ). the oracle rdbms enabled efficient collation, population and interrogation of both data and metadata. the project database is organised around three main groups of tables i. sampling metadata tables consist of sampling and event description tables. these link to the fieldwork description table and to the sampling instrument or gear code table. ii. data tables consist of a series of data storage tables for each main type of sampling or data collection technique. iii. parameter dictionary tables define the eight byte parameter codes used to label the measurements in the data tables. the data table structure has been adapted and modified for each main type of data collection technique. this enables storage of specific metadata information, such as bottle depth and type for water collection events, and plankton net depth range, mesh size and mouth area for plankton net hauls. all data tables have the same field structure consisting of a - primary key - parameter code - data value - quality control flag - originator code - loading date this structure enables easy expansion to include new sampling instruments, methodologies and parameters. figure 2 illustrates the flow of data into the project database. the project database has not replaced the nodb. both are used in parallel. 4. web database currently, we are developing the web database to meet the specific needs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4902792352601093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.641299"} {"text": "three famous short novels ( ebook ) \u201c you cannot swim for new horizons until you have courage to lose sight of the shore. \u201d \u2014 william faulkner these short works offer three different approaches to faulkner, each representative of his work as a whole. spotted horses is a hilarious account of a horse auction, and pits the \u201c cold practicality \u201d of women against the boyish folly of men. old man is something of an adventure story. when a flood ravages the countryside of the lower mississippi, a convict finds himself adrift with a pregnant woman. and the bear, perhaps his best known shorter work, is the story of a boy \u2019 s coming to terms wit the adult world. by learning how to hunt, the boy is taught the real meaning of pride, humility, and courage. from the trade paperback edition. about the author william cuthbert faulkner was born in 1897 and raised in oxford, mississippi, where he spent most of his life. one of the towering figures of american literature, he is the author of the sound and the fury, absalom, absalom!, and as i lay dying, among many other remarkable books. faulkner was awarded the nobel prize in 1950 and france \u2019 s legion of honor in 1951. he died in 1962. praise for three famous short novels \u2026 \u201c no man ever put more of his heart and soul into the written word than did william faulkner. if you want to know all you can about that heart and soul, the fiction where he put it is still right there. \u201d \u2014 eudora welty \u201c faulkner \u2019 s greatness resided primarily in his power to transpose the american scene as it exists in the southern states, filter it through his sensibilities and finally define it with words. \u201d \u2014 richard wright", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38538920126082743, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.643020"} {"text": "| name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this test consists of 5 multiple choice, 5 short answer, and 0 short essay questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. what happened before when lena went to the police for boesman beating her? a ) they tried to hang boesman. b ) they didn ' t care. c ) they arrested boesman. d ) they took her away. 2. which character in the play is black? 3. fill in the blank : \" that ' s not a pondok, boesman. it ' s a _ _ _ _ _. \" 4. what does lena say boesman will have between his toes at veelplas? 5. what did the white man do to lena and boesman ' s village? a ) looted it. b ) raided it. c ) bulldozed it. d ) flooded it. this section contains 835 words | ( approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45158477262070074, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.644162"} {"text": "either on its own or in conjunction with other factors, alcohol is estimated to be responsible for at least 33, 000 deaths in the uk each year. in great britain, just under a third of men ( 31 % ) and one in five women ( 20 % ) drink more than the advised weekly limits of 21 and 14 units a week respectively. some 8 % of men and 2 % of women drink more than the levels regarded as harmful, namely 50 and 35 units a week respectively. more than one in 25 adults are dependent on alcohol, and the uk has one of the highest rates of binge drinking in europe an estimated 17 million working days are lost each year due to people missing work due to the effects of alcohol. around 6 % of road casualties and 17 % of all deaths on the road occur when someone has been drinking over the legal limit. in young adults, binge drinking is also associated with a range of risky behaviours, including a higher risk of contracting a sexually transmitted illness. the harmful effects of drinking are almost entirely related to the alcohol content of what you drink, not the type of drink. in other words, beers are no safer than spirits. what matters is how much you drink. the alcohol content of drinks is measured in \u2018 units \u2019. each unit is equivalent to around 10mls or 8g of pure alcohol ( ethanol ). the number of units in any drink is related to the strength of the alcohol content ( the concentration ) and to the volume of the drink. for example, a single ( 35ml ) shot of spirits contains roughly the same amount of alcohol as a small ( 125ml ) glass of wine. this is about the same amount of alcohol ( 1. 4 units ) as is contained in a half pint of normal strength beer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46194981268476243, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.645912"} {"text": "using brain gym\u00ae in schools ( an introductory workshop ) this one day course is designed to introduce teachers and other educational professionals to the practical use of brain gym during normal teaching practice. the skills learnt can be used in the classroom or in one - to - one teaching. it will be presented in your own establishment as a full - day workshop for inset or other training days. the number of participants will ideally be less than 30 but larger numbers can be catered for. brain gym is a series of quick, fun and energising activities which have been in wide use for more than 35 years. all the activities encourage optimal brain / body learning, and are therefore beneficial to everyone. however, they were specifically designed to help people with learning \u201c blocks \u201d as they can have a profound and positive effect on learning. the massive increase in ability which follows seemingly simple activities is both very exciting and rewarding. they work equally well for those people with multiple, complex blocks such as dyslexia or dyspraxia, or with simple blocks such as the self - talk - \" i ' m no good at maths! \" participants will learn how to use brain gym activities with pupils of all abilities and will also learn which exercises are most beneficial for particular learning \u201d blocks \u201d, including dyslexia. incorporating brain gym, as taught on this course, with normal teaching, will save everyone time and effort. pupils will learn faster and more effectively with better co - operation and behaviour \u2013 they will also be a lot happier about it. topics covered on the workshop will include : - optimal brain functioning, getting both sides to work together. - the pace ladder, to \u201c tune up \u201d a whole class. - how to fit it all into your teaching and save time! activities are included to improve : - attention and concentration. - eye tracking and focus for reading and writing. - listening and word finding skills. - comprehension in reading. - organisation of self and school work. - communication \u2013 written, verbal, and social. - staying / becoming calm and accessing positivity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5006341522905612, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.648022"} {"text": "hst101 - the west and the world i email address email @ example. com, campus extension 2183 this course guide is designed to help you get acquainted with writing a research paper and getting acclimated with using a combination of sources as well as differentiating types of sources used within susan mort ' s \" the west and the world i \", hst 101. if you need assistance using any of the sources or need help finding additional information please contact a reference librarian either by stopping by the lrc, calling 508 - 678 - 2811 x2108, or using our online reference form. topics : either one approved by the instructor or from the list passed out in class. guidelines : minimum 5 page paper ( not including cover page! ), double spaced, 12 font. a 7 page paper is preferred. you will need at least : - 1 primary source ( appropriate websites may be used ) - 1 - 2 books - 1 - 2 journal articles you will need to have at least 3 sources all formatted in mla style! please do not use wikipedia or your text book. paper will result in a grade letter of \u201c f \u201d if none of these guidelines are followed. please refer to the calendar on elearning for due date. plagiarism will not be tolerated. for guidelines on plagiarism visit owl. the bristol community college online catalog contains over 300 titles on the subject \u201c ancient \u201d. to narrow your results try searching by your topic. for example : \u201c socrates \u201d or \u201d mummies and egypt \" to limit your results. questions on searching? contact reference at 508 - 678 - 2811 x 2108 or by using our online reference form. databases are accessible from off campus to patrons who have a valid accessbcc card unless otherwise specified. these databases contain citations and articles from sources such as magazines, peer reviewed journals, newspapers, and government resources. you can access of all these databases from any computer with internet access. search hints : use the terms \u201c and \u201d \u201c or \u201d and \u201c not \u2019 to limit your search. for example : \u201c ancient \u201d and \u201c warfare \u201d or \u201c philosophers \u201d and \u201c ancient \u201d ; depending upon your topic you will need to decide which databases to choose. \u201c this multidisciplinary database provides full text for nearly 1, 950 general reference publications with full text information dating as far back as 1975. \u201d academic search premier \u201c academic search premier provides full text for nearly 4, 000 scholarly publications, including full text for nearly 3, 100", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5115156124959093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.653499"} {"text": "database provides full text for nearly 1, 950 general reference publications with full text information dating as far back as 1975. \u201d academic search premier \u201c academic search premier provides full text for nearly 4, 000 scholarly publications, including full text for nearly 3, 100 peer - reviewed journals. coverage spans virtually every area of academic study and offers information dating as far back as 1975. \u201d military and government collection \u201c designed to offer current news pertaining to all branches of the military and government, this database offers a thorough collection of periodicals, academic journals, and other content pertinent to the increasing needs of those sites. the military & government collection provides cover - to - cover full text for nearly 400 journals and periodicals and indexing and abstracts for more than 500 titles. \u201d use for : researching historical battles, swords, armor and various historical personages. religion and philosophy collection \u201c this database provides extensive coverage of such topics as world religions, major denominations, biblical studies, religious history, epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of language, moral philosophy and the history of philosophy. religion & philosophy collection offers more than 300 full text journals, including more than 250 peer - reviewed titles, making it an essential tool for researchers and students of theology and philosophical studies. this database is updated daily via ebscohost. \u201d. also useful for researching early religious sects / christianity and various historical personages. expanded academic asap from arts and the humanities to social sciences, science and technology, this database meets research needs across all academic disciplines. also refer to \u201c web links \u201d on elearning for more links. surfing on your on? please refer to : to evaluate your website. the perseus project : an evolving digital library \" perseus is a continually growing digital library of resources for studying the ancient world. the library ' s materials include ancient texts and translations, philological tools, maps, extensively illustrated art catalogs, and secondary essays on topics like vase painting. a collaborative team from a number of academic institutions has worked together to amass perseus materials. over 70 museums have shared pictures of their art objects. \" ( primary source ) is a collection of public domain and copy - permitted historical texts presented cleanly ( without advertising or excessive layout ) for educational use. librarian \u2019 s index to the internet is a searchable, annotated subject directory of more than 14, 000 internet resources selected and evaluated by librarians for their usefulness to users of public libraries. lii is used by both librarians and the general public as a reliable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47762796615139563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.654891"} {"text": "papua new guinea, flag ofarticle free pass in the 20th century the two territories finally linked in papua new guinea were administered by the germans, british, and australians. the colonial governments had no official symbols of local relevance, although a proposed coat of arms for german new guinea \u2014 never adopted because of germany \u2019 s involvement in world war i \u2014 featured a bird - of - paradise. in 1962 a local flag also incorporated a bird - of - paradise. that original design, used by a sports team, was green and featured a naturalistic bird rendition near the hoist. later the colonial administration developed a vertical tricolour of blue - yellow - green as a possible future national flag. the southern cross appeared in the form of five white stars on the hoist stripe, and a white silhouette bird - of - paradise was represented on the green stripe. the stars were reminiscent of those in the australian national flag. islanders were not enthusiastic about the proposal, but the government received a draft design from a young student, susan karike, that found widespread support. the bird - of - paradise and constellation were retained, although the former was yellow instead of white. the flag background was changed radically : two colours, red and black, were chosen because they are featured extensively in local art and clothing. the diagonal division gave better balance to the design and made the flag unique. the national parliament recognized the flag on march 11, 1971, and its usage was extended to ships registered in papua new guinea when the country became independent on september 16, 1975. what made you want to look up \" papua new guinea, flag of \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41000360335161934, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.657249"} {"text": "during the 1930 ' s, a military kennel named the red star, out of moscow, started working on a native breed that would be part of the national security force. attempting to create the breed at that time was quite a challenge due to the slaughter of much of the purebred dog stock during the russian revolution, and additional depletion of pure stock during the world war and economic disasters. their breeding program came to life after world war ii, when quality giant schnauzer and rottweiler stock were brought back to russia. the red star kennel worked on selective interbreeding using giant schnauzer, rottweiler, airedale and newfoundland breeds. all in all, a total of 17 breeds were used to create the black russian terrier. it was important to have a large breed, not only reliable but highly trainable in many different situations. the dog would also have to be able to endure the harsh russian winters. the dogs were initially used by the military police at border crossings, prisons, and military installations. by 1956, it finally reached the point where the black russian terrier bred true, and the red star kennel released dogs to private breeders. the first breed standard was created by the red army in 1958, and was revised several times before 1981. in 1981, the russian ministry of agriculture recognized the breed and it was internationally accepted by the fci ( federation cynologique internationale ) in 1984. brts came to the us in the 1980s. in 2001, the black russian terrier was admitted to the miscellaneous class of the akc and was accepted into the akc working group on july 1, 2004. the black russian terrier is a calm, confident, and courageous dog with a self - assurance which sometimes is rather aloof towards strangers. they are highly intelligent and extremely reliable. they were bred to guard and protect. the brt requires human contact and is not a dog to be left outside. they want to be close to family members at all times and are very loyal companions. obedience training and early and continued socialization are required in order to keep the breed from becoming overly protective. because of their intelligence, they excel in obedience and agility competition, and other working dog sports. the black russian terrier is a robust, large and very powerful dog. the dog has large bone and well developed muscles. they range in size from 26 inches to 30 inches, although some can be a little larger and weigh between 80 and 130 pounds on average. the black russian terrier", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4536910362364073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.660099"} {"text": "how do you measure up? a waist measurement of more than 80cm for women and 94cm for men can increase the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease and type 2 diabetes. there are two ways to assess your health risk : 1. measure your waist circumference this is a simple way to assess your risk of developing health problems such as some cancers, heart disease and type 2 diabetes. to measure your waist correctly : - measure directly against your skin - breathe out normally - make sure the tape is snug, without compressing the skin - measure halfway between your lowest rib and the top of your hipbone, roughly in line with your belly button. | health risk | | waist measurement ( cm ) | | increased | | 80cm or more | | 94cm or more | | greatly increased | | 88cm or more | | 102cm or more | 2. calculate your body mass index ( bmi ) bmi estimates how healthy your weight is in relation to your height. calculate your bmi by dividing your weight in kilograms / pounds by your height in metres squared. to work out your bmi, use the calculation below. cancer council nsw supports the measure up campaign in raising awareness of the risk of chronic disease. how healthy is your diet? take the measure up healthy eating quiz to help you assess your current eating and drinking habits. what can you do better to help you achieve and maintain a healthy weight? find out how your activity measures up. take the measure up physical activity quiz to help you assess your physical activity habits. what can you do to increase your physical activity level and achieve and maintain a healthy weight?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4530203090603247, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.662820"} {"text": "several phase iii clinical studies have shown significantly better results in treating certain cancers when hyperthermia therapy was added to radiation therapy, as compared to radiation treatments alone. at this year ' s asco conference, the results of a 340 - patient randomized phase iii clinical trial testing the benefit of adding hyperthermia therapy to chemotherapy were reported ( abstract 10009 ). \" this is the first randomized phase iii clinical trial ever conducted on the use of regional hyperthermia therapy in combination with standard chemotherapy, \" said rolf d. issels, md, phd, who presented the results. \" it showed an approximate doubling of disease - free survival and local progression - free survival for high - risk soft - tissue sarcoma patients when hyperthermia therapy was added to chemotherapy, as compared to the results for patients treated with chemotherapy alone. \" all hyperthermia treatments performed in the study were conducted using bsd - 2000 hyperthermia systems developed and produced by bsd medical corp. the use of precision - focused hyperthermia therapy during chemotherapy treatments opens cancer cells to better absorption of chemotherapy drugs by improving blood flow as well as by other biologic mechanisms of action. hyperthermia therapy also kills cancer cells directly and can be used to improve chemical reactions of some chemotherapy drugs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5096971333591412, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.664204"} {"text": "robot cars are coming - - and probably much sooner than you think. while flying cars never took off and the segway was hardly the game - changer it was hyped to be, cars that drive themselves are set to transform the way society gets from point a to point b. google got the ball rolling and is still the leader in the arena of autonomous vehicles ( avs ), but every major automaker is working on an autonomous model. in fact, some self - driving functionality is already making its way onto showroom floors, and three states - - california, florida and nevada - - allow fully autonomous vehicles on public roads as of february 2013. the timeframe varies, depending on which expert you ask, but they all agree the driverless car is coming. they believe that autonomous vehicles will save lives, cut commute times and improve mobility for the elderly and disabled. robot cars might even take a huge chunk out of your insurance bill. here are five reasons autonomous vehicles will be the new normal : robot cars are safer humans have severe limitations when it comes to driving a car. in 2011, a total of 32, 367 people died in car accidents and 2. 2 million more were injured, according to the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ). drinking was responsible for 9, 878 deaths, and distracted driving killed 3, 331 people. reduced crash rates and car - related fatalities are among the biggest benefits of avs, says alberto broggi, a university of parma professor whose driverless van traveled 8, 000 miles from rome to shanghai without incident in 2010. autonomous cars don ' t drink, are never distracted, have a 360 - degree view of the surrounding area and never doze off. google robotics visionary sebastian thrun has predicted that autonomous vehicles will reduce traffic accidents by 90 percent. other experts agree. in american scientist, brian hayes suggests that autonomous vehicles should aspire to match the death rates of commercial aviation putting fatal car accidents at 320 per year. \" there ' s one prediction about driverless cars that i can make with confidence : if millions of them ever roam the public highways, they will be far safer than cars driven by people, \" hayes writes. safety improvements could be so great that insurance rates would drop by over 80 percent, or disappear altogether, consultant firm celent predicted last year. robot cars are more efficient cars spend 90 percent of their lives sitting in a garage or parking space instead of out on the road. even when they hit the road, their human drivers space them so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44442775465735657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.672222"} {"text": "disappear altogether, consultant firm celent predicted last year. robot cars are more efficient cars spend 90 percent of their lives sitting in a garage or parking space instead of out on the road. even when they hit the road, their human drivers space them so that only 5 percent of a highway ' s surface is occupied when running at peak throughput. the texas a & m transportation institute estimates that traffic congestion annually wastes 4. 8 billion hours and 1. 9 billion gallons of gas, which translates into $ 101 billion in lost productivity and fuel costs. a recent study by the institute of electrical and electronics engineers found that avs would increase highway efficiency by 273 percent. computer controlled cars could drive much closer together at higher speeds, reducing congestion and improving fuel efficiency. a car that drives itself is not only more efficient, it makes the driver more productive. the census bureau says the average person spends 25. 1 minutes commuting to work. avs would reward commuters with an extra 50 minutes every day. robot cars will improve mobility for everyone according to the census bureau, there are more americans age 65 or older than at any time in u. s. history. while senior citizens would certainly benefit from avs, so would the blind, the disabled and even tweens. the ieee predicts that driverless car - sharing programs will dramatically change the mobility of people of all ages and abilities. as fully automated cars become commonplace, the need for a driver ' s license could disappear, making it easier for both the old and young to get around. futurist thomas frey, executive director at the davinci institute, predicts that automakers will shift from building cars to providing transportation, charging a per - mile fee. why own a car when a push of a button can bring one to your door, drive you to your destination and then disappear. frey believes that automakers will eventually start promoting the \" rider \" experience of their vehicles instead of the \" driver \" experience. the government wants you to have one all of this change will require the approval and support of the government. nevada was the first to license autonomous vehicles. ( see \" self - driving cars : you can text, but you can ' t drink. \" ) florida and california quickly followed suit, and others are considering it. the federal government is also getting excited about the possibilities. david strickland, head of nhtsa, has said that autonomous vehicles could be a \" game changer \" and has referred to them as the next \" evolutionary step \" in car technology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4633646252989324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.673620"} {"text": "cousteau : tsunami debris an environmental threat the floating trash from japan ' s devastating tsunami is now halfway across the pacific ocean. scientists expect some of it to reach hawaii in the next couple of weeks, and the west coast in a year or so. as much as 100, 000 tons of debris could wash up on u. s. shores. check out john blackstone ' s report on the debris and where it is likely to wash ashore below. the most concerning issue about the floating debris may be its content. philippe cousteau, an environmental advocate and grandson of famed explorer jacques cousteau, said on \" cbs this morning \" the debris field is now widespread and may contain dangerous substances. \" there could be hazardous waste, certainly dangerous materials that are floating in that debris field, \" he said. \" it ' s very, very difficult ( to remove these items ) because of the nature of the way the oceans work and how spread out over thousands of miles that debris is. it ' s really difficult to go in and remove any of that debris effectively. a lot of it right now is just a wait - and - see game and it ' s kind of scary. it reminds us of this bigger issue of ocean pollution. \" cousteau is president of earth - echo international, a non - profit organization working for environmental issues. the debris, initially concentrated off japan, was at one time being tracked by satellites, cousteau said. now, however, it ' s so spread out that it ' s very difficult to accurately track by gps. \" it ' s really a relatively new, unpredictable science, \" cousteau said. \"... a lot of people forget that the oceans are a dynamic place and that there are so many different currents and eddies and wind patterns ( that ) can affect them. it ' s almost impossible to predict with any extreme accuracy where the different debris will end up. \" cousteau added, \" ( the tsunami that hit japan ) was an unpreventable disaster. it ' s still affecting the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in japan. it ' s still an environmental and social disaster. but marine debris, as a whole, is preventable. this is a stark reminder of a much bigger problem. marine debris is polluting and trashing our oceans all over the world. \" for more with cousteau, watch the video in the player above. philippe cousteau provided the following exclusively to cbsnews. com : as we approach the one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43071319466857083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.679388"} {"text": "debris is polluting and trashing our oceans all over the world. \" for more with cousteau, watch the video in the player above. philippe cousteau provided the following exclusively to cbsnews. com : as we approach the one - year anniversary of the earthquake and tsunami that devastated the region around the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant, my thoughts are very much with the people of japan who continue to recover and rebuild from this disaster. a year later, we continue to hear many stories about the human and environmental impact of the aftermath. most recently we are learning of the resulting 3 to 4 million tons of marine debris that washed into the ocean in japan, a small percentage of which is floating toward the pacific coastline of the united states. the japanese earthquake and tsunami was a human tragedy and an unpreventable natural disaster. but the trash that finds its way into our ocean every day is preventable. the debris from the japanese tsunami is a small part of the larger problem of ocean trash. by removing and reducing the amount of trash in our ocean and waterways, we can help ensure that the ocean is more resilient in the face of unavoidable natural disasters. common items like plastic bags, bottles, and cigarette butts discarded long distances from the coastal areas find their way into waterways and rivers and ultimately end up in the ocean, creating a growing problem for marine habitats, resources, and all of us who depend on them for survival. my organization earthecho international ( in conjunction with partners including toyota usa foundation, participant media, discovery education, and ocean conservancy ) has created tools and resources for young people to do something about this issue of trash. it is one small way that young people can take control of the future, starting in their own backyards, schools, and communities. from students and educators to parents and community leaders, earthecho provides resources and tools to help people make a positive difference in their communities and beyond. the good news is it ' s something we can all start today. coordinate a waterway or park cleanup in your community, create an awareness campaign at your school about the effects of plastic bottles, and practice safe disposal methods in your home. as we reflect back at the devastating events of a year ago where so much was beyond control, it ' s an opportunity to look at what is in our control every day to ensure a brighter future. visit waterplanetchallenge. org to start your efforts today. - british soldier savagely killed in london machete attack -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4823861450554891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.680553"} {"text": "plan and act plan and act the national action plan to improve health literacy [ pdf - 666kb ], released may 2010 by the u. s. department of health and human services, seeks to engage organizations, professionals, policymakers, communities, individuals, and families in a linked, multi - sector effort to improve health literacy. the plan includes seven broad goals with multiple high level strategies for various stakeholders and provides a focal point for the field. the plan is based on the principles that ( 1 ) everyone has the right to health information that helps them make informed decisions and ( 2 ) health services should be delivered in ways that are understandable and beneficial to health, longevity, and quality of life. the national action plan to improve health literacy provides a blueprint for efforts to improve health literacy and calls for a response from all sectors involved in health information and services to create a society that : - provides everyone access to accurate, actionable health information ; - delivers person - centered health information and services ; and - supports life - long learning and skills to promote good health - goal 1 : develop and disseminate health and safety information that is accurate, accessible, and actionable - goal 2 : promote changes in the healthcare delivery system that improve information, communication, informed decision - making, and access to health services - goal 3 : incorporate accurate and standards - based health and developmentally appropriate health and science information and curricula into child care and education through the university level - goal 4 : support and expand local efforts to provide adult education, english - language instruction, and culturally and linguistically appropriate health information services in the community. - goal 5 : build partnerships, develop guidance, and change policies - goal 6 : increase basic research and the development, implementation, and evaluation of practices and interventions to improve health literacy - goal 7 : increase the dissemination and use of evidence - based health literacy practices and interventions the plan can be used as a framework for developing your own organizational plan or for providing a justification for your efforts to address health literacy. additionally, the plan can be used to help guide your strategic actions by following the steps below : - review : examine your organization \u2019 s priorities and programs and ask, how could attention to health literacy improve our services and outcomes? - choose : identify the most relevant goals and strategies in the plan for your programs - try : plan and implement strategies - evaluate : assess the effectiveness of chosen strategies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4365847572233248, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.684446"} {"text": "alice donaldson ( fannin ) daniel submitted by : sarah daniel rinehart, daughter, from information received from her mother and other family members ad various historical sources. alice fannin was born in august of 1902 in the choctaw nation town of skulllyville. her parents were elijah fannin and johnanna ainsworth. alice \u2019 s sister were adaline, pauline, fredrica, georgina, kyle, madeline, and faye. her only brother, henry, was already married, and had a daughter just six months before alice was born. mella belle and alice grew up together. elijah watson fannin was born and educated in ontario, canada. he met and married johnanna ainsworth when he came to skullyville in 1877 to be with his parents, h. w. fannin and adaline watson. dr. henry w. fannin practiced among the choctaws and when he was also the postmaster, skullyville was renamed oak lodge. alice \u2019 s grandparents moved to hackett, arkansas in 1881 where dr. fannin practiced until his death in 1904. alice \u2019 s family lived in skullyville from 1888 until oklahoma statehood in 1907. all the fannin children except alice went to school at the oak lodge school house located near the skullyville indian cemetery. alice started school in spiro where the school building was in the same block with the fannin home. growing up in spiro, alice and her sister faye played dolls. the had names for the dolls as well as for each other. alice \u2019 s play name was mrs. jones. faye called her that even after they grew up. when alice was seven years, her mother took her down by he methodist church corner where there were no trees so she could get a clear view of halley \u2019 s comet. the family owned a horse named bissie that alice liked to ride even though the horse would hold her breath when alice tried to put the saddle on her. when alice was in the 6th grade, she met durward daniel, her future husband. they went steady for the next six years, then married after they graduated in 1921. alice and durward had only one child, sarah alice, who was born in 1924. durward and alice were active in the spiro methodist church. she was a pianist, sunday school teacher and member of the missionary society. one of the stained glass windows in that church is a memorial to alice \u2019 s parents, mr. and mrs. e. w. fannin. sarah remembers attending her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3675903794180757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.689080"} {"text": ". she was a pianist, sunday school teacher and member of the missionary society. one of the stained glass windows in that church is a memorial to alice \u2019 s parents, mr. and mrs. e. w. fannin. sarah remembers attending her mothers sunday school classes, then afterwards at the service, playing with the cardboard garrtett snuff fans during the sermon. when revivals were held in the summertime, chairs were placed on the lawn back of the to take advantage of the cooler night air for the services. durward worked at spiro state bank, then for the oklahoma tax commission. the family lived mcalester during sarah \u2019 s senior year in high school. they moved back to spiro after sarah enrolled in oklahoma college of women in the fall of 1941. durward worked for the county clerk in poteau, then moved there to work in the central national bank. alice and durward became active in the methodist church there, and in club work and civic affairs. sarah graduated in 1945 and married in 1946 and moved to norman with her husband frank rinehart. alice and durward celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary with a gala reception in the basement of the first united methodist church of poteau on september 18, 1971. durward retired three months later, just short of his 70th birthday. during the next twenty years of their retirement, they continued their support of the methodist church and a loving relationship with their three grandchildren : dan, alice, and fred ; and their four grandsons : royce and alan sisac, and brian and michael rinehart. alice fannin daniel as the last surviving member of the fannins when she passed away in july of 1993. her husband of 72 years died three months later. sarah and frank celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary in 1996, in grand junction, colorado with all their family in attendance. alice donaldson fannin was choctaw original enrollee. her name is listed on the official roll as \u201c allice \u201d fannin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37010166608594436, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.689921"} {"text": "fires in vacant buildings have become a matter of increasing concern as the economy has weakened. according to the national fire protection association ( nfpa ), u. s. fire departments responded to an estimated annual average of 31, 000 structure fires in vacant buildings in 2003 - 2006. these fires caused an average of 50 civilian deaths and $ 642 million in direct property damage per year. in addition to 141 civilian injuries, 4, 500 firefighters were injured annually at these incidents and accounted for 13 percent of all firefighter injuries incurred at structure fires. with the downturn in the economy, the numbers of vacant buildings and vacant building fires have been climbing. often these fires have time to grow before they are discovered and reported. these larger fires can threaten other properties nearby. because children and youth may use these buildings for hang - outs or risky activities, and the homeless may use them as shelter, firefighters cannot be sure that no one is inside. overall vacant building fires rose 2 % from 31, 900 in 2005 to 32, 700 in 2006. almost two - thirds ( 63 % ) of these fires occurred in homes. according to the census bureau, both the number and percentage of housing units that were vacant hit three consecutive 40 - year peaks in 2006, 2007, and 2008. the increase in vacant building fires was due largely to an 11 % increase in vacant home fires from 18, 900 in 2005 to 21, 000 in 2006, a much larger increase than the 4 % rise in total home fires over the same period. forty - three percent of vacant building fires were intentionally set. one - quarter of all intentionally set structure fires involved vacant buildings. vacant buildings that burned were evenly divided into secured ( 15, 400 ) and unsecured ( 15, 600 ). fire spread was greatest in unsecured vacant building fires. more than half ( 57 % ) of the unsecured vacant building fires were intentionally set compared to only 31 % of the fires in secured properties. the 2009 edition of nfpa 1, fire code requires owners, or those in charge of vacant properties, to remove waste and combustible materials and to secure the building to prevent unauthorized people from entering. nfpa has been a worldwide leader in providing fire, electrical, building, and life safety to the public since 1896. the mission of the international nonprofit organization is to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating consensus codes and standards, research, training, and education. we applaud the nfpa for it efforts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45818744920467463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.693634"} {"text": "a research study for children ( 12 and older ) and adults with sickle cell disease - zileuton what is the purpose of this study? we find that patients with sickle cell disease ( scd ) have inflammation in their blood even when they are well, and their lung function tests suggest a tendency to have asthma. inflammation and asthma increase the number of acute sickle events. our laboratory research shows that both inflammation and asthma could be blocked by the drug zileuton. zileuton is a drug that has been approved by the food and drug administration ( fda ) to treat asthma. the fda has not approved zileuton for the treatment of scd, therefore it will be studied as an investigational drug. the purpose of this research is to study the effects ( good and bad ) on children and adults with scd. this study will examine 1. the safety of zileuton 2. how zileuton is used by your body at different dose amounts 3. if zileuton improves the inflammation and tendency to asthma in children and adults with scd. who can participate? children and adults who are 12 years or older and have been diagnosed with moderate to severe sickle cell disease ( hbss, hbsc, hbs\u03b2thal or hbs\u03b2o thalassemia ) may be eligible to participate. - adult studies - hematology - sickle cell and hemoglobin what is involved? you will be in the research study for approximately 10 weeks in which you would be asked to take zileuton twice daily for six weeks. participation in this research study will involve a total of 6 visits. what are the benefits? if you agree to take part in this research study, you may or may not receive a direct medical benefit. potential benefits for you may include the possibility of less chronic inflammation that is present even when you are not having an acute sickle event. this chronic inflammation has been associated with increased number of acute sickle cell events. your lung function studies may show improvement which may prevent you from having frequent sickle events. however, until we do the research study, we cannot guarantee any benefits. information learned from this research study may benefit other patients with sickle cell disease in the future. will i get all the facts about the study? your participation in this research study is completely voluntary. your decision whether or not to participate in this study will not result in any penalty or loss of benefits. if you decide not to participate in the study, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.475886472250039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.696749"} {"text": "soft drinks consumption and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( nafld ) is a common clinical condition which is associated with metabolic syndrome in 70 % of cases. inappropriate dietary fat intake, excessive intake of soft drinks, insulin resistance and increased oxidative stress combine to increase free fatty acid delivery to the liver, and increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation contributes to fatty liver. regular soft drinks have high fructose corn syrup which contains basic sugar building blocks, fructose 55 % and glucose 45 %. soft drinks are the leading source of added sugar worldwide, and have been linked to obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. the consumption of soft drinks can increase the prevalence of nafld independently of metabolic syndrome. during regular soft drinks consumption, fat accumulates in the liver by the primary effect of fructose which increases lipogenesis, and in the case of diet soft drinks, by the additional contribution of aspartame sweetener and caramel colorant which are rich in advanced glycation end products that potentially increase insulin resistance and inflammation. this review emphasizes some hard facts about soft drinks, reviews fructose metabolism, and explains how fructose contributes to the development of obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and nafld.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4523812355414297, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.698202"} {"text": "penicillium is a fungus, and is the most abundant mold source in soil. there are more than 150 species of penicillium. penicillium that is more than two - weeks old is bluish in color. penicillium is a cryophilic fungi, which means it likes the cold, growing best at 34 degrees ( the temperature of a refrigerator ). it is xerophilic, which means it can obtain moisture from the air if humidity is at 60 % or higher. penicillium looks a bit like a dali - rendering of a tree. click the following links for photos and drawings : penicillium notatum and penicillium chrysogenum are used to make penicillin. in fact, it is sometimes referred to as \" medicinal mold \". other varieties, such as penicillium roqueforti are used to ripen cheese, although it can also cause mold in grain crops. penicillium fumiculosum is used in antibotics. penicillium citrinum is used in laboratories. penicillium simplicissium produces an enzyme that helps crops. penicillium expansum causes soft rot of apples. penicillium viridicatum, penicillium citreonigrum, penicillium citrinum, penicillium crustosum, penicillium islandicum, and penicillium verrucosum can cause illness when eaten. unchecked penicillium growth can develop mycotoxins. some people are allergic to penicillium. temperature : prefers the cold, refrigerators food : fruit, bread water : can take water vapor from the air. will not grow if the relative humidity is under 60 %. potential allergen : yes copyright 2000 - 2002, the law offices of cynthia coulter mulvihill, apc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.500725955156692, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.702646"} {"text": "if your pants feel tighter than usual, you might begin to suspect that you ' ve gained a couple of pounds. but at what point should you begin to worry that the weight gain is serious? could you be one of the approximately two - thirds of american adults who are either overweight or obese, with an increased risk for conditions like diabetes and heart disease? while no single measurement is perfect, here are a few ways to size yourself up. skin - fold tests, which measure skin thickness with calipers, can be inaccurate. step on the scale upside : easy and handy. in a 2007 study published in the journal obesity, researchers found that dieters who regularly and frequently weighed themselves appeared more likely to keep the weight off over time. buying a scale for your bathroom to keep track of weight won ' t break the bank, and your gym probably has one in the locker room. downside : you know how you can be skinny but out of shape? or heavy and fit? body weight doesn ' t take into account the proportion of fat in the body, or where that fat is deposited - - factors that can point to health trouble. also, experts say dieters often make the mistake of fixating on the number between their toes instead of focusing on changing the behavior that can improve it. ireport. com : have you made a health - changing resolution? tell us body mass index ( bmi ) upside : your bmi provides a lot more information than your bathroom scale, specifically a measure of body fat. \" fat is more important than weight, \" says peter katzmarzyk, associate executive director for population science at the pennington biomedical research center in baton rouge, louisiana. \" excessive fatness is the definition of obesity, not excessive weight - - and having too much fat can cause serious health problems. \" this calculation uses a ratio of weight to height to estimate body fat and obesity. find your bmi \u00bb a bmi of less than 18. 5 is underweight. a bmi of 18. 5 - - 24. 9 is normal. a bmi of 25 - - 29. 9 is overweight. a bmi of 30 or higher is obese. downside : since the bmi tool cannot distinguish between lean muscle mass and body fat, it has a tendency to overestimate the level of body fat in people who have a lot of muscle - - say, arnold schwarzenegger - - and underestimate the amount of body fat in people who have lost muscle mass, such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44313218025964574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.709876"} {"text": "it has a tendency to overestimate the level of body fat in people who have a lot of muscle - - say, arnold schwarzenegger - - and underestimate the amount of body fat in people who have lost muscle mass, such as the elderly. \" if you are an olympic body builder, it doesn ' t hold up so well, \" says miriam nelson, ph. d., director of the john hancock center for physical activity and nutrition at tufts university ' s friedman school of nutrition science and policy, in boston, massachusetts. nelson notes that bmi still works well for the general population and estimates that it gives an inaccurate assessment in only one to three percent of people, despite its limitations. and if you ' re looking to compare your bmi with other dieters, think again. pretty much anyone can rattle off his weight, but only 20 percent of the population knows their bmi, suggests a national consumers league survey conducted by harris interactive last year. health. com : six diet trend you should never try upside : simple and predictive. this measure - - an indicator of abdominal obesity, which is an important predictor of risk for developing obesity - associated cardiovascular disease - - can be conducted at home by wrapping a tape measure snugly around the abdomen slightly above the hipbone, level with the navel. \" it helps reduce even the small number of mistakes that might be made with bmi, \" says steven r. smith, m. d., assistant executive director of clinical research at the pennington center. in fact, waist circumference may be even more important than bmi. there is a greater risk of developing conditions like type 2 diabetes and heart disease if a person carries excess fat - - also known as visceral fat - - around his abdomen. fat located deep in the abdomen around the internal organs may be more dangerous than subcutaneous fat, which is located just under the skin, and peripheral fat found in places like the hips and thighs. health. com : lost weight? here ' s how to keep it off therefore, regardless of height, a person is considered to be at an increased risk of developing an obesity - related disease if his waist circumference is greater than 40 inches or 35 inches, in men and women, respectively. downside : unless you ' re a supermodel, you ' re probably not in the habit of measuring your waist. in a 2008 study published in the journal of women ' s health, one in 10 women who underwent various cardiovascular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42195239734398254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.711038"} {"text": ", respectively. downside : unless you ' re a supermodel, you ' re probably not in the habit of measuring your waist. in a 2008 study published in the journal of women ' s health, one in 10 women who underwent various cardiovascular health screenings didn ' t have their waists measured. some of the women simply may have refused, suggests senior author erin d. michos, m. d., an assistant professor of medicine in the division of cardiology at johns hopkins university school of medicine in baltimore, maryland. and busy doctors may resort to the scale rather than take the time to use a tape measure correctly, michos says. she urges dieters to do the measurement themselves at home. health. com : weight - loss success story : together we lost over 200 pounds additionally, dr. michos points out, measuring waist circumference may provide a more vivid indication of weight - loss progress. \" when someone starts to exercise, they might increase muscle mass as well, and therefore might be frustrated not to see too much change on the scale in terms of total weight, \" she says. conversely, if a tape measure reveals a decrease in waist circumference, you can see the benefit and know you ' re improving your health, which can also motivate you to continue an exercise and diet plan. upside : superaccurate. this low - radiation, full - body x - ray, typically used to screen for osteoporosis, computes body composition and the percentage of fat in the body by measuring fat mass, lean mass, and bone mass. \" they are the gold standard, \" says david freedman, ph. d., an epidemiologist in the division of nutrition, physical activity, and obesity at the centers for disease control and prevention in atlanta, georgia. downside : cost. unfortunately, if not covered by insurance, a dexa scan could end up costing you a couple hundred dollars, an expense that isn ' t necessary, according to nelson. other body fat measurements upside : your wallet won ' t take such a hit from other more economical approaches. bioelectrical impedance analysis ( bia ), which can sometimes be found at health clubs and involves attaching electrodes to the hands and feet or standing on electrode pads, sends a small electric signal through the body to compute the composition of body fat and muscle mass. some physicians and health clubs also use so - called skin - fold tests, which use calipers or pinchers to measure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46981307617320966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.712117"} {"text": "( cnn ) - - as most parents of adolescents know all too well, text messaging has become the preferred method of communication for american teenagers, with one in three teens sending more than 100 texts a day, a new survey says. the survey by the pew research center ' s internet & american life project illustrates the indispensable role that text messaging, and mobile phones in general, play in the lives of today ' s teenagers. three - quarters of 12 - to 17 - year - olds own cell phones, up from 45 percent in 2004, and daily text messaging to friends has increased rapidly in recent years. the research, made public tuesday, confirms that teens make and receive far fewer phone calls than text messages. they primarily use their phones for voice calling when communicating with parents, although they prefer text messaging when it comes to communicating with their peers. although teens make or receive about five calls a day, half of them send a minimum of 50 text messages a day, the survey found. \" texting is so functional and efficient, \" said amanda lenhart, a senior research specialist at pew, when asked to explain the survey results. \" it ' s convenient and fits into those small spaces in daily life. you ' re not talking about much, but you ' re telling people you ' re connected to them. \" how do teens manage to send so many text messages while spending the better part of monday through friday in the classroom? forty - three percent of teens who take their phones to school reported sending at least one text message from class a day, despite the fact that many schools have banned cell phones in class. lenhart said this just goes to show how important text messaging is to teens. \" teenagers have been looking for ways to skirt around rules and defy administrators for millennia, whether it ' s passing notes in class or passing digital notes in class through cell phones, \" she said. and teenage girls are doing most of the texting. girls send and receive about 80 text messages a day, while boys send and receive only 30. this is not a surprising find, according to pew, as females also use other communicative tools more than males. girls will text for social reasons more so than boys will, the survey found. for example, 59 percent of girls text their friends multiple times a day \" just to say hello, \" as opposed to 49 percent of boys who do the same. the fact that girls use their cell phones more than boys might be one reason that of the 64 percent of parents who have monitored their teens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37936875347620713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.717583"} {"text": "multiple times a day \" just to say hello, \" as opposed to 49 percent of boys who do the same. the fact that girls use their cell phones more than boys might be one reason that of the 64 percent of parents who have monitored their teens ' cell phones, the vast majority are parents of 12 - to 13 - year - old girls. \" it ' s a historic relationship.... parents tend to regulate girls more than boys for a variety of social and gender reasons, \" lenhart said. teens are using their phones to record and share their daily experiences, lenhart said. in addition to texting, 83 percent of teens use their mobile phones to take pictures, and 64 percent of teens share their pictures with others. during focus groups, lenhart said, she asked teens what they liked to take pictures of with their cell phones. the most common answers : their pets, the people in their lives and the funny things they want to share with their friends. lenhart said the growth of wireless carriers ' unlimited texting plans has made it easier for teens to communicate via text message. \" it ' s like the all - you - can - eat plan, \" she said. teenagers \" don ' t have to worry about cramming everything into 160 characters anymore.... it doesn ' t cost 20 cents to send ' ok ' to a friend. \" the pew survey was conducted last summer on landline and cell phones, and it included 800 youths ages 12 - 17, plus one of their parents.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4112039134287818, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.718425"} {"text": "on cnn tv : superstorms are a new breed of weather that put lives and cities that were once protected in the eye of their fury. are we ready for the next one? watch cnn ' s \" the coming storms \" on saturday, january 12, at 8 p. m. and 11 p. m. et. ( cnn ) - - they hover above our heads, out of sight, zooming in and taking pictures. they aren ' t interested in the latest celebrity wedding or covert military operation. and the images they take aren ' t going to make the front page of any magazine or website. but maybe they should. that ' s because the data collected by these powerful satellites have helped save countless lives by allowing meteorologists to warn people about dangerous storms - - sometimes a week before they strike - - with pinpoint accuracy. seven days before superstorm sandy hit the united states on october 29, computer models based on the data from these satellites predicted the storm would make landfall in new jersey. it landed just five miles from where the earliest forecasts said it would. \" it is unprecedented, \" said chad myers, cnn ' s severe weather expert and meteorologist. \" ( no ) other storm in recent memory has been forecast that good for that long. \" we knew days in advance, much more in advance, 48 hours in advance more than we knew in katrina ( in 2005 ). \" it could have been a much different story. a month before the 1, 000 - mile - wide storm struck the northeast, at the height of the hurricane season, the geostationary satellite that monitors the caribbean and atlantic - - where sandy gathered strength - - stopped working. while there are dozens of american weather satellites in orbit, these geostationary spacecraft are crucial to predicting dangerous weather patterns. luckily, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, or noaa, had a backup satellite to scramble into place. without it, the early warning for sandy ' s impending strike on the northeast might not have been as accurate. that close call has meteorologists worried that, in this era of shrinking budgets, aging satellites might not get the expensive repairs they need to operate, and noaa might not be able to purchase backup satellites. satellites like these are expensive - - $ 1 billion each - - and they take five years to build and launch. compare that to the cost of major storms, like sandy which is estimated to have inflicted nearly $ 80 billion in damage in new york and new jersey alone. not to mention the cost in human lives. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4511468591024404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.726872"} {"text": "they take five years to build and launch. compare that to the cost of major storms, like sandy which is estimated to have inflicted nearly $ 80 billion in damage in new york and new jersey alone. not to mention the cost in human lives. \" if there ' s a major failure of the satellites, that would be a major disaster and indeed we would be blinded in many respects, \" explained kevin trenberth, who heads climate analysis at the national center for atmospheric research. \" we would not be able to see what ' s going on in the earth ' s system as well as we can now. \" scientists can only wonder how many lives this technology could have saved on september 8, 1900, when a category 4 hurricane slammed into galveston, texas, with no warning, killing at least 8, 000 people. it would be another 70 years before satellites were used in weather forecasting. a major failure of these satellites could pose a serious threat as climatologists and meteorologists warn that storms like sandy could become more frequent and more powerful in the near future. lessons from katrina seven years ago, the only thing protecting the low - lying city of new orleans from a massive storm surge was an inadequate and outdated system of levees and floodwalls. after hurricane katrina slammed into the u. s. gulf coast in 2005 - - killing 1, 800 people and inflicting $ 100 billion in damage - - congress said never again. federal lawmakers spent $ 14. 5 billion, mostly federal funds, to build a fortress around new orleans. today the city is protected by 350 miles of stronger levees and higher flood walls that form a circle around new orleans to keep any deadly storm surges at bay. among its most powerful new weapons : the largest storm - surge barrier in the world. the massive barrier wall extends nearly 200 feet into the earth, and towers 26 feet above the water. it ' s reinforced by 350, 000 tons of steel - - 50 times the amount in the eiffel tower. the fortress has turned new orleans into a giant bathtub. to prevent that bathtub from filling up during a major storm, the city built the world ' s largest water pumping system. \" ( one station ) can pump about 30, 000 cubic feet of water per second, which is just extraordinary, \" said garrett graves, who is overseeing the state ' s new hurricane protection plan. at that rate, graves explained, each of the 77 pumping stations could \" fill an olympic size swimming pool in about 4\u00bd seconds. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4669976614344931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.727871"} {"text": "which is just extraordinary, \" said garrett graves, who is overseeing the state ' s new hurricane protection plan. at that rate, graves explained, each of the 77 pumping stations could \" fill an olympic size swimming pool in about 4\u00bd seconds. \" it ' s arguably the best hurricane protection system in the country - - but malcolm bowman hopes it won ' t be for long. that ' s because bowman wants to build a barrier system across the 5 - mile - wide opening to new york harbor that he says could have protected america ' s most populated city from sandy ' s devastating storm surge. \" if barriers and sand dunes had been properly built in the last eight years, none of this would have happened, \" he said. bowman leads the storm surge research group at long island ' s stony brook university. the group promotes a plan to create an elaborate system of barriers and causeways that would virtually flood - proof much of metro new york. they say their \" outer harbor gateway \" plan would cost billions of dollars less than the damage that sandy inflicted upon the state of new york. bowman has spent years warning officials of the storm surge risk to new york city. less than a month after katrina, he wrote an op - ed in the new york times warning that the same thing could happen to new york city - - and outlining his storm barrier system solution to prevent it from happening. he tried again in 2008 as part of a climate change panel convened by new york city ' s mayor michael bloomberg. but no barriers were built. today, bowman is hopeful that new york authorities will green - light his plan. gov. andrew cuomo is awaiting recommendations from a commission that he tasked with finding long - term solutions to protect his state from future weather calamities. two commissions on disaster preparedness and response have already offered their recommendations to the governor, who is expected to announce several proposals during his \" state of the state \" address on wednesday. bowman ' s idea is not new : similar barriers already exist in stamford, connecticut, and providence, rhode island, and massive barriers are already in operation in the netherlands and russia. with the rising sea levels - - a result of the shrinking polar ice cap - - experts including bowman say the risk of massive flooding events is increasing each year - - and not just in low - lying communities like new orleans. \" we have to start planning, \" bowman said. \" it ' s no longer every person for themselves. there ' s too much at risk. we have to do it. \" the polar problem over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39549203496933205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.728847"} {"text": "in low - lying communities like new orleans. \" we have to start planning, \" bowman said. \" it ' s no longer every person for themselves. there ' s too much at risk. we have to do it. \" the polar problem over the past 20 years, the global sea level has risen more than two inches as a result of greenland ' s shrinking ice masses, according to dr. kevin tremberth with the national center for atmospheric research. that ' s because warmer temperatures are melting the polar ice caps. recent satellite images from nasa showed unprecedented surface ice melt, with about 97 % of greenland ' s ice sheet showing signs of thawing. these changes in the polar region are closely monitored by climate scientists, like daniel steinhage, whose team surveyed greenland ' s shrinking ice with polar 6 one of the most advanced research aircraft in the world. it will take months to evaluate the data gathered by the aircraft, including ice samples thousands of years old taken from deep within the ice sheet. the arctic is something like an archive of the earth ' s climate and within its layers, researchers can find information on temperatures, the amount of precipitation, dust particles and ash from volcanic eruptions dating back 100, 000 years. \" if we can explain the past, what happened there, then we can use the same programs to run them forward to see what the future will bring us, \" said steinhage of germany ' s alfred wegener institute. long before the official lab analysis, scientist sepp kippstuhl can identify some unique patterns even with his naked eye. what he and the other scientists are seeing is that greenland ' s ice sheet is vanishing quickly - - a fact confirmed by the 2012 noaa arctic report card. what ' s not entirely clear is how quickly, how often, and why temperatures changed in the past, something that these scientists are studying to better understand how our climate is evolving today. for now, one thing is clear : melting ice and rising sea levels increase the potential of a damaging storm surge. \" we expect several more feet in the next century, \" said climate scientist adam sobel. \" so if you start with higher water... the storm surge will be added on top of that. and so, we ' ll get a higher flood. \" who ' s going to pay? superstorm sandy brought a record - breaking 15 - foot storm surge to new york harbor ( the storm surge is the level of water generated by a storm that ' s above the normal high tide ). as sandy approached", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42591398313057144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.729793"} {"text": "who ' s going to pay? superstorm sandy brought a record - breaking 15 - foot storm surge to new york harbor ( the storm surge is the level of water generated by a storm that ' s above the normal high tide ). as sandy approached new york, one buoy in the harbor measured a 32. 5 - foot wave - - nearly seven feet taller than the highest wave churned up by hurricane irene in 2011. the enormous amount of water combined with the storm ' s powerful winds washed out the low - lying beachside neighborhood of breezy point, new york. the flooding is believed to have sparked a fire that burned down more than 100 homes. bowman said all of that devastation could have been avoided. he said 30 - foot - high sand dunes would have been enough to keep breezy point dry. projects such as that are expensive to build - - but sometimes the cost isn ' t the only hurdle standing in the way. some oceanfront residents in new jersey have stymied a federally funded effort to build storm - protecting dunes - - even after witnessing the devastation from sandy and irene. it comes down to a property rights issue : homeowners must cede part of their land to the government through easements, where the dunes will be built. some homeowners want the government to compensate them for land ; others just don ' t want to allow the government to control the property. \" if we did sign it, we give up our land, \" long beach island, new jersey, resident dorothy jedziniak told national public radio. \" assignment means that your local politicians could assign a walkway, toilets, whatever. \" bowman believes the cost is too high for residents living near the coast not to act. \" people who lived here are paying for it in terms of human misery, \" he said. \" but if you talk about paying for it in terms of rebuilding and the dollars, where are the dollars going to come from? and are the people of the midwest going want to pay for protecting these privileged few people who are lucky enough to live on the ocean ' s edge? i don ' t think so. \" cnn ' s tricia escobedo wrote this story based on reporting from cnn correspondents ed lavandera, john zarrella, david mattingly, jason carroll, and frederick pleitgen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4074226500475001, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.730651"} {"text": "below are many educational links that may be helpful with homework and many other schools projects. if you know of any links that you would like us to add please let us know. u. s. treasury department kids page see how money is made, learn about different money from all over the world, and find out how to tell the difference between real and counterfeit money. the united states mint learn about the different kinds of coins in the u. s. and around the world. business guide for kids learn about becoming an inventor, money and financing, and games. sea world and busch garden ' s animal resources learn about the ecosystem, download coloring pages and hear a whole library of the sounds different animals make. learn about everything from animals to science. the fishy faq a bouillabaisse of fascinating facts about fish! fish information service a ton of fish information from the fish information service. penguins, seals, sharks, and whales learn how all of these very different animals survive together in the sea. on line tours of the exhibits at the american museum of natural history in new york. a timeline of art history an active timeline of art from all over the world, dating from 30, 000 b. c. to the present. a. pintura - art detective learn about great painters to solve the mystery and win the game! an interactive game about great works of art. world art treasures a collection of slides, history, and commentaries about art masterpieces. art museums and galleries metropolitan museum of art the virtual smithsonian moma : the museum of modern art smithsonian national museum of african art heard museum of native american art a list of crafty ideas great craft ideas for each month of the year. astronomy and space basics of space flight learners ' workbook learn about how to navigate through the solar system. tons of information about our own planet and how it relates to the rest of the universe. overview of the solar system great photos and profiles of each plant. nasa space history a tour through the history of space exploration. development and anatomy visit the brain explorer view a brain atlas and learn about how your brain works. play games, get healthy recipes, and read journals written by kids with asthma, diabetes, or broken bones. find activities, play games, and create and interactive storybook to learn more about the environment. children of the earth united learn amazing things about plants and animals from a native american perspective, and get a chance to show off your knowledge, too! ask jeeves for kids an answer for virtually any question you will ever have.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49310357647776076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.739205"} {"text": "about the environment. children of the earth united learn amazing things about plants and animals from a native american perspective, and get a chance to show off your knowledge, too! ask jeeves for kids an answer for virtually any question you will ever have. the comic strip a place to read all of your favorite comic strips each day. make your own greeting cards, learn about how crayola crayons are made, and find out which famous people share your favorite color. home of bill nye, the science guy. fruit and vegetable nutrition center find out about the five color groups of fruits and veggies, download a comic book, and create your own recipes. nutrition explorers from the dairy council enter contests, take polls, and feed mungo the monster. government and politics the official website of the white house and the president. the constitution of the united states a complete database of information about the constitution and the amendments from the national archives. the u. s. supreme court the official website of the judicial branch of our government. learn about the house of representatives find out what ' s being debated on the house floor, get information about bills or laws, or send mail to your representative. learn about the senate learn about different senate committees, view historic art in the archives, or contact one of the senators from your state. a listing of government agency pages for kids. 4000 years of women in science biographies, photographs, and references. mr. dowling ' s electronic passport search for interesting historical facts by era, subject, or geographical region, all while listening to mr. dowling doing his nutty voices! historical collections from the national digital library at the library of congress. a catalog of resources and information about the american civil war era. links to the past the virtual museum of the national park service. this day in history the history channel ' s compilation of what happened in history on this day, your birthday, or any other day of the year. united states holocaust memorial museum personal stories, maps, and online exhibits about the holocaust and related current events. authors and writing harry potter books learn about the books, browse the glossary of magic spells, and find out how to pronounce those hard words with the audio dictionary. international kid ' s space a gallery of art, stories, and music created by kids just like you. notable citizens of planet earth biographical information on over 28, 000 people from ancient times to the present. which famous people were born on your birthday? elements of style basic rules of grammar, form, word", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5292155526055586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.740451"} {"text": "a magnetic field is a vector field responsible for generating forces on electrically charged objects and magnets. magnetic fields are generated by magnetic dipoles, moving electric charges, or changing electric fields. magnetic fields are linked to electric fields ; light, for instance, is a propagating electric and magnetic wave. relativistically, a magnetic force in one inertial frame corresponds to an electric force in another. when trying to determine the magnetic forces and fields, the right hand rule often proves useful. earth ' s magnetic field the magnetic field of earth is directional nearly north - to - south, although slightly askance, meaning that \" magnetic north \" is not the same as \" true north, \" and a person who is orienteering must take into account this change of declination, although it is truly only marginally relevant, unless you are close to either pole. this field has been decaying at a rapid rate of about about 5 % per century, which casts doubt on the theory that the earth is billions of years old. this decay suggests that, at some point, the poles will invert. scientists have speculated about the history of earth ' s magnetic field. one group that makes use of the bible as a resource for science suggests that the history of the earth ' s magnetic field is as depicted to the right. - \u2191 boy scout handbook. - \u2191 k. l. mcdonald and r. h. gunst, ' an analysis of the earth \u2019 s magnetic field from 1835 to 1965, \u2019 essa technical report, ier 46 - ies 1, u. s. govt. printing office, washington, 1967. - \u2191 http : / / www. answersingenesis. org / creation / v20 / i2 / magnetic. asp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5907008724312564, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.742322"} {"text": "in an article for xconomy, university of washington professor ed lazowska identifies seven game - changing computer science advancements that emerged over the past decade and speculates on seven others to come in the years ahead. the technologies that came to the fore in the first decade of the 21st century \u2013 search, digital media, e - commerce, cloud computing, etc. \u2013 are marked by exponential growth. ubiquitous high - bandwidth connectivity to all of the world \u2019 s digital data, to name one example, has accelerated the momentum of mobility and the increasingly central role of the mobile phone, lazowska says. cloud computing, meanwhile, facilitates universal access to and sharing of data, making private data centers less and less desirable. among the technologies that lazowska envisions coming into their own in the next decade are smart homes equipped with cheap sensors and machine learning that will, among other things, make the homeowner \u2019 s electricity bill instantly accessible. lazowska also anticipates the eventual ubiquity of instrumentation within the human body so that medical diagnoses can be performed with all the convenience, speed, and efficiency of an automotive checkup. intelligent robots also are expected to become mainstream in the next decade as they migrate from structured to unstructured environments. lazowska projects a flood of data supported by the mass rollout of cheap high - bandwidth sensors that make data collection by all kinds of devices and venues easy and affordable, and this will set up the challenge of developing automated tools that can extract meaning from this vast corpus of information. for more information visit : http : / / www. cpccci. com this entry was posted on thursday, december 31st, 2009 at 4 : 30 pm and is filed under computer science and engineering news. you can follow any responses to this entry through the rss 2. 0 feed. you can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5679149752234192, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.745322"} {"text": "if done properly, frozen fruits and vegetables will be just as nutritious as their fresh counterparts. freezing is a quick and easy way to preserve foods and cpma has compiled a few tips to help you get the best value from your fruit and vegetables. if you plan to freeze your fresh fruits and vegetables, select the freshest, best quality produce at the peak of maturity. fruits should be ripe but firm, avoid over ripe or spoiled produce. download cpma \u2019 s fruit freezing guide and vegetable freezing guide for full details including itemized tables with specific preparation and freezing tips. minimize quality loss during freezing enzymes are responsible for changes in fruits and vegetables during ripening. these changes are desirable until the food reaches its peak of maturity, then ripening must be stopped to prevent eventual spoilage. - control enzyme activity by blanching the fruits and vegetables you intend to freeze. blanching and freezing slows enzyme activity. what is blanching? - fruits and vegetables contain a high proportion of water which will form ice crystals when frozen. the sharp edges and corners of the ice crystals will puncture cell walls softening the texture and causing juice loss. to minimize ice crystals drain the fruits and vegetables well and freeze them as quickly as possible. keep your freezer at a constant temperature of - 18\u00b0c ( 0\u00b0f ) or lower. - frozen fruits and vegetables lose moisture in a dry freezer if they are not properly packaged. this drying is called freezer burn. to avoid freezer burn, use appropriate packaging. remove as much air as possible from the packages before freezing the fruits and vegetables. tip : freezer burnt areas should be discarded. six steps to success with frozen fruits and vegetables - prepare produce quickly and carefully. wash in cold water using a soft brush. drain well and blot with clean tea towel or paper towels. remove all excess moisture from the fruits and vegetables to avoid formation of ice crystals. - to hasten freezing of your fruits and vegetables or to freeze pieces individually, use the tray freezing method. to tray freeze place pieces of fruits or vegetables in a single layer on a cookie sheet or shallow pan, place uncovered in freezer for 1 to 2 hours. when frozen, package accordingly. tray freezing allows fruits and vegetables to maintain their shape and avoid sticking together. - package in clean, food safe plastic packaging to maintain quality and protect the fruits and vegetables from freezer burn. tip : use freezer tape if necessary to seal the packaging. - freeze fruits and vegetables at - 18\u00b0c ( 0\u00b0f )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4558148858788215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.748627"} {"text": "- enter a word for the dictionary definition. from the collaborative international dictionary of english v. 0. 48 : way \\ way \\, n. [ oe. wey, way, as. weg ; akin to os., d., ohg., & g. weg, icel. vegr, sw. v [ aum ] g, dan. vei, goth. wigs, l. via, and as. wegan to move, l. vehere to carry, skr. vah. [ root ] 136. cf. convex, inveigh, vehicle, vex, via, voyage, wag, wagon, wee, weigh. ] [ 1913 webster ] 1. that by, upon, or along, which one passes or processes ; opportunity or room to pass ; place of passing ; passage ; road, street, track, or path of any kind ; as, they built a way to the mine. \" to find the way to heaven. \" - - shak. [ 1913 webster ] i shall him seek by way and eke by street. - - chaucer. [ 1913 webster ] the way seems difficult, and steep to scale. - - milton. [ 1913 webster ] the season and ways were very improper for his majesty ' s forces to march so great a distance. - - evelyn. [ 1913 webster ] 2. length of space ; distance ; interval ; as, a great way ; a long way. [ 1913 webster ] and whenever the way seemed long, or his heart began to fail. - - longfellow. [ 1913 webster ] 3. a moving ; passage ; procession ; journey. [ 1913 webster ] i prythee, now, lead the way. - - shak. [ 1913 webster ] 4. course or direction of motion or process ; tendency of action ; advance. [ 1913 webster ] if that way be your walk, you have not far. - - milton. [ 1913 webster ] and let eternal justice take the way. - - dryden. [ 1913 webster ] 5. the means by which anything is reached, or anything is accomplished ; scheme ; device ; plan. [ 1913 webster ] my best way is to creep under his gaberdine. - - shak. [ 1913 webster ] by noble ways we conquest will prepare. - - dryden. [ 1913 webster ] what impious ways my wishes took! - - prior. [ 1913 webster ] 6. manner ; method ; mode ; fashion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5601849782495112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.756016"} {"text": "- shak. [ 1913 webster ] by noble ways we conquest will prepare. - - dryden. [ 1913 webster ] what impious ways my wishes took! - - prior. [ 1913 webster ] 6. manner ; method ; mode ; fashion ; style ; as, the way of expressing one ' s ideas. [ 1913 webster ] 7. regular course ; habitual method of life or action ; plan of conduct ; mode of dealing. \" having lost the way of nobleness. \" - - sir. p. sidney. [ 1913 webster ] her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace. - - prov. iii. 17. [ 1913 webster ] when men lived in a grander way. - - longfellow. [ 1913 webster ] 8. sphere or scope of observation. - - jer. taylor. [ 1913 webster ] the public ministers that fell in my way. - - sir w. temple. [ 1913 webster ] 9. determined course ; resolved mode of action or conduct ; as, to have one ' s way. [ 1913 webster ] 10. ( naut. ) ( a ) progress ; as, a ship has way. ( b ) pl. the timbers on which a ship is launched. [ 1913 webster ] 11. pl. ( mach. ) the longitudinal guides, or guiding surfaces, on the bed of a planer, lathe, or the like, along which a table or carriage moves. [ 1913 webster ] 12. ( law ) right of way. see below. [ 1913 webster ] by the way, in passing ; apropos ; aside ; apart from, though connected with, the main object or subject of discourse. by way of, for the purpose of ; as being ; in character of. covert way. ( fort. ) see covered way, under covered. in the family way. see under family. in the way, so as to meet, fall in with, obstruct, hinder, etc. in the way with, traveling or going with ; meeting or being with ; in the presence of. milky way. ( astron. ) see galaxy, 1. no way, no ways. see noway, noways, in the vocabulary. on the way, traveling or going ; hence, in process ; advancing toward completion ; as, on the way to this country ; on the way to success. out of the way. see under out. right of way ( law ), a right of private passage over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5275070825140651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.756909"} {"text": "traveling or going ; hence, in process ; advancing toward completion ; as, on the way to this country ; on the way to success. out of the way. see under out. right of way ( law ), a right of private passage over another ' s ground. it may arise either by grant or prescription. it may be attached to a house, entry, gate, well, or city lot, as well as to a country farm. - - kent. to be under way, or to have way ( naut. ), to be in motion, as when a ship begins to move. to give way. see under give. to go one ' s way, or to come one ' s way, to go or come ; to depart or come along. - - shak. to go one ' s way to proceed in a manner favorable to one ; - - of events. to come one ' s way to come into one ' s possession ( of objects ) or to become available, as an opportunity ; as, good things will come your way. to go the way of all the earth or to go the way of all flesh to die. to make one ' s way, to advance in life by one ' s personal efforts. to make way. see under make, v. t. ways and means. ( a ) methods ; resources ; facilities. ( b ) ( legislation ) means for raising money ; resources for revenue. way leave, permission to cross, or a right of way across, land ; also, rent paid for such right. [ eng ] way of the cross ( eccl. ), the course taken in visiting in rotation the stations of the cross. see station, n., 7 ( c ). way of the rounds ( fort. ), a space left for the passage of the rounds between a rampart and the wall of a fortified town. way pane, a pane for cartage in irrigated land. see pane, n., 4. [ prov. eng. ] way passenger, a passenger taken up, or set down, at some intermediate place between the principal stations on a line of travel. ways of god, his providential government, or his works. way station, an intermediate station between principal stations on a line of travel, especially on a railroad. way train, a train which stops at the intermediate, or way, stations ; an accommodation train. way warden, the surveyor of a road. [ 1913 webster ] syn : street ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5423892902574124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.757881"} {"text": "from corporations to insurers to health care providers, there is a rush to reward those who take proactive steps in living a healthier lifestyle. but those aren \u2019 t the only places wellness is trending. it \u2019 s also a thriving area of research. last weekend, i had the opportunity to attend the fitness and health bloggers conference in denver, colo. we had a first - hand look at the newly established anschutz health and wellness center at the university of colorado, which opened on april 16. the anschutz health and wellness center is taking an innovative research and education approach to understand the effects of wellness practices on the human body. to assist researchers at the university of colorado, programs like the human performance lab, metabolic kitchen and grocery lab were implemented. understanding the science of exercise the human performance lab revolutionizes athletic training by monitoring how an individual \u2019 s body reacts to exercise at a microscopic level, moving away from the popular practice of monitoring the heart rate to analyze the muscle performance. dr. inigo san millan, an exercise physiologist, studies the metabolic responses to exercise in order to help people find the optimum pace when the body is able to manage the levels of lactic acid produced during exercise. lactic acid is a byproduct of physical activity that causes muscles to feel sore and can break down muscle tissue if excess acid builds over time, causing injury. by recording the amount of lactic acid at various workout paces, dr. san millan can recommend individualized training programs based on the athletes \u2019 goals and body performance. healthy food can taste better the university of colorado focuses most of its research on studying bodily reactions to dietary changes. for example, one research study currently underway is evaluating how zinc is absorbed by the body. to prevent misleading results, the study volunteers must maintain a strict and unvarying diet. to ensure this, researchers are using an in - house metabolic kitchen to prepare carefully planned meals in mass amounts for diet - based studies. the metabolic kitchen also tests recipes. during my visit, i was able to taste three samples of veggie dip and guess which dip was the healthiest with three times as much protein in it. expecting a sample that tasted worse than the others, i chose wrong. in fact, i chose the unhealthiest dip of them all ( made of whole - fat sour cream ). contrary to what many people believe, there does not have to be obvious distinctions between healthy and unhealthy recipes. making brand - blind decisions the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4823864560683294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.763809"} {"text": "chose the unhealthiest dip of them all ( made of whole - fat sour cream ). contrary to what many people believe, there does not have to be obvious distinctions between healthy and unhealthy recipes. making brand - blind decisions the kroger company recently purchased a system, nuval, that would rate all its grocery items on the same point system based on the nutritional value. products high in sugar, fats and sodium received lower scores. for example, kashi cereal was ranked 20 points lower than the kroger brand wheat cereal. ocean breeze cranberry juice had a point value of 2, though it is made of 100 percent juice. this new point system helps challenge perceptions caused by branding, helping consumers make wiser and healthier decisions. the nuval system is currently only available at the king soopers stores, a regional store chain owned by kroger. to analyze the effect of the nuval point system, kroger sponsored the implementation of a grocery lab at the anschutz health and wellness center that would research consumer buying habits and educate people on making healthy purchases while at the grocery store. the grocery lab is designed and arranged much like the grocery store, except it does not house perishable items. the grocery lab also plans to research purchase habits for new food products before they get put on the shelves. while some organizations are dealing with the currently reality of healthy behaviors, research is shaping how we achieve a healthy lifestyle in the future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4999685821581057, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.764423"} {"text": "yeast intermediary metabolism by dan g. fraenkel, harvard medical school \u00a9 2011 434 pp., illus. ( 138 b / w ), appendix, index the intermediary metabolism of small molecules is the meat and potatoes of cell function. the pathways and modes of obtaining energy, degradation and utilization of exogenous organic nutrients, and formation of the building blocks of the main macromolecules were a major focus of research in biology from the turn of the 20th century into the 1970s. other matters have come to prominence, but the field is active, with interesting problems that are central to biology and medicine. molecular biology developed through the use of one bacterium, eschericha coli, with the saying whats true for e. coli is true for elephants. in recent years, an analogous workhorse has been the eukaryotic microbe bakers yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae, used in many studies of cell biology common to multicellular organisms. this book explains metabolism as based on saccharomyces. the topics include central metabolic pathways ; catabolism ; fermentation ; respiration ; biosynthesis of small molecules including cofactors ; the metabolism of lipids, polysaccharides, and storage molecules ; inorganic ions ; transport and compartments ; the global analysis of metabolism ; and issues of metabolic toxicity. it can be used in courses and as a reference book for research investigators.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5763160074829342, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.766507"} {"text": "in 1969, a union oil rig off the coast of santa barbara experienced a blowout. pipes burst, and oil spilled into the sea - - as much as 100, 000 barrels worth. the resultant oil slick so horrified local residents that earth day was born. soon thereafter, the first of a series of laws banning offshore drilling was enacted. the chance of another spill, locals reasoned, just wasn ' t worth drilling. and despite four decades of progress in eliminating such accidents, the ban has stood. yet, local beaches still see oil slicks and its resultant damage. where ' s the oil coming from? a seep occurs when oil escapes naturally from the ground, due to pressure in the underground reservoir. off the california coast, seeps release an incredibly large amount of oil. in fact, since the 1969 accident, the amount of such seepage in the santa barbara channel alone has been over 30 times as large as the amount from the spill itself. we can ' t stop such seeps, but we can reduce them. how? by drilling. earlier this year, university of california geophysics professor bruce luyendyk spoke to a citizens \u2019 town hall forum at santa barbara. he told citizens that the oil mucking up santa barbara beaches was due to seeps, not spills. according to luyendyk, the amount of oil escaping naturally from just one set of seeps in the santa barbara channel is equal to about 42 thousand gallons a day - - equal to an exxon valdez - size oil spill every 5 or 6 years. oil isn ' t the only thing seeping either. about 3 million cubic feet of natural gas escape each day from the ocean floor off the california coast. by comparison, your average home uses between 200 and 300 cubic feet per day. this is oil and gas we could be capturing and using. instead, it ' s going to waste and polluting beaches in the process. the sheer size of the seepage has led to the formation of a new environmental group, called sos california - - which stands for stop oil seeps. the group wants to lift the offshore drilling ban not to generate oil, but to reduce oil pollution from seepage. they point to university studies which demonstrate that extracting oil through drilling reduces reservoir pressure. that, in turn, reduces seepage. sos advocates lifting the drilling ban for just that reason - - to reduce oil pollution on local beaches. the outer continental shelf is rich in oil. according to the us doe, areas now off limits to drilling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4389073672731177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.770932"} {"text": ", in turn, reduces seepage. sos advocates lifting the drilling ban for just that reason - - to reduce oil pollution on local beaches. the outer continental shelf is rich in oil. according to the us doe, areas now off limits to drilling hold around 18 billion barrels. other estimates are higher. alaska ' s anwr holds an additional 10 billion barrels. together, that ' s enough to cut our foreign oil imports by 20 % for the next 32 years, and generate $ 3. 5 trillion in revenue. that ' s trillion, with a \" t \". polls show overwhelming support among americans to lift the drilling ban. but is washington listening? at the democratic convention this week in denver, house speaker nancy pelosi stopped to tell a group protesting the drilling ban, \" can we drill your heads \"? at the national level, the message doesn ' t seem to be getting through. the santa barbara city council recently voted to lift their local ban on drilling, a largely symbolic act since state and federal laws still prohibit it. it ' s a start. quote : bruce p. luyendyk was never placed at that town hall meeting by any report and only addressed them in a letter quote : but attending last tuesday \u2019 s hearing was one of the key authors of the very studies cited by firestone and the board majority, ucsb marine geophysicist bruce luyendyk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4433398430584232, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.771468"} {"text": "wildfires across russia. devastating floods in pakistan. deadly landslides and flash floods in india and china. heat wave across the united states. severe drought in niger. taken together, scientists warn the events match predictions for extreme climate events caused by global warming. this year is on track to be the warmest since reliable temperature records began over a century ago, mainly due to a buildup of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels. we speak to jeff masters, co - founder and director of meteorology for weather underground, a weather information website. [ includes rush transcript ] this is a rush transcript. copy may not be in its final form. amy goodman : wildfires across russia. devastating floods in pakistan. deadly landslides and flash floods in india and china. heat waves across the united states. severe drought in niger. taken together, scientists warn they could match predictions for extreme climate events caused by global warming. this year is on track to be the warmest since reliable temperature records began over a century ago, mainly due to a buildup of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels. that \u2019 s according to the un world meteorological organization. in moscow, the heat has doubled the daily death rate. this is andrei seltsovsky, the head of moscow \u2019 s health department. andrei seltsovsky : [ translated ] the average death rate in the city during normal times is between 360 to 380 people a day. today, we have around 700. this is no secret. everyone thinks we are trying to keep it secret. look, it is 40 degrees celsius on the street. amy goodman : over 1, 600 have been killed by the floods in pakistan, and landslides have killed over 300 in china. the estimated damage to homes, infrastructure and crops caused by the wildfires and the floods amounts to billions of dollars. and in russia, among the world \u2019 s largest exporters of wheat, all future grain exports have been banned for the rest of the year. well, we begin today with an overview of the extreme weather events in countries around the world. dr. jeff masters is co - founder and director of meteorology for weather underground, a weather information website \u2014 his latest post is about the heat wave in russia \u2014 joining us now from ann arbor, michigan. welcome to democracy now! dr. masters, talk about, first, what is happening in russia. dr. jeff masters : well, in russia, they \u2019 re getting a heat wave unlike anything that \u2019 s ever been recorded in that country. certainly going back the last 130 years, when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48886084422327547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.784853"} {"text": ", talk about, first, what is happening in russia. dr. jeff masters : well, in russia, they \u2019 re getting a heat wave unlike anything that \u2019 s ever been recorded in that country. certainly going back the last 130 years, when we had good records, and then probably going back as much as a thousand years, if you look at the historical records, there has never been heat like this in moscow and over this huge area of russia. to give you some idea of what we \u2019 re talking about, back in 1920, russia recorded its highest temperature in moscow on record, 99 degrees fahrenheit. that record has been broken five times just in the past two weeks. so this is unprecedented heat, not only for moscow, but for a huge region of russia and some neighboring countries, as well. amy goodman : and talk about the effects in russia from wildfires to what we \u2019 re seeing, what, more than 300 more deaths in moscow alone a day as a result of the heat, that also leads to terrible problems of pollution. dr. jeff masters : yeah, the combined effects of heat and then air pollution and then smoke from fires is a terrible killer. we saw in 2003, when we had a similar heat wave over france and most of europe, the death toll reached over 40, 000. and i think in russia we \u2019 re going to be seeing death tolls certainly in the tens of thousands from this heat wave, as well. the smoke, in particular, is causing a tremendous hardship on the people, and the elderly, in particular, in russia. amy goodman : talk about the rest of the world, dr. masters. dr. jeff masters : ok. well, the entire world, if you look at the past six months, has experienced its warmest year on record, going back to the late 1800s when we first started making measurements. and so, it \u2019 s not a surprise that we might be seeing record heat waves and record high temperatures being set. in fact, there are seventeen countries in the world that have set their extreme all - time heat record this year. and that \u2019 s the most we \u2019 ve ever seen. the previous time was back in 2007, when fifteen countries set their all - time heat record. and those heat records this year include a 128 - degree fahrenheit reading in pakistan, which is the highest temperature ever reliably recorded in the entire continent of asia. so there \u2019 s been heat all over the globe. the ocean temperatures have been at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4920218111148015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.786101"} {"text": "records this year include a 128 - degree fahrenheit reading in pakistan, which is the highest temperature ever reliably recorded in the entire continent of asia. so there \u2019 s been heat all over the globe. the ocean temperatures have been at record warm levels this year, and including in the tropical atlantic, where we \u2019 re expecting a severe hurricane season. so, it \u2019 s heat, heat, heat, is the name of the game this year on planet earth. amy goodman : july 2010 was the sixth - straight record warm month in the tropical atlantic and had the third - warmest anomaly of any month in history. what does that mean? dr. jeff masters : well, when you get those kind of sea surface temperatures, it provides extra energy for hurricanes, which is what we \u2019 re most worried about, because hurricanes are heat engines. they suck heat out of the ocean, and they convert that heat to the energy of their winds. so we \u2019 re expecting at least double the usual number of intense hurricanes this year, the ones that are most likely to do high levels of damage. and the other thing all that heat does, if it \u2019 s down in the caribbean, where a lot of it is, is it causes coral mortality. you get bleaching episodes where you \u2019 ll kill a large amount of coral. and back in 2005, the last year we had temperatures this warm in the tropical atlantic, we had a massive die - off of coral, particularly in the virgin islands and some of the neighboring islands. amy goodman : jeff masters, talk about the united states. dr. jeff masters : well, in the us, we \u2019 ve had some heat waves here, as well. it \u2019 s particularly in the south that we \u2019 ve had some daily records set. and as a rule, though, we haven \u2019 t gotten the extreme heat that has been seen in other parts of the world, back in \u2014 over in asia and africa and europe. so the us has kind of lucked out this year. i mean, it \u2019 s been hot, but we haven \u2019 t had severe drought or extreme heat waves like have been experienced in other parts of the world. certainly, if we would have had the kind of weather that russia is experiencing, it would have been an all - time record heat wave for this country, and probably been the worst natural disaster in american history. amy goodman : the asian southwest monsoon, exceptionally deadly this year, what countries, what areas, regions of the earth, did it affect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4941295482106179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.787065"} {"text": "been an all - time record heat wave for this country, and probably been the worst natural disaster in american history. amy goodman : the asian southwest monsoon, exceptionally deadly this year, what countries, what areas, regions of the earth, did it affect? dr. jeff masters : well, primarily pakistan, where they had the worst flooding in that country \u2019 s history, but also neighboring areas of india, along kashmir, and then china, where over 700 people are dead today in a landslide that was triggered by heavy monsoon rains. afghanistan, as well, has seen heavy monsoon rains. so it \u2019 s been an exceptional year for the monsoon. and i think part of that is due to the fact that the temperatures have been so warm in that area. i mean, we \u2019 ve seen record heat in asia this year. and when you have a very warm atmosphere, you can evaporate more water vapor into it, which potentially can cause more flooding. and, in fact, if you look at the past few decades, the amount of heavy precipitation events in the indian monsoon has increased substantially. we \u2019 ve seen almost a doubling in some of these very heavy rainfall events. although the total amount of water falling down has not changed much, it \u2019 s these extreme events that have increased, and that \u2019 s in line with what climate prediction models are showing will continue to happen this century as the climate warms. amy goodman : the ice island that broke off of greenland that \u2019 s four times the size of manhattan, can you talk about the significance of this? dr. jeff masters : well, that particular ice island broke off the northern coast of greenland, where we haven \u2019 t really seen this kind of effect before. and what \u2019 s going on is that the temperatures in greenland over the past decade have been very, very warm. and particularly over north greenland this year, we \u2019 ve seen some very warm temperatures that have caused substantial melting of some of these glaciers and made them more vulnerable to large icebergs calving off of them. so, it \u2019 s just kind of a continuation of the warm pattern we \u2019 ve seen up there in the arctic over the past few decades. amy goodman : what is the connection between all of this extreme weather and climate change, global warming, jeff masters? dr. jeff masters : well, what we \u2019 re seeing this year is a preview of things to come. as the earth continues to warm, we \u2019 re going to see more extreme precipitation events, we \u2019 re going to see more heat waves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46436338039838176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.788011"} {"text": "? dr. jeff masters : well, what we \u2019 re seeing this year is a preview of things to come. as the earth continues to warm, we \u2019 re going to see more extreme precipitation events, we \u2019 re going to see more heat waves, and this year is kind of a foretaste of that. now, not every year is going to be like this. for instance, if you look at last year, it was a relatively quiet year as far as natural disasters go. the amount of dollars paid by the insurance companies was below average. but we \u2019 re going to start seeing more and more years like this year when you get these amazing events that cause tremendous death and destruction. and the concern i have is that as this extreme weather continues to increase in coming decades and the population increases, the ability of the international community to respond to these disasters and provide aid to victims is going to be stretched to the limit, and we \u2019 re not going to be able to respond. and we \u2019 re going to get in a situation where there \u2019 s going to be global emergencies that continue year after year all across the countries, and we \u2019 re just going to be struggling to cope with that. amy goodman : finally, jeff masters, explain what weather underground is and what you feel about \u2014 i mean, there is tremendous amount of weather reported in the corporate media, in the mainstream media, all the time. people tune in constantly for it. it \u2019 s more and more frequent, because it affects people \u2019 s lives. and yet, you rarely hear the words \" global warming \" put together with extreme weather, so there \u2019 s no sense anyone can do anything about it. dr. jeff masters : well, you can put those words together with extreme weather. you have to talk a little bit carefully about it, because no single event can be blamed on climate change or global warming. but what i like to say sometimes is that we load the dice in favor of more extreme events. and perhaps it \u2019 s a better analogy to say we \u2019 re putting more spots on the dice. it used to be, when you roll the dice, you \u2019 d get snake eyes or you \u2019 d get double sixes. but i think now, particularly when we \u2019 re talking about extreme temperature events, where there \u2019 s more spots on the dice, you can \u2019 t roll snake eyes anymore, but you can roll a thirteen. and that \u2019 s what happened to russia this year ; they rolled a thirteen. i don \u2019 t think that kind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5068386090882774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.788990"} {"text": ", where there \u2019 s more spots on the dice, you can \u2019 t roll snake eyes anymore, but you can roll a thirteen. and that \u2019 s what happened to russia this year ; they rolled a thirteen. i don \u2019 t think that kind of event was possible until recent decades, because global warming increased the baseline temperature of the world. so, i talk all the time about global warming and say, you know, we have to be cognizant of the fact that global warming is making heavy precipitation events and extreme heat waves more likely. can \u2019 t say this particular heat wave is to blame for it, but, boy, it sure is going to be more and more the case, as the decades go on, we \u2019 ll see these type of events. amy goodman : would you call on your fellow weathermen and women \u2014 i mean, there are conferences, i presume, that you go to where all of you are talking \u2014 to start making this link in the mainstream media when they do their news reports? dr. jeff masters : well, i do talk to some of these people, but most of them don \u2019 t go to the scientific conferences. they tend to stay in their tv studios and look at their own data. i think there \u2019 s a disconnect between the research community and tv meteorologists. and a lot of tv meteorologists are very skeptical that human - caused global climate change is real. they \u2019 ve been seduced by the view pushed by the fossil fuel industry that humans really aren \u2019 t responsible. and you can come up with all kinds of excuses \u2014 i \u2019 m sure you \u2019 ve heard them all \u2014 that, you know, climate scientists are doing it for \u2014 you know, to get attention and research money, that the temperature record is flawed, because, you know, we \u2019 ve got the heat island effect in cities and so on. but all of that is just propaganda that \u2019 s been put out by the pr industry of the fossil fuel industry, and it \u2019 s convinced a lot of tv meteorologists that that \u2019 s the case. so, it \u2019 s a tough road here, because we \u2019 re fighting a battle against an enemy that \u2019 s very well funded, that \u2019 s intent on providing disinformation about what the real science says. so, i do my best, but it \u2019 s a tough, uphill battle. amy goodman : who is the enemy? dr. jeff masters : well, it \u2019 s the pr industry in favor of the fossil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4644014398683032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.790044"} {"text": "power - supply design trends are clear and dramatic : additional features, improved efficiency, and smaller size for the same power ratings, for both battery - powered portable units as well as larger, line - powered ones. for the ac - dc supplies, these changes are due to multiple factors combining to yield these more - compact designs. some of the factors are obvious, but others are not. start with the most apparent change, which is the use of smaller passive components. vendors are shifting the basic resistor and capacitor footprint from 0805 size ( 2. 0mm by 1. 25mm ) to 0603 ( 1. 5mm by 0. 8mm ), and to an even - smaller 0402 size ( 1. 0mm by 0. 5mm ). diodes, as well, are also available in smaller packages. the use of larger parts was a holdover habit from previous generations of supplies. it made sense for vendors to continue using parts, which were fully known and characterized in their supply chain and inventory, and all of the same size. the pressure to reduce supply size, along with the electronic industry ' s growing use of smaller parts in consumer products, has made them the body size of choice. the result is a significant reduction in required pc board space - - the change from 0805 to 0402 cuts a component ' s immediate footprint to 20 percent of its previous value - - and there are many such devices on a supply ' s pc board. changes in the supply magnetics ( inductors and transformers ) are also helping reduce size. traditionally, these components have been the most complex \u201c simple \u201d passive ones in the supply ' s implementation, often custom - designed by the oem to get precisely the desired and often subtle combination of primary - and secondary - tier parameter values ( including inductance, dc resistance, size, form factor, winding type, insulation, orientation, volume, and cost ). in addition, supply designers are making better use of the available inductor volume. for example, they are reorienting the inductor to take advantage of the supply ' s available height - dimension headroom, in return for a smaller footprint. on the active component side, the power semiconductors \u2019 packaging has shrunk, primarily for the critical mosfets of the output. chip - scale power mosfets such as the directfet from international rectifier ( where the metal enclosure covering the bare die is also the drain terminal ) provide significantly more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47533401373126066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.792742"} {"text": "the canadian space agency ( csa ), which invented and made the international space station ' s 30 - year robotic canadarm project, is working on lunar and mars robot rovers. it recently unveiled five rover prototypes and put them through their paces on the agency ' s testing terrain, which simulates the surfaces of mars and the moon. the new lineup includes four lunar rovers - - the micro - rover platform with tooling arm, the kapvik micro - rover, the artemis, and the lunar exploration light rover - - and the mars exploration science rover. they are in addition to the juno and rex rovers, which have been operating since 2010. the csa also developed some spinoff technologies resulting from its rover development work. they include the sl - commander automated electric all - terrain vehicle, a fuel cell, and the q6 mini - computer. click on the image below to check them out. the csa ' s rex rover has a robotic arm that simulates collecting martian rock and soil samples. it travels at 4cm / sec ( 1. 57inch / sec ). on its six aluminum or rubber wheels, the rover can navigate over obstacles up to 15cm ( 5. 9 inches ) high and climb slopes of up to 10 degrees. rex weighs 140kg ( 308. 64 pounds ) and measures 152 x 142 x 76cm ( 59. 84 x 55. 9 x 29. 92 inches ). it can carry up to 30kg ( 66. 13 pounds ) of science payloads. in 2010, the csa jointly field tested the rover with nasa at the flagstaff meteor crater in arizona. ( source : canadian space agency ) @ ervin0072002 : i think this is a difference of terminology. when they say \" prototype, \" think \" proof of concept. \" actually, even that might be too strong of a term. the csa doesn ' t have the means to put one of these on the moon or mars, even if they wanted to. these are basically just show and tell pieces that will hopefully benefit canadian companies. actually, this is a pretty good idea, mr _ bandit. not sure it would be as cost effective as the current rover. but maybe it would, with smaller rovers, there would be less of a chance of malfunction since it would be spread across multiple units. the problem with the rovers to date is the \" all eggs in one basket \". i read about a concept in 1988 where you take a bunch of small \" rovers \" - think of the rc cars that can bounce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5167636626997998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.797088"} {"text": "would be spread across multiple units. the problem with the rovers to date is the \" all eggs in one basket \". i read about a concept in 1988 where you take a bunch of small \" rovers \" - think of the rc cars that can bounce all over the terrain or one of the small robots by big dog - and a \" mother ship \". assume 100 of the small rovers per mother. assume 10.. 50 mothers. the mother would land with the small rovers, and act as a home base for re - transmitting signals, swarm coordination, and refueling ( electrical power ). the rovers would be redundant - ie 10 would have lasers, 10 with soil analysis, 10 with a mass spec, etc. mission control would give a target, the mother would direct the right mix to the spot. need more laser power? use more laser rovers. the redundancy gives you a much higher success rate - you can easily lose 10 % without degradation of the general mission. so - i respectfully ask - what is the problem with this? why not do it, esp on mars? the bouncy ball rover delivery would work. we have the technology. btw - the \" flagstaff meteor crater \" is closer to winslow ( 20 miles ) than flagstaff ( 36 miles ). drove past it last week. also stood on a particular corner in winslow, az, such a fine sight to see. i am used to a different environment. my prototypes go through assurance testing and have to perform same as the product that goes into certification. there is a large list of things that can go wrong during lift - off as well as space operation. nadinej, i agree. electronic controls prototypes i ' ve worked on were never designed for production use but for technology proof of concept. the cases were made of sla material and looked like homebrew boxes but the electronics worked quite well under test. these rover designs definitely fit the category of \" what if \" just by their appearance. ervin0072002, i noticed the holes and cabling as well. maybe the intent behind these prototypes is to demonstrate driveability proof of concept regarding rough terrain. some of the designs look plain but in space functionality is what really matters. by experimenting with the photovoltaic reaction in solar cells, researchers at mit have made a breakthrough in energy efficiency that significantly pushes the boundaries of current commercial cells on the market. we looked at a number of sources to determine this year ' s greenest cars, from kbb to automotive trade magazines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5172136542066285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.798064"} {"text": "inflammatory bowel diseases affect 200, 000 people in france. despite this high incidence, these conditions still suffer from a low level of public awareness and are sometimes even a taboo subject. worldwide, 2. 5 million people suffer from ibd. in france, 120, 000 people are affected by crohn ' s disease and 80, 000 have haemorrhagic rectocolitis ; each year, 5, 000 to 6, 000 new cases are detected, respectively. the first signs of the disease generally occur between the ages of 20 and 40. these two pathologies are characterized by damage to the digestive tract. although haemorrhagic rectocolitis only features damage to the large intestine, the whole digestive tract ( from the mouth to the anus ) may be affected in crohn ' s disease. these two diseases can also have manifestations outside the digestive system : joint pain, ulcers, skin damage, eye disorders, etc. in view of these symptoms, ibds are poorly accepted and inadequately understood by patients and their family & friends. inflammatory bowel diseases have a very real negative impact on family, social and professional life. currently available treatments can improve quality of life for most patients but do not cure the disease. research into understanding the mechanisms involved in the occurrence of these diseases has generated considerable hope for the development of novel drugs. however, it is far from having provided a full response to patients ' needs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43278100657786744, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.800215"} {"text": "a brief introduction where did the concept of the trinity come from? the trinity is a central belief of the christian faith. although not explicitly stated, it can be inferred from the bible. for instance, the trinity can be seen right back in the creation stories in genesis 1 : 26 and 3 : 22. for a new testament reference, see matthew 28 : 19. but a full understanding of the implications of the trinity arose primarily out of christian experience. it is a way of explaining god ' s being that fits the evidence. the first christians sought to answer the question, ' who was jesus? ', and the inescapable conclusion they came to was that he was god. the church at the council of nicea in ad325 defined the trinity in the following terms : ' there is only one god. but god consists of three persons : the father, the son and the holy spirit, who are all equally god. ' we are limited. the limitations of language and intellect unfortunately human language is limited. how do you describe the aroma of coffee to someone who has no sense of smell? we also have limited intellectual abilities. sometimes to appreciate a truth it is necessary to grasp an apparent paradox - god is one, yet three. this is not something to be afraid of. if our god is bigger than we are, it is only to be expected. we live within the restrictions of a limited finite world, while god exists beyond our four dimensions of space and time. because of the limitations of language and our own finite human understanding, we should not describe god as being : three separate gods. one person, expressed in three different ways three expressions. one more god among the others. ways of understanding the trinity a good definition is, ' one being, yet three persons '. or to put it another way, ' one god who has three ways of being god '. it is a unity with a threefold nature. an early christian called irenaeus said, ' the son and the spirit are the two hands of god ' - but it should be noted that they are closely clasped hands! often people find that illustrations are useful in helping them to get their heads round the idea of the trinity. try reflecting upon the following : an equilateral triangle. a three - leafed shamrock. h2o existing as ice, water and steam. it is important to remember, however, that such analogies are not personal and are therefore inadequate descriptions of the trinity. father, son and holy spirit working together. we can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5726681030364942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.804079"} {"text": "leafed shamrock. h2o existing as ice, water and steam. it is important to remember, however, that such analogies are not personal and are therefore inadequate descriptions of the trinity. father, son and holy spirit working together. we can see the three persons of the trinity at work together throughout the bible : in creation - genesis 1 : 1 - 2 ; john 1 : 1 - 3. at jesus ' birth - matthew 1 : 20 - 21. at jesus ' baptism - matthew 3 : 16 - 17. in jesus ' teaching and ministry - john 14 : 23 - 26. in the individual christian ' s new birth - john 3 : 5. is it relevant? the trinity says something very important about the nature of god. god is self - sufficient but lives in relationship. it also reveals the richness of christianity. we can relate to god as father ( creator ), son ( sharing our humanity ) and holy spirit ( giving us power to live ). the different persons of the trinity help us in our worship. through the holy spirit, we are able to come to jesus, who speaks on our behalf to god his father, and takes us into his presence. when we worship, we embrace god as father, son and spirit. at different times, or even during the same prayer, our thoughts and hearts may dwell on them individually, but we are in no doubt that we are worshipping the one god. the doctrine of the trinity meets our deepest needs. we are made in the image of god, and in the life of the trinity we catch a glimpse of who we are meant to be in relationship to god and one another. maintaining the tension of belief in the trinity helps us to avoid over - emphasising one person of the trinity at the expense of any of the others. it is essential that we maintain this biblical balance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5541738995533226, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.804756"} {"text": "yesterday, i wrote about a recent environmental working group study of school cleaners and indoor air pollution that revealed how many toxic pollutants are emitted into classroom air by traditional cleaning supplies. in that same study, we also found that cleaning classrooms with \u201c certified green \u201d cleaning products is a simple way to clear the air \u2013 for students, teachers and custodians. to be certified, these products must meet strict health and safety standards provided by two independent organizations : green seal and ecologo. act now! here \u2019 s how. whether you \u2019 re a concerned parent or work at a school or daycare center, the time to get behind the green choice is now! we know you \u2019 re busy, so we put together some tools to make it easier to educate and persuade decision makers to choose greener cleaning products. get started by downloading ewg \u2019 s green cleaning fact sheet, sample parent letter to school staff ( you can edit it ), and a list of steps you can take to encourage your school to start cleaning greener. when talking with school staff, remember these key selling points about green cleaning products : - no asthmagens. certified green cleaning supplies do not contain \u201c asthmagen \u201d ingredients \u2013 chemicals that cause asthma. asthma is a growing problem for children, teachers, and custodial staff. - no chemicals of concern. certified green cleaning supplies do not contain carcinogens, reproductive toxins, heavy metals, phthalates and lots of other chemicals of concern commonly found as ingredients in conventional cleaning supplies. - safer for workers. certified green cleaning supplies are safer for school staff. for example, green cleaning products do not contain ingredients that are corrosive to the skin or eyes, reducing the chances of on - the - job injury. - effective. certified green cleaning supplies really do clean. to be certified, they must pass industry performance standards. - cost - competitive. certified green cleaning supplies are cost - competitive \u2013 and some schools have even saved money making the switch. for example, certified green cleaning supplies come highly concentrated and must be diluted on site, a practice that reduces the environmental impact of packaging and shipping. a single bottle of a certified green product can be more expensive than its non - green competitors, but diluting it properly means that schools get a lot more cleaning out of each bottle \u2013 and more bang for the buck. ten states have already passed laws requiring or encouraging the use of green cleaners in schools. in other states, many school districts have acted on their own to adopt green cleaning practices", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4793789351387259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.810280"} {"text": "community effort can decrease teen drinking and smoking, study finds a new study finds a program designed to assist communities in preventing unhealthy behaviors in teens is effective in reducing adolescent smoking and drinking. the study found tenth graders in towns that used the program, called \u201c communities that care, \u201d were less likely to try drinking or smoking, compared with teens in communities not using the program. the program was also effective in reducing delinquent behavior including stealing, fights and vandalism, healthday reports. communities participating in the program had 4, 400 fifth graders in seven states complete surveys designed to identify factors that put them at risk for health and behavior problems. a group of community leaders, including parents, teachers and health workers, looked at ways to address the problems. they chose from a list of preventive interventions that have been shown to work, such as tutoring, educational sessions for parents of at - risk kids, and middle - school curricula about substance abuse. the children were followed for five years. the researchers then compared rates of substance abuse and violence in 12 towns where community leaders used communities that care with 12 communities that did not use the program. the researchers found teenagers in towns that participated in the program were half as likely to ever have smoked a cigarette by tenth grade, and 21 percent less likely to be a current smoker, compared with teens in non - participating communities. they were also 38 percent less likely to ever have tried alcohol, and 21 percent less likely to have engaged in delinquent behavior. the study did not find a difference between the two groups in rates of illegal or prescription drug use. \u201c what \u2019 s exciting about this paper is that these decreases in alcohol use, smoking and violence were apparent even after outside support for the communities that care system ended. it shows that community coalitions can make a sustained difference in their youngsters \u2019 health community - wide, \u201d study author j. david hawkins of the university of washington said in a news release. the findings are published in the archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44818093833196293, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.813494"} {"text": "how to tackle word problems on the act a word problem ( also called a story problem or a problem in a setting ) gives you information in words rather than in just equations and numbers. to answer an act word problem, you have to translate the provided information into one or more equations and then solve. you can solve some word problems fairly easily. jotting down the numbers in the problem can be useful to help get you focused and moving in the right direction. the following example word problems show you how. seminar x brought in $ 700 in revenue and had 20 participants, each of whom paid the same amount. seminar y brought in $ 750 and had 15 participants, each of whom paid the same amount. how much more did each person pay for seminar y than seminar x? ( e ) the two seminars cost the same amount. if you \u2019 re not immediately sure how to proceed, jot down the numbers in an orderly fashion : this step only takes a moment and gets your brain moving. when you organize the information in this way, you may see that the next step involves division : now you can easily see that seminar y cost $ 15 more than seminar x, so the correct answer is choice ( c ). jessica is in charge of stocking shelves at a supermarket. today, she has already stocked 8 boxes that each contained 40 cans of soup, 12 boxes that each contained 24 cans of corned beef hash, and 4 boxes that each contained 60 cans of tuna. how many cans has jessica stocked today? record the numbers in this question as follows : now multiply these numbers across ( with or without your calculator, as needed ) to get the number of cans in each set of boxes : finish by adding the results : 320 + 288 + 240 = 848. therefore, the correct answer is choice ( j ). some word problems are much easier to solve when you draw a sketch to organize your thoughts. this technique is especially helpful if you \u2019 re a visual learner. so if you like to draw, paint, or play video games, lead with your strength and try to find a visual way to express math problems whenever possible. the following example shows how to use a sketch to your advantage. the 12 : 00 p. m. eastbound train left the station at a constant speed of 40 miles per hour. at 12 : 45 p. m., the next eastbound train left the station at a constant speed of 60 miles per hour. assuming neither train stops along the way, how far apart will the two trains be at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48377860172203296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.816955"} {"text": "lots of top 10 lists were revealed during the last weeks of 2012. san juan basin health concluded its own counting down of top health issues in archuleta and la plata counties. over the last six months, a series of public and internal meetings have been held and an online survey conducted to help prioritize the plethora of legitimate entries. \u201c we heard voices of over 150 people that are invested and interested in our community \u2019 s health. eighty - five responded to the online survey, \u201d said molly gutilla, doctorate public health student intern who coordinated the prioritization process. all public - health agencies in colorado are charged with creating a public health improvement plan in 2013. the completed health assessment and selecting of a top priority ( s ) were the first steps. after obesity, priorities include mental health, substance abuse, clean air and water, and oral health. most people found it incredibly difficult to choose between these. interesting conversations took place among staff and community members about what is most important and immediate concern to the community, what was already being done or on its way, which evidence - based strategies could be implemented and what strengths public health could bring. so, for example, san juan basin health is already implementing an effective public - health strategy to improve oral health through its southwest smile makers program in the schools, and that \u2019 s a reason why some people ranked it fifth. after combining votes in archuleta and la plata county meetings, obesity ranked as the top health issue. many factors went into people \u2019 s decisions. one key seemed to be obesity \u2019 s effect on so many other health issues down the line ; if addressed, it could help reduce associated health risks and decrease need to access care. this is exactly what public health traditionally has done and should be doing. historically, we have responded to health problems by looking upstream at the root causes and worked to address them whether it was advocating for sewage systems or safe drinking water or reducing smoking. our health problems evolve and change over time. while there are plenty of professionals working to help individuals cope with and overcome their health conditions, public health is charged with identifying and addressing the reasons why so many are getting sick or injured to begin with. obesity is a perfect example \u2013 public health can play a key role in decreasing its prevalence. while obesity came out on top of public - health issues, access to care was the overwhelming no. 1 need \u201c screamed \u201d by people. this multilayered problem needs addressing community - wide, with some actions required on a higher political - economic level. even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4168681386528293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.821486"} {"text": "| by mike meshek september 24, 1999 the view of antarctica, typically a very cloudy continent, was made clear in 1996 by two new geophysical products : a satellite image map and a three - dimensional digital data set. by combining cloudless satellite imagery with digital elevation data, the new products reveal subtle surface features previously not perceptible and thus offer a wide range of applications, from field work planning and navigation to scientific research and analysis to geologic and glaciological mapping. previously uncharted features of the antarctic plateau are clearly visible on new maps. ( image courtesy of u. s. geological survey, click here for more antarctic imagery from usgs ) for more information, visit the land processes distributed active archive center. ( a new browser window will open. ) \" this is the first time that one tool one sensor has been used to look at the entire continent of antarctica, \" said jane ferrigno of the u. s. geological survey ' s national center. prior to the advent of the advanced very high resolution radiometer ( avhrr ), no other civilian satellite remote sensing system was able to view the entire south pole area, she said. using cloud - free avhrr imagery, ferrigno and a team of other usgs investigators produced the clearest view of antarctica ever seen. pat chavez and his group at the usgs ' flagstaff field center performed the digital image processing necessary to combine and enhance the map components. working with an existing avhrr imagery mosaic, chavez, ferrigno, and colleagues first selected and compiled cloudless images taken between 1980 and 1994. these were then electronically blended and \" colorized \" to improve the presentation of surface and structural features. then using the cloud free avhrr image mosaic and a digital elevation model distributed by the land processes daac at the usgs ' earth resources observation systems data center, chavez and his group then introduced topography, the map ' s third dimension. finally, chavez and his team further enhanced the map ' s topographic component by creating stereoperspective views for the digital version. never before seen on maps, faint features of the antarctic plateau ( the massive upland of ice that reaches elevations of 4, 000 meters and constitutes the continent ' s eastern half ) are now clearly visible on both versions of the new map. from a glaciological perspective, significant regional flow features, such as the west antarctic ice streams, are discernible on paper for the first time, said ferrigno. also making their first map appearances are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49798068452787325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.826733"} {"text": "versions of the new map. from a glaciological perspective, significant regional flow features, such as the west antarctic ice streams, are discernible on paper for the first time, said ferrigno. also making their first map appearances are indications of large - scale subsurface geologic structures formerly hidden under huge, blank white spaces on seemingly flat older maps. the new map may thus answer geologists ' and glaciologists ' questions about the structure and flow of certain features, but also raise new research questions, said ferrigno. as one of the more poorly - mapped regions of the planet, antarctica has historically posed challenges for researchers planning field experiments. although the new map does not provide enough detail to show small features, like crevasses, field scientists will now have an additional resource for planning large regional research projects or continental traverses, according to ferrigno. the usgs map has already been used by non - scientists. the british broadcasting company ( bbc ), for example, has used the map to plan progress reports on antarctica ' s latest summer field season, said chavez. additionally, ferrigno said american students have used the map to help locate themselves in virtual classrooms of the antarctic. previously uncharted features of the antarctica plateau are clearly visible on the new maps. soon after the usgs released the paper map in june 1996, chavez began work on a digital version for the world wide web, the source of the bbc and virtual classrooms ' antarctic work. \" the things you see in the web version, like stereoperspectives and color composites, come from the flexibility you have in the digital world, \" said chavez. the digital version includes other advantages. during virtual tours of antarctica, nonscientists are able to zoom in on and out of the image. more importantly, researchers can electronically manipulate the data to meet the needs of their particular analyses. \" one of the things that some researchers are doing is taking the data produced for this map and adding other data to it, \" said ferrigno. \" using the map data and other data, including other avhrr scenes, you can get a result which is better than all the individual parts. \" ferrigno and her usgs colleagues, for example, are combining the avhrr map data with landsat data in a study of the antarctic coastline. the landsat data, which are finer in resolution but not available over the entire continent, will complement the coarse resolution avhrr data. by combining the two data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45052416030718956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.828643"} {"text": "tropical fruit information for the enthusiast trees for the enthusiast + + indicates that this is a variety or a species that is found in our arboretum, but not often stocked in our nursery. inquire about availability. if we do not have it in stock, we can put you on our \" waitlist \" and call you when we have it available. this section includes plants sometimes available and recommended for the enthusiast only. these plants are very difficult to grow in florida mostly due to their lack of cold hardiness and may not be normally propagated or stocked by echo. blighia sapida, syn. cupania sapida see akee fact sheet before eating this fruit due to the extremely poisonous nature of the unripe fruit. akee trees are easy to grow and do well on alkaline soils. the fruit has a leathery pericarp that splits when the fruit is ripe. when ripe, it can be eaten fresh, but it is usually cooked, boiled, or canned. there is a hypoglycine toxin in the unripe fruit that can be lethal. one little section is enough to kill a person if it is eaten before it is ripe. once the fruit starts to break down and get soft and slimy, it may make you sick if you eat it, but that is not due to hypoglycine. akee is the national fruit of jamaica. mature trees can survive short periods of 26\u00ba f without much damage, but young trees are more cold sensitive. it may grow to 35 ft. spondias dulcis, syn. s. cytherea the egg - sized fruits are borne in clusters of up to a dozen or more, on large panicles. fruits are thick - skinned, fibrous, and drop from the tree while green. before turning yellow, the flesh is crisp and somewhat acidic. it can be eaten out - of - hand, but is also prepared by stewing fruit with sugar. the dwarf ambarella was collected on a trip to borneo and our original seedling tree has produced several crops in a pot. ambarella is vigorous, but less cold hardy than its relative, the mango. seedling trees produce after 4 years. the plant prefers some shade and shelter from wind. assai, or asai, palm is a beautiful clumping palm from the amazon region in south america. it grows to about 50 ft. and produces fruits that are mashed in warm water to make drinks and ice cream. it is rare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40176176981501044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.841988"} {"text": "assai, or asai, palm is a beautiful clumping palm from the amazon region in south america. it grows to about 50 ft. and produces fruits that are mashed in warm water to make drinks and ice cream. it is rare outside the amazon and apparently hard to keep alive after planting in the ground in florida. it needs a wet or flooded location or water source. it also is highly sensitive to drought and cold temperatures. cacao produces a large yellow - orange shelled fruit with a small amount of edible sweet pulp. the seeds are the source of cocoa and may be fermented for a few days for best flavor. the skin then easily washes off and the seeds are dried and roasted. in colombia the seeds are ground, mixed with a starchy white corn meal, then cooked and eaten like porridge. fruit production can start when the tree is only about five feet tall or when the trunk is about one or two inches in diameter. they may produce well in a 40 - gallon pot, but are sensitive to root disturbance and over fertilizing. production may be better with two trees. cacao grows well in floodplains in the amazon. freezing may damage or kill the tree. we have six cacao trees growing in the rainforest clearing demonstration area. cashew produces a nut and a fruit. the nut grows to full size first, then the pseudofruit, or swollen stem, develops into the \" cashew apple. \" the apple has spongy, fibrous, very juicy, astringent, acid to subacid, yellow pulp that is eaten fresh or juiced. the nutshell contains a caustic resin. the nut and apple fall from the tree when they are ripe. the tree is not at all frost tolerant but produces in about two years in the tropics so it might produce in a large pot. performance in southwest florida is unknown. this small, spreading tree grows from 16 to 30 feet in height and is thought to have originated in the highlands of either ecuador, colombia or bolivia. it would be most appropriate for the enthusiast only in southern florida due to the less - than - ideal growing conditions. in addition to not thriving in the humid lowlands, cherimoyas may need to be hand pollinated to ensure good fruit set. it is, however, considered one of the most desirable fruits of the annona genus. the fruit is usually large, either conical or heart - shaped. the flesh is white in color, aromatic, soft but not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41051617923926986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.842911"} {"text": "a. hypargyraeus, a. hypargyraea fcfs available. kwai muk produces a 1 to 2 in. wide, orange to red fruit that is acid to subacid and excellent flavor. it can be eaten fresh when fully ripe, dried, or preserved. fruit ripens aug. to sept. male and female flowers are produced on the same tree but two may be needed for good fruit production. the tree grows slowly and is erect and good for landscaping. it is similar to mango and jackfruit in cold hardiness. see spanish lime below syzygium malaccense, syns. eugenia malaccensis, jambos malaccensis the malay apple produces a pear - shaped fruit with thin, shiny, pinkish or dark red skin. the flesh is white and can be dry or moist. it has a rose scent and pleasant sweet to acid taste. they can be eaten fresh or cooked like apples. there is usually one large seed in the fruit and some of the fruits are seedless. this attractive tree has dense shiny foliage adorned with intense pink flowers. in the tropics, the malay apple may climb to 60 ft. ; however, trees are extremely cold sensitive and must be kept small in southwest florida. pouteria sapote, syns. p. mammosa, lucuma mammosa, achradelpha mammosa also known simply as \" sapote \". because of its cold sensitivity, only the enthusiast should attempt growing mamey in southwestern florida. the time between flower and fruit is about 2 years. the fruit weighs from \u00bd to 5 lbs., has a rough and leathery skin, pink to deep red, sweet flesh and generally contains 1 - 4 large seeds. the mamey is extremely popular in tropical america and is known as the \u2018 apple of cuba. ' it is commonly added to ice creams and other desserts. in a more tropical climate the mamey can reach 60 to 130 feet in height. this is not likely in our area due to frequent frosts and occasional freezes. \u2018 pantin ' is the only variety echo carries. it is the same as \u2018 key west ' this may have been a staple food for the mayan indians. the seed should be boiled or roasted. this species is recommended for the enthusiast only as it may not be well adapted to southwest florida. see peach palm bactris gasipaes, syn. guilielma gasipaes also called", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40409484411517194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.845040"} {"text": ". the seed should be boiled or roasted. this species is recommended for the enthusiast only as it may not be well adapted to southwest florida. see peach palm bactris gasipaes, syn. guilielma gasipaes also called pejibaye. it is usually a tall, clumping palm with spiny trunks and stems. the fruit is boiled about an hour in salted water. the flesh is yellow or orange, dry, mealy and sometimes has a trace of bitterness. the palm heart is very good raw or cooked. fruit production begins in about 5 years in warm climates. the fruits are 1 to 2 inches wide and hang in clusters of 50 to 100 or more. they turn yellow, orange or red when ripe. it requires a tropical climate. see assai palm rambutan is somewhat similar to lychee, except it is strictly tropical. this is very seldom in stock at echo. we do not carry this unless we receive seeds from an overseas tropical source, since there are no mature trees to our knowledge in florida. the likelihood of a plant surviving to maturity is slim. there have been rumors of warm pockets further south of us where people have grown it successfully. the tree can be male or female. the soil should be well - drained, acidic, and high in organic matter. rambutan is very sensitive to excessive fertilizer application and is very cold sensitive. sandoricum koetjape, syns. s. indicum, s. nervosum, melia koetjape santol is a fast - growing tropical tree reaching 50 - 150 ft. the fruit is yellowish, 1\u00bd to 3 in. wide. it has an inedible rind and inside is white, fibrous sweet to sour pulp and 3 to 5 inedible seeds. the fruit is usually eaten fresh and clings to the seed. they ripen in florida during august and september. the tree is better suited to acid soil, but will also do well on limestone. santols are rare in florida and are freeze sensitive, but they do well in protected areas of south florida. see mamey sapote sometimes the sapodilla is also called \" sapote \". melicoccus bijugatu, syn. melicocca bijuga spanish lime produces a fruit similar in appearance to the lychee. it has a green outer shell with one large seed and translucent flesh. the flavor is subacid and refreshingly delicious. male and female", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3907739197908099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.845967"} {"text": "a voyage of discovery new technology can make ships more versatile, more efficient and cleaner, too in the days when norsemen pillaged their way around the monasteries and villages of europe, norwegian shipwrights were at the forefront of naval architecture. they still are. norway is an important centre of marine innovation and several foreign companies have operations there, too. one such is the marine division of rolls - royce, a british firm, which is collaborating with farstad, a shipping company based in alesund, and stx osv, a shipbuilder. the result of their efforts is far solitaire ( pictured above ), the first of a new class of vessels which bristle with novel technology that promises to make shipping safer, cleaner and cheaper. far solitaire has been designed as a platform - supply ship for the north sea \u2019 s oil and gas industry. this means she is not a large vessel. she is 91 metres long ( one - third of the length of a typical container ship ), has a deadweight of 5, 700 tonnes and cost about $ 70m. but some of the innovations she uses should be applicable to vessels of all sizes. at the moment she is being fitted out by stx osv at its langsten shipyard on tomrefjord. in october she will be delivered to farstad, who will use her to supply rigs in the region \u2019 s notoriously heavy seas. crucially, she has to be able to hold her position while transferring cargoes that include various noxious materials which are employed in drilling or pumped into wells to improve the process of extraction. these have to be delivered to and removed from the platforms. such transfers are potentially hazardous for the people involved and for the environment. one of far solitaire \u2019 s most important innovations is her wave - piercing hull. below the waterline her bow has the bulbous drag - reducing nose that has become a familiar feature of modern ships. above it, however, things are all new. where a standard ship \u2019 s bow would have a flat foredeck, far solitaire \u2019 s flows up and over the vessel. this means that instead of riding the waves, as most ships do, she can penetrate them. that is a crucial change. when a ship rides the waves her engines slow down and then surge as her hull rises and falls. by piercing the swell, far solitaire will be able to maintain her engines at a constant speed. this will cut fuel consumption, reduce wear and tear, and make life for the crew safer and more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4504291949489386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.852568"} {"text": "and then surge as her hull rises and falls. by piercing the swell, far solitaire will be able to maintain her engines at a constant speed. this will cut fuel consumption, reduce wear and tear, and make life for the crew safer and more comfortable. far solitaire is powered by a conventional diesel - electric system consisting of three engines connected to generators that run electric motors. the thrusters which those electric motors drive, however, are anything but conventional. the main pair are stern - mounted azipull propellers. these are similar to the azimuth thrusters already used on some vessels : propellers on pods that can be rotated to push the ship in different directions, making a rudder unnecessary. but the rolls - royce azipull has the propeller at the front of the pod rather than the back. that means the propeller operates in a smoother flow of water, which improves efficiency and assists steering. this design has been made possible using computational fluid dynamics to perfect the shapes of the blades and pods. further control is provided by two bow thrusters. these are propellers mounted in transverse tunnels in the hull, to help position the craft and hold her stable while alongside a rig. and there is also an azimuth thruster that can be swung down from the forward part of the hull if an extra push is required. all of these propulsion systems are handled by moving one of the joysticks next to the captain \u2019 s chair in a bridge with a 360\u00b0 view that looks more suitable for the starship enterprise than what is, after all, a souped - up freighter. the consequences of moving the joystick can, fortunately, be practised on shore without risk to ship or platform, courtesy of a new 360\u00b0 bridge simulator in rolls - royce \u2019 s marine - training centre in alesund. the captain can also call on the assistance of an electronic positioning system that uses a combination of data from satellites, gyrocompasses, and wind and motion sensors to operate the thrusters automatically. solid freight is carried on a deck that has an area of 1, 020 square metres. liquids, meanwhile, are stored below deck in tanks, each of which is fitted with its own pumping system, in order to avoid the risk of mixing substances best kept separate. borge nakken, who is in charge of technology and development at farstad, expects far solitaire to use about 40 % less fuel than a conventional vessel of the same size that is carrying out similar tasks. this is a remarkable saving, and although she is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4864781599270324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.853758"} {"text": "the counseling and resource center when someone you know... \u2026 has an eating disorder you can also download this brochure for printing. what is an eating disorder? eating disorders are not due to a failure of will or behavior. they are not about dieting or vanity. they are treatable medical illnesses. these psychological disorders affect more than 8 million americans each year. people develop dysfunctional eating patterns in attempts to cope with or control other overwhelming problems in their lives. without treatment, eating disorders can be fatal. signs and symptoms - a distorted image of own body, low self - esteem due to body weight or shape even if in the \u201c normal \u201d range. - resistance to maintaining body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height, refusal to admit seriousness of current low body weight. - intense fear of gaining weight or becoming \u201c fat \u201d - recurrent episodes of binge eating, characterized by eating an excessive amount of food within a short period of time, as well as a lack of control over eating during the episode - recurrent unhealthy behavior in order to prevent weight gain : self - induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or other medications ( called purging ) ; fasting ; or excessive exercise types of eating disorders anorexia nervosa : anorexia nervosa is an extremely dangerous, life - threatening eating disorder. sufferers intentionally deprive themselves of food and can literally starve to death in an attempt to be what they consider \" thin. \" they can experience extreme weight loss - - at least 15 % below the individual ' s healthy weight - - and refuse to maintain body weight that is even minimally normal for their age and height. even if they become skeleton - like, anorexic people ' s distorted body image convinces them they are \" fat. \" the self - esteem of individuals with this disorder is directly dependent on their body shape and weight. they view weight loss as an impressive achievement and an indication of extraordinary self - discipline. bulimia nervosa : people who have bulimia nervosa routinely \" binge, \" eating large amounts of food in a very short period of time, and immediately \" purge, \" ridding their bodies of the just - eaten food by self - inducing vomiting, taking enemas, using laxatives or other medications. if left untreated, bulimia nervosa can lead to serious and life -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47602431642599896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.858750"} {"text": "\" ridding their bodies of the just - eaten food by self - inducing vomiting, taking enemas, using laxatives or other medications. if left untreated, bulimia nervosa can lead to serious and life - threatening problems, such as depression, anxiety disorders, damage to the heart, kidneys, digestive system, and severe dental damage. those with bulimia nervosa are at risk for dangerous impulsive, self - destructive behaviors, such as sexual promiscuity, kleptomania, self - mutilation, and alcohol and / or drug abuse. compulsive eating disorder : compulsive eaters feel incapable of controlling how much or how often they eat. they may feel unable to stop eating, eat very fast, eat when they ' re not hungry, eat only when they ' re alone, or eat nearly non - stop throughout the day. compulsive eaters often over - indulge in sugary foods and use them in an attempt to \" lift \" their mood. when they don ' t eat the foods they crave, they often experience severe withdrawal symptoms. binge eating : the essential features of binge - eating disorder are repeated, out - of - control episodes of consuming abnormally large amounts of food. people with this disorder eat whether they are hungry or not and continue eating well after being uncomfortably full. if left untreated, this disorder often leads to obesity, which is responsible for as many as 300, 000 deaths each year, or other serious and often life - threatening eating disorders, such as bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. those who suffer from binge - eating disorder are also at high risk of substance - related disorders and serious psychiatric conditions, including depression, panic disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. other eating disorder facts - the body chemistry is so affected by starving / bingeing / purging that it can reach a \" point of no return \", when death can result from chemical imbalance. - research has shown that men suffering from eating disorders have significantly lower bone density than women suffering from eating disorders. - individuals with eating disorders are at high risk for depression and anxiety disorders. - many individuals with eating disorders also suffer from borderline personality disorder. - americans spend more than $ 40 billion a year on dieting and diet - related products. myths about eating disorders myth : only teenage girls experience eating disorders. fact : although many eating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45756068059137306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.860225"} {"text": "many individuals with eating disorders also suffer from borderline personality disorder. - americans spend more than $ 40 billion a year on dieting and diet - related products. myths about eating disorders myth : only teenage girls experience eating disorders. fact : although many eating disorders do begin in the teenage years, anyone can suffer from this disorder, including children, men, and older women. myth : an individual is only bulimic if he / she vomits. fact : laxatives, diuretics, exercising, or fasting can also be used to \" purge \" : rid the body of food. what can help? if you think a friend has an eating disorder, talk with him / her about specific behaviors you ' ve noticed. express your caring, support and concern. don ' t blame or judge. if she denies the problem, tell her that you are worried and need to do something to relieve your worry ( e. g. give her material to read, tell a parent, etc. ). offer to go with her to a doctor or to support group. a physician should be seen to discuss concerns, to immediately treat any physical problems, and to explore treatment plans. your friend can make an appointment in the edmonds cc counseling and resource center with a counselor, who can listen, offer feedback, and refer to treatment resources. eating disorders are complex and often require a comprehensive treatment plan involving medical care and monitoring, psychosocial interventions, nutritional counseling and, when appropriate, medication management. | national eating disorders association 800. 931. 2237 | | www. nationaleatingdisorders. org | | american psychiatric association | | http : / / www. psych. org / public _ info / eatingdisorders52201. cfm | | website on eating disorders | | something fishy website on eating disorders | | http : / / www. sfwed. org | | care crisis line | | snohomish county care crisis line : | | 425 - 258 - help ( 4357 ) or 1 - 800 - 584 - 3578 | | ( 24 - hour telephone crisis counseling ; interpreters available ) | | king county crisis line : | | 206 - 461 - 3222 or 1 - 800 - 244 - 5767 | | edmonds community college upholds all state and federal non - discrimination and equal opportunity laws. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4176182495036885, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.861150"} {"text": "( cnn ) - - eva walusimbi knows well how it is to live in darkness. as a community leader in the small town of mityana, central uganda, she ' s been witnessing the health hazards and financial strains that a shortage of electricity can bring to people living in energy poor, rural areas. \" just three miles away from here, people in the villages don ' t have electricity - - some of them use candles, some use kerosene lamps, \" says walusimbi, who runs schools for orphans and disadvantaged children in uganda. \" one morning there was a kid that was picked from school early in the morning because her sibling had died in a fire, \" she says. \" [ the kid ] had lit a candle in the house and then went outside to do some other chores, so the candle melted away and the house was all on fire. by the time that they came back to see what ' s going on, the whole house was burned down and the kid was burned to ashes. \" in uganda, some 90 % of the population lives without access to electricity, according to world bank figures. apart from the health risks, walusimbi, 50, says that lack of electricity is also preventing people from escaping poverty. \" people that are living without electricity, their day ends up so quickly - - they can do less work compared to the people with full light, \" she says. but for walusimbi, there is light at the end of the tunnel. she has joined solar sister, a group aiming to eradicate energy poverty while creating economic opportunities for women. using an avon - style women ' s distribution system, solar sister trains, recruits and supports female entrepreneurs in east africa to sell affordable solar lighting and other green products such as solar lamps and mobile phone chargers. the women use their community networks of family and neighbors to build their own businesses, earning a commission on each sale. read related : harnessing pedal power to light up africa solar sister founder katherine lucey, a former investment banker with expertise in the energy sector, says this model is creating access to safe, affordable and clean energy while helping women to earn a steady income to support their families. \" this gives them a chance to earn money in a way that is a lot more steady - - they have control over it and that money can come into the family, \" says lucey, who is based in rhode island, in the united states. \" in almost all cases we see them using that to spend on education for their children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.411149297945319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.865718"} {"text": "- - they have control over it and that money can come into the family, \" says lucey, who is based in rhode island, in the united states. \" in almost all cases we see them using that to spend on education for their children. \" during her 20 - year career as an energy executive, lucey says she ' d seen how access to electricity was fundamental for economic growth. but whilst working on large - scale energy projects in developing countries, she also realized that the pressing needs of many poor individuals were still not being served. after dark, houses not connected to the electricity grid rely mainly on open - flame kerosene lamps for light. such lanterns, however, pose fire hazards, emit toxic fumes and a put a strain on family budgets. \" you really can ' t raise up above subsistence living if you don ' t have light, electricity and energy, \" says lucey. \" and when you do have it, it ' s just tremendous what people are able to accomplish and the impact it has on people ' s lives : children can study more and go to school, women can start businesses and are able to provide for their families. \" according to lighting africa, a joint world bank - international finance corporation program developed to increase access to clean sources of energy for lighting, 589 million people in the continent live without access to a public electricity facility. the group says african poor rural households and small businesses pay $ 10 billion per year for lighting purposes, while communities not connected to the grid spend $ 4. 4 billion annually on kerosene. lucey says ending a culture of dependency on aid is crucial to help people escape economic hardship and deal with the issue of energy poverty. she explains : \" there ' s not enough philanthropy in the world to solve this problem, \" she says. \" a third of the world population doesn ' t have access to electricity - - it ' s not going to be solved by philanthropy, it ' s going to be solved by some kind of market mechanism where people have access to this product... and purchase as they need it. \" so far, more than 270 entrepreneurs in uganda, rwanda and south sudan have joined solar sister. lucey says the group, which is looking to expand in other counties in the continent, is deliberately working solely with women as they are responsible of managing the energy needs of a household. \" women are the ones who walk miles to cut the wood ; women are the ones who go to markets to buy kerosene - - so if we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45722427989308767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.868171"} {"text": "the recent article titled, \u201c silicon photonics is hot \u201d authored by rick merritt and based on an interview with andy bechtolsheim, spurred me to take a deeper look at the technology challenges we \u2019 re facing with silicon photonics as we scale switching networks from 10g to 100g and eventually one terabits. it \u2019 s a brave new world when we eliminate the tried and true hand assembly of hundreds of optical piece parts and move to silicon photonics. some optical functions are easy to implement in silicon, while others are more difficult. we cannot, and should not, mix some of the old parts with a silicon chip to create a partial silicon photonics solution. rather, we need the whole optical engine to be integrated onto the silicon platform. the optical engine takes multiple high - speed electrical channels, converts them to optical, combines the channels to send them via a single optical fiber to any distance from as close as the next rack to as far as across the entire data center. at the receive end, the optical engine separates the light stream into separate channels and converts them back to electrical channels. in data centers, optical engines are emerging as the lowest power, smallest technology choice in pluggable transceivers for connecting cluster switches and routers and are used in active optical cables to connect server blades and switches. in addition, optical engines will soon be embedded mid - board to reduce the power and increase the density in board - to - board applications. however, there are many challenges in integrating optical functions on a cmos platform designed primarily for electrical functions. let \u2019 s have a look at each of the key opto - electrical functions and the challenges of full integration in a cmos platform : lasers : lasers provide the source of light for the optical engine, but some data center lasers are expensive. kotura has developed on - chip functions that use the light from low - cost, low - speed lasers. the laser is the one optical component that is not monolithically integrated, but recent developments in flip - chip bonding of lasers and arrays make this a high - volume, low - cost process. on chip features eliminate the need for any lenses, isolators and beam collimators traditionally used in laser subassembly. kotura \u2019 s laser design eliminates the need for expensive hermetic packaging. it just takes a few seconds on an automated station to align and bond a laser array to the silicon photonics chip. finally, one of the toughest problems, getting a low - cost light source into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5625998646815369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.873722"} {"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. a break in the skin is an open door, inviting dirt and germs to enter your body and cause infection. do not squeeze the wound. soak the wound in warm, soapy water to help the injury heal from the inside out. cover the wound with a gauze dressing to absorb any drainage and let air in for faster healing. if an object lodges in the body, apply direct pressure around the wound to control bleeding. ( wear gloves or use other protection as a barrier between you and any blood. ) wrap gauze or cloth around the object to hold it steady. tape the wrapping in place. don \u2019 t increase the risk of internal bleeding by trying to remove an embedded object. pale or clammy skin. the pulse may be so light or race so fast that you can \u2019 t count the beats. the victim may be confused or unable to concentrate or may stare blankly. over time, the victim may even become unconscious. a large object, such as a knife, embedded in the body 1. reassure the person. 2. continue to control bleeding with direct pressure. the wound covers a large area or is deep. the ear or eye is punctured. an object such as a nail remains lodged in the body. the injury is on the face or any area where scarring is a concern. the person needs protection against tetanus. this is a disease caused by bacteria that may enter any break in the skin and bring on a life - threatening illness called lockjaw. the body \u2019 s defenses may need a booster injection if it \u2019 s been more than five years since the last tetanus vaccination.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4476938768601283, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.875420"} {"text": "head injury, age 4 and older most injuries to the head are minor. bumps, cuts, and scrapes on the head and face usually heal well and can be treated the same as injuries to other parts of the body. minor cuts on the head often bleed heavily because the face and scalp have many blood vessels close to the surface of the skin. often the injury is not severe, and the bleeding will stop with home treatment. for more information, see how to stop bleeding. many head injuries can be prevented. use seat belts and helmets, and make your home safe to prevent falls. common causes of serious head injuries in adults include : head injuries that involve force are more likely to cause a serious injury to the brain. a high - energy injury to the head increases the likelihood of a serious injury even more. be sure to evaluate the person for signs and symptoms of a head injury after a fall or other type of head injury. it is sometimes hard to tell the difference between a mild concussion and a more serious head injury. a person with a concussion may appear dazed, stare blankly, or cry for no apparent reason. nausea, vomiting, headache, or dizziness may be present. a visit to a doctor is needed anytime mild symptoms persist. even if a visit to a doctor is not needed, watch anyone who has had a head injury carefully for at least 24 hours to see whether signs of a serious head injury develop. occasionally, after a head injury you may feel as if you are not functioning as well as you did before the injury ( postconcussive syndrome ). you may have blurred vision, headache, nausea, vomiting, forgetfulness, or trouble concentrating. some people have problems with balance and coordination and personality changes. these changes may be related to stress from the events around the accident that caused the injury or from the injury itself. many people have symptoms for as long as 3 months after a head injury, and some even have problems for as long as a year afterward. when a head injury has occurred, look for other injuries to other parts of the body that also may need attention. trouble breathing, shock, spinal injuries, and severe bleeding are all life - threatening injuries that may occur along with a head injury and require immediate medical attention. injuries to the spine, especially the neck, must be considered when there has been a head injury. check your symptoms to decide if and when you should see a doctor. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4599226022113211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.879769"} {"text": "family : laridae, gulls and terns view all from this family description adult summer has a pale gray back and upper wings with a white trailing edge and pale gray subterminal marks on outer four or five otherwise white primaries. plumage is otherwise white. bill is yellowish green with an orange spot ; pale yellowish to brown eye has a purplish red eyering. adult ssp. glaucoides ( breeds on greenland ) is similar but primaries are pure white. adult winter similar, but has brown streaking on head and neck. juvenile and 1st - winter pale gray - buff with white primaries. bill is dark with hint of pink at base. adult plumage is acquired over next 3 years through successive molts. second - winter bird looks very pale overall, with faint gray - buff marbling ; bill is pale grayish pink with a narrow dark tip or submarginal band. third - winter is similar to winter adult, but with buff feathers on tail and upper wings. dimensions length : 23 \" ( 58 cm ) habitat nests on cliffs in canadian high arctic and winters mainly on coasts of northern canadian seaboard ; occasionally pushed further south by harsh weather. observation tips in winter, often associates with other gull species. range eastern canada, new england, florida, mid - atlantic, southeast, alaska, great lakes, western canada, plains voice utters a distinctive kyaoo and anxious ga - ka - ka, similar to herring gull but higher pitched. similar species thayer ' s gull l. thayeri ( l 22 - 24 in ) is western counterpart of iceland ; sometimes turns up on great lakes and atlantic seaboard in winter. adult is similar to adult iceland but has black wingtips with white \" windows. \" immatures are similar to their iceland counterparts, but darker and browner. discussion attractive, pale gull. recalls glaucous gull in all plumages but note iceland ' s smaller size, less bulky body, and longer - winged appearance. rather rounded head and relatively small bill lend an almost pigeon - like quality to the head. relatively short legs are pink. represented in north america mainly by ssp. kumleini ( known as \" kumlein ' s gull \" ) and to which main description refers. sexes are similar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4339110774485322, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.882045"} {"text": "response & recovery around the world, recent events involving terrorism and bioterrorism have raised the concern for public health and safety, as well as environmental protection. e & e has responded to over 8, 000 environmental events worldwide including man - made and natural disasters involving floods, earthquakes, chemical and oil spills, hurricanes, outbreaks, and other public health emergencies. e & e maintains and deploys teams trained and equipped with state - of - the - art emergency response technology and equipment. these teams are called upon by government agencies to provide support to local emergency responders facing issues such a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear ( cbrne ) and explosives emergencies with services such as air and water sampling and testing, mobile laboratory deployment, and contaminant plume and air modeling. our emergency response services provide around - the - clock, around - the - world access to proven expertise to address and respond to emergency incidents. - emergency response to hazardous material spills and releases, natural disasters, public health emergencies and events involving terrorism - site safety plan design and compliance oversight - personal protective equipment use and selection - multimedia environmental surveying and sampling - spill containment and incident perimeter establishment and maintenance - decontamination line design and operations oversight - incident logistics and material management programs - hazardous materials removal and remediation design and oversight support - plume modeling and advanced air and groundwater assessment - confined space entry methods and monitoring - natural resource damage assessments - human health and ecological risk assessment - geological studies - response equipment support ( needs analysis ; equipment assessment, procurement ; and coordination of training and equipment management ) e & e provided more than 50 technical personnel to perform sampling for anthrax in more than 25 federal buildings in the nation \u2019 s capital, including the capitol and supreme court. e & e coordinated emergency response actions in response to severe flooding of several rivers that affected 36 counties, working closely with federal / state agencies, including the federal emergency management agency ( fema ). e & e is working with new york city department of law to apply scientific analysis to claims alleging health injuries, environmental damage, and property damage resulting from the terrorist attacks on the wtc on september 11, 2001. - matthew lieuallen - ( 503 ) 248 - 5600", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47291424715107644, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.887524"} {"text": "breakthrough entrepreneurship is about solving problems - - but it ' s only half the battle. if you ' ve brainstormed a business idea and have a sense of the customer pain your product can solve. the next step in your billion - dollar business generating process is to figure out if you can fill that need profitably. to do this, you need to understand the value proposition you ' re creating. estimate the economics as best you can so as to figure out ahead of time if customers will actually agree to purchase your product or service for significantly more than it costs you to produce it. three factors make up your value proposition : production cost : what will it cost you to develop and produce your product or service? customer utility : what dollar amount can you use to represent the degree to which your customer will value the product? price : how much will your customer be willing to pay? < insert ad here > the lower your production costs and the higher the customer utility, the better the value proposition will be. for example, suppose we wanted to calculate a value proposition for a grande soy latte at starbucks. we ' d need to estimate each of the three numbers so that we can plug them into the three parts of the framework. begin with production cost, which is often the number you can estimate with the most precision. if you ' re selling lattes or planning to manufacture electronics, bake cupcakes or develop games that run on social networking websites, hopefully you know enough to come up with an estimate of what it will cost you to produce them. in this case, you ' d probably have direct expenses, such as the cost of beans, soy milk, paper cups and those little corrugated cardboard sleeves so your customers ' hands won ' t burn. you ' d also have indirect costs : the tables and chairs you need to furnish the store and the marketing campaigns. what are the true production costs for a single grande soy latte at starbucks? an educated guess, based on our research and interviews, we ' ll say it probably costs starbucks about $ 1. 75 to produce each latte. that ' s step one. step two is to figure out the customer utility. in other words, what is a single cup actually worth to a customer? the utility to a mildly curious starbucks customer who has never before tried a soy latte isn ' t all that high. the utility to a true caffeine addict is higher. maybe he or she would be willing to spend three times as much as the latte neophyte. to find", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49300014910330425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.894392"} {"text": "has never before tried a soy latte isn ' t all that high. the utility to a true caffeine addict is higher. maybe he or she would be willing to spend three times as much as the latte neophyte. to find out, you could ask potential customers what they think about lattes and other similar drinks. look at what similar drinks sell for elsewhere, do interviews and conduct focus groups or offer pre - sale deals and see what level people bite at. let ' s say the average utility to a starbucks customer would be $ 5, and the estimated $ 1. 75 production cost. those are pretty promising numbers, and can lead us to the last estimate : what is the optimal price? determining how to price products optimally is a never - ending challenge. often you ' ll cycle through several pricing experiments before you figure out what works best. usually, but not always, the higher the price, the lower the demand. the key to keep in mind is that the purchase price you set must be somewhere between what it costs you ( or starbucks ) to produce the latte and the utility to the customer. spelled out like this, the point seems obvious - - and it is. yet, the history of entrepreneurship is filled with stories of founders who never accurately figured out these calculations ahead of time, and whose ventures died as a result. in the case of starbucks, since we can find one on nearly any urban street corner in america, we can see that its current calculation of the optimal price is about $ 3. 85. related : four rules for pricing products two more points to consider : the value created and value captured. if starbucks produces lattes at $ 1. 75 and the average utility to your customers is $ 5, then starbucks has created $ 3. 25 of value. and if they ' re selling lattes at $ 3. 85, then they are capturing $ 2. 10 of value. this example shows a well - balanced value proposition at starbucks, and perhaps helps explain why the company ' s stores remain popular and profitable. at least in this example, based on reasonable assumptions, starbucks creates significant value for the customer, and it also captures a sizeable portion of that value for itself. so why even bother with the exercise of calculating a value proposition? first, the process can help you diagnose quickly whether you ' re on to something promising and potentially profitable. second, it shows where you need to focus your efforts to improve a marginal business idea. it can make it easier to identify where the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4711721297072402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.895971"} {"text": "the encyclopedia of earth is dedicated to expanding and enhancing opportunities for education on environmental topics. please take a moment to explore the many resources below, and provide feedback on using online resources for education. initiatives of the environmental information coalition - eoe in the classroom see how educators are using the encyclopedia of earth in classrooms for course preparation and teaching. - student science communication project browse articles written by students and published on the encyclopedia of earth with guidance from faculty and the eoe expert community. readers and online courses - ncse - nasa interdisciplinary climate change education the nnicce team is developing a robust curricular package for a general education course on climate change that universities across the country can readily adopt and adapt. - ecology for teachers reader explore a graduate level course reader developed by mark mcginley for an interdisciplinary program to teach high school teachers to teach ecology. - environmental contaminants and toxicology reader delve into a broad introductory reader developed by emily monosson covering contaminants and toxicology. - ap environmental science online course utilize this thorough online course put together by the university of california college prep to prepare students for the college board \u2019 s advanced placement environmental science test. - camel : climate adaptation and mitigation elearning, an on online learning community - collections of articles and resources around a topic or region - e - books published on the encyclopedia of earth - environmental classics that are often used in environmental science and studies programs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4973269466691472, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.898036"} {"text": "the faroe plateau large marine ecosystem ( lme ) is characterized by its subarctic climate. surrounding the faroe islands in the northeast atlantic ocean, it is a high latitude extreme environment in which temperature, currents, tides and seasonal oscillations affect productivity. the faroe plateau is a very defined and geographically uniform lme. the islands have a relatively broad shelf and are surrounded by a persistent tidal front that separates shelf water from the open ocean. the circulation of water masses is anticyclonic, with a branch of the north atlantic drift current flowing north. climate is the primary force driving the lme, with intensive fishing as the secondary driving force. climate ( e. g. temperature ) is the primary force driving the lme. currents, tides and seasonal oscillations affect productivity. the shallow parts of the shelf are well mixed by extreme tidal currents and no stratification occurs during the summer. the faroe plateau lme is considered a category ii, moderately high productivity ( 150 - 300 gc / m2 - yr ) ecosystem according to seawifs global primary productivity estimates. primary productivity and phytoplankton biomass is very low during the winter, but increases during spring and summer. the shelf has neritic phytoplankton and zooplankton communities, somewhat separated from the offshore areas while receiving variable influence from the offshore environment. the shelf production of plankton is the basis for production in the higher trophic levels in the lme. the ecosystem has many trophic levels. plankton production, fish recruitment, seabird recruitment and growth, and ultimately fish landings, are interannually variable. the lme also serves as an important feeding ground for pilot whales and other marine mammals. monitoring data show simultaneous fluctuations at several trophic levels in the ecosystem. fish and fisheries climatic variability has a major impact on fish landings. commercial stocks in this lme include cod, herring and capelin. the fisheries catch in this lme has a boom and bust profile. the food and agriculture organization ( fao ) 10 - year trend shows 30, 000 tons in 1990, 120, 000 tons in 1992, and 30, 000 tons in 1999. the average catch is 100, 000 tons. the most important species group in terms of shelf catches are pelagic fishes, representing on average 52 % of the total catch, and cods, hakes and haddocks, representing more than 30 % of the catch. there was a peak capelin catch in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4753224955922663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.921124"} {"text": "group in terms of shelf catches are pelagic fishes, representing on average 52 % of the total catch, and cods, hakes and haddocks, representing more than 30 % of the catch. there was a peak capelin catch in 1992 - 1993, but this catch decreased subsequently. the long - term average landings of cod fluctuate between 20, 000 and 40, 000 tons. landings of haddock fluctuate between 15, 000 and 25, 000 tons. in the early 1990s, cod and haddock landings reached the lowest values ever recorded. since that dramatic drop, they have increased again. cod and haddock do not always fluctuate simultaneously, due to different reproductive strategies for the two species. other important species are the sand eel and the norway pout. the norway pout is not caught commercially but serves as a food supply for fish, seabirds and gray seals. a marked increase in fishing effort has not resulted in an increase in fish landings. the university of british columbia fisheries center has detailed fish catch statistics for this lme. a graphical representation of the fao data is provided below. pollution and ecosystem health climate is the primary force driving this lme. the lme provides important feeding habitats. fisheries are totally dependent on a sound and healthy marine ecosystem. a systematic monitoring of environmental parameters of the faroe shelf lme was initiated in the early 1990s. in 1998, the faroe islands had an estimated population of 44, 000. the population is almost totally dependent on fisheries and on fish farming, which began in the 1980s. the potential for petroleum production is being explored in areas close to the faroe islands, and between the faroe and shetland islands. the faroe islands are a self - governing overseas administrative division of denmark. denmark is a major fishing nation that is attempting to integrate fisheries and environmental policies. an ecosystem approach was used officially for the first time in 1995 at the international level with the convention on biological diversity. the ospar convention contains a number of supporting legislative and policy instruments regarding the northeast atlantic. denmark participates in ices ( international commission for exploration of the sea ). the area between the faroe islands and the shetland islands in the faroe - shetland channel may be rich in petroleum resources, and is disputed by the united kingdom and denmark. articles and lme volumes - fao, 2003. trends in oceanic captures and clustering of large marine ecosystems \u2014 2 studies based on the fao capture database. fao fisheries technical paper 435. 71 pages. fao fisheries &", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45462017813223593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.922840"} {"text": "and denmark. articles and lme volumes - fao, 2003. trends in oceanic captures and clustering of large marine ecosystems \u2014 2 studies based on the fao capture database. fao fisheries technical paper 435. 71 pages. fao fisheries & aquaculture - large marine ecosystems. - gaard, e., b. hansen, b. olsen and j. reinert, 2002. ecological features and recent trends in the physical environment, plankton, fish stocks, and seabirds in the faroe shelf ecosystem. in k. sherman and h. r. skjoldal, eds. large marine ecosystems of the north atlantic \u2014 changing states and sustainability. elseviers. 245 - 265. isbn : 0444510117 - gaard, e., 2000. seasonal abundance and development of calanus finmarchicus in relation to phytoplankton and hydrography on the faroe shelf. ices j. mar. sci., 57 : 1605 - 1618. - hansen, b., 1992. residual and tidal currents on the faroe plateau. ices cm. 1992 / c : 12, 18 p. - hansen, b., a. kristiansen and j. reinert, 1990. cod and haddock in faroese waters and possible climate influences on them. ices c. m. 1990 / g : 33, 23 p. - ices 1999. report of the north - western working group. ices cm 1999 / acfm : 17. 329 p. - jakupsstovu, s. h. and j. reinert, 1994. fluctuations in the faroe plateau stock. in : j. jakobsson, o. s. astthorsson, r. j. h. beverton, b. bjoernsson, n. daan, k. t. frank, j. meincke, b. rothschild, s. sundby, s. tilseth ( eds ). cod and climate change. proceedings of a symposium held in reykjavik, 23 - 27 august, 1993. ices marine science symposia. vol. 198, 194 - 211. - noaa. 1991. report of the ad hoc committee on large marine ecosystems. noaa technical memorandum nmfs - f / nec - 92, 19p. - olsen, b., 1994. faroe islands. p. 18, 100 and 111. in : g. l. hunt ( ed ). report of the study on seabird", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45754247794733693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.923716"} {"text": "attachment behaviors and health as the medical community tries to find ways to help patients become more independent in managing their health issues, researchers have discover how emotional development as children may affect how one copes with adverse events, like illness, as an adult. this article reviews research that investigated the relationship between attachment styles and how this may affect how people react to stressors such as illness or pain. attachment behaviors are developed during infancy, as babies depend on those around them. a child may become very attached or clingy, or distance himself from his caregiver if, for example, his needs aren ' t being met when he is hungry or hurt. the attachment behaviors developed during early childhood generally follow through adulthood. two negative attachment styles are attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. both of these are seen as extremes, with attachment anxiety causing excess worry and dependence on others, and attachment avoidance causing a uneasiness with being close to others or being dependant on others. among the several studies done, some researchers found that subjects who fell in the two negative attachment styles were not as effective in dealing with threats ( ie. pain ) than were those who had more positive attachment styles. the researchers found that those who fell into the attachment anxiety group had a harder time handling threatening issues and showed poorer coping mechanisms. those who fell in the attachment avoidance group also didn ' t cope well, but by avoiding the situation, minimizing the threat, and not seeking help when it would have been appropriate. yet other studies have been done to analyze the relationship between attachment style and chronic pain. not only did the researchers find that the patients had poor coping skills, but there were also higher levels of depression in both the attachment anxiety and the attachment avoidance groups. interestingly, there have been some similar findings among the caregivers of children or spouses who were ill or in pain. the researchers found that caregivers of children who fell into either of the two groups had higher levels of depression as did the children. for spouses, a caregiver who fell into the anxiety group tended to have a lower level of marital quality. the researchers of this review pointed out that there remains a lot to be studied before being able to draw direct connections between attachment styles and coping with illness or pain. however, the preliminary evidence is convincing enough to warrant further studies that examine direct association between attachment and pain intensity, how this affects health care and its cost, and how this all comes together in treatment for the long - term. laura s. porter, md, et al. attachment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47161109817820196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.926722"} {"text": "smart - 1 diagnoses wrinkles and excess weight on the moon owing to smart - 1 \u2019 s high resolution and favourable illumination conditions during the satellite \u2019 s scientific operations, data from europe \u2019 s lunar orbiter is helping put together a story linking geological and volcanic activity on the moon. the combination of high - resolution data from smart - 1 \u2019 s amie micro - camera and data from the us clementine mission is helping scientists determine the tectonics of the moon \u2019 s giant basins and the history of volcanic flooding of mid - sized craters, inside and around the lunar basins. \u201c thanks to low - elevation solar illumination on these high - resolution images \u201d, says smart - 1 project scientist bernard foing, \u201c it is now possible to study fine, small - scale geological features that went undetected earlier. \u201d the study provides new information on the thermal and tectonic history of the moon and the processes following the formation of the large basins. there are approximately 50 recognizable lunar basins more than 300 km in diameter. they are believed to be created by the impact of asteroids or comets during the lunar late heavy bombardment period, 350 - 750 million years after the formation of the moon. some of these basins ( mostly on the near side ) were then filled in by lava originating from volcanic activity. combining information from smart - 1 and clementine makes it possible to assess the link between fine geological structures, identified for the first time with amie \u2019 s high resolution, and the chemical composition of the study area. the humorum basin is an \u2018 ideal \u2019, circular, compact and moderately thick basin that was created by a simple impact event, showing a thin crust and mass concentration within a small area ( from clementine topography and gravity data ). the procellarum basin, or oceanus procellarum, is a large, extended, complex basin that is moderately thick and shows no mass concentration. it may have been formed by faulting associated with the formation of the adjacent imbrium crater ( 3. 84 thousand million years ago ), rather than by a \u2018 gargantuan \u2019 impact. the humorum basin shows concentric graben, or elongated, trench - like erosional features around the edge of the basin. these are formed as the crust is deformed due to the presence of a mascon ( mass concentration or \u2018 local overweight \u2019 ). \u201c lunar crust is like a fragile skin, wrinkled due to local mascons or its thermal history \u201d, says bernard foing, \u201c as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47525013516975256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.931123"} {"text": "west nile virus west nile is a virus transmitted to people through the bite of an infected mosquito. mosquitoes transmit the virus after becoming infected by birds carrying the virus. mosquitoes are most active in the victoria area from mid - april until october. although the chances of infection from a mosquito are low, precautions should be taken to avoid infection and to control mosquitoes around your home. west nile virus can cause mild to severe illness. suggestions to protect yourself : - wear socks, shoes and a hat - wear long - sleeved, light coloured shirts and pants - use an insect repellent containing deet when outdoors - avoid spending time outdoors at dawn or dusk when mosquitoes are most active - ensure that door and window screens are in good repair reducing breeding sites around your home : mosquitoes require standing water for the egg, larva and pupa stages of their life cycle. eliminating standing water bodies will help to reduce the areas available for breeding. - drain or discard any tin cans, plastic containers, old flower pots, buckets, garbage cans or any similar item that can hold water - change water in bird baths every 3 to 4 days - drain water that has collected in pool covers or tarps - keep eaves clear of leaves and twigs to prevent water collection - put a mosquito proof screening over rain barrels - fill in any depressions in your lawn or on your property - empty any water that has collected in old tires for more information on the west nile virus, visit the following websites :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4712069059480375, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.935872"} {"text": "negotiating devolution is complicated and has been going on since 2001. at times, it has made sense to make a record of discussions and decisions by entering into written agreements. these agreements are important steps that keep the negotiations moving forward. past agreements of this kind have included the 2001 memorandum of intent and the 2004 devolution framework agreement. these agreements were endorsed by aboriginal governments, the government of canada and the gnwt. in 2007, the gnwt and four regional aboriginal governments - the inuvialuit regional corporation, the gwich ' in tribal council, the sahtu secretariat incorporated and the northwest territory metis nation - also signed an agreement - in - principle on resource revenue sharing, making provisions for the remaining aboriginal governments to sign on when they were ready. like these earlier agreements, the devolution agreement - in - principle ( aip ) is another important step in the process. the aip sets out the subjects that should be included in a final devolution agreement, stating the principles and financial parameters that will guide the negotiation of a final agreement. the aip won ' t be legally binding and will not jeopardize existing or future rights. the aip is simply an agreement to move to the next stage of negotiations. approval of the aip marks the beginning of negotiations leading up to a final devolution agreement. many of the outstanding issues will be addressed as part of final negotiations. signing the devolution aip is a signal to the government of canada that we are ready to invest in advancing towards a final agreement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47437856927640143, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.939685"} {"text": "return to the mammalia index weasel ( short tailed ) or ( ermine ) the short - tailed weasel, also called an ermine or stoat, is found all over canada, the northern united states, europe, and asia. they live in similar habitats to the long - tailed weasel including the taigas and tundra of siberia. they are very similar in all ways to the long - tailed weasel, with one distinct difference. they have a much shorter tail, just half their body length and with a black tip. they always turn white in winter ( they only range in places that have snow in winter ). they are active and alert, good swimmers and climbers. they are territorial and will attack trespassers and are though they are active mostly at night ( nocturnal ) they can be out at any time during the day. they are fierce hunters feeding mostly on small rodents but also taking rabbits, birds, reptiles and even fruit in summer. they kill their prey by biting down hard on the base of the skull. predators include foxes, coyotes, badgers, falcons and hawks. short - tailed weasels live alone except to mate. though it can be more than 9 months between the time they mate and the female has her 6 young, weasels are not truly pregnant until march and they have the young about 6 weeks later. this is called delayed implantation and many wild mammals have this same adaptation. it allows the animals to mate in the fall when they are more active, than try to find each other in late winter. the young are born in late april to early may. within 2 months they can kill their own prey. lifespan and / or conservation status if a short - tailed weasel survives to become an adult they may live for several years. they are listed as lower risk - least concern. species : mustela erminea citing this reference citing research references when you research information you must cite the reference. citing for websites is different from citing from books, magazines and periodicals. the style of citing shown here is from the mla style citations ( modern language association ). when citing a website the general format is as follows. author last name, first name ( s ). \" title : subtitle of part of web page, if appropriate. \" title : subtitle : section of page if appropriate. sponsoring / publishing agency, if given. additional significant descriptive information. date of electronic publication or other date, such as last updated. day month year of access < url >. all text on exploring nature was written by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43058436661009974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.943927"} {"text": "vol. 8, no. 9 this issue in pdf - format ) in this issue : prevention and control of west nile virus infection in equine and other livestock or poultry usda animal and plant health inspection service ( aphis ) west nile virus ( wnv ) is a vector - borne virus that was recognized in the western hemisphere for the first time in 1999. invertebrate vectors, such as mosquitoes, circulate the virus among wild birds. occasionally the virus is introduced into other vertebrate populations, such as humans or horses, that serve as incidental hosts. incidental hosts are infected animals that do not pass the virus on to vectors or other animals. the only vectors found to be associated with outbreaks of wnv in the united states since 1999 are mosquitoes. at least 30 species of mosquitoes have been found positive for wnv, although several of those species are likely not involved in active transmission of the virus from bird - to - bird or from bird - to - mammal. horses are affected by wnv much more often than any other domestic animals. many horses infected with wnv do not develop any illness, but of horses that become ill about one - third ( 33 percent ) die or need to be euthanatized. other livestock and poultry do not commonly show any illness if infected with wnv. given that mosquitoes are associated with wnv transmission, one key to preventing or controlling future outbreaks of wnv among horses is to control mosquito populations and to prevent horses from being exposed to any adult mosquitoes that may be present. similar recommendations would apply for other livestock or poultry should illness due to wnv in those types of animals ever come to be recognized. in addition to the mosquito - related prevention measures discussed below, there is now an additional action that can be taken to help prevent illness in horses caused by wnv infection : vaccination. on august 1, 2001, a conditional license was issued by the usda - aphis \u2019 center for veterinary biologics for an equine wnv vaccine. the vaccine is a killed virus product. conditional licensing means the product has been shown to be safe, pure, and have a reasonable expectation of efficacy in preventing illness caused by wnv. each state veterinary authority must also approve the use of the product in their state. because use of this vaccine is restricted to veterinarians, you need to contact your veterinarian to find out more about its use in your area", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.465906894283454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.956261"} {"text": "wnv. each state veterinary authority must also approve the use of the product in their state. because use of this vaccine is restricted to veterinarians, you need to contact your veterinarian to find out more about its use in your area. the manufacturer of the vaccine recommends giving two intramuscular doses of one milliliter each, three to six weeks apart, followed by an annual booster. the booster should be given just prior to the start of the mosquito season in your area. reduction of mosquito breeding sites reducing the population of mosquitoes, especially species apparently involved with bird - to - bird transmission of wnv, such as some culex species, can help reduce or eliminate the presence of virus in a given geographical area. the most important step any property owner can take to control such mosquito populations is to remove all man - made potential sources of stagnant water in which mosquitoes might breed. dispose of any water - holding containers, including discarded tires. drill holes in the bottom of containers that are left outdoors. clean clogged roof gutters annually. turn over plastic wading pools or wheelbarrows when not in use and do not allow water to stagnate in bird baths. clean and chlorinate swimming pools that are not in use and be aware that mosquitoes can breed in the water that collects on swimming pool covers. aerate ornamental pools and use landscaping to eliminate standing water that collects on your property ; mosquitoes can potentially breed in any stagnant puddle that lasts more than four days. thoroughly clean livestock watering troughs monthly. local mosquito control authorities may be able to help in assessing the mosquito breeding risks associated with a specific property. decreasing exposure to adult mosquitoes it is also important to prevent horses from being exposed to adult mosquitoes. several actions may help in that effort. housing animals in structures with well - maintained insect screening can be useful to reduce exposure to adult mosquitoes. use of such mosquito - resistant structures may actually lead to mosquito exposure unless precautions are first taken to eliminate mosquitoes from inside the structure. this may be accomplished through a number of means including the use of mosquito adulticides. in addition, use of fans may reduce the potential ability of mosquitoes to feed on horses. use of insect repellents may be of some value in decreasing exposure of horses to adult mosquitoes. due to practical limitations in the coverage area that may be achieved on any given horse with a particular product formulation, and due to limited duration of effectiveness of some formulations under certain conditions (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44323922462174176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.957650"} {"text": "of some value in decreasing exposure of horses to adult mosquitoes. due to practical limitations in the coverage area that may be achieved on any given horse with a particular product formulation, and due to limited duration of effectiveness of some formulations under certain conditions ( e. g., perspiration ), repellents should not be solely relied upon to prevent mosquito exposure. repellents should be used according to their label instructions regarding appropriate species, method of application, and other precautions. topical application of a product containing a synthetic pyrethroid compound ( e. g., permethrin ) as the active ingredient may offer the best combination of safety and efficacy. although some species of mosquitoes feed at dusk or dawn, others are daytime feeders or feed at any time of the day or night. as it is not yet clear which mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of wnv to horses and other mammalian species, making recommendations as to when certain animals should avoid outdoor exposure may not be particularly useful at this time. however, a recently completed epidemiologic study of wnv suggests that keeping horses in stalls at night may be helpful in reducing their risk of infection. | west nile virus fact sheet | iowa department of public health what is west nile virus? west nile virus is an arbovirus ( a virus carried by mosquitoes ). the virus was first identified in uganda, africa in 1937, and was recently identified in new york in 1999, when at least 62 cases and 7 deaths from west nile virus infection were reported in the new york city area. the virus mainly infects mosquitoes and birds. mosquitoes in turn can spread the infection to people and other animals. how is west nile virus spread? mosquitoes can get the west nile virus when feeding on infected birds. the mosquitoes in turn can spread the virus to people through a bite. west nile virus cannot be spread from person to person. west nile virus cannot be spread by coming in contact with birds, although barrier precautions ( gloves ) should be used when handling dead birds. should the west nile virus be a concern for people in iowa? yes. since 1999, when the virus was only identified in new york, west nile virus has been identified in several states east of the mississippi. in addition, the virus was identified in iowa for the first time in september 2001, isolated from a dead crow found in the eastern part of the state. most experts believe the virus will continue to spread west. in addition, experts believe more birds and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44522234930897847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.958691"} {"text": "in addition, the virus was identified in iowa for the first time in september 2001, isolated from a dead crow found in the eastern part of the state. most experts believe the virus will continue to spread west. in addition, experts believe more birds and mosquitoes will be identified with west nile virus in iowa. this increases the chance that people can become infected. is a person bitten by a mosquito in an area known to have west nile virus likely to get infected? no. the chance of getting infected with the virus is low. what are the symptoms of west nile virus? most people who get bit by an infected mosquito never develop any symptoms. for those that do have symptoms, these are usually mild, and may include fever, headache, and body aches ; occasionally a skin rash and swollen lymph glands may occur. headache, high fever, neck stiffness, a decreased level of consciousness, confusion, tremors, muscle weakness, and paralysis may indicate a more severe infection. in rare cases, an infection can be fatal. severe infections and death are more likely to occur in the elderly and those with weakened immune systems. how is an infection with west nile virus diagnosed and treated? a physician can diagnose west nile virus through special tests. there is no specific treatment, though a physician may prescribe medications to reduce symptoms. in severe cases, hospitalization may be required. how can an infection with west nile virus be prevented? mosquito control is the most critical step. mosquitoes breed in standing water. cleaning rain gutters, emptying unused buckets, covering stored tires, and weekly cleaning of bird feeders are all effective ways to reduce mosquito breeding grounds. mosquito bites can be avoided by wearing long sleeved shirts and long pants and applying an insect repellent containing permethrin or 35 % deet to clothing. | one last shot at the thistles | by clarke mcgrath, isu extension field specialist / crops phone : 712 - 769 - 2600 - e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org there is still time to control musk thistles in grass pastures. musk thistles are relatively cold tolerant and continue to actively grow into november. studies done by iowa state university in the fall of 1992 and 1993 showed that 2, 3 - d applied after several nights of below 32f degree temperatures still gave good control of musk thistles. the trend - line for this two - year test indicated musk thistle control began to decline rapidly in november after more than 11 days of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4170355298810563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.959777"} {"text": "3 - d applied after several nights of below 32f degree temperatures still gave good control of musk thistles. the trend - line for this two - year test indicated musk thistle control began to decline rapidly in november after more than 11 days of below freezing temperatures. since we have had a decent fall so far, the thistles will still be very susceptible to the chemicals. increase the rate from one quart to 2 quarts of 2, 4 - d per acre did not significantly improve musk thistle control. in most situations it would be advantageous to combine lower rates of 2, 4 - d in combination with tordon 22k, ally, or banvel for more consistent results or a broader spectrum of weed control. details of this research can be obtained by calling your local county isu extension office. donald lewis, isu extension entomology department phone : 515 - 294 - 1101 - e - mail : email @ example. com the field cricket is one of the most common household accidental invader insect pests. there are several species of field crickets ranging in size from 1 / 4 to 3 / 4 inch, but the best known is the black field cricket, a large, shiny black insect. like other accidental invaders, field crickets spend most of their life outdoors where they feed, grow, develop, and reproduce. only during a limited portion of their life cycle do they wander indoors by mistake and create an annoyance. field crickets spend the winter as eggs laid in the soil. these eggs hatch in late spring or early summer, and tiny immature crickets called nymphs begin to feed on a variety of succulent grasses and weeds. the nymphs look like the adults except for their smaller size and the absence of wings. nymphs develop into adults within approximately 90 days. the adults mate and lay eggs in late summer before succumbing to old age or freezing temperatures in the fall. chirping, one of the hallmarks of crickets, is done only by the males as a way to attract the females of their own species. chirping is produced by rubbing the wings together. there is no single, perfect solution for the control of crickets that are invading the house. often, some combination of the following suggestions will work. ultimately, cricket problems end in the fall when the adults are killed by heavy frost or freeze. indoor residual treatments with \" cockroach \" sprays have little if any benefit. do not use lawn and garden insecticide concentrates indoors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47289953470954177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.960895"} {"text": "will work. ultimately, cricket problems end in the fall when the adults are killed by heavy frost or freeze. indoor residual treatments with \" cockroach \" sprays have little if any benefit. do not use lawn and garden insecticide concentrates indoors. direct application or fogging with pyrethrin aerosols is one way besides the fly swatter or rolled up magazine to eliminate crickets that are inside. acreage living is published monthly. for more information, local county isu extension office. editor : shawn shouse, isu extension fs / ag engineering, sw area extension, 53020 hitchcock avenue, lewis, iowa, 51544, ph : 712 / 769 - 2600 layout & design : paulette cambridge, office assistant, sw area extension, 53020 hitchcock avenue, lewis, iowa 51544, ph : 712 / 769 - 2600... and justice for all. the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. ( not all prohibited bases apply to all programs. ) many materials can be made available in alternative formats for ada clients. to file a complaint of discrimination, write usda, office of civil rights, room 326 - w, whitten building, 14th and independence avenue, sw, washington, dc 20250 - 9410 or call 202 - 720 - 5964.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.415525446950275, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.961589"} {"text": "a warm spring or hot spring is a place where warm or hot groundwater issues from the ground on a regular basis for at least a predictable part of the year, and is significantly above the ambient ground temperature ( which is usually around 55 ~ 57\u00b0f or 13 ~ 14\u00b0c in the eastern united states ). the water is heated by geothermal heat, or heat generated from the interior of the earth. this occurs in various \" hot spots \", where magma or other mantle material is close to the surface. if the water becomes so heated that it builds steam pressure and erupts in a jet above the surface of the earth, it is called a geyser ; if the water only reaches the surface in the form of steam, it is called a fumarole ; and if the water is mixed with mud and clay, it is called a mud pot. warm springs are sometimes the result of hot and cold springs mixing but may also occur outside of geothermal areas, such as warm springs, georgia ( frequented for its therapeutic effects by polio - stricken u. s. president franklin d. roosevelt, who built the little white house there ). because heated water can hold more dissolved solids and gases, warm and especially hot springs also often have a very high mineral content, containing everything from simple calcium to lithium, and even radium. because of both the folklore and the proven medical value some of these springs have, they are often popular tourist destinations, and locations for rehabilitation clinics for those with disabilities. at least three united states national parks feature hot springs :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5246016015980172, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.964302"} {"text": "allegiance, in political terms, the tie that binds an individual to another individual or institution. the term usually refers to a person ' s legal obligation of obedience to a government in return for the protection of that government, although it may have reference to any institution that one is bound to support. in the united states allegiance is required of both citizens and resident aliens. in ordinary speech, the term may include supplemental emotional ties that make it loosely synonymous with loyalty. individuals develop allegiances to social groups, such as family, school, club, and religion, through processes of socialization ; recent scholars have examined the connection of these more intimate processes to the maintenance or shift of political allegiances. political scientists distinguish between natural allegiance, which arises from membership by birth within a political society ; express allegiance, which arises from an oath or promise to support a political society, usually resulting from naturalization ; local allegiance, in which an alien pledges temporary allegiance to a government for the protection it offers ; and legal allegiance, which arises in certain cases from an oath taken to support a government temporarily, as when a foreign soldier joins its armed forces. under european laws a people did not have the right to change allegiance without consent of their governments. in 1868 the united states declared that it was the right of any citizen to voluntarily transfer allegiance to another government. great britain provided the same opportunity for its subjects in 1870, and thereafter other european states followed similar policies. the process of expatriation, however, is by no means universal. see also pledge of allegiance. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on allegiance from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : political science : terms and concepts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5723348777254323, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.967951"} {"text": "pony express, in u. s. history, relay mail service. at its inception in apr., 1860, the pony express operated between st. joseph, mo., the western end of a telegraph line, and sacramento, calif. riders carried the mail a distance of nearly 2, 000 mi ( 3, 200 km ) in about eight days, often traveling through hostile native american territory. stations where the riders changed horses were roughly 10 to 15 mi ( 16 \u2013 24. 1 km ) apart. after a rider had covered a certain distance, the mail was turned over to another rider ; this continued until the destination was reached. the pony express was operated by the freighting firm of russell, majors, and waddell. as a business venture, it was unsuccessful. before the pony express, letters to and from california had been carried by ships, wagon trains, and stagecoaches and had required much more time for the journey. the first telegram to san francisco was transmitted oct. 24, 1861, and the pony express was then gradually discontinued. its existence was brief but picturesque, and the pony express lives in legend as well as in history. in 1992 the pony express national historic trail, which covers the entire route followed by pony express riders, was designated part of the national trails system ( see national parks and monuments ( table ) ). see l. r. hafen, the overland mail ( 1926 ) ; a. chapman, the pony express ( 1932, repr. 1971 ) ; r. w. settle and m. a. l. settle, saddles and spurs ( 1955, repr. 1972 ) ; g. d. bradley, story of the pony express ( 2d ed. 1960 ) ; m. mattes and p. henderson, the pony express from st. joseph to fort laramie ( 1989 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on pony express from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : u. s. history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42019577126987645, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.970748"} {"text": "cordage ( kor\u02c8dij ) [ key ], collective name for rope and other flexible lines. it is used for such purposes as wrapping, hauling, lifting, and power transmission. early man used strips of hide, animal hair, and plant materials. hemp and flax were formerly standard in europe and america but were largely replaced in the 19th cent. by hard fibers, especially manila hemp and sisal. in the 20th cent. the natural fibers were replaced in many applications by synthetic fibers such as nylon and polyester. the fibers are straightened, usually by combing, then spun into yarn. twine, which is sometimes called cord, is formed by wrapping two or more yarns together. by twisting together a number of yarns, a strand is formed. by twisting together three or more strands, a rope is produced. a cable - laid rope is formed from three or more ropes. in general a synthetic fiber rope lasts much longer and is much stronger than a natural fiber rope. steel wire, often with a fiber core, is also used for rope. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on cordage from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : technology : terms and concepts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5866036400164811, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.972636"} {"text": "united nations relief and works agency ( unrwa ) - homepage : http : / / www. un. org / unrwa / november 2007 : \" following the 1948 arab - israeli conflict, unrwa, the united nations relief and works agency for palestine refugees in the near east, was established by united nations general assembly resolution 302 ( iv ) of 8 december 1949 to carry out direct relief and works programmes for palestine refugees. the agency began operations on 1 may 1950. in the absence of a solution to the palestine refugee problem, the general assembly has repeatedly renewed unrwa ' s mandate, most recently extending it until 30 june 2008. since its establishment, the agency has delivered its services in times of relative calm in the middle east, and in times of hostilities. it has fed, housed and clothed tens of thousands of fleeing refugees and at the same time educated and given health care to hundreds of thousands of young refugees. unrwa is unique in terms of its long - standing commitment to one group of refugees and its contributions to the welfare and human development of four generations of palestine refugees. originally envisaged as a temporary organization, the agency has gradually adjusted its programmes to meet the changing needs of the refugees. today, unrwa is the main provider of basic services - education, health, relief and social services - to over 4. 4 million registered palestine refugees in the middle east. \" http : / / www. un. org / unrwa / overview / index. html january 2009 : ' the un relief and works agency, the largest humanitarian organisation working in gaza, said there was a \" huge and overwhelming need \" for aid. ' http : / / news. bbc. co. uk / 1 / hi / uk / 7850407. stm role name type last updated owned by ( partial or full, past or present ) united nations, the ( un ) organization nov 12, 2007 articles and resources date fairness. com resource read it at : jan 26, 2009 mps call on bbc to air gaza film : a commons motion criticising the bbc and sky for refusing to broadcast a plea for humanitarian aid funding for gaza has been backed by 112 mps. quote : the bbc ' s explanation that airing the film would threaten its impartiality was described by labour mp richard burden ' s motion as \" unconvincing \".... john ryley, head of sky news, said that broadcasting the film would be \" incompatible \" with its objective role. british broadcasting corporation ( bbc ) nov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3905237152980776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.979094"} {"text": "how to draw cartoons the easy way learning how to draw cartoons is fairly easy if you are keen to do a little practice with your pencil and paper. cartoons are not really complicated if you start with these basics. all drawings are based on simple shapes like an oval, square, cylinder, rectangle, or triangle / cone. follow these simple steps and you will soon be turning out cartoons that look professional. if you can draw these basic four shapes as mention here, you can draw any cartoon type from spiderman to a barbie doll or even your favorite politician! you can ' t imagine a newspaper or magazine like the new yorker without cartoons, a kids tv channel with animated cartoons or trade journals without gag cartoons. and do you know, children make the best cartoonists simply because they are completely uninhibited. they draw with complete abandonment without any thought about? does it look right?? this is a natural flair that almost all children have. okay, so let ' s look a bit deeper into cartooning. first of all before being too creative you have draw things as you see them. sorry, but there are no shortcuts. if you do not have a burning passion to create wonderful cartoons then please do not start \u2014 unless of course you only wish to dabble in it. you have to observe the basic structure of the object you are drawing and all the basic forms ( the four major ones at least ) must be able to fit into the object whether that be a human figure or any object. the exact likeness of the form is not necessary otherwise get yourself a digital camera. obviously your interpretation or handwriting comes into play. no two people see the images the same way. the major key is to draw things realistically in your own handwriting. the square or rectangle can be the start to drawing a box ; the sphere can be an apple or the cone can be the basis for an ice cream. remember you are drawing in two dimensions but the objects are three dimensions. see how these basics fit into any of these four basic forms. see how a cone atop a sphere can become a clown without any other form added - - these would be the basics to start off with. so our first exercise is to draw a box using a square. first of all draw a square as shown here and add perspective lines as in the dashes. perspective means any object, animal, human or whatever has what is called a vanishing point. if you see a picture of a railway line you ' ll see the rails disappear into a single point.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44802454801374014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.982292"} {"text": "the convention ' s chemical review committee based its recommendation on a review of national regulatory actions taken by benin, canada, european union, japan, new zealand, and norway to ban or restrict the use of chemicals that pose an unacceptable risk to human health and the environment. \" for the first time since the convention entered into force in 2004, the committee has recommended adding a severely hazardous pesticide formulation to the ' watch list ', advancing our parties ' efforts to ensure that countries ' rights to know and trade chemicals safely are respected, \" said fao ' s peter kenmore, co - executive secretary of the rotterdam convention. gramoxone super is an herbicide containing paraquat dichloride, which is used to control weeds in cotton, rice and maize. burkina faso had proposed to include gramoxone super as a severely hazardous pesticide formulation ( shpf ) into annex iii of the convention due to the problems experienced caused by this pesticide formulation under conditions of use in its territory. pentabde and octabde commercial mixtures are brominated flame retardants. due to their toxicity and persistence, their industrial production is set to be eliminated under the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants ( pops ). \" the recommendation to include these three industrial chemicals marks an acceleration in the rate of submission of industrial chemicals to the crc for review of these substances known to harm human health and the environment. this is, as a result, in part, through the cooperative exchange of information from our sister scientific review committee under the stockholm convention, \" said donald cooper, co - executive secretary of the rotterdam convention. the recommendations will be forwarded to the fifth meeting of the conference of the parties to the rotterdam convention in june 2011. jointly supported by fao and by the united nations environment programme ( unep ), the rotterdam convention prevents unwanted trade in the chemicals included in its legally binding prior informed consent ( pic ) procedure. the rotterdam convention does not introduce bans but fosters information exchange mechanisms to help improve decision making about the trade of hazardous chemicals. it enables member governments to alert each other to potential dangers by exchanging information on chemicals and to take informed decisions with regard to whether they want to import such chemicals in the future. the convention makes the international trade in hazardous chemicals more transparent and less vulnerable to abuse through its export notification provisions and by encouraging harmonized labeling of chemicals. exporting member governments are responsible for ensuring that no exports leave their territory when an importing country has made the decision not to accept a pic chemical.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49569193851718296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.990594"} {"text": "biofuel - powered passenger aircraft are becoming more and more common. but what if you mashed that up with a rocket engine? that ' s essentially what the zero emission hypersonic transport ( zehst ) project by european defense manufacturer eads is all about. zehst could be the rocketplane that flies our kids around the world in the same time it takes us to drive to work. the concorde was retired nearly eight years ago, and the sr71 blackbird concluded flights 22 years ago, but if they ' d got together in the 1980s and had an airborne offspring they would ' ve produced something very much like zehst. the aircraft was unveiled yesterday before the influential paris airshow, and eads seems intent that it ' s no pie - in - the - sky experiment : zehst will hopefully be flying in prototype form by 2020 and in service 30 years after that. you may be thinking \" zero emissions and a rocket plane does not compute \" but here ' s why it kinda makes sense : zehst has seven engines hidden inside its nacelles, two that breathe air and work like conventional jet aircraft ' s do, two giant ramjets, and three that burn liquid hydrogen and oxygen like conventional rocket engines do. it also relies on existing well - known technologies, materials, and engine designs. so, while it ' s going to take 40 years to get off the ground, it ' s not purely science fiction. the four air - breathers burn biofuel, which could be based on algae - - a technology that ' s getting more and more plausible. indeed boeing just flew its newest aircraft, the 747 - 8 freighter, to paris by using biofuel. this gives them an extremely low eco - footprint compared to conventional jet fuel. meanwhile the rocket engines burn oxygen and hydrogen, like the space shuttle, which leaves a polluting wake that consists only of superheated steam ( making and storing the lh2 and lox in the first place does take energy, which currently isn ' t necessarily the most environmentally friendly practice - - but by 2050 it certainly will be ). the idea is the two jet engines propel the vehicle at low speeds on takeoff and landing. when it ' s accelerating into the air, three rockets take over to push it higher and faster in a boost phase. as the aircraft moves fast enough to ignite ramjets, two of these take over the power production as it continues to rise. after reaching its peak altitude and speed it glide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5287072841101645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.993686"} {"text": "tips for improving memory our memory helps to shape and define who we are, provide us with comfort, and guide us in our daily lives. while there are many different types of memory we tend to rely primarily on a type of memory that enables us to recall information presented to us either recently or sometime in the distant past. memory can be affected by many factors including level of stress, rest, nutrition, medical status, medications, alcohol, exercise, sensory function, hormones, and information processing ability. common types of memory difficulties include inability to remember names, forgetting directions, forgetting where the car or other object is, and forgetting to complete a task in a specified order. while it is true that our memory ability tends to decline as we age, a healthy older adult can recall quite well, particularly when given cues and prompts. memory in late life should not be confused with disease such as alzheimer \u2019 s that can impair memory. here are some strategies and tips to assist you with your recall on a daily basis regardless of age : 1. recognize what types of information and situations increase forgetfulness for you. you may be able to identify particular factors that lead to your memory problems and a change of these factors might help your recall. 2. make sure your brain is well rested. you might be surprised to learn that a fatigued brain will not process as deeply or as efficiently as a well rested brain. 3. eat brain healthy foods such as fish, fruits, nuts, and vegetables. 4. information that you need to encode will be recalled better if you repeat the information to yourself several times. 5. if you have problems remembering names of people you meet continue to use their names in every sentence when speaking to them. this is a type of normal repetition that is polite and helpful to your processing. 6. do not be ashamed to admit to someone that you have forgotten their name and need to hear it again. simply tell the person you are bad with names, but you are trying and can benefit if they provide his or her name again. at that point, refer back to point # 5. 7. lists are fine or small pocket book with cues and prompts can be very useful to assist your recall. 8. develop routines and fixed places for placement of items such as car keys. your brain will develop a subconscious process to place and retrieve objects with such routine. this will then free up the conscious part of your brain to learn new 9. engage in memory exercises such as learning an increasingly larger list of words, faces on cards, facts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45638240508005284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:46.996626"} {"text": "there are a lot of different ways to approach this problem - - but there is one fundamental that should not be ignored. namely, the allocation of electoral votes lags behind changes in the distribution of the population. presently, the composition of the electoral college is based on the 2000 census - - what if it were based on the population in 2008 instead? the census bureau does not yet have its current population estimate out for 2008. what we can do, however, is take its 2007 estimate, and then add to it the population gain between 2006 and 2007 to come up with a reasonable estimate for 2008. for example, texas had 23. 5 million people in 2006 and 23. 9 million in 2007 - - a gain of about 400, 000 persons. we add another 400, 000 to account for population growth between 2007 and 2008, which gives us an estimate of 24. 3 million for its current population. if we do this for each state, and then reassign electoral votes based on the new population estimates, i show the following electoral votes changing hands : - texas gains three electoral votes. as you can see, the gains tend to come in republican - leaning states, and the losses in democratic - leaning ones. we can be a little bit more specific about this by apportioning the electoral vote changes based on mccain and obama ' s win percentages in each state. for example, we estimate that mccain has a 95 percent chance of winning texas, so we assign mccain 95 percent of texas ' three new electoral votes ( + 2. 85 ), giving obama the small remainder of 0. 15 electoral votes. - arizona, florida, georgia, nevada, south carolina and utah each gain one electoral vote. - iowa, louisiana, massachusetts, michigan, new jersey, new york and pennsylvania each lose one electoral vote. - ohio loses two electoral votes. overall, this results in a swing of slightly fewer than five electoral votes from mccain to obama ( actually 4. 68 ), or a net change of 9 - 10. if electoral votes were assigned based on the current population, rather than the population in 2000, we would show obama with tiny a 269. 7 - 268. 3 advantage, rather than the 274. 4 - 263. 6 advantage that we do now. these new voters places like texas and arizona will show up in mccain ' s popular vote column - - but not in his electoral vote column until new allocations are made after the 2010 census. while there might be other reasons that the electoral math tends to be favorable to mccain,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4686228309751588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.000711"} {"text": "rosacea is a chronic disease which usually first appears as subtle reddening on the face. it is usually focused on the center of the face. rosacea commonly starts on the nose and spread outwards to include the cheeks, chin and forehead. over time this may develop into some inflammation and may be accompanied by skin eruptions. if left untreated, rosacea can worsen over time and even affect the eyelids and mucous membranes. \u2022 flushing or blushing that occurs easily and often and lasts longer than normal. \u2022 rashes and redness on part or all of the face. often has the appearance of sunburn and may become worse over time. \u2022 visible red lines on the face called telangiectasis. these lines are caused by broken blood vessels. \u2022 a bright red central face, capillary prominence and eruptions mark full - blown rosacea. \u2022 white pustules with rare occurrence of blackheads. \u2022 burning or stinging sensations with strong senitivity to many topical preparations. stages of rosacea : at the very beginning of the disease, patches of redness appear, usually in the center of the face or on the cheeks. this can be mistaken for rosy cheeks or a harmless change in complexion. however, the redness does not go away. the progress of the disease can be interrupted by periods of remission, which means that the symptoms calm down and seem to go away. these cycles of flare - ups and remissions are common in rosacea. it is unfortunate, but the remission periods are often followed by a worsened period of activity \u2014 a return of the pimples, redness, nose bumps, etc \u2014 when the disease is left untreated. symptoms ordinarily develop in the following order : first, the redness and pimples, then the visible blood vessels, and then the nose bumps. rosacea can also involve the eyes, mucous membranes and connective tissue beneath the skin. the symptoms of rosacea often mimic acne and sunburn. for this reason, it is often left untreated in its early stages. however, early and effective treatment can stop the progress of the disease. for more info, download rosacea symptoms, a free ebook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45713624198370795, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.003865"} {"text": "carbon with that latte? sonia narang 07. 03. 07, 6 : 00 am et how starbucks hopes to trim its emissions footprint. in its shop in downtown san mateo, calif., for instance, baristas serve up about 40, 000 cups of coffee drinks every month. just based on utility bills alone, that means starbucks is serving up about 4, 900 pounds of carbon with its drinks - - or about two ounces per cup. starbucks executives say they are looking for ways to trim those carbon emissions. but they are reluctant to say just how much starbucks ' worldwide carbon footprint is - - and how it has changed over the past few years. starbucks has calculated the carbon footprint of its north american locations only once, in 2003. since then, its number of u. s. company - owned stores has almost doubled to 6, 281. its international company - owned locations, also left out of the calculation, now number more than 1, 500. \" although we have grown in size, the nature of our business remains the same - - the operation of retail stores and roasting coffee, \" says jim hanna, environmental affairs manager at starbucks in seattle. while starbucks chooses not to calculate its carbon footprint every year, the company does conduct annual progress checks, but these numbers are not publicly reported. other eco - friendly companies are also surprisingly coy. last month, for instance, google ) led a group of 40 other companies ( including starbucks ) in kicking off the \" climate savers computing initiative, \" a project aimed at building and buying more energy - efficient pcs. google is nonetheless keeping a watch on the size of its carbon footprint and hopes to achieve carbon neutrality by the end of this year by using non - carbon energy sources for much of its power needs and purchasing carbon offsets for the rest. recently, google flipped the switch on 1. 6 megawatts of solar power modules on the roof of its mountain view headquarters. starbucks was early among eco - sensitive companies. executives became convinced early in this decade that atmospheric carbon could wreak havoc on the global climate - - and so on the supply and price of coffee beans. \" we ' re facing environmental risks posed by climate change that could negatively affect many aspects of our company, including our ability to procure coffee, \" hanna says. temperature and rainfall dictate how much coffee comes out of regions including latin america and asia. \" as we hope to increase to 40, 000 stores worldwide in the next 10 years, we ' re going to need a larger supply", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4369905000376488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.009476"} {"text": "\" hanna says. temperature and rainfall dictate how much coffee comes out of regions including latin america and asia. \" as we hope to increase to 40, 000 stores worldwide in the next 10 years, we ' re going to need a larger supply, \" hanna says. in 2003, starbucks hired denver - based engineering firm ch2m hill to calculate the carbon footprint of the approximately 3, 700 stores it then had in north america. ch2m hill began measuring corporate footprints in the late 1990s and has done comparable calculations for a few dozen companies, including nike ( nyse : nke - news - people ), 3m ( nyse : mmm - news - people ), sc johnson and energy firm kinder morgan ( nyse : kmi - news - people ). doing such calculations is still something of a black art. ch2m hill ' s lisa grice, who worked on the coffee company ' s carbon footprint, says the final number primarily includes electricity used in retail stores. carbon calculators take into account stores ' geographic locations. that ' s because electricity generated at power plants in one state may come from a different source than a power plant in another state. some stores may get electricity from coal - fired plants, which results in greater carbon emissions, while others may depend on hydroelectric power, which has a lower carbon byproduct. starbucks decided to leave out the additional 81, 000 tons of carbon dioxide it emitted through transporting coffee materials and disposing solid waste. according to starbucks environmental affairs manager ben packard, the company can only control and manage carbon emissions from energy used in retail stores and coffee - roasting plants. it took about half a year of data collection and complex calculations to figure out that starbucks emitted 295, 000 tons of carbon into the atmosphere in 2003. starbucks decided to leave out an additional 81, 000 tons of carbon dioxide it emitted by transporting coffee materials and disposing of solid waste. according to starbucks environmental affairs manager ben packard, the company can only control and manage carbon emissions from energy used in retail stores and coffee - roasting plants. starbucks attributes 81 % of its greenhouse gas emissions to purchased electricity and 18 % to coffee roasting at its three north american plants and natural gas usage in stores. that 295, 000 - ton figure gives starbucks a small carbon footprint, among a list of about 1, 000 companies compiled by the carbon disclosure project, a london - based nonprofit. near the top of the list is energy giant american electric power ( nyse : aep - news -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4341363967390315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.010478"} {"text": "gives starbucks a small carbon footprint, among a list of about 1, 000 companies compiled by the carbon disclosure project, a london - based nonprofit. near the top of the list is energy giant american electric power ( nyse : aep - news - people ) with 146. 5 million tons of carbon emissions. next in line are oil and gas companies royal dutch / shell and british petroleum ( nyse : bp - news - people ) with 105 million tons and 92 million tons. comparatively, general electric ' s ( nyse : ge - news - people ) 12. 4 million ton footprint makes it a medium - size emitter. the smallest carbon emitters weighed in at a few thousand tons. most of the lower footprints belong to insurance companies, retailers and banks. starbucks execs say that even as they ' ve been growing the number of outlets, they ' ve been trying to be more energy efficient. in 2005, starbucks joined the world research institute ' s green power market development group, a consortium of 15 companies ranging from staples ( nasdaq : spls - news - people ) to google. the group helps its members purchase renewable energy at lower prices. last year, the coffee company increased its wind power to 20 % of the total energy usage in north american stores. this offset 62, 000 tons of carbon dioxide. but to track progress in reducing carbon emissions accurately, companies need to update those footprints frequently, says marcus peacock of the u. s. environmental protection agency. \" we ' ve asked companies to check their numbers annually, \" he says. a number of companies are doing just that. both intel ( nasdaq : intc - news - people ) and sun microsystems ( nasdaq : sunw - news - people ), which are also part of the climate savers computing initiative, report their carbon footprints annually. intel ' s carbon footprint added up to 4 million tons in 2006, a number that includes worldwide operations. sun first calculated its footprint at 255, 000 tons last year, and used past data to figure out carbon emissions dating back four years. the company also reports up - to - date carbon numbers on its web site. \" we calculate this monthly so that we can make sure we ' re on track with improving emissions, \" says sun ' s vp of eco responsibility dave douglas. both intel and sun are part of the epa ' s climate leaders program, a group of companies that sets tangible carbon reduction goals. climate leaders began five years ago, when few companies even knew the meaning of carbon footprint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4349932323205068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.011511"} {"text": "the adopt - a - stream program is a citizen ' s volunteer stream monitoring program that assesses the health of local waterways through chemical and biological parameters, including ph, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and macroinvertebrate surveys. the hands - on activities of the adopt - a - stream program can be educational and fun for citizens of all ages, and any level of involvement is welcomed. adopt - a - stream is a state - wide program administered through the georgia environmental protection division of the department of natural resources. \u00ac \u2020 fulton county is certified by the state to offer training and certification to our citizens in this program. \u00ac \u2020 all data collected by our volunteers is entered into the state ' s database and is accesible on their website. \u00ac \u2020 what do volunteers do? adopt - a - stream volunteer monitors look out for their local streams. they visit them on a regular basis, report problems, and collect water quality data. fulton county public works provides the training and most supplies needed for both chemical and biological monitoring. chemical testing is done on a monthly basis. volunteers use field kits to collect air and water temperatures, ph, and dissolved oxygen readings. this data is sent on to the county and input into a statewide database maintained by the georgia environmental protection division. biological monitoring is conducted quarterly and is an even better chance to get up close and personal with your adopted stream section. volunteers don wading boots and use nets and buckets to sample the macroinvertebrate life of the stream. one of the best measures of stream health is looking at the life that the stream is supporting. we use aquatic macroinvertebrates ( which is a fancy term for stream dwelling bugs, including insects, crustaceans, worms, snails, and clams ) as indicators because they are easy to collect and identify. what might you find in the creek? here are a few samples of common insects found in a fulton county stream. you will notice that the bugs shown here have the word \" fly \" in their names. that is because many flying insects have an aquatic, or water based, larval stage. these insects have gills and breathe dissolved oxygen when in this part of their life cycles. pretty cool, huh? right : common net spinning cadisfly larva below left : damselfly larva below right : mayfly larva for size perspective, these bugs were photographed in the bowl of a plastic spoon. \u00ac \u2020 photos courtesy of daniel mcmahill.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46952490802945346, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.015304"} {"text": "program. the u. s. fish and wildlife service recognizes the importance of working with partners in the community through building relationships that will help conserve fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats. our outreach program serves to link the work of the usfws to the community and help connect people to nature by providing opportunities for citizens to take part in protecting our connecting people with nature. our goal is to get people to go outdoors and experience for themselves the joys of nature. it can be found in the parks, forests, beaches, and mountains of our beautiful region, and it ' s as nearby as your own neighborhood and your own backyard. discover the bees, hummingbirds, bats, butterflies, moths, and others on this poster. beesmart\u2122 tools are available to help you s. h. a. r. e. your own pollinator discoveries. the wonder of discovery \u2013 pollinators all around 2013 poster debuts pollinator scenes artist - carolyn vibbert. it ' s an app! the bee smart\u2122 pollinator gardener is your comprehensive guide to selecting plants for pollinators specific to your area. follow our new blog to see some what others are doing and discovering : the new blog, faces of nature, is hosted and narrated by usfws summer intern meghan kearney. enjoy beautiful photos of oregon ' s landscape and read stories of the many ways that people are connecting with nature. join connecting people with nature on facebook : become part of the connecting people with nature community on facebook. check in with us to learn about getting out! get the national perspective on usfws ' connecting people with nature. let ' s go outside! the u. s. fish and wildlife service has teamed up with the u. s. department of education to help your school be recognized for being green with the green ribbon award program. the department recently announced the pilot u. s. green ribbon school award program honoring schools that have taken steps to green their campuses including their buildings and grounds. by participating in the u. s. fish and wildlife service ' s schoolyard habitat program, not only will you be creating homes for wildlife and educational spaces for students you will also be eligible to apply for the green ribbon school award. our schoolyard habitat program helps schools initiate, create and incorporate wildlife habitat projects that are also used as outdoor classrooms. teachers are able to enhance standard curriculum that align with federal and state education goals and mandates, while improving students skills in core subjects such as science, math, reading, and language arts. share our technical expertise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.491242787752299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.019349"} {"text": "the genus ficus, latin for fig, is a member of the family moraceae. it contains over 800 species of woody trees, shrubs, or vines. some cultivated varieties can produce edible fruit or possess ornamental value. all species of ficus can become susceptible to pest problems and diseases. some diseases can be caused by specific fungi. the ficus family has a large number of species, and each has its own distinctive characteristics. the ficus benjamina, or common weeping fig, can grow as tall as 60 feet. it is hardy to u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) zones 10b to 11 and prefers full sun to part shade and well - drained soil. ficus carica is best grown in usda zones 8 to 10 in rich, moist, well - drained soil. it requires full sun to part shade. when grown outside, the weeping fig grows large and rather quickly with a fruit that stains if it lands on cars and sidewalks. these trees are best in park settings or landscapes with large open areas. they can be planted in yards but pruning must be done to control size. the ficus carica is used as a deciduous shrub that is 10 to 15 feet tall, or a small tree 15 to 30 feet tall in garden landscapes. most ficus are used as indoor houseplants. several diseases are caused by fungi that affect different species of ficus : aerial / web blight, caused by thanatephorus cucumeris / rhizoctonia solani ; anthracnose, caused by glomerella cingulata / colletotrichum gloeosporoides ; and cercospora leaf spot, caused by cercospora fici, cercospora spp. symptoms of aerial / web blight appear first on the leaves, causing a yellowing of the leaf. in time, the top of the leaf turns a grayish - white color with the underside becoming enveloped in the fungus, leaving brown webbing. the webbing holds the leaf onto the tree but also transfers the fungus onto the branch or twig. the twigs will die, and if there is fruit, it will become covered by the fungus webbing. the fungus can reproduce by forming small black spots on the webbing. the fungus can live a long time in plant debris or in the soil. anthracnose shows on the leaves as recessed spots with brown edges. eventually the entire leaf turns brown and falls off. the fruit becomes soft and rot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4361240024573488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.023769"} {"text": "##ing. the fungus can live a long time in plant debris or in the soil. anthracnose shows on the leaves as recessed spots with brown edges. eventually the entire leaf turns brown and falls off. the fruit becomes soft and rots and can fall off the tree. it can also become covered by the webbing of the fungus and remain on the tree as a source of new infection. leaf spot can develop quickly during rainy periods. spots first appear on the leaves as reddish - brown. the spots will grow bigger and the centers will become tan with a yellow edge. wounds can also develop on the leaf tips. control & management aerial / web blight, management involves good pruning practices to remove infected areas and to increase air movement around the leaves. the plant or tree should be watered low at the base so as not to wet the leaves, and removal of all infected fallen diseased debris is important. no epa chemical treatment is available for this fungus as of 2010. for anthracnose, it is important to remove all fallen fruits and leaves to reduce survival of the fungus from season to season. no epa chemical treatment is available as of 2010. leaf spot management is almost identical to aerial / web blight management. plants or trees infected with leaf spots should be watered low to avoid wetting the leaves, and all infected fallen diseased debris should be destroyed. no epa chemical treatment is available as of 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40265213020506685, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.024393"} {"text": "perthshire, scotland - history and description, 1868 \" perthshire, an extensive inland county in the centre of scotland, lying between 56\u00b0 41 and 56\u00b0 57 ' n. lat., and between 3\u00b0 4 ' and 4\u00b0 50 ' w. long. it lies on the highland border, connecting the northern highlands with the southern lowlands, and the highlands of the w. with the lowlands on the e., thus comprising almost every variety of soil and climate to be found in scotland. its geographical boundaries are for the most part defined by natural barriers of lofty mountain ranges, forming parts of the northern and western grampians and of the ochill hills. on the n. and n. w. it is bounded by the counties of aberdeen and inverness ; on the e. by forfarshire ; on the s. e. by fifeshire, the frith of tay, and kinross - shire ; on the s. by clackmannan and stirling shires ; on the s. w. by stirling and dumbarton shires ; and on the w. by argyllshire. the form of the county is compact, but a small section of it, comprising the parishes of culross and tulliallan, on the n. side of the frith of tay, is separated from the main body by a belt of the counties of clackmannan and fife, and another small detached section is almost surrounded by stirlingshire. its extreme length from invergowrie on the e. to benley on the w. is 77 miles, and its extreme breadth from the source of the tilt on the n. to culross on the s. is 67 miles. its superficial extent is variously estimated between 2, 588 and 5, 000 square miles, but the measurement now commonly received is 2, 835 square miles, or 1, 814, 063 acres, of which about 32, 000 are lakes. in the earliest times of which we have record this county seems to have been inhabited in the eastern portion by the vennicontes, or vecturiones, of ptolemy ; in the s. by the horestii mentioned by tacitus ; and in the highlands of the w. by the damnii albani, whom richard of cirencester describes \" as a people wholly secluded among lakes and mountains. \" it was overrun by the romans under agricola in a. d. 83 - 4, and by severus in 206, when it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39185485198400927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.043487"} {"text": "the n. w., and stormont and strathearn in the middle, each of which was under the jurisdiction of a distinct sheriff or steward. the act of 1748, abolishing hereditary jurisdictions, put an end to these divisions, though the names are still popularly applied to the districts, or retained in the titles of the nobility. ; in 1795 an act of parliament was passed dividing the county for special purposes into the ten districts of auchterarder, blairgowrie, carse of gowrie, crieff, culross, cupar - angus, dunblane, dunkeld, perth, and weem, but the sheriff - depute exercises rule over all the county, and appoints two substitutes, the one of whom presides at perth and the other at dunblane. this county is almost entirely comprehended in the basin of the tay, except the district of menteith in the s., which forms part of the basin of the forth, and a small district in the s. w., which is drained by streams flowing into loch lomond. the great watershed of the country declines from the lofty summits of the grampians in the n. and w. gradually towards the s. and e., where the numerous streams unite their waters in the copious flood of the tay, which discharges a greater volume of water into the ocean than any other river of great britain. this monarch of british rivers, however, is so far obstructed by sandbanks in its channel, and a bar at its mouth, as to have been only navigable for vessels of 100 tons as high up as perth, previous to 1834, when extensive works were undertaken to deepen the channel of the river, and to construct a harbour and wet docks at perth, so as to admit vessels of 380 tons to come up to any harbours at spring tides, and vessels of 130 tons at neap tides. the navigation is also somewhat impeded by the strength of the tides, which renders the time of ascending precarious. the whole length, from its source on the border of argyleshire to the frith or estuary of tay, is 105 miles, in the course of which it receives the waters of the fillan, the dochart, and the lockie before entering loch tay. this loch is a long narrow lake, about 14 miles in length by 1 mile broad, and entirely embosomed in mountains, having ben lawers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47065097920526655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.045601"} {"text": "waters of the fillan, the dochart, and the lockie before entering loch tay. this loch is a long narrow lake, about 14 miles in length by 1 mile broad, and entirely embosomed in mountains, having ben lawers on its north - western bank. after leaving the loch the tay flows through strath tay, receiving on its left bank the considerable rivers lyon and tumel, fed by numerous mountain streams, some of which form falls and rapids, and about 6 miles lower down, on the right bank, the braan or bran ; it then flows for about 12 miles through strathmore to its junction with the isla, where the united streams take a southerly direction, and being swollen by the airdle, the shochie, and the almond, pass perth, a little below which town the tay is joined by the river earn on the right bank, bringing to it the waters of the lednoch, ruchil, turret, powaffray, machony, shaggie, ruthven, may, and farg. after its junction with the. earn the tay gradually widens for about 20 miles, till it forms the estuary of tay. the other rivers of perthshire are the forth, which flows just within the southern boundary of the county, draining the district of menteith, so named from the teith, a tributary of the forth, rising just within argyleshire border, and forming loch katrine, a sheet of water about 8 miles long, immortalised as the subject of sir walter scott ' s \" lady of the lake. \" the allan and devon are also feeders of the forth ; on the latter stream are the celebrated falls and rapids known as the deil ' s mill, the rumbling bridge, and the cauldron linn. the lakes are both numerous and of considerable size, including lochs tay and katrine, mentioned above ; loch earn, at the head of the river earn, in breadalbane ; loch rannoch, a long narrow sheet of water, over 9 miles in length by 1 mile broad, and abounding in trout ; loch ericht, on the border of inverness - shire, extending in length 14 miles from n. to s. by 1 mile in breadth ; loch lydoch, a large sheet of water on the border of argyleshire, the source of the river tumel ; loch garry, a narrow lake 3 miles long by half a mile broad, lying between rannoch and athole ; loch tu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4124448426343648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.046762"} {"text": "loch lydoch, a large sheet of water on the border of argyleshire, the source of the river tumel ; loch garry, a narrow lake 3 miles long by half a mile broad, lying between rannoch and athole ; loch tumel, a lake, about 2 miles from w. to e. and half a mile broad, formed by the river tumel, in athole ; also lochs venacher, monteith, and lubnaig, each about 5 miles long, in the district of menteith, loch voel, in balquhidder, besides numerous smaller lakes, as achray, ard, butterstone, chon, cluny, dochart, doine, drumellie, freuchie, lyon, lows, ordie, tilt, turret, & c. in all the hilly districts springs are abundant, and pitcaithley is specially noted for its mineral waters ; but in the level tracts of monteith and the carse of gowrie pure water is scarce, occasioning in dry seasons considerable sickness and scarcity, while in wet seasons the same districts are almost inundated and the soil converted into a miry expanse. the rivers, which flow from the mountains in the n. and n. w. towards the tay, run for the most part in an easterly or southerly direction, giving name to a scries of straths, or broad valleys, which open in the same aspect, and to the glens, or narrow vales, through which they pass in their upper course - as strath tay and strathmore, forming the valley of the tay ; strathearn, extending almost across the centre of the county from w. to e., and forming the channel of the earn ; strathallan, or the vale of the allan, in the southern part of the county, separating the ochills from the western highlands ; strath - airdle, in the north - eastern part of the county, forming the basin of the airdle, and a branch of the isla, which rises at the foot of cairn gower, in the ben - y - glue mountains. some of the smaller valleys, or glens, are these of the beg, shee or ericht, feral, bruar, tilt, and erockhie, in the n., and of the lyon, lochy, dochart, falloch, and artney, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4324069193973232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.047614"} {"text": "are these of the beg, shee or ericht, feral, bruar, tilt, and erockhie, in the n., and of the lyon, lochy, dochart, falloch, and artney, in the w. these valleys bear but a small proportion to the aggregate area of the county, contrasting strikingly by their warmth and luxuriance with the barren summits which environ them. about two - thirds of the whole county, from loch ericht, or the moor of rannoch, on the aberdeen and inverness border, south - eastward, is comprehended in the grampian or highland region. this district is formed of ridges of rocks rising in alpine grandeur one above another, with their bare and weatherworn summits almost hidden in the clouds. among the loftiest peaks are ben - lawers near loch tay, rising 3, 945, or, according to others, 4, 015 feet above the sea - level ; ben more, 3, 819 ; beny - gloe, near glen tilt, 3, 690 ; schihallian, or schichalleon, 3, 564 ; ben uammore, 3, 589 ; ben scarsoch, 3, 390 ; ben ledi, between lochs katrine and lubnaig, 2, 863 or 3, 009 ; ben venue, 3, 000 ; also glas mhiel, bruochcarravan, ben chualach, ben chonzie, and duntchmore. the passes and other spots on the verge of the highlands command fine views. the ochill hills traverse the south - eastern part of the county, separating the basins of the forth and tay, and attain an altitude of 2, 359 feet at ben clench. the sidlaw hills traverse the eastern part adjoining forfarshire and section of the rich district of the carse of gowrie from the broad plain of strathmore, attaining an altitude of 1, 500 feet at birnham hill. the detached hill of dunsinane, celebrated in scottish story as the site of the castle of macbeth, is a spur of this range, and has an altitude of 1, 114 feet. a line through the passes of aberfoyle, leny, comrie, and killiecrankie divides the lowlands from the highlands. the carse of gowrie, between the sidlaws and the frith of tay, differs from every other part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4340135196663403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.048483"} {"text": "passes of aberfoyle, leny, comrie, and killiecrankie divides the lowlands from the highlands. the carse of gowrie, between the sidlaws and the frith of tay, differs from every other part of the county, excepting a portion of strathearn and the district of monteith, in being nearly a dead level, highly fructiferous, and everywhere abounding with orchards and wheat - fields. old red sandstone is the prevailing rock in the lowlands, and mica slate in the highlands, skirted by clay, chlorite, and horneblende slates, which pass insensibly into mica slate, with occasional beds of quartz, sandstone, and greywacke, and some patches of granite, as at rannoch moor, which is 1, 000 feet above sea - level ; and at glentilt a highly elevated range of breccia, or puddingstone, may be traced in various places, separating the primitive district from the secondary district in the s. e. of the county. a bed of limestone extends from leny, near callander, in a north - easterly direction towards braemar, and coal measures underlie a large part of the culross district, and extend from near crieff in the direction of dumbarton, coming up to the south - eastern skirts of the ochills, on the fife border. the ochill hills and the sidlaws in the s. e. consist of a mixture of sedimentary and erupted rocks, the former chiefly porphyry and amygdaloid, and the sidlaws principally sandstone and greenstone. the hill of kunioul, near perth, is amygdaloid interspersed with nodules of agate and cornelian. the principal minerals worked are roofing slates, of various colours, at birnam and in other parts of the island, coal and fine clay at fossaway and tulliallan, ironstone at culross, and in the coal regions w. of the ochills, blue marble at leny and glentilt, sandstone at longforgan, auchtergaven, and errol, and very good building - stone at kin goodie, in the carse of gowrie, and at longannat on the forth. limestone is burnt both for cement and manure, but both it and coal are scarce in parts of the county from the difficulty of carriage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4384998587522097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.050308"} {"text": "kin goodie, in the carse of gowrie, and at longannat on the forth. limestone is burnt both for cement and manure, but both it and coal are scarce in parts of the county from the difficulty of carriage. copper ore occurs among the southern ochills, and lead in breadalbane, chiefly at tyndrum, benledi, and glenlyon, also nodules of sulphate of barytes in the bed of the river shaggy, in strathern. peat fuel is cut in the bogs and mosses. the soils are extremely various, but maybe described as till, sand, and gravel, with rich clay in the carse of gowrie, loam in the highland valleys, and in the upland extensive tracts of moor, bog, and moss, though these last are gradually diminishing. only about one - third of the whole surface is under cultivation, the remainder being mountain, sheep pasture, moss, or irreclaimable waste. some remains of the old forests are left in breadalbane and monteith, but the greater part of the present woods have been planted since the middle of the last century. the late duke of athole alone planted 27, 000, 000 trees, chiefly larch and spruce fir, with some oak, ash, elm, and birch. the most valuable tracts are the carse of gowrie, which rivals in fertility the richest land in scotland - the lower part of strathearn, the valley of the tay above perth, the district of monteith, and the vale of the forth. all these tracts yield abundant crops of wheat, beans, turnips, and potatoes, of which last great quantities are yearly sent to london by railway. the carse of gowrie is also very rich in orchards, but in the midland districts fruit is but rarely cultivated, and oats and barley are the principal grain crops. there is little cultivated land in the highland districts. mosses of various extent, depth, and firmness, according to the time they have been in formation, are scattered over the plains or flats, and not unfrequently cover the slopes of the higher hills. many of these, formerly valueless tracts, including the famous flanders moss in the vale of the forth, have recently been the scene of grand georgical experiments, which have rendered the localities of blair drummond and kincardine famous in the history of agriculture. all the appliances of draining, special manuring, and improved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4773966749181558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.052404"} {"text": "moss in the vale of the forth, have recently been the scene of grand georgical experiments, which have rendered the localities of blair drummond and kincardine famous in the history of agriculture. all the appliances of draining, special manuring, and improved rotation of crops, have been adopted with great success by the enterprising farmers and landowners of this part of scotland. the estates are in general entailed, and many large, but there are also numerous smaller proprietors, the total number on the new valuation rolls of 1856 being 5, 064, of whom 525 were returned as qualified to be commissioners of supply. the valued rental of the county according to the old scotch valuation in 1674 was \u00a3339, 192, and the real rental under the new valuation act in 1856 was \u00a3680, 611. arable farms range from 50 to 500 acres, and in the lowlands, where great advances have recently been made in agriculture, are universally held on lease, commonly for 15 or 19 years, but some of the small highland occupiers are yearly tenants. the miserable farmhouses of a former period, without light or ventilation, have within the present century been almost universally superseded by substantial, slate - roofed houses of two stories, surrounded by improved farm buildings ; but this is not the case in the highlands, where mean hovels are frequently to be met with. many farms on the mutual confines of the lowland and the uplands comprise small tracts of arable ground in connection with large tracts of hill pasture or moorland ; but the highland farms are mostly sheep farms for tweeddale and cheviot breeds with some southdowns and leicesters, recently introduced. there is no breed of cattle peculiar to the county, the west highland breed being that most commonly fed on the highland pastures, but ayrshire cows for the dairy have been successfully introduced into the lowlands. the native animals include the red deer, roe and fallow deer, fox, wild cat, badger, weasel, black cock, ptarmigan, partridge, blue hare, and the eagle. although perthshire is generally considered a pastoral and agricultural county, more persons are returned as engaged in trade, commerce, and manufacture than in agriculture. the linen trade has long been established, and cotton - spinning and paper - making were introduced towards the close of the last century, the principal cotton - mills being at deanston on the teith, stanley on the tay, and cromwell park on the almond ; but most of the papermills have been abandoned. there are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43898825312140577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.053731"} {"text": "making were introduced towards the close of the last century, the principal cotton - mills being at deanston on the teith, stanley on the tay, and cromwell park on the almond ; but most of the papermills have been abandoned. there are also flax spinning - mills, fulling mills, linseed oil - mills, several small woollen manufactories for shawls, blankets, and other woollen fabrics ; extensive bleach - fields round perth, and in strathmore, besides a considerable number of weavers, employed by the glasgow manufacturers, chiefly resident at auchterarder, crieff, and dunblane ; also leather - dressers, miners, and colliers, besides other trades, chiefly confined to the town of perth ( which see ). the principal commerce is carried on at perth and kincardine. the population is very unequally distributed, the highland parishes, comprising two - thirds of its area, being very thinly peopled, while the lowland parishes in the s. e. are comparatively densely populated. the population decreased in the decennial period between 1831 and 1841, from 142, 166 to 137, 457, owing chiefly to emigration, the incorporation of farms, and formation of deer forests, and has subsequently never recovered itself, having further declined from 138, 660 in 1851, to 133, 511 in 1861. the inhabited houses, also, in the last decennial period have declined from 22, 528 to 22, 056. perthshire returns two members to parliament, one for the county, and one for the parliamentary borough of perth ; while culross contributes to. stirling and tulliallan, and with four adjacent parishes have votes for kinross. it is governed by a lord - lieutenant, vice - lieutenant, sheriff, and two substitutes, who reside respectively at perth and dunblane, and by about sixty deputy - lieutenants. for special purposes it is divided into ten departmental districts, as mentioned above, and is further divided into sixty - nine entire quoad sacra civilia parishes, with parts of eleven others ; but these do not correspond with the present ecclesiastical parishes, which are continually being altered, both as to number and extent. the greater part of seven presbyteries in the synods of perth, angus, and fife, are comprised within this county. perth and culross are royal and parliamentary burghs, the former being also the county and sessions town. auchterarder, abernethy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42851949114323273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.054913"} {"text": "##hart and tay valleys ; all which converge at perth. besides these, there are three roads leading from stirling, through monteith, into the western highlands. the road - trusts are divided into the eleven districts of aberfeldy, auchterarder, blairgowrie, carse of gowrie, cupar - angus, creiff, culross, dunblane, dunkeld, perth, and weem. five main lines of railway - the scottish central ; edinburgh, perth, and dundee ; scottish midland junction, or north - eastern ; the inverness and perth junction ; and the dundee and perth ; all centre at perth. the scottish central railway traverses the southern part of the county for about 28 miles, and has branches to crieff and callander. the scottish midland junction railway passes through a portion of the south - eastern corner of the county, and has branch lines to blairgowrie and to dunkeld, at which latter place it joins the inverness and perth junction ; and another branch up the almond to methven. the eastern fork of the edinburgh, perth, and dundee, and the dundee and perth lines, also traverse part of the eastern district. \" do not copy any part of this page or website other than for personal use, or as given in our conditions of use [ description ( s ) from the national gazetteer of great britain and ireland ( 1868 ) transcribed by colin hinson \u00a92003 ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4408253975655736, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.056473"} {"text": "1799 clement cruttwell map of france in provinces description : a fine 1799 map of france divided into provinces by the english map publisher clement cruttwell. france was organized into provinces until march 4, 1790, when the establishment of the department system superseded provinces. the change was an attempt to eradicate local loyalties based on feudal ownership of land and focus all loyalty on the central government in paris. there were roughly 40 provinces in france before they were abolished. maps displays all provinces, including the province of ile - de - france, the center of power during most of french history. many atlas produced during this period thus included two maps of france, one in provinces, and one in departments. includes parts adjacent austrian netherlands, switzerland, germany, italy, and spain. includes rivers, political boundaries, important cities, ports and gulfs. mountains and other topographical features shown by profile. outline color and fine copper plate engraving in the minimalist english style prevalent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. drawn by clement cruttwell and published in the 1799 atlas to cruttwell ' s gazetteer. date : 1799 ( dated ) source : cruttwell, c., atlas to cruttwell ' s gazetteer, 1799. cartographer : clement cruttwell ( 1743 - 1808 ) was an english book and map publisher active in bath and london in the late 18th and early 19th century. cruttwell was born the son of william cruttwell, a gentleman of wokingham, berkshire, england. as a young man cruttwell was educated to be an anglican reverend and consequently maintained a lifelong interest in religious matters. throughout his life, he published a number of religious works and geographical gazetteers including several focused on the british isles and one dedicated to france. though little is known of cruttwell today, he was highly regarded in his own time. in his obituary, a period publication, the universal magazine of knowledge and pleasure describes cruttwell as a gentleman whose various literary performances, for labour, extent, and utility, have rarely been equaled, and, when regarded as the productions of an unassisted valetudinarian, have perhaps never been surpassed. cruttwell was also a known correspondent of george washington to whom he sent his own translation of the holy bible, which washington kept in his personal library until his death. click here for a list of rare maps by clement cruttwell. size : printed area measures 14 in height x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39432785960111577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.059224"} {"text": "posts tagged \u2018 stoping hydroplaning \u2019 the viscous hydroplaning due to the characteristics of the water slimy. a thin film of liquid over a thousandth of an inch in depth is all that is necessary. the tire can not penetrate the liquid and the tire rolls over the movie. this can occur at a rate much lower than the hydroplane dynamic, but requires a temporary flat or smooth surface such as asphalt or a touchdown area covered with rubber accumulated past landings. such a surface can have the same coefficient of friction than wet ice. when confronted with the possibility of hydroplaning, the best land in a grooved channel ( if available ). the touchdown speed must be as slow as possible consistent with safety. after the wheel bow down the runway, braking should be applied moderately. if the deceleration is not detected and hydrofoils is suspected, the nose should be lifted and used aerodynamic drag to decelerate to a point where the brakes become effective. inverted rubber ( steam ) that hydroplaning occurs during heavy braking which results in a prolonged skid locked - wheel. only a thin film of water in the channel is required to facilitate this type of hydroplaning. the tire skid generates enough heat to make the rubber in contact with the channel fresh investment to its original. inverted rubber acts as seal between the tire and the runway, and retards the flow of water in the area of the footprint of the tire. the water heats up and turns to steam which supports the tire of the channel. the inverted rubber hydroplaning often follows an encounter with dynamic hydroplaning, while the driver can lock the brakes in an attempt to slow the plane. the plane eventually slows enough to where the tires make contact with the surface of the runway and the plane starts to skid. the remedy for this type of seaplane pilot is to throw the brakes and let the wheels do spin up and apply moderate braking. inverted rubber hydroplaning is insidious in that the pilot may not know when it starts, and may persist groundspeeds very slow ( 20 knots or less ). dynamic hydroplaning is a relatively high speed that occurs when a film of water on the runway that is at least one tenth inch deep. as the aircraft speed and depth of water increased, the layer of water builds up an increasing resistance to dislocation, resulting in the formation of a wedge of water under the tire. at a certain speed, called the hydroplaning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4313356399764725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.064043"} {"text": "deep. as the aircraft speed and depth of water increased, the layer of water builds up an increasing resistance to dislocation, resulting in the formation of a wedge of water under the tire. at a certain speed, called the hydroplaning speed ( vp ), the upward force generated by water pressure equals the weight of the aircraft and the tire is removed from the surface of the channel. in this condition, the tires no longer contribute to the directional control and braking action is nothing. dynamic hydroplaning is related to the inflation pressure of the tire. the data obtained during hydroplaning tests have shown the minimum dynamic hydroplaning speed ( vp ) of a tire to be 8. 6 times the square root of the tire pressure in pounds per square inch ( psi ). for an airplane with a head pressure of 24 psi tire, the calculated hydroplaning speed would be about 42 knots. it is important to note that the rate referenced above is calculated for the beginning of dynamic hydroplaning. once hydroplaning has begun, may persist to a significantly reduced rate depending on which is experienced. to recover while traveling in a straight line, the driver should not turn the steering wheel of a car or applying the brakes. any action could put the car into a skid from which recovery would be difficult or impossible to. instead, no change in steering input, the driver should gently ease the throttle pressure. the control should then return. if braking is unavoidable, the driver should lightly pump the brakes until hydroplaning has stopped. if the rear wheels and cause hydroplaning oversteer, the driver should steer in the direction of the skid until you gain traction following links, and then goes rapidly in the other direction to straighten the car. prevention by the driver the best strategy is to avoid as many contributors to hydroplaning as is possible. proper tire pressure, narrow tires and not spent, and slow speeds of those deemed suitable will moderate dry mitigate the risk of hydroplaning. avoidance of standing water is another effective strategy of prevention.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4803277373028195, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.064890"} {"text": "sleep and your body clock what is the body clock? body ' s \" biological clock, \" or 24 - hour cycle ( circadian rhythm ), can be affected by light or darkness, which can make the body think it is time to sleep or wake up. the 24 - hour body clock controls functions - sleeping and waking. - the balance of body fluids. - other body functions, such as when you feel hungry. how are body clock problems and sleep problems connected? body clock sleep problems have been linked to a hormone called melatonin. light and dark affect how the body makes melatonin. most melatonin is made at night. during the day, light tells your body to make less melatonin. if you work at night in artificial light, your body may be making less melatonin than it needs. as those who can ' t sleep until very late and those who go to bed very early \u2014 have circadian ( say \" ser - kay - dee - un \" ) rhythms that are different from those of most people. other people with sleep problems may have regular circadian rhythms but have to adjust them to new situations, such as working a what sleep problems are related to problems with your body clock? things that may affect melatonin production and can cause sleep problems include : - jet lag. crossing time zones disrupts your body clock. you have sleep problems because your body clock has not adjusted to the new time zone. your body thinks that you ' re still in your old time zone. for example, if you fly from chicago to rome, you cross seven time zones. this means that rome is 7 hours ahead of chicago. when you land in rome at 6 : 00 in the morning, your body thinks it ' s still in chicago at 11 : 00 the previous night. your body wants to sleep, but in rome the day is just - changing your sleep schedule. when you work at night and sleep during the day, your body ' s internal clock needs to reset to let you sleep during the day. sometimes that ' s hard to do. people who work the night shift or rotate shifts may have trouble sleeping during the day and may feel tired at night when they need to be alert for - your sleep environment. too much light or noise can make your body feel like it is not time to sleep. - illness. certain illnesses and health problems can affect sleep patterns. these include dementia, a head injury, recovering from a coma, and severe depression. some medicines that affect the central nervous system may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48143752165599263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.076640"} {"text": "your body feel like it is not time to sleep. - illness. certain illnesses and health problems can affect sleep patterns. these include dementia, a head injury, recovering from a coma, and severe depression. some medicines that affect the central nervous system may also affect sleep patterns. - aftereffects of drugs and alcohol. some drugs cause sleep problems. and you may fall asleep with no problems after drinking alcohol late in the evening, but drinking alcohol before bed can wake you up later in the night. other sleep problems related to the body clock - having a hard time falling asleep until very late at night or very early in the morning and then feeling tired and needing to sleep during the day. people who have this problem may be called \" night owls. \" this is a common problem, and it usually starts in the early teen or young adult years. people who have a parent with this problem are more likely to have it themselves. - falling asleep early \u2014 at 8 p. m. or earlier \u2014 and waking up early \u2014 between 3 a. m. and 5 a. m. if you wake up early, you may be called an \" early bird. \" this problem is not as common as staying up late and waking up late. experts are not sure what causes it. how can you treat sleep problems related to your body clock? how you treat a sleep problem related to your body clock depends on what is causing the problem. here are some tips for the most common problems. taking melatonin supplements may help reset your body clock. studies show that melatonin has reduced the symptoms of jet lag for people flying both east and west. 1 suggestions about times and dosages vary among researchers who have studied melatonin. doctors recommend that you : - take melatonin after dark on the day you travel and after dark for a few days after you arrive at your destination. - take melatonin in the evening for a few days before you fly if you will be flying east. the safety and effectiveness of melatonin have not been thoroughly tested. taking large doses of it may disrupt your sleep and make you very tired during the day. if you have epilepsy or are taking blood thinners such as coumadin ( warfarin ), talk to your doctor before you use melatonin. the sleeping pills eszopiclone ( lunesta ) and zolpidem ( ambien ) have been studied for jet lag. they may help you sleep despite jet lag if you take them before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46337582771781427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.077605"} {"text": "you use melatonin. the sleeping pills eszopiclone ( lunesta ) and zolpidem ( ambien ) have been studied for jet lag. they may help you sleep despite jet lag if you take them before bedtime after you arrive at your destination. side effects include headaches, dizziness, confusion, and feeling sick to your stomach. for more information on jet lag, see : - sleep problems : dealing with jet lag. if you work the night shift or rotate shifts, you can help yourself get good sleep by keeping your bedroom dark and quiet and by taking good care of yourself overall. in some cases, prescription medicine or over - the - counter supplements may help. here are some tips on sleeping well when you do this type of shift - make sure that the room where you sleep is dark. use blackout drapes, or wear a sleep eye mask. - wear earplugs to block sounds. - don ' t have alcohol or caffeine in the hours leading up to bedtime. - take a nap during a work break if you can. - ask your doctor if you should try a dietary supplement or medicine. doctors usually advise people to use a supplement or medicine only for a short time. for more information, see the topic shift work sleep disorder. some people, no matter what they do, have trouble falling asleep at night and being up early during the day. this may or may not cause problems for them. it depends on their lifestyle and work or school schedule. if you are one of those night owls, there are things you can try so that you fall asleep earlier and sleep through the - getting up at the same time every day no matter what time you go to sleep. on the weekends ( or on days when you don ' t have to get up ), don ' t let yourself sleep more than 1 hour longer than you do when you have to get up for work or school. if that doesn ' t work, you can try the treatments listed below. - light therapy. in this case, light therapy means exposing yourself to bright light as soon as you wake up. you can use sunlight or a bright ( 10, 000 lux ) light box for 30 to 45 minutes each day. - melatonin. ask your doctor about taking melatonin supplements in the evening to help you get to - chronotherapy. for night owls, this method involves creating a 27 - hour day. during each sleep - wake cycle, you go to sleep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4453485064722538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.078537"} {"text": ". ask your doctor about taking melatonin supplements in the evening to help you get to - chronotherapy. for night owls, this method involves creating a 27 - hour day. during each sleep - wake cycle, you go to sleep 3 hours later until the time to go to sleep has cycled back around to the time you actually want to go to sleep. after you complete the cycle once, then you would keep going to bed at that desired time. this method can be hard to do because of the way it can disrupt your daily schedule and because you have to keep to a rigid schedule. here is a sample schedule : - day 1 : if you normally go to bed at midnight, you would wait until 3 a. m. to go to sleep. - day 2 and beyond : go to sleep at 6 a. m., and then keep delaying sleep 3 hours each day until you are going to bed at the time you desire. this will probably take 5 to fall asleep very early and wake up before dawn may try the following to try to stay up later at night and sleep later in the morning. - light therapy. in this case, light therapy means exposing yourself to bright light in the evening. use a bright ( 10, 000 lux ) light box for 30 to 45 minutes each - antidepressant medicine. a doctor may prescribe antidepressants along with having you try to stay up 15 minutes later every few days. this treatment is usually for people who are depressed in addition to having sleep problems. - chronotherapy. for early birds, this method involves creating a 21 - hour day. during each sleep - wake cycle, you go to bed 3 hours earlier until the time to go to sleep has cycled back around to the time you actually want to go to sleep. this method can be hard to do because of the way it can disrupt your daily schedule and because you have to keep to a rigid schedule. here is a sample schedule : - day 1 : if you normally go to bed at 8 p. m., you would go to bed at 5 p. m. - day 2 and beyond : go to bed at 2 p. m., and then keep going to sleep 3 hours earlier each day until you are going to bed at the time you desire. this will probably take about a week. then you would keep going to bed at that desired time. after you get treatment for the illness or health problem that is causing your sleep problem, you will need to practice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44239605437633944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.079586"} {"text": "to bed at the time you desire. this will probably take about a week. then you would keep going to bed at that desired time. after you get treatment for the illness or health problem that is causing your sleep problem, you will need to practice good sleep habits. this includes getting regular exercise ( but not within 3 or 4 hours of your bedtime ), going to bed at the same time each day, and using the bed only for sleep and sex. for more tips on improving sleep habits, see : - insomnia : improving your sleep. health tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health. | | | actionsets are designed to help people take an active role in managing a health condition. | | | | insomnia : improving your sleep | | | | sleep problems : dealing with jet lag | herxheimer a ( 2008 ). jet lag, search date june 2008. online version of bmj clinical evidence : http : / / www. clinicalevidence. com. other works consulted reite m, et al. ( 2002 ). insomnia complaints. in concise guide to evaluation and management of sleep disorders., 3rd ed., chap. 3. washington, dc : american psychiatric | by : | | healthwise staff | | last revised : december 1, 2011 | | medical review : | | anne c. poinier, md - internal medicine | lisa s. weinstock, md - psychiatry \u00a9 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4185289080440727, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.080169"} {"text": "a polish study, published in the european journal of personality, suggests that we take into account a person \u2019 s smell when forming a first impression. \u201c we express ourselves with how we smell \u201d, author agnieszka sorokowska of the university of wroclaw says. during the study, 30 men and women were asked to wear white cotton t - shirts for three consecutive nights. they were also asked not to use fragrances, deodorants or soaps, and not to smoke or drink. shirts from the \u201c odour donors \u201d were rated by 100 men and women, evaluating five personality traits. the judges \u2019 ratings matched up with the self - assessment of the donors for three personality traits : extroversion, neuroticism and dominance. yes, it \u2019 s true. the iconic eiffel tower could be transformed into the world \u2019 s largest tree! ginger, an engineering group specialising in \u2018 green \u2019 architecture has been working on a us $ 96 million project for the last two years, planning to cover the 327 metre tall tower with 600, 000 plants, as reported in the french newspaper le figaro. architects and engineers have already built a prototype several metres tall to assess the effect of the additional 378 tonnes weight on the structure. the results of the tests are expected to be known soon. seedlings would then be cultivated until june next year, which would be placed on the structure until january 2013. the plants would then continue to grow till january 2014 and be left there until their removal in july 2016. we can now look forward to a fresh green eiffel tower. mammoths became extinct 10, 000 years ago, but a recent discovery of the well - preserved marrow inside the thigh bone of a woolly mammoth in siberia has raised hopes that the species could be cloned. scientists claim that the extinct woolly mammoth could be brought back to life in five years. the scientists work with russia \u2019 s sakha republic \u2019 s mammoth museum and japan \u2019 s kinki university. by replacing the nuclei of egg cells from an elephant with those taken from the mammoth \u2019 s marrow cells, embryos with mammoth dna can be produced, according to the researchers. a team at the university of nottingham recently sent caenorhabditis elegans, a tiny worm, to the international space station. why? to understand how astronauts would be affected by extended journeys, such as a two - year trip to mars, the daily mail reports. caenorhabditis elegans was deployed for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5167615990786542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.084009"} {"text": "when your name is comette you may get used to jokes about rockets and space and planets. but french schoolboy hugo comette, 11, had the last laugh when of all the places, in all the countries on earth, a piece of rock from outer space landed on his home. an egg - sized meteorite believed to be 4. 57bn years old smashed through the roof of the comette family home on the outskirts of paris some time over the summer when everyone was away on holiday. and there the rock, blackened by its journey through earth ' s atmosphere stayed, buried in the roof insulation, until hugo ' s mother, civil servant martine comette, 32, noticed the roof was leaking and called out someone to fix it. the roofer took one look at the broken tile and told the comettes that whatever had smashed their roof tile must have come from the sky. \" it would have had to be superman to break a tile in this way, \" he said. it was only then that the meteorite, weighing 88g ( 3. 5oz ), was discovered. curious to know exactly what it was, mrs comette called out scientist alain carion, a mineral expert, who declared it an \" exceptional \" discovery. \" it ' s extremely rare. we have had only 50 or so meteorite falls in france over four centuries, \" carion told journalists. \" we have never found anything like it within an 80km radius of paris before. \" he said the comettes ' meteorite was a piece of chondrite that had come from the belt of asteroids between mars and jupiter. most meteorites recovered on earth are chondrites. they were formed when dust and small grains present in the early solar system created primitive asteroids. chondrite meteors include dust believed to predate the formation of our solar system and to have come from elsewhere in the galaxy. although they have been told some meteorites sell for up to \u20ac1, 000 ( \u00a3860 ) a gramme, the comettes say selling theirs is out of the question. \" a piece of the history of space of which we know nothing, but which is fascinating, has fallen on us, \" mrs comette, an accountant at the french ministry of finance, told le parisien newspaper. \" it ' s like a fairytale, and less likely than winning the lottery, we ' re told. \" not that the lump of rare chondrite hugo comette has been proudly showing off at school has convinced everyone. \" i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4316272307925586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.089255"} {"text": "trail, b. c. - on a beach in northeast washington state near the canadian border, patti bailey grabs a handful of what looks like sand and rolls the dark grains through her hands. it \u2019 s slag, the grainy waste from the teck resources lead and zinc smelter in trail, b. c., about 10 kilometres north of the nearby canadian border. \u201c they \u2019 re little time bombs and they \u2019 re releasing zinc, copper, arsenic and other metals into the environment, \u201d said bailey, an environmental planner for the confederated tribes of the colville reservation. a washington state judge has ruled that teck is liable for the costs of cleaning up contamination in the columbia river south of the border from decades of dumping slag and effluent from the company \u2019 s trail operations. in a decision announced late last week, judge lonny suko ruled that, \u201c for decades teck \u2019 s leadership knew its slag and effluent flowed from trail downstream and are now found in lake roosevelt, but nonetheless teck continued discharging wastes into the columbia river. \u201d suko noted that the company admitted treating the international waterway as a free waste disposal service. specifically, the judge in yakima, wash., found that from 1930 to 1995, teck intentionally discharged at least 9. 97 million tons of slag that included heavy metals such as lead, mercury, zinc and arsenic. the judge also found that teck knew the hazardous waste disposed of in the columbia river was likely to cause harm. the decision gives the u. s. environmental protection agency the ability to force teck to pay for the cleanup, and potentially for any ongoing damages and losses that result from the ongoing contamination. that issue has yet to be determined by the court. some believe the landmark case could have implications for mining and other industrial interests on both sides of the border. the canadian government, the province of british columbia and the u. s. national mining association have all intervened in the case to argue that the issue should be resolved bilaterally. as they awaited the judge \u2019 s decision, washington state officials were optimistic. \u201c we \u2019 re hopeful after... how many years has it been? \u201d joked kristie elliott, lawyer for the washington state attorney general. \u201c after this much significant litigation we \u2019 re now finally to the substance of the case. \u201d eight years after the case was launched and on the eve of a trial this fall, teck admitted to discharging slag and liquid e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40704482306153283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.095785"} {"text": "general. \u201c after this much significant litigation we \u2019 re now finally to the substance of the case. \u201d eight years after the case was launched and on the eve of a trial this fall, teck admitted to discharging slag and liquid effluent into the river from 1896 to 1995. but it argued the u. s. law that forces companies to clean up contamination sites, known as the superfund law, was never intended to reach across the international border. but elliot said complaints about the contamination from the trail smelter surfaced as early as the 1940s, when farmers from washington state sued cominco, teck \u2019 s predecessor, over air pollution from the smelter. that case was eventually resolved in arbitration by the two federal governments, and set a precedent for cross - boundary pollution law. \u201c still, they continued to discharge, and they knew it was accumulating in lake roosevelt and that studies being done by various government agencies were finding mercury contamination down there, \u201d elliott said. the 209 - kilometre long lake was created in 1941 after the grand coulee dam was built on the columbia river. the company took out insurance to cover liability, but didn \u2019 t stop discharging effluent for decades, she said. within the fences of the largest smelting operation in north america, about a billion and a half dollars has been spent modernizing teck \u2019 s trail operations over the past 25 years. a new furnace installed in 1996 cut emissions dramatically. last month, teck completed a $ 5. 8 - million project to reduce the risk of a spill into the river. the company is now installing a $ 1. 2 - million automated leak detection system, and a $ 125 - million acid plant that will reduce sulphur dioxide emissions a further 15 to 20 per cent. recycled lead makes up about 20 per cent of total production and anything that can be used or recycled is, right down to granules of slag sold for processing into portland cement. \u201c the employees who work here at trail operations live in this local area, and participate and take part in everything it has to offer, \u201d said richard deane, manager of environment, health and safety at the smelter. \u201c it \u2019 s a great area from an outdoor quality of life perspective. everyone here enjoys the benefits of the river \u2014 swimming, kayaking, fishing, all these types of things. \u201d the company has also spent tens of millions of dollars on environmental rehabilitation, from digging up contaminated gardens and bringing in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4132932133792156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.096811"} {"text": "quality of life perspective. everyone here enjoys the benefits of the river \u2014 swimming, kayaking, fishing, all these types of things. \u201d the company has also spent tens of millions of dollars on environmental rehabilitation, from digging up contaminated gardens and bringing in replacement soil, to replanting dead trees. lead emissions have decreased from about 100 tonnes a year in the early 1990s to about half a tonne last year. teck is now taking aim at \u201c fugitive dust \u201d emissions, covering raw materials stored outdoors, and is building an indoor facility for all mixing processes that stir up dust. that has not been the case south of the border, say the colville tribes. years of discussions went nowhere, so they petitioned the u. s. environmental protection agency in 1999 to assess the river contamination under the u. s. superfund law. the agency found the river was indeed contaminated, and it found teck was responsible. that \u2019 s when the legal battle began. frustrated by the lack of action, two band members launched civil action eight years ago. the legal wrangling has gone all the way to that country \u2019 s highest court \u2014 the u. s. supreme court refused to hear teck \u2019 s appeal. the smoke - billowing smelter on the banks of the columbia river towers over trail like a fortified castle of old. the town has literally grown around this industrial giant, which first fired up its stacks in 1896. \u201c teck is trail and trail is teck, \u201d said mayor dieter bogs, a former teck engineer - turned - politician. \u201c i don \u2019 t know what trail would be like without teck, because the city and the company are really one and the same. \u201d bogs admitted there are concerns about a recent study that found elevated levels of bowel disease in the washington state community of northport, just across the border. in trail, it was blood lead levels in children that sparked alarm in the 1970s. that has greatly improved, bogs said. in children under three, levels are considered safe but remain persistently higher than the community \u2019 s health committee would like. the trail health and environment committee released results last month of the most recent annual testing, which found an average level of 5. 4 micrograms of lead per decilitre \u2014 higher than last year \u2019 s average of 5 micrograms. eighty - four per cent of children tested below 10 micrograms, the level health canada considers a concern. the committee is working on a plan to minimize exposure. \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43884302955738297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.097963"} {"text": "powerhouses in the body : the muscles acar has one single engine. airplanes often fly with two or four. how many \u201c engines \u201d enable you to hold this book in your hand, or to take a single step? whatever you may be doing, countless microscopic engines produce the power necessary for you to perform that action. the engines in question are your muscle fibers. there are more than 6 billion of these tiny engines in your body, which allow you to drink, drive, walk, speak, allow your heart to beat, your eyelids to blink, and let you eat and turn your head. even as you read these lines, the movement of your eyes takes place thanks to the energy produced by these tiny motors. the size of the muscle cells depends on where they are used. some may be no more than 1 / 100, 000th of a centimeter in size, whereas others can be 3 centimeters ( 1. 18 inches ) long. 73 these tiny muscle fibers come together to constitute larger powerhouses \u2014 the muscles themselves. for example, the muscle that permits you to contract your forearm consists of the combination of millions of tiny motors. there are more than 400 of these powerhouses, large and small, in your body. some \u2014 those that regulate the amount of light entering the eye, for example \u2014 are very small. of whatever size, however, all are powered the same way : billions of tiny engines work together to allow the muscles to act. when you pick up a pen, for example, more than 100 individual muscles go into action. 74 the working systems of all the muscles in your body have been set out within very sensitive bounds. in addition, your muscles need to cooperate in order for you to be able to move. one of the muscles \u2019 most important features is their being linked to a control system that permits us to survive. every muscle in the body consists of large numbers of muscle cells. we are able to survive thanks to these cells \u2019 harmonious actions. the control system in the muscles human muscles are divided into two kinds : those voluntary muscles that you can control and those involuntary ones that you cannot. in order to be able to move our voluntary muscles, you need to think and make a decision. for example, when you want to bend your arm, the muscles contract in the light of the command from your brain, and movement then takes place. control of the involuntary muscles, however, does not depend on your wills. since these involuntary muscles \u2019 functions are of vital importance, their expansion and contraction is controlled by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5127840182514561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.119897"} {"text": "in the light of the command from your brain, and movement then takes place. control of the involuntary muscles, however, does not depend on your wills. since these involuntary muscles \u2019 functions are of vital importance, their expansion and contraction is controlled by the autonomous nervous system. thanks to this, your heart, stomach and intestines perform their vital functions, all beyond your volition. this is a most essential precaution to preserve human life. what would happen if the control of the muscles in question were at this very moment left up to you? imagine that the control of just one involuntary muscle \u2014, your heart muscle, for instance \u2014 was left up to you. you would have to devote all your time to contracting and expanding your heart, to the total exclusion of everything else. as soon as you fall asleep death will inevitably follow, since you will be unable to supervise your heart \u2019 s functioning. your heart muscle must never stop working, not even for a moment, not even when you sleep : the heart continues working, though it does slow down. you therefore need to adjust your heartbeat according to prevailing circumstances. this one example is enough to see how truly wise and flawless are the boundaries set out with regard to the muscles. certain muscles are under the individual \u2019 s control at some times, and outside it at others. for example, you can open and close your eyelids at will as well as by blinking \u2014 a reflex beyond your control. the diaphragm muscle that allows you to breathe is another that can be consciously controlled, but it works automatically during the course of your day - to - day life. many other muscles have their own particular ways of working. many people are quite unaware of when they should be working and when not, but thanks to the perfect control system created inside the body, there is no reason ever to think about such things. in the face of this considerable facility, a person \u2019 s only responsibility is to give thanks to the lord, the infinitely merciful and compassionate, and to behave ways that will be pleasing to him. who could do greater wrong than someone who is reminded of the signs of his lord and then turns away from them, forgetting all that he has done before? we have placed covers on their hearts, preventing them from understanding it, and heaviness in their ears. though you call them to guidance, they will nonetheless never be guided. ( surat al - kahf : 57 ) muscle fibers work with a 25 % efficiency level \u2014 more or less the same as that of modern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5004356528953292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.121137"} {"text": "as opening and closing your eyelids, require several muscles working together. igniting the fire : the engines in the muscles when you go to bend your arm, an electrical signal departs from your brain. during its complicated journey, the signal first passes to the spinal column, from where it proceeds at high speed to the organ where the message needs to be delivered. an electrical current moves over the muscle surface. the millions of muscle fibers receive the signal react immediately and \u201c fire the ignition \u201d by contracting. these events all take place in the blink of an eye : in as little as one thousandth of a second. in other words, the electrical current moving through the muscles turns the ignition switch in the muscle fibers by moving at a speed of 1 / 1, 000th of a second ( 1 millisecond ). the command reaching the muscles is produced and transported in the nervous system. the muscular system therefore functions under the command of the nervous system, but the way the muscles work together in harmony results from the coordination of the body. the body \u2019 s communications network an astonishing coordination takes place in our bodies when you move, without your ever being aware of it. as you move your head, notify your location in space through the movement of fluid in components in the inner ear. receptors in the joints respond to different angles of the joint. at this time, nerves in the muscle register the level of muscular contraction ; and the golgi tendons prevent nerve signals reaching the muscles by acting in accordance with the level of contraction. this chain of processes prevents excessive contraction in the muscles. the first condition for coordination is obtaining accurate information. only with accurate information can new analyses be performed. and in order for the muscles to function correctly, there is a magnificent reception network in the body. to carry out a coordinated action, first the location involved in that action must be known. that information comes from the eyes, the balance mechanism in the inner ear, the muscles, the joints and the skin. every second, billions of pieces of information are processed, analyzed, and new decisions taken as a result. millions of receptors located in the body provide information. inside the muscles and joints, billions of micro - receptors provide information at any given moment. messages from these receptors reach the central nervous system, and new instructions are issued to the muscles in accord with the analyses performed there. for a clearer example of this coordination, simply raise your hand. your shoulder has to bend, the biceps muscle must expand and the triceps must contract. muscles between your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5533959369016845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.125353"} {"text": "new instructions are issued to the muscles in accord with the analyses performed there. for a clearer example of this coordination, simply raise your hand. your shoulder has to bend, the biceps muscle must expand and the triceps must contract. muscles between your elbow and wrist have to turn your arm, and the muscles controlling your fingers have to give your hand the correct shape. at every stage of this action, millions of receptors in the muscles report the status of the muscles to the central control system. a moment later, the center tells the muscles what to do next. you are of course unaware of these chemical and physical reactions taking place at breathtaking speed ; you merely want to raise your hand. nor do you make any special effort in order to speak. you never sit down and calculate what sounds you want to emerge from your mouth, how much your vocal chords need to vibrate and which of the hundreds of muscles in your mouth, tongue and throat need to contract and expand \u2014 how many times, in which order and at what level \u2014 how much air to take into your lungs, or at what speed and intervals you need to exhale that same air. during the course of the day, you move your arms constantly, yet they never require any maintenance. this would lead to serious faults in any machine, but instead demonstrates the flawless creation in the human body. the nervous system is aware of not just the muscles, but also of the status and functioning of the internal organs. this information too is processed and the necessary measures taken. even while you sleep, your vital organs continue to function, thanks to instructions received from another part of the nervous system \u2014 the sub - brain and spinal cord. your heart beats, your lungs work, and you breathe. the body \u2019 s speed of information - processing is far beyond that of any computer. whatever you do, from the simplest task to the most difficult, your body performs unbelievable calculations. clearly, all this takes place as the result of a creation requiring infinite might. that infinite might belongs to almighty allah, creator of the entire universe.... no, everything in the heavens and earth belongs to him. everything is obedient to him. ( surat al - baqara : 116 ) the harmonious working of the muscles for just a small smile, seventeen separate muscles have to act at the same moment and perform their correct functions. if just one of those 17 muscles fails to function correctly, then the smile will not appear, and furthermore the person \u2019 s facial expression cannot be interpreted. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5594312667307418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.126472"} {"text": "smile, seventeen separate muscles have to act at the same moment and perform their correct functions. if just one of those 17 muscles fails to function correctly, then the smile will not appear, and furthermore the person \u2019 s facial expression cannot be interpreted. in the human face, there are 28 muscles whose sole task is facial expression. by contracting in various combinations, these muscles can produce thousands of different expressions. the human face has an expression, shaped by the muscles, for every state of mind, such as anger, surprise, comfort, and enjoyment. for you to take one simple step, 54 separate muscles in your feet and back have to work in harmony together. holding a flower or drinking a glass of water is possible thanks to the help of 27 bones and the perfect muscular and nervous systems that direct them. laughing, speaking, eating and opening and closing your eyes all occur through muscles acting in harmony. in your face, 28 muscles s work to produce facial expressions alone. it is of course allah, our lord, who creates this harmony in our bodies. functions such as smiling, speaking, blinking, walking and running may be very familiar, but nonetheless everyone who reads about them must stop once again and think. all the muscles, bones and cells operate independently of the individual. no one has any power to add any new organ. even modern technology can not produce systems similar to those in the human body. for that reason, people must not forget for even a moment that they are indebted to this flawless system in their bodies \u2014 in other words, to allah who created it for them \u2014 every time they smile, and must give thanks for it. allah has created human beings in a perfect manner. as is revealed in verses he has formed and proportioned them. the human body is one of the proofs of allah \u2019 s power and infinite knowledge. everyone capable of using his or her reason will clearly see this truth. \u201c o man! what has deluded you in respect of your noble lord? he who created you and formed you and proportioned you and assembled you in whatever way he willed.... \u201d ( surat al - infitar : 6 - 8 ) how does muscle contraction take place? a muscle cell can be described as a kind of biological engine that converts chemical energy into force and mechanical work. energy is essential for your every action. the glucose in the blood provides this energy, in the same way that fuel runs a machine, by breaking down glucose into carbon dioxide and water. the energy given off during this process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504010397713732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.127718"} {"text": "into force and mechanical work. energy is essential for your every action. the glucose in the blood provides this energy, in the same way that fuel runs a machine, by breaking down glucose into carbon dioxide and water. the energy given off during this process is used by the muscle proteins for contraction. this chemical reaction requires large amounts of oxygen, but this much oxygen is not easy to provide. to overcome this difficulty, the muscles can convert glucose into lactic acid without the help of oxygen. the oxygen they need emerges during the course of this process. there is, of course, a limit to the way we use our muscles. when that limit is exceeded, movement first becomes difficult, then impossible. after muscles contracting for a while, lactic acid accumulates in the muscle tissue, and excessive levels of it lead to muscle tiredness and cramps. oxygen is needed to get rid of the lactic acid in the muscles. that \u2019 s why you begin breathing rapidly following excessive fatigue. a muscle will not work until lactic acid which leads to fatigue in the muscles, has been removed with the oxygen carried by the blood. when you go to raise your arm, your elbow bends. when you eat, our jaw muscles work. when you walk or run somewhere, your leg muscles go into action \u2014 and when they grow fatigued, your muscles immediately take requisite precautions. a great many activities are carried out every second inside your body, without your ever being aware of them, and the microscopic cells in the muscles perform these actions. nitric oxide : the miracle molecule that lets the veins expand three scientists shared the nobel physiology and medicine prize in 1998 for having discovered that the nitric oxide ( no ) molecule, which is secreted in the veins, possesses an expanding property and regulates tension in the vein walls. however, nitric oxide molecules also serve as intermediaries in the expansion of the vein wall. the diagram overleaf will help you acquire a better idea of how this chain of processes is carried out, comparable to the way that the first domino to fall will knock down in turn others lined up behind it. in order for a vein to expand, certain signal - forwarding hormones in the blood first initiate this process by adhering to receptors in the vein membrane. this may be compared to the way that the first domino to fall will in turn knock down any others set out in a line behind it. immediately after the first domino has fallen \u2014 in other words, after the signal - forwarding hormone has adhered to receptors in the cell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5233032980791864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.129503"} {"text": "the way that the first domino to fall will in turn knock down any others set out in a line behind it. immediately after the first domino has fallen \u2014 in other words, after the signal - forwarding hormone has adhered to receptors in the cell membrane \u2014 the cell understands what it has to do and begins producing nitric oxide. some of the no molecules, which seem to know what they must do from the instant they are produced, head rapidly towards the vein \u2019 s smooth muscle cells. here, in the second stage, they enter a cell and combine with an enzyme known as gtp. however, a subsequent stage is also necessary in order for the vein to expand. after the nitric oxide has combined with the gtp, another enzyme called cgmp begins to be produced. in order to perform its own role in this chain, this new substance sets myosin into action. the final stage has now been reached. when the myosin goes into operation, the final domino falls and the muscle cells expand. now try and envisage all these stages in your mind. close inspection reveals that the hormones and cells involved in this process act in an apparently conscious manner. the signal - forwarding hormones in the blood go to their appropriate places in the vein membrane, and affect those regions to initiate the process. the same consciousness can be observed in the processes that follow. every stimulus heads to the correct locale to produce the desired result, all in the dark interior of human body, with no error ever made. but how can these cells, hormones and molecules perform such apparently conscious actions? of course consciousness cannot possibly belong to them. yet a cell needs a mind to tell it what to produce and when, to guide the hormones and molecules where to go \u2014 in short, to direct the whole process. this infinite intelligence belongs to allah, who creates the cells, hormones and molecules, and inspires in them the knowledge of how they are to behave. 1 - the signal - forwarding hormone adheres to receptors on the vein, after which nitric oxide ( no ) emerges. blinking and load - bearing every one of the hundreds of muscles in the body has unique features such as its length, lifting power, ability to perform sensitive processes, and elasticity. muscles perform a great many different functions, from simple actions such as blinking the eyelids to lifting heavy weights. in their structure, for example, the eye muscles are very different from those in the arms or legs. one feature all muscles have in common, however, is that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5546562638711134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.132437"} {"text": "many different functions, from simple actions such as blinking the eyelids to lifting heavy weights. in their structure, for example, the eye muscles are very different from those in the arms or legs. one feature all muscles have in common, however, is that they work at a high productivity, in flawless harmony and produce considerable force. the total power of all the muscles in your body is so considerable that if it were possible to employ all the muscles at once, then you would be strong enough to lift a large truck. 75 as we \u2019 ll consider in detail in the following sections, that every muscle has its own particular attributes shows the existence of a manifest creation. the location of every muscle in just the right place, their ideal sizes, elasticity and capacities are all very different, but cannot be explained in terms of chance. every muscle has been located in just the right place, with just the right features. for example, it would be meaningless for an eye muscle to have the same features as ones in the arm. far from being beneficial, it would be positively damaging for a muscle similar to the heart muscle, which works involuntarily, to be in our leg muscles. indeed, none of these mismatches occur. every muscle is in just the right location, with just the right characteristics. like the other muscles in the body, the eye muscles work in great harmony and are exceedingly efficient. if you want to lift anything, your central nervous system has to know the present length of your arm muscles, their condition and tension, to provide the most appropriate contraction. when your arm has reached the object in question, the central nervous system must halt the contraction while setting into action the muscles of the hand that will take hold of the object. once you have grasped the object, the necessary information for extending your arm must be transmitted to the special sense organs known as muscle marrow. if the chemical mechanism essential for us to perform any action is obstructed for any reason, the end result is paralysis. paralysis means the loss of a muscle \u2019 s function, due to the incapacity of the nerves leading to it. someone with a paralyzed arm, for instance, is quite unable to move it. the nerve cells extending to the bicep and triceps have lost their function and are unable to forward on instructions from the brain telling these muscles to contract. the arm is thus unable to function, even if it is otherwise healthy. one single nerve cell failing to forward a signal is sufficient for an organ failing to work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5512463731174346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.134902"} {"text": "function and are unable to forward on instructions from the brain telling these muscles to contract. the arm is thus unable to function, even if it is otherwise healthy. one single nerve cell failing to forward a signal is sufficient for an organ failing to work. therefore, the lack of just one component of a system will result in its collapse. in addition, as you have seen, there is stage - by - stage flow of information in the working of the muscles. wherever information exists, intelligence is also needed for all the elements in the system to understand and act on the arriving messages. in this case, the muscles act in accordance with the instructions they receive from the spinal cord. in addition, your voluntary muscles work when you want them to \u2014 so in order for them to act, the need to know what you are thinking. view in this way, it \u2019 s clear that the information possessed by the muscles, the system that ensures the links between them, or their ability to obey our thoughts can never come into existence by chance. yet also, muscle cells clearly cannot exhibit intelligence. this system has existed since the first human came into being, and has been working perfectly ever since. the muscles of the first human possessed the same information as will those of every other human who ever comes into the world. that is because allah has created human beings in a perfect proportion. everything we have learned leads us to the glory and superior might of allah. it is allah who made the earth a stable home for you and the sky a dome, and formed you, giving you the best of forms, and provided you with good and wholesome things. that is allah, your lord. blessed be allah, the lord of all the worlds. he is the living \u2013 there is no deity but him \u2014 so call on him, making your religion sincerely his. praise be to allah, the lord of all the worlds. ( surah ghafir : 64 - 65 ) the reason for ease of movement : flawless harmony muscles in the human body always move in one direction. the bicep, for example, bends the arm, but cannot restore it to its former position. the triceps muscle is therefore needed to straighten the arm out again, to its former position. these muscles have to act consecutively ; otherwise, if one were to start contracting while the other was still functioning, the arm could not move at all. flawless coordination regulates the order in which the muscles in the body act. there is no doubt that the bones are the most important factor in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5186981731966986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.137254"} {"text": ", if one were to start contracting while the other was still functioning, the arm could not move at all. flawless coordination regulates the order in which the muscles in the body act. there is no doubt that the bones are the most important factor in the transformation into energy of the power produced in the muscles. as a muscle contracts, it pulls on a bone and enables it to move. opposing muscles are perfectly and securely attached to the bones by ligaments so that they can move in both directions. were it not for the bones, the strength the muscles produce could not be translated into movement. similarly, were it not for the muscles, the bones could not move at all. in order for a human to move, more than 200 bones and 400 muscles must work together in a coordinated manner. the bones are joined to one another to permit the most ideal movement. each muscle has been located in such a way as to allow the bones to move comfortably. obvious creation can be observed in every detail, from the movement permitted the body by these dual systems, to the structure of the tendons joining muscle to bone. bones never separate from one another because they are loosely connected, and muscles are never prevented from moving because the joints between bones are too tight. of course, the bone tissue or the cells that comprise that tissue do not make these decisions. cells and tissues are devoid of consciousness. nor is it possible for this information to be placed inside the cell in any way. there must therefore be some force that installs this information in the cell, that teaches it how to behave \u2014 that rules it, in other words. this incomparable knowledge and might belong to allah, who maintains everything under his control. do you not know that allah is he to whom the kingdom of the heavens and the earth belongs and that, besides allah, you have no protector and no helper? ( surat al - baqara : 107 ) the hand : amazing creation when you stir your tea, write or turn these pages, you employ an unbelievable marvel of engineering design. your hands are some of the proofs of allah \u2019 s creative artistry. closely examine the structure of your hands, and you can see the general lines of this mechanism that fulfills so many functions, from drinking to writing, from opening doors to combing your hair. the hand, with its 27 bones and the muscles and nerves that controls them, is without equal in the living world. the hand owes its mobility to its numerous muscles and tendons, both large and small, and which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5321829368899962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.139819"} {"text": "a struggling sea the salton sea, one of california \u2019 s largest lakes and a safe haven for thousands of migratory birds, is suffering a case of severe dehydration. water loss and rising salinity and nutrient concentrations have endangered this saltwater lake in southeastern california. left untreated, the sea \u2019 s ecosystem could collapse within the next few decades, according to the salton sea authority. the state legislature is currently considering a plan from the california department of water resources that would restore the wetland over the course of 75 years, at a cost of billions of dollars. but with land disputes, uncertain funding, and no one yet designated to implement the plan, migratory birds may have to find a new pit stop. \u201c the salton sea is a body of water that \u2019 s there, and it \u2019 s dying, \u201d says michael walker, the salton sea program manager for the bureau of reclamation. the salton sea has a reputation for naturally disappearing. in the last 2, 000 years, similar seas have formed and reformed in the salton trough basin at least three times, with several smaller lakes existing in between. the current lake formed when the colorado river breached an irrigation canal in 1905. since then, agricultural runoff has kept the sea full and provided a mixture of nutrients that encouraged wildlife to flourish. the lake is saltier than the pacific ocean, and at 376 square miles, larger than lake tahoe. this desert sea is habitat for marine fish and has become one of the busiest stopovers for birds on the pacific flyway. the sea hosts up to 90 percent of america ' s white pelican population and 40 percent of the threatened yuma clapper rail, according to the salton sea authority ( see our story california strikes a water truce ). but in these drier times, less runoff flows into the sea, the imperial valley transfers more water to san diego and water simply evaporates, concentrating nutrients and raising salinity. at the same time, domestic sewage and industrial waste from places like the new river in mexicali is running into the sea. \u201c it \u2019 s a soup of stuff that \u2019 s not really that great, \u201d says dale hoffman - floerke, chief of the colorado river and salton sea office for the california department of water resources. the nitrates, phosphates and salt that formerly nourished and fertilized this sea are now reaching concentrations that are killing the wildlife. diseases like avian cholera and type c avian botulism contributed to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37522963237807894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.161777"} {"text": "department of water resources. the nitrates, phosphates and salt that formerly nourished and fertilized this sea are now reaching concentrations that are killing the wildlife. diseases like avian cholera and type c avian botulism contributed to a massive die - off of 1, 400 endangered brown pelicans at the salton sea in 1996, a factor that prevented their removal from the endangered species list. and in 1999, more than 7 million tilapia and croaker died from oxygen depletion in the lake. california ' s plan would restructure the sea, reducing its size by nearly 50 percent and creating specialized microhabitats for fish and birds. \u201c we know the sea is going to shrink, and we \u2019 re trying to make the best of the situation that \u2019 s going to happen, \u201d says hoffman - floerke. early efforts would include a small, 2, 000 - acre saline habitat that would act as the \u201c seed \u201d for further restoration and bridge the gap between immediate restoration needs and the long - term objective. the revamped salton sea would consist of a ring of marine habitat separated by a rock barrier from a central brine, or salt, sink. this \u201c seawater \u201d habitat would have salinity levels equal to the pacific ocean and house marine fish that would serve primarily as a food source for migratory birds. salt marshes totalling about 62, 000 acres would border the lake at the north and south ends, and act as habitat for birds, shrimp and vegetation. restoration during the 75 years would cost an estimated $ 8. 9 billion to construct and ultimately $ 142 million per year to run and maintain. possible funding sources include federal and state grants, private - public partnerships, park user fees, and the salton sea restoration fund, which currently holds $ 20 million. so far, the california legislature has not allocated funding, and there is no government agency designated to manage the plan. but, says hoffman - floerke, they expect decisions within the year. even if approved, restoration would require collaboration among the federal, tribal and private landowners that share the land around and under the salton sea. the federal government owns 90, 000 acres of the sea, and the bureau of reclamation has proposed its own restoration plan, according to walker, who says it \u2019 s currently under review by the office of management and budget. the torres martinez desert cahuilla tribe, which also owns land under the sea, worries that shrinking sea levels could expose carcinogenic, polluta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4094731816153694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.164274"} {"text": "according to walker, who says it \u2019 s currently under review by the office of management and budget. the torres martinez desert cahuilla tribe, which also owns land under the sea, worries that shrinking sea levels could expose carcinogenic, pollutant - laden dirt that could blow into the air as toxic dust and become the tribe ' s responsibility to clean up. the tribe is also concerned that california \u2019 s proposed plan would undo its ongoing effort to restore sections of wetland. joe loya, tribal resources manager, fears their suggestions have fallen on deaf ears. \u201c we were outnumbered, \u201d he says. the tribe does not have enough money to pay for pollution control of exposed shoreline, and has nowhere to go. \u201c we can \u2019 t purchase new tribal land, \u201d says loya. \u201c we have no other opportunity than to fight this thing. \u201d currently, tribal members are trying to open a dialogue with the state legislature. they want to include protections of water levels to prevent shoreline exposure before the plan is approved, but, says loya, \u201c the clock is ticking. \u201d while hoffman - floerke acknowledges that the proposed plan does not make everybody happy, she says, it is by no means rigid, and will have to be \u201c tweaked \u201d along the way. \u201c we try to give something to everybody, \u201d she says. \u201c it \u2019 s a beginning. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3769754518700697, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.165555"} {"text": "do you have an intense fear for animals, heights, blood, injections, planes? would you rather climb ten flights than to get into a lift? if so, you may be suffering from a phobia. all people have fears or situations they would rather avoid. it is part of everyday life. some people are frightened by job interviews. others are uncomfortable to be home alone at night. most people manage to control their fears and go about their normal activities. but for some people, anxieties and fears are overwhelming and persistent. normal coping mechanisms don ' t work, and the need to avoid the objects or situations that cause anxiety can be so intense that they drastically interfere with daily life. sometimes people may make important career or personal decisions to avoid a phobic situation. others may refuse to go to the doctor for fear of having blood drawn. phobias aren \u2019 t just extreme fear, they are irrational fear. adults with phobias realise their fears are irrational, but often facing, or even thinking about facing, the feared object or situation brings on a panic attack or severe anxiety. phobias often begin in childhood or adolescence, but many adults find that their lives are impaired by phobic symptoms. many phobias are more common in women, but some ( e. g. fear of blood ) are more common in men. what causes phobias? scientists are learning more about the particular brain regions that are involved in phobic fears. phobias are thought to be caused by a combination of biological factors and life events, much in the way other disorders ( such as diabetes or heart disease ) are influenced by a person ' s genes and lifestyle. categories of phobias phobias are divided into three broad categories : specific phobia ( which used to be called simple or single phobia ), social phobia / social anxiety disorder, and agoraphobia depending on what triggers the fear and how the individual reacts to the dreaded object or situation. a specific phobia is the intense, irrational fear of specific objects or situations that cause terror. specific phobias can be classified into subtypes, namely animal type, natural environment type ( eg storms, heights or water ), blood - injection - injury type ( eg seeing blood or an injury ), situational type ( eg public transportation or enclosed places ) or other type ( if fear is cued by other stimuli ). agoraphobia, which often accompanies panic disorder,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5129018740535769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.171269"} {"text": "type ( eg seeing blood or an injury ), situational type ( eg public transportation or enclosed places ) or other type ( if fear is cued by other stimuli ). agoraphobia, which often accompanies panic disorder, is a fear of being in any situation that might provoke a panic attack, or from which escape might be difficult if one occurred. social anxiety disorder ( social phobia ) : social anxiety disorder ( social phobia ) is an intense fear of becoming humiliated in social situations ; in other words, of embarrassing yourself in front of others. if you suffer from social anxiety disorder, you tend to think other people are very competent in public and that you are not. small mistakes you make may appear much more serious to you than they really are. blushing may seem painfully embarrassing, and you feel as though all eyes are focused on you. social anxiety disorder should not be confused with shyness. shy people can be very uneasy around others, but they don ' t experience extreme anxiety in anticipating a social situation, and they don ' t necessarily avoid circumstances that make them feel self - conscious. in contrast, people with social anxiety disorder aren ' t necessarily shy. they can be completely at ease with people most of the time, but particular situations such as making a speech can give them intense anxiety. if the object of fear is easy to avoid, people with phobias may not feel the need to seek treatment. when phobias interfere with a person ' s life, treatment can help. successful treatment usually involves cognitive behavioural techniques such as desensitisation or exposure therapy, in which patients are gradually exposed to what frightens them until the fear begins to fade. three - quarters of patients benefit significantly from this type of treatment. relaxation and breathing exercises also help reduce anxiety symptoms. sometimes certain medications may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety symptoms before someone faces a phobic situation. for more information contact the mental health information centre at 0800 600 411. what are these people afraid of? treatment : facing what you fear most ( mental information centre, updated february 2010 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5333150289379396, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.172131"} {"text": "cystinuria is an inherited disease that causes stones made of the amino acid cysteine to form in the kidneys, bladder, and urethra. inherited means that the disease is passed down from parents to children through a defect in their genes. in order to get cystinuria, a person must inherit the defect from both parents. the defect in the gene causes cysteine to accumulate inside the kidneys \u2014 organs that help regulate what goes in and out of your bloodstream. the kidneys have many functions, including reabsorbing essential minerals and proteins back into the body, filtering the blood to remove toxic waste and producing urine so that you can excrete the waste out of the body. instead of going back into the bloodstream, the amino acid cysteine builds up and forms stones. the stones can then get stuck in the kidneys, bladder, and urethra ( the tube that carries urine out of the body ). this can be very painful until the stones pass through urination. very large stones may need to be surgically removed. the stones can recur many times. however, treatments are available to manage pain and to prevent more stones from forming. defects ( mutations ) in the genes called slc3a1 and slc7a9 cause cystinuria. these genes provide the instructions for your body to make a certain transporter protein found in the kidneys. this protein normally controls the reabsorption of certain amino acids. amino acids are formed when the body digests and breaks down proteins. the amino acids are used to perform a wide variety of bodily functions. they are important to your body and are not considered waste. therefore, when they enter the kidneys, the amino acids are normally absorbed back into the bloodstream. in people with cystinuria, their genetic defect interferes with the transporter protein \u2019 s ability to reabsorb the amino acids. one of the amino acids \u2014 cysteine \u2014 is not very soluble in urine. if it isn \u2019 t reabsorbed, it will accumulate inside the kidney and form crystals, or cysteine stones. the rock - hard stones then get stuck in the kidneys, bladder, and urethra. this can be very painful. you are only at risk of getting cystinuria if your parents have the specific defect in their gene that causes the disease. you can only get the disease if you inherit the defect from both of your parents. cystinuria occurs in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4934101736292582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.181080"} {"text": ". you are only at risk of getting cystinuria if your parents have the specific defect in their gene that causes the disease. you can only get the disease if you inherit the defect from both of your parents. cystinuria occurs in about one in every 10, 000 people around the world ( lin & zieve, 2011 ). although cystinuria is a lifelong condition, symptoms typically first occur in young adults in their twenties and thirties ( biyani & cartledge, 2006 ). the symptoms may include : - blood in the urine - severe pain in the side or the back ( almost always on one side ) - nausea and vomiting - pain near the groin, pelvis, or abdomen cystinuria is asymptomatic ( causing no symptoms ) when there are no stones. however, the symptoms will recur each time stones form in the kidneys. the stones commonly return more than once. cystinuria is usually diagnosed when someone experiences an episode of cysteine stones. a diagnosis is then made by testing the stones to see if they are made out of cysteine. additional diagnostic testing could include : 24 - hour urine collection you will be asked to collect your urine in a cup over the course of an entire day. the urine will then be sent to a laboratory for analysis. this is an x - ray examination of the kidneys, bladder, and urethra \u2014 to look for the presence of stones. this method uses a dye in the bloodstream to help see the stones. abdominal computed tomography ( ct ) scan this is an imaging method that uses x - rays to create images of the structures inside the abdomen to look for stones inside the kidneys this is an examination of the urine in a laboratory. this may involve looking at the color and physical appearance of the urine, viewing the urine under a microscope, and conducting chemical tests to detect certain substances, like cysteine. if not treated properly, cystinuria can be extremely painful and may lead to serious complications. these complications include : - kidney or bladder damage from a stone - urinary tract infections - kidney infections - blockage of the ureter, the tube that drains urine from the kidneys to the bladder ( ureteral obstruction ) treatment is aimed at preventing stones from forming. it may include any of the following : increasing water intake drinking large amounts of water is vital to lowering the concentration of cysteine in the urine. according to a 2006 study published in european urology,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4671711418159489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.183248"} {"text": "treatment is aimed at preventing stones from forming. it may include any of the following : increasing water intake drinking large amounts of water is vital to lowering the concentration of cysteine in the urine. according to a 2006 study published in european urology, hydration alone can prevent the reoccurrence of stones in 30 percent of patients ( biyani & cartledge, 2006 ). reducing salt intake to less than two grams per day has also been shown to be helpful in preventing stone formation ( biyani & cartledge, 2006 ). adjusting ph balance cysteine is more soluble in urine at a higher ph. ph is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. alkalinizing agents, such as potassium citrate, will increase the ph of the urine to make cysteine more soluble. some alkalinizing medications can be purchased over the counter ; however, it is strongly recommended that you talk to your doctor before taking any type of supplement. medications known as chelating agents will help to dissolve the cysteine crystals. these drugs work by chemically combining with the cysteine to form a complex that can then dissolve in the urine. examples include d - penicillamine and alpha - mercaptopropionylglycine. d - penicillamine is effective, but it has many side effects. pain medications may also be prescribed to control pain while the stones pass through the bladder and out of the body. if the stones are very large and painful, or block one of the tubes leading from the kidney, they might need to be removed by surgery. there are a few different types of surgeries to break up the stones. these include the following procedures : - extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy ( eswl ) : a procedure that uses shock waves to break up large stones into smaller pieces. however, this procedure is not as effective for cysteine stones compared to other types of kidney stones. - percutaneous nephrostolithotomy ( or nephrolithotomy ) : a procedure that involves passing a special instrument through your skin and into your kidney to take out the stones or break them apart. cystinuria is a life - long condition. however, it can be managed effectively with treatment. the stones themselves appear more commonly in young adults under the age of 40, so they may lessen with age ( lin & zieve, 2011 ). cystinuria does not affect any other parts of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4855256473347578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.186788"} {"text": "new parents often ask what color i think the baby \u2019 s eyes are going to be. i never answer this question until the child is at least 1 year old ; i mean, what if the parents believe me and use my answer to make major life decisions? when we talk about eye color, we \u2019 re really talking about the appearance of the iris, the muscular ring around the pupil that controls how much light enters the eye. after all, the pupil will always be black, except in flash photos, and the whites ( sclera ) should stay pretty much white, although jaundice may turn them yellow and inflammation may make them look pink or red. gray or blue eyes at birth iris color, just like hair and skin color, depends on a protein called melanin. we have specialized cells in our bodies called melanocytes whose job it is to go around secreting melanin where it \u2019 s needed, including in the iris. when your baby is born his eyes will be gray or blue, as melanocytes respond to light, and he has spent his whole life in the dark. eye color changes over time over time, if melanocytes only secrete a little melanin, your baby will have blue eyes. if they secrete a bit more, his eyes will look green or hazel. when melanocytes get really busy, eyes look brown ( the most common eye color ), and in some cases they may appear very dark indeed. because it takes about a year for melanocytes to finish their work it can be a dicey business calling eye color before the baby \u2019 s first birthday. the color change does slow down some after the first 6 months of life, but there can be plenty of change left at that point. eye color is a genetic property, but it \u2019 s not quite as cut - and - dried as you might have learned in biology class. - two blue - eyed parents are very likely to have a blue - eyed child, but it won \u2019 t happen every single time. - two brown - eyed parents are likely ( but not guaranteed ) to have a child with brown eyes. - if you notice one of the grandparents has blue eyes, the chances of having a blue - eyed baby go up a bit. - if one parent has brown eyes and the other has blue eyes, odds are about even on eye color. - if your child has one brown eye and one blue eye, bring it to your doctor \u2019 s attention ; he probably has a rare genetic condition called wa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4985130024669609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.193251"} {"text": "parent has brown eyes and the other has blue eyes, odds are about even on eye color. - if your child has one brown eye and one blue eye, bring it to your doctor \u2019 s attention ; he probably has a rare genetic condition called waardenburg syndrome. parents also often note that their newborns \u2019 eyes appear to cross from time to time. for the first 6 months of life this can be normal. to begin with, to look at something the brain has to know where to point the eyes. for the first 2 to 4 weeks of life vision is not accurate enough for the baby \u2019 s eyes to find a target a lot of the time. parents often feel like their newborns are looking past them rather than at them, because they are. by the fourth week of life, however, your baby will focus on your face if you \u2019 re cradling him. most visual development occurs in the brain, not in the eyes themselves. one of the greatest challenges for the developing brain is to coordinate visual signals from one side to the other. nerve signals from the eyes travel through optic nerves and split off to both sides of the brain. to make sense of those signals, the 2 sides of the brain have to cooperate, comparing information and coordinating eye movement in the desired direction. until age 2 months you may notice your infant will follow your face or a toy a little way, then lose it as it crosses from one side to the other. by 2 months, however, he should be able to track from right to left and back again. the next big visual milestone occurs at 6 months of age. by this time the 2 sides of the brain are on good terms with each other. until this point the eyes track together as long as they both have something to look at, but if one is deprived of input ( from being covered by a hat, for example ), it might drift off in its own direction. by 6 months of age the eyes should continue looking the same direction even if one of them is covered temporarily. we test this in the clinic by covering 1 eye for 3 seconds, then suddenly uncovering it and looking to see if it \u2019 s still tracking with the opposite eye. we call this test the cover - uncover test. sometimes the shape of a child \u2019 s face makes it look as though the eyes are crossed even when they are not. a child with a broad nasal bridge may appear to have an inward - looking eye, when in fact he \u2019 s just looking off to the side. you can check this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5115118783003367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.194230"} {"text": "face makes it look as though the eyes are crossed even when they are not. a child with a broad nasal bridge may appear to have an inward - looking eye, when in fact he \u2019 s just looking off to the side. you can check this by watching the light reflection in your child \u2019 s eyes from a window or lamp ; if it falls in the same place on each eye, the eyes are working together. even with office screening, however, we don \u2019 t always catch an eye that tends to deviate. deviations occur more often when the child is tired. if you ever notice that your 6 - month - old or older child has an eye that doesn \u2019 t always look the same way as its partner, alert his doctor. it \u2019 s critical that an eye specialist ( ophthalmologist ) examine the child. what some people call a lazy eye ( amblyopia ) may be a sign that one eye doesn \u2019 t see as clearly as the other. when the brain is forced to make 1 picture from 2 very different inputs, it starts to ignore the signals from the worse eye. over time this process becomes irreversible, leading to partial blindness in the weaker eye. in most cases, you should address the problem before the child turns 3 to ensure he \u2019 ll grow up with normal depth perception. treatments for amblyopia vary based on the cause and severity of the condition. some children require glasses or patches that force the brain to pay attention to signals from the weaker eye. other kids need surgery to shorten or lengthen certain muscles that control eye movement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5314096759192579, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.194869"} {"text": "\u201c my husband likes to tease me by calling my parenting style the \u2018 lazy parent \u2019 s method \u2019 for raising a child, \u201d writes one mother. \u201c i like to just wait for my son to move on to the next stage of development and then follow his lead. he toilet - trained himself when he was four because he wanted to \u2014 not because i decided it was time. \u201d such a relaxed attitude toward toilet training has grown somewhat more common in this country in recent years, though many parents continue to report surprised reactions from others who learn that their preschool - age children are still in diapers. your older child \u2014 age three and a half and up \u2014 may not be potty - trained for a variety of reasons. you may have decided to delay training until your child expressed an interest. you may have attempted toilet training at an earlier time, only to give up when you met with resistance. your child may have been fully trained but then regressed when a new sibling arrived or another major change occurred, causing him never to return to his toilet - using routine. or your toddler or preschooler may have experienced physical or developmental challenges that interfered with bladder or bowel control. if your child has recently tried and failed to master the toilet - training process, or has never responded to your attempts to begin, it \u2019 s a good idea to schedule a checkup with his pediatrician before beginning training at this time. an examination can identify such common, treatable obstacles to toilet training as a bladder infection or bowel problems. your pediatrician can also explain how to compensate for physical or mental disabilities or developmental challenges. whether a physical or other problem is confirmed or ruled out, a visit to the pediatrician will give you a better understanding of how to work with your child and will help you and your child proceed with greater confidence. toilet training a healthy older child can offer some advantages over training a toddler. preschoolers \u2019 improved ability to visualize a goal and achieve it, increased skill at communicating any confusion, anxiety, or resentment they may feel, and greater awareness of other children \u2019 s behavior all work together to promote a smoother and faster transition. yet these same developments can also present new challenges. a child \u2019 s ability to act on his own spurs resistance to a parent \u2019 s directions. a preschooler \u2019 s improved verbal skills allow him to argue and negotiate. his awareness of other children \u2019 s behavior may backfire if he feels ashamed of his continued diaper use. the simple force of long habit can also make it more difficult", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4014896302556392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.199029"} {"text": "case study highlights dangers of \u2018 second impact syndrome \u2019 after taking a hard hit to the head during a football game, an indiana high school student suffered severe headaches for the next three days. following a head ct scan that was normal, his doctor told him to wait to go back on the field until he felt better. but the boy returned to practice, where he suffered a devastating brain injury called second impact syndrome. more than six years later, cody lehe, now 23, is mostly wheelchair - bound and struggles with diminished mental capacity. yet he \u2019 s fortunate to be alive : second impact syndrome is fatal in about 85 percent of cases. \u201c it \u2019 s a unique syndrome of brain injury that appears in high school and younger athletes when they have a mild concussion, and then have a second head impact before they \u2019 re over the symptoms of their first impact. this leads to massive brain swelling almost immediately, \u201d said dr. michael turner, a neurosurgeon at goodman campbell brain and spine at the indiana university school of medicine, and co - author of a new report on cody \u2019 s case, published jan. 1 in the journal of neurosurgery : pediatrics. the case study illustrates why it \u2019 s so important to prevent a second impact and give a young brain the chance to rest and recover, another expert said. \u201c second impact syndrome is a very rare phenomenon. it \u2019 s estimated to occur about five times a year in the country, \u201d said kenneth podell, a neuropsychologist and co - director of the methodist concussion center in houston. \u201c what makes this [ study ] unique : they \u2019 re the first ones to actually have a ct scan after the first hit. what they were able to show is that the first ct scan was read as normal, \u201d said podell, who also is a team consultant for the houston texans, of the nfl. \u201c after the first concussion there was no evidence of any significant injury. and then following the second one is when they ran into all of the problems. \u201d during the friday night game, cody told a teammate the first hit was the hardest he had ever taken and his head hurt and he felt dazed. but he downplayed symptoms to his parents, coaches and trainer. \u201c i think he was telling them what he was telling us, \u201d his mother, becky, said. \u201c in those days, to have a concussion, if you weren \u2019 t vomiting or wanting to go to sleep or have blurred vision or all that kind of stuff, then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4518903947824935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.204747"} {"text": "telling them what he was telling us, \u201d his mother, becky, said. \u201c in those days, to have a concussion, if you weren \u2019 t vomiting or wanting to go to sleep or have blurred vision or all that kind of stuff, then you didn \u2019 t have a concussion. he didn \u2019 t have any of those symptoms ; other than the headache, everything else was ok. and he told them, \u2018 i just need to go home and lie down and i \u2019 ll be all right. \u201d the intermittent headaches, however, were bad enough that he finally asked to see a doctor. \u201c the doctor did say, \u2018 your scan is fine, but anytime you have a headache like that you probably shouldn \u2019 t play, \u2019 \u201d becky recalled. \u201c it was the first week of sectionals, and we won the first round. [ cody ] was the captain, so he said, \u2018 i \u2019 m not going to stay on the sidelines. i \u2019 ve had headaches like this before. and if the scan says i \u2019 m fine, i \u2019 m playing. \u2019 \u201d the follow - up injury occurred during tuesday afternoon practice. \u201c the second hit, which was very, very minor ; we \u2019 re even reluctant to call it a \u2018 hit \u2019 because it was a really light practice, and they weren \u2019 t even in full pads, \u201d becky said. \u201c it was just kind of shoulder brushing and he was down. \u201d turner said, \u201c after his second impact, he says, \u2018 i really feel bad, \u2019 and went to the side and said, \u2018 i can \u2019 t feel my legs, \u2019 and collapsed. that quote is incredibly common in most of the case reports of this. \u201d during cody \u2019 s hospitalization, he had complications including kidney failure, sepsis and pneumonia. it was 98 days before he came home. today cody has a great sense of humor but struggles in other ways, becky said. \u201c his memory is terrible. his long - term is still there \u2014 if he met you once, he remembers you \u2014 but the short - term is really bad and it \u2019 s really hard to build on things when you can \u2019 t remember what you did 10 to 15 minutes ago. \u201d cody has worked his way up to six minutes on a treadmill, and can stand up and walk, but he needs someone by his side because his balance is poor. from this case, turner said, other parents \u201c can take away that this concussion stuff is serious \u2014 it \u2019 s not malingering.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4011121698885224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.205651"} {"text": "from the forum on intellectual property in the february 2009 issue of perspectives on history the new world of publishing and new directions in intellectual property for the past 15 years or so, historians have largely been the observers as new technologies have precipitated a crisis in copyright. this crisis is best understood by putting copyright into historical perspective. the electronic communications revolution and open access to scholarship english copyright law developed in response to a great technological revolution \u2014 the development of the printing press, and a great cultural revolution \u2014 the growth of literacy. these revolutions led to a struggle over the control of the value that could be secured from the transmission of information, ideas, and art in print. the struggle was resolved in law from the 1660s to 1710, a time in which progressive forces that opposed monopoly and favored the dynamic use of property \u2014 what we now refer to as entrepreneurship \u2014 were stronger than conservative, static property interests in the english political system. 1 thus the statute of anne \u2014 the english copyright act of 1710 \u2014 rejected the claims of publishers and printers to a permanent monopoly over literary productions, instead vesting rights in authors and limiting those rights to relatively short term. 2 these antimonopolistic, pro - entrepreneurial forces have predominated in american society through most of our history, and consequently the american law of copyright continued on the path set by the statute of anne. like other elements of american law, copyright law has accepted the \u201c creative destruction \u201d of existing property values in order to promote continuing economic, and especially technological, development. 3 our laws did not enable canal companies from frustrating the establishment of railroads, for example, or railroads from stopping the construction of interstate highways. we permit the free incorporation of new businesses ; the law does not enable existing businesses to protect themselves against competition by preventing their incorporation or by requiring that new businesses obtain the permission of established ones to enter the field or locality. in copyright law, we do not permit copyright in ideas but only in how ideas are expressed ; we limit the term during which copyright protects those expressions ; and we create exceptions to the rights that copyright law secures copyright owners. indeed, the u. s. constitution itself specifies that the purpose of copyright is to promote knowledge in the arts and sciences. 4 copyright law and its doctrines have developed in the course of an essentially print regime, accommodating what now appear to be relatively minor technological advances like recordings and motion pictures by analogizing them to print. most important, the law of copyright, with very few exceptions, applies the same rules to all communication of creative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5201030913278777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.232315"} {"text": "print regime, accommodating what now appear to be relatively minor technological advances like recordings and motion pictures by analogizing them to print. most important, the law of copyright, with very few exceptions, applies the same rules to all communication of creative productions, whether scientific, artistic, academic, for purposes of entertainment, or anything else. copyright law enables creators and those who distribute their work to profit from its value by giving them exclusive control over its distribution for a period of time. the value of copyrighted work comes from the ability to demand payment from those wishing to reproduce and circulate it, and the law is designed to sustain that right against infringement. 5 however, we are now witnessing another great technological revolution affecting the distribution of information, ideas, and art. the potential impact of this revolution on the way we circulate knowledge is incalculable. it makes possible different ways of securing value from the communication of information from those embodied in the present system and in the law sustaining that system. these alternatives grow out of the new stress on interactivity, which characterizes what analysts call the web 2. 0. it posits \u201c open access \u201d to the information on the web. think of \u201c googling \u201d for a chinese restaurant in washington. the names, addresses, telephone numbers, and web sites of a bunch of eateries appear on your screen. or you can go to mapquest and ask for chinese restaurants near a specific address. again a bunch of names come up. click on these and you get menus, prices, formal reviews, reviews by john and jane doe. you get advertisements for similar restaurants. reviewers mention similar restaurants, with hot links to them, and you get similar information. you can link on the chef \u2019 s name, or you can google her. you can copy the information and send it to a friend. the providers of all this information either do it out of the pleasure it brings them or, as in the case of google, they make money from associated advertising, much as commercial broadcast television provides content freely to viewers. unless the law interferes, something similar is going to happen with scholarship. indeed, it is already happening. 6 you will google a subject or the title of an article or book you \u2019 ve heard about. up it comes. along with the book or article appear comments and responses by readers, some of them expert and some not. enterprising folks have put up links to similar articles and books. alongside these links are advertisements for newly published books in the area,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5401857886957895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.234723"} {"text": "comes. along with the book or article appear comments and responses by readers, some of them expert and some not. enterprising folks have put up links to similar articles and books. alongside these links are advertisements for newly published books in the area, or for educational software, or computer deals, or special vacations for educators, or whatever else might be of interest to someone who had searched for the original article. you can consult the part of the book you are interested in by clicking on the relevant chapters. you can scan chapters and articles through keyword searches. the footnotes of the article or e - book are hotlinked, and if they aren \u2019 t, you can google the titles. you can forward the url to a colleague so that she can read the same item ; you can copy the text and forward it. the rewards to the authors will not be royalties on book sales, which for most academics are paltry for books and nonexistent for articles. the reward will be the promotions, salary rises, and opportunities that come with being widely known for contributions to knowledge made ever more widely available under the new regime. besides checking with scholars in your field, the promotion and tenure committee will look at the number of hits on your e - publications, the comments surrounding them, the number of times they are cited. the browsers and bundlers who make these postings accessible will secure revenue through advertising and making their search engines available to businesses. obviously, this would be a complete revolution with tremendous implications for the role, if any, of publishers, journals, editors, the referee system, book - length publications, tenure evaluations \u2014 just about everything with which we are familiar. open access is very attractive to producers and disseminators of knowledge. it is spreading rapidly in several of the sciences, where it is made easier by the fact that authors pay to have their articles published. physics has long been the leader in establishing open access to research. the directory of open access journals lists 47 open - access journals in physics and 13 in astronomy. 7 but other scientific disciplines are catching up. the public library of science publishes seven significant open - access scientific and medical journals. 8 biomed central, chemistry central, and physmath central publish over 100 open - access journals in their fields. 9 many scientific journals become \u201c open source \u201d after six months, relying on scientists \u2019 need for the most up - to - the - moment information to keep subscriptions up. they are agreeing to allow contributors to place their manuscripts in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5108479220504016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.235836"} {"text": "in their fields. 9 many scientific journals become \u201c open source \u201d after six months, relying on scientists \u2019 need for the most up - to - the - moment information to keep subscriptions up. they are agreeing to allow contributors to place their manuscripts in online archives \u2014 in many cases before they appear in print, in others as they appear in print, and in some after a brief delay. these archives are sponsored by the researchers \u2019 home institutions or by organizations in their field. 10 the hard sciences are ahead of the social sciences, and europeans are ahead of americans in the push towards open access. many science funding and research institutions of europe \u2014 virtually all the major players in france and germany \u2014 have signed on to the 2003 berlin declaration on open access to knowledge in the sciences and humanities. 11 but the movement is beginning to spread to the american social sciences and humanities disciplines. the social science research network ( ssrn ) is a growing online archive of social science and law papers and articles, many of them freely accessible. 12 the ssrn \u2019 s legal research network allows users to subscribe to scores of law - school research paper series, nearly all on an open - access basis. 13 the ssrn has optimistically organized a new humanities research network within its general ssrn rubric. 14 a few humanities journals are cautiously beginning to follow the science journals \u2019 example. perspectives on history is an open - source periodical, and the american historical review makes its articles, but not other content, freely available, one of the few humanities journals to do so. 15 of course, people can also self - publish on their own web sites, or create a blog that may include formal papers, or post papers with the ssrn \u2019 s humanities research network or on other online repositories established by one \u2019 s academic institution or professional colleagues. the internet revolution and copyright law the problem is that an open - source regime is not necessarily the best one for artistic productions and entertainment, requiring a complete rethinking of how media companies earn money. even in the area of scholarship, it posits a business model at odds with the one that now predominates. institutions that grew out of the print regime find this new model alien, disconcerting, and even threatening. it suggests an unknown world to institutions such as historical societies that depend on journal subscriptions, editors, and all of us who are used to being evaluated and rewarded according to our success in appearing in print. these institutions prefer the traditional regime, which is based on the ability of copyright owners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5026313375365805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.236901"} {"text": "such as historical societies that depend on journal subscriptions, editors, and all of us who are used to being evaluated and rewarded according to our success in appearing in print. these institutions prefer the traditional regime, which is based on the ability of copyright owners to restrict access to their productions and to control their distribution. instead of the open - access restaurant - posting analogy described above, this, current regime encourages closed, or \u201c toll \u201d access \u2014 what we still often find when we google an article : a citation and short snippet, followed by the offer to download upon payment of $ 7. 95. companies like hein online have grown up to bundle access to scholarly journals, and ambitious university presses are managing journal subscriptions and printing and then placing their own bundles of journals online. to avoid the irritation of having to pay every time one downloads an article, copyright owners license free access to libraries and subscribers for a fee, which reduces their own administrative costs as well. if you looked at the licenses closely, you might be surprised at the tight and confusing restrictions they place upon downloading and copying. for example, ohio state university \u2019 s license with lexisnexis academic obligates students and faculty to use lexisnexis \u2019 s downloading and printing commands ( rather than microsoft \u2019 s copy - and - paste commands ) to download \u201c insubstantial portions \u201d of any file and to print them out. except for legal and patent materials, ohio state \u2019 s license permits users to retain downloaded material for no more than 90 days. while users can make copies from authorized printouts, the terms seem to preclude them from making electronic copies directly from the downloaded files. 16 the purpose of the confusing language must be to prevent people from downloading material from lexisnexis and distributing it widely on the internet. that activity would undermine the value of lexisnexis \u2019 s service. to understand the present situation in copyright, imagine the reaction of monks and monasteries as print technology was spreading around the western world. what was the print revolution going to do to their beautiful hand - painted, handwritten productions? what would happen to their status as repositories of knowledge? who would care about the accomplishments of a particularly fine illustrator and penman? now, imagine they had been able to turn to an existing body of law that secured their right to produce and circulate knowledge and prohibit duplication by mere machine. this time we do have a dense, pre - existing body of law that was designed to establish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48567621484023016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.238071"} {"text": "they had been able to turn to an existing body of law that secured their right to produce and circulate knowledge and prohibit duplication by mere machine. this time we do have a dense, pre - existing body of law that was designed to establish order after the previous communications revolution. it is based entirely on creating a traditional property right \u2014 a right that enables owners to restrict access to their property and to profit from it by charging for access \u2014 either by sale or by license. this system may be appropriate, and perhaps even necessary, to encourage artistic and entertainment production. but it is probably not appropriate for the encouragement of knowledge. toll access really does limit the potential for the dissemination and production of knowledge inherent in the internet revolution. the question is, what direction will the law take? will the law be adapted to accommodate the technological revolution? or will the law be utilized to contain it and channel it to enable powerful media interests to make money from it in the traditional way, the one that they are most comfortable with, which may maximize profits at the expense of the great potential of the new technology? perhaps we need an entirely new regime to govern the internet media. or perhaps we need different rules for different kinds of creative expressions \u2014 those designed mainly to entertain or disseminate the arts as distinct from those designed to produce and disseminate knowledge. at present, copyright owners are working desperately to force the internet revolution into the channels established by traditional copyright law. they are driven by the fear that the entire structure of copyright is being undermined by the technological revolution in communications \u2014 which it is. from their perspective, they are under siege by pirates intent on stealing their property. a representative of paramount pictures characterizes proposals to modify copyright law to take account of the technological revolution in communications as \u201c because it is easy to steal, it should no longer be illegal to steal. \u201d 17 copyright owners demand that the government protect them against the thieves. but there is another side to these demands. if media companies are successful in securing greater copyright protection, they can reap the economic benefits of the revolution. if they are not, then the creators of new technologies will reap the benefits. thus viacom sues google and youtube for failing to do enough to prevent copyright infringement online. 18 does it want google to force infringers off the internet? does it want google and youtube to help media companies collect royalties from kids who post clips on their youtube sites? probably not. more likely it wants google and youtube to pay media companies a royalty or a percentage of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.515284256623667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.239255"} {"text": "infringers off the internet? does it want google and youtube to help media companies collect royalties from kids who post clips on their youtube sites? probably not. more likely it wants google and youtube to pay media companies a royalty or a percentage of their receipts, much like media companies unsuccessfully sought to force sony to do when it developed video tape - recording technology. 19 google, with its amazing technological expertise, is devising ways to prevent users from posting infringing material on youtube. the effect would be to force the media companies to figure out a way to collect royalties from those internet users who were willing to pay them. not surprisingly, the media companies insist that google \u2019 s remedy is not satisfactory. 20 these media giants have immense influence. copyright owners are responding vigorously to the threat that the internet revolution presents to their ability to profit from their property in the traditional way. in a conservative age, which exalts traditional property rights and is indifferent to the dangers of monopoly, they have met with great success in all the branches of the national government, which has exclusive say over copyright. they have managed to extend the term of copyright protection to seventy years beyond the death of the creator, and the supreme court has rejected arguments that such an extension exceeds the limited time the constitution envisions in order to promote creativity. 21 the digital millennium copyright protection act bars circumvention of technological protection measures ; the librarian of congress, authorized to define fair - use exceptions, has interpreted them very narrowly. 22 congress has significantly increased the minimum statutory damages for copyright infringement. 23 the supreme court has taken a hard line against file - sharing technologies. 24 their counter - attack is eroding the rights of users and consumers. if continued, it will significantly damage the interests of scholars as researchers and teachers, and will impose added expenses on our institutions of learning. the problem for historians is that we are largely observers. the professional associations representing scholars and librarians do their best, but those seeking legislation that helps them exploit the internet, those going to court to shape the law in their interests, are behemoths like disney and viacom. the law that emerges from the clash of these titans will affect us profoundly as teachers, researchers, and authors, but the interests of education and scholarship are dwarfed in the legislative struggle and not represented in court except through little - notice briefs we submit as friends of the court or insofar as our interests coincide with one of the parties. can revolutions go backwards? can law counteract the natural consequences of so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4725198367665914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.240565"} {"text": "in the legislative struggle and not represented in court except through little - notice briefs we submit as friends of the court or insofar as our interests coincide with one of the parties. can revolutions go backwards? can law counteract the natural consequences of so powerful a movement as the internet revolution? we will see. and the shape of historical scholarship and teaching in the future will be determined by the result. michael les benedict, who is an emeritus professor of history at ohio state university, is the aha \u2019 s parliamentarian. 1. ronan deazley, on the origin of the right to copy : charting the movement of copyright law in eighteenth - century britain ( 1695 \u2013 1775 ) ( oxford and portland : hart publishing, 2004 ) ; lyman ray patterson, copyright in historical perspective ( nashville : vanderbilt university press, 1968 ) ; mark rose, authors and owners : the invention of copyright ( cambridge : harvard university press, 1993 ). 3. \u201c creative destruction \u201d is a standard concept of economics, originating in joseph a. schempeter \u2019 s classic the process of creative destruction in capitalism, socialism and democracy ( new york : harper and bros., 1942 ). 4. \u201c the congress shall have power... to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. \u201d u. s. constitution, art. i, sec. 8. 5. note that it is the right to distribute one \u2019 s work that is exclusive, not the right to sell it. if one purchases a copy of a work, one can resell it, lend it, or give it away without the permission of the creator or those to whom she has delegated her copyright. 6. see john willinsky, the access principle : the case for open access to research and scholarship ( cambridge : mit press, 2005 ). fittingly, mit has given open access to this book, mitpress. mit. edu / catalog / item / ebook. asp? ttype = 2 & tid = 10611, accessed may 23, 2008. see also neil jacobs, ed., open access : key strategic, technical and economic aspects ( oxford : chandos, 2006 ). one can find a wealth of information and insights about open access and scholarship simply by googling \u201c open access. \u201d 7. directory of open access journals, www. doaj. org / doaj? func = subject & cpid = 48, accessed may 23,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5028231596154478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.241631"} {"text": "of information and insights about open access and scholarship simply by googling \u201c open access. \u201d 7. directory of open access journals, www. doaj. org / doaj? func = subject & cpid = 48, accessed may 23, 2008. see heather morrison, \u201c open access in physics and chemistry, or, a tale of two disciplines, \u201d presented at mcgill library school, eprints. rclis. org / archive / 00007948, accessed may 23, 2008. 8. public library of science, www. plos. org. 10. the open archives initiative, www. openarchives. org, which is working towards common online archival protocols, lists 883 online archives, mainly european, that have registered with it. registered data providers, open archives initiative, www. openarchives. org / register / browsesites, accessed may 23, 2008. anna k. hood lists ten american and one canadian university open - access repositories. hood, open access resources : september 2007 ( washington, d. c. : association of research libraries, 2007 ), 118 \u2013 30. the presentation by heather morrison cited in note 7 above is posted on e - lis, an open - access archive for library and information science, http : / / eprints. rclis. org, one example of an open - access disciplinary archive. 11. 2003 berlin declaration on open access to knowledge in the sciences and humanities, www. zim. mpg. de / openaccess - berlin / berlindeclaration. html. 12 social science research network, www. ssrn. com. 13 legal scholarship network research paper series, www. ssrn. com / lsn / index. html, accessed may 23, 2008. 14 ssrn announces new humanities research network ( hrn ), www. ssrn. com / update / crn / crnann / anna001. html, accessed may 23, 2008. at present the history component consists of only 23 accepted articles or research papers in ancient history taken from the ssrn \u2019 s old classics research network. ssrn abstract databases search result, history, http : / / papers. ssrn. com / sol3 / jeljour _ results. cfm? form _ name = journalbrowse & journal _ id = 997655, accessed may 23, 2008. most are posted on an open - access basis. 16 terms & conditions of use for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4710999667888003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.242814"} {"text": "why? the plants that produce the electricity used in a hybrid must burn oil, coal, or use a nuclear reaction to provide it. cng comes from the ground and is easier to drill for than oil, so does not impact the earth as much during extraction. a cng vehicle \u2019 s carbon footprints is the size of an ant \u2019 s next to a hybrid \u2019 s. the civic natural gas vehicle is the cleanest - running internal combustion engine ever certified by the environmental protection agency. what about fuel economy you may ask. how about a honda civic that offers 38 mpg and 240 miles between fill ups? not bad at all. then there is the time it takes to refuel. minutes for a cng civic. how many hours for your plug - in hybrid or ev? hours, isn \u2019 t it? now the other shoe falls. there is a decided lack of infrastructure for the cng civic. refueling stations are rare, even more rare than commercial recharge stations for electric vehicles. a cng refueling point costs more to install than a traditional gas station, as well. the federal government is considering offering companies incentives and funds to develop cng infrastructure. the end goal of some investors is to see cng points next to traditional gas pumps, just like diesel is today. the honda civic cng was introduced in 1998. honda has sold few vehicles to the general public, but has enjoyed limited success with municipal fleets. the car was awarded the 2012 green car of the year award. hopefully, the added attention will hep to bring the vehicle more into the mainstream.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4421472495921885, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.247449"} {"text": "these days, home pcs are a desirable target for attackers. most of these systems run microsoft windows and often are not properly patched or secured behind a firewall, leaving them vulnerable to attack. in addition to these direct attacks, indirect attacks against programs the victim uses are steadily increasing. examples of these indirect attacks include malicious html - files that exploit vulnerabilities in microsoft ' s internet explorer or attacks using malware in peer - to - peer networks. especially machines with broadband connection that are always on are a valuable target for attackers. as broadband connections increase, so to do the number of potential victims of attacks. crackers benefit from this situation and use it for their own advantage. with automated techniques they scan specific network ranges of the internet searching for vulnerable systems with known weaknesses. attackers often target class b networks ( / 16 in cidr notation ) or smaller net - ranges. once these attackers have compromised a machine, they install a so called irc bot - also called zombie or drone - on it. internet relay chat ( irc ) is a form of real - time communication over the internet. it is mainly designed for group ( one - to - many ) communication in discussion forums called channels, but also allows one - to - one communication. more information about irc can be found on wikipedia. we have identified many different versions of irc - based bots ( in the following we use the term bot ) with varying degrees of sophistication and implemented commands, but all have something in common. the bot joins a specific irc channel on an irc server and waits there for further commands. this allows an attacker to remotely control this bot and use it for fun and also for profit. attackers even go a step further and bring different bots together. such a structure, consisting of many compromised machines which can be managed from an irc channel, is called a botnet. irc is not the best solution since the communication between bots and their controllers is rather bloated, a simpler communication protocol would suffice. but irc offers several advantages : irc servers are freely available and are easy to set up, and many attackers have years of irc communication experience. due to their immense size - botnets can consist of several ten thousand compromised machines - botnets pose serious threats. distributed denial - of - service ( ddos ) attacks are one such threat. even a relatively small botnet with only 1000 bots can cause a great deal of damage. these 1000 bots have a combined bandwidth ( 1000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5626845722776419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.255483"} {"text": "or irc channel name and password. this information allows us to connect to the botnet and observe all the commands issued by the attacker. at times we are even able to monitor their communication and thus learn more about their motives and social behavior. in addition, we give some statistics on the quantitative information we have learned through monitoring of more than one hundred botnets during the last few months. several examples of captured activities by attackers substantiate our presentation. for this research, a honeynet of only three machines was used. one dial - in host within the network of the german isp t - online, one dial - in within the network of the german isp netcologne and one machine deployed at rwth aachen university. the hosts in the network of the university runs an unpatched version of windows 2000 and is located behind a honeywall. the dial - in hosts run a newly developed software called mwcollectd2, designed to capture malware. we monitor the botnet activity with our own irc client called drone. both are discussed in greater detail later in this paper. almost all bots use a tiny collection of exploits to spread further. since the bots are constantly attempting to compromise more machines, they generate noticeable traffic within a network. normally bots try to exploit well - known vulnerabilities. beside from the ports used for resource sharing as listed above, bots often use vulnerability - specific ports. examples of these ports include : the vulnerabilities behind some of these exploits can be found with the help of a search on microsoft ' s security bulletins ( sample ) :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5504566507719862, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.257294"} {"text": "1476 - 1541 conqistador of the incasby rit nosotro first published : : 2003 born in1476, in a small city, trujillo spain. he was the spanish conqueror and governor of peru ( 1532 - 1541 ). pizarro was raised in poverty and never learned to read and write. during the 1520s pizarro led two expeditions down the west coast of south america then he saw the golden ornaments worn by native americans of the inca empire of peru so he decided to go back. pizarro raised an army and returned to peru in 1532. the incas welcomed their visitors, and called them gods. after this, pizarro betrayed them. he conquered the incas, and captured atahualpa, the inca leader. the emperor offered to fill a large room with gold, and two smaller rooms with silver, in exchange for his release. pizarro agreed. couriers came from all parts of the empire to fill the rooms with this treasure. after collecting his fortune, pizarro broke his word and had atahualpa executed on august 29, 1533. pizarro ruled peru for almost a decade, and continued to take advantage of the natives, then was murdered in his palace in lima in 1541.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3657956536543878, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.258885"} {"text": "movement 1 : allegro movement 2 : andante movement 3 : allegretto : theme and variations i \u2013 vi the piano trio in g major k496 is the first of these mature trios, one of a pair written in 1786 ( the other being the trio in b flat k502, see ). mozart had been living in vienna for five years and was beginning to enjoy some real success, for the first and only time in his career. the marriage of figaro was premiered in may 1786, and was increasingly acclaimed as its run continued. in march he had completed two of his greatest piano concertos, k488 in a major and k491 in c minor. this g major piano trio followed in july. the solo piano introduces the opening theme, which is almost operatic in its fluid decoration. at first, only the violin joins in the dialogue, with the cello fulfilling its traditional role as the bass instrument. but the middle section begins dramatically with all instruments fortissimo, and then quietly the cello leads off the discussion, suddenly taking its place as the equal of piano and violin \u2014 a moment that must have been startling to mozart \u2019 s contemporaries. the andante begins, like the first movement, with an elegantly decorated theme. but the movement that unfolds has unexpected depth and complexity, with sudden modulations and, in the middle section, contrapuntal interweavings that remind us of mozart \u2019 s love of j s bach and handel. the finale is a set of variations on a rather stately gavotte. the first three variations proceed innocently, but the fourth variation, in the minor, interrupts the calm with an extraordinary change of tone, the violin reiterating a drone - like motif, the cello repeating a sombre bass line below, and the piano weaving more counterpoint above. the fifth variation is an adagio, which seems almost to take us back to the slow movement. the final variation brings a return to the gavotte tempo with flamboyant piano arpeggios, and all seems set for a brilliant ending. but the strange drone motif and counterpoint from the fourth variation return, and only just in time mozart pulls the music back to a cheerful conclusion. from notes by robert philip \u00a9 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4611251402560736, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.261741"} {"text": "c6n sea practice and biodiversity jo treweek, ses, uk helen byron, imperial college london, uk dave le maitre, csir environmentek, south africa key issues to be addressed biodiversity supports many livelihoods and provides essential goods and services to millions of people. however, its values are often under - emphasised in development planning. the first world summit on environment and development in rio de janeiro ( 1992 ) emphasised the importance of biodiversity as the basis of our very existence, to be used wisely and sustainably and conserved for current and future generations. the main threats to biodiversity globally are associated with human activities causing habitat loss or damage. these threats need to be carefully managed if significant, irreversible losses of biodiversity are to be avoided. the convention on biological diversity ( cbd ) requires parties to integrate as far as possible and as appropriate the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross - sectoral plans and programmes. the cbd also, along with the ramsar convention and the convention on migratory species, recognises sea as an important mechanism for building biodiversity into development planning to promote its conservation and sustainable use. sea can help to : \u2022 build biodiversity objectives into plans \u2022 identify biodiversity - friendly alternatives \u2022 identify and manage cumulative threats \u2022 plan effective mitigation strategies to ensure no net loss of biodiversity \u2022 put in place monitoring programmes to provide necessary biodiversity data \u2022 strengthen biodiversity partnerships and information networks this session will draw on experience and examples of sea practice from different countries to review the extent to which biodiversity issues are addressed. the session will explore important biodiversity considerations and principles that should be adopted to ensure good practice in sea. emerging international guidance on sea and biodiversity will be discussed and experiences presented at the conference will contribute to its further development.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47292490353780703, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.265212"} {"text": "organisation of french forces in mediterranean theatre ( capture of corsica and elba excluded ) french high command soon after the move of general de gaulle from london to africa the parties of de gaulle ( president of the comite nationale de la france combattane ) and giraud ( civil and military commandant en chef en afrique francaise ) combined together on 3 june 1943 to set up a new provisional french government : le comite francais de la liberation natuionale. in a decree dated 22 june the committee arrogated to itself the general control of the french war effort on land sea and air. * the organisation, supply and administration of the * the original is very vague : ' le comite \u2026 assure le direction generale de l ' effort francais dans la guerre. il dispose de l ' ensemble des forces terrestres, navales et aeriennes. ' french armed forces was entrusted to a permanent military committee, headed jointly by de gaulle and giraud. ( the remainder of the cttee was to consist of the three cos and a secretarait. ) the planning of operations was to ber carried out by the two cs - in - c in conjunction with the allied command. this system of a dual presidency and a dual command ( giraud being responsible for forces in north and west africa and de gaulle for all other, including the french resistance ) was obviously the product of circumstances and could not continue for long. the capture of corsica, which was staged by giraud virtually without the knowledge of the national cttee, brought matters to a head. early in october 1943, at the instigation of de gaulle, government and command were re - organised to curtail the independence of the military. de gaulle became sole president of the c. f. l. n. le comte de la defense nationale, headed by a civil minister, was set up to administer the armed forces and command all those not allocated to the command of the c - in - c ( giraud ) by the c. f. l. n. giraud now used the tital of ' commandant en chef des forces francaises ' ( previously it had been cenc des forces francaises en afrique du nord et an a. o. f. ) a further shift of power came in december 1943 when de gaulle was granted the powers formerly allotteed to the french president in time of war. finally on 4 april 1944 the c. f. l. n. ordered that de gaulle as president, was to became", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35247348407734086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.282256"} {"text": "of power came in december 1943 when de gaulle was granted the powers formerly allotteed to the french president in time of war. finally on 4 april 1944 the c. f. l. n. ordered that de gaulle as president, was to became chief of the armed forces ( chef des armees ) and was to have the final authority on all matters concerning the composition, organisation and employment of these forces. he was to be assisted by the cttee of national defence, of which the cos ( le chef d ' etat - major de la defense nationale ) was to be lieut - gen. marie emile bethouart. the post of c - in - c ceased to exist and giraud went into voluntary retirement. thenforward s. a. c., general wilson, dealt with general de gaulle and his representatives. on the french side, most of the correspodence seems to have been carried out by general bethouart. at the anfa conference in january 1943, the allied governments decided that a comprehensive programme for the re - equipment of the french army should be started immediately. the material was to come from the americans and giraud obtained their promise for a swift rearmament of an army of about 300, 000 men. with this he hoped to equip 12 american style divisions ( including three armed ), plus the necessary army and corps troops., for the build - up of this force the french were allocated 25, 000 ship tons per months. a french general went to washington to act as a link with the amn war dept and in north africa, at the orders of general eisenhower, a joint rearmament cttee was quickly set up. the chairman of the cttee was an american officer, the other members were drawn from the u. s. army and navy and the british navy, and it included five french officers. the french target force was in fact established as 11 divisions and was later reduced to 8 and 4 groupes ( regts ) of tabors. ( see p. 5 for further details. ) these formations were almost totally equipped by the amns, noy only as regards arms and equipment but everything necessary for life in the field. use also was made of amn training facilities. the rearmament programme was intended by the c. c. s. to cover only the french expeditionary force. the equipment of troops meant solely for local security remained the responsibility of the french themselves. organisation of french forces although the following information will probably not be of direct use, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4354223936022369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.284618"} {"text": "by the c. c. s. to cover only the french expeditionary force. the equipment of troops meant solely for local security remained the responsibility of the french themselves. organisation of french forces although the following information will probably not be of direct use, it may be helpful to have some knowledge of ( i ) the organisation of the french army in the mediterranean theatre and ( ii ) the quality and character of their native troops : - base units at casablanca, oran, algiers, bizerta, ajaccio. for the reception and assembly of equipment and supplies, and forwarding of the same. working for the f. e. f. and sovereignty troops. in may 1944 about 13, 300 men. territorial troops ( force territoriales * ) hqs of the different territories ; schools, hospitals etc. no combat * armee territoriale, armee de territoire, force territoriales refer to sovereignty troops or territorial organisations as a whole. ' regions ' of n. and w. africa were sub - divided into ' divisions territoriales ' which was a land area and not a fighting formation. another possible source of confusion is the title ' xix army corps '. in time of peace algiers was the home station of this corps, all others were in metropolitan france. the corps fought in tunisia but its formations were afterwards absorbed into the expeditionary force and for a while the hq ceased to exist. it was later revived again at algiers. troops except for a sort of gendarmerie, but largely an administrative and supporting service for the f. e. f. and the sov. troops. in may 1944 about 45, 250 in n. africa and over 4, 400 in w. africa. sovereignty troops ( troupes de souverainete ) all combat troops which remained permanently on home territory. the regt was the largest grouping. arms, supplied by the french, were obsolescent. duties consisted of internal security, prison guard, defence of the coast and frontiers, * * air defence. * * the defence of n. africa had originally been shared between the british, french and u. s. armies. after 5 us army left morocco the necessary forces were provided by the french although some british divs were available until jan 1944. ; after a meeting at afhq in june 1944 was agreed that the ground defence of n. africa ( tunisia, algeria, french morocco and the defence of the spanish moroccan border ) should become entirely a french responsibility. the protection of allied dumps and installations remained the concern of allied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3881775719893395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.285702"} {"text": "c - in - c, issued an order laying down the organisation of the f. e. f. as from 12 november. it was divided into four parts ( as this o. b. was largely theoretical, it is not worth quoting formations by name ) : - the first part of juin ' s force, which for the winter of 1943 / 4 made up the c. e. f. in italy, began to embark at oran and bizerta on 19 november. the men div was not as yet included in it and the spahi bde never appeared. the corps indeed possessed only two main formations : 2e dim brigadier dody, which began to disembark at naples towards the end of nov., and 3e dia major - general de monsabert which arrived about a month later. the whole force, including the support troops given above, number 65, 000 men, 2, 500 animals and 12, 000 vehicles. * * a detailed ob is given in afhq 2391 / 2 op cit. to giave an idea of the strength of french formations : 2 dim = 15, 283 men and 2, 432 vehicles 3 dia ( swollen by over 1, 000 commandos ) = 15, 283 men and 2, 432 vehicles each div included on regt of spahis, three regts of tirailleurs, three bns of 12x105mm guns and bn of 12 x155mm guns. juin, with his cos, brigadier marcel carpentier reached naples on 24 nov, but did not take up command at the front until 3 jan 1944. in order to ease relations with the americans he chose to retain the title of c. e. f. ( corps expeditionaire francaise ) for his force, ahe himself used the title ' commandant le c. e. f. ' juin indicates that this was a matter of delicacy - he himself being a full general of a year ' s standing and clark only a temporary lieut - general, but he may also have considered the fact that he possessed only a corps hq ( according to a memo of the j. r. c. ) and had command of only two divs. reorganisation of feb 1944 early in 1944 the french recognised that they could re - equip 11 divs and provide them with the necessary supporting troops. the revised programme which the j. r. c. drew up in feb ran as follows : - vol i juin p. 237 &", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41852895444934446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.287618"} {"text": "french recognised that they could re - equip 11 divs and provide them with the necessary supporting troops. the revised programme which the j. r. c. drew up in feb ran as follows : - vol i juin p. 237 & afhq 2391 / 2 ( troop list 1 fec 8. 11. 43 juin p. 244 juin i p. 257 juin i p. 254 juin i p. 248 afhq 1090 / 13 1. 12. 43 de gaulle p. 267 ( decree of 7. 1. 44 ) afhq 2391 / 2 ( j. r. c. 15. 2. 44 & afhq memo 29. 2. 44 ) ; afhq 1090 / 13 ( cfnd decree of 1. 7. 44 ) and afhq 1090 / 13 ( fr. obs of inf and armd divs 20. 1. 44 ) & afhq 2391 / 2 ( memo 29. 4. 44 ) ( reorganisation of feb 1944 cont. ) all these hq had been organised and all but one equipped in feb 1944. ( these included a mechanized cavalry recce sqn ) mtn div : ( combined inf and mtn div ; pack arty ) : ( roughly the same an amn three bn type. mechanized cavalry recce sqn included light tanks ) * translated as shock bn. almost 600 men. c. e. f. order of battle for summer offensive, 11. 5. 44 | 1re dmi ( brosset ) | 2e dim ( dody ) | 3e dia ( de monsabert ) | 4e dmm ( seves ) | trois groupes de tabors | | estimated strength close on 10, 000 to form a ' corps de these formations were backed by supporting arms and services with an establishment strength of 54, 289, which includesthe 10, 000 goums given above. * establishment figures are taken from a return of 21 july in afhq 1093 / 3 : situation des effectives des forces expeditionnaires francaises. actual strengths at this date are also given. c. e. f. after the fall of rome for the pursuit to the arno general juin, who took command of his sector on 11 june, had organised ' un corps de poursuite ' under the orders of general de larminat. this included 3e dia ( de monsabert ) and 1re dmi ( brosset", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4388714730597211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.288411"} {"text": ", who took command of his sector on 11 june, had organised ' un corps de poursuite ' under the orders of general de larminat. this included 3e dia ( de monsabert ) and 1re dmi ( brosset ) 2e dim and 4e dmm were grouped nw of rome ready to follow. de larminat ' s appointment was probably a personal one and need not imply that another hq had arrived. general de gaulle had for some time been urging that a second corps hq should be sent to italy in order to gain battle expereince before ' anvil '. afhq had no objection to the attachement of individuals but felt that there were not sufficient french troops in italy to justify a second hq. when the amn official history comes out it will presumably clear up this point. as the ' anvil ' troopss began to assemble near naples juin ' s troops were successively reduced. he handed over his command to the britisih on 22 july and soon after left italy. he had, as general beaumon - nesbitt wrote, commanded the corps ' with great personal distinction ', being ' invaraibly good - humoured, never ruffled and always accessible. ' he had made the best of impressions on all allied commanders with whom he had come into contact. the qualities which juin himself demanded in a leader, and this perhaps shows another side to his character, were ' le rayonnement et le gout de risque. ' planning for ' anvil ' the decision that a major assault should be made in the south of france had been taken by the ccs at the sextant conference in november 1943. the original outline plan was completed by the jps of afhq before the end of the year and just before eisenhower gave up his command of the medn theatre to general wilson. apart from the area of landing it was not materially altered. the plan envisaged an assault landing of two, and if resources allowed, three divs ; five divs to be ashore by d + 5 or a total of 125, 000 men. the force would be built up to ten divs of 450, 000 men ( reckoning roughly 14, 000 men per div ; the remainder would be supporting arms and services. ) in april it was decided that d day for the operation would be roughly ten weeks after the first div began to refit. hq force 163 ( us 7 army ) opened on 12 jan 1944 in bouzarea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39204711649117596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.289322"} {"text": "be supporting arms and services. ) in april it was decided that d day for the operation would be roughly ten weeks after the first div began to refit. hq force 163 ( us 7 army ) opened on 12 jan 1944 in bouzarea under a brigadier of 5 us army. on 1 march major - general patch was made commanding general. there were many fluctuations in planning, in april it even appeared that the whole operation might be called off except for a feint. not until 2 july did the ccs finally decide that the assault should go forward, target date 15 august. preparations for ' anvil ' however had steadily continued and by mid - july most of the assault and immediate follow - up divs had reached their mounting areas and were being refitted and trained. just before eisenhower gave up his command, a meeting was held at general de gaulle ' s hq at which afhq cos, general bedell smith made known the plans of the ccs for a possibel operation on french soil. this would require all the french land and air force re - equipped with amn equipment and all the french air forces re - equipped with british equipment which would be aailable at the time. ' the greatest part of the french forces ' it was agreed ' would be employed as a french army '. * to this general eisenhower gave his consent. the french do not appear to have been brought further into the planning until early march, when meetings too place between generals wilson, devers ( deputy sac ) and giraud, and a little later between wilson and de gaulle. there were two matters of some delicacy to be settled. the first, the nationality of the assault divs, passed off * apparently de gaulle made the sending of further divs to italy conditional upon this. quite easily. wilson stated that these must be american ; they had previous experience of amphibious ops, whereas the french had none ; moreover, because of the strong state of the fortifications the landings were likely to be the most hazardous yet tackled in the theatre and the problem of signals and other possible complications demanded a common language. giraud recognised his arguments and only suggested strengthening the force with some specialist french units : a para regt, the bn de choc and a commando bn. agreement was also reached on what french forces were to be used and where they were to be mounted. wilson asked for two experience corps hqs to command an eventual force of seven divs. two daysa later giraud informed him that these formations could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.397596125702562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.290256"} {"text": "was also reached on what french forces were to be used and where they were to be mounted. wilson asked for two experience corps hqs to command an eventual force of seven divs. two daysa later giraud informed him that these formations could be provided. there was to be no such quick settlement on the matter of command. wilson insisted thatthe overall commander should be american, both because of the initial role of their army and because of the important part to be played by allied air and naval forces. giraud held out for a frenchman, arguing that the bulk of the ground force - 7 out of 10 divs would be french, and that he alone would be able to make full use of the french resistance movement. what was doubtless the chief reason of all, a psychological one, was not then given but was put forward by general gammell ( wilson ' s cos ) in a memo on the ' differences between the french cttee and the allied high command ' : that ' the french regard it as essential to the regeneration of france that a french army take part in its liberation, and that it be commanded by a frenchman. ' this man had indeed already been appointed as general de gaulle informed wilson, general de lattre de tassigny cg french armee ' b '. after conferring with de gaulle, giraud modified his request ; general patch should command the assault phase of ' anvil ' but at a later stage a separate french army command must be established. this point was taken up and pressed with considerable vigour by general de gaulle after giraud ' s retirement on 4 april. * in point of fact wilson had never * to give an edge to his argument, de gaulle insisted that even in the minor operation against elba, which was to be carried out from corsica by the french corps commander general martin, a french army hq should be included in the chain of command. in dec 1943 giraud had agreed that martin should come under direct command of afhq. on 17 april afhq were informed that general de lattre would command all french ground forces, excluding the c. e. f. in italy, and that all communications must pass through him. the direct line between afhq and corsica was cut. been opposed to the introduction of a french army command at a later stage in operation and the source of the trouble seems to have been that the french required a firm promise before planning had become sufficiently advanced. thus it was not until the end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4384458495456852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.291184"} {"text": "was cut. been opposed to the introduction of a french army command at a later stage in operation and the source of the trouble seems to have been that the french required a firm promise before planning had become sufficiently advanced. thus it was not until the end of may that agreement was reached on the basis that de lattre should command the initial french landings, under 7 army, with a mixed army / corps staff and that when the two french corps were landed he should assume his army command, parallel to the u. s. 7 army, under an army group commander. on 30 may the french were asked to provide a planning staff to co - operate with force 163 at algiers as from 10 june. general de lattre was nominated to head them. on 14 june wilson informed alexander of the c. c. s. ' s decision to go ahead with ' anvil ' and at the same time gave orders to the withdrawal of the first formations from the line, including two french divisions. ' anvil ' troops were to come under command of 7 army in naples. the relief of the whole c. e. f. was completed before the end of july, juin, as has been stated, handing over command on the 22nd. as his forces were withdrawn from the line they were absorbed in armee ' b ' commanded by general de lattre. naples was the chief port for mounting both the assault and follow - up convoys though, in order to relive congestion and lend support to the cover plan of an attack on genoa, taranto and brindisi were used for loading 1re dmi and 3e dia, the two french follow - up divisions. oran was second in importance to naples and from here sailed two combat commands of 1re db, one of which was to land on d day. * * main distribution of the french expeditionary force ( fighting troops and services ) on 1 august was : a few thousand were stationed at algiers and a few hundred in tunisia. by early august all plans had been finished and the mounting of the three u. s. assault divs and the two french follow - up divs was well under way. the assault convoy was to sail on 13 august. the strength of the french formations, roughly up to establishment, on 1 august was as follows : supporting arms and services totalled 95, 353. * this file also gives french naval strengths in algeria and tunisia from march 1943 to aug 1944, and french air forces ( incl aa ) on 10. 1. 44.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3948305103200512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.293390"} {"text": "( photo : reuters / christian hartmann ) a young girl pets a cow as she visits the agriculture and food fair on its opening day in st. gallen, switzerland oct. 13. in the same region, researchers found a deceased cow that had a new form of mad cow disease. an international team of researchers identified two swiss cows with a new form of mad - cow disease in a study released online friday. bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( bse ), more commonly known as mad cow disease, is caused by prion proteins that become tangled up and cause brain damage decades after infection. humans can become infected by the prion proteins and develop creutzfeldt - jakob disease, a neurodegenerative disease, first reported in 1996. since then, health experts have identified 217 patients from 11 countries with the disease. two cows died in the swiss countryside, an 8 - year - old from an accident and a 15 - year - old that was put down, and mandatory testing gave a positive result for bse. previously, scientists had uncovered three prion variants, but when the current team examined the prions of the two cows, they found a fourth unknown variant. - follow ibtimes \" the interpretation of these findings remains difficult because neuropathologic and systematic clinical data for the 2 cases are not available, \" the authors wrote in their paper in the journal emerging infectious diseases, published by the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. the journal released the data friday online before the article appears in the journal in january. the new prion variant raised concerns that current testing might miss variants that can cause debilitating and lethal brain damage decades after infection. \" nonetheless, our findings raise the possibility that these cattle were affected by a prion disease not previously encountered and distinct from the known types of bse, \" the authors concluded. \" to confirm this possibility and to assess a potential effect on disease control and public health, in vivo transmission studies using transgenic mouse models and cattle are ongoing. until results of these studies are available, molecular diagnostic techniques should be used so that such cases are not missed. \" for more information, go to us news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4876842743671674, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.295796"} {"text": "why are human genes still linked? by brian thomas, m. s. * u. s. news and world report recently ran a story titled \u201c what will human beings become? \u201d 1 it asked the question \u201c how will humanity evolve? \u201d and attempted to collate various phenomena that are considered to have bearing on the future of humanity \u2019 s genetic makeup. interestingly, one of the supposed evolutionary trends that was included seems instead to point to a recent creation of humankind. 2, 3 the story reported on the research that anthropologist john hawks of the university of wisconsin conducted involving \u201c linkage disequilibrium \u201d patterns in genes. this is the observation that genes that are found close to one another, like adjacent beads on a string, tend to stay close even after they have been copied and transmitted to the next generation. a process called \u201c crossing over \u201d that occurs during sex cell development serves to disperse or redistribute the linked genes over time. if crossing over has been occurring for hundreds of thousands of years, there should not be many linked genes \u2014 they should have been thoroughly shuffled throughout the \u201c deck of cards \u201d that is the human genome. what did hawks \u2019 study find? many, many genes are still linked together. 4 hawks found \u201c that recent genetic changes account for about 7 percent of the human genome. \u201d 1 how recent is \u201c recent \u201d? according to the u. s. news report, human evolution was static for eons before suddenly jump - starting from 5, 000 to 10, 000 years ago. this may coincide with biblical history, which describes the dispersal of mankind over the earth after the flood about 4, 000 years ago. 5 hawks said that \u201c linkage disequilibrium decays quickly as recombination occurs across many generations, so finding these uninterrupted [ still linked ] segments is strong evidence of recent adaptation. \u201d 6 the youthful appearance of our gene distribution fits well within a plainly understood biblical history. it is strong evidence that the eons of slow evolution that supposedly preceded the relatively recent gene - shuffling never actually happened. - shute, n. 2008. what will human beings become? u. s. news and world report. 145 ( 3 ) : 40 - 42. - see morris, h. 1984. recent creation is a vital doctrine. acts & facts. 13 ( 6 ). - see vardiman, l. icr gene project. icr news. posted on www. icr. org april 1, 2005, accessed july", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4887938508903098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.298846"} {"text": "1984. recent creation is a vital doctrine. acts & facts. 13 ( 6 ). - see vardiman, l. icr gene project. icr news. posted on www. icr. org april 1, 2005, accessed july 31, 2008. - dunning, a. m. et al. 2000. the extent of linkage disequilibrium in four populations with distinct demographic histories. american journal of human genetics. 67 ( 6 ) : 1544 \u2013 1554. picturing dna bases as playing cards, dunning found evidence that of the 3 billion dna bases in the human genome, groups of up to 500, 000 are still intact, not having been shuffled. this indicates a very youthful humanity, perhaps having experienced a very severe population bottleneck several thousand years ago, just as the bible describes. - nelson, c. 2004. genetic variability and human history. creation technical journal. 18 ( 3 ) : 18 - 23. - mattmiller, b. genome study places modern humans in the evolutionary fast lane. posted on university of wisconsin news online december 10, 2007, accessed july 31, 2008. john hawk \u2019 s research was published in december 2007 in proceedings of the national academy of sciences 104 : 20753 - 20758. mr. thomas is science writer. article posted on august 6, 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.508789774829967, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.299511"} {"text": "happy friday, everyone! we \u2019 ve had a pretty exciting week here at imagine learning as we \u2019 ve brought you recaps from days one, two, and three of the national title i conference in tampa, thoughts on utah \u2019 s immigration stance and the utah compact, and a printable activity for black history month. but don \u2019 t worry, the excitement will continue next week with free imagine learning valentines, an introduction to our new webinar series, and other exciting posts. so stay tuned. before we sign off for the weekend, here are a few links that caught our eye this week : - challenging the gifted a look at one amazing program that \u2019 s keeping gifted students challenged and engaged. - research finds text messaging improves children \u2019 s spelling skills a new study found that text messaging did not hinder kids \u2019 literacy development ; in fact, just the opposite. - rote memorization : overrated or underrated? if nothing else, click over to this article to watch a 3 - year - old recite billy collins \u2019 s \u201c litany. \u201d - bending and stretching classroom lessons to make math inspire this article links to another great video \u2013 vi hart \u2019 s popular youtube clip about doodling in math class. - 25 comical quotes about the confusing english language if you work with english learners, you \u2019 ll want to check these out \u2013 twenty - five wonderful and hilarious ways the english language confuses us all.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4980498406894185, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.303623"} {"text": "forests losing the ability to absorb man - made carbon the sprawling forests of the northern hemisphere which extend from china and siberia to canada and alaska are in danger of becoming a gigantic source of carbon dioxide rather than being a major \" sink \" that helps to offset man - made emissions of the greenhouse gas. studies show the risk of fires in the boreal forests of the north has increased in recent years because of climate change. it shows that the world ' s temperate woodlands are beginning to lose their ability to be an overall absorber of carbon dioxide. scientists fear there may soon come a point when the amount of carbon dioxide released from the northern forests as a result of forest fires and the drying out of the soil will exceed the amount that is absorbed during the annual growth of the trees. such a prospect would make it more difficult to control global warming because northern forests are seen as a key element in the overall equations to mitigate the effect of man - made co2 emissions. two studies published today show that the increase in forest fires in the boreal forests \u2013 the second largest forests after tropical rainforests \u2013 have weakened one of the earth ' s greatest terrestrial sinks of carbon dioxide. one of the studies showed that in some years, forest fires in the us result in more carbon dioxide being pumped into the atmosphere over the space of a couple of months than the entire annual emissions coming from cars and energy production of a typical us state. a second study found that, over a 60 - year period, the risk of forest fires in 1 million sq kms of canadian wilderness had increased significantly, largely as a result of drier conditions caused by global warming and climate change. tom gower, professor of forest ecology at the university of wisconsin - madison, said his study showed that fires had a greater impact on overall carbon emissions from boreal forests during the 60 - year period than other factors such as rainfall, yet climate was at the heart of the issue. the intensity and frequency of forest fires are influenced by climate change because heatwaves and drier undergrowth trigger the fires. \" climate change is what ' s causing the fire changes. they ' re very tightly coupled systems, \" professor gower said. \" all it takes is a low snowpack year and a dry summer. with a few lightning strikes, it ' s a tinderbox, \" he said. historically, the boreal forests have been a powerful carbon sink, with more carbon dioxide being absorbed by the forests than being released. however, the latest study, published in the journal nature, suggests the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44770137399533333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.307953"} {"text": "s a tinderbox, \" he said. historically, the boreal forests have been a powerful carbon sink, with more carbon dioxide being absorbed by the forests than being released. however, the latest study, published in the journal nature, suggests the sink has become smaller in recent decades, and it may actually be shifting towards becoming a carbon source, professor gower said. \" the soil is the major source, the plants are the major sink, and how those two interplay over the life of a stand [ of trees ] really determines whether the boreal forest is a sink or a source of carbon, \" he said. \" based on our current understanding, fire was a more important driver of the carbon balance than climate was in the past 50 years. but if carbon dioxide concentration really doubles in the next 50 years and the temperature increases 4c to 8c, all bets may be off. \" the second study, published in carbon balance and management, found carbon dioxide emissions from some forest fires exceeded the annual car and energy emissions from individual us states. christine wiedinmyer of the us national centre for atmospheric research in boulder, colorado, used satellite imaging datato estimate co2 output based on the degree of forest cover in a particular area. in some years, the amount of co2 released from forest fires was equivalent to about 5 per cent of the man - made total. but in other years, more widespread and intense forest fires resulted in massively increased emissions. \" there is a significant potential for additional net release of carbon from forests of the united states due to changing fire dynamics in the coming decades, \" dr wiedinmyer said. from the blogs a slight deviation from style this week and admittedly a bit weird, but at least i can finally say i... owen howells is a dj / producer who grew up in australia but was born in the uk. he came back to the u... justice, the bedrock of our society is for sale under the government \u2019 s latest plan to sell legal aid... take inspiration from the green - fingered brigade who have been showing off their creativity at the r... - 1 what, let gays get married? we must be bonkers - 2 ' something passed underneath us, quite close ' : airbus a320 has close encounter with ufo - 3 rocky horror star tim curry ' suffers major stroke ' - 4 exclusive : how mi5 blackmails british muslims - 5 lord of the sings : sir christopher lee, 91, to release heavy metal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4192810028952632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.308864"} {"text": "reptile fossils solve mystery that has baffled evolutionists remains provide link between long - tailed and short - tailed pterosaurs an extraordinary flying reptile that lived around 160 million years ago has helped scientists to fill a gap in the fossil record that has frustrated scientists since the time of charles darwin. the fossilised remains of more than 20 specimens of the flying reptiles \u2013 pterosaurs \u2013 were unearthed in china earlier this year. dating has shown that they fall in the middle of the age range from 220 million to 65 million years ago when the pterosaurs evolved from primitive, long - tailed species to advanced, short - tailed forms. the latest member of the pterosaurs, which has been called darwinopterus modularis ( darwin \u2019 s wing ) in honour of the father of evolution, has provided the first clear evidence for a controversial and unusual mode of evolution whereby entire \u201c modules \u201d of physical traits evolved in unison rather than as individual features. pterosaurs, which are sometimes known as pterodactyls, were the first animals with backbones that were known to take to the air in powered flight long before the appearance of the first birds. they had elongated fingers which were used to flap folds of membranous skin stretching to their legs. they dominated the air when dinosaurs \u2013 which belonged to a different group of reptile \u2013 ruled the terrestrial environment. during that long period of some 155 million years pterosaurs evolved from predominantly long - tailed forms to short - tailed species but, frustratingly, no intermediate fossils had been found \u2013 until now. the chinese scientists who discovered and analysed the darwinopterus fossils worked with british pterosaur expert david unwin of leicester university to work out how the species differed from its predecessors and descendants. the researchers concluded that the fossils demonstrate modular evolution, whereby the head and neck have evolved to look more like later species, whereas the long tail retains a more primitive appearance of the earlier pterosaurs. \u201c darwinopterus came as quite a shock to us. we had always expected a gap - filler with typically intermediate features such as a moderately elongate tail \u2013 neither long nor short \u2013 but the strange thing about darwinopterus is that it has a head and neck just like that of advance pterosaurs, while the rest of the skeleton, including a very long tail, is identical to that of primitive forms, \u201d dr unwin said. some of the later species of pterosaurs, such as fearsome", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46471613395635314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.313012"} {"text": "that of advance pterosaurs, while the rest of the skeleton, including a very long tail, is identical to that of primitive forms, \u201d dr unwin said. some of the later species of pterosaurs, such as fearsome quetzalcoatlus, grew to gigantic sizes for flying animals, rivalling some of the largest birds today. darwinopterus, however, was about the size of a crow and its rows of sharpened teeth suggest that it may have caught its prey on the wing. \u201c the geological age of darwinopterus and bizarre combination of advanced and primitive features reveal a great deal about the evolution of advanced pterosaurs from their primitive ancestors, \u201d dr unwin said. the rate of evolution in darwinopterus was probably fast with lots of big changes occurring over a relatively short period of time and, secondly, whole groups of features \u2013 modules \u2013 appear to have evolved together, although not all modules changed at the same time, he said. \u201c the head and neck evolved first, followed later by the body, tail, wings and legs. it seems that natural selection was acting on and changing entire modules and not, as would normally be expected, just on single features such as the shape of the snout, or the form of a tooth, \u201d dr unwin said. pterosaurs died out at the same time as the dinosaurs, about 65 million years ago, when entire groups of animals were also lost in a global mass extinction. but the loss of the pterosaurs and the dinosaurs allowed the rise of the mammals and the birds, which filled the ecological niches on land and air. \u201c frustratingly, these events, which are responsible for much of the variety of life that we see all around us, are only rarely recorded by fossils. darwin was acutely aware of this, as he noted in the origin of species, and hoped that one day fossils would help to fill these gaps, \u201d dr unwin said. \u201c darwinopterus is a small but important step in that direction, \u201d he said. the study is published in the proceedings of the royal society b. originally, there were several sub - editing errors in this piece ( including the introduction of the word \" carbon \" by an over enthusiastic sub ) which have been corrected by the author. apologies. emergency landing at heathrow sparks further controversy over london airport capacity unrest may spread across europe, warns red cross chief french government seeks to ban extreme right - wing group bnp and edl accused of attempt to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4758614754754518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.313993"} {"text": "german rallies spark violence monday 31 january 1994 demonstrators took to the streets of berlin over the weekend, throwing stones at police and smearing buildings with paint in a protest against germany ' s resurgent extreme right and death threats from right - wing radicals. in bonn, police banned a right - wing rally planned to mark adolf hitler ' s accession to power. hitler became chancellor of germany on 30 january 1933. dierk - henning schnitzler, the president of police, regarded the rally, organised by the neo - nazi free german workers ' party, as the ' most sordid provocation '. emergency landing at heathrow sparks further controversy over london airport capacity unrest may spread across europe, warns red cross chief french government seeks to ban extreme right - wing group bnp and edl accused of attempt to fuel racial hatred after woolwich terror attack you want to get an eton scholarship? all you need to do is answer four ( not so simple ) questions - 1 what, let gays get married? we must be bonkers - 2 ' something passed underneath us, quite close ' : airbus a320 has close encounter with ufo - 3 rocky horror star tim curry ' suffers major stroke ' - 4 exclusive : how mi5 blackmails british muslims - 5 lord of the sings : sir christopher lee, 91, to release heavy metal album bmf is the uk \u2019 s biggest and best loved outdoor fitness classes get the latest on the evening standard ' s campaign to get london ' s children reading. win anything from gadgets to five - star holidays on our competitions and offers page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4274759050500889, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.315551"} {"text": "dr ted christie explains how it is possible to channel the public protest and angry confrontation of an environmental dispute \u2013 such as over csg extraction or water rights \u2013 positively, to ensure a good result for all parties. coal seam gas developments, people power and environmental justice in order to achieve environmental justice in its strategic plan, the united states environmental protection agency \u2019 s goal \u2018 \u2026 is to provide an environment where all people enjoy the same degree of protection from environmental and health hazards and equal access to the decision - making process to maintain a healthy environment in which to live, learn, and work \u2018. following the release of the murray - darling basin draft water plan in october 2010, television news media coverage of angry farmers and their communities burning copies of the draft water plan captured, vividly, the drama of the event. hostile scenes of people confronting the murray - darling basin authority reflected community concern that the draft water plan could lead to significant adverse future impacts on regional employment and agricultural production in the murray - darling basin. the community were also protesting over the effectiveness of the murray - darling basin authority \u2019 s community consultation process used to involve them in decision - making on the draft water plan. a feature of any public interest environmental dispute \u2013 like the uproar over the murray - darling basin draft water plan \u2013 is that they are associated with issues that are both complex and controversial, and where uncertainty prevails in the best available scientific evidence. another feature is the involvement of a large number of stakeholders having competing land use interests who all seek an outcome that satisfies their needs and concerns. these competing interests fall into three broad categories : \u201c economic \u201d ( e. g. government, developers ), \u201c special i. e. non - economic \u201d ( e. g. environment, public health ) and \u201c community \u201d ( e. g. local, indigenous, youth ). so, it is not surprising that the protest and confrontation associated with a public interest environmental dispute can create a political firestorm for government. but, is it possible to channel the public protest and angry confrontation of a public interest environmental dispute positively to ensure people power leads to sound environmental outcomes for everyone? an early example of people power used in australian campaigns to influence the outcome of public interest environmental disputes was non - violent direct action environmental protest and blockading. a common denominator, in this pre - sustainable development era, was choosing between jobs and the environment \u2014 not about recognizing the importance of both. in 1979, the first major forest blockade in australian history commenced at terania creek in northern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4782548834876996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.328222"} {"text": "campaigning in public interest environmental disputes have remained largely unchanged over the past three decades \u2013 there has been a significant change in people power in the united states. the past tactics of public protest and confrontation have facilitated the introduction of a new strategy, \u201c environmental justice \u201d. the strategy of environmental justice first emerged in 1990 as one of the united states environmental protection agency \u2019 s ( \u201c us - epa \u201d ) highest priorities ; it became one of the seven guiding principles in its strategic plan in 1993. the us - epa is now committed to environmental justice to enhance the environmental quality for all residents of the united states. achieving environmental justice under this us - epa strategy requires the \u201c fair treatment \u201d and \u201c meaningful involvement \u201d of all people with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies, where : - \u201c fair treatment : means that no group of people should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, governmental and commercial operations or policies \u201d ; and - \u201c meaningful involvement : means that people have an opportunity to participate in decisions about activities that may affect their environment and / or health ; that the public \u2019 s contribution can influence the regulatory agency \u2019 s decision ; that their concerns will be considered in the decision making process ; and that the decision makers seek out and facilitate the involvement of those potentially affected. \u201d however, environmental justice has not been defined and applied in australia to support and empower communities working on solutions for local or site - specific environmental and public health issues to the same extent it has in the united states. instead, the pathway taken in australia today is through adherence to community consultation, public participation and governance processes ; processes created in an earlier era to address a very different set of environmental problems \u2014 where the natural and fiscal limits confronting the community today would have been unimaginable in the past. one of australia \u2019 s most prominent environmental regulators \u2013 and the former head of three environmental protection agencies over time ( the commonwealth, queensland and western australia ) \u2013 made some extremely critical comments on the current environmental approval process used by governments for proposed mining developments in australia. in the opening address to the 2011 conference of the \u201c environment institute of australia and new zealand \u201d, barry carbon stated that the public had become alienated from the decision - making process ; and that the public \u2019 s issues may not be \u201c dealt with reasonably in their minds \u201d in the approval process. using the environmental approval process in queensland for one csg explorer and producer as one example, barry carbon commented that whilst the queensland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4771344633879985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.330840"} {"text": "process ; and that the public \u2019 s issues may not be \u201c dealt with reasonably in their minds \u201d in the approval process. using the environmental approval process in queensland for one csg explorer and producer as one example, barry carbon commented that whilst the queensland and commonwealth governments had imposed 1, 500 conditions on this proposal, \u201c the proposal documents [ a 12, 000 page report by the csg explorer and producer ] were far too cumbersome for a realistic involvement of the community, or indeed the public officials to assess \u201d. one incisive observation made by barry carbon cannot be discounted : because of the large number of conditions imposed on csg developments by the queensland and commonwealth governments, the result may well be one of uncertainty whether all conditions will be able to be met or enforced. a review and analysis of community consultation processes used in australia for public interest environmental disputes generally, and csg developments specifically, indicate limitations for environmental justice \u2014 from the community \u2019 s perspective, the \u201c meaningful involvement \u201d element of environmental justice may not be effective. another dimension of environmental justice \u2013 the existing imbalance of power between stakeholders holding competing land use interests on csg developments in queensland \u2013 has been clearly identified in pip courtney \u2019 s observations at the senate inquiry in roma in july 2011 : \u201c farmers feel that when it comes to them versus the coal seam gas companies the power resides with the gas companies. the councils feel that the gas companies have the power. and farmers feel that when you take the environment into account that the gas companies have the power there. \u201d in these circumstances, the \u201c fair treatment \u201d element of environmental justice is suppressed ; farmers, councils \u2013 and the community \u2013 may not have an adequate basis of power to participate effectively in the decision - making process on csg developments in queensland. it is as if csg developments are based on a variation of the golden rule : \u201c whoever has the gold makes the rules \u201d. to mobilize people power to achieve environmental justice, any imbalance of power that makes farmers, councils and the community vulnerable to the power of the csg industry must be offset. the primary sources of power available to stakeholders holding competing interests on csg developments in queensland need to be identified and then applied. clearly, the csg industry has advantages in financial resources power which can be applied in many directions \u2014 scientific experts, environmental consultants, lawyers, media advertising, lobbyists and so on. the main exercise of people power, to date, has been in the form of \u201c knowledge power \u201d of the potential adverse environmental impacts from cs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5340907896364857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.331859"} {"text": "applied in many directions \u2014 scientific experts, environmental consultants, lawyers, media advertising, lobbyists and so on. the main exercise of people power, to date, has been in the form of \u201c knowledge power \u201d of the potential adverse environmental impacts from csg developments. this has almost exclusively focussed on scientific issues including \u2013 food security and the protection of all good agricultural land ; sustainable water management of surface and groundwater systems ; cross - contamination of aquifers though mixing clean and dirty water, or from the use of chemicals in the \u201c fracking \u201d process ; potential public health and environmental issues associated with chemicals or chemical mixtures used in \u201c fracking \u201d fluids ; and threatened wildlife species. but there is an unexpected feature of the current csg controversy in queensland \u2014 most of the focus on \u201c knowledge power \u201d of the law by farming and community interests has been on consumer protection legislation, as well as legal rights and access to property agreements by csg companies. far less attention has been given to understanding legal rights and duties in environmental legislation. there is, somehow, a community perception that queensland \u2019 s environmental legislation may not take proper account of the csg industry. any such perception is not only bewildering, but incorrect. there are good reasons why such a misconception exists within the community. a distinguishing feature of government today is not only the growth in complex legislation, but also the growth in size of government and its very wide environmental regulatory control powers. environmental legislation in australia is intricate, as its regulatory framework links legal rights and duties to scientific terms and concepts. sometimes, no legal meaning is given for the scientific terms and concepts ; for some scientific terms and concepts, the statutory definition could be open to many interpretations. also, the length of the legislation is ever expanding. when queensland \u2019 s environmental protection act came into force in 1994 it was 152 pages long ; it is now 805 pages. there are also 462 pages of delegated legislation made under this act. but, if the community have difficulty understanding the legal rights and duties contained in a complex environmental statute under which they wish to act, the rule of law is meaningless. it is not only the community that may have problems in understanding complex environmental legislation. in richards & sons pty ltd v ipswich city council ( 1998 ), a distinguished queensland judge, the late senior judge tony skoien, described queensland \u2019 s environmental protection act this way : \u201c i understand that the act is an example of an act written in \u2018 plain english \u2019. my reading of the act for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5632722652597316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.333054"} {"text": "a distinguished queensland judge, the late senior judge tony skoien, described queensland \u2019 s environmental protection act this way : \u201c i understand that the act is an example of an act written in \u2018 plain english \u2019. my reading of the act for the purpose of this case convinces me the language used is not plain and whether it is entirely in english could be debated. \u201d the celebrated english judge, lord denning ( 1899 - 1999 ) is regarded as having left an unprecedented mark on the development of english law in the 20th century. the following statement by lord denning in 1979 reflects a long - held concern over the ever - increasing legislative powers of government and the challenge for lawyers to ensure government exercises its power validly in decision - making processes : \u201c there is always a danger for the ordinary man. it lies in the fact that all power is capable of misuse or abuse. the great problem before the courts in the 20th century has been : in an age of increasing power, how is the law to cope with the misuse or abuse of it? \u201d the legal process to ensure that there has not been a misuse or abuse of power in its decision - making processes under a statute by government is judicial review. judicial review relates to the rights of a person to challenge and question decisions by government that affect them. for example, using judicial review to challenge an administrative decision made by government that may have the potential to cause, or has actually caused, adverse impacts on the environment. knowledge power of legal rights and duties and judicial review is a pathway for the community to balance power with stakeholders holding competing land use interests for csg developments. where power is fairly evenly balanced between all stakeholders, it enables everyone to effectively participate in resolving csg - related issues. effective public participation is one of the most problematic areas for resolving public interest environmental disputes. knowledge power of legal rights and duties and judicial review is also the foundation for people power to achieve environmental justice on csg - related issues. strategic use, by the community, of this source of knowledge power does not necessarily mean more litigation. rather, where the threat of a potential judicial review challenge is real, knowledge power acts as a catalyst for government to consider sharing its power with stakeholders holding competing land use interests to resolve csg - related issues ; where finding solutions for co - existence between all competing land use interests \u2013 not conflict \u2013 is the goal. why should government share its decision - making power with other stakeholders in these circumstances? the reason is that the linkage between the public perception of environmental risk, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.511062541394755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.335087"} {"text": "saudi arabia is a country in transition, slowly but steadily changing from within and increasingly flexing its muscle and influence regionally. the country has entered the new century as a pivotal regional power. as the birthplace of islam, it remains a powerful moral leader of the muslim world, particularly the arab arena. its response to domestic terrorism has shown that the monarchy has the drive to confront destabilizing elements within its borders and the increasing value of its oil has provided financial and political security at home. yet saudi arabia still faces the challenges of unemployment for many of its citizens, and its education system makes it difficult for saudi youth to compete in the global market. while the country held its first elections in history in 2005, the war in iraq has deepened the divide between sunni and shiite policies. from saudi arabia ' s pre - islamic history to the events of today, a brief history of saudi arabia, second edition offers a balanced, informative perspective on the country ' s long history. complete with black - and - white illustrations, maps, charts, a chronology, and basic facts, this comprehensive overview of the history of saudi arabia places the political, economic, and cultural events of today into a broad historical context. - pre - islamic arabia - bedouin society and culture - the birth and spread of islam - the development of and philosophy behind wahhabism - the origins of the house of saud - saudi arabia ' s role in the middle east - saudi arabia ' s relationship to the united states - the battle between conservative and progressive elements in the monarchy today - the reign of king abdullah. black - and - white photographs and illustrations. maps. charts. index. bibliography. glossary. suggested reading. chronology. basic facts. sidebars. tables. about the author ( s ) author and journalist james wynbrandt began studying arabic in damascus before continuing study on that region ' s language and history at new york university ' s hagop kevorkian center for middle eastern studies. his work has appeared in the new york times, management review, forbes, smithsonian air & space, and many other national publications. he is the author of a brief history of pakistan for facts on file, and he resides in new york city. foreword author fawaz a. gerges has been appointed chair at the london school of economics and political science. he obtained an m. sci. from london school of economics and a d. phil. from oxford university. a consultant and regular commentator for abc news, gerges has appeared on many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4903739889202958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.340081"} {"text": "ippf ' s written statement for cpd2012 international planned parenthood federation is a global service provider and a leading advocate of sexual and reproductive health and rights for all. we are a movement of national organizations working with and for communities in 173 countries worldwide. the organization works to provide young people with the information they need to make informed decisions about their sexual and reproductive lives, as well as the means to access services ( both clinical and non - clinical ) when and if required. the programme of action of the international conference on population and development specifically recognizes the sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescents and identifies this age group as one whose needs have largely been ignored. it also recognizes the right of adolescents to access sexual and reproductive health services and information in a manner that respects their privacy and confidentiality. yet, in 2011, with half of the world \u2019 s population under the age of 25, the majority of this age group lives in countries where access to such resources remains limited. the need for sexual and reproductive health services for young people is undisputable : nearly 13 million adolescent girls give birth each year in developing countries, most often before they are physically, financially or emotionally prepared ; complications from pregnancy and childbirth remain the leading cause of death among young women aged 15 to 19 in developing countries ; half of all new hiv infections are among young people ; and an estimated 4, 000 to 5, 000 young people acquire hiv every day. when a girl in a developing country receives seven or more years education, she marries four years later and has 2. 2 fewer children. however, a girl growing up in chad is more likely to die in childbirth than she is to attend secondary school. access to information and contraception are therefore part of a package that young people need in order to break generations - long cycles of poverty and gender inequality. to access sexual and reproductive health services, young people face unique barriers that are compounded by or in addition to age - related barriers. many of these barriers relate to the withholding of information or services, which only serves to exacerbate the vulnerabilities young people face. it is also in direct violation of the rights afforded them under international human rights law. parents, guardians, teachers, health professionals and other adults who work with and for young people have a responsibility to support young people and provide them with learning opportunities so that they can build their capacity and transition from reliance to independence. this is particularly true in relation to sexual and reproductive health ; a balance must be struck between protecting young people from abuse or exploitation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4524837813106012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.354787"} {"text": "responsibility to support young people and provide them with learning opportunities so that they can build their capacity and transition from reliance to independence. this is particularly true in relation to sexual and reproductive health ; a balance must be struck between protecting young people from abuse or exploitation and allowing them to freely and autonomously express their will and intention. the pace at which capacities evolve differs for each individual and is dependent on life circumstances. the organization contends that age should not be used as an indicator of a young person \u2019 s capacity to make autonomous decisions. despite this, age is often utilized as a determinant of capacity in law, and in the personal estimation of health professionals, which can lead to the perpetuation of judgmental attitudes. laws that require parental consent or notification to access sexual and reproductive health services are a manifestation of the presumption of incapacity. these laws persist, despite the call made in paragraph 7. 45 of the programme of action for states to remove legal barriers that prevent young people from accessing sexual and reproductive health information and services. however, legal and policy provisions that mandate parental involvement in the realm of sexual and reproductive health often deter young people from accessing services for fear that their parents may discover they are sexually active. this is contrary to young people \u2019 s rights to privacy, confidentiality and the highest attainable standard of health. the international planned parenthood federation believes that young people should be encouraged to voluntarily involve their parents, guardians or other trusted adults in their decision - making processes. the positive role that adults can play in young people \u2019 s lives is well recognized throughout the organization. while the opinions and knowledge of peers are of great importance to young people in making decisions related to their sexual and reproductive health, research shows that young people would prefer the support of a trusted adult when it comes to accessing health services. sexual and reproductive health - related stigma is compounded for young people by their age and norms relating to young people \u2019 s sexuality. stigma means that young people are inhibited from feeling free to express their sexuality, talk openly about sex with their parents or guardians or access sexual and reproductive health information and services. communities, families and religious institutions have a duty to encourage open and accurate dialogue on young people \u2019 s sexuality with a view to reducing stigma. self - stigmatization is a strong force that prevents young people from accessing the information and services they need as a result of feelings of fear, shame or embarrassment. this can be particularly true for young women who are sexually active ; young people who are gay,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47230137152586876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.355858"} {"text": "excluding hiv ), and 45 per cent of new hiv infections occur in young people. every year, young women between the ages of 15 and 19 undergo 2. 5 million unsafe abortions that put their lives and health at risk, yet among this age group, the unmet need for contraception stands at 25 per cent. to address this and the barriers identified above, programmes to improve young people \u2019 s sexual and reproductive health must include three essential pillars : ( a ) comprehensive sexuality education ; ( b ) youth - friendly sexual and reproductive health services ; and ( c ) political and social change to create favourable environments within which young people can exercise and realize their sexual and reproductive health and rights. comprehensive sexuality education is an essential intervention to ensure that all young people are aware of their sexual and reproductive rights, are empowered to make informed choices and decisions and are able to act on these decisions. comprehensive sexuality education is more than the provision of information about health and sexuality ; it also aims to develop critical - thinking skills, confidence, communication skills, decision - making capacities, gender equity and rights - based civic participation. young people must have access to youth - friendly sexual and reproductive health services. to be youth - friendly, the services must be accessible, acceptable, equitable and of a high quality. the importance of well - trained, non - judgmental health professionals and staff members in service delivery points serving young people should not be underestimated. in programmes to promote the sexual and reproductive health of young people, special attention and resources must be dedicated to eradicating harmful gender norms and inequality. the international planned parenthood federation promotes a positive approach to the sexuality of young women and girls, with the aim of helping them to become confident, autonomous decision - making individuals. all young women and girls have the right to make autonomous decisions related to their sexual and reproductive health in accordance with their evolving capacities. withholding the right of young women and girls to information and the means to act upon those decisions perpetuates inequality and ill health. their ability to exercise the right to decide is influenced as much by their family and community as by social norms and policy. the organization believes that programmes aimed at eradicating harmful gender norms and inequality must also engage young men and boys. such programmes must move away from an approach that sees them as perpetrators of rights violations towards an approach that is guided by their best interests and that more effectively addresses their sexual and reproductive health needs. the international planned parenthood federation believes that young people have a right to information to allow them to make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4827186363316684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.358624"} {"text": "that sees them as perpetrators of rights violations towards an approach that is guided by their best interests and that more effectively addresses their sexual and reproductive health needs. the international planned parenthood federation believes that young people have a right to information to allow them to make informed decisions and a right to access the services required to turn those decisions into reality without fear of reprisal or shame. recognizing that young people, including adolescents, are rights holders to which the rights spelled out in united nations conventions apply, and recognizing that access to comprehensive sexuality education and sexual and reproductive health services are essential to fulfilling a young person \u2019 s right to the highest attainable standard of health, the organization believes that member states must : \u2022 remove and refrain from implementing laws that restrict young people \u2019 s access to sexual and reproductive health services, including parental or spousal consent laws \u2022 refer only to scientifically sound evidence when formulating education policy and curricula on sexuality education, and commit resources to strengthen the evidence - base on this \u2022 provide opportunities for young people to obtain the knowledge and life skills they need to make informed decisions about their sexual and reproductive health, including through the provision of sexuality education in schools \u2022 recognize both in principle and in law the evolving capacity of young people to consent to sexual and reproductive health treatment, services and care \u2022 take steps to ascertain young people \u2019 s real and perceived sexual and reproductive health needs, and include young people in identifying and addressing such needs \u2022 address the practical and logistical barriers that young people face in accessing life - saving and life - enhancing services, including through the reduction of financial and geographical barriers \u2022 ensure that all young people with a need for contraception have access to such services \u2022 ensure that a comprehensive package of sexual and reproductive health services, including safe abortion services, is available for all young people \u2022 ensure that health professionals are adequately trained to provide information and services to young people, including sexually active young people, in a non - judgmental manner \u2022 ensure sufficient educators are trained to provide comprehensive sexuality education to young people from an early age \u2022 promote the education of parents, guardians, communities and others to provide guidance and support to young people as they mature, in accordance with paragraph 7. 48 of the programme of action \u2022 recognize the vital role that schools play in disseminating information and in linking with sexual and reproductive health services for young people \u2022 address inequality of access to services among young people, particularly for those in rural areas \u2022 ensure that data is available to monitor progress towards achieving universal coverage of sexual and reproductive health services to young people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4711091444615014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.360131"} {"text": "\u201c dr. winchell was a lively exemplar of the southern literary tradition... a true man of letters. \u201d \u2014 clyde wilson, university of south carolina born and bred in ohio, mark royden winchell was an unlikely southerner. but after graduate school at vanderbilt \u2014 where he befriended, and became a noted authority on, many of the literary giants who had emerged from that university \u2014 he spent his entire adult life in the south. more important, he became one of the most respected defenders of the southern tradition, placing southern literature and politics at the center of the twentieth - century american experience. the cause of us all, winchell \u2019 s final book, represents his most important and personal reflection on the american south. writing from the perspective of a self - proclaimed \u201c copperhead, \u201d winchell offers a contrarian take on american and southern history, including thoughtful reassessments of such secular saints as abraham lincoln and martin luther king jr., and an insightful look at the transition from the old south to the new. he also examines the politics of southern literary culture. the cause of us all covers issues ranging from the agrarian movement of the 1930s \u2014 whose social and economic vision surely speaks to our anxious age \u2014 to the non - southern writers, including robert frost and john steinbeck, who were sympathetic to the southern vision.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4291698820399603, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.362666"} {"text": "is produce losing its punch? january 18, 2011 by elizabeth devos eating the recommended two cups of fruits and two - and - a - half cups of vegetables may no longer be enough to get the nutrients that our bodies need in order to survive. a little more than a decade ago, anne - marie mayer conducted research on 20 united kingdom - based crops from 1930 - 1980. what she found was that the mineral concentrations in fruits and vegetables were decreasing. no longer is produce as healthy as once thought. the decrease in nutritional value is not just centered in british crops, but crops in the united states, as well. in 2004, university of texas research assistant donald davis looked at data from 43 different varieties of produce from 1950 - 1999. davis found that in 1950 broccoli had 130 milligrams of calcium, today that amount has dropped to just 48 milligrams. calcium isn \u2019 t the only nutrient decreasing in produce. davis \u2019 study found that protein, phosphorus, iron, riboflavin, vitamin c and many other nutrients are declining. still, people looking for a snack shouldn \u2019 t shy away from today \u2019 s produce. \u201c even though they say that the nutrients are less, the amount of nutrients in food is still very high, \u201d said barbara phippard, a clinical dietitian at virginia mason issaquah. \u201c people shouldn \u2019 t be afraid that food doesn \u2019 t contain any nutrition. \u201d many americans wonder why nutrients are disappearing. due to the high demand from consumers for bigger produce items, farmers are selectively breeding and using synthetic fertilizers to help their crops grow not only bigger, but faster, too. by speeding up the growing process, produce does not have the time to develop the nutrients or absorbed them from the soil. according to jeanne cullen, a clinical dietitian at overlake hospital outpatient, it is recommended that consumers buy organic fruits and vegetables because they are more nutrient dense. \u201c if more people start buying organic, then there will be a high demand for organic farms, \u201d she said. \u201c and more organic farmers will help drive the prices down. \u201d most people can tell the difference in taste quality of conventionally grown produce versus organically grown. \u201c organically grown fruits are much sweeter than conventionally grown ones, \u201d cullen said. if buying all organic does not fit into your pocketbook, buy a select few. farmers typically use pesticides on 12 types of produce that should be bought organically, if possible. the \u201c dirty dozen, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42560698253628015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.370464"} {"text": "grown ones, \u201d cullen said. if buying all organic does not fit into your pocketbook, buy a select few. farmers typically use pesticides on 12 types of produce that should be bought organically, if possible. the \u201c dirty dozen, \u201d according to cullen, includes apples, celery, cherries, lettuce, grapes, peaches, pears, potatoes, nectarines, spinach, strawberries and bell peppers. there are 15 produce items that are considered clean, even though they are not organic, according to tarynne mingione, a registered dietitian and clinical nutrition specialist at swedish medical center in issaquah. these include onions, avocados, sweet corn, pineapple, mangos, asparagus, sweet peas, kiwi, cabbage, eggplant, papaya, watermelon, broccoli, tomatoes and sweet potatoes. \u201c these foods have the least amounts of pesticides, \u201d she said. there are ways to get the most nutrients out of foods that won \u2019 t put a huge dent into your pocket book. many people buy pre - cut produce, according to cullen. she warns that once you cut into food, it decreases the amount of nutrients in it. it \u2019 s better to buy whole produce instead of precut, and it \u2019 s important to wash produce to removing pesticides. buy fresh food at the issaquah farmers market buying produce directly from farmers, at a local farmers market, can be a cheaper alternative than buying organic. these farmers might be in a transitional stage from conventionally grown crops to organic crops. there are also many local farms that allow people to essentially own a share of the farm. in turn these shareowners are able to go to the farm once a week and purchase produce directly from the farm, according to tarynne mingione, a registered dietitian and clinical nutrition specialist at swedish medical center in issaquah. the issaquah farmers market hosts about 35 registered produce vendors according to jera gilmore, farmers market manager and events coordinator for the city of issaquah. \u201c on an average summer saturday we have about 27 of them attending, \u201d she said. the 2011 farmers market runs from april 16 to oct. 8. buy bold or brightly colored produce, because these richly colored crops will contain a higher number of healthy photochemicals. consumers can also try a different color, because colorful produce has more antioxidants. always consume produce within a week of purchasing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39382670712102474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.371838"} {"text": "- hesiod ( c. 8th century bc ) - orphic communities ( c540 bc -? ) - pythagoras (? 580 -? 500 bc ) and - herodotus ( 484 - 425bc ) - herodotus ( link to google books ) - trans. rev. william beloe 1831. p. 236 : the neck of land which stretches from the country of the gindanes towards the sea is possessed by the lotophagi who live entirely upon the fruit of the lotos - empedokles (? 480 - 430bc ) - the fragments of empedocles ( link to questia. com ) trans. w. e. leonard ph. d., chicago, 1908. part 2 says much about transmigration of souls and the orphic / pythagorean traditions. - socrates (? 470 - 399 bc ) - antisthenes (? 445 - 365 bc ) - plato (? 427 -? 347 bc ) - plato ' s republic ( link to archive. org ) trans. lewis campbell m. a., ll. d., london, 1902. in books ii & iii plato ( 428 - 347 bc ) develops the dietary ideas of pythagoras. - diogenes (? 412 -? 323 bc ) - aristotle ( 384 - 322bc ) - theophrastus (? 372 -? 287bc ) - epicurus ( 341 - 270bc ) - cicero ( roman ) ( 106 - 43 b. c. ) - ovid ( publius ovidius naso ) ( 43 bc - ad 17 ) - espanol - ovidio - ovid ' s metamorphoses ( link to archive. org ) by publius ovidius naso ( 43 bc - ad 17 ). this edition pub. london 1822. book 15, p. 516 is a biography of pythagoras. p. 519 : ' he first forbid animal food to be served up at the tables - seneca ( c. 5 bc - ad 65 ) - seneca ' s morals ( link to archive. org ) - by lucius annaeus seneca ( c. 5 bc - ad 65 ) - trans sir roger l ' estrange, new york, c. 1870. \" i gave over eating of flesh \", p110 - plutarch ( greek ) ( c. ad 46 - c. 120 ) - plutarch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49464060472802784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.374458"} {"text": "from its beginnings to the first world war ( chapters of history ) translated by selwyn rose in the dim light of history translated by selwyn rose in the dim light of history | what is the purpose of history? - towns a thousand years old in lithuania soko\u0142ka a satellite - town [ a ] of grodno the metropolis towns both veteran and new - born. - soko\u0142ka pioneer - town of the jews of grodno. - jews of a state within a state. - jewish geography on the map of lithuania on the banks of the neman and the soko\u0142ka rivers. | the history of soko\u0142ka? the sad fact is that her history was one of faithful tradition, the costly reality of being a jew in the eastern regions of europe. an atmosphere of bygone times permeated the family homes - antiques, gold and silver articles, tooled leather pouches filled with ancient documents, contracts from princes and nobles, tax receipts from the days of napoleon with promissory notes from barons, ministers and estate owners. there were also note - books and registers in the municipal offices and old castles ; but a historical narrative commencing at the beginning, which would clarify everything that had occurred, never existed in our areas. registers and documents that had existed were lost in the turmoil of the disturbances and damage to jewish property that was plundered by the rioters and the saboteurs. jewish soko\u0142ka didn ' t resemble other towns in lithuania and poland that were able to number the years of their existence as jewish communities in jubilees or centuries even a millennium in some cases. lithuania ' s brest had a recorded history of one thousand years it was the first of the lithuanian communities that were refugees from germany ( in the 10th and 11th centuries ), established in compliance with a license issued by duke witold at the end of the 14th century. the number of its residents grew and exceeded that of all the other communities in lithuania. pinsk similarly boasted a license confirming its 1, 000 year existence. even troki preened itself by virtue of its jews ( karaites ), being the first of the jews in the whole of lithuania. soko\u0142ka nestled in the shadow of another ancient city in lithuania the city of grodno, the metropolis of the satellite daughters - new - born and veteran villages clustered near and far. soko\u0142ka was not counted among them because of two of its attributes : its seniority - it had existed for hundreds of years as an out -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45781136911739684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.431382"} {"text": ", the metropolis of the satellite daughters - new - born and veteran villages clustered near and far. soko\u0142ka was not counted among them because of two of its attributes : its seniority - it had existed for hundreds of years as an out - of - the - way village, and as a village and place of settlement of the jews - and later as a regional town. near - by grodno shone with a splendid reputation wherein resided dukes and princes and from where they ruled over domains and territories near and far. grodno enjoyed a reputation as a shining example like krakow from where jewish pioneers went out to neighboring villages. nevertheless jewish grodno was a good example of the process of jewish settlement in lithuania and poland, and within it jewish soko\u0142ka. in the beginning the community was based in the nearby major governing town. when the population grew and the community suffered from overcrowding, several families moved to a local area and founded a satellite community that was under the control of the metropolis and paying, through her, the royal taxes needed for the running of the beth - din and other community institutions. in time the newer settlement expanded and developed and became a community independent of its origins. as a representative example of the first jewish communities in the principality of lithuania one can cite the community of tyczyn, founded by a group of jews from grodno, and almost certainly most of its residents were from the same area. there was a jewish presence in tyczyn in 1522. it was private property - the estate of a respected lithuanian landowner, a notable albert gaszto\u0142d by name. this same landowner sought to encourage population of his settlement in order to increase his incomes and he decided to introduce jews. ten jews from grodno ( known to the jews as hurodna ), were the pioneers of the settlement. the landowner gave them space for living quarters, workshops, a synagogue and a burial ground, promising them judicial autonomy, complete freedom of trade and no taxes for three years. in addition he named the remaining jews as suitable for settling in the town ; suitable except those rebelling against the kingdom. the conditions in tyczyn were indeed good from several angles. the attitude of the owner was encouraging, trade internal and external prospered, and the town grew. after a hundred years it was one of the important communities in lithuania, and a bone of contention between two national councils erupted in the commonwealth of poland and lithuania the council of communities in lithuania and the great sejm in poland ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45594091004821574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.432537"} {"text": "and the town grew. after a hundred years it was one of the important communities in lithuania, and a bone of contention between two national councils erupted in the commonwealth of poland and lithuania the council of communities in lithuania and the great sejm in poland ; both of them claimed authority in tyczyn, each claiming exclusive control. the dispute continued for decades and while the two councils were still at each other ' s throats, a new dispute broke out between tyczyn and grodno concerning the control over a few other communities that had been established in the intervening years : zab\u0142udow, horodec, choroszcz and later also wasilkow. the lithuanian council sided with grodno while the polish council sided with tyczyn. the argument continued for a hundred years. both sides turned to litigation and the situation demanded the intervention of both the beth - din and civil courts. by the beginning of the 18th century, the dispute had still not been settled. a similar history applied for the city of jewish bia\u0142ystok, which was noted for the great settlement - industrial project of its jewish citizen - builders. the lord of the manor, the polish count branicki, sitting in his magnificent palace, looking around him at the marshy brackish lake, the pathless, gloomy, depressing surroundings and the impoverished, hungry peasant farmers, dreamed of turning his unprofitable, run - down estate into a profitable jewish village. he invited jewish settlers and built small premises for shops, huts for dwelling - places and a small synagogue for prayers. legend has it he also donated a fat duck to each of them for sabbath dinner. and they, only a short time before, were living in nearby bia\u0142ystok next door to tyczyn as local stall - holders and small grocers, experts in patching ragged clothes. in giving them the opportunity, they turned their little town into a large city a metropolis in israel. bia\u0142ystok had its beginnings in 1749 and by the time of its destruction under the nazis there were 40, 000 jews living there, commanding the textile industry which spread over the surrounding towns : suprasl, grodek, wasilkow and krynki. the jewish community in soko\u0142ka was established through the initiative of the grodno jews during a period of economic depression and unemployment among the townspeople, while the population of grodno was recovering economically and widening its boundaries beyond the town. soko\u0142ka was not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4144905423657361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.434502"} {"text": "hegemony. the modest, quiet soko\u0142ka. | grodno and soko\u0142ka both of them stamped with the die of their jewishness ; both of them with large jewish populations. but the difference between them was startling. grodno could pride herself with the knowledge of her respected lineage as a city of pedigree and tradition ; in contrast soko\u0142ka was a small town, a district town as against a regional capital at the time of the russian conquest. soko\u0142ka was almost without importance. except for the sole fact that because of political circumstances that existed at the time of the polish revolution of kosciuszko, soko\u0142ka was raised to the level of regional capital. soko\u0142ka gave rise to no men of stature, no business men of known reputation, no public or political party figures, writers, researchers, cantors or rabbis. soko\u0142ka ' s dependence on grodno caused its history, at that time, to be bound up and merged together with grodno and the general annals of the jews of lithuania. at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th centuries, there were jewish communities in four cities : brest, grodno, troki and \u00a3ask. the duke of the region was witold, ruling from 1386 until 1430, who did much for the settlement of jews in lithuania. the rights he granted the jews in the first years of his rule were to establish a judicial, social and political structure of the jews of lithuania for a long period and most of the jews of lithuania were concentrated in the three towns brest, troki and grodno. with the rise of witold as ruler of the principality, so rose the importance of grodno. in 1389, witold granted the jews of grodno a bill of rights. according to this document they were permitted to sell intoxicating liquors in their homes on payment of a license fee and to trade in the markets and shops just like any of the other citizens. they were also permitted to engage freely in any trade or profession, to purchase livestock for their needs and to acquire houses, fields and land for sowing and pasture. the bill released the jews from paying taxes on the synagogue and the cemetery. but in 1495 the ruling prince aleksander the jagiellonian, exiled all the jews from lithuania and the jews of grodno, together with their unfortunate brothers, found refuge in neighboring poland. in 1503, alexander, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42144828227579495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.436730"} {"text": ". but in 1495 the ruling prince aleksander the jagiellonian, exiled all the jews from lithuania and the jews of grodno, together with their unfortunate brothers, found refuge in neighboring poland. in 1503, alexander, the king of poland cancelled the exile decree and allowed the jews to return and also to claim the return of their assets, property and the debts owing to them. grodno ' s community expanded and grew during the 16th century. in 1547, the polish king, zygmund august confirmed the bill of rights that had been granted by witold in 1389 ( the bill had been reconfirmed by king jan kasimierz in 1655 and also by stanislaw poniatowski in 1785 ). at the same time the numbers of artisans in the town grew and among them were found tailors, furriers and hatters working for the farmers. for an annual fee to the tsars, the artisans were allowed to ply their trade and sell their products in the market or in their shops. the influence of grodno on the jewish community was significant especially during the period of internal autonomy that they now had. when the communities of lithuania seceded from the the great sejm in 1623 and established the council of four lands it became the leading institution of jewish life in the state it was one of three main communities in the state ( brest, pinsk, grodno later, they were joined by vilna and sloszk ). soko\u0142ka is not mentioned among the new communities established in the region of grodno. there is no way of knowing if a community existed officially in the town because of the small number of jews who were capable of establishing the necessary communal institutions. the jews of soko\u0142ka always turned to grodno for its needs. it is known that soko\u0142ka already existed as a village in the 15th century and that jewish settlement was not forbidden. it is equally certain that the jews would not have missed the opportunity to come and settle, and find a living there as traders and artisans but, apparently, there were no leaders or businessmen among them able to protect themselves or their interests in the various central public institutions. the name of soko\u0142ka is not as conspicuous as the names of other towns and villages that maintained contact with the the great sejm nor with the council of four lands that began its existence in 1623, or with the chief councils of the states of lithuania, as does the name of nearby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3949040583852323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.437709"} {"text": "as conspicuous as the names of other towns and villages that maintained contact with the the great sejm nor with the council of four lands that began its existence in 1623, or with the chief councils of the states of lithuania, as does the name of nearby krynki. indeed, from an investigation of the names of towns and villages that maintained contact with these councils it appears that the province of the town soko\u0142ka was at the center of things. nevertheless, it seems attention was not turned on soko\u0142ka because of its immediate association to grodno itself, which also represented the towns affiliated to it and which grodno defended. in the disputes between the communities of tyczyn and grodno concerning control over the surrounding towns, tyczyn was in conflict with grodno for control of the region. jewish soko\u0142ka was modest and not given to chasing after publicity and honor though, without doubt, it paid its taxes, like all the other communities, through the community of grodno. perhaps that is the explanation why, on the map of the council of four lands soko\u0142ka is not seen. nevertheless soko\u0142ka is found on the four maps of the congregations of lithuanian jews. the chronicles and evolution of soko\u0142ka | the establishment of soko\u0142ka - its land : crown property - ancient churches erected by zygmunt august. the occupations of the first of the jews. fixed market and fair days. evolution from village to town. anton tyzenhaus - development of soko\u0142ka. - remembered as a benefactor in its development. the banks of the river soko\u0142ka. metamorphosis with the division of poland. the jews under the prussian yoke. jewish constitution of friedrich the great. reaction of rabbis and businessmen to the kaliczeva conference. soko\u0142ka under russian rule. - elevation of soko\u0142ka to regional capital. | soko\u0142ka was founded in the 15th century together with twenty other villages all at the same time. as a village soko\u0142ka belonged to crown estates, in the grodno economic framework, and its citizens were obliged to occupy themselves in chicken - farming, while the residents of the neighboring village, sowaczinka * were obliged to raise dogs. polish historians indicate that a catholic church was erected in soko\u0142ka in 1564 on the orders of king zygmunt august, consecrated to st. anthony - a wooden building. in 1779 the church burned down and only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38431369026874784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.440864"} {"text": "to raise dogs. polish historians indicate that a catholic church was erected in soko\u0142ka in 1564 on the orders of king zygmunt august, consecrated to st. anthony - a wooden building. in 1779 the church burned down and only in 1848 the priest kryshczyn erected a church, the inside of which is considered very beautiful, to replace it. the village of soko\u0142ka was founded when the kingdom of lithuania united with that of poland. jewish communities in the lands of lithuania at that time also existed in brest, grodno, troki, \u0142uck, ludmir and kiev. but there is some basis to suppose that other small and large communities also existed in other towns. a number of jews were also dispersed among other villages and there is no way of knowing if jews lived then in soko\u0142ka as farmers and pedlars. it is reasonable to assume that the jewish community of soko\u0142ka enjoyed the typical privileges granted by duke witold to the jews of grodno in 1389, from the beginning of its existence, by which he permitted them to indulge in trade both in shop and street, without interference, equally with the citizens of the town. jews were permitted to engage in agriculture, pasturage and to acquire further acreage paying taxes just like the other citizens. the economic life of the jews of lithuania was different to that of the jews of poland. on the one hand, the weak development of the country caused the jews to become engaged extensively in the various branches of agriculture and farming which became their main occupation, as it was to most of the town ' s citizens, while on the other hand they had no motive to engage in trade and commerce, and the town - citizens and nobles were not politically strong enough to curtail the rights of the jews as was the case in neighboring poland. it should be pointed out that wealthy jews invested in farms and perforce were involved in agriculture. they would acquire complete villages from the duke for a certain one - time down payment, and sometimes even several villages at the same time, together with pasture - land, fish ponds shops and so on. the jews would acquire land - holdings from the nobles or they would obtain them with a mortgage or loan. the farms would pass to the hands of the jews together with the farmers who were working there. the jews held the farms the same as the landowners who preceded them. a few of the bigger landowners among the jews also filled the role of settlers in lithuania : there are recorded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40599223222984315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.443085"} {"text": "to the hands of the jews together with the farmers who were working there. the jews held the farms the same as the landowners who preceded them. a few of the bigger landowners among the jews also filled the role of settlers in lithuania : there are recorded incidents of jews receiving vacant land from the duke and bringing jews onto the land and it is possible that there is a connection between the settling of soko\u0142ka, together with other villages and the rights of the jews to trading in the villages. indeed, especially in respect of soko\u0142ka, what little we know of her is based on legend. also missing are details of the rights granted to soko\u0142ka like other towns. we know that in the town there were certain days in the week when markets were held and three fairs annually but it is not known who was the king who granted these rights. market day was every monday and on three days each year a fair was held ( 23rd april, 25th july and 29th september ). only from the second half of the 18th century do we begin to get more details on soko\u0142ka ; from then on soko\u0142ka ' s status changed from village to town. this important event occurred at the end of the18th century. it was not at the hands of kings and princes but by the action of the starosta of grodno and the treasurer of lithuania anton tyzenhaus ( 1762 - 1785 ) whose advancement came from king poniatowski. he was the patron of soko\u0142ka and he deserves a mention. tyzenhaus was appointed starosta of grodno ; he tried to revive the failing town. he encouraged trade, paved roads, made the river neman navigable, drained the marshes in the area and founded professional schools, cultural institutions and industrial factories, among them a printing house. for that enterprise in 1785 he brought from soko\u0142y to soko\u0142ka the master of the printing art in lithuania, rabbi nahum, a type - caster from grodno, in galicia. the first book that came off the press was jacob ' s offspring, a commentary on the psalms, written by a rabbi from vishtinetz and rabbi yaakov bar haim ha - cohen ( 1788 ). also printed was the first newspaper in grodno the grodno gazette. in order to teach a group of jews financial book - keeping, in 1772 he brought a german from nurnberg. he told them those skills would enable the traders to introduce german efficiency and order into their businesses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42704810456878733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.444399"} {"text": "grodno the grodno gazette. in order to teach a group of jews financial book - keeping, in 1772 he brought a german from nurnberg. he told them those skills would enable the traders to introduce german efficiency and order into their businesses. tyzenhaus founded a school of midwifery. in the second half of the 18th century he was the first to introduce in the name of the government of poland, the textile industry to the area, in horodets on the banks of the neman, near grodno. he also founded factories of considerable compass with government support which invested resources in bringing specialists from abroad for that purpose. tyzenhaus ' s relationship towards the jews was one of hatred ; he saw them as a source of extorting money. king poniatowski appointed him as the tax agent of the grodno community but he deceived both the king and the population and stole funds and interest to the value of 92, 000 roubles during 14 years ( until 1782 ). he converted the whole fortune to his own use. he also fraudulently converted to his own use foreign currency and fell into debt. he borrowed money and failed to make good. he created many enemies who hated him and fought against him until they succeeded in ousting him from office. his industrial enterprises fell into bankruptcy and the specialists brought from abroad left poland and nothing remains from all his projects. because of the closeness of soko\u0142ka to grodno, this same tyzenhaus noticed it and saw it as a place suited to his plans. he elevated soko\u0142ka to the status of a town, created there an excellent market and introduced fine jewish artisans, thus, de facto, confirming the jewish community of soko\u0142ka which had already existed previously. once its status was confirmed the population grew jewish as well as christian and its economic health improved. several evolutions occurred to soko\u0142ka previously, during the period of the independent republic of poland. the town was in the province of troki in the county of grodno and within its economic sphere. the town was situated on the banks of the river soko\u0142ka which had once flowed into the river suprasl. in 1765 there were 522 jews living in soko\u0142ka and the surrounding area. life carried on there, as it did in the rest of the towns and villages, without much happening ; indeed the hand of fate rested lightly on it, in contrast to the chaos spreading throughout poland. with the third", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42270783407829865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.445343"} {"text": "the christian population as the only masters and owners of the land and to perceive the jews as strangers, as exploiters and the source of unpleasantness, requiring restriction of their activities in the country and its trade. the intention was to transfer the jews from the countryside to the town, and even forbid them to peddle in the countryside, to purchase land from a farmer or to trade in the exchange of goods and produce. specifically, the regulations placed a strangle - hold on the aorta of jewish life in the diaspora, bringing to the point of collapse the entire communal structure that had developed and become entrenched in poland for hundreds of years. the jewish communal organization provided the jews with the possibility of standing against disturbances, persecution and racism. the jewish community acted as a kind of fortress a fence against destruction and assimilation and it was this that enabled the jew to protect his national and religious character and live an independent life. the regulations cancelled the independent nature of the community and placed all the religious functions under the control of the christian churches and municipalities. jews from within and without the region felt that the pillars of judaism had collapsed. but the leading rabbis and public figures, with faith in miracles, were not disheartened. on 30th august 1797, they all met in kaliszkowce ( kalisz region ), to devise means of protecting themselves from the restrictive measures affecting the fate of a jewish population numbering more than 160, 000 souls. in fact the prussians didn ' t enjoy their domination for long : napoleon bonaparte ' s star was rising and at the battle of jena ( germany ), he conquered the legions of prussia and even took berlin, and the prussian government was forced to flee to memel. the poles were full of joy at the coming of their redeemer. from 1806 - 1807, the poles throughout poland were expectant with an atmosphere of hope and began organizing a polish army. they knew the french were coming. suddenly the prussian legions began leaving the region and the french arrived to be received with great joy by the entire population. at the same time the peace conference of tylza was convened and in compliance with article 9 of the protocol that was signed on 7th july 1807, the whole region of lithuania was transferred to russia in order to create a natural border between the principality of warsaw and the kingdom of russia. thus after 12 years of prussian rule lithuania passed to the control of russia. the defunct county of bia\u0142ystok, according to article 9, of the treaty of tylza, was divided into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48529937657920896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.447709"} {"text": "principality of warsaw and the kingdom of russia. thus after 12 years of prussian rule lithuania passed to the control of russia. the defunct county of bia\u0142ystok, according to article 9, of the treaty of tylza, was divided into two : one part the counties of \u0142omza, serijai, mariampol and others passed to warsaw and the other part the counties of bia\u0142ystok, bielsk, soko\u0142ka and dereczyn passed to russia and was known as bia\u0142ystok county. in order to activate the territorial division a special council was convened. on the 15th july 1807 russian forces entered the territory of lithuania. the prussian government again changed to a foreign one. on the 27th october aleksander i issued a declaration to the whole of lithuania in russian and polish in which he promised that all the residents will retain their rights. the jews refused to believe the declaration because of their knowledge of russian government ' s attitude to jews in the past. a few years passed and 1812 approached. the poles consoled themselves with new hopes. on the eve of war, the russian government increased its vigilance and declared a state of war throughout the entire territory. after a while, french battalions crossed the border into russia and the russian army retreated. after the capture of vilna, napoleon organized the liberated territory, convening a temporary government in lithuania which included soko\u0142ka. the happ - iness lasted only a short time because on 26th december 1812 the russians returned to lithuania without bloodshed. in the days of the napoleonic war the russian general, davidov, who didn ' t trust poland, transferred control of the town to the jews. after the county of bia\u0142ystok was ceded to russia in 1807, soko\u0142ka was named the county town while grodno was made regional capital in 1801. soko\u0142ka and the county under the russian government | a mixed population. - residual cadre of mongol regiments. - complete mosques. - rejection of the prussian regulations of jews. - russia inherits the prussian decrees. - soko\u0142ka a rail junction between grodno and bia\u0142ystok. - industry and workshops sustaining the town. - development of a stock exchange. - synagogue for jewish artisans. - when was the jewish community established? - lack of community records. - foundations of the community. | the population of soko\u0142ka and the county was made up of different faiths and ethnic groups : lithuanians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41763976995882424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.448749"} {"text": "- synagogue for jewish artisans. - when was the jewish community established? - lack of community records. - foundations of the community. | the population of soko\u0142ka and the county was made up of different faiths and ethnic groups : lithuanians, poles, pravoslavs, tatars and jews. the tatars arrived with the mongol hordes that conquered all the territories belonging at that time to russia and china. they even conquered parts of poland and approached berlin, the prussian capital. the mongols, who retreated to mongolia after every invasion of foreign lands, left behind many who remained in the countries conquered by the russians, including lithuania, whose peoples were related to the mongols. close in ethnicity and language, they are called tatars and remained faithful to their religion, believers in mohammed, praying in mosques. at the congress of vienna, the conquering russian government received the remainder of the territory of poland and lithuania and with them the region of grodno and soko\u0142ka, the regional capital. she also received from the prussians the inheritance of the prussian regulations of the jews, which in practice were not put into effect. the regulations did not achieve their aim for different reasons, but especially because of opposition from the non - jewish population. but their influence remained real towards the jews under the russian regime for upwards of a hundred years, because these regulations were used as a guide to the russian government on how to treat the jewish communities that came under their domination in poland and lithuania, and they were valid in the great and powerful russian dominion especially the time of nikolai the first. in comparing russian decrees on the jews with the prussian regulations they are found to be nothing more than a copy of the original. the prussian regulations were used as a source for all the special restrictions and laws that were decreed against the jews in russia. the russian minister, derzhavin, used the format as in the prussian regulations and as observed by herzen all the attributes of the russian government carried the stamp of prussia even the military ranks, the police and the uniforms are all taken from them. in any case the regulations against the jews from 17th april 1797 were used as a foundation for solving the jewish problem in russia ; regulations that touched every jew in russia and also fell upon soko\u0142ka. the jews of soko\u0142ka came to terms with the situation understanding they were in exile and they continued to exist in a state of debasement and suppression from the government. the christian population occupied itself mainly with agriculture while the jews with small trades and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43396802274569224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.451473"} {"text": "jews of soko\u0142ka came to terms with the situation understanding they were in exile and they continued to exist in a state of debasement and suppression from the government. the christian population occupied itself mainly with agriculture while the jews with small trades and artisanship, only a few of them in agriculture. the railway from warsaw to st. petersburg passed soko\u0142ka only about 100 miles south - west of grodno - about half - way on the road between grodno and bia\u0142ystok - and about 125 miles from warsaw, at a height of 765 feet above sea - level. soko\u0142ka is situated between the stations of czarnaweis and kuznica. the industry in the town was not large and in 1877 was reduced by six small factories employing nine workers ( a brewery, a candle - maker, three furriers and a porcelain factory ). in the heart of the town were two main streets : grodno and bia\u0142ystok. close to them was a large square in the center of which rose a church surrounded by a railing. apart from these two streets there were six small side lanes. with the development of industry in bia\u0142ystok a few furriers opened up in soko\u0142ka and krynki. afterwards, year by year more factories processing furs were opened in bia\u0142ystok, soko\u0142ka, zab\u0142udow and mscis\u0142aw, which grew into large concerns. before the first world war there were about 200 factories in the grodno region dealing in furs, employing about 6, 000 people, many jews among them. other branches of artisanship were to be found with most of them in the hands of jews, not only in soko\u0142ka but also in the rest of the towns of the region and in grodno. jewish artisanship had been well - established in the towns of lithuania for generations with a commendable record of achievements. the religious life influenced the artisans ; there were synagogues established by and for the various trades. in almost every town were found religious study - houses of tailors, cobblers, hatters, carpenters, builders, glaziers, street - pavers, wagoners, coach - drivers, bakers, butchers, water - carriers and others. the artisans fulfilled an important function in the life of the community, in the election of public dignitaries, rabbis, ritual slaughterers, inspectors and cantors ; all these personages needed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43013514716799084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.453880"} {"text": "drivers, bakers, butchers, water - carriers and others. the artisans fulfilled an important function in the life of the community, in the election of public dignitaries, rabbis, ritual slaughterers, inspectors and cantors ; all these personages needed to take the artisans into account in every important event and consider their needs. there is no information on soko\u0142ka concerning the beginning of the jewish presence in the town, neither is it known when the jewish community was founded, the degree of dependence of the local towns on grodno, when the first rabbi was installed or what his name was or his birth - place. no written record has been found concerning the community of soko\u0142ka or of any trade organization from which we could discern the lives of the community. it is possible that there was in existence some kind of record in the hands of jewish notables, such as sextons and other public dignitaries and during the years of the terrible holocaust of the nazis they were destroyed and lost together with those who held them. there is no way that the jewish community in the town, already numbering 522 jews in 1765, during the era of the polish republic, behaved differently to all other towns and jewish communities near and far, without institutions and records, without guiding hands and leaders. every jewish community in israel was based on three things : on the torah ( study houses and yeshivot ), on work ( the artisans ), and on the charitable institutions, on justice and payment of state taxes. the basic institutions, like the synagogue, cemeteries and study - houses, were in existence in soko\u0142ka for a long time but nothing is known concerning them, their founders, supporters or those who managed and cared for them. indeed the jews of soko\u0142ka felt themselves better in comparison with other communities because the town was a regional capital and had a reputation as a place of culture and learning, of local government whose hand was spread over towns and villages and whose concern were good management and governance. but in so far as academic literature is concerned and zionism, almost no trace is found, even though there were educated and intelligent jews, mixed into the less - cultured population, who maintained contact with the authorities and central state institutions. rabbis and the rabbinate in soko\u0142ka | shared rabbis of soko\u0142ka and its suburbs. - degree of influence exercised by the rabbis. - the large number of rabbis in soko\u0142ka. - rabbi mankes while poland rebelled. - rabbi shraga - fei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4332622183428283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.454982"} {"text": "of his family, he relates that during his early years he was a rabbi in soko\u0142ka. at the time of the polish rebellion, the last polish rebellion against russia was in 1862. his family was among the known families in bia\u0142ystok. among the grave - stones in bia\u0142ystok graveyard are those of rabbis serving different towns. one is the grave of rabbi shraga - feivel sarna, who officiated as rabbi in many towns : sienno, popolda *, ostrow, horodoc and also soko\u0142ka, without identifying which years. he was born 1826 and died 1892. he published new interpretations of the torah in magazine columns and gave his approval to some authors. in a foreword to or matok ( sweet light ), by rabbi yisrael benjamin lavi, he mentions :. shraga - feivel of soko\u0142ka and sienno and now a rabbi in horodoc. there are those who claim he was known as a miracle worker and people would come from afar to be blessed by him. bia\u0142ystok supplied many rabbis to different communities including soko\u0142ka. the rabbi tsvi - hirsch, the son of the baker rabbi shalom from the neighborhood of haneikas * in bia\u0142ystok, was a rabbi in several towns : bia\u0142ystok, korczew *, mscis\u0142aw, ( district of mohilow ) and soko\u0142ka, author of binyan shalom ( vilna 1892 ) and tosephet shabbat ( warsaw 1881 ). it is not known when he served in soko\u0142ka. the most beloved rabbi who served in soko\u0142ka was rabbi yossele, student of the gaon, rabbi duvid ' l from mir and close friend of the noted gaon, rabbi yitzhak elhanan spector of kovno, who during his life won for himself a significant reputation for his learning and died around 1920. he owned an impressive and praiseworthy library. he served in several towns : forstaadt ( grodno ), bereza kartuska, byten, soko\u0142ka and lastly zab\u0142udow, and many came to him from far and near on frequent occasions for advice on matters. in all the places in which he served, he was listened to with awed righteousness. both jews and christians knew of many legends concerning him and would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37807002661599476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.456640"} {"text": "at 61 on 17 nissan, 1900 in bia\u0142ystok where he rests in honor. rabbi shmuel stavrowski officiated as rabbi outside his town. he was a great scholar but declined to use his knowledge of the torah. he turned to business, banking and trade and was considered one of the great traders in the area and treated with great respect. in old age, he became the rabbi of mscis\u0142aw near volkovysk. he was born in sidra but lived in soko\u0142ka a great many years and was thought to have been born there. the last rabbi of soko\u0142ka was rabbi yitzhak schuster. in his youth he studied at the bia\u0142ystok yeshiva where he earned the reputation of having a phenomenal memory. he knew several of the sections of the mishna by heart. he was the son - in - law of rabbi nachum greenhaus ( 1865 - 1906 ), the rabbi from troki, near vilna. he was a member of hovevei zion from his youth and was influenced by the views of the two rabbis rishon le - zion rabbi tsvi kalischer and rabbi eliyahu guttmacher of grodziec. he considered, like them, that it was necessary to work for the settlement of the land of israel and that the redemption would come about naturally. he was active as a religious zionist and among the founders of the mizrachi movement, and together with rabbi y. reines of lydda became a head of that movement. he was invited to become rabbi in many places but his heart was in soko\u0142ka. rabbi meyer, the rabbi of korelitz, the brother - in - law of rabbi greenhaus, traveled many times to soko\u0142ka and debated with the community council, eventually coming to an agreement with them and rabbi schuster moved there in 1907. he was at the same time a great rabbi but also an extremely active one. he instructed and ordained many talented prodigies, was active in agudat yisrael, took part in various congresses and committees and his influence on the town and its surroundings was considerable. there was no public matter that was not brought to him for consideration and he willingly responded to all who came. for more than forty years he sat on the rabbanut of soko\u0142ka. he perished at the hands of the nazis. the population of soko\u0142ka, the town and the surroundings | population census in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3896532847903644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.458722"} {"text": "responded to all who came. for more than forty years he sat on the rabbanut of soko\u0142ka. he perished at the hands of the nazis. the population of soko\u0142ka, the town and the surroundings | population census in soko\u0142ka. - the census in the years 1867 1878. - state of the town in the 1897 census. - the soko\u0142ka region and its boundaries. - a country of hills, sand and clay, between the rivers neman and vistula. - a mixture of peoples. - 10 synagogues and 18 prayer - halls in the region. - 611 settlements in the region, a road - junction on the rail - road. - an old synagogue. - soko\u0142ka offers help to the jews of grodno. - the inclination to haskala among the jews of soko\u0142ka. | we know something of the number of jews in soko\u0142ka at the time of the division of poland because at that time there were censuses taken from time to time. the russians didn ' t carry them out because they were not certain of their victory over the poles and they were not able to persuade the rebels to do so. after the final rebellion of the poles in 1867, there were 458 houses ( 14 built of stone ) and 3814 residents, 10 synagogues and four jewish prayer houses ( of which 3 were stone built ), 8 wood stores and 6 shops ( 3 of them stone ), a post office and a telegraph office, a rail - road station, school and 153 artisans. the city income in 1869 was 3, 646 roubles. there was little trade and what there was, was very small. in 1878 there were 17 stone houses in soko\u0142ka and 450 wooden homes, 3431 residents of whom 411 were pravoslavs, 1433 catholics, 18 evangelists, 1543 jews and 26 moslems. according to the census of 1897 in the county of soko\u0142ka there were more than 110, 000 residents, of whom 13, 500 were jews. the number includes the 8, 000 residents of soko\u0142ka itself, of whom 2, 848 were jews. the region of soko\u0142ka was bounded on the north - west by the district of suwa\u0142ki, in the east by grodno, in the south - east by bia\u0142ystok and according to the count made by captain strilbitzki soko\u0142ka spread over an area of 26", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41327866213261233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.460679"} {"text": "the district of suwa\u0142ki, in the east by grodno, in the south - east by bia\u0142ystok and according to the count made by captain strilbitzki soko\u0142ka spread over an area of 26 - 47 square miles. the area was hilly. the hills which were rectangular in the center of the area created the water - shed between the neman and the vistula. they didn ' t reach a great height above the surrounding countryside. the highest point was behind the village of kostinitz and reached 777 feet, and in soko\u0142ka itself 765 feet above sea - level. most of the ground was sand or mixed sand and clay while in the valleys loose black earth into which one sank slightly. the western area of the county was mainly sediment from the vistula and the smaller eastern part, from the neman. beyond that the important streams belonged to the vistula drainage area, and they are the bobr, the suprasl and the soko\u0142da which flows through soko\u0142ka itself. generally the rivers are not navigable or sailable. what few lakes there are, are quite small. those that are in the vicinity of soko\u0142ka flow into the soko\u0142da. there is much marshland throughout the county, especially in the valley of the soko\u0142da. forests were not plentiful in the area. in 1877 there were 47, 361 trees, that is to say 20. 1 % of the total area. in 1869 there were 56, 000 20 %. the trees were mainly oak, firs, terebinth, pine and poplars. according to the details from 1878 the number of residents in the region, together with soko\u0142ka and the other towns, reached 85, 672, while without including the towns the number was 70, 842 souls. among them are numbered 265 nobles, 10 praboslav priests, 4 catholics, 2 moslems, 4 traders, 2474 artisans, 57, 532 tenant farmers on government land, 446 settlers, 6884 farm owners, 113 military personnel, 3213 soldiers on leave, unemployed and others, 52 foreigners and 54 of miscellaneous status. according to religions the number of residents in the county that same year ( excluding soko\u0142ka and the towns ), reached 18, 515 praboslavs, 50, 351 catholics, 8 evangelists, 1, 603 jews and 365 moslems. in 1879 there were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41721858017874003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.463276"} {"text": "the county that same year ( excluding soko\u0142ka and the towns ), reached 18, 515 praboslavs, 50, 351 catholics, 8 evangelists, 1, 603 jews and 365 moslems. in 1879 there were 10 synagogues ( 2 of them stone ), 18 prayer - halls ( 5 of stone ), 15 praboslav churches, 12 catholic churches and one mosque. the poles constituted the major segment of the population ( 48, 000 ), followed by the lithuanians ( 7, 000 ), greater russians ( 4, 000 ). there were 611 populated places in the county, and of them were 9 towns ( dabrowa, janow, korycin, kuznica, nowy dwor, odelsk, sidra, wasilkow and sucha wola ), 350 farms and villages and 252 small settlements. of these places, in 292 dwelt less than 25 people, in 114 of them between 25 - 50, in 118 from 51 - 100, in 83 between 101 - 500 and only in four of them were there more than 500 souls. their main means of support was agriculture and the farming and processing of flax ; they sowed cereals, oats and barley. sheep - farming was well developed. in 1878 there were 41 factories employing 265 workers, of which : 7 factories engaged in wool - weaving ( 122 employees ), 3 spinning - mills ( 56 workers ), 2 wineries ( 11 workers ), 10 breweries ( 26 workers ), a saw - mill ( 6 workers ), 10 furriers ( 25 workers ), 5 bleaching factories ( 11 workers ) and 3 tile factories ( 3 workers ). from an administrative point, we will divide the region into three provinces and 13 communities. the provincial offices were located in kosienice, sucha wola and wasilkow. the communities ( or rural districts ), belonging to kosienice were : kruhlany, makowlany, gazhivinia and kaimynai ; and to sucha wola : the villages bagna, trofimowka, ostra gora, nowa wola and romanowka ; and wasilkow : the villages czarnaweis, ostrow, kamenyuki, and zborzhitza. concerning transportation the rail - road warsaw - st petersburg crosses the soko\u0142ka region from the south west to the south east serving the stations czarnawei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40207336450396364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.464218"} {"text": "rabbi of grodno. - the hassidim of amdur in soko\u0142ka. - soko\u0142ka. - transfer of the disciples of the gaon of vilna rabbi eliyahu ben shlomo zlman, and his opponents. | before the outbreak of world war ii which brought the holocaust to poland and lithuania, there dwelt in soko\u0142ka two branches of the hassidim each with their respective shtiebel that of karlin in the schulhof and the other koczak. it is likely that there were other prayer - houses belonging to the dynasties of other hassidim, especially in lithuania ; amdur and scharshuv *, s\u0142onim and kobrin, these, together with zionist reinforcements weakened the hassidim. the youth rushed to the zionist societies and only a few remained faithful to the hassidic movement, which at that time was a fighting movement in soko\u0142ka. however, there were times when all the communities in lithuania, soko\u0142ka and the surroundings as well, were well - springs of contention regarding hassidism. there were those who insulted hassidism, while others praised it. the war between hassidism and mitnagdim broke out half - way through the 18th century among the jewish population of lithuania, between pinsk the senior and its sister - city karlin. acts in this stormy drama which were enacted in the pinsk - karlin region reached grodno - amdur ( or indorra ), about nine miles from soko\u0142ka and was the headquarters of the hassid rabbi haim - chaikel and his disciples. pinsk and karlin were situated, for the purpose of this discussion, on the borders of two different centers : the popular vohlyn, center of the post - ba ' al shem tov era and the home of the maggid of mezeritsch, rabbi dov ber, and the academic lithuania the mitnagdim of the gaon, rabbi eliyahu molina. these two monoliths clashed, and fought for survival. pinsk and karlin divided between themselves these worlds and karlin was the first bridge - head for the hassidim in lithuania. after the appearance of the maggid of mezeritsch a new light shone on karlin and pinsk the light of hassidism. in the early days of hassidism a new star arose in karl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4038117286659488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.466398"} {"text": "- keeping the old life - style. - day - to - day life for generations. - the end of nazism. | in the diaries and memoirs of tourists and scholars they mention in passing the life of jews in the small villages and towns spread across russia and poland and opinions are divided ; there are those who see them in a positive light and those in which one can discern the face of anti - semitism. the books tell of the life of the jews in isolated towns in poland. soko\u0142ka wasn ' t mentioned by name or even by inference. a few years ago, soko\u0142ka was recalled in a monograph by michael cohen about the towns in the region of grodno that were destroyed. we get an idea from this of jewish life in soko\u0142ka which was similar to jewish life in all the towns spread across lithuania, and the remains that one feels the writer succeeded in wresting from their records. of soko\u0142ka he recorded : in my youth before i left my homeland to immigrate to argentina, i chanced to visit now and again, a few towns in the region of grodno, like odelsk, dabrowa, zlodowa, lunna, soko\u0142ka, skidal, kuznica and krynki. i visited soko\u0142ka more often, and there i saw in almost every jewish home a bookcase in the center of the home from which a set of gemarot sparkling in gold lettering in many houses i found shelves of books in hebrew and yiddish and foreign languages on topics not connected with faith and tradition but subjects on literature and science. there were even a few houses that had shelves next to the gemarot with columns that gave to the house a sense of being a small beit midrash. when i opened a jewish door, even in the meanest lane or alley, close by was a synagogue, or occasionally a mikva, where the artisans, tailors, and cobblers would congregate, the light would illuminate portraits on the walls of moshe and aaron, of moshe rabbenu, his face radiating light, with the tablets of the law in his left hand and the staff with which he parted the red sea in the right ; and aaron the priest with the urim and thummim on his chest and the holy incense pan with the incense smoke arising from it. and close - by both of them was a picture of the gaon of vilna, sitting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4231222301646392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.473350"} {"text": "; and aaron the priest with the urim and thummim on his chest and the holy incense pan with the incense smoke arising from it. and close - by both of them was a picture of the gaon of vilna, sitting wrapped in his tallit and tefillin : in his left hand he holds a book and in his right a goose - feather with which he writes on vellum. in other homes of jews there was on the walls one large picture with the 39 greatest jewish geonim grouped round a central picture of the rambam. one could also see other, historical pictures the miracle of hanukkah, in which mattityahu the high priest pours holy olive oil from a jug that was closed and sealed into the cups of the hannukiah, and standing around him the hasmoneans with their spears in their hands.. or a picture of ahasuerus and esther ; or a picture depicting the inquisition in spain with a jew being burned at the auto - da - fe. it was also possible to see in many jewish homes the picture of moses montefiore dressed in his noble attire. these pictures, so well - known in israel, like date - palms in the desert were seen on the walls of jewish houses in the towns of lithuania, grodno region, in which during the entire year from erev passover to erev passover, the hannukiah was used by spiders to spin their webs and the atmosphere was filled with melancholy, gloomy and depressing as if with dark clouds, until every wall seemed nothing more than a memorial to the destruction ;.. the shining jewish eye that saw around it in russia oppression of israel, the whip of the task - master, decrees, distress and poverty awakened to the vision of these pictures and a return to a time of pleasantness and hope from looking at the pictures of our great jewish past. jewish children already in their young years absorbed the holy light from looking at the pictures together with jewish sorrow and with jewish awareness, and the seeds of hope and the end of days were sown in the heart of the young generation and carried all the days of their lives until old age and what is the reason that all these towns in the region of grodno brought forth such a large number of scholars, intellectuals, writers, poets, artists, men of science and yeshiva students, masters of torah and culture. and on the other hand there were so many pioneers men and women who went through the period", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4588312789051879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.474442"} {"text": "- \u014210, 000. among them was a farmer whose livelihood was working the land and whose hope was palestine ; he actually lost hundreds of roubles in the purchasing of the land. the societies were involved in education and culture as well. hebrew papers were distributed in the town : ha - tsfira ( the siren ) 15 copies, ha - zman ( the times vilna ) 2, ha - shaliach ( the delegate ) 1, roszbit 4. also distributed were the poster kadima ( forwards ) in two languages and the magazine koffika - bibilioteque ( the penny library ). apart from the books and magazines also included was important information and propaganda on the zionist heritage. the circulars were printed in hebrew and yiddish and read in the societies and sometimes exhibited on the notice - boards of the synagogue. verbal propaganda was propagated in speeches and lectures, among them popular speakers and maggidim talented expositors who traveled from town to town, exciting the audiences and society founders. the russian revolution of 1905 and the reaction that followed it caused many changes in the lives of the lithuanian jews. apart from the repression of the zionist movement, the state ' s regime adversely affected the already lowered economic situation. the massive emigration to the united states emptied the towns, especially of their younger generations. after the revolutionary year, many began to return to the zionist organizations. many of them reorganized themselves under the name young zionists and began to dissociate themselves from the general zionist organization. in the regional zionist congress that was convened by the county committee druskienniki in the county of smorgon and coded wedding ( council ), 23 delegates took part coming from 11 towns : grodno, bia\u0142ystok, bresk, slonim, soko\u0142ka, skidal, lunna, wo\u0142kowysk, horodok, bielsk and druskienniki. at the zionist conference that took place in the vilna area in 1900, ya ' acov goldstein and shimshon katznelbergen represented soko\u0142ka. the society of zionist youth of soko\u0142ka printed their correspondence as the society of zionist youth in soko\u0142ka with a magen david centrally placed. the usual signatories of the letters were yisroel lipczer, or tsvi kobalski or tsvi judowski, the address of the society was m. warmann in 1909, a considerable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4447361329457414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.477530"} {"text": "magen david centrally placed. the usual signatories of the letters were yisroel lipczer, or tsvi kobalski or tsvi judowski, the address of the society was m. warmann in 1909, a considerable sum of money was collected in soko\u0142ka for the jewish national fund. the zionists would make a collection between 8 - 10 times a year in one of the houses of a society member. there was an attempt to open a public meeting - room and representations were made to the minister of the county for permission. as is known after the bloody year of 1905, the czarist government agreed to invite the people ' s choice to the duma. the jews of soko\u0142ka took part in the elections for four of the dumas. the active zionist, ya ' acov goldstein was elected to the first, to the second, dr. blumenfeld and mr. h. y. epstein ( arthur dukes ), to the third dr. blumenfeld and to the fourth eliezer ushkawitz ( orthodox ). the pedagogical courses that were founded in grodno as preparation for qualified teachers to give instruction in hebrew and general studies were intended to give expression to the official target of the society for spreading education who had founded the courses financed by the jewish colonization association. in practice, the courses strove to educate the already hebrew - cultured teacher, and teach him tradition in the spirit of the national ideals of our people as demanded of the movement to revival of the generation. the russian educational bodies in grodno the county capital recognized the value of the courses and even respected kahanstam, the noted educationalist, but difficulties arose concerning the arrangement for the examinations of the candidates. with the help of the spreaders of education successful arrangements were made for the candidates on a permanent basis in soko\u0142ka not far from grodno where, next to the russian school was housed the examining council for the teacher ' s degree. the governing teachers ' bodies also helped by making some concessions to the candidates : they took into account the lessons given by the candidates during their courses, they shortened the course by a few subjects, etc. nearly all those who finished the course passed the official examinations and received their degrees officially as teachers. nevertheless, in spite of it all, the incident was not over : because the courses gave only an unofficial final - certificate, it was decided to emphasize the hebrew aspect and the certificates for the second course were printed in two languages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4278223870426144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.479442"} {"text": "degrees officially as teachers. nevertheless, in spite of it all, the incident was not over : because the courses gave only an unofficial final - certificate, it was decided to emphasize the hebrew aspect and the certificates for the second course were printed in two languages russian and hebrew. when such a certificate arrived at odessa, a new charge arose by what authority was hebrew printed next to the russian? co - incidentally, they remembered in the ministry the old sin of the granting of certification for the first course with the royal russian eagle emblem on it as if it were fully official and genuine. the ministry ordered the courses to atone for the crime, to collect from all the participants the certificates and to deposit them with the local direktiron and for those teachers to be required to undergo government examination as normal. kahanstam, the course director was also required to take the examination and the tests were carried out in soko\u0142ka. all of them passed the examination and returned to school. it was possible to accept just three students each year for the courses. the students signed an agreement to teach for a number of years in the school but in fact almost all of them became teachers for their entire lives. they founded for themselves an association for mutual help etc. the members assisted each other both materially and spiritually. from the material point of view the courses were quite difficult with exhausting work day and night. for all that, their quarters were filled with a contented atmosphere ; their years of study in their eyes the happiest years of their lives. they felt they were participating of a lofty creation for themselves and for the people. the jews of soko\u0142ka perceived the courses as if they took place in soko\u0142ka. the odelsk community | odelsk - odzilisk in polish. - town established in 16th century. - the epigram organized like odelsk. - the jewish community grew slowly : jewish folklore in odelsk, synagogue from the 17th century. - christian criticism on lack of guard for the synagogue. - the town attached to the soko\u0142ka region triple population in town. - rabbi mordecai arieh - leib in odelsk | in dictionaries and maps the town is listed as odzilisk, a town on the banks of the river od\u0142a. it was founded in the first half of the 16th century by queen bona granting the town rights of trade and taxes. early on it belonged to the county of tr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4647585896918484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.480488"} {"text": "lithuania by russia, odelsk was administratively attached to the county of soko\u0142ka. in 1886 there were 1346 souls ( 657 men, 689 women ), and in that number were included 6 pravoslavs, 1242 catholics, 98 jews. there was a jewish school in town. all 274 of the town ' s homes were built of wood. when counted in 1897 there were 234 jews in town 16 % of the general population. because of poverty, the local jewish population could not afford to maintain a rabbi of their own all the time, and they needed rabbis from the surrounding area. it was only when the community began to grow that they began to acquire for themselves religious articles. the names of the rabbis who served the community before 1904 are not known. that was the year that rabbi mordecai arieh - lev was installed with rabbi avraham - tsvi as deputy. he was born in 1880 in kleszczele. a number of jews survived the nazi holocaust and some of them are in israel. jewishgen, inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of the translation. the reader may wish to refer to the original material jewishgen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and / or omissions. our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited. soko\u0142ka, poland yizkor book project jewishgen home page copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2013 by jewishgen, inc. updated 3 nov 2012 by la", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42335555790046153, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.482104"} {"text": "tips on how to eat better and feel better eating better food is one of the best ways to feel better immediately, however it can also be a great way for people that have kidney stones to deal with them. in this post you will find several tips on how to eat better and feel better that you can start implement today. the word nutrition often brings images to mind images of mealy salads with slimy dressing. eating healthy does not have to be negative. simply learning about nutrition can actually open you up to a world of food choices. these suggestions will help you understand how food can help you in nutrition. people need to realize that highly milled grains are not as nutritious as their natural counterparts. milled grains are convenient, but getting rid of the grain \u2019 s husk also gets rid of most of its nutritional value. does it make sense to do this and then buy wheat germ or fiber additives to restore the benefits of the natural whole grain? well, it actually seems kind of silly. never use an entire egg when making any type of breakfast dish, instead just use the whites. egg whites have all the vitamins and minerals, but much less cholesterol than yolks. two egg whites are enough to replace one whole egg. eating healthier foods does not mean that you can eat larger quantities of these foods. you always need to pay attention to your portion sizes. eating more will only lead to added calories. you will not want to assume that what you are eating is good for you. many seven - grain breads are a type of false advertising. they don \u2019 t actually contain even one whole grain. be sure to review the ingredients list, and not depend on the lure of the attractive packaging. replace half the amount of sugary drinks you consume each day with plain water or tea. sugared drinks are easily accessible and very tempting, so it is easy to let your consumption of them get out of hand. having a sense of how many unhealthy sugared drinks you are consuming is the first step to changing your habits. buy fruit juices if you \u2019 re not into preparing raw vegetables and fruits. drinking fresh juice will provide you with an excellent source of nutrients you need without having to go through the trouble of preparing the veggies and fruits. try sipping juice through a straw to protect your teeth. it is important to eat protein on a daily basis. proteins are important to maintain and build muscles, blood, skin and organs. proteins also enable cellular processes and metabolic generation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4248303921761313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.489355"} {"text": "education : k - 6 science / technology / engineering / art / math janet ' s planet : the launchpad for tomorrow ' s scientists and space explorers! by focusing on science, technology, engineering, art and math, janet ' s planet travels at the \" speed of thought \" and is designed to fuel s. t. e. a. m. ( science, technology, engineering, art and mathematics ) potential in elementary school age kids. already viewable on more than 144 public television stations nationwide, janet ivey of janet ' s planet is excited to tour her introduction to the wonders of the galaxy in performing arts centers and elementary schools across the country! janet is ready to present two educational live shows that promote s. t. e. a. m. curriculum : \" tour through our solar system \" for k - 3, and \" exploring microgravity \" for grades 3 - 6. each performance features an interactive presentation that engages and challenges students ; each teacher is provided with lesson plans designed to integrate with common core standards, based on a curriculum endorsed by nasa and space florida. book janet ' s planet in your performing arts center or local schools this year and get ready for an out of this world, galactic, imaginative learning adventure! whether today ' s students go on to be artists, doctors or politicians, we know that the challenges their generation faces will demand creative solutions. we should fully expect that, in the coming decades, many of our best leaders will come from a combination of science and art! janet ' s planet is encouraging innovation in students worldwide. - 2013 regional emmy - children ' s programs - janet ' s planet - 2012 regional emmy - children ' s programs - janet ' s planet - 2011 gracie - outstanding children / adolescent non - animated program - \" janet ' s planet health interstitials \" - 2011 regional emmy - \" janet ' s planet health interstitials \" - 2010 gracie - outstanding children / adolescent non - animated program - \" exploring microgravity \" - 2010 emmy - informational / instructional series - \" janet ' s planet health interstitials \" - 2010 emmy - informational / instructional special program - \" exploring microgravity \" - 2009 gracie - outstanding children ' s / adolescent program - 2009 emmy - informational and instructional program - 2008 regional emmy - informational and instructional program - 2006 regional emmy - children ' s programs program - 2005 emmy - children ' s educational program - 2005 emmy - children ' s entertainment program - 2003 emmy - children ' s educational program - 2011 nashville scene ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4995793744271679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.494469"} {"text": "emmy - informational and instructional program - 2006 regional emmy - children ' s programs program - 2005 emmy - children ' s educational program - 2005 emmy - children ' s entertainment program - 2003 emmy - children ' s educational program - 2011 nashville scene ' s best of nashville - best children ' s tv host - 2011 stemflorida, inc. - best stem informational video targeting engagement in a challenged target industry cluster - janet ' s planet / space florida, inc. exploring microgravity video - 2010 the nashville business journal - one of 30 women of influence ( recognized in the inspiration and mentor category ) - 2010 buzz aldrin ' s sharescience foundation - sharescience education ambassador - 2010 nashville lifestyles magazine - nashville ' s 25 most beautiful people - 2010 parenting journals editor ' s choice award - parenting website www. janetsplanet. com captivating video really kept the students attention and interest! interactive presentation was a nice technique to keep students engaged. creative integration of solar system via learning about creating a super computer by highlighting the resources found throughout space. teacher, roosevelt elementary school - kenosha, wi absolute fantastic mix of media and live presentation - transitions smooth - informational content detailed and video graphics made you feel like you were actually there! good audience participation - connected well with janet and humorous crew. - gold star presentation! nasa watchout! fascinating! teacher, all saints catholic school - kenosha, wi great interaction! kids enjoyed the tecnology! perfect in length! teacher, all saints catholic school - kenosha, wi what a grand journey you will take on janet ' s planet! studying our solar system and the galaxy are the oldest and most ennobling of human activities. janet ' s methods of presentation using unique verbal, visual, and even musical cognitive techniques will create an excitement among young viewers. it is nice to see an educational endeavor that makes learning about our amazing universe so much fun! dr. billy hix, professor of social science and education, motlow college ( nasa faculty fellow ) leave it to our friends at nashville public tv to find something great! ruby calvert, general manager, wyoming pbs a copy of this should be in every elementary and middle school in the country. a great addition to any teacher \u2019 s space science curriculum! j. w., 1st grade teacher want to know more? don ' t hesitate to contact the jra fine arts team to learn more about this artist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44129564917343844, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.495545"} {"text": "about kanji radicals in keeping with the custom of english - language sino - japanese character dictionaries this \u90e8 is titled \" radical index. \" users should however bear in mind that the term \u90e8 does not mean \" radical. \" rather, it refers to headers employed in classifying chinese characters. one unfortunate consequence of the use of the word \" radical \" is the misunderstanding that the radical according to which a character is classified must have a \" root \" connection with the character itself. as it happens, though, the classifying scheme used in traditional sino - japanese character dictionaries demands that all characters be assigned to one of 214 \u90e8, a number insufficient to cover all exigencies. the result is that we find scores of characters classified under radicals with which they have no etymological connection. for example, the character \u4e00 ( one ) has nothing to do with either the formation nor the meaning of the character ( ten thousand ), though is listed under the radical \u4e00. in the same manner, \u4e8c ( two ) is unrelated to \u5341 ( ten ) to \u53e3 ( mouth ) to and so on. it is simply that etc. had to be classified under one of the 214 available choices, and were assigned to their \u90e8 on the basis of graphic similarity that is purely coincidental. so don ' t be perplexed when you find assigned to the \u90e8 \u65e5 or other instances where the \u90e8 has no role in the etymology. one more anomaly regarding classifiers may be observed in a handful of phonetic compound characters in which, for reasons obscure, the sound note doubles as the classifier. ( the normative pattern for phonetic compounds is classifier + sound note ). examples include japanese names of the radicals are given in hiragana. \u3078\u3093 refers to the position at the left of a compound character. the name of a radical is not followed by \u3078\u3093 ( or \u3078\u3093 ) when the radical appears in a position other than at the left. \" non - oucs \" refers to characters other than the 1, 945 included on japan ' s official use character list. return to top | return to previous page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5362627369933624, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.498912"} {"text": "p technology used in various military and nasa flight programs ) and the singer - kearfott skc - 2000 ( then a candidate for the b - 1a program ). both of these machines were judged to require extensive modification before being considered adequate. to understand the configuration and makeup of the space shuttle avionics system, it is necessary to understand the technological environment of the early seventies. in the approximately 16 years since the inception of the system, computers and the associated technology have undergone four generations of change. if the system designers were operating in today ' s environment, a much different set of design choices and options would be available and, quite possibly, a different configuration would have resulted. this section is intended to familiarize the reader with the designer ' s world during the formative stages of the system, with the technology available, and with the pressure of factors other than technology which influenced the result. although the state of technology was a major factor ( and limitation ) in the design of the avionics system, the effect of other factors was also significant. these include influences arising from traditional, conservative attitudes, as well as those associated with the environment in which the system was to operate. in any development program, a new approach or technique is correctly perceived to have unknown risks with potential cost and schedule implications and is to be avoided whenever possible. in addition, the designers, the flightcrew, and other operational users of the system often have a mindset, established in a previous program or experience, which results in a bias against new or different, \" unconventional \" approaches. finally, the environment in which the system is to function must be considered. for instance, a new technique proposed for a system may not be viable if it requires a major change in the associated ground support complex. in the following paragraphs, a number of subsystem or functional areas are examined in the context of one or more of these factors. in the early seventies, only two avionics computers under development were considered potentially capable of performing the space shuttle task. these were the ibm ap - 101 ( a derivative of the 4 no suitable off - the - shelf microcomputers were then available ( no z80 ' s, 8086 ' s, 68000 ' s, etc. ). large - scale integrated - circuit technology was emerging but not considered mature enough for space shuttle use. very little was known about the effects of lightning or radiation on high - density solid - state circuitry. core memory was the only reasonably available choice for the space shuttle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5377092595912408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.507452"} {"text": "scale integrated - circuit technology was emerging but not considered mature enough for space shuttle use. very little was known about the effects of lightning or radiation on high - density solid - state circuitry. core memory was the only reasonably available choice for the space shuttle orbiter computers ; therefore, the memory size was limited by power, weight, and heat constraints. data bus technology for real - time avionics systems was emerging but could not be considered operational. the u. s. air force ( usaf ) was developing mil - std - 1553, the data bus standard, but it would not become official until 1975. all previous systems had used bundles of wires, each dedicated to a single signal or function. the use of tape units for software program mass storage in a dynamic environment was limited and suspect, especially for program overlays while in flight. software design methodology was evolving rapidly with the emerging use of top - down, structured techniques. no high - order language tailored for aerospace applications existed, although nasa was in the process of developing a high - order software language for shuttle ( hal / s ), which subsequently become the space shuttle standard. in all manned space programs preceding the space shuttle ( mercury, gemini, and apollo ), fly - by - wire control systems were used for vehicle attitude and translation control. although digital autopilots were developed for apollo spacecraft, analog control systems were also included and considered necessary for backup. aircraft flight control technology, however, had not advanced beyond the use of mechanical systems, augmented with hydraulic boost on large airplanes. most aircraft applications of electronics in the flight control system used limited - authority analog stability - augmentation devices to improve aerodynamic handling qualities. autopilots were also analog devices and also given limited authority. neither the stability - augmentation function nor the autopilot was considered critical for safe flight when implemented in these configurations. the flight control hardware and subsystems were kept functionally and electrically separate from other electronic systems to the extent possible. sophisticated guidance and navigation schemes and algorithms had been developed and used in the apollo program ; therefore, the technology base appeared adequate for the space shuttle in these disciplines. although a new guidance and navigation challenge was posed by the entry through landing phase, no state - of - the - art advances were deemed necessary. the pilot input devices in general use for aircraft control were a stick or a yoke / wheel for roll and pitch, and rudder pedals for yaw. when hydraulic boost was used, elaborate sensing devices were included to provide the correct feedback to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5276242858175625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.508658"} {"text": ". the pilot input devices in general use for aircraft control were a stick or a yoke / wheel for roll and pitch, and rudder pedals for yaw. when hydraulic boost was used, elaborate sensing devices were included to provide the correct feedback to the pilot. hand controllers without feedback and with only electrical outputs had been used in previous manned space programs ; however, the application did not involve aerodynamic flight. switches, pushbuttons, and other input devices were typically hardwired to the function, the box, or the subsystem that required the input. displays were also hardwired, were generally mechanical, and were dedicated to the function served. off - the - shelf horizontal and vertical situation displays, although electronically driven, utilized a mechanical presentation. electronic attitude and directional indicator ( eadi ) technology was emerging but not in common use. heads - up displays ( hud ' s ) were also just emerging. the concept of multifunctional displays was immature and had never been used in an aerospace application. many of the display and control design issues associated with management of a redundant system had never been addressed. a very capable s - band communications system had been developed for use on the apollo program ; however, it could not serve the data rate, link margins, and coverage requirements forecast for space shuttle operations and experiment support. the nasa had led research in digital voice and sophisticated encoding and decoding techniques, but these had never been proven in an operational system. solid - state radiofrequency ( rf ) amplifiers capable of power output sufficient for skin - tracking radar were emerging but also not proven. the federal aviation administration ( faa ) was considering an upgrade of the instrument landing system ( ils ) to one using microwave scanning beam techniques capable of meeting orbiter landing performance requirements, but no realistic conversion schedule existed. the use of redundant systems to enable operation in the face of failures was common in both aircraft and space applications ; however, all previous approaches used primary / backup, active / standby techniques which relied on manual recognition of faults and crew - initiated switchover to the alternate or backup system. very little was known about the use and management of multiple sensors or other input devices and even less about multiple output devices such as hydraulic actuators. no aerospace project had even contemplated the automation of failure detection and recovery for large systems such as the reaction control system ( rcs ). the rcs required complex assessments of large numbers of temperature and pressure sensors, correlation with vehicle dynamic response to digital autopilot commands, and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5328225002663748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.509961"} {"text": "national cocoa day cuckoo for cocoa? december 12 is national cocoa day! the weather outside may be frightful, but cozying up with a mug of hot cocoa can make the day more delightful. the mayans are first credited with cultivating the cacao bean to brew xocoatl, an unsweetened version of modern - day hot chocolate. much later in the 17th century, spanish doctor antonio colmenero de ledesma published the first recipe as an elixir, adding different spices to treat a number of ailments. even president george washington washed down his breakfast of cornmeal hoe cakes with a cup of hot chocolate. even though \" hot chocolate \" and \" hot cocoa \" are often used interchangeably, purists stress that there is a difference. hot chocolate is made from mixing heated water or milk with melted chocolate pieces, while hot cocoa is made from cocoa powder and warmed water or milk. in 1828, dutch chemist coenraad van houten patented his process of extracting some of the cocoa butter from the beans, leaving behind a cocoa powder with a reduced fat content. he added alkaline salts to the cocoa powder so that it would dissolve more easily with liquid. the final product is \" dutch - process \" or \" dutched \" cocoa power. an added advantage to having a naturally lower fat cocoa powder is that you can pile on the marshmallows and whipped cream! copyright 2012 by cnn newsource. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4233100588153784, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.512115"} {"text": "university of utah physicists invented a new \" spintronic \" organic light - emitting diode or oled that promises to be brighter, cheaper and more environmentally friendly than the kinds of leds now used in television and computer displays, lighting, traffic lights and numerous electronic devices. \" it ' s a completely different technology, \" says z. valy vardeny, university of utah distinguished professor of physics and senior author of a study of the new oleds in the july 13, 2012 issue of the journal science. \" these new organic leds can be brighter than regular organic leds. \" the utah physicists made a prototype of the new kind of led \u2013 known technically as a spin - polarized organic led or spin oled \u2013 that produces an orange color. but vardeny expects it will be possible within two years to use the new technology to produce red and blue as well, and he eventually expects to make white spin oleds. however, it could be five years before the new leds hit the market because right now, they operate at temperatures no warmer than about minus 28 degrees fahrenheit, and must be improved so they can run at room temperature, vardeny adds. vardeny developed the new kind of led with tho d. nguyen, a research assistant professor of physics and first author of the study, and eitan ehrenfreund, a physicist at the technion - israel institute of technology in haifa. the study was funded by the u. s. national science foundation, the u. s. department of energy, the israel science foundation and u. s. - israel binational science foundation. the research was part of the university of utah ' s new materials research science and engineering center, funded by the national science foundation and the utah science technology and research initiative. the evolution of leds and oleds the original kind of leds, introduced in the early 1960s, used a conventional semiconductor to generate colored light. newer organic leds or oleds \u2013 with an organic polymer or \" plastic \" semiconductor to generate light \u2013 have become increasingly common in the last decade, particularly for displays in mp3 music players, cellular phones and digital cameras. oleds also are expected to be used increasingly for room lighting. big - screen tvs with existing oleds will hit the market later this year. the new kind of oled invented by the utah physicists also uses an organic semiconductor, but isn ' t simply an electronic device that stores information based on the electrical charges of electrons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5875401021082206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.522384"} {"text": "or antiparallel. two advances make new kind of organic leds possible in the new study, the physicists report two crucial advances in the materials used to create \" bipolar \" organic spin valves that allow the new spin oled to generate light, rather than just regulate electrical current. previous organic spin valves could only adjust the flow of electrical current through the valves. the first big advance was the use deuterium instead of normal hydrogen in the organic layer of the spin valve. deuterium is \" heavy hydrogen \" or a hydrogen atom with a neutron added to regular hydrogen ' s proton and electron. vardeny says the use of deuterium made the production of light by the new spin oled more efficient. the second advance was the use of an extremely thin layer of lithium fluoride deposited on the cobalt electrode. this layer allows negatively charged electrons to be injected through one side of the spin valve at the same time as positively charged electron holes are injected through the opposite side. that makes the spin valve \" bipolar, \" unlike older spin valves, into which only holes could be injected. it is the ability to inject electrons and holes at the same time that allows light to be generated. when an electron combines with a hole, the two cancel each other out and energy is released in the form of light. \" when they meet each other, they form ' excitons, ' and these excitons give you light, \" vardeny says. by injecting electrons and holes into the device, it supports more current and has the ability to emit light, he says, adding that the intensity of the new spintronic oleds can be a controlled with a magnetic field, while older kinds require more electrical current to boost light intensity. existing oleds each produce a particular color of light \u2013 such as red, green and blue \u2013 based on the semiconductor used. vardeny says the beauty of the new spin oleds is that, in the future, a single device may produce different colors when controlled by changes in magnetic field. he also says devices using organic semiconductors are generally less expensive and are manufactured with less toxic waste than conventional silicon semiconductors. university of utah : http : / / www. unews. utah. edu / this press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. please comment below. we try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. critical discussions of the research are appreciated. if you need help finding a link to the original", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6125747172801201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.524766"} {"text": "today, quality control and the desire for absolute safety have contributed to the introduction of numerous sensors in our lives. optical technologies have played an increasingly important role in this development because they combine the advantages of a small design, reduced production costs, fast measurement speeds, high precision, reliability, and non - contact measurements across large distances. a position - sensitive detector ( psd ) should be your first choice in sensors when determining the center of a beam spot. psds function locally analogously ; they interpret the current produced by a photodiode. a position - sensitive detector ( psd ) should be your first choice in sensors when determining the center of a beam spot. psds function locally analogously ; they interpret the current produced by a photodiode. this current is divided into one or two resistive layers. the advantages of this simple design are its stability and reliability. the electronics required to process the analog output signal are relatively simple and can be assembled inexpensively. unmatched speed and resolution a psd just determines the position of the center of incoming light, but it does so within nanoseconds and at a sub - nanometer resolution. it achieves a measurement tolerance of approximately 0. 1 %. the dynamic range of the light intensity stretches across several orders of magnitude. the accuracy can be significantly increased if reference points are saved in a value table. the optical components used together with the sensor usually introduce measurement errors ; however, if appropriate corrections are incorporated into the value table, it is possible to compensate for these errors to a large extent. because the psd gains its position information from the photocurrents of the diodes, methods of operation used in normal photodiodes can be used here as well. this includes, for example, the modulation of light to eliminate interference by ambient light. psds can be manufactured in any shape. some unusual designs include, for example, helix - shaped, circular, or spherical forms for 2d and 3d angular measurements. entire arrays of psds were developed for some applications ( e. g., surface tests ). versatile applications for psds examples of applications include alignment systems in which the position of a reference laser beam is measured relative to the psd. this principle is used in many different areas \u2013 from bridge construction to optical benches. as psds can be produced to operate at very low temperatures ( such as in liquid nitrogen ), this alignment method is also used in infrared optics because here the infrared radiation of a psd has to be kept to a minimum. one weakness of ps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6131905135765905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.531962"} {"text": "mobile broadband - the what, the where and the how mobile broadband is connecting customers through mobile phone signals. the system uses 3g services. these technologies allow for access of up 21 mb speed downloads and uploads and speeds of up to 1. 76 mb. with mobile broadband, the strength of the signal determines the quality of the connection. however, it is likely that these speeds will be more accessible across the areas as mobile broadband continues to spread and become more popular in the future. various devices may use mobile broadband. these include : mobile phones, mobile dongles, mifi units and data cards, etc. mobile dongles allow for laptops, pcs, and other devices to be connected as well, assuming they are usb compatible. these mobile dongles are also known as portable modems, mobile usb sticks, and usb modems. mobile broadband is becoming increasingly popular. providers such as three mobile, vodafone mobile, t mobile, o2 mobile, and orange mobile are already servicing customers with mobile broadband. the reason mobile broadband is becoming more popular is because it is convenient. laptop users no longer have to seek out internet cafes or unsecured wireless when they are traveling. with mobile broadband, they have secure access to the internet, regardless of their location. this is already benefitting students, businesses on the go, commuters, and all types of travelers. mobile broadband is also effective in the home or office, thus, it suits all needs. mobile broadband provides many advantages. it is competitively priced, usually costing only about 10 pounds a month, or sometimes even less for around 1gb of data. as stated before, it is extremely convenient since it allows access to the internet from any location. you do not need to be plugged into any source of connection in order to use mobile broadband. the convenience is also in the size \u2014 mobile broadband dongles are small and discreet. you can easily slip them in your pocket and be on your way. there a few disadvantages to the mobile broadband system. first, your access to the internet is dependent on your mobile phone signal ' s strength. thus, you may not always have quick access to the internet if your phone is not picking up strong signals. home broadband packages are typically faster than the mobile broadband. also, you are restricted on your download allowance. this is due to the high costs of transferring data across the 3g networks. providers also restrict for fear of a system overload. if all users were on an unlimited download plan, the system might be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4768449040354205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.537912"} {"text": "though most conventionally produced personal care products can easily be switched out for organic products, certain items still receive a skeptical response from consumers. organic deodorants are often met with more uncertainty than other body care products. this wary reaction is most likely due to our familiarity with antiperspirants and the way they perform. conventional antiperspirants are made with aluminum to block pores and prevent perspiration from surfacing. while this may give us a sense of security where dryness is concerned, aluminum is considered a neurotoxin that can potentially cause dna damage. that is not quite as comforting. aluminum used in antiperspirants ( in the form of aluminum zirconium trichlorohydrex ) is listed in the environmental working group skin deep database as a human nervous system toxicant. studies have also shown that aluminum salts mimic estrogen in our bodies and have been found in their intact forms in the tumors of breast cancer patients. and breast cancer is not the only disease linked to aluminum. the ingredient is also suspected of increasing risk of alzheimer \u2019 s disease, a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. scientists have found plaques in the brains of some patients suffering from the disease, and research is beginning to show that aluminum may contribute to the formation of plaques in the human brain. aluminum aside, most antiperspirants on drugstore shelves also contain such harmful ingredients as parabens, propylene glycol, synthetic fragrance and petro - chemicals. the real danger is that antiperspirants and deodorants are products the majority of us apply each and every day. so, we are constantly exposed to these harmful chemicals. and so are our children. kids are starting to use deodorant at an increasingly younger age which adds up to a lifetime of greater exposure and further risk for disease. there are safer alternatives and though they may not behave like the products you are used to, your body will adjust to the natural ingredients. natural deodorants actually provide longer lasting odor control than the synthetic variety and you can feel good knowing only healthy ingredients are applied to your skin. natural essential oils and plant extracts used in natural deodorants are very effective at limiting bacterial growth and keeping underarms fresh all day. ingredients like baking powder, cornstarch and alum are often used to absorb wetness and do a good job at that. lavera deodorants are made without aluminum, phthal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4406116488948142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.541205"} {"text": "what : rapeseed ( brassica napus ) is the seed of rape plants and produces a non - fragrant oil that has emollient and potential anti - oxidant properties for the skin ( source : british journal of nutrition, may 2002, pages 489 \u2013 499 ). cold pressed rapeseed is used as a vegetable oil in many food and cosmetic products. it is very low in saturated fat, containing 59 % mono - unsaturated fats and 31 % poly - unsaturated fats. it is generally considered low in ldl cholesterol. it is also a natural source of vitamin e, a strong anti - oxidant which protects against aging in skin care. origin : rapeseed ( brassica napus ), also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rappi, rapaseed ( and in the case of one particular group of cultivars, canola ) is a bright yellow flowering member of the family brassicaceae \u2014 mustard or cabbage family ( wiki ). cosmetic rapeseed comes from the brassica campestris plant and is an oil expressed from the seeds of brassicacampetris. products found in : rapeseed oil is found in facial moisturizer / treatment, bar soap, anti - aging products, body wash / cleansers, shampoos, conditioners, sunscreens, moisturizers, facial cleansers and baby soaps ( ewg ). alternate names : brassica campestris oil, oil of rapeseed, rapeseed oil, rapeseed seed oil, rape oil, rapeseed oil, rapeseed oil, brassica, campestris seed oil, rapeseed oil toxicity : rapeseed is generally classified as non - toxic or harmful ( ewg ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43927046319766194, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.543312"} {"text": "cinnamon leaf oil what : cinnamomum cassia, or cinnamon, is an evergreen tree native to southern china, bangladesh, india, and vietnam. the aromatic bark of the plant is commonly used as a spice but is too strong for use in skincare. the oil obtained from the leaf of the cinnamon plant is less irritating and suitable for use in skincare products ( wiki ). cinnamon leaf oil is warm and stimulating, yet has strong anti - inflammatory properties and conditions the skin. the oil is considered an analgesic, antiseptic, antibiotic, astringent, and stimulating remedy. it has been used to treat infections, arthritis, and general aches and pains. it is also said to boost the mood and stimulate the senses. cinnamon leaf oil is known to reduce symptoms of colds and diarrhea. the oil is also said to be effective in killing mosquito larvae. origin : the leaves of the tree are steam distilled to extract the oil. oil taken from the leaves, rather than the dried bark, tends to be a more delicate oil. products found in : bar soap, facial moisturizer, shampoo, hand cream, hair conditioner, skin treatments, lip balm, toothpaste. alternative names : cinnamomum cassia leaf oil, cassia bark oil ; cassia oil ; cinnamon ( cinnamomum cassia ) oil ; cinnamon oil ; oil, essential, cinnamon ; oil of cassia ; oil of cinnamon ; oils, cinnamon ; cinnamon oil, essential ; cinnamon oils ; essential cinnamon oil toxicity : cinnamon leaf oil is generally classified as non - toxic or harmful by the environmental working group ' s skin deep database.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44271158197928606, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.544886"} {"text": "from : cathy danielson ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ) date : tue jun 17 2003 - 13 : 34 : 40 edt next message : jesserogue @ aol. com : \" [ channel - talkchemistry ] atoms and molecules lesson ideas \" i have my students create their own periodic table using element cards, much like the teacher in the program did. i have found my students somewhat confused - just as his students were! i don ' t know if this is my own idea or if i borrowed it from someone else, but i have had much more success when using pieces of colored paper as an introduction to the element card activity. i give each group of 3 - 4 students a set of paper pieces ( usually 6 colors with 5 sizes of each color - all in a zip - lock plastic bag ). i instruct the students to arrange the paper pieces in a logical order. most students arrange by both size ( which can be compared to atomic number ) and color ( which can be compared to color ). many also arrange in a \" rainbow order \" which can also be related to the idea of periods running from most reactive metal to noble gases. the element card activity goes much better when students have some basic idea of organization already in their head. this activity also works well in my freshman physical science classes. do you yahoo!? sbc yahoo! dsl - now only $ 29. 95 per month! channel - talkchemistry mailing list", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5680223001506781, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.546456"} {"text": "what is obstetrics? obstetrics is the practice of the birth of babies and taking care of a woman during and after her pregnancy. an obstetrician provides prenatal care and may perform the delivery as well. all ob doctors are trained in gynecology and obstetrics and may combine both specialties ( referred to as an ob - gyn ), although some practice obstetrics exclusively. however, due to increasing cost of malpractice premiums, the number of ob doctors who practice obstetrics exclusively has greatly diminished in the past 10 - 12 years. when would i see an obstetrician, and what procedures does an ob perform? a patient who suspects or knows she is pregnant should schedule a visit with an ob doctor. most insurance plans require a woman to see her primary care physician before being referred to an obstetrician. the ob doctor will establish that the patient is pregnant by either a urine or blood test, and estimate the approximate date of conception using a dating ultrasound, if approved by insurance. according to linda burke - galloway, m. d., author of the smart mother \u2019 s guide to a better pregnancy, most insurance companies are now restricting ultrasounds to the second trimester ( 18 - 20 weeks ) to determine both the anatomy of the baby ( to make sure the organs are developing properly ) and how far along the women is in her pregnancy. after establishing a due date, an obstetrician will schedule monthly prenatal care visits with the patient up to 28 weeks of pregnancy. visits will then be scheduled every three weeks until 32 weeks, every two weeks until 36 weeks, and then weekly until time of delivery. a urine analysis should be done at every prenatal visit to test for glucose, bacteria and protein, which could indicate a problem or pathology. vital signs should also be taken, especially blood pressure, which is extremely important to make sure there are no signs of preeclampsia ( hypertension ). after 20 weeks, a pregnant woman should be able to feel the baby move, says burke - galloway. at every visit, the obstetrician will listen for the baby \u2019 s heart beat and make sure it \u2019 s normal ( over 120 bmp ), and also document that there is fetal movement what high - risk conditions does an obstetrician treat? obstetricians are trained to diagnose and treat both normal and high - risk pregnancies, including complications such as preterm labor, preter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49210698683614373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.551897"} {"text": "there is fetal movement what high - risk conditions does an obstetrician treat? obstetricians are trained to diagnose and treat both normal and high - risk pregnancies, including complications such as preterm labor, preterm premature rupture of membranes ( pprom ), gestational diabetes, signs of pre - eclampsia ( also called gestational hypertension ), and placenta previa, a condition where the placenta is attached to the uterine wall. other conditions an obstetrician will specialize in include multi - fetal gestation ( twins, triplets, etc. ), grand multiparity ( more than five pregnancies ), advanced maternal age ( mother older than 35 years at delivery ), fetal malpresentation ( breach position ), previous cesarean section for consideration of vaginal birth after cesarean ( vbac ), intrauterine growth restriction ( baby growing poorly during pregnancy ), and oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios ( too little or too much amniotic fluid ). obstetrics may also address certain infertility issues, including infertility treatments and in - vitro fertilization, although most infertility issues should be referred to a reproductive endocrinologist. obstetricians are experts at recognizing the complications that can sometimes arise during pregnancy, such as blood clots and cardiac problems, as well as the increased risk of morbidity and mortality from certain infections such as h1n1 ( swine flu ). as such, they can make recommendations on any number of preventive measures to avoid illness during pregnancy. related articles :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.440913861642674, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.552922"} {"text": "what is pediatric hematology / oncology? pediatric hematology / oncology focuses on the treatment of cancer and blood disorders in children and adolescents. it is a subspecialty of oncology, which focuses on the diagnosis, treatment and follow - up care of people with cancer. after completing medical school, pediatric hematologists / oncologists complete an internal medicine residency and then continue on for 2 - 3 additional years of training in pediatric hematology / oncology. these doctors diagnose and find proper treatments for various cancers and blood diseases, and also typically conduct research and clinical trials. when would i visit a pediatric hematologist / oncologist? a child may be referred to a pediatric oncologist by his or her pediatrician if diagnosis and treatment are required for cancer or a blood disorder. initial cancer treatments may include chemotherapy, pain management, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery, as well as palliative care for patients with advanced, inoperable cancer. according to john hopkins university, every year more than 12, 000 children and teens are diagnosed with cancer ranging from leukemia to sarcoma. what conditions does a pediatric hematologist / oncologist treat? a pediatric hematologist / oncologist treats cancers of the soft and hard tissues as well as various other blood diseases. some common conditions include : what is cancer? - acute lymphoblastic leukemia \u2013 commonly associated with childhood leukemia, this cancer of the blood progresses rapidly and affects lymphocyte cells. - sarcomas \u2013 a rare malignant tumor in bone or soft tissue - hodgkin \u2019 s disease \u2013 a cancer of lymph cells. - multiple myeloma \u2013 cancerous white blood cells that can accumulate in bone marrow, causing weakness and damage to bones. - non - hodgkin ' s lymphoma \u2013 cancers that arise from lymphocytes, a kind of white blood found in blood and lymph nodes. cancer is a mutation of cells that can form in any area of the body. some cancer cells manifest in the form of tumors while others appear as abnormalities in blood cell types. cancer can form in any area of the internal or external body, including bone, blood, organs and tissue. if left untreated or not treated in time, certain cancers can spread, or metastasize, to other areas of the body. the severity of cancer is described as stage 0, stage i, stage ii, stage iii,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.476402181979397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.556794"} {"text": "tissue. if left untreated or not treated in time, certain cancers can spread, or metastasize, to other areas of the body. the severity of cancer is described as stage 0, stage i, stage ii, stage iii, or stage iv, but exact staging varies by type of cancer. what is chemotherapy? chemotherapy is the use of oral or intravenous drugs to kill cancerous cells in the body. commonly referred to as \u201c chemo, \u201d chemotherapy can be used at any time during the treatment course in an attempt to destroy cancer cells. it may also be used to shrink a tumor before surgery or destroy any cancer cells remaining after surgery. a chemo cycle lasts 3 - 4 weeks with regular treatments ; several cycles complete a chemo course, which may last three months or longer. common side effects of chemotherapy treatment include hair loss, infections, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, pain and constipation. more serious side effects include permanent organ damage, loss of memory and ability to concentrate, nerve damage and changes to the nervous system. what is radiation therapy? radiation therapy is the use of ionizing radiation ( x - rays ) or other radioactive particles to kill cancer cells. radiation may complement another treatment or be used on its own to treat various cancers. in certain patients, radiation therapy may be used as a palliative measure in an attempt to relieve symptoms and make the patient more comfortable. according to the american society of clinical oncology, more than half of all people with cancer receive some type of radiation therapy. the side effects of radiation treatment vary from no side effects, to damage to tissues surrounding the treated area, fatigue, skin reactions, upset stomach and loose stool. more serious effects include secondary cancers from the radiation, impotence and infertility. related articles : 10 foods that help fight cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5189556448398841, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.557473"} {"text": "what is psychiatry? psychiatry is a medical specialty that focuses on the study and treatment of mental health disorders. it is a highly specialized field that, despite the lack of direct diagnostic testing available, provides an extremely important role in overall wellbeing. what is a psychiatrist and what does a psychiatrist do? psychiatrists are board - certified medical doctors who diagnose and treat a variety of mental health disorders, which range from anxiety attacks and depression to schizophrenia and other psychoses. as a medical doctor, a psychiatrist is licensed to prescribe medication, and often works in conjunction with psychotherapists ( talk therapists ) and other mental health professionals. psychiatrists typically diagnose mental health disorders based on the criteria listed in manuals such as the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( dsm ), published by the american psychiatric association. before starting any kind of psychiatric treatment, a psychiatrist will typically give the patient a medical and psychiatric evaluation, gather patient history ( medical history, symptoms of problems ) and conduct physical exams, laboratory tests and brain imaging scans, such as magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) or computed tomography ( ct ) scans. psychiatrists typically work directly with patients, either in a clinical ( hospital ) or counseling situation, however many devote their practice to research, teaching in academic settings, or are employed in a corporate sector ( industrial, media, law, etc. ). psychiatrists must graduate medical school and complete 3 - 4 years of psychiatric residency, followed by psychiatric fellowship training. they are certified by the american board of psychiatry and neurology ( abpn ). psychiatry is a complex field with a range of subspecialties including : what conditions does a psychiatrist commonly treat? - addiction psychiatry \u2013 evaluation and treatment of individuals with alcohol, drug, or other substance - related disorders as pertaining to mental processes - child and adolescent psychiatry \u2013 psychiatric issues in children, teenagers, and families - cross - cultural psychiatry \u2013 cultural and ethnic issues related to mental disorders and psychiatric services - geriatric psychiatry \u2013 the understanding, prevention and treatment of mental disorders in elderly persons psychiatrists treat a wide range of conditions in children and adults, some of which can be harmful or life - threatening to the patient and others if not treated. examples of various conditions psychiatrists treat include : related articles : top 10 tips to fight depressioneccentric or undiagnosed? are you an adhd adult? - autism and asperger disorder - alcoholism, substance abuse - addictions and compulsions - abuse, bullying and violence - attention deficit /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5003958315374138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.560460"} {"text": "newshealth tip : preventing rabies keeping your family safe from dog bites animal bites and scratches, even when they are minor, can become infected and spread bacteria to other parts of the body. whether the bite is from a family pet or an animal in the wild, scratches and bites can carry disease. cat scratches, for examples, even from a kitten can carry \" cat scratch disease, \" a bacterial infection. other animals can transmit rabies and tetanus. bites that break the skin are even more likely to become infected. wash the wound with soap and water under pressure from a faucet, but do not scrub because this bruises the tissue. if the bite or scratch is bleeding, apply pressure to it with a clean bandage or towel to stop the bleeding. dry the wound and cover it with a sterile dressing, but, do not use tape or butterfly bandages. they can trap harmful bacteria in the wound. call your doctor or health care professional for guidance in reporting the attack and to determine whether additional treatment, such as antibiotics, a tetanus booster, or rabies vaccination is needed. if possible, locate the animal that inflicted the wound. some animals need to be captured, confined, and observed for rabies. do not try to capture the animal yourself ; instead contact the nearest animal warden or animal control office in your area. if the animal cannot be found, or if the animal was a high - risk species ( skunk or bat ), or the animal attack was unprovoked, the victim may need a series of rabies shots. rabies is a widespread, viral infection of warm - blooded animals. caused by a virus in the rhabdoviridae family, it attacks the nervous system and, once symptoms develop, it is 100 percent fatal in animals. in north america, rabies occurs primarily in skunks, raccoons, foxes, coyotes, and bats. in some areas, these wild animals infect domestic cats, dogs, and livestock. in the united states, cats are more likely than dogs to be rabid. individual states maintain information about animals that may carry rabies. it is best to check for region specific information if you are unsure about a specific animal and have been bitten. in the mid - atlantic states, where rabies is increasing in raccoons, woodchucks ( groundhogs ) can be rabid. travelers to developing countries, where vaccination of domestic animals is not routine, should talk with their health care provider about getting the ra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42087765632700636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.565941"} {"text": "where rabies is increasing in raccoons, woodchucks ( groundhogs ) can be rabid. travelers to developing countries, where vaccination of domestic animals is not routine, should talk with their health care provider about getting the rabies vaccine before traveling. the rabies virus enters the body through a cut or scratch, or through mucous membranes ( such as the lining of the mouth and eyes ), and travels to the central nervous system. once the infection is established in the brain, the virus travels down the nerves from the brain and multiplies in different organs. the salivary glands are most important in the spread of rabies from one animal to another. when an infected animal bites another animal, the rabies virus is transmitted through the infected animal ' s saliva. scratches by claws of rabid animals are also dangerous because these animals lick their claws. the incubation in humans from the time of exposure to the onset of illness can range anywhere from five days to more than a year, although the average incubation period is about two months. rabies : stage 1 rabies : stage 2 in animals, the direct fluorescent antibody test ( dfa ) performed on brain tissue is most frequently used to diagnose rabies. within a few hours, diagnostic laboratories can determine whether an animal is rabid and provide this information to medical professionals. these results may save a patient from unnecessary physical and psychological trauma if the animal is not rabid. in humans, a battery of tests is necessary to confirm or rule out rabies, as no single test can be used to rule out the disease with certainty. tests are performed on samples of serum, saliva, spinal fluid, and skin biopsies taken from the nape of the neck. unfortunately, there is no known, effective treatment for rabies once symptoms of the illness have developed. however, there are effective vaccines ( hdcv, pcec ) that provide immunity to rabies when administered soon after an exposure, or for protection before an exposure occurs ( for persons such as veterinarians and animal handlers ). do not try to separate fighting animals. avoid strange and sick animals. leave animals alone when they are eating. keep pets on a leash when out in public. select family pets carefully. never leave a young child alone with a pet. all domestic dogs and cats should be immunized against rabies and shots kept current. do not approach or play with wild animals of any kind, and be aware that domestic animals may also be infected with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45103976559658593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.571574"} {"text": "when photography was first introduced and became popular, it was a lengthy process, with prolonged exposure times and the requirement for the sitter to remain still throughout the process. this proved to be particularly difficult when dealing with children, and photographers often dreaded their visits to their studios. neck and back braces might be used to help to prevent the child from moving during the photography, and this helps to explain the rather fixed look on the faces of many children. as exposure times shortened, children were photographed more frequently. wealthy families had their children photographed at least once a year to record growth, and important stages in development were symbolised by a change in clothing style. little boys wore dresses until about the age of five, then short trousers until about twelve, when they adopted long trousers like adult men. the age of girls was indicated by the length of their skirts : short for little girls, calf - length for teenagers, and ankle length after 17, when they were considered grown up. full item descriptions : \" victorian photograph \" [ i159 ], midwinter, w h \" victorian photograph \" [ i160 ], haddy, w \" victorian photograph \" [ i162 ], hawkins, c \" victorian photograph \" [ i163 ], taylor, a & g \" victorian photograph \" [ i164 ], white, sydney victor \" victorian photograph \" [ i165 ], edwards, b j \" victorian photograph \" [ i166 ], turnbull & sons \" victorian photograph \" [ i167 ], elliott & fry \" victorian photograph \" [ i168 ], banks, r", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47807504318438393, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.575327"} {"text": "- join over 1. 2 million students every month - accelerate your learning by 29 % - unlimited access for just \u00a34. 99 per month comment on the significance of chapter five of mary shellys frankenstein. the first 200 words of this essay... name : catherine jones centre number : 68123 coursework : pre 1914 prose task : comment on the significance of chapter five of mary shelly ' s \" frankenstein \" mary shelly ' s frankenstein is an intriguing and disturbing novel, which compels you to become torn between passion, misery, dread, remorse and horror. the story of victor frankenstein ' s thirst for knowledge and his greatest creation goes against his own beliefs. victor frankenstein was so disgusted by his creation that he abandoned his work and his monster. the monster is shunned by society yet he still wants and needs love, and acceptance. the monster ' s life of loneliness and isolation drives him to despair, which results in him seeking revenge for his lie of misery. the pitiful creature can only live in places where other people do not go, resulting in total isolation. victor is tortured by his feelings and the knowledge of hat he has done, and he eventually sets out to correct his wrong doings. in chapter five victor brings his creation to life, and mary shelly shows how proud he is of himself, until he realises that he has created what he sees as a monster. this sets the tone for the rest found what you ' re looking for? - start learning 29 % faster today - over 150, 000 essays available - just \u00a34. 99 a month not the one? we have 100 ' s more miscellaneous ( view all ) - how does john buchan create suspense in the book \" the t... - explore how women are presented in veronica and king schahri... - mein traumberuf. ich wrde gern musiker werden. als ich klei... - dream holiday essay - private peaceful review - the stories of macbeth and frankenstein are two texts depict... - compare the ways in which the two writers create an atmosphe... - compare how orwell, a british novelist writing in the 1940s,... - in the stories, the meaning of elephants and the last class,... - money and happiness, it never works together. in goodbye co... \" \" sabreena, england. a level student. biology and chemistry. \" \" dean hil. l media, business, ict, history and sciences. university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4980955341869397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.581271"} {"text": "general information : ( 434 ) 654 - 7000 or 1 - 800 - 633 - 6353 may signals stroke awareness month. strokes are the no. 4 killer in this country. a stroke occurs when the blood flow to the brain abruptly stops. the biggest risk factor is uncontrolled high blood pressure \u2013 remember, high blood pressure is called the silent killer for a reason. and researchers state that 80 % of strokes could have been prevented with quick action at the first symptoms. to prevent a stroke, act f. a. s. t. : ( 1 ) face drooping \u2013 ask the person to smile ( 2 ) arm weakness \u2013 ask them to raise both arms ( 3 ) speech difficulty \u2013 ask then to repeat \u201c the sky is blue \u201d ( 4 ) time to call 911 when you first see a symptom stroke risk factors : time to take action when you observe in a person or you yourself have : the key to preventing strokes is to act fast. take action now and don \u2019 t wait. a person needs to get to the er for early medication treatment to stop cold a stroke that might be coming soon. tia or transient ischemic attack is a \u201c warning stroke \u201d or \u201c mini - stroke \u201d that produces stroke - like symptoms. tia symptoms usually only last a few minutes but, if left untreated, people who have tias have a high risk of stroke. recognizing and treating tias can reduce the risk of a major stroke. more information at www. americanheart. org. have you heard of insulin resistance? perhaps in relationship to pre - diabetes? it is a condition that occurs when certain cells in the body, especially in the liver and muscles, lose their sensitivity to insulin. there is resistance to insulin. since the cells are not taking up as much insulin as usual, more insulin is needed to help keep your glucose levels in the normal range. and that means the pancreas eventually will not be able to keep up with making enough insulin. risk factors for insulin resistance : how best to reduce your risk for insulin resistance : insulin resistance can lead to pre - diabetes and then type 2 diabetes. since the pancreas has to compensate for your body \u2019 s inability to efficiently use insulin, it has to work even harder by making more insulin to get the job done. and this is stressful wear - and - tear on the pancreas. i am reminded each week, when i see patients for individual counseling, that some folks need to lower their cholesterol numbers by primarily diet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4728216190857264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.595616"} {"text": "to get the job done. and this is stressful wear - and - tear on the pancreas. i am reminded each week, when i see patients for individual counseling, that some folks need to lower their cholesterol numbers by primarily diet. they may be unable to tolerate cholesterol - lowering meds, or there may be other reasons that the meds are just not right for them. so that means lifestyle is key! to get cholesterol down, focus on healthy fiber foods at each meal : to get cholesterol down, focus on healthy fats each day : to get cholesterol down, focus on natural plant sterols in other tips to get cholesterol down to reduce fatty plaque build - up in artery walls : thinking about going vegetarian? there is a national movement called meatless monday \u2013 it began about 10 years ago \u2013 it \u2019 s an effort to help folks move toward some meatless meals in an easy, non - threatening manner. hospitals, colleges, restaurants and workplaces are giving their support to this program. do you want to try this? meatless monday might be a painless way to ease your family into some vegetarian meals. why is this such a great ideas? it can reduce your intake of artery - clogging saturated fat, and reduce your risk for developing certain cancers, including colorectal, esophagus, lung, and liver cancers. it \u2019 s meatless monday \u2013 what \u2019 s for dinner? meatless mondays can have a lasting impact on your family habits. in one large meatless monday study, there was a lasting effect, with 40 % are incorporating more meatless meals into the rest of their week, 73 % are eating more vegetables ; 64 % eating more fruits, 42 % eating more beans ; and 47 % eating more whole grains. making lifestyle changes for better health? there is help! if you have pre - diabetes or diabetes : making lifestyle changes for better health? there is help! if you have heart issues : making lifestyle changes for better health? there is help! if you have weight management issues : other health issues where a registered dietitian might be able to offer some guidance with your food choices : our nutrition and diabetes education department will get a referral from the md office. and you can call insurance to see if there is coverage. there is more coverage in disease prevention than ever before, so it is worth checking it out. it \u2019 s such a growing problem world - wide that i want to discuss pre - diabetes at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4798462756275933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.598031"} {"text": "and you can call insurance to see if there is coverage. there is more coverage in disease prevention than ever before, so it is worth checking it out. it \u2019 s such a growing problem world - wide that i want to discuss pre - diabetes at the beginning of this new year. it you have pre - diabetes, then you join 79, 000, 000 americans. worldwide, diabetes experts predict that 470 million will have pre - diabetes by year 2030!!! if you have pre - diabetes and don \u2019 t do something now, you will probably develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years. so, let \u2019 s get into action now!! even with pre - diabetes there can be early signs of chronic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy and vascular disease. you \u2019 ll want your glucose numbers to be in good control ( fasting glucose is 70 - 99 mg / dl ). what lab values put you in the pre - diabetes range? lifestyle changes that can reverse pre - diabetes : usually two things are going on in pre - diabetes : the pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin and there is insulin resistance from the tummy fat. fortunately lifestyle changes are often the only thing that needs to happen to get glucose readings back to the normal range. how cool is that??? eating healthier is probably one of your 2013 health goals. did you know that throughout the day you can make as many as 200 food and eating decisions \u2013 that \u2019 s right \u2013 200!! and many of those choices are completely mindless \u2013 we make them without thinking. this can lead to overeating, and therefore, weight gain. here are a few thoughts about mindful, healthy eating for the new year. assess when you overeat : give attention to food when you are eating : losing weight gradually and / our maintaining a healthy weight means giving attention to what, how, when and where you eat. eating healthy doesn \u2019 t just happen \u2013 you need to make it happen : a recommendation on sodium intake has been made by the american heart association. it \u2019 s pretty aggressive. but these heart researchers feel very strongly that lowering sodium / salt intake can help the 76 million u. s. adults with high blood pressure, and may prevent high blood pressure in millions of other americans. the average daily sodium intake : 3, 400 mg. the usda sodium guidelines : less than 2, 300 mg, and the american heart association sodium guidelines : less than 1, 500 mg. sodium intake adds up quickly when you rely on convenience items.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4156827946659159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.602670"} {"text": "average daily sodium intake : 3, 400 mg. the usda sodium guidelines : less than 2, 300 mg, and the american heart association sodium guidelines : less than 1, 500 mg. sodium intake adds up quickly when you rely on convenience items. for example, a homemade spaghetti sauce has ~ 50 mg sodium in \u00bd cup but \u00bd cup jarred spaghetti sauce can be as high as 800 mg of sodium. as much as possible, have dishes prepared from scratch, with flavorful herbs and spices for seasoning rather than salt. remember, every time that you omit 1 teaspoon of salt from a recipe, you save 2, 300 mg of sodium!! holy cow! be alert when shopping. the nutrition facts label on each and every packaged food item must list the sodium content per serving. and the american heart association reminds us that reducing our sodium / salt intake can help keep the blood pressure of all family members in good control. and that will reduce cardiovascular disease risk! how do you sleep at night? sleeping well and adequately is so very important health - wise. a recent study found that weight loss, especially in the belly, in obese or overweight individuals with type 2 diabetes or pre - diabetes improved the quality of their sleep. isn \u2019 t that interesting? common sleep problems in folks : chronic sleep problems can lead to : even a modest 15 lb. weight loss makes a difference in sleep. and in the study it did not matter if folks lost weight by just making changes in their diet, or a combo with added exercise, there was a sleep benefit. sleep health \u2013 that means sleeping restfully and long enough \u2013 is important for physical as well as mental health. sleep well \u2026.. and losing weight might help you to do just that! national guidelines for fruits and vegetable intake are not being met by young adults aged 19 - 30 years of age. at least 2 cups of fruits and 2 - 3 cups vegetables are suggested. a 10 - year study of over 1, 000 teens and young adults had some interesting results about what factors promote a great intake of produce. current produce intake by teens and young people only \u00bd cup per day of fruits and 1 cup / day of vegetables. far below the recommendations. what predicted a higher produce intake when the youth reached young adulthood? when raising kids, it is so important to let fruits and vegetables be front and central in your daily menus. serving limp, colorless, dull over - cooked produce will never be appealing to your family. think opposite \u2026 interesting, colorful, in -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41604378607870846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.605377"} {"text": "the holy family after rendering most substantial services to self - consciousness by humiliating itself to the extent of nonsense in foreign languages, and thereby at the same time freeing the world from pauperism, criticism still further humiliates itself to the extent of nonsense in practice and history. it masters \" english questions of the day \" and gives us a genuinely critical outline of the history of english industry. criticism, which is self - sufficient, and complete and perfect in itself, naturally cannot recognise history as it really took place, for that would mean recognising the base mass in all its mass - like mass nature, whereas the problem is precisely to redeem the mass from its mass nature. history is therefore freed from its mass nature, and criticism, which has a free attitude to its object, calls to history : \" you ought to have happened in such and such a way! \" all the laws of criticism have retrospective force : prior to the decrees of criticism, history behaved quite differently from how it did after them. hence mass - type history, so - called real history, deviates considerably from critical history, as it takes place in heft vii of the literatur - zeitung from page 4 onwards. in mass - type history there were no factory towns before there were factories ; but in critical history, in which, as already in hegel, the son begets his father, manchester, bolton and preston were flourishing factory towns before factories were even thought of. in real history the cotton industry was founded mainly on hargreaves ' jenny and arkwright ' s throstle, crompton ' s mule being only an improvement of the spinning jenny according to the new principle discovered by arkwright. but critical history knows how to make distinctions : it scorns the one - sidedness of the jenny and the throstle, and gives the crown to the mule as the speculative identity of the extremes. in reality, the invention of the throstle and the mule immediately made possible the application of water - power to those machines, but critical criticism sorts out the principles lumped together by crude history and makes this application come only later, as something quite special. in reality the invention of the steam - engine preceded all the above - mentioned inventions ; according to criticism it is the crown of them all and the last. in reality the business ties between liverpool and manchester in their present scope were the result of the export of english goods ; according to criticism they are the cause of the export and both are the result of the proximity of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5304402005753505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.626768"} {"text": "crown of them all and the last. in reality the business ties between liverpool and manchester in their present scope were the result of the export of english goods ; according to criticism they are the cause of the export and both are the result of the proximity of the two towns. in reality nearly all goods from manchester go to the continent via hull, according to criticism via liverpool. in reality all grades of wages exist in english factories, from is 6d to 40s and more ; but according to criticism only one rate is paid \u2014 11s. in reality the machine replaces manual labour ; according to criticism it replaces thought. in reality the association of workers for wage rises is allowed in england, but according to criticism it is prohibited, for when the mass wants to allow itself anything it must first ask criticism. in reality factory labour is extremely tiring and gives rise to specific diseases \u2014 there are even special medical works on them ; according to criticism \" excessive exertion cannot be a hindrance to work, for the power is provided by the machine \". in reality the machine is a machine ; according to criticism it has a will, for as it does not rest, neither can the worker, and he is subordinated to an alien will. but that is still nothing at all. criticism cannot be content with the mass - type parties in england ; it creates new ones, including a \" factory party \", for which history may be thankful to it. on the other hand, it lumps together the factory - owners and the factory workers in one massive heap \u2014 why bother about such trifles! \u2014 and decrees that the factory workers refused to contribute to the anti - corn - law leagues not out of ill - will or because of chartism, as the stupid factory - owners maintain, but merely because they were poor. it further decrees that with the repeal of the english corn laws agricultural labourers will have to put up with a lowering of wages, in regard to which, however, we must most submissively remark that that destitute class cannot be deprived of another penny without being reduced to absolute starvation. it decrees that the working day in english factories is sixteen hours, although a silly un - critical english law has fixed a maximum of twelve hours. it decrees that england is to become a huge workshop for the world, although the un - critical mass of americans, germans and belgians are ruining one market after another for the english by their competition. lastly, it decrees that neither the propertied nor the non - propertied classes in england are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49915403945578335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.629757"} {"text": "the world, although the un - critical mass of americans, germans and belgians are ruining one market after another for the english by their competition. lastly, it decrees that neither the propertied nor the non - propertied classes in england are aware of the centralisation of property and its consequences for the working classes, although the stupid chartists think they are well aware of them ; the socialists maintain that they expounded those consequences in detail long ago, and even tories and whigs like carlyle, alison and gaskell have proved their knowledge of them in their works. criticism decrees that lord ashley ' s ten hour bill is a half - hearted juste - milieu measure and lord ashley himself \" a true illustration of constitutional action \", while the factory - owners, the chartists, the landowners \u2014 in short, all that makes up the mass nature of england \u2014 have so far considered this measure as an expression, the mildest possible one admittedly, of a downright radical principle, since it would lay the axe at the root of foreign trade and thereby at the root of the factory system \u2014 nay, not merely lay the axe to it, but cut deeply into it. critical criticism knows better. it knows that the ten hour question was discussed before a \" commission \" of the lower house, although the un - critical newspapers try to make us believe that this \" commission \" was the house itself, \" a committee of the whole house \" ; but criticism must needs do away with that eccentricity of the english constitution. critical criticism, which itself begets its opposite, the stupidity of the mass, also produces the stupidity of sir james graham : by a critical understanding of the english language it puts things in his mouth which the un - critical home secretary never said, just to allow critical wisdom to shine brighter in comparison with his stupidity. graham, according to criticism, says that the machines in the factories wear out in about twelve years whether they work ten hours a day or twelve, and that therefore a ten hour bill would make it impossible for the capitalists to reproduce in twelve years through the work of their machines the capital laid out on them. criticism proves that it has thus put a false conclusion in the mouth of sir james graham, for a machine that works one - sixth of the time less every day will naturally remain usable longer. however correct this observation of critical criticism against its own false conclusion, it must, on the other hand, be conceded that sir james graham said that under a ten hour bill the machine would have to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5284066969234352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.634396"} {"text": "the time less every day will naturally remain usable longer. however correct this observation of critical criticism against its own false conclusion, it must, on the other hand, be conceded that sir james graham said that under a ten hour bill the machine would have to work quicker in the proportion that its working time was reduced ( criticism itself quotes this in [ heft ] viii, page 32 ) and that in that case the time when it would be worn out would be the same \u2014 twelve years. this must all the more be acknowledged as the acknowledgment contributes to the glory and exaltation of \" criticism \" ; for only criticism both made the false conclusion and then refuted it. criticism is just as magnanimous towards lord john russell, to whom it imputes the wish to change the political form of the state and the electoral system. from this we must conclude either that criticism ' s urge to produce stupidities is uncommonly powerful or that lord john russell must have become a critical critic within the past week. but criticism only becomes truly magnificent in its fabrication of stupidities when it discovers that the english workers \u2014 who in april and may held meeting after meeting, drew up petition after petition, and all for the ten hour bill, and displayed more agitation throughout the factory districts than at any time during the past two years \u2014 that those workers take only a \" partial interest \" in this question, although it is evident that \" legislation limiting the working day has also occupied their attention \" criticism is truly magnificent when it finally makes the great, the glorious, the unheard - of discovery that \u201c the apparently more immediate help from the repeal of the corn laws absorbs most of the wishes of the workers and will do so until no longer doubtful realisation of those wishes practically proves the futility of the repeal \" \u2014 proves it to workers who drag anti - corn - law agitators down from the platform at every public meeting, who have seen to it that the anti - corn - law league no longer dares to hold a public meeting in any english industrial town, who consider the league to be their only enemy and who, during the debate of the ten hour bill \u2014 as nearly always before in similar matters \u2014 had the support of the tories. criticism is superb, too, when it discovers that \" the workers still let themselves be lured by the sweeping promises of the chartist movement \", which is nothing but the political expression of public opinion among the workers. criticism is superb, too, when it realises, in the depths of its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4989403304616051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.636822"} {"text": "discovers that \" the workers still let themselves be lured by the sweeping promises of the chartist movement \", which is nothing but the political expression of public opinion among the workers. criticism is superb, too, when it realises, in the depths of its absolute spirit, that \u201c the two party groupings, the political one and that of the landowners and mill - owners, no longer wish to merge or coincide \". it was so far not known that the party grouping of the landowners and the mill - owners, because of the numerical smallness of either class of owners and the equal political rights of each ( with the exception of the few peers ), was so comprehensive that it was completely identical with the political party groupings, and not their most consistent expression, their peak. criticism is splendid when it suggests that the anti - corn - law leaguers do not know that, ceteris paribus, a drop in the price of bread must be followed by a drop in wages, so that all would remain as it was ; whereas these people expect that, granted there is a drop in wages and a consequent lowering of production costs, the result will be an expansion of the market. this, they expect, would lead to a reduction of competition among the workers, and consequently wages would still be kept a little higher in comparison with the price of bread than they are now. freely creating its opposite \u2014 nonsense \u2014 and moving in artistic rapture, criticism, which only two years ago exclaimed \" criticism speaks german, theology speaks latin! \", has now learnt english and calls the estate - owners \" landeigner \" ( landowners ), the factoryowners \" muhleigner \" ( mill - owners ) \u2014 in english a mill means any factory with machinery driven by steam or water - power \u2014 and the workers \" hande \" ( hands ). instead of \" einmischung \" it says interferenz ( interference ) ; and in its infinite mercy for the english language, the sinful mass nature of which is abundantly evident, it condescends to improve it by doing away with the pedantry with which the english place the title \" sir \" before the christian name of knights and baronets. where the mass says \" sir james graham \", it says \" sir graham \". that criticism reforms english history and the english language out of principle and not out of levity will presently be provided by the thoroughness with which it treats the history of herr nauwerck.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49122294939972766, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.639838"} {"text": "november health awareness american diabetes month\u00ae the vision of the american diabetes association is a life free of diabetes and all of its burdens. raising awareness of this ever - growing disease is one of the main efforts behind the mission of the association. american diabetes month\u00ae ( adm ) is an important element in this effort, with programs designed to focus the nation ' s attention on the issues surrounding diabetes and the many people who are impacted by the disease. here are just a few of the recent statistics on diabetes : - nearly 26 million children and adults in the united states have diabetes. - another 79 million americans have pre - diabetes and are at risk for developing type 2 diabetes. - the american diabetes association estimates that the total national cost of diagnosed diabetes in the united states is $ 174 billion. american diabetes month takes place each november and is a time to come together as a community to stop diabetes\u00ae. please visit this link to become a part of the movement. lung cancer awareness month november is lung cancer awareness month! this is a national campaign that brings the lung cancer community together to raise awareness and increase attention to this disease. click on the following links to see how you can help in your community. national healthy skin month national healthy skin month is sponsored by the american academy of dermatology, which has as its mission the achievement of the highest quality dermatologic care for all americans. for additional information, please click on the following link.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4124165039068922, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.647189"} {"text": "by alan d. wolfelt, ph. d. holidays are often difficult for anyone who has experienced the death of someone loved. rather than being times of family togetherness, sharing and thanksgiving, holidays can bring feelings of sadness, loss and emptiness. love does not end with death since love does not end with death, holidays may result in a renewed sense of personal grief - a feeling of loss unlike that experienced in the routine of daily living. society encourages you to join in the holiday spirit, but all around you the sounds, sights and smells trigger memories of the one you love who has died. no simple guidelines exist that will take away the hurt you are feeling. we hope, however, the following suggestions will help you better cope with your grief during this joyful, yet painful, time of the year. as you read through this article, remember that by being tolerant and compassionate with yourself, you will continue to heal. talk about your grief during the holiday season, don ' t be afraid to express your feelings of grief. ignoring your grief won ' t make the pain go away and talking about it openly often makes you feel better. find caring friends and relatives who will listen - without judging you. they will help make you feel understood. be tolerant of your physical and psychological limits feelings of loss will probably leave you fatigued. your low energy level may naturally slow you down. respect what your body and mind are telling you. and lower your own expectations about being at your peak during the holiday season. eliminate unnecessary stress you may already feel stressed, so don ' t overextend yourself. avoid isolating yourself, but be sure to recognize the need to have special time for yourself. realize also that merely \" keeping busy \" won ' t distract you from your grief, but may actually increase stress and postpone the need to talk out thoughts and feelings related to your grief. be with supportive, comforting people identify those friends and relatives who understand that the holiday season can increase your sense of loss and who will allow you to talk openly about your feelings. find those persons who encourage you to be yourself and accept your feelings - both happy and sad. talk about the person who has died include the person ' s name in your holiday conversation. if you are able to talk candidly, other people are more likely to recognize your need to remember that special person who was an important part of your life. do what is right for you during the holidays well - meaning friends and family often try to prescribe what is good for you during the holidays.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4659561872823516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.707496"} {"text": "are more likely to recognize your need to remember that special person who was an important part of your life. do what is right for you during the holidays well - meaning friends and family often try to prescribe what is good for you during the holidays. instead of going along with their plans, focus on what you want to do. discuss your wishes with a caring, trusted friend. talking about these wishes will help you clarify what it is you want to do during the holidays. as you become aware of your needs, share them with your friends and family. plan ahead for family gatherings decide which family traditions you want to continue and which new ones you would like to begin. structure your holiday time. this will help you anticipate activities, rather than just reacting to whatever happens. getting caught off guard can create feelings of panic, fear and anxiety during the time of the year when your feelings of grief are already heightened. as you make your plans, however, leave room to change them if you feel it is appropriate. embrace your treasure of memories memories are one of the best legacies that exist after the death of someone loved. and holidays always make you think about times past. instead of ignoring these memories, share them with your family and friends. keep in mind that memories are tinged with both happiness and sadness. if your memories bring laughter, smile. if your memories bring sadness, then it ' s alright to cry. memories that were made in love - no one can ever take them away from you. renew your resources for living spend time thinking about the meaning and purpose of your life. the death of someone loved created opportunities for taking inventory of your life - past, present and future. the combination of a holiday and a loss naturally results in looking inward and assessing your individual situation. make the best use of this time to define the positive things in life that surround you. express your faith during the holidays, you may find a renewed sense of faith or discover a new set of beliefs. associate with people who understand and respect your need to talk about these beliefs. if your faith is important, you may want to attend a holiday service or special religious ceremony. as you approach the holidays, remember : grief is both a necessity and a privilege. it comes as a result of giving and receiving love. don ' t let anyone take your grief away. love yourself. be patient with yourself. and allow yourself to be surrounded by loving, caring people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46604733454445274, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.710123"} {"text": "image collection : medical anatomy and illustrations - all ( 557 ) - allergic skin disorders ( 31 ) - viral skin diseases ( 26 ) - bacterial skin diseases ( 29 ) - fungal skin diseases ( 17 ) - bites and infestations ( 27 ) - noncancerous, precancerous and cancerous tumors ( 56 ) - diseases of pigment ( 26 ) - papules, scales, plaques and eruptions ( 47 ) - vascular, lymphatic and systemic conditions ( 48 ) - scalp, hair and nails ( 26 ) - pregnancy stages ( 9 ) the knee is a joint where the bone of the thigh ( femur ) meets the shinbone of the leg ( tibia ). the knee is the largest joint in the body. it acts like a hinge, allowing the knee to flex ( bend ) and extend ( straighten ). there are four ligaments of the joint ( the medial and lateral collateral ligaments and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments ) that provide stability and steady the knee movement. cartilage within the joint provides cushioning to protect the bones from the regular trauma of walking, running, and climbing. articular cartilage lines the joint surfaces of the bones in the knee ( tibia, femur, and patella, or kneecap ). the medial and lateral meniscus are two thicker wedge - shaped pads of cartilage attached to the leg bone ( tibia ). each meniscus is curved in a c - shape, with the front part of the cartilage called the anterior horn and the back part called the posterior horn. if the meniscus is damaged, irritation occurs with each flexion or extension of the knee. damage to the meniscus may occur due to a twisting or over - flexing injury. meniscal cartilage can also deteriorate or wear out because of age and overuse. a tear of, or rent in, the cartilage in the knee is called a torn meniscus. tears are described by how they look and where they are located. this information is usually found during a diagnostic procedure, like an mri or knee arthroscopy. common meniscus tears are described according to how they look, including longitudinal, bucket handle, parrot beak, and transverse. text : medicinenet, inc. guide to understanding the image collection categories :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4472774129782, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.718242"} {"text": "washington - - the possible link between anesthesia exposure and brain development in young children is still too poorly understood to sound the alarm bells, an fda advisory panel decided. however, anesthesia should only be used to sedate a child when necessary and always at the lowest doses possible, the anesthetic and life support drugs advisory committee agreed. the advisory panel met thursday to discuss what to do with the growing body of research that anesthesia use may have long - term neurocognitive effects when used in children whose brains are still developing. but the bulk of the research has been performed in animals, and it ' s unclear whether those results are applicable to humans. \" we need to definitively answer the questions of whether anesthetic use in children poses a risk to their development and, if so, under what circumstances, \" bob rappaport, md, who heads the fda ' s anesthesia and analgesia products division, and colleagues wrote in a perspective article published wednesday in the new england journal of medicine ( nejm ). but it doesn ' t appear that question can be answered yet. in the past decade, a growing number of studies have shown that exposure to anesthesia appears to be linked to neuroapoptosis, or cell suicide, in the brains of young rats and monkeys, and a 2009 epidemiological study found a link between the number of exposures to anesthesia during early childhood and an increased incidence of learning disabilities. in the retrospective cohort study, children with two exposures to anesthesia before age 4 were 59 % more likely than unexposed children to be diagnosed with learning disabilities. the committee agreed with what rappaport and colleagues wrote in nejm : that there is lack of information to \" draw any firm conclusions regarding an association between anesthetic exposure and subsequent learning disabilities \" and that additional studies are warranted. the panel was also tasked with figuring out what the message, if any, the fda should communicate to parents about the risk of putting their kids under for medical and surgical procedures. the majority of panelists felt the risk of anesthesia in a pediatric population was still too undefined to warrant issuing a statement to parents. rappaport told the panel that he thought issuing a public statement would be premature. \" to come out with a public statement would be saying we know more than we do, \" he said. \" on the other hand, i think that could come from other organizations and not us. \" panelist jayant deshpande, md, mph,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4696680487688456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.747481"} {"text": "- acceptance essays - business, money and economy - current events - custom papers - health and wellness - literature : fiction, theater and poetry - planet earth : weather and natural disasters - social issues - the environment search mega essays onthe electoral college ( 1360 5 ).... the state \" tms votes, when counted, then determine which candidate receives the absolute majority, one over a half, and then receives that state \" tms entire.... electoral college in todays world ( 1916 8 ).... i learned that every four years you vote. when you vote, each individual vote helps decide which candidate receives your state \" tms electoral votes..... the electoral college ( 847 3 ).... go into the house of representatives to determine the president and into the senate to determine the vice president if no candidate receives the majority of.... the electoral college ( 1052 4 ).... federal government. in most states the popular vote determines which candidate receives that states electoral votes. for a presidential.... electorasl college ( 3542 14 ).... if no candidate receives a majority of the vote, the responsibility of selecting the next president falls upon the house of representatives..... electoral reform ( 1561 6 ).... if no candidate receives a quota on the first count, the least popular candidate is excluded and his or her votes are transferred, and this continues until all.... electoral college ( 1609 6 ).... if no candidate receives a majority ( which is 270, as of today ), then the election is thrown into the house of representatives to decide the president..... the permanent campaign ( 1682 7 ).... with all of the media exposure that a candidate receives these days every candidate by 1980 had a full time media strategist on had to control spin..... comparision of the french and german political systems ( 2154 9 ).... there are multiple ballots if no candidate receives 50 % on the first ballot, any candidate with 12. 5 % one the first ballot can continue on to the second ballot.... powers of the constitution ( 1536 6 ).... president. if no candidate receives a majority of the votes for president - the house of representatives must decide the issue. likewise.... campaign strategy ( 659 3 ).... the candidate who receives 270 votes becomes president", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4652490612231852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.758909"} {"text": "... president. if no candidate receives a majority of the votes for president - the house of representatives must decide the issue. likewise.... campaign strategy ( 659 3 ).... the candidate who receives 270 votes becomes president. electors are given to each state based on the population. the more people the more electors..... electoral college ( 869 3 ).... another problem in the electoral college is that the candidate, who wins a state receives all of that state \" tms electoral votes, which would distort equal.... electoral college ( 872 3 ).... elections as direct elections. in other words, the winner is the candidate who receives the most votes. in the electoral college.... electoral college ( 972 4 ).... elector. those electors are then expected to vote for the candidate who receives the popular vote from their respective states. ( drash.... electoral college & the 2000 election ( 578 2 ).... president. the candidate that receives a majority of the vote in any given state takes all of the state \" tms electoral votes. if.... importance of third parties ( 1394 6 ).... the democratic candidate was woodrow wilson.... the progressive party receives eighty - eight electoral votes while the republicans receive only eight electoral.... the congress of the usa at work ( 3031 12 ).... if no candidate receives a majority of the total electoral votes, the house of representatives, each state delegation having one vote, chooses the president.... the electoral college and democracy ( 961 4 ).... when the people vote in an election, their votes are counted and the candidate that wins the most votes receives a vote from the representative ( international 1.... proportional representation ( 900 4 ).... receive 30 % of the seats in the legislature, 10 % of the vote receives 10 % of.... the candidate with the least number of first place votes would be eliminated, and.... electoral college reform ( 716 3 ).... presentatives and thrown into an open vote. the candidate who receives more house votes gets that number of electoral votes. this.... canada vs. usa ( 1325 5 ).... that the entire state \" tms electoral votes go to that candidate. - votes are.... government, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4767268651320019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.762897"} {"text": "votes gets that number of electoral votes. this.... canada vs. usa ( 1325 5 ).... that the entire state \" tms electoral votes go to that candidate. - votes are.... government, but has to rely on congress for funding. - congress receives a budget from.... presidency of the us ( 573 2 ).... on the election day, the votes within each state are added up and the candidate with the most votes receives all that state \" tms votes in the electoral college..... electorial college ( 1462 6 ).... it also states that if no one receives the majority of electoral votes.... the college gives a distribution of popular support ; the candidate must demonstrate both.... campaign finance ( 1958 8 ).... nes, 10. 2 % of all americans made a financial contribution to a candidate, political party.... in that, is the constant attention that the need for reform receives..... electoral college and why we need it ( 998 4 ).... te that receives the majority of the state \" s popular vote ) began in all the.... electors have the choice of voting for the candidate they wish and there has been.... political elements can advance and retard the government ( 1332 5 ).... will mold the truth so as to provide a candidate that will appeal to most people possible. this also has to do with the amount of money a campaign receives..... ethanol ( 2613 10 ).... the quietest vehicle receives 10 points.... process for deciding between these conceptual approaches involves simulating the performance of the candidate vehicle in.... purpose of job descriptions ( 609 2 ).... the description should better inform the candidate about what kind of offer to.... if the employee receives new goals and is still responsible for every task.... democracy ( 761 3 ).... the government receives money by placing taxes on everything from a pack of cigarettes.... a candidate, whether it is for a local or national office needs funding.... article summary : race for the democratic nominee ( 660 3 ).... end up working in her favor because of the enormous sympathy she receives from some.... and she is therefore an unlikely as well as unlikable candidate for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44200290789543983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.764006"} {"text": "releasing the study, dr javaid rahi, national secretary of trcf, said that new research has proved that the gujjar race had been one of the most vibrant identities of central asia in the bc era, and later ruled over many princely states in northern india for hundreds of years, and also left their imprints in the himalayan ranges and inscribed them in such a way, that they could not be destroyed even thousands of years later. the study further revealed that the 5000 - year history of gujjars, unexpectedly, is similar to that of the tribes of turkish origins, who left for koh - e kaf during the era of christ along with their camels and other domestic animals. the study said that in the state of jammu and kashmir, \u2018 turk \u2019 ( gotra ) is one of the most important casts of gujjars, and hundreds of turk gujjars reside in different districts of the kashmir valley. the study said that in gojri, there are a number of words which are turkish in origin, thereby linking the history of the gujjars with that of the turks. what is also surprising is that the tribal folk art and costumes of nomadic gujjars still resemble those of the turkish tribes. the anthropological study said that, amazingly, the physical features and facial expressions of gujjars resemble those of turkish tribals. the study further said that one ger ( gujjar ) khan of turkistan was a commander in babur \u2019 s army, and he had done remarkable work in binding various ethnic groups together. dr rahi further explained that the trcf is in correspondence with, and seeks help from, turkish missions in india with regards conducting genetic surveys of gujjars to establish their roots in central asia, from where they are believed to have migrated to different parts of the world ; especially the sub - continent. the study further said that in central asia, places like gurjarni, gujari pil, and gujreti are named after the gujjar clans or \u2018 gots \u2019, linking this ethnic group with its roots. the study suggested that the scholars, anthropologists, and historians of countries like turkey, georgia, iran, pakistan, india, etc. should come forward and study this connection through anthropological, archaeological, and historical evidence. the conclusion of the study stressed for an inter - disciplinary and in - depth research at a national and international level with the help of these countries to study the rich culture of these no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42438696961416983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.768069"} {"text": "migraine headaches are not just about throbbing head pain ; sufferers of migraine have strong sensitivity to smells, resulting in olfactory aura - an indicator of an approaching migraine attack. migraine odors usually include unpleasant imagined smells such as burnt food, cigarette smoke, or rotten garbage. what causes migraine headaches? millions of people suffer from migraine symptoms, such as severe headaches, nausea, and dizziness, but nobody has come up with a universal migraine cure. however, by determining migraine triggers and experimenting with various migraine remedies many - if not all - migraine suffers are able to find a measure of relief from their debilitating migraine symptoms. what is a migraine aura? a migraine aura appears during the migraine prodrome stage - generally, just a few minutes before the migraine attack strikes. alice in wonderland syndrome is one example of a migraine aura that includes distorted body image, auditory hallucinations, loss of spatial awareness, and temporary jumbled, confused speech patterns. typical migraine auras are bright lights and voids, such as blue - green zigzagging lines, eclipses, and blind spots. sometimes, migraine patients report smelling weird, unusual odors before a migraine attack - odors that don \u2019 t actually exists, save for them. thes olfactory auras are called parosmia. the majority of migraine patients describe imagined smells as putrid, smoky odors. common descriptions are : - burning wood - toxic - smelling aromas - sewer - like stenches - decomposed garbage. read more about migraine illness : image credits, from top : tags : imagined smells, migraine attacks, migraine causes, migraine cure, migraine headaches, migraine odors, migraine prodrome, migraine remedies, migraine sensitivity to smell, migraine sensitivity to smells, migraine smells, migraine symptoms, migraine triggers, olfactory aura, olfactory hallucinations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49809199266146403, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.771775"} {"text": "walking, but not running, with the real ' hobbits ' by stephanie guzik, ( volunteer science writer ) scientists are a big step closer to understanding the evolution of walking in humans. bipedalism \u2014 or walking upright on two feet \u2014 has long been considered one of the hallmarks of human evolution, signaling the transition from an ape - like reliance on arms and hands for locomotion to an upright gait using the legs and feet. in the cover story of the may 7, 2009 issue of the scientific journal nature, a global team of scientific collaborators, led by william l. jungers of stony brook university medical center and co - authored by smithsonian \u2019 s matt tocheri of the department of anthropology \u2019 s human origins program, investigates the foot anatomy and bipedalism in a primitive human species called homo floresiensis \u2014 more commonly referred to as the \u201c hobbit. \u201d since the discovery of the first hobbit skeleton in 2003 on the indonesian island flores, researchers have marveled over the scientifically intriguing hominin ( human - like ) species. the first and most complete hobbit skeleton is exceedingly small for an adult human \u2014 only 3 \u00bd feet tall with a brain size similar to that of a chimpanzee. similarly, the anatomy of the hobbit skull, shoulder, and wrist is highly reminiscent of other earlier hominin species that predate the origin of modern humans roughly 200 thousand years ago. the current research conducted by jungers and colleagues focused on the hobbit \u2019 s relatively complete feet \u2014 a rare find in hominin fossil discoveries \u2014 and their analyses uncover an intriguing mix of both human - and ape - like features. jungers notes, \" a foot like this one has never been seen before in the human fossil record, \" and it \" offers the most complete glimpse to date of how a primitive bipedal foot was designed and differed from that of later hominins and modern humans. \" the hobbit ' s big toe - - or hallux - - illustrates this dichotomy : it is adducted, meaning that like in modern humans, the big toe points in the same direction as the other ( lateral ) toes ; but it is considerably shorter than the lateral toes which is a characteristic reminiscent of chimpanzees and other apes. meanwhile, the hobbit ' s lateral toes ( the forefoot ) are proportionally long compared with the ankle bones ( the hindfoot ) in a manner that, again,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4911880194887279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.777922"} {"text": "is a characteristic reminiscent of chimpanzees and other apes. meanwhile, the hobbit ' s lateral toes ( the forefoot ) are proportionally long compared with the ankle bones ( the hindfoot ) in a manner that, again, is similar to apes. furthermore, the relative proportions of the hobbit \u2019 s foot in comparison to its leg bones intriguingly also share similarities with chimpanzees. the length of the hobbit foot from the heel to the longest toe is exceedingly long compared to the rest of the leg \u2014 almost 70 % of the femur ( thigh bone ) length \u2014 in contrast to modern human feet which are approximately half the length of the femur, regardless of whether you are short or tall. combining an overall flat - footed bone structure in the hobbit \u2019 s foot with a relatively short big toe and long lateral toes, as well as a relatively long foot and short legs, hobbits were definitely bipeds ( walked upright ) but they would not have moved with the same gait that we have today. hobbits would have required a different leg motion to compensate for these large differences in leg and foot proportions and they likely would not have been able to run as efficiently as modern humans do. since the hobbit was first unearthed, its skeleton has been the focus of both scientific intrigue and controversy. some scientists have provided data that suggest the hobbits are a different species of human that are closely related to, but distinct from, our own species, homo sapiens, and other hominins like neandertals ( homo neanderthalensis ). others believe the hobbits are simply modern humans with a disease resulting in small stature. the results reported by jungers and colleagues add more evidence that the hobbits are a distinct human species, homo floresiensis, noting that there are no known diseases that cause alterations in limb proportions as seen in the hobbit. moreover, the authors argue that the many primitive features seen in the hobbit skeleton suggest this novel species may not owe its recent ancestry to homo erectus, the hominin species credited with the first migration out of africa roughly 1. 8 million years ago, but rather to another more primitive species of the genus homo. although more fossil discoveries and analyses are needed to fully elucidate the interwoven evolutionary stories of homo floresiensis and bipedalism in hominins, the striking combination of human - and ape - like traits of the hobbit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4778599092060287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.779275"} {"text": "revell 1 : 48 messerschmitt bf 109 f - 4 the \" 109 \" was the \" standard fighter aircraft \" of the german air force during the whole of the war. its strengths included good take - off performance and acceleration in the dive. the bf 109e was the first large scale mass production model. a revision of aerodynamics in the nose area including the db 601 engine resulted in the bf 109f. from april 1941 onwards the bf 109f formed the main part of mass production, whilst the f - 4 first appeared in june of that year. the f - 4 / trop had a sand filter in front of the air intake and other equipment for deployment in tropical and dusty areas such as north africa and southern russia. one of the most successful 109 fighter pilots was captain joachim marseille, who was mortally wounded in 1942. - detailed surfaces with recessed panel joints - detailed cockpit including instrument panel - detailed db 601 engine - 2 engine mounted mg ' s - choice to include tropical intake filter - detailed undercarriage - moving propeller - multi - part cockpit canopy - decal set for two luftwaffe versions, j marseille and the iii / jg2 requires assembly and painting. | no. of parts | | 98 | modelzone uses an external service to give independent and honest product reviews. overall rating for this product :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43159102299923413, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.780674"} {"text": "walnuts are one of the best plant sources of protein. when it comes to health benefits, walnuts definitely are not a hard nut to crack. this delicious nut is rich in fiber, b vitamins, magnesium, and antioxidants such as vitamin e. nuts in general are high in plant sterols and fat - but mostly monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats ( omega 3 fatty acids - the good fats ). omega 3 is a protective fat the body cannot manufacture. walnut \u2019 s concentration of omega 3s has many potential health benefits ranging from cardiovascular protection, to the promotion of better cognitive function, to anti - inflammatory benefits helpful to asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis. in addition, walnuts contain an antioxidant compound called ellagic acid that supports the immune system and appears to have several anticancer properties. more than a decade of scientific evidence shows that incorporating walnuts in a healthy diet reduces the risk of heart disease by improving blood vessel elasticity and plaque accumulation. omega 3 has also been shown to lower ldl cholesterol. walnuts have often been thought of as a \u201c brain food \u201d, not only because of the wrinkled brain - like appearance of their shells, but because of their high concentration of omega - 3 fats. your brain is more than 60 % structural fat. in order for your brain cells to function properly, this structural fat needs to be primarily the omega - 3 fats such as those found in walnuts. melatonin, a powerful antioxidant, has also been discovered in walnuts, in a bio - available form. melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, which is involved in inducing and regulating sleep. melatonin has been shown to help improve sleep for night shift workers and people suffering from jet lag. maintaining a healthy level of this hormone is important for everyone over the age of 40 since the amount of melatonin produced by the human body decreases with age. studies show that enjoying just four walnuts a day significantly increased blood levels of omega - 3 essential fatty acids and alpha linolenic acid. this proves even a very simple change in diet can have a highly beneficial and lasting effect on our health. boosting your body \u2019 s supply of omega 3 fatty acids couldn \u2019 t be any easier. just add a few walnuts to your morning cereal or daily salad or grab a handful for an afternoon snack.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44584916396356455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.787886"} {"text": "bruxism ( teeth grinding ) bruxism is chronic, involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth. it usually occurs during sleep, but it may also occur while awake. the exact cause of bruxism is unknown, but it is believed to be related to : - stress and anxiety - abnormal alignment of the teeth or jaws risk factors that increases your chance of getting bruxism include : - chronic stress or anxiety - aggressive or competitive personality - abuse of drugs or alcohol ( especially methamphetamines ) - post - traumatic stress disorder - age : 40 or younger ; especially common in women aged 27 - 40 - family member with bruxism - facial or oral trauma - use of psychiatric medications, especially antidepressants - prior serious head injury symptoms may include : - grinding sounds during sleep - teeth that are sensitive to heat, cold, or brushing - tense facial or jaw muscles - hairline cracks of the enamel on some teeth - sore teeth - inflammation of the gums ( gingivitis ) - headache, especially when waking in the morning - damage to the inside of the cheek ( from biting or chewing ) - temporomandibular joint disorder ( tmd ) the doctor or dentist will ask about your symptoms and medical history. an examination of your teeth and jaw will be done. with bruxism, teeth will have flattened tips, excessive wear, or thin enamel. methods of treatment include : behavioral or cognitive treatment this method focuses on changing behavior through various techniques, such as : - stress management - relaxation therapy or exercises your dentist may recommend a protective mouth appliance, such as a night guard. it can absorb the pressure of constant night grinding. the same methods used to treat bruxism can be used to prevent the condition. academy of general dentistry american dental association canadian dental association the canadian dental hygienists association bruxism. university of virginia health system website. available at : http : / / uvahealth. com / services / dentistry / conditions - treatments - 1 / 11995 /? searchterm = bruxism. accessed january 22, 2013. chang h. botulism toxin : use in disorders of the temporomandibular joint. dent today. 2005 ; 24 : 48, 50 - 1 ; quiz 51. tan ek, jankovic j. treating severe bruxism with botulinum toxin. j am dent assoc. 2000 ; 131 : 211 - 216. teeth grinding. american dental association ' s mouth healthy website. available at : http", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4711603545106947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.793959"} {"text": "by barry rivman, senior staff writer, musician ' s friend the art of recording starts with selecting the right tool for the job \u2014 the essence of the craft is microphone selection and placement. it can take volumes to describe everything you need to know. the goal here is not to blind you with science, just give you enough understanding of how certain elements of mic design will help you choose the right mic for any situation. so here ' s a crash course on mic selection. there are three elements combined that most affect proper mic selection : transducer type, diaphragm size and mass, and polar ( or pickup ) pattern. before we get into it, there are a few terms you need to know : diaphragm : the diaphragm is a surface inside a mic that vibrates when struck by sound waves, which in turn generates a voltage that becomes an audio signal. a smaller diaphragm responds better to high frequencies, a larger diaphragm responds better to low frequencies. the lighter and thinner the diaphragm, the faster it will respond to transients. transient : a transient is the leading edge and initial attack of a sound envelope, such as the crack of a snare. compliance ( transient response ) : how fast a diaphragm responds to transients is referred to as compliance. if a mic doesn ' t have good transient response, the sound will have less attack and percussiveness. tip : boosting treble to bring out a dull high end will cause the instrument to lose its midrange in a mix and will make it sound thin and scratchy. fix it at the sound source by recording with a more compliant mic. sensitivity : how far a mic ' s diaphragm travels in response to sound - pressure waves determines how great the output voltage will be. a high - sensitivity mic will have greater output voltage. if the output voltage is higher than a preamp can handle, distortion results. spl - handling : a mic ' s ability to withstand high - pressure waves is measured as spl ( sound pressure level ). signal - to - noise ratio : put simply, a ratio of how much desired sound ( signal ) a mic picks up versus how much noise is picked up by the mic. moving a mic closer to a sound source improves the signal - to - noise ratio. tip : proximity to the source determines output voltage. a high - spl source will produce a higher output. low - sensitivity mics can be closer to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4619493072557045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.804678"} {"text": "mic. moving a mic closer to a sound source improves the signal - to - noise ratio. tip : proximity to the source determines output voltage. a high - spl source will produce a higher output. low - sensitivity mics can be closer to high - spl sources without distortion, which has the added bonus of higher signal - to - noise ratio. if you want to use a high - sensitivity mic in front of a high - spl source, move it back, but watch your signal - to - noise. proximity effect : an increase in bass or low - frequency response when a sound source is close to a mic. depending on the mic design, proximity effect may easily result in a boost of up to 16db, usually focused below 100hz. vocalists tend to like proximity effect since it fattens their voice, but a constantly varying bass boost can wreak havoc on headroom and carefully set levels. three basic transducer types : there are three general types of microphones : the moving coil or dynamic mic, the condenser mic, and the ribbon mic. the physical components and operating principles of each type of transducer determine sound quality and use. dynamic ( moving coil ) - this approach employs a circular diaphragm attached to a coil that moves back and forth within a magnetic field, which induces a voltage that becomes the audio signal. the diaphragm of a dynamic mic has the most mass of all three types, which makes it the least compliant since it must overcome greater inertia. it also provides an advantage : the dynamic mic ' s diaphragm is the most durable of the three and therefore well suited to the demands of live sound reinforcement and high - spl sound sources. condenser - also called a capacitor mic, it has two oppositely charged thin metal plates placed a small distance from one another. the rear plate is fixed while the front plate moves back and forth. this configuration mimics function of a capacitor. the movement of the diaphragm in response to pressure waves produces an oscillating voltage from the capacitor, proportional to the original pressure oscillation. the diaphragm is very thin and lightweight, making condensers high - sensitivity, highly compliant mics. ribbon mics operate under the same principle as the moving coil, but the diaphragm is a long, thin, corrugated metal ribbon that fluctuates between two magnets of opposite charge. however, instead of creating current", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5563037988222614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.805581"} {"text": "mics. ribbon mics operate under the same principle as the moving coil, but the diaphragm is a long, thin, corrugated metal ribbon that fluctuates between two magnets of opposite charge. however, instead of creating current in a coil as it vibrates back and forth, current is generated in the ribbon diaphragm itself. the ribbon has much less mass than a moving coil and is therefore much more compliant. it responds better to percussive sounds and high frequencies depending on the length of the ribbon. ribbons are very low sensitivity and require a clean preamp with around 65 - 70db of gain. though traditionally ribbon mics were fragile, today ribbons, such as the royer r121, are more durable and can handle high - spl sources. tip 1 : unless the manufacturer states otherwise, do not expose a ribbon mic to phantom power, since + 48v will travel along the ribbon and burn it out. tip 2 : even though ribbons are tougher these days, never blow into a ribbon mic to see if it ' s working ; when walking with a ribbon mic, cover the grille with your hand to protect the ribbon. from the information we have so far, we can deduce that a compliant, small - diaphragm mic ( condenser ) is good for recording high - frequency percussive sounds such as a triangle, cymbals ( drum overheads ), or acoustic guitar. a compliant large - diaphragm mic ( condenser ) would be good for recording vocals and acoustic bass. a less - compliant, large - diaphragm mic ( dynamic ) would be useful for recording high spl sources such as a kick drum and electric bass. a less - compliant small - diaphragm mic ( dynamic ) would be good for recording electric guitars and snare drums ( also high - spl sources ). however, depending on the sound you ' re going for and how you envision the texture of guitars in a mix, any type of mic is fair game. just keep their characteristics in mind and you can make an informed choice. polar or pickup patterns basically describe the physical area or directional characteristics of the mic ' s \" hearing. \" any mic capsule can be made to have any polar or pickup pattern. this is mainly achieved by the design of the housing. most microphones have one polar pattern, however, there are also mics that have multiple patterns, which can be accessed either by switch or by interchangeable capsules", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4880105174818045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.806489"} {"text": "any polar or pickup pattern. this is mainly achieved by the design of the housing. most microphones have one polar pattern, however, there are also mics that have multiple patterns, which can be accessed either by switch or by interchangeable capsules. directional pickup patterns include cardioid, supercardioid, hypercardioid, and shotgun. directional mics pick up mainly from the front and reject sounds that come from the rear and sides. directional mics provide more gain before feedback and greater isolation, which makes them very popular for live sound reinforcement. super and hypercardioid mics are more directional than cardioid, rejecting more sound from the sides. but they do pick up some sound from the rear ( hyper more than super ), so don ' t place your floor monitors directly behind them. shotgun is a very directional pattern with extended reach. bidirectional or figure - 8 mics pick up from the front and rear of the mic while completely rejecting sounds from the sides. the advantage of the figure - 8 pattern is the ability to add some room tone to vocals or instruments without off - axis coloration. ribbon mics are bidirectional, while some condensers have a switchable figure - 8 pattern. figure - 8 mics are also an essential component of mid - side stereo recording. omnidirectional : omnis pick up sound equally from all directions \u2026 well, mostly. omnis give you the sound of \" being there ; \" can handle extremely high spl ; do not suffer from proximity effect ; and are not that sensitive to wind, pop, or handling noise. however, omnis are more prone to feedback, therefore not widely used in live sound. tip : never wrap your hands around a vocal mic directly behind the capsule ( as so many singers do at an emotional peak ). this effectively blocks the ports in the capsule that enable rear rejection and turns a cardioid mic into an omni, which is more prone to feedback ( squeal!!!, emotional peak ruined ). dynamic, ribbon, or condenser? you should have at least one of each, but if your preamp lacks sufficient gain for a ribbon mic, an l - d and s - d condenser and a dynamic should get you through all recording chores. however, as platinum producer michael wagener ( ozzie, motley crue, alice cooper ) says, \" two sm57s and an sm58. i can make a record with those. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47289535023120727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.807386"} {"text": "in 1925 a group of czech immigrants settled the town of masaryktown in central florida. they established orange groves, which were destroyed in the hard frost of 1926. the enterprising immigrants then turned to the growing of chickens, and that proved to be a successful venture. not only did the chickens bring them fortune, but eventually brought fame to the small settlement. the town was chosen by the guinness book of world records as home of the fastest chicken - pluckers in the universe. each year the town of nearby spring hill played host to the world \u2019 s championship plucking contest. alas, as the years flew by the descendents of those original settlers eschewed poultry raising and moved on to other opportunities and masaryktown faded into obscurity. if only they had waited for colonel sanders and yes, even former president herbert hoover, who promised \u201c a chicken in every pot. \u201d the chicken has contributed mightily to the culinary world. it has been around for centuries and piqued the interest of charles darwin, who studied their beginnings. he theorized that all modern breeds of chickens were offspring of a common ancestor. modern chickens \u2019 ancestors go back to a jungle fowl, gaullus bankiva, still found in the rainforest of burma ( myanmar ), northern india, thailand and sumatra. the first domesticated chickens were raised in india sometime around 3200 b. c. and were originally bred for the sport of cockfighting. in 1607, the settlers of the jamestown colony introduced poultry raising and breeding. those original chicks came from mother england and the colonists began cross - breeding and selling the chickens throughout the surrounding countryside. other chickens were imported from asia, and these also remain the foundation for the modern day species. many of those early chickens escaped from the colonists \u2019 farms and ventured into what is now the delmarva peninsula in delaware. these chickens were the ancestors of purdue chickens and several other breeds. the peninsula is now the largest producer of chickens in the country. the chicken is not a fortunate member of the animal kingdom. billions are slaughtered every year, for they not only produce eggs and delicious meat, they also are the world \u2019 s most efficient producer of meat protein. it only requires less than 2 pounds of feed to yield 1 pound of food. chicken is an international culinary tradition and is a major food source in almost every nation on earth. a serving of chicken provides more than half a day \u2019 s protein requirement while a 3 - ounce serving of roasted chicken has fewer than 150 calories.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43709925278897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.814599"} {"text": ". chicken is an international culinary tradition and is a major food source in almost every nation on earth. a serving of chicken provides more than half a day \u2019 s protein requirement while a 3 - ounce serving of roasted chicken has fewer than 150 calories. chicken is probably the most versatile meat available for human consumption. chicken is a healthful and inexpensive food, so it is not surprising that it ranks as the most popular meat prepared in home kitchens. it takes ingenuity and creativeness to come up with new ways to serve chicken. culinary experts maintain that if one can successfully roast a chicken they are considered a master chef. so here goes : perfect roast chicken \u00bd teaspoon salt or to taste 5 pound roasting chicken \u00bd teaspoon sage \u00bd teaspoon thyme \u00bd teaspoon rosemary 1 bay leaf 1 cup chopped onion 1 cup chopped celery, including leaves 1 cup chopped carrot generous sprig fresh parsley 1 clove garlic, minced \u00bc cup hot water or chicken stock \u25a0 rub salt into cavity of chicken, add thyme, sage, rosemary and bay leaf to cavity. combine onion, celery, carrot and parsley. spread over bottom of large roasting pan. place chicken breast side down on vegetables. bake in preheated 450 - degree oven for 30 minutes. \u25a0 turn chicken breast side up. sprinkle garlic over breast and legs. reduce heat to 400 degrees. bake 1 hour. \u25a0 transfer chicken to serving platter and remove fat the bay leaf from roasting pan. add the hot water of stock to vegetables in pan. heat until drippings and vegetables are loosened from pan. \u25a0 transfer to food processor and puree, adding additional liquid for proper gravy consistency. after allowing the chicken to sit for about 15 minutes, carve, pass the gravy and enjoy the accolades. note : the real secret is to select the very best chicken you can buy. the chicken should have a meaty feeling, free of any blemishes and have a full and moist breast. q : some friends are bringing their boat to naples shortly and have invited us to go cruising with them. i have been asked to fix a salad and would like a recipe for a salad that is suitable to be served aboard. \u2014 candace lutringer, marco island a : this salad originated in switzerland and is almost a complete meal in itself. it \u2019 s ideal for summer outings. gypsy salad ( zigeunersalat ) \u00bd pound smoked salami, cut into \u00bd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4286822612915179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.817075"} {"text": "candace lutringer, marco island a : this salad originated in switzerland and is almost a complete meal in itself. it \u2019 s ideal for summer outings. gypsy salad ( zigeunersalat ) \u00bd pound smoked salami, cut into \u00bd - inch cubes \u00bd cup thinly sliced dill pickle \u00bc cup pearl onion, parboiled for 5 minutes, drained and thinly sliced * 1 large ripe tomato, diced \u00bc pound gruyere cheese, cut into \u00bd - inch cubes 2 hard - boiled eggs, thinly sliced 2 tightly packed cups of salad green, torn into bit - sized pieces \u00bc cup fresh peas, parboiled for 2 minutes, drained or if frozen, thawed 2 anchovy fillets, minced \u00bc cup extra virgin olive oil 2 tablespoons red wine, sherry or cider vinegar 1\u00bd teaspoons prepared mustard pinch of paprika 2 teaspoons minced fresh dill salt and pepper to taste \u25a0 toss the salami, pickles, onions, tomato, cheese, eggs, greens, peas and anchovies in a salad bowl. \u25a0 place the vinegar, mustard, paprika, dill, salt and pepper in a jar with a tight lid and shake well. pour over the salad and toss well. \u25a0 refrigerate, covered for 2 to 24 hours. toss again before serving. serves 4 to 6. * fresh pearl onions may be replaced by either frozen or canned ones. doris reynolds is the author of \u201c when peacocks were roasted and mullet was fried \u201d and \u201c let \u2019 s talk food. \u201d they are available for sale in the lobby of the naples daily news. also available is a 4 - part dvd. \u201c a walk down memory lane with doris reynolds. \u201d for comments and information regarding today \u2019 s column, e - mail doris reynolds : firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36804115178327346, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.818279"} {"text": "astronauts to vote from space in this day and age, people engage in their right to vote from all over the world. but this nov. 4, few ballots will have traveled as far as those cast by two nasa astronauts. commander edward michael fincke and flight engineer and science officer greg chamitoff are living and working onboard the international space station. though they are 220 miles above earth and orbiting at 17, 500 miles per hour, they will still be able to participate in the upcoming election. a 1997 bill passed by texas legislators sets up a technical procedure for astronauts - - nearly all of whom live in houston - - to vote from space. a secure electronic ballot, generated by the harris and brazoria county clerk ' s office, is uplinked by nasa ' s johnson space center mission control center. an e - mail with crew member - specific credentials is sent from the county clerk to the crew member. these credentials allow the crew member to access the secure ballot. the astronauts will cast their votes and a secure completed ballot is downlinked and delivered back to the county clerk \u2019 s office by e - mail to be officially recorded. to highlight their unique voting situation and to encourage others to exercise their civic duty, fincke and chamitoff sent a special message that will air on nasa tv starting monday, oct. 27. + view message joined by expedition 18 flight engineer yury lonchakov, fincke and chamitoff also beamed down a message celebrating the upcoming 10th anniversary of the station ' s launch. the first station piece, the bus - sized zarya module, was launched from the baikonur cosmodrome, kazakhstan, on nov. 20, 1998. in the 10 years since, 76 flights have been launched to the complex. the orbiting laboratory has now grown to a mass of almost 600, 000 pounds and an inside volume larger than a four - bedroom house.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4815610889316098, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.820559"} {"text": "photograph by matthieu paley, photonica / getty images photograph by becky hale fredrik hiebert, archaeologist and explorer, has traced ancient trade routes overland and across the seas for more than 20 years. hiebert has led excavations at ancient silk road sites across asia, from egypt to mongolia. his excavations at a 4, 000 - year - old silk road city in turkmenistan made headlines around the world. he also conducts underwater archaeology projects in the black sea and in south america ' s highest lake, lake titicaca, in search of submerged settlements. hiebert completed his doctoral dissertation at harvard university in 1992 and held the robert h. dyson chair of archaeology at the university of pennsylvania before joining the national geographic society in 2003. he rediscovered the lost bactrian gold in afghanistan in 2004 and was the curator of national geographic ' s exhibition afghanistan : hidden treasures from the national museum, kabul which toured major museums in the united states and internationally. as national geographic ' s archaeology fellow, he extends the enthusiasm for archaeology to the public in lectures, presentations, films, and museum exhibits. hiebert also holds positions with the university of pennsylvania museum of archaeology and anthropology, the institute for nautical archaeology, and robert ballard ' s institute for exploration. among other honors, hiebert received the chairman ' s award from the national geographic committee for research and exploration in 1998. latest explorer news follow @ natgeoexplorers on twitter inside national geographic magazine for a country shattered by decades of war, evidence of a glorious past inspires a renewed sense of national pride. in their words imagine the tangibility of picking up something that \u2019 s four thousand years old and thinking : i \u2019 m the first person to pick this up for four thousand years. it could be just a piece of pottery, but it \u2019 s a thrill. follow along as fred hiebert and his team search for a sunken palace in kyrgyzstan. concealed from invading soviets, later from the taliban, and feared lost, a trove of precious antiquities reveals the rich cultures that came together at one of history ' s great crossroads. ng fellow fred hiebert describes his excitement on finding an artifact over 800 years old. listen to fredrik hiebert hear an interview with hiebert on national geographic weekend. 00 : 08 : 00 fred hiebert now you can enter the world of indiana jones and experience the adventure of field archaeology. lucasfilm ltd. and national geographic have teamed up to bring you \u201c indiana jones and the adventure of archaeology, \u201d an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43487744304157433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.823535"} {"text": "twenty - two b - 36as were built in four production blocks. the - a model featured the domed canopy first seen on the yb - 36 and a redesigned four - wheel main landing gear system that replaced the single - wheel main landing gear of the two earlier aircraft ( xb - 36 and yb - 36 ). the first flight of the b - 36a was on aug. 28, 1947. the - a model actually flew six months earlier than the yb - 36, but this was because the first production b - 36a ( s / n 44 - 92004 ) was completed with just enough equipment to make a ferry flight to wright field, ohio. once at wright field the aircraft was used as a test bed for structural tests. these tests were often conducted to test maximum loads until structural failure occurred. thus, the first b - 36a was destroyed. although the b - 36a was technically a production aircraft, no defensive armament was installed. the - a model was used by the 7th bomb group at carswell air force base, texas, for crew training and testing only. initial production block technical notes : armament : designed for 10. 50 - cal. machine guns and five 37mm cannon plus 72, 000 lbs of bombs ( no defensive armament was actually installed ) engines : six pratt & whitney r - 4360 - 25 radials of 3, 000 hp each ( takeoff power ) maximum speed : 345 mph at 32, 000 ft. cruising speed : 202 mph range : 3, 380 miles with 10, 000 lbs. bomb load. ( estimated combat radius ) ; 9, 136 - mile ferry range service ceiling : 39, 100 ft. span : 230 ft. 0 in. length : 162 ft. 1 in. height : 46 ft. 8 in. weight : 310, 380 lbs. ( maximum gross weight ) crew : 15 serial numbers : 44 - 92004 to 44 - 92025", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4197438875156766, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.827379"} {"text": "| multimillionaire steel baron andrew carnegie cheerfully pronounced that \" individualism, private property, the law of accumulation of wealth, and the law of competition \" were the very height of human achievement. politicians and indian reformers simply sought to apply these to the indian tribes with no real understanding of tribal cultures. privatizing indian land through the allotment act of 1887 was done through adherence to this ideology. it was felt that this would force indians into the modern world and enable them and their children to have a future. the more practical realized that this would simply separate the indians from their land and allow large corporate interests to prosper. by the 1920s it was obvious to the most casual observer that there were major economic, social, and health problems on the reservations. america ' s prosperity was not reaching indian people. the poverty on the reservations was undeniable to any who had even a casual relationship with them. in 1923 an elite panel known as the committee of 100 was convened to advise on indian policy. the committee supported the goal of assimilation, but called for a greater sensitivity to indian customs and the protection of tribal land. the following year, the committee of 100 recommended that indian education be improved with better school facilities, better trained personnel, an increase in the number of students in public schools, and scholarships for high school and college. in 1926 secretary of the interior hubert work authorized an economic and social study of indian conditions. lewis meriam led the study for the institute for government research, a privately endowed foundation ( funded by the rockefeller foundation ). to conduct the research, meriam put together a team of specialists from various disciplines, including some native americans. henry roe cloud ( winnebago ), a graduate of yale university, served as the indian adviser. henry roe cloud is shown above. the research team conducted field work in 23 states, selected because they had more than 1, 000 native american inhabitants. they visited 95 reservations, agencies, hospitals, and schools. in 1928, meriam ' s study entitled the problem of indian administration ( more commonly called the meriam report ) was published. this was the most comprehensive study of indian reservations ever done. the report strongly repudiated the philosophy of indian policy which had prevailed since 1871. while there were, and still are, many people who feel that poverty is a condition which indian people have brought upon themselves, and that government policies can neither ameliorate nor create poverty, the report states : \" several past policies adopted by the government in dealing with the indians have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4391023833997474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.840827"} {"text": "many people who feel that poverty is a condition which indian people have brought upon themselves, and that government policies can neither ameliorate nor create poverty, the report states : \" several past policies adopted by the government in dealing with the indians have been of a type which, if long continued, would tend to pauperize any race. \" beginning in 1871, indian policy in the united states had been guided by the ideology of private property, that only through private property could indians ( and all other people ) prosper and that economic development should be based on small, privately owned family farms. according to the report : \" it almost seems as if the government assumed that some magic in individual ownership of property would in itself prove an educational civilizing factor, but unfortunately this policy has for the most part operated in the opposite direction. \" the report also states : \" in justice to the indians it should be said that many of them are living on lands from which a trained and experienced white man could scarcely wrest a reasonable living. in some instances the land originally set apart for the indians was of little value for agricultural operations other than grazing. \" the meriam report recognized the economic potential of indian arts and crafts. the report recommended that the indian office coordinate the marketing of indian arts and crafts so that genuineness, quality, and fair prices could be maintained. indian arts and crafts were seen as a way of improving the social and economic conditions on the reservations. the report also recommended that tribes be incorporated and that the tribal councils be given some decision - making powers. the goals of indian education during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were to convert indian children to christianity ; to give them christian names, particularly surnames, so that the inheritance of property could be easily traced ; to provide them with the concept of greed ; and to train them as laborers and household workers. education was often carried out through boarding schools in which indian children were forcibly removed from their homes and the influences of their cultures. with the meriam report the non - indian public is made aware of kidnapping, child labor, emotional and physical abuse, and lack of health care in bureau of indian affairs schools. while the report draws attention to abuses, the assimilationist po\u00aclicies of indian education continues for another 40 years. the report is particu\u00aclarly critical of the boarding schools : \" the survey staff finds itself obligated to say frankly and unequivocally that the provisions for the care of the indian children in boarding schools are grossly inadequate. \" while indian education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4203685699461388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.842053"} {"text": "##u\u00aclarly critical of the boarding schools : \" the survey staff finds itself obligated to say frankly and unequivocally that the provisions for the care of the indian children in boarding schools are grossly inadequate. \" while indian education has often assumed that indians are to be trained for manual labor, the report states : \" the indian service should encourage promising indian youths to continue their education beyond the boarding schools and to fit themselves for professional, scientific, and technical callings. not only should the educational facilities of the boarding schools provide definitely for fitting them for college entrance, but the service should aid them in meeting the costs. \" with regard to religion, the report urges the continuation of cooperation with christian missionaries, but cautions : \" the missionaries need to have a better understanding of the indian point of view of the indian ' s religion and ethics, in order to start from what is good in them as a foundation. too frequently, they have made the mistake of attempting to destroy the existing structure and to substitute something else without apparently realizing that much in the old has its place in the new. \" with regard to indian health, the report simply stated : \" the health of the indians compared with that of the general population is bad. \" according to the report, the general death rate and the infant mortality rate were high. tuberculosis and trachoma ( a disease that produces blindness ) were very prevalent. with regard to the health care services provided to indians by the government, the report states : \" the hospitals, sanatoria, and sanatorium schools maintained by the service, despite a few exceptions, must generally be characterized as lacking in personnel, equipment, management, and design \" according to the report, the government - run health care institutions do not provide adequate care for their patients. overall, the meriam report set the stage for a new era in indian policy, an era in which policy could be based on actual data rather than ideological or theological fantasies. some of the report ' s recommendations were incorporated into the 1934 indian reorganization act.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.424035174047741, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.843042"} {"text": "in just 3 - 4 months, juvenile oysters can triple in size. these oysters are ready to go to their new home on the reef. juvenile oyster clusters the nature conservancy ' s kristin ward and ray konisky plant juvenile oysters in the oyster river. the oyster restoration project was recently featured on nh chronicle! \" our tightly - coupled systems are breaking down. but recovery of oysters gives us real hope. \u201d pop quiz : how many gallons of water can one adult oyster filter per day? a. 2 gallons b. 5 gallons c. 15 gallons d. 20 gallons chosen your answer? great! at the height of feeding in summer an adult oyster can filter a whopping 20 gallons of water per day! 1, 000 oysters can together filter the entire volume of your average swimming pool - about 20, 000 gallons - every day. back in 1970, research suggests that 900 acres of oyster reefs in great bay were able to filter the volume of the entire estuary every 4 days. after 40 years of decline from disease, overharvest, and siltation, that rate is now about 274 days \u2013 a not even enough to make a blip. the decline is staggering to say the least. recognizing that healthy oyster populations are essential in improving the water quality of great bay, dr. ray konisky has been hard at work in the water. ray, along with university of new hampshire \u2019 s dr. ray grizzle and krystin ward at the jackson estuarine laboratory, completed another season of oyster restoration work in october by planting 200, 000 juvenile oysters on a newly created 1 - acre clamshell reef in the oyster river. in december, a sampling for live oysters indicated excellent initial survival rates, along with an added settlement of 7, 000 \u2013 15, 000 naturally spawned oysters on the clamshell. combined with restoration efforts in 2009, our work over the past two years has added 1. 2 acres of live reef and nearly a quarter of a million new oysters to the great bay estuary. we may be far from filtering the entire bay every 4 days, but it \u2019 s a start. \u201c oysters are unique, \u201d says ray. \u201c we have too many nutrients and too much algae in the [ great bay ] system. oysters clear the water and help eelgrass meadows which in turn provide places for more fish, lobsters, and crabs. our tightly - coupled systems are breaking down. but recovery of oysters gives us real hope. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40730737767313563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.847073"} {"text": "great bay ] system. oysters clear the water and help eelgrass meadows which in turn provide places for more fish, lobsters, and crabs. our tightly - coupled systems are breaking down. but recovery of oysters gives us real hope. \u201d 2010 also saw the fifth year of the oyster conservationist volunteer program. 32 volunteers at 21 locations around great bay participated in this year \u2019 s program, successfully raising more than 3, 000 healthy juvenile oysters. these oysters joined those hatched at the jackson estuarine laboratory on the newly constructed reef in october. a very heartfelt thank you goes out to all our \u201c oyster nannies \u201d! hatchery - raised oyster spat are happiest developing on oyster shell. to provide some of that shell, our partners at the coastal conservation association ( cca ) coordinate the collection of used shell from local restaurants and fish markets ( see our fall 2010 newsletter for an in - depth look at the cca shell recycling program ). new participants are added all the time. to see which businesses in your area participate, visit the cca \u2019 s website at www. ccanh. org. over 225 tons of clam shell recently left their winter home at the unh kingman farm and moved to the docks in preparation for 2011 reef construction. the goal is to restore two acres of historic reef at the mouth of the lamprey river this summer. with unh hatchery seeding and some help from mother nature, this site should be the new home for \u00bd million oysters by year \u2019 s end! as these reefs and the existing reefs in the oyster river mature, we might just start turning the tide on the nutrient threat. our efforts are underway thanks to generous grants to the nature conservancy and unh jackson estuarine laboratory from the piscataqua region estuaries partnership, noaa, nh moose plate program and conservancy member donations. funds are largely in place for 2011 but looking ahead, we are going to need lots more help. to learn how you can support our efforts, contact marne perreault at 603. 224. 5853, extension 12, or email @ example. com. there ' s lots more on the oyster restoration program! april 30, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4340466754665483, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.848030"} {"text": "behavioral differences explain the gender learning gap february 12, 2013 a new study to be released soon in the journal of human resources provides insight into the phenomenon of boys scoring as well or better than girls on most standardized tests while simultaneously being less likely to get good grades, take advanced classes or attend college, says christina hoff sommers, a resident scholar at the american enterprise institute. - the study analyzes data from more than 5, 800 students and concludes that, regardless of racial group or subject area, boys make lower grades than their test scores predict because of their classroom behavior. - gender differences in noncognitive skills - - like the ability to sit still and work independently - - begin as early as kindergarten. - as women have achieved equality in the workplace, their educational outcomes have surpassed that of men so that now 60 percent of bachelors, masters and ph. d. s are awarded to men. trends like the decline of recess, zero - tolerance disciplinary policies, the tendency to criminalize minor juvenile misconduct and the turn away from single - sex schools adversely affects boys ' innate skills and characteristic sensibilities. - if boys start school with grade disparities, lifelong success may be reduced as the door to higher education, advanced classes, enrichment programs and honors societies is shut. - globalization necessitates that the united states achieve the most educated workforce before other nations, which will only be possible if the problems with male education are solved. - improving minority education is strongly correlated with improving male education because minority women are more likely to earn a college degree than minority men. to address the problems of male underachievement, sommers suggests following the british lead of indulging boys ' tendency to be inattentive by assigning more boy - friendly reading assignments, offering more recess, creating more single - sex classes and hiring more male teachers. she also highlights the success of vocational high schools in engaging male students. the aviation high school in new york city, for example, has received incredibly high marks by providing an aeronautical education above and beyond the standard curriculum. acknowledging the gender gap and making efforts to reverse it will ensure that all of america ' s students receive an education that best endows them with skills for the future. source : christina hoff sommers, \" the boys at the back, \" new york times, february 2, 2013. browse more articles on education issues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4662954268597532, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.851813"} {"text": "netwellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. netwellness is commercial - free and does not accept advertising. saturday, may 25, 2013 bullae in both lungs my 6 year old son was seen in the er for viral symptoms and a ct was ordered to rule out an appendix problem and was diagnosed with bullae bilaterally in the bases of the lungs. he is active and has never had shortness of breath. what is the prognosis for some one so young diagnosed with this? bullae at the bases of both lungs are quite unusual in a healthy 6 - year - old with no previous history of pneumonia. it is difficult to say what this might mean without seeing the films. i do know that 6 - year - olds are often not good at holding their breath while going through a ct scanner. if they are breathing as the scan of the lungs is done, the lung tissue can look abnormal. this might be contributing to what is being seen on the ct of his abdomen. i would recommend getting copies of the films ( usually provided on cd ) and taking them with you to an appointment with a pediatric pulmonologist. they, and their \" go - to \" pediatric chest radiologist, can look at the films and decide if the finding is \" artifact \" ( blurring ) or significant. either way, if not done yet, a ct of his entire chest will likely be ordered in order to clarify matters. they will also see if your son can do some breathing tests to help determine how well his lungs are functioning. elizabeth d allen, md clinical associate professor of pediatrics college of medicine the ohio state university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4284703689704807, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.853799"} {"text": "times are tough in the newspaper business. for example, the new york times used to have a robust fact - checking department. either the staff has been laid off or maybe they can ' t keep up with the errors, either of which could explain the op - ed piece \" europe energized. \" hill ' s piece is classic cheerleading. he would have us believe that europe has significantly reduced its reliance on oil, as its governments have enticed the citizenry out of cars and into mass transit and planes. starting with the contention that europe has the same standard of living as the united states, he indicates that europe has made much greater progress in reducing energy use and carbon emissions. in fact, europe does not enjoy the same standard of living as the united states. in 2009, the gross domestic product ( purchasing power parity ) was approximately one - third less ( $ 14, 000 less ). for most households in europe and the united states, that is a not an inconsequential amount of money. one reason for europe ' s lower rates of energy consumption is its historically lower income levels. hill claims substantial reductions in oil consumption relative to the united states. however, europe has not sworn off oil. indeed, according to international energy agency ( iea ) data, europe ' s oil consumption per capita dropped only marginally more than that of the united states between 1980 and 2006. nor has europe done a better job of becoming more energy efficient. measured in tons of oil equivalence, the united states has reduced its per capita energy consumption more than europe since 1980, again based upon iea data. it is, of course, easier to reduce oil consumption with near static population growth. eu data indicates that mass transit ' s market share in europe has been declining for decades ( like in the united states ). further, despite all the new high speed rail lines, cars and airplanes have accounted for the greatest travel increases. in 1995, airplanes carried a slightly smaller volume ( passenger kilometers ) than passenger railways, including high speed rail. by 2008, airlines were carrying 37 % more passenger kilometers than rail, despite a huge expansion of high speed rail. since 1995, at least 15 passenger kilometers have been traveled by car for every additional passenger kilometer traveled by rail, high speed or not. meanwhile, europe ' s truck dependent freight system is less fuel efficient than america ' s, which relies to a greater degree on freight railroads. none of this is to suggest that europe does not lead the united states in some fields. there is no question", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4973350886746868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.856916"} {"text": "led ' s and light country : united states date : march 2006 first off i ' m not sure if this should have been a question asked in the computer section but here it goes. i know that light bulbs produce light via heat. tungsten filament, argon gas environment so it does not ignite. seems simple enough. leds ( light emitting diodes ) give off light via an aluminum gallium arsenide semi - conductor ( i think ). however, how exactly is electrical current turned into light in leds? according to me physics and chemistry teachers there is little to no heat given off, and technically the light is not being \" converted \" to light. i am not sure what they mean exactly. so how does an led produce light? and why do they never burn out? ( unless of course you exceed the 50 ma limit ). what your teachers mean by \" no heat given off \" is that led ' s do not * radiate * infrared light, as light bulbs do. led ' s do give off heat. in fact, most of the energy that goes into an led comes out as heat. less than 20 % is converted to light. led ' s give off light when electrons drop from a high energy state to a low energy state. the material in which this occurs has a junction between two kinds of semiconductors, each of which permits electrons to have only specific amounts of potential energy, and the energies permitted in the two materials are different. when electrons move from one material to the other, they are no longer permitted to have the energy they had in the so they drop down to a lower energy state that is permitted, and the energy difference is emitted as a photon. led ' s do burn out, though not in the same way light bulbs do. the heat produced gradually changes the properties of the semiconducting material. this reduces the light output. many commonly available white - light led ' s go dim in just a few months of continuous use. low - power led ' s, and some high - power led ' s with carefully engineered paths by which heat can be extracted from the semiconductor material, last much longer. a detailed explanation of \" how do led ' s work? is too long for a forum like newton. the most basic principle is that electrons are driven from a state of high energy to a state of low energy in a semiconductor diode. the energy gap between the two states falls in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and the energy is released as a photon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5526460411622187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.860042"} {"text": "ellis - van creveld syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects bone growth. chondroectodermal dysplasia ; evc causes, incidence, and risk factors ellis - van creveld is passed down through families ( inherited ). it is caused by defects in one of two ellis van creveld syndrome genes ( evc and evc2 ) that are next to each other. the severity of the disease varies from person to person. the highest rate of the condition is seen among the old order amish population of lancaster county, pennsylvania. it is fairly rare in the general population. call your health care provider if your child has symptoms of this syndrome. if you have a family history of ellis - van creveld syndrome and your child has any symptoms, visit your health care provider. genetic counseling can help families understand the condition and how to care for the patient. genetic counseling is recommended for prospective parents from a high - risk group, or who have a family history of ellis - van creveld syndrome. chad haldeman - englert, md, wake forest school of medicine, department of pediatrics, section on medical genetics, winston - salem, nc. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4522706691634685, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.861485"} {"text": "children ' s environmental health and disease prevention research center at dartmouth margaret r. karagas, ph. d. the children ' s environmental health and disease prevention research center at dartmouth studies the effects of arsenic exposure on children ' s health. arsenic naturally occurs in well water in parts of the united states and is harmful to our health. it can be present in rocks and soil and exposure can occur through contaminated drinking water, food, or air. exposure to arsenic in large or small amounts over time can cause skin lesions, cancer, and other health problems. despite the significant potential public health impact of arsenic, the effect of arsenic exposure on fetal development and maternal and child health is not yet known. the center informs the public about ways to minimize risks from arsenic exposure and collaborates with local communities to reduce the risk of environmental threats to children ' s health. project leader : margaret r. karagas, ph. d. this research is part of an ongoing study of 1, 000 women and infants in new hampshire who get their drinking water from private wells, a potential source of arsenic exposure in this region. this work will help reveal whether arsenic exposure via drinking water and food in the first year of life increases risk of infection during pregnancy or during the infant ' s first year of life. the project will also assess how individual variation in arsenic metabolism and lifestyle factors such as maternal smoking alters the effects of arsenic exposure in children. project leader : kathryn l. cottingham, ph. d. building on a study of women and children enrolled as part of dartmouth \u2019 s superfund program, this project explores dietary sources of arsenic exposure in infancy through the first year of life. the goal is to identify the contribution of diet to both arsenic exposure and the ability to reduce arsenic toxicity through dietary changes such as folate, iron, and vitamin b. the project focuses on exposure through breast milk and infant formula and is also collecting data on the period when infants transition to solid foods, such as rice cereals, which may contain low levels of arsenic. project 3 : an integrated geospatial and epidemiological study of associations between birth defects and arsenic exposure in new england project leader : xun shi, ph. d. previous studies have suggested a link between arsenic exposure during pregnancy and birth defects, the onset of asthma, and other respiratory illnesses. this project is integrating information on where people live and their health to characterize the spatial distribution of birth defects in new england in relation to environmental exposure to arsenic. this data will be used to model the process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5172001070624206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.864505"} {"text": "this booklet is a guide for parents who think their child may have symptoms of bipolar disorder, or parents whose child has been diagnosed. all parents can relate to the many changes their kids go through as they grow up. but sometimes it ' s hard to tell if a child is just going through a \" phase, \" or showing signs of something more serious. in the last decade, the number of children receiving the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, sometimes, called manic - depressive illness, has grown substantially. 1 but what does the diagnosis really mean for a child? this booklet discusses bipolar disorder in children and teens. for information on bipolar disorder in adults, see the national institute of mental health ( nimh ) booklet bipolar disorder in adults. what is bipolar disorder? bipolar disorder, also known as manic - depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels. it can also make it hard to carry out day - to - day tasks, such as going to school or hanging out with friends. symptoms of bipolar disorder can be severe. they are different from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through from time to time. bipolar disorder symptoms can result in damaged relationships, poor school performance, and even suicide. but bipolar disorder can be treated, and many people with this illness can lead full and productive lives. symptoms of bipolar disorder often develop in the late teens or early adult years, but some people have their first symptoms during childhood. at least half of all cases start before age 25. 2 bipolar disorder tends to run in families. children with a parent or sibling who has bipolar disorder are up to six times more likely to develop the illness, compared with children who do not have a family history of bipolar disorder. 3 however, most children with a family history of bipolar disorder will not develop the illness. what are the signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents? youth with bipolar disorder experience unusually intense emotional states that occur in distinct periods called \" mood episodes. \" the extreme highs and lows of mood are accompanied by extreme changes in energy, activity, sleep, and behavior. each mood episode represents a drastic change from a person ' s usual mood and behavior. an overly joyful or overexcited state is called a manic episode. an extremely sad or hopeless state is called a depressive episode. sometimes, a mood episode includes symptoms of both mania and depression. this is called a mixed state. people with bipolar disorder also may be explosive and irritable during a mood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4718927489357334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.899331"} {"text": "episode. an extremely sad or hopeless state is called a depressive episode. sometimes, a mood episode includes symptoms of both mania and depression. this is called a mixed state. people with bipolar disorder also may be explosive and irritable during a mood episode. symptoms of bipolar disorder are described below. | symptoms of mania include : | | symptoms of depression include : | | mood changes | | mood changes | it ' s normal for almost every child or teen to show some of these behaviors sometimes. these passing changes should not be confused with bipolar disorder. symptoms of bipolar disorder are not like the normal changes in mood and energy that everyone has. bipolar symptoms are more extreme and tend to last for most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 1 week. also, depressive or manic episodes include moods very different from a child ' s normal mood, and the behaviors described in the chart generally all come on at the same time. sometimes the symptoms of bipolar disorder are so severe that the child needs to be treated in a hospital. bipolar disorder can be present even when mood swings are less extreme. for example, sometimes a child may have more energy and be more active than normal, but not show the severe signs of a full - blown manic episode. this is called hypomania. it generally lasts for at least 4 days in a row. hypomania causes noticeable changes in behavior, but does not harm a child ' s ability to function in the same way that mania does. note on misdiagnosis : rapidly shifting moods and high energy findings from the nimh - funded longitudinal assessment of manic symptoms ( lams ) study suggest that most young children with rapid mood swings and extremely high energy levels do not actually have bipolar disorder. however, these symptoms do cause significant problems at home, school, or with peers. the lams researchers re - assessed the children periodically to determine which children with rapid mood swings and high energy develop bipolar disorder later in life. 4 rapid mood changes and high energy are common among youth, but some researchers suggest these symptoms are hallmarks of mania in children. other experts believe that over - diagnosis and misdiagnosis may play a role in the sharply rising numbers of children being diagnosed with and treated for this disorder. 5 how does bipolar disorder affect children and adolescents differently than adults? bipolar disorder that starts during childhood or the early teen years is called early - onset bipolar disorder, and seems to be more severe than the forms that first appear in older teens and adults. 6 youth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47697791646172855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.900557"} {"text": "does bipolar disorder affect children and adolescents differently than adults? bipolar disorder that starts during childhood or the early teen years is called early - onset bipolar disorder, and seems to be more severe than the forms that first appear in older teens and adults. 6 youth with bipolar disorder are different from adults with bipolar disorder. young people with the illness appear to have more frequent mood switches, are sick more often, and have more mixed episodes. 7 watch out for any sign of suicidal thinking or behaviors. take these signs seriously. on average, people with early - onset bipolar disorder are at greater risk for attempting suicide than those whose symptoms start in adulthood. 8, 9 one large study on bipolar disorder in children and teens found that more than one - third of study participants made at least one serious suicide attempt. 10 some suicide attempts are carefully planned and others are not. either way, it is important to understand that suicidal feelings and actions are symptoms of an illness that must be treated. for more information on suicide, see the nimh publication, suicide in america : frequently asked questions. note on misdiagnosis : chronic irritability and adhd children with chronic, severe irritability and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) may be misdiagnosed as having bipolar disorder. however, researchers believe that it is more appropriate to label these types of symptoms as severe mood dysregulation ( smd ). evidence suggests that smd should not be considered a form of bipolar disorder. studies show that children with smd differ from children with bipolar disorder in a number of ways. 11, 12, 13 for example, children with smd do not tend to develop manic episodes as they age, while children with bipolar disorder do develop mania. rather, children with smd are more at risk for developing anxiety disorders or depression. 14 in addition, children with bipolar disorder tend to have strong family histories of bipolar disorder, but children with smd do not. 15 more recently, imaging studies have shown that children with smd differ from those with bipolar disorder in the way their brains process facial emotions and manage attention. 16, 17 it is important to determine if a child has bipolar disorder or a different illness to ensure he or she gets the appropriate treatment. how is bipolar disorder detected in children and adolescents? no blood tests or brain scans can diagnose bipolar disorder. however, a doctor or health care provider may use tests like these to help rule out other possible causes for your child ' s symptoms. in addition, they may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4096478460752096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.902489"} {"text": "in children and adolescents? no blood tests or brain scans can diagnose bipolar disorder. however, a doctor or health care provider may use tests like these to help rule out other possible causes for your child ' s symptoms. in addition, they may recommend testing for problems in learning, thinking, or speech and language. 18 a careful medical exam may also detect problems that commonly co - occur with bipolar disorder and need to be treated, such as substance abuse. health care professionals who have experience with diagnosing early - onset bipolar disorder will ask questions about changes in your child ' s mood. they will also ask about sleep patterns, activity or energy levels, and if your child has had any other mood or behavioral disorders. they may also ask whether there is a family history of bipolar disorder or other psychiatric illnesses, such as depression or alcoholism. doctors diagnose bipolar disorder using guidelines from the diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders ( dsm ). to be diagnosed, the symptoms must be a major change from your child ' s normal mood or behavior. there are four basic types of bipolar disorder : - bipolar i disorder \u2014 defined by manic or mixed episodes that last at least 7 days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. usually, depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least 2 weeks. - bipolar ii disorder \u2014 defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but no full - blown manic or mixed episodes. - bipolar disorder not otherwise specified ( bp - nos ) \u2014 diagnosed when symptoms of the illness exist but do not meet diagnostic criteria for either bipolar i or ii. however, the symptoms are clearly out of the person ' s normal range of behavior. - cyclothymic disorder, or cyclothymia \u2014 a mild form of bipolar disorder. people with cyclothymia have episodes of hypomania as well as mild depression for at least 2 years. however, the symptoms do not meet the diagnostic requirements for any other type of bipolar disorder. when children have manic symptoms that last for less than 4 days, experts may diagnose bp - nos. some evidence indicates that many of these young people will develop longer episodes within a few years and then meet the criteria for bipolar i or ii. 19 what illnesses often co - exist with bipolar disorder in children and adolescents? people with bipolar disorder may develop other mental illnesses as well, including : - alcoholism. adults with bipolar disorder are at very high risk of developing a substance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4526225859522569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.903498"} {"text": "bipolar i or ii. 19 what illnesses often co - exist with bipolar disorder in children and adolescents? people with bipolar disorder may develop other mental illnesses as well, including : - alcoholism. adults with bipolar disorder are at very high risk of developing a substance abuse problem. young people with bipolar disorder may have the same risk. - adhd. mania and adhd share some symptoms, such as distractibility, hyperactivity, and the tendency to engage in impulsive and risky behavior. however, mania is episodic, so that the behaviors are uncharacteristic of the child. they start at a time when he or she is experiencing a dramatic change in mood. in contrast, adhd symptoms are persistent and typical for that child, although they may wax and wane to a certain degree. many children with bipolar disorder also have a history of adhd. 20 - anxiety disorders. anxiety disorders, such as separation anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder, also commonly co - occur with bipolar disorder, in both children and adults. - other mental disorders. some mental disorders cause symptoms similar to bipolar disorder. one example is major depression, sometimes called unipolar depression. sometimes, it is extremely difficult to tell the difference between major depression and a depressive episode in bipolar disorder. for this reason, if your child has bipolar disorder and becomes depressed, be sure that the doctor is aware of any past manic symptoms or episodes your child may have had. what treatments are available for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder? currently, there is no cure for bipolar disorder. however, treatment with medications, psychotherapy, or both may help people recover from their episodes, and may help to prevent future episodes. to treat children and teens with bipolar disorder, doctors often rely on information about treating adults. this is because there haven ' t been many studies on treating young people with the illness. one large study with adults funded by nimh was the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder ( step - bd ). this study found that treating adults with medications and intensive psychotherapy for about 9 months helped them get better. these adults got better faster and stayed well longer than adults treated with less intensive psychotherapy for 6 weeks. 21 combining medication treatment and psychotherapies may help young people with early - onset bipolar disorder as well. 22 however, children sometimes respond differently to psychiatric medications than adults. before starting medication, your doctor will want to determine your child ' s physical and mental health. this is called a \" baseline \" assessment. your child will need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41444684701805656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.904604"} {"text": "bipolar disorder as well. 22 however, children sometimes respond differently to psychiatric medications than adults. before starting medication, your doctor will want to determine your child ' s physical and mental health. this is called a \" baseline \" assessment. your child will need regular follow - up visits to monitor treatment progress and side effects. most children with bipolar disorder will also need long - term or even lifelong medication treatment. this is often the best way to manage symptoms and prevent relapse, or a return of symptoms. 23 it ' s better to limit the number and dose of medications. a good way to remember this is to \" start low, go slow. \" talk to the doctor about using the smallest amount of medication that helps relieve your child ' s symptoms. to judge a medication ' s effectiveness, your child may need to take a medication for several weeks or months. the doctor or specialist needs this time to decide whether the medication is working or if they need to switch to a different medication. because children ' s symptoms are usually complex, they commonly need more than one type of medication. 24 keep a daily log of your child ' s most troublesome symptoms. doing so can make it easier for you, your child, and your doctor to decide whether a medication is helpful. also, be sure to tell your doctor about all other prescription drugs, over - the - counter medications, or natural supplements your child is taking. combining certain medications and supplements may cause unwanted or dangerous side effects. some of the types of medications generally used to treat bipolar disorder are listed below. information on medications can change. for the most up - to - date information on use and side effects of medications, see the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) websiteexternal link : please review our disclaimer.. you can also find more information about medications in the nimh mental health medications booklet. mood stabilizers, such as lithium are usually the first choice to treat bipolar disorder. lithium is approved for the treatment and prevention of manic symptoms in children ages 12 and older. 25 in addition, lithium might act as an antidepressant and help prevent suicidal behavior. 26 however, fda ' s approval of lithium was based on treatment studies in adults, not children. anticonvulsant medications, originally developed to treat seizures, are also sometimes used as mood stabilizers. they are not approved by the fda for treating bipolar disorder in children, but your doctor may prescribe one on an \" off label \" basis. they may be very helpful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4439192717476031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.905666"} {"text": ", originally developed to treat seizures, are also sometimes used as mood stabilizers. they are not approved by the fda for treating bipolar disorder in children, but your doctor may prescribe one on an \" off label \" basis. they may be very helpful for difficult - to - treat bipolar episodes. for some children, anticonvulsants may work better than lithium. examples of anticonvulsant medications include valproic acid or divalproex sodium ( depakote ) and lamotrigine ( lamictal ). what are the side effects of mood stabilizers? lithium can cause side effects such as : - frequent urination - dry mouth - bloating or indigestion - joint or muscle pain - brittle nails or hair. lithium may cause other side effects not listed here. tell the doctor about bothersome or unusual side effects as soon as possible. if your child is being treated with lithium, it is important for him or her to see the doctor regularly. the doctor needs to check the levels of lithium in your child ' s blood, as well as kidney function and thyroid function. some common side effects of lamotrigine and valproic acid include : - mood swings - stuffed or runny nose, or other cold - like symptoms. children may be showing early signs of lithium poisoning if they develop the following : - muscle weakness - lack of coordination take your child to the emergency room if he or she is taking lithium and has these symptoms. the risk of lithium poisoning goes up when a child becomes dehydrated. make sure your child has enough to drink when he or she has a fever or sweats a lot during very active play or work. these medications may also be linked with rare but serious side effects. talk with the doctor or a pharmacist to make sure you understand signs of serious side effects for the specific medications your child is taking. in addition, valproic acid, lamotrigine, and other anticonvulsant medications carry an fda warning. the warning states that their use may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. people taking anticonvulsant medications for bipolar or other illnesses should be closely monitored for new or worsening symptoms of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, or any unusual changes in mood or behavior. people taking these medications should not make any changes without talking to their health care professional. should girls take valproic acid? valproic acid may increase levels of testosterone ( a male hormone ) in teenage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4668497137389228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.906790"} {"text": "or any unusual changes in mood or behavior. people taking these medications should not make any changes without talking to their health care professional. should girls take valproic acid? valproic acid may increase levels of testosterone ( a male hormone ) in teenage girls. it could lead to a condition called polycystic ovarian syndrome ( pcos ) in women who begin taking the medication before age 20. 27, 28 pcos can cause obesity, excess body hair, an irregular menstrual cycle, and other serious symptoms. most of these symptoms will improve after stopping treatment with valproic acid. young girls and women taking valproic acid should be monitored carefully by a doctor. 29 atypical antipsychotics are sometimes used to treat symptoms of bipolar disorder. those approved by the fda to treat youth with bipolar disorder are risperidone ( risperdal ), aripiprazole ( abilify ), quetiapine ( seroquel ), and olanzapine ( zyprexa ). short - term treatment with risperidone can help reduce symptoms of mania or mixed mania in children ages 10 and up. some research has indicated that risperidone is more effective in treating mania in young children than other medications. 30 aripiprazole and quetiapine are approved to treat mania symptoms in children 10 \u2013 17 years old who have bipolar i, while olanzapine is approved for use in children ages 13 \u2013 17. 31 what are the side effects of atypical antipsychotics? side effects of many atypical antipsychotics include : - dizziness when changing positions - blurred vision - rapid heartbeat - sensitivity to the sun - skin rashes - menstrual problems for girls - weight gain. atypical antipsychotics can cause major weight gain and changes in metabolism, especially in children. this may increase the risk of developing diabetes and high cholesterol. 32 while taking an atypical antipsychotic, your child ' s weight, glucose levels, and lipid levels should be monitored regularly by a doctor. in rare cases, long - term use of atypical antipsychotics may lead to a condition called tardive dyskinesia ( td ). the condition causes uncontrollable muscle movements that commonly occur around the mouth. td can range from mild to severe. sometimes people with td recover partially or fully after they stop taking the drug, but others do not. antidepressants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43169158373631666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.907798"} {"text": ". the condition causes uncontrollable muscle movements that commonly occur around the mouth. td can range from mild to severe. sometimes people with td recover partially or fully after they stop taking the drug, but others do not. antidepressants, such as fluoxetine ( prozac ), paroxetine ( paxil ), and sertraline ( zoloft ) are sometimes used to treat symptoms of depression in bipolar disorder. doctors who prescribe antidepressants for bipolar disorder usually prescribe a mood stabilizer or anticonvulsant medication at the same time. if your child takes only an antidepressant, he or she may be at risk of switching to mania or hypomania. he or she may also be at risk of developing rapid cycling symptoms. 33 rapid cycling occurs when someone has four or more episodes of major depression, mania, hypomania, or mixed symptoms within a year. 34 however, results on effectiveness of antidepressants for treating bipolar depression are mixed. the step - bd study showed that, in adults, adding an antidepressant to a mood stabilizer is no more effective in treating depression than using a mood stabilizer alone. 35 what are the side effects of antidepressants? antidepressants can cause : - nausea ( feeling sick to your stomach ) - sleep problems, such as sleeplessness or drowsiness - agitation ( feeling jittery ) - sexual problems, which can affect both men and women. some antidepressants are more likely to cause certain side effects than other antidepressants. your doctor or pharmacist can answer questions about these medications. antidepressants carry an fda warning. although they are generally safe and popular, some studies have suggested that they may have unintentional side - effects in some people, especially teens and young adults. the fda warning says that patients of all ages taking antidepressants should be watched closely, especially during the first few weeks of treatment. possible side effects to look for are depression that gets worse, suicidal thinking or behavior, or any unusual changes in behavior such as trouble sleeping, agitation, or withdrawal from normal social situations. families and caregivers should report any changes to the doctor. the latest fda information can be found hereexternal link : please review our disclaimer.. unusual or severe side effects of any medication should be reported to a health care provider right away. your child may need a change in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4672275052548631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.908792"} {"text": "the doctor. the latest fda information can be found hereexternal link : please review our disclaimer.. unusual or severe side effects of any medication should be reported to a health care provider right away. your child may need a change in the dose or a different medication. children and teens being treated for bipolar disorder should not stop taking a medication without talking to a doctor first. suddenly stopping a medication may lead to \" rebound, \" or worsening of bipolar disorder symptoms, or other uncomfortable or possibly dangerous withdrawal effects. sexual activity, pregnancy, and adolescents with bipolar disorder many teens make risky choices about sex. but having bipolar disorder is also linked with impulsive and risky choices. teenage girls with bipolar disorder who are pregnant or may become pregnant face special challenges because medications for the illness may have harmful effects on a developing fetus or nursing infant. 36 specifically, lithium and valproic acid should not be used during pregnancy. also, some medications may reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills. 37 for more information on managing bipolar disorder during and after pregnancy, see the nimh booklet bipolar disorder in adults. in addition to medication, psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for bipolar disorder. when treating bipolar disorder, psychotherapy is usually prescribed in combination with medication. studies in adults show that it can provide support, education, and guidance to people with bipolar disorder and their families. psychotherapy may also help children continue taking their medications to stay healthy and prevent relapse. some psychotherapy treatments used for bipolar disorder include : - cognitive behavioral therapy, which helps young people with bipolar disorder learn to change harmful or negative thought patterns and behaviors. - family - focused therapy, which includes a child ' s family members. it helps enhance family coping strategies, such as recognizing new episodes early and helping their child. this therapy also improves communication and problem - solving. - interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, which helps children and teens with bipolar disorder improve their relationships with others and manage their daily routines. regular daily routines and sleep schedules may help protect against manic episodes. - psychoeducation, which teaches young people with bipolar disorder about the illness and its treatment. this treatment helps people recognize signs of an impending relapse, allowing them time to seek treatment early, before a full - blown episode occurs. psychoeducation also may be helpful for family members and caregivers. other types of therapies may be tried as well, or used along with those mentioned above. the number, frequency, and type of psychotherapy sessions should be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46848039272304914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.909948"} {"text": ". psychoeducation also may be helpful for family members and caregivers. other types of therapies may be tried as well, or used along with those mentioned above. the number, frequency, and type of psychotherapy sessions should be based on your child ' s treatment needs. a licensed psychologist, social worker, or counselor typically provides these therapies. he or she should work with your child ' s doctor to monitor care. in addition to getting therapy to help reduce symptoms of bipolar disorder, children and teens may also benefit from therapies that address problems at school, work, or in the community. such therapies may target communication skills, problem - solving skills, or skills for school or work. other programs, such as those provided by social welfare programs or support and advocacy groups, can help as well. 38 some children with bipolar disorder may also have learning disorders or language problems. 39 your child ' s school may need to make accommodations that reduce the stresses of a school day and provide proper support or interventions. you can find more information about psychotherapy on the nimh website. what can children and adolescents with bipolar disorder expect from treatment? there is no cure for bipolar disorder, but it can be treated effectively over the long term. you and your child ' s doctor should keep track of your child ' s symptoms and treatment effects to decide whether changes to the treatment plan are needed. one way to do this is by creating a mood or daily life chart, where you and the doctor can track your child ' s moods, treatments, sleep patterns, and life events. the chart can help you track and treat the illness more effectively. be sure to work closely with your child ' s treatment providers. talk openly and frequently with them about treatment choices. sometimes a child may switch from one type of bipolar disorder to another. this calls for a change in treatment. in the nimh - funded course and outcome of bipolar illness in youth ( coby ) study, researchers found that roughly 30 percent children with bp - nos later switched to bipolar i or ii. also, roughly 20 percent of children who started out with a diagnosis of bipolar ii switched to bipolar i. 40 because different medications may be more helpful for one type of symptom than another ( manic or depressive ), your child may need to change medications or try different treatments if his or her symptoms change. the coby study also showed that treatment helped around 70 percent of children with bipolar disorder recover from their most recent episode ( either manic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45952024630532623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.911338"} {"text": "or depressive ), your child may need to change medications or try different treatments if his or her symptoms change. the coby study also showed that treatment helped around 70 percent of children with bipolar disorder recover from their most recent episode ( either manic or depressive ) over the course of about a year and half. however, within the next year or so, symptoms returned in half of the children who recovered. children with bipolar i or ii tended to recover faster than those with bp - nos, but their symptoms returned more frequently as well. if your child has other psychiatric illnesses, such as an anxiety disorder, eating disorder, or substance abuse disorder, he or she may be more likely to experience a relapse \u2014 especially of depressive symptoms. 41 scientists are unsure how these co - existing illnesses increase the chance of relapse. as we work to find ways to better understand and treat the disorder in children, nimh is also spearheading the research domain criteria ( rdoc ) project, which in an ongoing effort to map our current understanding of the brain circuitry that is involved in behavioral and cognitive functioning. by essentially breaking down mental disorders into their component pieces \u2014 rdoc aims to add to the knowledge we have gained from more traditional research approaches that focus solely on understanding mental disorders based on symptoms. the hope is that by changing the way we approach mental disorders, rdoc will help us open the door to new targets of preventive and treatment interventions. where can families of children with bipolar disorder get help? as with other serious illnesses, taking care of a child with bipolar disorder is very hard on the parents, family, and other caregivers. caregivers often must tend to the medical needs of their child while dealing with how it affects their own health and the health of their other children. the stress that caregivers are under may lead to missed work or lost free time. it can strain relationships with people who do not understand the situation and lead to physical and mental exhaustion. stress from caregiving can make it hard to cope with your child ' s bipolar symptoms. one study shows that if a caregiver is under a lot of stress, his or her loved one has more trouble sticking to the treatment plan, which increases the chance for a relapse of symptoms. 42 it is important to take care of your own physical and mental health. you may also find it helpful to join a local support group. if your child ' s illness prevents you from attending a local support group, try an online support group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4498691845682278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.912384"} {"text": "symptoms. 42 it is important to take care of your own physical and mental health. you may also find it helpful to join a local support group. if your child ' s illness prevents you from attending a local support group, try an online support group. if you are unsure where to go for help, ask your family doctor. others who can help are listed below. - mental health specialists, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, or mental health counselors - health maintenance organizations - community mental health centers - hospital psychiatry departments and outpatient clinics - mental health programs at universities or medical schools - state hospital outpatient clinics - family services, social agencies, or clergy - peer support groups - private clinics and facilities - employee assistance programs - local medical and / or psychiatric societies. you can also check the phone book under \" mental health, \" \" health, \" \" social services, \" \" hotlines, \" or \" physicians \" for phone numbers and addresses. an emergency room doctor can also provide temporary help and can tell you where and how to get further help. what if my child is in crisis? if you think your child is in crisis : - call your doctor - call 911 or go to a hospital emergency room to get immediate help or ask a friend or family member to help you do these things - call the toll - free, 24 - hour hotline of the national suicide prevention lifeline at 1 - 800 - 273 - talk ( 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 ) ; tty : 1 - 800 - 799 - 4tty ( 4889 ) to talk to a trained counselor - make sure your child is not left alone. 1. moreno c, laje g, blanco c, jiang h, schmidt ab, olfson m. national trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. arch gen psychiatry. 2007 sep ; 64 ( 9 ) : 1032 \u2013 1039. 2. kessler rc, berglund p, demler o, jin r, merikangas kr, walters ee. lifetime prevalence and age - of - onset distributions of dsm - iv disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. arch gen psychiatry. 2005 jun ; 62 ( 6 ) : 593 \u2013 602. 3. nurnberger ji, jr., foroud t. genetics of bipolar affective disorder. curr psychiatry rep. 2000 apr ; 2 ( 2 ) : 147 \u2013 157. 4. findling rl, youngstrom ea, fristad ma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4200562628586584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.913476"} {"text": "nurnberger ji, jr., foroud t. genetics of bipolar affective disorder. curr psychiatry rep. 2000 apr ; 2 ( 2 ) : 147 \u2013 157. 4. findling rl, youngstrom ea, fristad ma, birmaher b, kowatch ra, arnold e, frazier tw, axelson d, ryan n, demeter ca, gill mk, fields b, depew j, kennedy sm, marsh l, rowles bm, horwitz sm. characteristics of children with elevated symptoms of mania : the longitudinal assessment of manic symptoms ( lams ) study. j clin psychiatr. 2011 aug ; 21 ( 4 ) : 311 \u2013 319. 5. moreno c, laje g, blanco c, jiang h, schmidt ab, olfson m. national trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. arch gen psychiatry. 2007 sep ; 64 ( 9 ). 1032 \u2013 1039. 6. perlis rh, miyahara s, marangell lb, wisniewski sr, ostacher m, delbello mp, bowden cl, sachs gs, nierenberg aa. long - term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder : data from the first 1000 participants in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder ( step - bd ). biol psychiatry. 2004 may 1 ; 55 ( 9 ) : 875 \u2013 881. 7. birmaher b, axelson d, strober m, gill mk, valeri s, chiappetta l, ryan n, leonard h, hunt j, iyengar s, keller m. clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. arch gen psychiatry. 2006 feb ; 63 ( 2 ) : 175 \u2013 183. 8. perlis rh, miyahara s, marangell lb, wisniewski sr, ostacher m, delbello mp, bowden cl, sachs gs, nierenberg aa. long - term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder : data from the first 1000 participants in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder ( step - bd ). biol psychiatry. 2004 may 1 ; 55 ( 9 ) : 875 \u2013 881. 9. bellivier f, golmard jl, henry c, leboyer m, schurhoff f. admixture analysis of age at onset in bipolar i affective disorder. arch gen psychiatry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5107577430877817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.914337"} {"text": "875 \u2013 881. 9. bellivier f, golmard jl, henry c, leboyer m, schurhoff f. admixture analysis of age at onset in bipolar i affective disorder. arch gen psychiatry. 2001 may ; 58 ( 5 ) : 510 \u2013 512. 10. goldstein tr, birmaher b, axelson d, ryan nd, strober ma, gill mk, valeri s, chiappetta l, leonard h, hunt j, bridge ja, brent da, keller m. history of suicide attempts in pediatric bipolar disorder : factors associated with increased risk. bipolar disord. 2005 dec ; 7 ( 6 ) : 525 \u2013 535. 11. tillman r, geller b. definitions of rapid, ultrarapid, and ultradian cycling and of episode duration in pediatric and adult bipolar disorders : a proposal to distinguish episodes from cycles. j child adolesc psychopharmacol. 2003 fall ; 13 ( 3 ) : 267 \u2013 271. 12. brotman ma, kassem l, reising mm, guyer ae, dickstein dp, rich ba, towbin ke, pine ds, mcmahon fj, leibenluft e. parental diagnoses in youth with narrow phenotype bipolar disorder or severe mood dysregulation. am j psychiatry. 2007 aug ; 164 ( 8 ) : 1238 \u2013 1241. 13. rich ba, schmajuk m, perez - edgar ke, fox na, pine ds, leibenluft e. different psychophysiological and behavioral responses elicited by frustration in pediatric bipolar disorder and severe mood dysregulation. am j psychiatry. 2007 feb ; 164 ( 2 ) : 309 \u2013 317. 14. brotman ma, schmajuk m, rich ba, dickstein dp, guyer ae, costello ej, egger hl, angold a, pine ds, leibenluft e. prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of severe mood dysregulation in children. biol psychiatry. 2006 nov 1 ; 60 ( 9 ) : 991 \u2013 997. 15. brotman ma, kassem l, reising mm, guyer ae, dickstein dp, rich ba, towbin ke, pine ds, mcmahon fj, leibenluft e. parental diagnoses in youth with narrow phenotype bipolar disorder or severe mood dysre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5420524364166035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.915451"} {"text": "mm, guyer ae, dickstein dp, rich ba, towbin ke, pine ds, mcmahon fj, leibenluft e. parental diagnoses in youth with narrow phenotype bipolar disorder or severe mood dysregulation. am j psychiatry. 2007 aug ; 164 ( 8 ) : 1238 \u2013 1241. 16. brotman ma, rich ba, guyer ae, lunsford jr, horsey se, reising mm, thomas la, fromm sj, towbin k, pine ds, leibenluft e. amygdala activation during emotion processing of neutral faces in children with severe mood dysregulation versus adhd or bipolar disorder. am j psychiatry. 2010 jan ; 167 ( 1 ) : 61 \u2013 9. 17. rich ba, holroyd t, carver fw, onelio lm, mendoza jk, cornwell br, fox na, pine ds, coppola r, leibenluft e. a preliminary study of the neural mechanisms of frustration in pediatric bipolar disorder using magnetoencephalography. depress anxiety. 2010 mar ; 27 ( 3 ) : 276 \u2013 86. 18. mcclellan j, kowatch r, findling rl. practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. j am acad child adolesc psychiatry. 2007 jan ; 46 ( 1 ) : 107 \u2013 125. 19. axelson d, birmaher b, strober m, gill mk, valeri s, chiappetta l, ryan n, leonard h, hunt j, iyengar s, bridge j, keller m. phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. arch gen psychiatry. 2006 oct ; 63 ( 10 ) : 1139 \u2013 1148. 20. tillman r, geller b, bolhofner k, craney jl, williams m, zimerman b. ages of onset and rates of syndromal and subsyndromal comorbid dsm - 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associated polycystic ovarian syndrome features : a preliminary report. biol psychiatry. 2006 dec 15 ; 60 ( 12 ) : 1378 \u2013 1381. 30. geller b, luby j, josh p, wagner kd, emslie g, walkup jt, axelson da, bolhofner k, robb a, wolf dv, riddle ma, birmaher b, ryan nd, severe j, vitiello b, tillman r, lavori p. a randomized controlled trial of risperidone, lithium and divalproex sodium for initial treatment of bipolar i disorder, manic or mixed phase, in children and adolescents. arch gen psychiatry. 2012 may ; 69 ( 5 ) : 515 \u2013 528. 31. u. s. food and drug administration. pediatric exclusivity labeling changes http : / / www. fda. gov / downloads / scienceresearch / specialtopics / pediatrictherapeuticsresearch / ucm163159. pdfexternal link : please review our disclaimer.. accessed on september 8, 2011. 32. lieberman ja, stroup ts, mcevoy jp, swartz ms, rosenheck ra, perkins do, keefe rs, davis sm, davis ce, lebowitz bd, severe j, hsiao jk. effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. n engl j med. 2005 sep 22 ; 353 ( 12 ) : 1209 \u2013 1223. 33. thase me, sachs gs. bipolar depression : pharmacotherapy and related therapeutic strategies. biol psychiatry. 2000 sep 15 ; 48 ( 6 ) : 558 \u2013 57", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49192764584253135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.918768"} {"text": "353 ( 12 ) : 1209 \u2013 1223. 33. thase me, sachs gs. bipolar depression : pharmacotherapy and related therapeutic strategies. biol psychiatry. 2000 sep 15 ; 48 ( 6 ) : 558 \u2013 572. 34. akiskal hs. \" mood disorders : clinical features. \" in sadock bj, sadock va ( ed ). ( 2005 ). kaplan & sadock ' s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. lippincott williams & wilkins : philadelphia. 35. sachs gs, nierenberg aa, calabrese jr, marangell lb, wisniewski sr, gyulai l, friedman es, bowden cl, fossey md, ostacher mj, ketter ta, patel j, hauser p, rapport d, martinez jm, allen mh, miklowitz dj, otto mw, dennehy eb, thase me. effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. n engl j med. 2007 apr 26 ; 356 ( 17 ) : 1711 \u2013 1722. 36. llewellyn a, stowe zn, strader jr, jr. the use of lithium and management of women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy and lactation. j clin psychiatry. 1998 59 ( suppl 6 ) : 57 \u2013 64. 37. yonkers ka, wisner kl, stowe z, leibenluft e, cohen l, miller l, manber r, viguera a, suppes t, altshuler l. management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. am j psychiatry. 2004 apr ; 161 ( 4 ) : 608 \u2013 620. 38. mcclellan j, kowatch r, findling rl. practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. j am acad child adolesc psychiatry. 2007 jan ; 46 ( 1 ) : 107 \u2013 125. 39. mcclure eb, treland je, snow j, dickstein dp, towbin ke, charney ds, pine ds, leibenluft e. memory and learning in pediatric bipolar disorder. j am acad child adolesc psychiatry. 2005 may ; 44 ( 5 ) : 461 \u2013 469. 40. birmaher b, axelson d, strober m, gill mk, valeri s, chiappetta l, ryan n,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49587782346143816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.919535"} {"text": "adolesc psychiatry. 2005 may ; 44 ( 5 ) : 461 \u2013 469. 40. birmaher b, axelson d, strober m, gill mk, valeri s, chiappetta l, ryan n, leonard h, hunt j, iyengar s, keller m. clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. arch gen psychiatry. 2006 feb ; 63 ( 2 ) : 175 \u2013 183. 41. perlis rh, ostacher mj, patel jk, marangell lb, zhang h, wisniewski sr, ketter ta, miklowitz dj, otto mw, gyulai l, reilly - harrington na, nierenberg aa, sachs gs, thase me. predictors of recurrence in bipolar disorder : primary outcomes from the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder ( step - bd ). am j psychiatry. 2006 feb ; 163 ( 2 ) : 217 \u2013 224. 42. perlick da, rosenheck ra, clarkin jf, maciejewski pk, sirey j, struening e, link bg. impact of family burden and affective response on clinical outcome among patients with bipolar disorder. psychiatr serv. 2004 sep ; 55 ( 9 ) : 1029 \u2013 1035. for more information on bipolar disorder for information on clinical trials information from nimh is available in multiple formats. you can browse online, download documents in pdf, and order materials through the mail. check the nimh website for the latest information on this topic and to order publications. if you do not have internet access, please contact the nimh information resource center at the numbers listed below. national institute of mental health office of science policy, planning and communications science writing, press and dissemination branch 6001 executive boulevard room 6200, msc 9663 bethesda, md 20892 - 9663 phone : 301 - 443 - 4513 or 1 - 866 - 615 - nimh ( 6464 ) toll - free tty : 301 - 443 - 8431 or 1 - 866 - 415 - 8051 toll - free this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission from nimh. we encourage you to reproduce it and use it in your efforts to improve public health. citation of the national institute of mental health as a source is appreciated. however, using government materials inappropriately can raise legal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5151592529183313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.920503"} {"text": "or copied without permission from nimh. we encourage you to reproduce it and use it in your efforts to improve public health. citation of the national institute of mental health as a source is appreciated. however, using government materials inappropriately can raise legal or ethical concerns, so we ask you to use these guidelines : - nimh does not endorse or recommend any commercial products, processes, or services, and our publications may not be used for advertising or endorsement purposes. - nimh does not provide specific medical advice or treatment recommendations or referrals ; our materials may not be used in a manner that has the appearance of such information. - nimh requests that non - federal organizations not alter our publications in ways that will jeopardize the integrity and \" brand \" when using the publication. - addition of non - federal government logos and website links may not have the appearance of nimh endorsement of any specific commercial products or services or medical treatments or services. - images used in publications are of models and are used for illustrative purposes only. use of some images is restricted. if you have questions regarding these guidelines and use of nimh publications, please contact the nimh information resource center at 1 - 866 - 615 - 6464 or e - mail at email @ example. com. u. s. department of health and human services national institutes of health nih publication no. 12 - 6380", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49501141689317074, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.921077"} {"text": "brush up on the facts : pets need good oral hygiene you and your pet have many things in common - one of which is the need for proper oral hygiene. without it, your pet could be in pain and you wouldn ' t know it. as a pet owner, you can help prevent periodontal disease in your cat or dog by learning proper brushing and making appointments for your pet to receive routine teeth cleanings. just like you, your pet has bacteria in his / her mouth. too much bacteria in the mouth can not only result in bad breath but can also lead to gum disease. this bacteria can then travel through the body and lead to serious infections involving your pet ' s major organs including the heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver. did you know that oral cancer is one of the major cancers affecting dogs and cats? by the age of 3, 70 % of dogs and cats show signs of gum disease. symptoms include yellow and brown buildup along the gumline, persistent bad breath, and red, inflamed gums. prevention of gum disease in your dog or cat is as simple as following a dental care regimen at home and following up with regular checkups with your pet ' s dentist - your family veterinarian. getting your dog or cat used to having its teeth cleaned at home should ideally be started when they are young. however, there are ways to make the experience pleasant if you have an adult dog or cat. be sure to use toothbrushes and toothpastes made especially for pets. human toothpaste contains fluoride which can be toxic in large amounts. be gentle when brushing, taking care to get the insides and outsides of all teeth. this process should be repeated approximately 2 - 3 times a week. to get your pet used to it, you may want to try using gauze wrapped around your finger and dipped in tuna water for cats and bouillon for dogs. some of the signs that your pet may be experiencing mouth or tooth pain may include : - - blood - tinged drooling - - difficulty eating / reluctance to eat - - swelling / redness of gums - - tipping / tilting the head when eating - - refusing to eat hard foods - - change in mouth odor your pet should also be examined regularly by your veterinarian. at times, a cleaning may need to be performed to eliminate excessive plaque build - up or extract infected teeth. for pets, these cleanings are considered surgical procedures because they are performed under anesthesia. pets cannot tell us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.40540089335739926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.929605"} {"text": "fox photos / getty images a happy - looking 1930s couple toasts. the act of toasting feels natural : you lift your arms in affirmation and drink in honor of an occasion or a loved one. it ' s what millions will do this week as they ring in the new year, but why? like shaking hands or saluting, toasting is a habit with incredibly foggy beginnings, so we here at the salt decided to dig into it, for the sake of science. \" there ' s a thin line between history and folklore, \" says historian paul dickson. he should know. he wrote a book about toasting called toasts : over 1, 500 of the best toasts, sentiments, blessings and graces. \" but toasting definitely goes back to the ancient world. \" ulysses drank to the health of achilles in the odyssey, he says. and in rome, drinking to someone ' s health was so important that the senate demanded that all diners drink to their emperor, augustus, before every meal. almost every culture \u2014 the hebrews, egyptians, persians, saxons, huns \u2014 had a pledging of honor with a glass, dickson says. but it wasn ' t always called a toast. the term didn ' t come about until the late 17th century. in the same way you throw a lime in tequila, it was customary to plop a piece of toast or crouton in a drink, dickson says. think of it as an early form of a cocktail snack. \" it may have been a flavoring device, \" he says. \" the practice was common, and virtually anything found floating in a drink was referred to as toast. \" origins of the ' clink ' and the clinking of glasses? dickson says that toasting flair didn ' t popularize until the early days of christianity. many believed the bell - like noise would drive off the devil \u2014 which was most dangerous in times of drinking and reveling. but that ' s just one theory. another legend contends that by adding the clink, toasters could get the greatest pleasure from a drink, dickson says. before the clink, toasts only satisfied four of the five senses. and there ' s a third theory. though dickson ' s research can ' t confirm or deny this one, many believe the clinking of glasses began as a way for nobles to avoid being poisoned. the tale goes that the clank would slosh liquid from one drink to the other, reassuring the guest that his or her drink", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4391203901849859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.935822"} {"text": "confirm or deny this one, many believe the clinking of glasses began as a way for nobles to avoid being poisoned. the tale goes that the clank would slosh liquid from one drink to the other, reassuring the guest that his or her drink was safe and untouched. the road to the american toast regardless of the reason, many in those early days drank to health, hospitality and honor. but every culture practiced different customs \u2014 some a bit strange. the irish tended to recite blessings, whereas young englishmen in the 17th century toasted sour drinks to profess their love. \" the practice called for men to show their affection for a woman by stabbing themselves in the arm, mixing their blood in their wine, and drinking to the lady in question, \" dickson explains. in scotland, it was customary to drink sparingly during the meal and then bring in a large punch bowl filled with whiskey, hot water and sugar after dinner. the drinking sometimes lasted eight to 10 hours, dickson says. and as for early americans \u2014 they adopted the tradition of toasting quite readily. but their ritual was largely directed to america as a patriotic gesture. they toasted to the new republic and the experiment of democracy. \" after the [ revolutionary ] war, no official dinner or celebration was complete without 13 toasts, one for each state, \" writes dickson. \" for many years, the 13 toasts were obligatory at local fourth of july celebrations. \" today, the ritual of toasting seems more popular than ever, perhaps a product of movies and cultural references, dickson says. toasts have also evolved into something of a verbal souvenir : \" it ' s something you take home with you as sort of a remembrance of that time. \" we ' ll certainly do that on monday night.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43844092454942574, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.936596"} {"text": "1. grammar - vietnamese grammar is not particularly any more difficult than to chinese ( mandarin ), but i feel as if there are many exceptions to those rules being taught in the language courses. for example, if you wanted to say : eg. ( because ) he was drunk, ( therefore ) i had to take him home. you could say : vi anh ay bi sin ruou, toi phai cho anh ay ve nha. but you could get rid of vi, or add tai or boi infront of it. also, you can remove bi, ruou and nha altogether and it would still make sense. if you take away vi, you must add either cho nen, vi the or so di... etc. 2. pronunciation - if you compare vietnamese pronunciation with chinese ( mandarin ), i think you ' d agree that the standard vietnamese ( northern ) pronunciation is quite hard enough to master, let alone the southern or central dialects. there are 6 tones in standard vietnamese and 5 in most of the others. the tones vary from extreme to extreme. the hardest tone to master is the nga ( ~ ) tone. even the southerners have merged this into the hoi (? ) tone. tone sandhi thankfully does not occur in modern vietnamese although there are traces of this in words such as cam on / cam on ( thank you ). 3. reading and writing - if you compared today ' s writing systems, then chinese would be far ahead for obvious reasons. the vietnamese script nowadays is 90 - 95 % phonetic. if, however, you compare chinese with chu nom. - firstly, in order to even read a nom character, you would have to learn at least 3000 chinese characters to be moderately literate. of course, many of those characters mightn ' t even be used that often. each of the characters has a corresponding vietnamised reading known as han - viet ( sino - vietnamese ). however, that just covers the sino - vietnamese words in vietnamese ( which do account for up to 60 % of all words ). what about the ordinary speech? in ordinary speech, vietnamese still use between 20 - 30 % chinese vocabulary without realising it. for those other 70 - 80 % of native vietnamese words, they must be transcribed using chu nom. but things aren ' t so simple. - the vietnamese phonology is similar but not an exact replica of that of chinese. therefore, there are many native words which do not have an exact sino - vietnamese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4339569001525473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.944492"} {"text": "must be transcribed using chu nom. but things aren ' t so simple. - the vietnamese phonology is similar but not an exact replica of that of chinese. therefore, there are many native words which do not have an exact sino - vietnamese ( han - viet ) reading. as a result, the people who created chu nom used \" rough borrowings of sound \". in other words, for those sounds that were present in vietnamese but not in chinese, they used similar sounds to do the job. note also that chu nom combines : original chinese characters with their exact pronunciations and meanings ( han - viet ), original chinese characters with a phonetic pronunciation and invented characters ( nom ). - an example is the character which is an old simplified form of the word dragon ( \u9f8d ). in han - viet is pronounced ' long ' and of course means dragon. however, is pronounced song ( river ), [ + ] is pronounced trong ( inside ) and [ + \u76ee ] is pronounced trong ( clear ). so just with those characters, you can see that the phonetic element is used mostly for its medial and final sound. of course, there are many more examples of this. however, what about the historic pronunciations? actually during the medieval period, song was pronounced somewhat like klong, and trong / trong were like tlong / tlong. as you can see, the long / long is actually there - the modern pronunciations just conceal that. some nom characters have phonetic components which are merely used for their medial or final sound. of course, vietnamese like most languages has changed a lot since the medieval ages. - as i mentioned just above, some original chinese characters are used simply as phonetic characters such as \u5973 can be read in han - viet as nu ( female ) or in nom as nua ( moreover, furthermore, also ). - i could go on, but as you can see, the han - nom writing system is not as simple as it sounds. it combines chinese characters with their original pronunciations and meanings, chinese characters used for phonetic purposes to represent a native vietnamese sound, invented characters ( mostly using a semantic and phonetic component ) and phonetic borrowings off invented characters. also, just as you may notice in modern chinese, the modern vietnamese pronunciations of certain characters with the same phonetic component is not always the same. this is obviously due to sound change, and semantic phonetic characters are a bit harder to learn because you ' d need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4388952511196548, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.945569"} {"text": "as you may notice in modern chinese, the modern vietnamese pronunciations of certain characters with the same phonetic component is not always the same. this is obviously due to sound change, and semantic phonetic characters are a bit harder to learn because you ' d need a fairly good understanding of chinese characters and their vietnamised pronunciations. ok, i should stop here. all i wanted to say was that chu nom would be harder to learn - not because the average character has more strokes, but because it combines three different types of characters ; original chinese character ( w / original meaning ) but pronounced with a nativised pronunciations ( han - viet ), original chinese character ( used phonetically to represent a native vietnamese syllable ), and an invented vietnamese character. also factor in the fact that although most chu nom characters are available to view online and many have been encoded into unicode, there has never been a full standardisation of nom characters, and even today, people can use their own variant of a character, and finally factor in the fact that there are modern words with no existing character but can be represented using an existing one. and yes, classical chinese will help you. with regards to original texts, most texts were written in classical chinese but there are many that were written in chu nom. these chu nom texts for the most part follow modern vietnamese syntax but use a lot of odd and no longer used native expressions. japanese writing sounds like a mess! all sounds in modern vietnamese may be represented in chu nom. to be considered \" literate \" you should aim to learn 3, 000 - 5, 000 chinese characters, and about 3, 000 - 5, 000 native characters ( ~ 6000 - 10, 000 ). me and a few others are currently transcribing texts for fun, but also aim to do our own standardisation for ourselves. oh and the average vietnamese in an informal situation will only speak 15 - 20 % words of chinese origin, everyday vietnamese would have about 20 - 30 % chinese ( or japanese ) derived vocabulary and in formal contexts, the media etc. then you can expect the amount to be 50 % at the least and even higher ( as much as 80 % ) in essays and documentation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47050733185952176, "token_count": 450, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.946776"} {"text": "use of complementary and alternative medicine in radiotherapy patients - results of a german multicenter study reviewer : heather jones, md last modified : october 9, 2002 presenter : micke, oliver presenter ' s affiliation : department of radiotherapy, munster university hospital, munster type of session : scientific the use of complementary and alternative medicine ( cam ) is a frequent phenomenon among cancer patients. currently there is only limited knowledge about the patterns of use in patients undergoing radiotherapy for malignant diseases. in this study the german working ' trace elements and electrolytes in radiation oncology ' performed a multicenter evaluation in germany to evaluate the use of cam in cancer patients in addition to radiotherapy. materials and methods - a total of 1013 patients ( 476 female, 537 male ) from 5 institutions participated in the study - all patients were receiving radiation therapy for a biopsy proven malignancy - tumor parameters and the use of cam where evaluated as well as, the reason for the use, by what means did the patients received the cam medication, the source of cam information and the subjective self - assessment of patients personal conditions and quality of life was documented. - the most frequent histologies were : head and neck cancer ( 33 % ), breast cancer ( 29 % ), prostate cancer ( 18 % ) and lung cancer. - the overall cam use in this population was 56 % - of the patients using cam, 66 % were female patients and 34 were male. - cam use was most frequent in breast cancer patients ( 91 % ), followed by patients with hodgkin ' s disease ( 83 % ), other gynecologic malignancies ( 58 % ), renal cell carcinoma ( 50 % ) and rectal cancer ( 50 % ). - the most commonly used cam, in this population were : vitamin combinations ( 18 % ), treatment with mistle toe preparations ( 15 % ), selenium ( 10 % ), other trace elements preparations ( 7 % ), thymus preparations ( 6 % ) and homeopathy ( 4 % ). 6 % of patients used prayer as a complementary spiritual measure. - 60 % of patients younger than 60 years and 52 % of patients older than 60 years reported a cam use. - the most cited reasons for cam use were : ' supporting the conventional treatment ( 46 % ) and ' a better feeling ' ( 23 % ). - of the cam users 50 % purchased cam themselves the other 50 % use a prescription plan coverage - the cam medication was bought in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5362102771000348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.951921"} {"text": "cam use were : ' supporting the conventional treatment ( 46 % ) and ' a better feeling ' ( 23 % ). - of the cam users 50 % purchased cam themselves the other 50 % use a prescription plan coverage - the cam medication was bought in majority of cases in drugstores ( 39 % ) and pharmacies ( 23 % ). - most the cam information in this population was obtained from the family physician ( 26 % ) and other patients ( 21 % ). more than half of all the patients in this patient population were using cam. every cancer patients should be asked about cam use. this frequent phenomenon should be documented and taken into account especially in clinical studies. the final conclusion of this study continues to underscore the need for physicians to be aware of cancer patients cam utilization. for the appropriate treatment recommendations to be made, a physician must be aware of all treatment modalities a patient is considering. also, important clinically is the theoretical concern that some of these cam therapies may interact with conventional cancer treatments and / or cause significant side effects. there is an ever growing body of evidence demonstrating the significant cam use in the cancer patient population and it highlights the need for prospective studies evaluating the commonly used cam therapies. oncolink ' s astro coverage made possible by an unrestricted educational grant from ortho biotech.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4876629942081838, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.952500"} {"text": "pressure is growing on educational institutions to increase the use of technology in the high school and college learning environment, according to the results of a new survey, which polled students, faculty, and it administrators. the \u201c learn now, lecture later \u201d survey was conducted by cdw - g, a technology product and service provider for business, government and education, and gathered responses from 1, 015 participants. the results highlight a mismatch between current educational instruction and the expectations of students. as technology has become more embedded in their out - of - school lives, students at both the secondary and post - secondary levels have begun to expect their learning experiences include laptops, smart phones, digital content, student response systems, and recorded lectures. learning management systems were a priority for college - level students. faculty members \u2014 whether high school or college instructors \u2014 said laptops, digital content, and tablets would aid the learning process, though budget constraints were cited as an obstacle. while slightly more than half of classes are lecture - based, fewer than 40 % of students wanted to learn through that model, according to the survey. only 23 % of students in the survey results said they were satisfied with how instructors utilized class time, while 69 % said technology should be leveraged to provide more learning tools in classes. nearly half of the faculty respondents indicated they had shifted from the traditional lecture model of teaching while 20 % indicated they were considering a change in the future. though students were more likely to opt for technology - driven modes of learning, 11 % reported they were being taught through hands - on projects but 17 % indicated they would prefer this method. the survey also reported 8 % were using distance and virtual learning as an educational tool, but 11 % would prefer it. a meager 3 % were being taught through one - on - one tutoring, but 8 % wanted more of the method. the survey also found that digital content \u2013 course material presented online \u2013 had reached high levels of penetration among the respondents. about 74 % of higher education students used digital content in comparison to 64 % of high school students. for learning management systems ( lms ), higher education student usage outnumbered high school student usage 72 % to 40 %, and the percentage comparison for recorded class lecture usage was 53 % to 30 %. at the instructor level, 80 % of college faculty members had used digital content in connection with a course compared to 66 % of high school teachers. it was 67 % to 49 % in the usage of lms in favor of higher education faculty. higher education faculty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4519320802131812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.955311"} {"text": "the east of england has the fastest growing population in england and this is projected to continue. it has one of the highest total net migration rates of all the english regions. the total population was 5. 8 million in mid - 2010, 11 per cent of the population of england. the region had the highest percentage increase in population between 2001 and 2010 of all regions in england at 8. 0 per cent, compared with the england average of 5. 6 per cent. the 2008 - based projections suggest the region may have almost 7. 0 million residents by 2030 \u2013 19. 5 per cent more than in 2010. this is the largest projected increase of the english regions, compared with the england increase of 14. 4 per cent. in 2009, the region had the highest total net migration rate of all english regions at 67 per 10, 000 residents. two - thirds of this was due to international migration. the region had the third highest net population increases due to both international ( 26, 000 ) and inter - regional migration ( 13, 000 ) in england. in mid - 2010, 17. 5 per cent of east of england residents were aged 65 and over, compared with 16. 5 per cent for england as a whole. the projections suggest that by 2030 these percentages will rise to 23. 2 per cent for the east of england compared with 21. 7 per cent for the whole of england. the population density of 300 residents per sq km in mid - 2010 was above the uk average of 260 but below the england average of 400. it was highest in luton ua with 4, 600 people per sq km and lowest in kings lynn and west norfolk and breckland local authority districts each with 100 people per sq km. source : office for national statistics the geography used reflects the changes which took place in april 2009. population estimates and projections are for 30 june each year. the mid - 2010 population estimates are those published on 30 june 2011 and the 2008 - based subnational population projections are those published on 27 may 2010. migration data are for calendar years and were published on 25 november 2010. you may use or re - use this information ( not including logos ) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the open government licence, or write to the information policy team, the national archives, kew, london tw9 4du, or email : firstname. lastname @ example. org details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www. statisticsauthority. gov. uk /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4221073959078473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.957963"} {"text": "fakir mohan senapati ( 13 january 1843 - 14 june 1918 ) born on january 13, 1843, at mallikashpur in balasore, played a leading role in establishing the distinct identity of oriya, a language mainly spoken in the indian state of orissa. fakirmohan senapati is regarded as the father of oriya nationalism and the morden oriya literaure. born to father, laxman charan senapati and mother tulsi devi senapatie, fakirmohan dedicated his life for the progress of oriya language in the later 19th and early 20th century. the story of fakirmohan is indeed the story of the ' renaissance ' of oriya literature. besides he was a social reformer and educator who used his pen to criticize and correct the aberrations prevalent in the society. he is called the father of oriya fiction. he is aptly called as thomas hardy of orissa. [ by whom? ] though he had translated from sanskrit, wrote poetry, and attempted many forms of literature, he is now known primarily as the father of modern oriya prose fiction. the four novels of fakirmohan, written between 1897 and 1915, reflect the socio - cultural conditions of orissa during the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries. while the three novels, ' chhamana atha guntha ', ' mamu ' and ' prayaschita ' explore the realities of social life in its multiple dimensions. ' lachhama ' is a historical romance dealing with the anarchical conditions of orissa in the wake of maratha invasions during the eighteenth century. chha maana atha guntha is the first indian novel to deal with the exploitations of landless peasants by the feudal lord. it was written much before the october revolution of russia or much before the emerging of marxist ideas in india. fakir mohan is also the writer of the first autobiography in oriya, \" atma jeevan charita \" if either fakirmohan or his progeny had preserved his short story, \u201c lachhamania \u201d which he had written in the late 1860s, and which was published in the journal bodhadayini, edited by himself in balasore, fakirmohan would certainly been credited with having pioneered the genre in india. but as ill - luck would have it, except for a bare mention in his autobiography, the story cannot be traced, and thus his \u201c rebati \u201d ( 1898 ) is widely recognized as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3666833414547767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.961452"} {"text": "certainly been credited with having pioneered the genre in india. but as ill - luck would have it, except for a bare mention in his autobiography, the story cannot be traced, and thus his \u201c rebati \u201d ( 1898 ) is widely recognized as the first oriya short story. \u201c rebati \u201d is the story of a young innocent girl whose desire for education is placed in the context of a conservative society in a backward orissa village, which is hit by the killer epidemic cholera. his other stories are \u201c patent medicine \u201d, \u201c daka munshi \u201d, \u201d adharma bitta \u201d, \" randi pua ananta \" etc. vyasa kabi fakir mohan senapati had one daughter from his first wife leelavati devi who had married to raghunath chaudhari elder brother of gagan bihar chaudhari. from his second wife krushna kumari dei ; fakir mohan had his only son mohini mohan senapati and daughter sarojini senapati. sarojini senapati married to gagan bihari chaudhari who was the then dist judge at cuttack. gagan behari chaudhari had three sons and one daughter they are bipin bihari chaudhary, saila bihari chaudhary, snehamayee devi. sneha mayee devi who married to surya mani jena a graduate from calcutta university who was the inspector of schools. even the senior advocate and former law minister late mr. ashok sen and his elder brother were the students of surya mani jena at sambalpur high school. surya mani had three sons and one daughter namely pratap chandra varma, ajay chandra and sanjaya chandra varma. prasanta varma, advocate supreme court of india is the son of late mr. pratap chandra varma and is one of the great great grand son of fakir mohan senapati. fakir mohan ' s great - grand - daughter monica das is a writer and economist based out of new delhi, india.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3692083139618543, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.962128"} {"text": "the divine liturgy / the byzantine rite eucharistic liturgies liturgy also known as the divine liturgy the institution of the eucharist, that is, of the mystic supper by the lord, is recorded by st. matthew 26 : 26 - 28 ; st. mark 14 : 22 - 24 ; st. luke 22 : 19 - 20, and the apostle paul, i corinthians. 11 : 23 - 25. what, was created at the eucharist the gathering of our lord jesus christ and his apostles was for our lord, \u201c to create the holy eucharist and leave his own being to the church. \u201d the term ( liturgy ) originally signified a public duty of any kind, including religious assignments. in the septuagint translation of the old testament, the term is used for the first time to denote services in the temple. in its orthodox usage the term denotes the eucharist as the chief act of public christian worship. in a derived sense, the term also denotes the text containing the words and order of the eucharist. there are three main orthodox liturgies ; st. chrysostom \u2019 s, st. basil \u2019 s, and presanctified,. another liturgy, that of, st. james, the brother of the lord. the liturgies of the orthodox church : the term liturgy in its orthodox usage denotes the work of the people that pertains to god. by the fourth century the term divine liturgy became the technical term for the mystery of the eucharist ( communion ), the crux of our liturgical celebration. the word eucharist is taken from the great prayer of the consecration ( the anaphora ) and in turn means thanksgiving. four liturgies have passed down through our sacred tradition : the liturgy of saint john chrysostom, the liturgy of saint basil, the presanctified liturgy, and the liturgy of saint james, the brother of our lord. the church commonly practices these liturgies, excluding that of saint james, today. each in turn offers the faithful a unique means towards the same climatic end, the celebration of the eucharist. the liturgy of saint james, the brother of the lord : ( the antiochian - jerusalem greek james ) the oldest orthodox liturgy, has its origin as the local liturgy of jerusalem before it went to antioch. today it is performed only 2 times a year, on the feast of st james the brother of the lord, and the sunday after the nativity ( the divine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4667744135638672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.978660"} {"text": "orthodox liturgy, has its origin as the local liturgy of jerusalem before it went to antioch. today it is performed only 2 times a year, on the feast of st james the brother of the lord, and the sunday after the nativity ( the divine liturgy of st james, which was until recently only celebrated on the island of zakynthos on his feast on 23 october and in jerusalem on the sunday after christmas, is today celebrated in an increasing number of orthodox churches. it was the ancient rite of jerusalem, as the mystagogic catecheses of st cyril of jerusalem imply. it is still, in its syrian form, the principal liturgy of the syrian oriental church, both in syriac and, in the ancient syrian orthodox church of india, in malayalam and english. ) liturgy of st. james ( the antiochian - jerusalem greek james ) this is a very ancient liturgy existing in a greek and syriac form. it is traditionally ascribed to st. james, the lord \u2019 s brother and first bishop of jerusalem. it bears many common elements with the liturgy known to st. cyril, bishop of jerusalem who died about the year 386, and contains an apparent reference to the discovery of the cross of christ in jerusalem in the year 326. it was mostly used in the syriac, armenian, and georgian speaking provinces of the church. the fact that the syrian jacobites, separated from orthodoxy in 451, as well as by the orthodox themselves, used it proves that the liturgy cannot have been composed later than the middle of the 5th century. it is celebrated in the orthodox church on the anniversary of the death of st. james ( october 23 ) and at jerusalem on sunday after the nativity. the liturgy of st. james is an important specimen of liturgical antiquity reflecting the liturgical practices of the 4th century, if not earlier. there is little doubt that the rite of st. cyril of jerusalem was describing in the famous catechetical sermon was the liturgy of st. james in the form of that time. but around the 13th to 14th century this liturgy was phased out in favor of the byzantine rite that included, the other three, liturgies of st. john chrysostom, st. basil, and the presanctified. the liturgy of saint james, the brother of our lord : the liturgy of saint james is, probably the oldest of the eucharistic liturgies. it is still used, occasionally at jerusalem. and is used on saint james \u2019 s day, by many churches of the byzantine tradition. st. james", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38774446733470763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.979738"} {"text": "the liturgy of saint james is, probably the oldest of the eucharistic liturgies. it is still used, occasionally at jerusalem. and is used on saint james \u2019 s day, by many churches of the byzantine tradition. st. james was the bishop of jerusalem soon after the formation of the church on the pentecost. james was the son of joseph, by a previous marriage, and hence a brother of jesus. the liturgy reflects james understanding of the majesty of god. it is different for the more commonly used liturgies of ss. chrysostom and basil liturgy of st. basil ( the caesarian - byzantine basil ) the origin of the liturgy of st. basil is antiochian, specifically from cappadocia where st. basil was bishop. in all probability, st. basil was the celebrant, if not in its present form, at least in its essentials. and through we have ancient documents ascribing to st. basil a specific liturgical formula in the form of \u2018 anaphora \u2019, the liturgy in its present form is obviously the collective work of many composers. but still, most of the important prayers in it are the work of st. basil on the strength of style, vocabulary and ideas. st. basil \u2019 s liturgy appears to be older than st. chrysostom \u2019 s perhaps by two centuries. the liturgy of st. basil is celebrated ten times a year, namely, the first five sundays of the great lent, before pascha - easter, on thursday and saturday of holy week ( vesperal liturgies ), the nativity feast of our lord, st. basil \u2019 s day ( january 1 ) and theophany - epiphany day ( january 6 ). the liturgy of saint basil : ( the caesarian - byzantine basil ) the liturgy of saint basil the great has its origins in cappadocia where saint basil served as bishop. the liturgy is most logically the collection of a number of composers, however, the chief prayers of the anaphora are attributed to him. in fact, saint basil was most probably the celebrant of this liturgy, if not in its present form, at least in its essentials. it is celebrated by the church on ten occasions each year : the first five sunday ' s of great lent, on thursday and saturday of holy week ( vesperal liturgies ), christmas day, the feast of saint basil, and epiphany. there also exist an \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39361395877819766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.980727"} {"text": "occasions each year : the first five sunday ' s of great lent, on thursday and saturday of holy week ( vesperal liturgies ), christmas day, the feast of saint basil, and epiphany. there also exist an \u201c egyptian \u201d liturgy of saint basil, celebrated by monophysite copts., the diophysite orthodox celebrate the byzantine - basil liturgy ie. egyptian - basil, byzantine - basil liturgy of st. john chrysostom ( normal constantinopolitan liturgy ) st. john chrysostom liturgy is well known and very common in the eastern orthodox church. it may be celebrated every day of the year except the ones of st. basil and those of the presanctified gifts, and on good friday. it is shorter than that of st. basil and much reduced compared to st. james \u2019. st. chrysostom liturgy put an end to the free prayers and hymns in the officiating of the holy eucharist. the liturgy placed a seal on the free forms of the re - enactment of the mystic supper of the lord, depicting it in its finest form with a destiny of enduring far into the future. despite the addition of hymns at later times, the st. chrysostom liturgy remains the same majestic religious masterpiece with grandeur and dramatic appeal matching the human expression and the divine act. st. chrysostom ( 345 - 407a. d. ) was an eloquent preacher, writer and one of the fathers of the orthodox church, whose writings have been translated into many languages and have nourished the christian church throughout the centuries. < celebrated daily, sunday etc. > the liturgy of saint john chrysostom : ( normal constantinopolitan liturgy ) the liturgy of saint john chrysostom is most familiar to the faithful. it is dated two centuries later than the liturgy of saint basil yet bears an identical structure. as a liturgical reformer, saint john reshaped this liturgy, amongst other things, abbreviating prayers and shortening its length. for the most part the liturgy we celebrate today is that which the great saint celebrated himself, in the fourth century. presanctified liturgy ( lenten liturgy ) the liturgy of the presanctified gifts is in reality a religious service composed of elements drawn from hesperinos, the vespers service, and from the first part of the divine liturgy beginning with \u2018 blessed be the kingdomga\u0192\u00e6 \u2019 a\u00a2a \u201a \u00aca \u00a1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4294245370192111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.981865"} {"text": "gifts is in reality a religious service composed of elements drawn from hesperinos, the vespers service, and from the first part of the divine liturgy beginning with \u2018 blessed be the kingdomga\u0192\u00e6 \u2019 a\u00a2a \u201a \u00aca \u00a1 a\u0192a\u20acsa \u201a a\u00aa \u2019 and ending just before the cherubic hymn begins. it includes no consecration, but prepared believers can receive communion from the consecrated elements reserved from the liturgy of the previous sunday. a service of the nature of the presanctified can be traced back to pre - nicene times. st. sophronios, at jerusalem calls the presanctified in 646 an, \u2018 apostolic \u2019 institution. the presanctified is attested as a lenten substitute for the eucharist in canon 52 of the trullan synod ( quinisext ) in 692. one should bear in mind, however, that the councils hardly introduced anything new ; either in faith or in the liturgical practice of the church ; rather, they verified and vested with universal authority teachings or practices that the conscience of the church had in sufficient measure already accepted. this means that the trullan canon in reality aimed at safeguarding an established practice within the church at large. the presanctified liturgy is attributed to st. gregory dialogos ( 540 - 604 ), but also to st. epiphanios ( 315 - 403 ), st. germanos, patriarch of constantinople ( about 634 - 733 ), and even to st. james, st. peter ; and in sinai it was ascribed to st. basil and st. chrysostom. obviously, the pre - byzantine core of the presanctified goes deeply back into the beginnings and only a little later than the \u2018 synaxes \u2019 of the primitive church. its present byzantine form appears to be the work of more than one composer. parts obviously added to the ancient core are of different dates and different hands. the liturgy of the presanctified gifts : ( lenten liturgy ) the church during great lent and holy week celebrates the presanctified liturgy. it combines aspects from the vespers service and the divine liturgy. it contains no consecration, yet the faithful can receive communion from the gifts, sanctified the previous saturday or sunday. this service is the product of canons 49 & 51 of the synod of laodicea, ( about 365 ) that, prohibited the celebration of the eucharist in its common, non - penitential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4639071747673373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.982925"} {"text": "sanctified the previous saturday or sunday. this service is the product of canons 49 & 51 of the synod of laodicea, ( about 365 ) that, prohibited the celebration of the eucharist in its common, non - penitential form, during great lent, apart from saturdays and sundays. the liturgy of the presanctified gifts is celebrated on wednesdays and fridays of the first six weeks of great lent, on thursday of the fifth week, when the great canon of st. andrew is commemorated, and the commemoration of hieromartyr haralampos ( february 10th ), on february 24th, the commemoration of first and second findings of the head of st. john the baptist, sometimes on march 9th, the day commemorating the forty martyrs of sebaste, and march 31st, the day commemorating saint innocent of irkutsk, if it falls on a fast day, and not a saturday or sunday ; and on the first three days of passion week ( great monday, tuesday and wednesday )., the presanctified liturgy can also be celebrated if the parish patronal feast falls within the lenten season, monday through friday. the presanctified is never celebrated on the annunciation ( march 25th ), when this great feast falls on any weekday during great lent, the liturgy of saint john chrysostom is prescribed to be celebrated., the celebration of the divine liturgy of the presanctified gifts concludes the day of commemoration. it does not open the day of commemoration. service celebrated by a bishop. when we gather as an orthodox family for the celebration of the divine liturgy we gather as unique individuals with unique responsibilities in the life of the church. each of us, by the virtue of our role in the church, is a member of the eucharistic community. in this light, each of us is an invaluable steward to the church, offering much with his / her ministry. early in the history, each community had a presiding bishop who was assisted in the services with the presbyters and deacons. after the churches began to increase to meet the needs of growing number of faithful within a particular diocese, the presbyter was appointed by the bishop, as the chief celebrant in a local community, the parish. even so the concept of the church is understood not in terms of the presbyter, but in terms of his diocesan bishop. when the bishop is in our midst, celebrating the divine liturgy it then becomes a hierarchal divine liturgy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4060085336253143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.985010"} {"text": "parish. even so the concept of the church is understood not in terms of the presbyter, but in terms of his diocesan bishop. when the bishop is in our midst, celebrating the divine liturgy it then becomes a hierarchal divine liturgy, he is the chief celebrant of the assembly of the faithful. on account of his presence we add seemingly unique phrases and hymns making the service hierarchal. in the hierarchal divine liturgy, we commemorate the hierarch as celebrant. additionally, the celebrating hierarch commemorates his presiding bishop, demonstrating the local parishes unity to the greater orthodox community. and, ultimately as stewards with unique ministries, the presbyter ( s ) and the laity under the direction of the bishop, offer up all glory to god. also known, as \u201c patriarchal divine liturgy \u201d, if a patriarch / metropolitan or an archbishop is the main celebrant. the hierarchical divine liturgy : when we gather as an orthodox family for the celebration of the divine liturgy we gather as unique individuals with unique responsibilities in the life of the church. each of us, by virtue of our role in the church, is a member of a particular ' ordo ' within the eucharistic community. in this light, each of us is an invaluable steward to the church, offering much with his / her ministry. more often than not though, we gather without the president of our eucharistic assembly, that is, we celebrate the liturgy without the bishop! early on in our history, each community had a presiding bishop who was assisted in the service by a college of presbyters and deacons. shortly thereafter as the number of churches increased to meet the needs of the growing number of faithful within a particular diocese, the presbyter was then appointed by the bishop, as the chief celebrant in a local community, the parish. even so, the concept of the church is understood not in terms of that presbyter, but in terms of his diocesan bishop. when a bishop is in our midst, celebrating the liturgy of saint john chrysostom, the liturgy of saint basil, the presanctified liturgy, or the liturgy of saint james, the brother of our lord, he is the chief celebrant of the assembly. on account of his presence we add seemingly unique phrases and hymns making the service hierarchical. the phrases and hymns that we add may seem foreign to us or even unimportant because of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5096381371549141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.986066"} {"text": ", he is the chief celebrant of the assembly. on account of his presence we add seemingly unique phrases and hymns making the service hierarchical. the phrases and hymns that we add may seem foreign to us or even unimportant because of their infrequency, yet these additions offer us the true flavor of the hierarchical liturgy. in the hierarchical divine liturgy, we commemorate the hierarch as celebrant. additionally, the celebrating hierarch commemorates his presiding bishop, demonstrating the local parishes unity to the greater orthodox community. and, ultimately as stewards with unique ministries, the presbyter ( s ) and the laity under the direction of the bishop. offer up, all glory to god., also known as \u201c patriarchal divine liturgy \u201d if a patriarch / metropolitan or an archbishop is the main celebrant the hierarchical divine liturgy : a \" hierarchical divine liturgy \" is a divine liturgy celebrated by the bishop ( who is also known as the \" eparch \" or \" hierarch \" ). the eparch is the ruling hierarch of an eparchy ( i. e. area over which he is pastorally responsible, a. k. a a \" diocese \" in the latin churches ). the hierarchical divine liturgy is served whenever the bishop is present. nowadays the eparch usually \" visits \" on special occasions in the parish, e. g. ordinations, a big parish anniversary, or the parish \" praznyk \" / \u201d yiorti \u201d ( the patronal feast day of the parish ). but, from a theological and liturgical viewpoint, the hierarchical divine liturgy is actually the basic and normal divine liturgy of the church. technically, it is only \" by exception \" that any divine liturgy is served without the eparch. since the bishop is the \" shepherd \" of his church, he should preside at all his church ' s celebrations. and he did in the early church when the christian community was small. nowadays it is impractical the bishop be present at every service in the eparchy. however, the eparch is still present at each service by means of various symbols, which remind us of our unity with the bishop, and through him the entire church both local and universal. e. g. any celebration of liturgy requires an \" antimins \", a small cloth icon of the burial, which is signed by the bishop, representing his presence and thus the authorization of the entire christian community. just, as each, divine service should be served by a deacon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45323409806012316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.987100"} {"text": "of liturgy requires an \" antimins \", a small cloth icon of the burial, which is signed by the bishop, representing his presence and thus the authorization of the entire christian community. just, as each, divine service should be served by a deacon, and the service obviously \" limps \" without the ministry of the deacon. even more so does the service \" limp \" when the bishop is absent. clearly in the early church, the bishop presided at every divine service. and in cathedrals, esp. the cathedral of holy wisdom ( hagia sophia ) our mother church, where our liturgy developed, the presidency of a bishop was normative. when the bishop is present, the entirety of the church is present. the eparch represents in his office, the christian community ( both laity and clergy ) geographically in the local and particular church - being the representative of both laity and clergy ( cf. his election and the triple axios of clergy and laity ). by his apostolic succession, he also makes present the church historically stretching back to the apostles. and by his communion with : the patriarch, the college of bishops and all those with whom the patriarch is in communion, e. g. the other patriarchs, the eparch makes present the entirety of the catholic / orthodox communion. you may notice that every so often during the hierarchical services, suddenly the language will change into greek : e. g. : \" eis polla eti, dhespota \" ; \" ton dhespotin... \", or \" agios o theos... \". as rus ' - ukraine was evangelized by byzantine missionaries, the first bishops and metropolitans of our church were greeks. ( applicable, if in a russian / ukraine / carpatho - russian orthodox parish ) thanks to saints cyril and methodios, equal to the apostles and teachers of the slavic nations, the holy scriptures and liturgical texts, etc. were translated into the local vernacular. nevertheless, in gratitude to their missionary bishops who had to leave their homeland to minister to our church and in remembrance of our connections with our mother church, certain portions of the service will be taken in greek. according to local custom three other ancient liturgies, are also used by orthodox churches, on the occasion of the feast day of the saints to which their authorship is traditionally attributed. : the orthodox ( chalcedonian ) liturgy of saint james, the brother of the lord, of the greek orthodox patriarchate of jerusalem, used on october 23rd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44460704979832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.988104"} {"text": "the occasion of the feast day of the saints to which their authorship is traditionally attributed. : the orthodox ( chalcedonian ) liturgy of saint james, the brother of the lord, of the greek orthodox patriarchate of jerusalem, used on october 23rd, and the sunday after the nativity ( see entry above ) the orthodox ( chalcedonian ) liturgy of st mark, of the greek orthodox patriarchate of alexandria is another liturgy, that have been phased out in favor of the byzantine rite liturgies i. e., the st. john chrysostom, the st. basil and the presanctified. the orthodox ( chalcedonian ) liturgy of saint gregory the theologian - wonderworker, a ancient liturgy of cappadocia and alexandria if there is no divine liturgy, the typica is read which gives a sketch of the divine liturgy. ( a reader \u2019 s service ) divine liturgy : the eucharistic liturgy. the orthodox equivalent to the roman catholic mass or to the protestant service of holy communion. in the orthodox church there are four eucharistic liturgies used. the most common is the divine liturgy of st. john chrysostom, the liturgy used on all sundays except those which fall during the great lent, and all holy days on which a eucharistic liturgy is served except for the eves of pascha, christmas and theophany, holy thursday, and the feastday of st. basil the great ( january 1 ). the divine liturgy of st. basil the great, used on the sundays of great lent, holy thursday, the eves of pascha, christmas, and theophany, and the feast of st. basil the great. the liturgy of the presanctified gifts which is actually an extended vespers service at which holy communion which was consecrated on the previous sunday is distributed. the liturgy of presanctified gifts is used during weekdays of great lent when the full celebration of the eucharistic liturgy is prohibited. the liturgy of st. james, is served only in certain places on the feastday of st. james the \" brother of the lord \" and first bishop of jerusalem. \u201c the eucharist is our mystical food : without it, we starve spiritually. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4385161282260334, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.989102"} {"text": "zorba is fictitious, but the man who created zorba must have carried a tremendous dream of himself being in zorba \u2019 s place, because no novelist writes anything which is not actually a compensation for his life. the poets who write about love write about love because they have missed love. their beautiful poetry about love is a poor substitute. kazantzakis wanted to be a zorba but could not gather courage. he could not gather courage because of his christian heritage. in his novel zorba the greek there is a beautiful statement. zorba is working with his boss. the boss is always sad, long - faced, worried, and zorba is always enjoying the small things of life \u2013 food, wine, women. after a whole day \u2019 s work he would go to the seashore and would dance alone, would play on his musical instrument. the boss could not believe that he has nothing \u2013 a poor man, but he lives like an emperor. that night when he comes, his boss asks him, \u201c why am i so sad and why are you always so blissful? \u201d zorba says to the boss, \u201c boss, the only problem with you is you think too much. i am a poor man ; i don \u2019 t think, i simply live. \u201d in a small sentence \u2013 \u201c you think too much \u201d \u2013 he has given the whole insight of meditation. thinking too much is non - meditative. thinking less and less you become more and more meditative. the moment thinking ceases, you are in meditation. but nobody has even explored zorba \u2019 s life ; otherwise he would have found the possibility of his becoming a buddha. even before zorba, almost two thousand years ago, greece produced a tremendously beautiful man, very close to gautam buddha. the man \u2019 s name was epicurus, and he was not a fiction, he was a living zorba. his whole philosophy was just to live moment to moment and enjoy each moment as deeply as you can, because once it is gone, it is gone forever. he made a small commune in a forest which became known as the garden of epicurus. but even greeks have not paid much attention to epicurus or his teachings ; nothing much has survived \u2026 very few fragments here and there. it seems we feel ashamed of zorbas, and they are authentically real human beings. only on their solid rocks can we make beautiful temples of buddhahood, of enlightenment, of awakening. i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45583059469255255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.991772"} {"text": "wednesday, 22 may 2013 06 : 56 malcolm x, born malcolm little on may 19, 1925, in omaha, nebraska, has been criticized by mainstream media and historians for his radical and violent rhetoric. now, however, many scholars are revisiting malcolm x ' s influence on the civil - rights struggles and concluding that his presence gave political leverage to the non - violent movement led by the rev. martin luther king, jr. \" i always looked at malcolm as advocating an ' eye - for - eye, tooth - for - a - tooth ', \" said james e. newton, chair of the african - american history department at the university of delaware. in 1946, malcolm x went to prison for burglary and served seven years of a 10 - year sentence. it was during his time in prison that he joined the nation of islam ( noi ) and upon release became the noi ' s chief spokesperson. the noi members were fervent advocates of a separate nation for blacks and whites, while advocating self - reliance for african americans. malcolm x later broke from the noi and denounced its separatist philosophy after his pilgrimage to mecca in 1964, where he witnessed for the first time, multiracial muslim brotherhood. although malcolm x denounced the separatist philosophy of the noi, he always maintained the option of using violence in seeking justice for african americans. in a speech at michigan state university in 1963, he gave the audience a history lesson in revolutionary thinking. \" if patrick henry and all of the founding fathers of this country were willing to lay down their lives to get what you are enjoying today, then it ' s time for you to realize that a large, ever - increasing number of black people in this country are willing to die for what we know is due us by birth. \" wednesday, 22 may 2013 06 : 47 the news made a big deal out of the fact that one dr. dre who made millions as a rapper gave 70 million dollars to the university of southern california to create a school dedicated to hip hop. all i could think of was that ' s just what we need, another class of rappers. i thought of the 70, 000 kids that will be kicked out of head - start as a result of the current federal budget crisis. with all of that, we need another group of rappers to rap to kids who can ' t read, write and reason. i thought of the preachers who take our money on sunday morning and use it for their personal wealth rather than for the good of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4895094084933769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.997010"} {"text": "of that, we need another group of rappers to rap to kids who can ' t read, write and reason. i thought of the preachers who take our money on sunday morning and use it for their personal wealth rather than for the good of the community. i thought of the charter school movement that takes our tax dollars to create a few schools for a few kids while the masses are forced to go to non - productive schools. it ' s as if you have 10 children and you decide to invest in two, and the rest are on their own. don ' t we owe it to all of the kids to treat them equally? that ' s what the taliban does, educate the boys and shoot the girls who have the audacity to want to go to school and get an education. the worst part is that the statistics are showing that charter schools are not producing a bumper crop of geniuses either. why not improve the whole school system? tuesday, 14 may 2013 20 : 16 a young black man came to my office to seek support of the journal for a position he was seeking. when the subject of his being a republican came up, he volunteered that his father had introduced him to a lot of republicans and they were nice to him. my response at the time was that he should look at the evidence to see who is a republican and who is a democrat. there are at least 40 black democrats in congress and no black elected republican congressmen or senators. if black politicians are to maximize their power, they will do it as a group. what if dr. king had decided that he would work alone? we who are black and proud would still be seeking the right to eat at a lunch counter, unmolested. we would not have civil rights laws outlawing discrimination in employment opportunities. thursday, 09 may 2013 06 : 22 as another mother ' s day rolls around, for me, it ' s different. my mother is gone. i have the mother of my children and the mothers of my grandchildren, and i can say, without hesitation, they are all great and wonderful women. each is different in motherhood, and while they don ' t hold my heart as my mother did, they hold the hearts of the greatest prizes my wife and i ever contributed to anyone - our three sons. in turn, they gave us seven grandchildren. fair trade is acceptable. wednesday, 01 may 2013 06 : 55 leave a future for your children! over the years we have travelled home to bakersfield for easter, but the traditions changed. when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4792831431852361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:47.998111"} {"text": "gastrointestinal pathology cases how to use the cases for study : 1. these cases will guide you through the presentations and diagnoses of complex gi diseases. follow the cases part by part and answer the questions as you come to them in your small groups. 2. review the gross materials at your lab station during the first lab period. 4. groups of two students will be assigned one case to present at the next lab meeting. during the week between the first and second lab sessions review the comprehensive case materials linked to the last part of the case, complete your research on the disease entity being presented and look at the current literature in the field. answer the questions assigned in the last part of the case using both texts and current literature ; be sure to reference your work. prepare a 5 - 7 minute oral presentation as you would for attending rounds. ( this includes a brief summary of the chief complaint, pertinent history, labs, x - rays and hospital course ; pay close attention to how the diagnosis was made and the outcome. ) present the pathology using images on the computer ; you may use this program or any other format you wish. you will present your case to another group of students who did not originally see the case, so be clear and concise! 5. a written copy of the assigned questions from the last part of your case must be turned in to your facilitator during the second lab ; your report as well as your oral presentation will be graded. if you worked with other students in the class on one case, you may turn in one report with all the names and you will each receive the same grade. be sure to reference the material in your answers and use at least one piece of current literature from a medline search. goals and objectives : following the participation in lab sessions one and two the student will be able to : 1. compile a differential diagnosis based on the clinical presentation and findings, determine appropriate use of laboratory, and recommend modes of therapy. 2. use the library electronic reference system to research data on diseases, therapies and drugs 3. understand the basic pathology, presentation, and treatment of gi disorders including : disease and its complications and pancreatic pseudocysts d. hepatic cirrhosis and gi bleeding f. benign gastric and duodenal ulcers h. gastric carcinoma 4. compile data on a patient and present it in the form of a clinical pathological correlation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4839063493915916, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.004052"} {"text": "promoting green and sustainable schools in pennsylvania! \u201c these award - winning schools serve as a model for all of pennsylvania by incorporating innovative technologies and strategies to use resources effectively and efficiently, \u2019 \u2019 corbett said. \u201c i congratulate them. \u2019 \u2019 the schools are : albert m. greenfield elementary school, philadelphia school district ; broughal middle school, bethlehem area school district, northampton county ; nazareth area middle school, nazareth area school district, northampton county ; and westtown school, chester county. lower merion school district, montgomery county, was awarded the first - ever district sustainability award for applying energy conservation initiatives across multiple school buildings throughout the district. albert m. greenfield elementary school - school district of philadelphia school district nominated was : additional green ribbon schools information : helpful grs resources - helpful links for grs 2012 - 2013 previous year winners! pathways to green schools... this pathways to green schools site is designed to provide school districts with helpful information in one location. it includes the latest information on state programs and grants available for your school, as well as best practices from districts around the state - - where schools and communities are making investments that help conserve natural resources and reduce energy costs. we believe that the entire educational experience should include green and sustainable practices. this includes the transportation to and from school, the buildings where our students learn, the energy being used in our schools, the food being served in our cafeterias, and the curriculum that is taught in the classrooms. there are many ways that schools can become more green and sustainable, and each step forward is a step in the right direction. we hope you will get started on the path, and we look forward to hearing about your success.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4043210944685981, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.006124"} {"text": "today, an increasingly alarming health problem within thai society is obesity, which is associated with a variety of related illnesses, including diabetes. overweight people, with a body mass more than 35 kg / sq. meter, are 20 - times more likely to suffer from diabetes than people with normal mass / area measurements. in addition, those with an enlarged abdominal area have an increased risk of diabetes, as the accumulation of fat cells around the waistline and abdomen cause insulin resistance. a recent study revealed that fat cells in overweight people release a hormone \u201c adiponectin \u201d, which is insulin resistant. diabetic patients have a higher level of this hormone than people of a similar weight. the level of \u201c adiponectin \u201d in those of average body mass is lower than in overweight people. in addition to the \u201c adiponectin \u201d hormone, fat cells also release other hormones resulting in a higher risk of developing diabetes and other blood vessel - related illnesses. overweight people tend to have a high - calorie / low fiber diet and either do not take enough exercise, or have insufficient body movement, in addition to having other health problems. those with a high risk of developing diabetes, especially overweight people, can prevent, or slow down the progress of diabetes - related illnesses by changing their diets and adjusting their lifestyles. they should consume more food with high fiber content, and adapt to low calorie foods that have lower saturated fat and sugar contents. regular exercise is required, aimed at reducing body weight by as much as 7 %. following this simple regimen will reduce the risk of diabetes by as much as 50 %, compared to the 30 % effectiveness of diabetic pills. to prevent acute and long - term side - effect illnesses developing and enable diabetic people with overweight problems to enjoy their lives, it is vital to keep diabetes in control by closely monitoring the body \u2019 s blood sugar level and other related symptoms. overweight people \u2019 s blood sugar levels can be kept within normal range through daily calorie intake calculations. a well - balanced diet is essential and each meal should avoid foods with high saturated fat and high carbohydrate contents, which cause high blood sugar levels. compulsory diet content includes vegetables and fruit, although sweet fruit should be avoided. regular exercise is highly recommended, as it also helps reduce blood sugar and cholesterol levels, besides relaxing the mind and boosting insulin efficiency in the body. with no warning symptoms, diabetes is not usually detected at its early stages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46353465602022753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.012200"} {"text": "ginkgo may help tough - to - treat skin condition vitiligo affects 1 to 4 % of people worldwide, about half the time before age 20. the patchy loss of pigmentation commonly affects the face, arms, legs, and genitalia, and is often more noticeable in dark - skinned people. emotional distress over changes in body appearance caused by vitiligo can show up as sleep disturbances, anxiety, and even suicide attempts. recent research suggests that the condition may be related to some combination of autoimmune, genetic, biochemical, nervous system, and environmental factors, but no clear cause has been identified. current treatments for vitiligo are limited, as they don \u2019 t always restore the skin \u2019 s appearance and may in fact cause other problems. photochemotherapy ( administrating ultraviolet - sensitizing medications followed by exposure to ultraviolet light ) increases the risk of skin cancer and cannot be used by lighter skinned people. topical corticosteroids can help repigment the skin, but they can also cause it to thin. topical immunomodulators ( tacrolimus, for example ) can be used on smaller areas of depigmentation, but they may increase lymphoma and skin cancer risks. making the case for ginkgo before a treatment can be recommended for any condition, it has to go through a series of trials to establish its effectiveness and safety. early studies have suggested that ginkgo may be useful for treating vitiligo, but the herb has yet to be rigorously examined for this purpose. this study was a preliminary trial designed to determine if there is sufficient evidence to examine ginkgo in a larger, placebo controlled study. to this end, 12 people with vitiligo between ages 12 and 35 were given 60 mg of a standardized ginkgo extract two times per day for 12 weeks. their skin was examined for changes before starting the supplement and again every four weeks. blood tests were analyzed and adverse symptoms were recorded to screen for potential safety issues. after participants had been taking the ginkgo, researchers noted significant improvements in the size and degree of depigmentation, and found the spread of vitiligo was greatly inhibited. there were also trends towards improvements in the total area affected and the staging scores of the lesions ( a measure of vitiligo severity ). no adverse effects related to treatment with ginkgo were recorded. though these results are encouraging, the study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4685313264064007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.021246"} {"text": "there were also trends towards improvements in the total area affected and the staging scores of the lesions ( a measure of vitiligo severity ). no adverse effects related to treatment with ginkgo were recorded. though these results are encouraging, the study authors advise that there is still much to be learned. \u201c it is recommended that any attempt to use ginkgo in the management of vitiligo should be carefully monitored by a healthcare practitioner, given that there are still many questions about the correct dose, its true effectiveness, interactions with other conditions or therapies, and possible adverse reactions, \u201d cautioned lead study author, orest szczurko. based on the positive results of the study, the authors recommend that larger scale studies be performed to confirm these promising findings. ( bmc complement altern med 2011 ; doi : 10. 1186 / 1472 - 6882 - 11 - 21. ) kimberly beauchamp, nd, received her doctoral degree from bastyr university, the nation \u2019 s premier academic institution for science - based natural medicine. she co - founded south county naturopaths in wakefield, ri, where she practiced whole family care with an emphasis on nutritional counseling, herbal medicine, detoxification, and food allergy identification and treatment. her blog, eat happy, helps take the drama out of healthy eating with real food recipes and nutrition news that you can use. dr. beauchamp is a regular contributor to healthnotes newswire.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42084333928389045, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.022339"} {"text": "this program priority will help optimize early child development by providing the education and support needed to ensure that expectant mothers are healthy before and during pregnancy, that the birth outcomes are positive, and that the attachment relationship between parent and child has been firmly established during the first year of life. national guidelines clearing house effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children : the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas. ( pdf file ) group - based parent - training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in children from birth to three years old the eidm ( evidence - informed decision - making ) program priority will help provide transparency, enhance accountability and may also help make better use of resources. this program priority will set out and implement new strategies for the prevention and cessation of smoking, and for the protection of others from the effects of second - hand smoke. data from the u. s. department of agriculture, foreign agricultural service, on tobacco world markets, tobacco auctions, and more. resources including pocket guides, tool kits, guidelines, and quick reference guides for healthcare providers serving tobacco dependent individuals. coordinates strategic efforts aimed at preventing tobacco use among youth, promoting smoking cessation among youth and adults, protecting non - smokers from environmental tobacco smoke ( ets ), and eliminating tobacco - related health disparities. contact the library, if you have not found the information you require. health topics a - z | information for professionals | information for workplaces | school corner | employment / volunteer opportunities | clinics, classes and events | resources & factsheets | translated information | about public health | contact us | public health home page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4580365062690504, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.024228"} {"text": "after completing this continuing education article, the pharmacist should be able to : the pharmacist ' s role as an important part of the public health system has long been underrecognized. at critical points in history, however, pharmacists have played an integral part in assisting with public health emergencies. for example, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, pharmacists were critically important in ensuring that diphtheria antitoxin was available during community outbreaks. in the early and mid 20th century, pharmacists often assumed a primary leadership role in their communities in the administration of oral polio vaccine. 1 beginning in 1996, a national campaign led by the american pharmacists association ( apha ) sought to educate pharmacists in large numbers to serve as immunizers and vaccine advocates in their local communities, primarily in response to national health disparities in the immunization rates of adults against influenza and pneumococcal disease. 1 today, community pharmacies are recognized as routine outlets for receipt of annual flu vaccinations. because of the unparalleled access community pharmacies provide to patients in need of lifesaving vaccines, many public health officials and others outside of the profession are beginning to advocate for an increasing role for pharmacists in providing adolescent and adult immunization services. establishing a community pharmacybased immunization service provides for opportunities that are both professionally and financially rewarding, while at the same time providing a vital public health service. pharmacists must consider many factors as they begin to implement immunization services into community practice. provision of immunization services is far more complex than simply giving shots. vaccines are biologic products and carry the potential for allergic reaction and a slight risk of anaphylaxis. additionally, timing and spacing of vaccines, as well as special storage and handling requirements, demand a more detailed decision - making process for vaccinating a particular patient. because vaccines are the primary preventive agents for a host of potentially life - threatening illnesses, the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) also makes national recommendations for the appropriate use of these products, which pharmacists should follow closely to ensure alignment with public health priorities and goals. thus, before pharmacists begin offering immunizations in their practice, it is imperative that pharmacists ensure that they receive baseline training in vaccines, vaccine policy, and administration. in the mid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4865235022477364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.045430"} {"text": "alignment with public health priorities and goals. thus, before pharmacists begin offering immunizations in their practice, it is imperative that pharmacists ensure that they receive baseline training in vaccines, vaccine policy, and administration. in the mid 1990s, schools and colleges of pharmacy first began incorporating vaccine - specific training into the doctor of pharmacy curriculum. the accreditation council for pharmacy education ( acpe ), in its most recent standards revision ( 2007 ), has placed an increased emphasis on public health training of pharmacists. 2 specific to immunology, the additional guidance to schools on the science foundation of the doctor of pharmacy degree states that one key component should be \" immunology ( including ) ( 1 ) human immunity and immune response, ( 2 ) principles of antigen - antibody relationships, ( 3 ) molecular biology of immune response, and ( 4 ) genetic basis for antibody synthesis, development, function, and immunopathology. \" 2 thus, as time passes, an increasing number of pharmacists will enter practice with a baseline knowledge of immunology, which will reduce the need for intensive training of practitioners. for now, however, the majority of pharmacists in practice may not have received extensive training in the subject matter and will need to invest in appropriate training. a variety of education and training programs in immunization delivery exist. as pharmacists evaluate their options for training in immunizations, it should be recognized that the cdc ' s national immunization program ( nip ) training for public health officials in immunizations is considered the standard. 3 any training program being considered should at least provide the same degree or greater of topic coverage in the critical areas identified by nip. pharmacy continuing education ( ce ) providers offering immunization certificate training are listed at www. acpe. org. costs associated with completing training will vary, depending on the program, but will likely require a time investment of between 16 and 24 contact hours and a financial investment of $ 250 or more if travel is necessary. while this may seem daunting, having adequate baseline training in vaccines is prudent to minimize potential liability. in addition, in some states, pharmacists are required to complete such training to be considered authorized to immunize by the respective state board of pharmacy. at the time of publication, only maine, new hampshire, new york, and west virginia did not have laws or regulations specifically permitting pharmacists to administer vaccines ( figure ) ; however, most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5171461987686518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.046529"} {"text": "to osha, at least 24 states have adopted blood - borne pathogen standards as stringent as or more stringent than the federal standards. pharmacists should consult their state department of health or to determine which standards apply in their state. among the pharmacist ' s considerations when achieving compliance with osha standards is that an osha exposure control plan must be in place in the facility and reviewed annually. all employees with potential blood - borne pathogen exposure should be familiar with the policies and procedures of this plan. a sample exposure control plan is available at www. osha. gov, and at least one customizable plan is available commercially through stephan foster, pharmd, faculty member at the university of tennessee at firstname. lastname @ example. org. in addition to the need to establish an exposure control plan, pharmacists will need to involve all immunizers in the evaluation and selection of safer needle devices to determine which devices are optimal for the individuals administering vaccines in their pharmacy. sharps containers must be used, and community pharmacists must make arrangements with a medical waste disposal service to ensure proper disposal. alternatively, sharps containers packaged with prepaid mailers for return to an incineration facility for disposal are available through a variety of vendors, including sharps compliance inc and grp & associates inc, and may be more cost - effective for pharmacists who are not heavily engaged in immunization services. in addition, pharmacists and anyone else in the pharmacy with potential for blood - borne pathogen exposure must be offered hepatitis b vaccination free of charge from the employer. 7 employees who choose not to be immunized against hepatitis b must sign a federally approved declination statement, which can be found at www. osha. gov. many pharmacists are under the impression that offering vaccine - related services will disrupt their dispensing work flow. stanley and colleagues of ukrop ' s pharmacies in richmond, va, report that, with practice, however, providing a vaccine takes about the same amount of time as filling a new prescription. 8 perhaps the reason behind the idea that vaccine services disrupt work flow is the image that pharmacists conduct only mass immunization events for flu shots. pharmacists will find that, if they incorporate vaccines into their practice on a year - round basis, however, immunizing patients becomes a routine part of the pharmacy business. in fact, additional staffing resources are typically unnecessary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47938021502213074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.051437"} {"text": "flu shots. pharmacists will find that, if they incorporate vaccines into their practice on a year - round basis, however, immunizing patients becomes a routine part of the pharmacy business. in fact, additional staffing resources are typically unnecessary except for the occasional 1 - or 2 - day mass flu immunization clinic in the fall. mass immunization clinics do require extra planning and staffing to accommodate larger crowds and process vaccine requests separately from other prescription requests. in most cases, these mass immunization clinics can be set up in an area of the pharmacy separate from the dispensing area, so as to minimize work flow disruption. for the pharmacist offering routine immunizations, such as tetanus - containing vaccines, pneumococcal vaccines, hepatitis vaccines, or shingles vaccines ( zoster vaccine ), it is recommended that these requests be processed just like any other prescription request. place the vaccine request in the work flow, assigning a prescription number and label to each vaccine. by doing so, pharmacists have the added benefit of being able to review the patient ' s profile to determine if the possible presence of other drugs or conditions might warrant additional vaccines beyond the vaccine being requested by the patient. for example, while reviewing the prescription history of a patient requesting a flu shot, the pharmacist may discover the patient is taking digoxin, indicating heart failure. this, of course, would indicate that this patient might be a candidate for a pneumococcal vaccine. the pharmacist also might be aware that the patient has a newborn grandson, which would perhaps indicate the need for adult tetanus - diphtheria - acellular pertussis vaccine, if the patient ' s age is appropriate, to provide a ring of protection against pertussis around the newborn. such a review strategy allows pharmacists the opportunity to provide comprehensive immunization services at a single patient visit. because vaccines carry the federal legend, \" rx only, \" as classified by the fda, a prescriber must provide a valid order for these agents to be dispensed and administered. pharmacists have at least 3 options for acquiring acceptable orders, depending on the laws of the state in which they practice. first, individual prescription orders can be written, transmitted electronically, or telephoned in by the prescriber in the same way other prescriptions are issued. the downside to this approach is that it limits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4884818279907757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.052954"} {"text": "laws of the state in which they practice. first, individual prescription orders can be written, transmitted electronically, or telephoned in by the prescriber in the same way other prescriptions are issued. the downside to this approach is that it limits the ability of the pharmacist to fully immunize patients in need of vaccines if the physician is unavailable ( ie, on weekends or after office hours ). the second option is to establish a protocol with each prescriber in the community to immunize his or her patients any time they present to the pharmacist for care and are in need of a vaccine ( s ). this option is preferred over the first option, but it does present logistic challenges in determining patients for whom the pharmacist can provide vaccines. this method also does not account for patients who may seek immunization services at the pharmacy but who do not have an established physician. regardless, some states dictate that 1 of these 2 methods be utilized. the last option is perhaps the best, primarily because it allows the pharmacist the greatest degree of freedom in decision making to determine ( a ) which patients need vaccines, and ( b ) which vaccines they need. this option is a collaborative practice protocol or establishment of standing orders for vaccines, signed by a single prescriber for any patient under the pharmacist ' s care. under this arrangement, the prescriber is delegating his or her authority to the pharmacist to issue the prescription. the pharmacist must then use his or her professional judgment to determine the appropriateness of immunizing each particular patient. in the broadest sense, such collaborative practice protocols should allow the pharmacist to immunize any patient with any available vaccine within the limits of the state laws and regulations. the risk of severe allergic reaction such as anaphylaxis after vaccination with any vaccine is extremely small. 9 because the risk does exist, however, it is important for pharmacists to be prepared in case the event were to occur. prudent pharmacists should have current cardiopulmonary resuscitation or basic cardiac life support certification before beginning immunization services. in addition, as a part of the collaborative practice protocol in place for vaccines, an emergency protocol that follows current procedures outlined by the american heart association and incorporates epinephrine administration should be in place. additionally, staff at the pharmacy should be familiar with the emergency plan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.548676859797668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.055632"} {"text": "a part of the collaborative practice protocol in place for vaccines, an emergency protocol that follows current procedures outlined by the american heart association and incorporates epinephrine administration should be in place. additionally, staff at the pharmacy should be familiar with the emergency plan for anaphylaxis, practice it at least annually, and have it posted in the area where immunizations are administered. during an emergency requiring the administration of epinephrine, the pharmacist should appoint an individual in the pharmacy to record exact times of significant events in the emergency care of the patient. for example, the exact time the patient began having symptoms, the exact time the patient lost consciousness, and the exact time and amount of each epinephrine dose all should be recorded. a log can be very helpful to emergency response personnel once they arrive. following any reaction believed to be related to vaccination, the immunizer should complete a vaccine adverse event reporting system ( vaers ) form. similar to a medwatch form for adverse events related to other drugs, vaers forms can be completed online at vaers. hhs. gov. regarding epinephrine, pharmacists are advised to stock at least 4 adult epinephrine ( epipen ) auto - injectors at all times when immunizations are to be given in the pharmacy. if epipen is unavailable, epinephrine ampules or vials in sufficient quantity for 2 patients to receive at least 2 doses each should be stocked. caution : epinephrine typically has a very short expiration date. stock should be rotated regularly. the dosing schedule for epinephrine should be clearly posted alongside the emergency plan in the immunization administration area. the most common source for vaccines is the manufacturer. drug wholesalers do stock commonly used vaccines, however, such as hepatitis b vaccine and tetanus - containing vaccine. in addition, some manufacturers distribute their vaccines through a select number of specialty wholesalers, which specialize in the distribution of biologic products. especially during times of vaccine shortage, however, pharmacists need to be especially vigilant that all vaccine purchases are made from a reputable source that can ensure that the vaccine has been stored properly and provide a chain - of - ownership pedigree to demonstrate how the vaccine was acquired. instances of counterfeit vaccine and improper storage of vaccine have made headlines in the past, and it is the pharmacists ' responsibility to at least ensure that the supplier from whom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47340536048166726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.056697"} {"text": "of - ownership pedigree to demonstrate how the vaccine was acquired. instances of counterfeit vaccine and improper storage of vaccine have made headlines in the past, and it is the pharmacists ' responsibility to at least ensure that the supplier from whom they are purchasing is reputable. because of counterfeiting and storage concerns, as long as pharmacists can meet minimum purchasing requirements, it is recommended that they purchase most vaccine direct from the manufacturer. table 2 provides ordering information for major vaccine manufacturers. how many doses of vaccine should a pharmacist purchase if one is just getting started in offering vaccine? much of the answer lies in when the pharmacist is starting his or her immunization service. many pharmacists have reported in unpublished survey responses to the apha that they begin their first foray into immunizations with flu vaccine. while some obvious advantages exist to starting with flu shots, including low marketing investment and general acceptance of pharmacists as immunizers, the mass crowds created by flu shot campaigns can be very overwhelming to the novice immunizer. an alternative approach is to consider the purchase of 1 multidose vial of either pneumococcal or tetanus - containing vaccine and begin offering vaccine to regular prescription customers as identified as at - risk individuals when they present for their medications at any time during the year. this approach allows a minimal initial investment in vaccine and allows the pharmacist to build confidence as an immunizer at a more reasonable pace than may be experienced during flu season. if one does make the decision to start with influenza vaccine, it is recommended that an initial purchase of 250 to 500 doses is a reasonable firstseason investment. 8 with such an investment, most pharmacists can offer the vaccine to high - risk patients during the course of their normal business activities, without having mass immunization clinic hours and without overwhelming potentially limited staff resources. especially in colder climates where patients may wear heavy garments, it is recommended the pharmacist identify a location within the pharmacy where patient privacy during the immunization process can be maintained. it is often necessary for patients to partially remove shirts and blouses so that adequate access to the deltoid region of the arm can be achieved. patients appreciate having a private area in which to remove garments and be immunized. if you do not have a private consultation area available in your practice, consider purchasing 1 or 2 cubicle - style, 4 - foot privacy partitions to place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5081264117556894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.057744"} {"text": ". patients appreciate having a private area in which to remove garments and be immunized. if you do not have a private consultation area available in your practice, consider purchasing 1 or 2 cubicle - style, 4 - foot privacy partitions to place in an area near the pharmacy. in addition, immunizations are best administered while patients are seated. the primary reasoning for this recommendation is so that the immunizer can control the fall of patients who might faint during or immediately after an immunization event. the pharmacist should invest in a chair with arms so as to help prevent falling. additionally, for the comfort of both the patient and the immunizer, it is recommended that the immunizer be at approximately the same level as the patient when administering vaccines. for example, if the patient is seated, the immunizer should be seated. a small worktable in the immunization area for placement of vaccination supplies and a literature rack or information area for vaccine - preventable disease and public health messaging are also helpful. to comply with osha regulations, the sharps container must be situated in the administration area where patients ( especially children ) cannot easily reach into it. vaccine reimbursement procedures are a bit more complex than traditional pharmaceutical product reimbursement. pharmacists must first recognize that, when a vaccine is administered, 2 separate and distinct items are compensable : the vaccine itself and the service of administration of the vaccine. because of this, many pharmacy benefit managers will not pay for vaccines, and in the event that they do, they are not likely to pay for the administration of the vaccine. as of 2007, 2 procedures exist for medicare reimbursement of vaccines and their administration. for influenza and pneumococcal vaccine, as well as hepatitis b vaccine for certain high - risk seniors, medicare part b provides full payment with no deductibles and no copayments through the state part b carrier. both pharmacists and pharmacies are eligible to bill the state part b carrier as a mass immunization provider. receiving part b reimbursement includes 2 steps. first, the pharmacist or pharmacy must have a national provider identification ( npi ) number. npi numbers can be obtained through a relatively simple online application process at nppes. cms. hhs. gov / nppes / staticforward. do? forward = static. instructions. the second step is becoming a medicare part b mass im", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46212856111715234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.058691"} {"text": "pediatric vaccines are generally covered through age 18 years or as recommended on the pediatric immunization schedule of the cdc. adult vaccine coverage is very sporadic. because most vaccines cost a great deal, it is strongly advised that pharmacists verify insurance coverage before administering the vaccine. state medicaid programs, like private insurers, vary widely in their coverage of vaccines, particularly those used in adults. some state medicaid programs will reimburse pharmacists for the vaccine and its administration, while others will not. pharmacists should check with the provider services division of their state ' s medicaid program for more details. pharmacists will often find that many patients may pay out of pocket for certain vaccines. for example, non? medicare - covered adults may be accustomed to paying cash for their flu shots. because tetanus - containing vaccines are recommended only every 10 years, many patients may be willing to pay cash for the immunization service. vaccines used primarily for international travel are typically not covered by insurance, and patients also expect to pay for these vaccines. regardless of the situation, pharmacists should ensure that a receipt is provided to the patient for any fees paid for immunization services so that patients have the opportunity to seek insurance reimbursement on their own, seek medical savings account reimbursement through employer cafeteria plans, or write off the expense on their income tax. once a pharmacist establishes himself or herself as an immunizer, the work is not finished. maintaining competency in vaccines is a continuous process. the advisory committee on immunization practices of the cdc meets at least quarterly and makes recommendations for changes to national immunization policy at practically every meeting. the harmonized pediatric and adolescent immunization schedule is published each year in january. the adult immunization schedule is revised each year in october. in addition, vaccine manufacturers regularly release important information regarding new vaccines, vaccine shortages, and vaccine adverse - event reports. the field of vaccines is constantly changing, and pharmacists must regularly review literature so as to ensure that they are optimally caring for their patients. the immunization action coalition ( iac ), located in minneapolis, minn, is nationally recognized as the leader in the private industry for providing unbiased vaccine and vaccine - preventable disease information and provider resources. a wealth of practice management resources is available via the iac web site at www. immunize. org ; many resources are available at little or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4544842596929203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.061077"} {"text": "the private industry for providing unbiased vaccine and vaccine - preventable disease information and provider resources. a wealth of practice management resources is available via the iac web site at www. immunize. org ; many resources are available at little or no charge. the apha offers a list service for immunizing pharmacists. the list service contains much of the same information found through other immunization list services, with additional information specific to pharmacy practice included as well. the service is offered by apha, free of charge, by sending an e - mail to subscribe to email @ example. com. a variety of quality ce programs are available on vaccines and vaccine - preventable diseases. the cdc now offers acpe credit for pharmacists who complete the learning exercises associated with specific issues of morbidity and mortality weekly report. all ce programs offered as webcasts via the nip web site ( www. cdc. gov / vaccines ) also are acpe - accredited. because the cdc is the agency responsible for issuing vaccine policy in the united states, the pharmacist can rest assured that the content available through the cdc is the most up - to - date available. at a minimum, pharmacists should complete an annual update on changes in immunizations and immunization policy. the cdc offers such an update through its web site. the apha, the american society of health - system pharmacists, the american society of consultant pharmacists, and the national community pharmacists association also offer similar updates, which include pharmacy practice implications, at their annual meetings and via their respective web sites. table 3 provides a partial listing of resources for immunizing pharmacists. making the decision to begin immunization services should not be taken lightly. adequate preparation is necessary to ensure a successful practice. the opportunity to be a part of a major public health initiative such as immunizations is extraordinary and allows pharmacists to prove to their local communities a strong commitment to the health and welfare of the community. vaccination service can be both profitable and professionally satisfying, and pharmacists are encouraged to give it a shot!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5115197169831553, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.062035"} {"text": "european painting before 1900, johnson collection ballet from an opera box hilaire - germain - edgar degas, french, 1834 - 1917 pastel on paper currently not on view cat. 969john g. johnson collection, 1917 labelthe setting for this pastel is the palais garnier opera house, where you can still attend performances today. the palais garnier is famous for its opulent and luxurious interior. however, instead of focusing on this richly ornamented space, edgar degas concentrates on the colorful dancers, the theatrical lighting, and the audience ' s overwhelming visual experience. a finely dressed woman rests her arm on a balcony railing and looks over her shoulder to watch the performance from a box seat above the stage. a dancer in a bright yellow and orange costume is taking a bow. degas portrays the spectacle from a disorienting point of view, cutting off the central figures with other figures or with the edges of the picture frame. he loved using pastel because he could scribble lines but also use his fingers to smudge broad areas of color - the pastel was soft and malleable and it did not dry hard like paint. today the word \" pastel \" is often associated with pale shades of colors, but degas liked to use strong vibrant hues to capture the effects of light and shadow.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4764773820421142, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.063375"} {"text": "color and vision visit the physics classroom ' s flickr galleries and enjoy a photo overview of the topic of light and color. color television explore how a television uses r, g, and b pixels to produce... millions of colors. phet simulation : color vision mix r, g and b light with varying intensities using this java applet from phet. mixing colors mix light colors at the ontario science center and learn about the principles of color addition. looking for a lab that coordinates with this page? try the color addition lab from the laboratory. curriculum corner learning requires action. give your students this sense - making activity from the curriculum corner. color addition the red - green - blue color swatches on this page provide a great opportunity to demonstrate addition of r, g, and b in varying amounts. treasures from tpf need ideas? need help? explore the physics front ' s treasure box of catalogued resources on visible light and color. general atomics sciences : chromatics - the science of color this downloadable, 100 - plus page book discusses various aspects of light production in the visible spectrum and color addition and subtraction. general atomics sciences : it ' s a colorful life deepen your understanding of color with this free, downloadable book on color ; contains theory and ideas for labs. color perception, like sound perception, is a complex subject involving the disciplines of psychology, physiology, biology, chemistry and physics. when you look at an object and perceive a distinct color, you are not necessarily seeing a single frequency of light. consider for instance that you are looking at a shirt and it appears purple to your eye. in such an instance, there may be several frequencies of light striking your eye with varying degrees of intensity. yet your eye - brain system interprets the frequencies that strike your eye and the shirt is decoded by your brain as being purple. the subject of color perception can be simplified if we think in terms of primary colors of light. we have already learned that white is not a color at all, but rather the presence of all the frequencies of visible light. when we speak of white light, we are referring to roygbiv - the presence of the entire spectrum of visible light. but combining the range of frequencies in the visible light spectrum is not the only means of producing white light. white light can also be produced by combining only three distinct frequencies of light, provided that they are widely separated on the visible light spectrum. any three colors ( or frequencies ) of light that produce white light when combined with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6240179169448985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.073941"} {"text": "means of producing white light. white light can also be produced by combining only three distinct frequencies of light, provided that they are widely separated on the visible light spectrum. any three colors ( or frequencies ) of light that produce white light when combined with the correct intensity are called primary colors of light. there are a variety of sets of primary colors. the most common set of primary colors is red ( r ), green ( g ) and blue ( b ). when red, green and blue light are mixed or added together with the proper intensity, white ( w ) light is obtained. this is often represented by the equation below : r + g + b = in fact, the mixing together ( or addition ) of two or three of these three primary colors of light with varying degrees of intensity can produce a wide range of other colors. for this reason, many television sets and computer monitors produce the range of colors on the monitor by the use of red, green and blue light - emitting phosphors. the addition of the primary colors of light can be demonstrated using a light box. the light box illuminates a screen with the three primary colors - red ( r ), green ( g ) and blue ( b ). the lights are often the shape of circles. the result of adding two primary colors of light is easily seen by viewing the overlap of the two or more circles of primary light. the different combinations of colors produced by red, green and blue are shown in the graphic below. ( caution : because of the way that different monitors and different web browsers render the colors on the computer monitor, there may be slight variations from the intended colors. ) these demonstrations with the color box illustrate that red light and green light add together to produce yellow ( y ) light. red light and blue light add together to produce magenta ( m ) light. green light and blue light add together to produce cyan ( c ) light. and finally, red light and green light and blue light add together to produce white light. this is sometimes demonstrated by the following color equations and graphic : yellow ( y ), magenta ( m ) and cyan ( c ) are sometimes referred to as secondary colors of light since they are produced by the addition of equal intensities of two primary colors of light. the addition of these three primary colors of light with varying degrees of intensity will result in the countless other colors that we are familiar ( or unfamiliar ) with. any two colors of light that when mixed together in equal intensities produce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5931847932658307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.075101"} {"text": "colors of light. the addition of these three primary colors of light with varying degrees of intensity will result in the countless other colors that we are familiar ( or unfamiliar ) with. any two colors of light that when mixed together in equal intensities produce white are said to be complementary colors of each other. the complementary color of red light is cyan light. this is reasonable since cyan light is the combination of blue and green light ; and blue and green light when added to red light will produce white light. thus, red light and cyan light ( blue + green ) represent a pair of complementary colors ; they add together to produce white light. this is illustrated in the equation below : r + c = r + ( b + g ) = each primary color of light has a secondary color of light as its complement. the three pairs of complementary colors are listed below. the graphic at the right is extremely helpful in identifying complementary colors. complementary colors are always located directly across from each other on the graphic. note that cyan is located across from red, magenta across from green, and yellow across from blue. the production of various colors of light by the mixing of the three primary colors of light is known as color addition. the color addition principles discussed on this page can be used to make predictions of the colors that would result when different colored lights are mixed. in the next part of lesson 2, we will learn how to use the principles of color addition to determine why different objects look specific colors when illuminated with various colors of light. 1. two lights are arranged above a white sheet of paper. when the lights are turned on they illuminate the entire sheet of paper ( as seen in the diagram below ). each light bulb emits a primary color of light - red ( r ), green ( g ), and blue ( b ). depending on which primary color of light is used, the paper will appear a different color. express your understanding of color addition by determining the color that the sheet of paper will appear in the diagrams below. 2. if magenta light and yellow light are added together, will white light be produced? explain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5964803927109208, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.076011"} {"text": "when speaking to people whether in a social setting or business environment, how you speak is more often recognized than what you say. when i was growing up my dad always said to me \u201c suzanne it \u2019 s not what you say, it \u2019 s how you say it \u201d. for years i did not understand this. i had no idea i was speaking in any different manner than anyone else. if you want your message heard you must speak the language of who your audience is. if it is one person, find the clues to how they hear, or interpret information. if it is many, include all modalities when sharing your message. even if your message is telling a joke. oftentimes we want to discard someone because they are dry or boring. or perhaps too overdramatic. more often than not, they just speak a different language. when we realize this, we become relatable to everyone. learn to recognize the language looking for a few clues in modalities : how do they talk? are they slow and precise? quick and dramatic? how do they reference information? do they \u2018 feel \u2019 like something is happening? does it \u2018 appear \u2019 something is happening? do they \u2018 see \u2019 how things are going to play out? does it \u2018 sound \u2019 to them like things are going to go a certain way.. if someone says : \u201c i feel like something is going to happen \u201d you know they are speaking kinesthetically \u201c i see what \u2019 s going on \u2026 \u201d they are speaking visually \u201c it sounds to me like you are on a mission, this is auditory these are 3 examples of modalities that are always used. how you incorporate them in conversation will make the difference between being heard and being dismissed. if you are speaking with someone who is visual you will want to include language that they can see, so give examples of visuals that relate to your topic. same goes with kinesthetic and auditory. use language that has them feeling or hearing that which you are trying to say. so rather than having them see the bright white sheets ( visual ), they will feel the softness on their skin ( kinesthetic ) or hear them whip in the wind as they hang outside to dry ( auditory ). mirroring also includes body language. do as they do. but don \u2019 t overdo. - if they speak fast, you speak fast. - if they speak slow, you slow down. - if they speak with their hands, do the same. you can complain if you want that that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.508752270053479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.078735"} {"text": "unusual fruits of north america and what they are and what they taste like! most of these are very easy to grow at home, and may attractive, low maintenance landscape plants, in addition to providing tasty fruit! | buffaloberries : the buffaloberry ( shepherdia argentea ), is a drought tolerant, sun - loving, nitrogen - fixing, thorny shrub often found in light soil of ravines and stream banks. they sucker readily and are recommended for shelter belts. white flowers appear in late april or early may, and the orange or red fruit ripens in early to late fall. the fruit is bitter, but sweetens after a frost and were used by indigenous people to flavour meat. they are high in iron, and were also used as a tonic for blood disorders. they make good jellies and pies. the buffaloberry can be propagated by seed or by transplanting root suckers. | | black current : too tart and bitter to eat raw, but they ' re often used to make syrups, preserves, and the liqueur cassis. much more popular in europe ( they like bitter foods there! : ) | boysenberries : a boysenberry is a cross between a blackberry, a raspberry, and a loganberry. they are a dark purple almost black in color when ripe. it ' s softer than a blackberry, but it also lacks the blackberry ' s large seeds. it was developed in california, where people still favor them. the bushes / vines have very prickly small thorns. it ' s best to wear gloves when picking them. tthere is also a thornless variety - see raintree nurseries for | | chokeberries or chokecherry ( also called aronia berry ) : the chokecherry ( prunus virginiana ) is similar in its habitat preferences to the saskatoon. the white flowers, appearing in late may to early june, form long bottle - brush like clusters. the fruits ripen in august, and can be yellow, orange, red or dark purple in color. the fruit is astringent, but makes good jellies, jams and sauces. other parts of the plant were used by native peoples for medicinal purposes. the roots were chewed and placed on wounds to prevent bleeding, and the bark was boiled with other ingredients to treat diarrhea and fever. chokecherries can be propagated from seed, cuttings, suckers and crown division. contain high levels of vitamins, antioxida", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43112869975530177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.089838"} {"text": "to prevent bleeding, and the bark was boiled with other ingredients to treat diarrhea and fever. chokecherries can be propagated from seed, cuttings, suckers and crown division. contain high levels of vitamins, antioxidants, and polyphenols that reduce the potential for cancer and heart disease. products made from chokeberries include jams, jellies, juice and aronia wine. aronia berry ( chokeberry ) production in iowa a two day event about sustainable organic commercial production and home garden culture of black chokeberry ( aronia melancarpa ) was held in august 2008. for more information about future events, commercial production and marketing of aronia berries, visit everhart horticulture consulting. dr. eldon everhart, formerly with iowa state university, is co - owner of everhart horticulture consulting. \" ( updated : december 24, 2010 ) these are similar to blackberries, only they ' re smaller. they ' re most popular on the west coast, and particularly oregon. you ' ll find it spreading along open ground. when the berries are ripe they ' re hard to pick without squashing them. the berry looks like a blackberry, but usually have far fewer drupelets ( the individual lumps on the berry ). it is also somewhat powdery in appearance. the most common elderberry in the united states is the american elderberry, or sweet elder ( sambucus canadensis ). reaching a mature height of 8 to 12 feet, it is a vigorous grower. thick clusters of numerous creamy white flowers are borne on five - stemmed stalks. the elderberry produces 1 / 4 - inch purple - black berries. the juicy fruit are a rich source of iron and vitamin c. berries are used for making jelly, jam, pie, juice, and wine. seeds are quite large and can become a nuisance if they get stuck in your teeth | | figs - they ' re not that unusual, but for some reason, many americans have never eaten a fresh fig. i blame fig newtons and dried figs - those are nothing like a fresh fig. a fresh fig tastes like a mix of a peach and a strawberry! figs are one of the easiest fruit to grow, requiring little attention, no pesticides and are fast growers. | gooseberries : the gooseberry is a large, tart berries in season in june and july. american gooseberries are round and about 1 / 2 inch to 1 inch in diameter,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39095448689163437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.090767"} {"text": "little attention, no pesticides and are fast growers. | gooseberries : the gooseberry is a large, tart berries in season in june and july. american gooseberries are round and about 1 / 2 inch to 1 inch in diameter, while european gooseberries are oblong, and about twice the size of american gooseberries. they ' re very acidic. they can be green, yellow or reddish. they also come in various degrees of sweetness or tartness ; from cooking gooseberries to sweet dessert gooseberries. huckleberry is similar to blueberries, and they ' re great for making preserves and syrups. loganberries the loganberry is one of my favorites. it tastes like a mix of strawberries, raspberries and blackberries all combined. it makes great tasting jam! the dark red when ripe. there ' s an interesting article on loganberries. the debate goes on as to which is the best : loganberries, tayberries or boysenberries ; all of which are closely related. tayberries produce much more but have thorns. new varieties of loganberries are thornless but yield much less. and then there are people who rave about marionberries and olallieberries, which are also close relatives. loquats ( eriobotrya japonica, aka japanese plum ) are fruit trees indigenous to southeastern china, but is now grown in florida, california and israel. it is an evergreen large shrub or small tree that can grow to 5 - 10 m tall, but is often smaller, about 3 - 4 m. loquats are unusual among fruit trees in that the flowers appear in the fall or early winter, and the fruits are ripe in late winter or early spring. the fruit is very slightly fuzzy, and a light orange color, or orange - yellow. and have a large pit in the middle ( or even several pits in the very center ; up to 7, but usually 1 or 2 ) the fruit is a creamy white inside and is sweet ( with some subacid or acid ) if left to ripen on the tree before picking. the fruit should be peeled prior to eating ; the skin, though thin, can be pulled off manually if the fruit is ripe. also, the seeds must be removed before use, as they are toxic! it does make a wonderful jelly, and will grow in the deep south of the us. the tree won ' t bear fruit until it is about 10 yrs old ( and the winter conditions have to be right in order to the loquat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40312454226818106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.091848"} {"text": "! it does make a wonderful jelly, and will grow in the deep south of the us. the tree won ' t bear fruit until it is about 10 yrs old ( and the winter conditions have to be right in order to the loquat is comparable to the apple in many aspects, with a high sugar, acid and pectin content. it is eaten as a fresh fruit and mixes well with other fruits in fresh fruit salads or fruit cups. firm, slightly immature fruits are best for making pies or tarts. the fruits are also commonly used to make jam, jelly and chutney, and are delicious poached in light syrup. a type of loquat syrup is used in chinese medicine for soothing the throat, like a cough drop. loquats can also be used to make wine. loquats are easy to grow and are often also grown as an ornamental tree. | mayhaws - a small ( 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 inch in diameter ) crabapple - like fruit that grows on a type of thorny hawthorne tree. it ripens from mid - april to early may, from which the name, mayhaw, originated. the mayhaw is a wild native fruit tree found along river bottoms and swamps from east texas, east to georgia and florida, and especially throughout louisiana. it does well in swamps or drier, better - drained land and best in full sunlight. the strained fruit is most often used for making jelly, syrup and wine. the pulp is sometimes made into jams, butters and pies. few people eat the fruit raw. you can shake the tree and gather the fruit from a bed sheet or piece of plastic spread under the tree. mulberries the mulberry grows on a tree that can get quite large. they are black and are so fragile that almost no markets carry them. they are similar to blackberries, just larger and much more fragile ). the flavor is very mild, and they are mildly sweet. i doubt whether many people would prefer them to blackberries or raspberries, but if you have access to a tree, they are very productive! mulberries also come in a white variety. their flavor is different from the blue - black berries but good! three types of mulberries commonly found : the native north american ones ( black and a red variety ). and the \" chinese white \". the black and red ( they are the color dark red, like a red delicious apple color ) were native", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43754974439523076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.092809"} {"text": "types of mulberries commonly found : the native north american ones ( black and a red variety ). and the \" chinese white \". the black and red ( they are the color dark red, like a red delicious apple color ) were native, and earlier settlers imported the white ones from china, in the hopes of getting silk worms to flourish. while no silkworms are around any longer, the berry trees are all over the place. most people don ' t know they are edible. of the three varieties, the black ones taste almost watery with a delicate sweet flavor, overall, pretty bland. the red ones are not much different, overall a great value for \" free food \" as they are everywhere. beware of the little critters that are on some of them, though. the white... oh the white!! they are truly delicious, it ' s almost like a different fruit altogether. when ripe, they can be as long as 2 \", but more typically 1 1 / 2 \" long, with a slight lavender blush on the outermost part of each individual nodule that makes up the cluster of the berry. if you see some, start picking and eat them fast... they don ' t last long. the tiny stem at the top is hard to remove without a knife and usually just eaten. some people add them to pancakes and muffins, simply following recipes for blueberries, however, they are best fresh just rinsed and chilled. | olallieberries : the olallieberry is a cross between a youngberry and a loganberry ; it ' s black and fairly sweet. it is popular in california and oregon. ( often misspelled as ollalieberries ). plants are very hard to come by. nurseries in california often have them in the spring, there are a few online sellers / shippers, like anyone knows of one, please write me, i ' d like to get a few plants to try! | | paw - paws : also known as a prairie banana, kentucky banana, or ozark banana, is small tree with large leaves and fruit, native to southeastern north america. also spelled paw paw, paw - paw, and the pawpaws are shrubs or small trees, reaching heights of 2 to 12 m tall. the fruit is a large edible berry, 2 to 6 inches long and 2. 5 to 3 inches wide, weighing from a few ounces to a pound, with numerous seeds. it is green when unripe,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.428092322572091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.093754"} {"text": "2 to 12 m tall. the fruit is a large edible berry, 2 to 6 inches long and 2. 5 to 3 inches wide, weighing from a few ounces to a pound, with numerous seeds. it is green when unripe, maturing to yellow or brown. it has a flavor somewhat similar to both banana and mango, varying significantly by variety, and it has more protein than most fruits. | | salmonberries - they ' re sweet, with an orange blush when completely ripe. small ( 1 / 2 inch across ), tasty, native to the west coast, from california to alaska and in to parts of idaho. they are a trailing vine that is very prickly! raintree nursery sells the plants. wikipedia has saskatoons - it is also called the western or pacific serviceberry, saskatoon berry and alder leaved serviceberry. they are very similar to blueberries. it is a deciduous shrub / tree, to 40 ft ( 12 m ), spreading to erect. they like well - drained moist soils. they are cold and drought tolerant. flowers small, white, fragrant appear in early to late may or early june, and the purple fruit ripens in early to late july. fruit is 1 - 1. 5 cm, rounded, purple - black, edible, sweet. hardy to usda zone 4. native range from southern alaska to california, east to the dakotas, nebraska, new mexico, and arizona, mostly along river banks and moist thickets and forests. apparently, the fruit tastes a bit like a blueberry. the berries have a pleasing and unique flavor, and are also high in iron and copper. they are good eaten fresh or in desserts. native peoples used them in soups, stews and pemmican. they were also used in medicines for stomach and liver problems, and the juice was used as a dye. they can be propagated from seed, cutting, or suckers. | | seaberries - has bright yellow - orange to red berries that are 7 times higher in vitamin c than lemons. they ' re also every bit as tart!. like cranberries, when sweetened, it is delicious in juices and jams. the shrubs grow to 6 to 18 feet when mature, russians and eastern europeans make the berries into sauce, jam, juice, wine, tea, candy, and even ice cream. the berries are also known as \" siberian pineapple \" some folks ( in new england ) have reported that these are the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41420215617560185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.094666"} {"text": ", russians and eastern europeans make the berries into sauce, jam, juice, wine, tea, candy, and even ice cream. the berries are also known as \" siberian pineapple \" some folks ( in new england ) have reported that these are the same as autumn - olive berries, which also ripen in fall. this non - native ( asian ) shrub has small red berries, speckled with pale grayish or tan scales. the plant, which is usually over ten feet high by the time it is ready to bear fruit, has distinctive silver undersides of the long, narrow leaves. the berries are sour, but after a few frosts, become much sweeter. the seeds do have soft yellow seeds which may be spit out or eaten with no ill effect. | | tayberries : this is popular in oregon, and even more popular in the uk. it comes from scotland, in 1977, near the tay river, when a raspberry was crossed with an aurora trailing blackberry ( i ' ve also heard it was a cross between a loganberry and a black raspberry ). it ' s flavor is aromatic, similar to the loganberry, with a bit more acidity, and farm more productive. i prefer them to raspberries! home canning kits this is the same type of standard canner that my grandmother used to make everything from applesauce to jams and jellies to tomato and spaghetti sauce. this complete kit includes everything you need and lasts for years : the canner, jar rack, jar grabber tongs, lid lifting wand, a plastic funnel, labels, bubble freer, and the bible of canning, the ball blue book. it ' s much cheaper than buying the items separately. you ' ll never need anything else except jars & lids! to see more canners, of different styles, makes and prices, click here! for more information and current pricing : average customer review : usually ships in 1 - 2 business days", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40808489817066373, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.095602"} {"text": "world heading for warmest year yet - uk met office \" globally 2002 is likely to be warmer than 2001, and may even break the record set in 1998, \" said briony horton, the meteorological office ' s climate research scientist. the intergovernmental panel on climate change, the body that advises governments on long - term climatic variations, blames global warming, caused by rising emissions of greenhouse gases which trap heat in the atmosphere, for the rise in temperatures, a met office spokesman said. \" we agree with them, \" he told reuters. \" since 1970 there has been a marked trend in the rise of global temperatures. \" the actual rise prior to 1970 was partly man - made and partly due to natural effects. but since 1970 scientists are in fairly general agreement that warming can be attributed to man ' s polluting activities. \" the met office said global temperatures were 0. 57 degrees celsius ( 1. 03 fahrenheit ) higher than the long term average of about 15 degrees ( 59f ) in the period from january to june. in the nearly 150 years since recording began, only in 1998 has the difference been higher, 0. 6 degrees ( 1. 08f ), and that was caused by the influence of the el nino weather phenomenon. the figures also showed that the northern hemisphere had enjoyed its warmest ever half year, with temperatures 0. 73 degrees ( 1. 31f ) above the long term average. the met office spokesman said scientists predicted that, depending on the level of pollution, global temperatures would rise between 1. 4 ( 2. 52f ) and as much as 5. 9 degrees ( 10. 62f ) in the next 100 years. \" that ' s the worst case scenario and it would cause major problems of melting icecaps and tremendous flooding, \" he said. the met office compiles its figures from data collected from observatories round the world, as well as from ships at sea.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45715758502839754, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.097630"} {"text": "robert lowell ( 1917 - 1977 / boston / united states ) biography of robert lowell robert traill spence lowell iv ( march 1, 1917 \u2013 september 12, 1977 ) was an american poet, considered the founder of the confessional poetry movement. he was appointed the sixth poet laureate consultant in poetry to the library of congress where he served from 1947 until 1948. he won the pulitzer prize in both 1947 and 1974, the national book award in 1960, and the national book critics circle award in 1977. lowell was born in boston, massachusetts to a boston brahmin family that included poets amy lowell and james russell lowell. his mother, charlotte winslow, was a descendant of william samuel johnson, a signer of the united states constitution, along with jonathan edwards, the famed calvinist theologian, anne hutchinson, the puritan preacher and healer, robert livingston the elder, thomas dudley, the second governor of massachusetts, and mayflower passengers james chilton and his daughter mary chilton. he received his high school education at st. mark ' s school, a prominent prep - school in southborough, massachusetts, where he met and was influenced by the poet richard eberhart who taught at the school. then lowell attended harvard college for two years before transferring to kenyon college in gambier, ohio, to study under john crowe ransom and allen tate. there is a well - known anecdote about where lowell lived when he first arrived at kenyon. before arriving at the school, he asked allen tate if he could live with him, and tate joked that if lowell wanted to, he could pitch a tent on his lawn ; this is exactly what lowell did. in an interview for the paris review, lowell stated that he went to sears, roebuck to purchase the \" pup tent \" that he set up on tate ' s lawn and lived in for two months lowell called the act \" a terrible piece of youthful callousness. \" fortunately for tate and his wife, lowell soon settled into the so - called \" writer ' s house \" ( a dorm that received its nickname after it had accrued a number of ambitious young writers ) with fellow students peter taylor, robie macauley and randall jarrell. partly in rebellion against his parents, he converted from episcopalianism to catholicism ( however, by the end of the forties, he would end up leaving the catholic church ). after lowell graduated from kenyon in 1940 with a degree in classics, he worked on a masters degree in english literature at louisiana state university for one year before world war", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41283514283140166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.114275"} {"text": "the end of the forties, he would end up leaving the catholic church ). after lowell graduated from kenyon in 1940 with a degree in classics, he worked on a masters degree in english literature at louisiana state university for one year before world war ii broke out. lowell was a conscientious objector during world war ii and served several months at the federal prison in danbury, connecticut. he explained his decision not to serve in world war ii in a letter addressed to president franklin roosevelt on september 7, 1943, stating, \" dear mr president : i very much regret that i must refuse the opportunity you offer me in your communication of august 6, 1943 for service in the armed force. \" in the letter, he goes on to explain that after the bombing at pearl harbor, he was prepared to fight in the war until he read about the united states ' terms of unconditional surrender which he feared would lead to the \" permanent destruction of germany and japan. \" before lowell was transferred to the prison in connecticut, he was held in a prison in new york city which he later wrote about in the poem \" memories of west street and lepke \" from his book life studies. in 1950, lowell was included in the influential anthology mid - century american poets as one of the key literary figures of his generation. among his contemporaries who also appeared in that book were muriel rukeyser, karl shapiro, elizabeth bishop, theodore roethke, randall jarrell, and john ciardi, all poets who came into prominence in the 1940s. from 1950 to 1953, lowell taught in the well - reputed iowa writers ' workshop at the university of iowa, together with paul engle, robie macauley, and anthony hecht. later, donald james winslow hired lowell to teach at boston university, where his students included the poets sylvia plath and anne sexton. over the years, he taught at a number of other universities including the university of cincinnati, yale university, harvard university, and the new school for social research. during the late 1960s lowell was active in the civil rights movement and opposed the us involvement in vietnam. his participation in the october 1967 peace march in washington, dc and his subsequent arrest would be described in the early sections of norman mailer ' s the armies of the night. in that book, mailer wrote, \" [ lowell spoke ] in his fine stammering voice which gave the impression that life rushed at him in a series of hurdles and some he succeeded in jumping and some he did not. \" he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41190433770001444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.115517"} {"text": "night. in that book, mailer wrote, \" [ lowell spoke ] in his fine stammering voice which gave the impression that life rushed at him in a series of hurdles and some he succeeded in jumping and some he did not. \" he also wrote that \" all flaws considered, lowell was still a fine, good, and honorable man. \" in 1964, lowell stated, \" the poets who most directly influenced me... were allen tate, elizabeth bishop, and william carlos williams. an unlikely combination!... but you can see that bishop is a sort of bridge between tate ' s formalism and williams ' s informal art. \" by 1967, he was the most public, well - known american poet ; in june, he appeared on the cover of time magazine as part of a lengthy cover story on american poetry in which he was praised as \" the best american poet of his generation. \" although the article gave a general overview of modern american poetry ( mentioning lowell ' s contemporaries like john berryman and elizabeth bishop ), lowell ' s life, career, and place in the american literary canon remained the article ' s focus. lowell married the novelist jean stafford in 1940. before their marriage, in 1938, lowell and stafford got into a serious car accident, in which lowell was at the wheel, that left stafford permanently scarred, while lowell walked away unscathed. the couple had a tumultuous marriage that ended in 1948. the poet anthony hecht characterized the marriage as \" a tormented and tormenting one. \" then, shortly thereafter, in 1949 lowell married the writer elizabeth hardwick with whom he had a daughter, harriet, in 1957. later, the press would characterize their marriage as \" restless and emotionally harrowing. \" after 23 years of marriage to elizabeth hardwick, in 1970, lowell left her for the british author lady caroline blackwood. blackwood and lowell were married in 1972 in england where they decided to settle and where they raised their son, sheridan. lowell had a close friendship with the poet elizabeth bishop that lasted from 1947 until lowell ' s death in 1977. both writers relied upon one another for feedback on their poetry ( which is in evidence in their voluminous correspondence, published in the book words in air : the complete correspondence between elizabeth bishop and robert lowell in 2008 ) and thereby influenced one another ' s work. bishop ' s influence over lowell can be seen at work in at least two of lowell ' s poems : \" the scream \" ( inspired by bishop ' s short story \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4124298104974037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.117309"} {"text": "bishop and robert lowell in 2008 ) and thereby influenced one another ' s work. bishop ' s influence over lowell can be seen at work in at least two of lowell ' s poems : \" the scream \" ( inspired by bishop ' s short story \" in the village \" ) and \" skunk hour \" ( inspired by bishop ' s poem \" the armadillo \" ). lowell suffered from manic depression and was hospitalized many times throughout his adult life for this mental illness. although his manic depression was often a great burden ( for himself and his family ), the subject of that mental illness led to some of his most important poetry, particularly as it manifested itself in his book life studies. when he was fifty, lowell began taking lithium to treat his mental illness. the editor of lowell ' s letters, saskia hamilton notes, \" lithium treatment relieved him from suffering the idea that he was morally and emotionally responsible for the fact that he relapsed. however, it did not entirely prevent relapses... and he was troubled and anxious about the impact of his relapses on his family and friends until the end of his life. \" lowell died in 1977, having suffered a heart attack in a cab in new york city on his way to see his ex - wife, elizabeth hardwick. he was buried in stark cemetery, dunbarton, new hampshire. lowell ' s first book of poems, land of unlikeness ( 1944 ), did not receive much attention. in 1946, lowell received wide acclaim for his next book, lord weary ' s castle, which included five poems slightly revised from land of unlikeness, plus thirty new poems. among the better known poems in the volume are \" mr edwards and the spider \" and \" the quaker graveyard in nantucket. \" lord weary ' s castle was awarded the pulitzer prize in 1947. randall jarrell praised the book, writing, \" it is unusually difficult to say which are the best poems in lord weary ' s castle : several are realized past changing, successes that vary only in scope and intensity - - others are poems that almost any living poet would be pleased to have written... [ and ] one or two of these poems, i think, will be read as long as men remember english. \" lowell ' s early poems were formal, ornate, and concerned with violence and theology ; a typical example is the close of \" the quaker graveyard \" - - \" you could cut the brackish winds with a knife / here in nantucket and cast up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4426826036955884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.118373"} {"text": "' s early poems were formal, ornate, and concerned with violence and theology ; a typical example is the close of \" the quaker graveyard \" - - \" you could cut the brackish winds with a knife / here in nantucket and cast up the time / when the lord god formed man from the sea ' s slime / and breathed into his face the breath of life, / and the blue - lung ' d combers lumbered to the kill. / the lord survives the rainbow of his will. \" he was consultant in poetry to the library of congress from 1947 - 1948 ( a position now known as the u. s. poet laureate ). the mills of the kavanaughs ( 1951 ), a book that centered on its epic title poem, did not receive the praise that his previous book did, but lowell was able to revive his reputation with life studies which was published in 1959 and won the national book award for poetry in 1960. in his acceptance speech for the award, lowell famously divided american poetry into two camps : the \" cooked \" and the \" raw. \" this commentary by lowell was made in reference to the popularity of allen ginsberg and the beat generation poets and was a signal from lowell that he was trying to incorporate some of their \" raw \" energy into his own poetry. the poems in life studies were written in a mix of free and metered verse, with much more informal language than he had used in his first two books. it marked both a big turning point in lowell ' s career, and a turning point for american poetry in general. because many of the poems documented details from lowell ' s family life and personal problems, one critic, m. l. rosenthal, labeled these poems \" confessional. \" lowell ' s editor and friend frank bidart notes in his afterword to lowell ' s collected poems, \" lowell is widely, perhaps indelibly associated with the term ' confessional, ' \" though bidart questions the accuracy of this label. but for better or worse, this label stuck and led to lowell being grouped together with other influential confessional poets like lowell ' s former students w. d. snodgrass, sylvia plath, and anne sexton. lowell followed life studies with imitations ( 1961 ), a volume of loose translations of poems by classical and modern european poets, including rilke, montale, baudelaire, pasternak, and rimbaud, for which he received the 1962 bollingen poetry translation prize. however, critical response", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42743426353023994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.119393"} {"text": "of loose translations of poems by classical and modern european poets, including rilke, montale, baudelaire, pasternak, and rimbaud, for which he received the 1962 bollingen poetry translation prize. however, critical response to imitations was mixed and sometimes hostile ( as was the case with vladimir nabokov ' s public response to lowell ' s mandelstam translations ). in the book ' s introduction, lowell explained that his idiosyncratic translations should be thought of as \" imitations \" rather than strict translations since he took many liberties with the originals, trying to \" do what [ his ] authors might have done if they were writing their poems now and in america. \" his next book for the union dead ( 1964 ) was widely praised, particularly for its title poem, which invokes allen tate ' s \" ode to the confederate dead. \" for the union dead was lowell ' s first book since life studies to contain all original verse ( since it did not include any translations ), and in writing the poems in this volume, lowell built upon the looser, more personal style of writing that he ' d established in the final section of life studies. however, none of the poems in for the union dead explicitly addressed the taboo subject of lowell ' s mental illness ( like some of the poems in life studies did ) and were, therefore, not notably \" confessional. \" the subject matter in for the union dead was also much broader than it was in life studies. for instance, lowell wrote about a number of world historical figures in poems like \" caligula, \" \" jonathan edwards in western massachusetts, \" and \" lady raleigh ' s lament. \" in 1964, lowell also tried his hand at playwrighting with three, one - act plays that were meant to be performed together as a trilogy, titled the old glory. the first two parts, \" endecott the red cross \" and \" my kinsman, major molineux \" were stage adaptations of short stories by nathaniel hawthorne, and the third part, \" benito cereno, \" was a stage adaptation of a novella by herman melville. the old glory was produced off - broadway in new york city in 1964 and won five obie awards in 1965 including an award for \" best american play. \" the play was published in its first printing in 1965 ( with a revised edition following in 1968 ). in 1967, lowell published his next book of poems, near the ocean. with this volume, lowell returned to writing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42640574879657234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.120381"} {"text": "for \" best american play. \" the play was published in its first printing in 1965 ( with a revised edition following in 1968 ). in 1967, lowell published his next book of poems, near the ocean. with this volume, lowell returned to writing more formal, metered verse. the second half of the book also shows lowell returning once again to writing loose translations ( including verse approximations of dante, juvenal, and horace ). the best known poem in this volume is \" waking early sunday morning, \" which was written in eight - line tetrameter stanzas ( borrowed from andrew marvell ' s poem \" upon appleton house \" ) and showed contemporary american politics overtly entering into lowell ' s work. during 1967 and 1968 he experimented with a verse journal, published as notebook 1967 - 68 ( and later republished in a revised edition, titled notebook ). lowell referred to these fourteen - line poems as sonnets although they sometimes failed to incorporate regular meter and never incorporated rhyme ( both of which are defining features of the sonnet form ) ; however, some of lowell ' s sonnets ( particularly the ones in notebook 1967 - 1968 ) were written in blank verse with a definitive pentameter. in the flyleaf to notebook 1967 - 1968, lowell explained the timeline of the book : the time is a summer, an autumn, a winter, a spring, another summer ; here the poem ends, except for turned - back bits of fall and winter 1968... my plot rolls with the seasons. the separate poems and section are opportunist and inspired by impulse. accident threw up subjects, and the plot swallowed them - - famished for human chances. steven gould axelrod wrote that, \" [ lowell ' s concept behind the sonnet form ] was to achieve the balance of freedom and order, discontinuity and continuity, that he [ had ] observed in [ wallace ] stevens ' s late long poems and in john berryman ' s dream songs, then nearing completion. he hoped that his form... would enable him ' to describe the immediate instant, ' an instant in which political and personal happenings interacted with a lifetime ' s accumulation of memories, dreams, and knowledge. \" lowell liked the new form so much that he reworked and revised many of the poems from notebook and used them as the foundation for his next three volumes of verse, all of which employed the same loose, fourteen - line sonnet form. 1970s to the present the first book in lowell ' s notebook - derived trilogy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41489011428090017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.121350"} {"text": "many of the poems from notebook and used them as the foundation for his next three volumes of verse, all of which employed the same loose, fourteen - line sonnet form. 1970s to the present the first book in lowell ' s notebook - derived trilogy was history ( 1973 ) which primarily dealt with world history from antiquity up to the mid - 20th century ( although the book does not always follow a linear or logical path and contains many poems about lowell ' s friends, peers, and family ). the second book, for lizzie and harriet ( 1973 ), describes the breakdown of his second marriage and contains poems that are supposed to be in the voice of his daughter, harriet, and his second wife, elizabeth. finally, the last work in lowell ' s sonnet sequence, the dolphin ( 1973 ), which won the 1974 pulitzer prize, includes poems about his daughter, his ex - wife, and his new wife caroline blackwood whom he had affectionately nicknamed \" dolphin. \" notably, the book only contained new poems, making it the only book in lowell ' s sonnet trilogy not to include revised poems from notebook. a minor controversy erupted when lowell admitted to having incorporated ( and altered ) private letters from his ex - wife, elizabeth hardwick into poems for the dolphin. he was particularly criticized for this by his friends, fellow - poets adrienne rich and elizabeth bishop. bishop made an eloquent and thoughtful argument to lowell against publishing the dolphin. in a letter to lowell regarding the dolphin, dated march 21, 1972, before he ' d published the book, bishop praises the writing, saying, \" please believe that i think it is wonderful poetry. \" but then she states, \" i ' m sure my point is only too plain... lizzie [ hardwick ] is not dead, etc. - - but there is a ' mixture of fact & fiction ' [ in the book ], and you have changed [ hardwick ' s ] letters. that is ' infinite mischief, ' i think... one can use one ' s life as material - - one does anyway - - but these letters - - aren ' t you violating a trust? if you were given permission - - if you hadn ' t changed them... etc. but art just isn ' t worth that much. \" lowell published his last volume of poetry, day by day, in 1977, the year of his death. in may 1977, lowell won the $ 10, 000 national medal for literature awarded by the american academy and institute of arts and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43388586071916874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.122383"} {"text": "that much. \" lowell published his last volume of poetry, day by day, in 1977, the year of his death. in may 1977, lowell won the $ 10, 000 national medal for literature awarded by the american academy and institute of arts and letters, and day by day was awarded that year ' s national book critics circle award for poetry. in a pbs documentary on lowell, anthony hecht said that \" [ day by day was ] a very touching, moving, gentle book, tinged with a sense of [ lowell ' s ] own pain and the pain [ he ' d ] given to others. \" it was lowell ' s only volume to contain nothing but free verse, and for fans of lowell ' s work who were disappointed by the uneven \" sonnets \" that lowell had been re - writing and re - packaging in volume after volume since 1967, day by day marked a return to form. in many of the poems, lowell reflects on his life, his past relationships, and his own mortality. the best - known poem from this collection is the last one, titled \" epilogue, \" in which lowell reflects upon the \" confessional \" school of poetry with which his work was associated. in this poem he wrote, but sometimes everything i write with the threadbare art of my eye seems a snapshot, lurid, rapid, garish, grouped, heightened from life, yet paralyzed by fact. yet why not say what happened? lowell ' s collected poems, edited by frank bidart and david gewanter, was published in 2003. the collected poems is a very comprehensive volume that includes all of lowell ' s major works with the exception of notebook 1967 - 1968 and notebook. however, many of the poems from these volumes were republished, in revised forms, in history and for lizzie and harriet. on the heels of the publication of the collected poems, the letters of robert lowell, edited by saskia hamilton, was published in 2005. both lowell ' s collected poems and his letters received overwhelmingly positive critical responses from the mainstream press, and their publication has since led to a renewed interest in lowell ' s writing. robert lowell ' s works : land of unlikeness ( 1944 ) lord weary ' s castle ( 1946 ) the mills of the kavanaughs ( 1951 ) life studies ( 1959 ) phaedra ( translation ) ( 1961 ) for the union dead ( 1964 ) the old glory ( 1965 ) near the ocean ( 1967 ) notebook 1967 - 1968 ( 1969 ) ( revised and expanded as notebook, 1970 ) the voyage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4041086835622377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.123400"} {"text": "studies ( 1959 ) phaedra ( translation ) ( 1961 ) for the union dead ( 1964 ) the old glory ( 1965 ) near the ocean ( 1967 ) notebook 1967 - 1968 ( 1969 ) ( revised and expanded as notebook, 1970 ) the voyage & other versions of poems of baudelaire ( 1969 ) prometheus bound ( translation ) ( 1969 ) for lizzie and harriet ( 1973 ) the dolphin ( 1973 ) selected poems ( 1976 ) ( revised edition, 1977 ) day by day ( 1977 ) the oresteia of aeschylus ( 1978 ) collected prose ( 1987 ) collected poems ( 2003 ) selected poems ( 2006 ) ( expanded edition ) - \" to speak of woe that is in marriag... - after the surprising conversions - children of light - falling asleep over the aeneid - for the union dead - home after three months away - man and wife - memories of west street and lepke - mr. edwards and the spider - my last afternoon with uncle devereux wi... people who read robert lowell also read children of light our fathers wrung their bread from stocks and stones and fenced their gardens with the redmen ' s bones ; embarking from the nether land of holland, pilgrims unhouseled by geneva ' s night, they planted here the serpent ' s seeds of light ; and here the pivoting searchlights probe to shock the riotous glass houses built on rock, and candles gutter by an empty altar, and light is where the landless blood of cain world day for cultural diversity for dialogue and development celebrated on may 21st every year your favorite poets \u2019 favorite books of poetry daily rituals of famous authors writers seem to be the most prone to unshakeable routines and elaborate superstitions. incredible reading rooms around the world cozy, beautiful places to curl up with a good book...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42245218810401575, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.124162"} {"text": "a toolkit for action : modern slavery use the resources contained within this 40 - page packet to explore modern - day slavery and learn how you can help. observe human trafficking awareness day january 11, 2013 the year 2013 marks the 150th anniversary of the emancipation proclamation. because of the groundbreaking work of our ancestors, slavery was outlawed in the united states. however the legacies of chattle slavery continue to haunt our society even as we turn to face a new form of slavery : human trafficking. more than 20. 9 million people are estimated to work in conditions of forced labor world - wide according to the international labour organisation. on january 11, consider marking human trafficking day with prayer and action. resources for worship and reflection : - a reflection from the rev. dr. arlene gordon, honorably retired teaching elder in the pc ( usa ) and president of the national black presbyterian caucus - sermon seeds for the lectionary passages for sunday, january 13, 2013 - a prayer - a minute for mission - hymn suggestions - 2013 mission yearbook - human trafficking awareness - learn more what products of slavery are produced with child and slave labor through this interactive website from anti - slavery international. estimate your \u201c slavery footprint \u201d. we hope that you will share with us how you have used these resources and what you are doing in your congregation or presbytery to draw awareness to human trafficking and how we can work to prevent it. drop us a line at htroundtable @ pcusa. org. u. s. state department releases trafficking in persons report for 2012 this report, which is mandated by the trafficking victims protection act, assesses the progress being made by nations in addressing human trafficking around the world and in the united states. global report on trafficking in persons 2012 in 2010, member states renewed their commitment to the fight against trafficking in persons when the general assembly adopted the united nations global plan of action to combat trafficking in persons ( a / res / 64 / 293 ). in the framework of the global plan of action, the general assembly mandated unodc to publish a global report on trafficking in persons every two years, starting in 2012. read the full report. human trafficking = modern - day slavery human trafficking is the recruitment, harboring, transporting, providing or obtaining by any means any person for forced labor, slavery or servitude in any industry or site such as agriculture, construction, prostitution, manufacturing, begging, domestic service or marriage. learn more an estimated 800, 000 people, of which approximately 80 percent are women and up to 50 percent are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41926163962143426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.129110"} {"text": "slavery or servitude in any industry or site such as agriculture, construction, prostitution, manufacturing, begging, domestic service or marriage. learn more an estimated 800, 000 people, of which approximately 80 percent are women and up to 50 percent are minors, are trafficked across national borders. this number does not include the millions of people who are trafficked within their countries of origin. ( trafficking in persons report, u. s. department of state, 2008 ). some 2. 5 million people throughout the world are at any given time recruited, entrapped, transported and exploited \u2014 a process called human trafficking ( u. n. office on crime and drugs, cited in u. n. human trafficking rapporteur \u2019 s report of march 2009 ) the international labor organization ( ilo ) \u2014 the united nations agency charged with addressing labor standards, employment and social protection issues \u2014 estimates that there are 12. 3 million people in forced labor, bonded labor, forced child labor and sexual servitude at any given time ; other estimates range from 4 million to 27 million. ( trafficking in persons report, u. s. department of state, 2008 ). affirming that jesus christ came that \u201c they may have life, and have it abundantly \u201d ( john 10 : 10b ), the general assembly of the presbyterian church ( u. s. a. ) has convened a roundtable from among its ministries to address human trafficking together with synods, presbyteries and local congregations. the roundtable includes representatives from child advocacy, immigration, world mission, presbyterian hunger program, mission responsibility through investment, presbyterian women, jinishian memorial program and presbyterian health education and welfare. to lift up the issue of modern - day slavery, provide resources and advocate for further action to eradicate human trafficking, the roundtable is : - creating a matrix of reliable organizations involved in combating human trafficking. - developing this web site to connect congregations and groups. - producing a human trafficking packet of resources including, sermons, bible studies, book suggestions, dvds and more. - providing take action opportunities to address human trafficking through corporate campaigns, legislative action, shareholder initiatives. - linking with the freedom network usa to provide human trafficking awareness trainings among interested presbyteries. contact noelle damico to learn more about this opportunity. bulletin insert on human trafficking a violation of human rights violations of human rights are both a cause and a consequence of human trafficking. trafficking is a grave violation of human rights, the right to liberty and human dignity and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4560862173284589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.130105"} {"text": "to learn more about this opportunity. bulletin insert on human trafficking a violation of human rights violations of human rights are both a cause and a consequence of human trafficking. trafficking is a grave violation of human rights, the right to liberty and human dignity and the right not to be held in slavery or involuntary servitude. but trafficking is related to a wide range of other human rights violations as traffickers prey on those who are poor, under - or unemployed or who face discrimination. the pc ( usa ) promotes the integration of a human rights perspective into all antitrafficking laws, policies and procedures, domestic and international, so as to ensure the rights and well - being of children, women and men who have been trafficked. to learn more about how human trafficking is a violation of human rights, download the march 2009 report from the u. n. special rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children. a global phenomenon in our backyard modern - day slavery is a global phenomenon that manifests itself in the united states as well. from the fishing industry in ghana, the brothels of thailand, to domestic workers enslaved by a husband and wife in their long island home or farmworkers harvesting tomatoes in florida fields, slavery is alive and well in a new form in the 21st century. indeed, some of the products we wear or consume were produced using slave labor. our whole society, from corporations to law enforcement, from the u. s. justice department to the church, must be involved if we are to put an end to human trafficking once and for all. this is one more reason why i ' m proud to be a presbyterian. once again the pcusa is being prophetic through its actions and effective in promoting justice and righteousness through collaboration with others. eastminster presbytery is currently working with a faith - based ecumenical organization to address human trafficking in northeastern ohio. it ' s good to know that gamc provides resources and training upon which we may draw.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4900049808614685, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.130848"} {"text": "progressive supranuclear palsy progressive supranuclear palsy is a movement disorder that occurs from damage to certain nerve cells in the brain. dementia - nuchal dystonia ; richardson - steele - olszewski syndrome ; palsy - progressive supranuclear causes, incidence, and risk factors progressive supranuclear palsy is a condition that causes symptoms similar to those of parkinson ' s disease. it involves damage to many cells of the brain. many areas are affected, including the part of the brainstem where cells that control eye movement are located. also affected is an area of the brain that controls steadiness when you walk. the frontal lobes of the brain are also affected, leading to personality changes. the cause of the damage to the brain cells is unknown. the disease gets worse over time. people with this condition have deposits in brain tissues that look like those found in patients with alzheimer ' s disease. there is a loss of tissue in most areas of the brain and in some parts of the spinal cord. the disorder is most often seen in people over 60 years old, and is somewhat more common in men. - changes in expressions of the face - deeply lined face - difficulty moving the eyes or lack of control over the eyes - different size pupils - difficulty swallowing - general slowness of movement ( bradykinesia ) - jaw or face jerks or spasms - loss of coordination, unsteady gait ( walking pattern ) - mild - to - moderate dementia - difficulty using knowledge - indifference ( apathy ) - slowed thought processes - personality changes - repeated falls - slow or stiff movements - speech difficulties - low voice volume - poor ability to speak clearly ( enunciate ) - slow speech - stiffness and rigid movement in the neck, middle of the body, arms, legs - vision difficulty - - unable to look up or down without bending the neck signs and tests an exam of the nervous system ( neurological examination ) may show : - dementia that is getting worse - limited eye movements, especially up and down movements - normal vision, hearing, sensation, and voluntary control of movement - stiff and uncoordinated movements like those of parkinson ' s disease the health care provider may do tests to rule out other diseases. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) might show shrinking of the brainstem. the goal of treatment is to control symptoms. there is no known cure for progressive supranuclear palsy. levodopa or other drugs, such as benztropine or tri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5164571972937346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.135288"} {"text": "imaging ( mri ) might show shrinking of the brainstem. the goal of treatment is to control symptoms. there is no known cure for progressive supranuclear palsy. levodopa or other drugs, such as benztropine or trihexyphenidyl, which block the action of a nervous system chemical called acetylcholine ( anticholinergic medications ) may temporarily reduce some symptoms, such as rigid limbs or slow movements. however, these medications are usually not as effective as they are for parkinson ' s disease. many people with this condition will need around - the - clock care and monitoring as they lose brain functions. treatment sometimes can reduce symptoms temporarily, but the condition will get worse. brain function will decline over time. death commonly occurs in 5 to 7 years. calling your health care provider call your health care provider if you often fall, and if you have a stiff neck / body and vision problems. also, call if a loved one has been diagnosed with progressive supranuclear palsy and the condition has declined so much that you can no longer care for the person at home. goetz cg. textbook of clinical neurology. 3rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders ; 2007. lang a. parkinsonism. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 433. reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49541814090651526, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.135940"} {"text": "alfalfa is widely recognized as the most important pasture and hay plant in north america and for good reason. alfalfa is a perennial, nutrient - rich legume capable of extending its roots more than 50 feet into the soil. this makes the plant very resistant to drought, but most importantly provides it with ready access to the minerals existing deep underground. originally from the middle east, alfalfa was introduced to the united states by spanish colonists. the plant grows to a height of about three feet above the surface and can live for more than twenty years. alfalfa is grown extensively around the world, especially in argentina, europe, and asia. in britain, australia, south africa, new zealand and south asia, it is also known as lucerne. alfalfa is widely adapted to temperate and subtropical climates and soils, but is not well adapted to humid conditions. it ' s not picky about its soil, but alfalfa prefers plenty of sun and water. alfalfa is primarily reproduced by cross - fertilization effected by bees. alfalfa has been used in traditional health practices for more than 1, 500 years. in early chinese cultures, alfalfa leaves were used for digestion. other civilizations used it for skin health. - alfalfa is traditionally used for digestive health. - alfalfa is traditionally used for joint health. - alfalfa supports women ' s health. - alfalfa contains important phytochemicals which may contain antioxidant properties. - alfalfa is known as a green food which helps promote nutritional wellness. - because of the access to underground minerals provided by its deep root system, alfalfa is a plentiful source of vitamins and minerals. it naturally contains vitamins a, b1, b6, c, e, k, niacin, biotin, and folic acid, and also offers minerals such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc. in addition, alfalfa is a source of protein, chlorophyll and carotene, and contains dozens of amino acids. ( it ' s easy to understand why the arabic word for alfalfa is father of all food. ) - alfalfa, like other legumes, is a known source of phytoestrogens. phytoestrogens are substances which function in the body like estrogen but are not produced naturally. the only way to get phytoestrogens is by eating phytoestro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46416616990917536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.138657"} {"text": "eutrophication is the biological response of water to overenrichment by plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. public concern began to rise in the 1960s ( although the term \" eutrophication \" is older ), when nutrient enrichment was rapidly making many bodies of water increasingly fertile. this eutrophication was mainly caused by the addition of plant nutrients from human activities, called, in this context, artificial or anthropogenic eutrophication. the phenomenon is a consequence of society ' s municipal, industrial, and agricultural use of plant nutrients and their subsequent disposal. lakes and reservoirs have a finite life span. they may pass through periods in their existence when they become more or less fertile, according to different factors - - principally their geographical position or the climatic conditions ( moss, 1988 ). the process of eutrophication has been used deliberately as a way to fertilize and thus to increase phytoplankton production and, indirectly, the population of fish within a lake or reservoir. what is new in the past few decades, however, is the extent of enrichment of lakes and rivers throughout the world as a result of the growing human population, more intensive agricultural and industrial activities, and the development of large sewage systems associated with large metropolitan areas. until recently, a relative lack of control over the sources of the nutrients or over their effect upon the aquatic ecosystems has resulted in changes occurring within decades rather than over the centuries - - or longer - - in which such changes would appear naturally many studies of lake s around the world have provided evidence of human - induced changes. good examples of such studies are those carried out on the great lakes ( beeton & edmondson, 1972 ; sly, 1991 ). in the united kingdom, eutrophication has been identified as an extremely widespread problem and has been blamed for damaging many aquatic sites in england known as sites of special scientific interest, despite government claims that only a few surface waters have been affected ( carvalho & moss, 1995 ). in a study commissioned by english nature, a statutory conservation agency in england, it was found that 79 sites of special scientific interest showed signs of eutrophication. as a result, english nature has called for a large - scale investment program to deal with the eutrophication problem in aquatic wildlife sites ( english nature, 1997 ). anthropogenic eutrophication appears to be the main problem. excessive fertility in lakes and reservoirs results in heavy growth of phytoplankton, particularly of blue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5297022511644229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.143855"} {"text": ", states that growth is limited by whatever is in shortest supply ( gibson, 1971 ; welch, 1980 ). for the reasons stated above, phosphorus and nitrogen are said to be \" key nutrients \" ; in some circumstances, they may become limiting. therefore, they are in most cases the nutrients that control algae growth, though some diatom species may be limited by silica. other factors, such as light, may also limit algal productivity. supply of phosphorus and nitrogen to lakes phosphorus is the 11th most abundant element in the earth ' s crust, and it is geochemically classed as a trace element. in nature, phosphorus exists almost exclusively as phosphate, a great part of which is sorbed to soil particles or incorporated into soil organic matter. phosphate deposits occur in the earth ' s crust principally as the mineral apatite : [ ca. sub. 5 ] ( f, c1, oh, 1 / 2 [ co. sub. 3 ] ) [ ( [ po. sub. 4 ] ). sub. 3 ]. the initial natural source of phosphorus is weathering of such rocks. weathering liberates phosphate from the mineral, and the phosphate can then enter the biosphere through uptake by plants. the initial source of nitrogen is the atmospheric reservoir of gaseous dinitrogen. nitrogen gas is chemically very stable. it must be converted by nitrogen fixation, by microorganisms living principally in the soil but also in aquatic environments, before it is available to most living organisms. in natural water, nitrogen is present as dissolved dinitrogen, ammonia, and salts of the nitrate and nitrite ions ; in addition, there are nitrogen - containing organic compounds primarily attributable to the presence of life. in a natural, undisturbed environment, nutrient sources are the drainage of the catchment, the direct atmospheric deposition ( rainfall and dry depositions ) onto the water surface, and the internal recycling from lake sediments. ahl estimates the background phosphorus input to be in the range of 3 to 10 kilograms ( kg ) of phosphorus per square kilometer per year, depending on the size and the characteristics of the basin ( ahl, 1988 ). he also estimates the \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5500000247256888, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.145731"} {"text": "the overview and timeline for the armageddon clock : the armageddon clock, unlike the doomsday clock, moves ever forward. each tick of its second hand - - the nation israel, and the issues and events of bible prophecy - - brings the world nearer the starting point of what will be man ' s most horrific war. the armageddon clock marks antichrist ' s confirming the false peace covenant described in daniel 9 : 27. the signing of that covenant will initiate the tribulation era ( daniel ' s seventieth week. that great conflict will culminate with the second coming of jesus christ back to planet earth. the on - going timeline of issues and events leading to that moment are : 1800s : 30 minutes to midnight although jews have been returning to the land of promise a few at a time since their last scattering, it wasn ' t until the 1800s that they started going home in significant numbers. jews were in the majority in the area by 1880. large portions of land were purchased, bringing about more and more rural jewish communities. as the zionist movement gained backing, plans were made to return on a widening scale. 1914 : 25 minutes to midnight the jewish population reached 85, 000 by the time world war i began in 1914. this compared to only 5, 000 populating the land early in the 1917 : 20 minutes to midnight british foreign secretary arthur j. balfour issued on behalf of england, the balfour declaration on november 17, 1917. the balfour declaration indicated approval of the jewish goal of bringing about a jewish state 1939 : 17 minutes to midnight adolf hitler and the nazis carried out persecution against all jews within hitler ' s sphere of influence. while hitler, along with the arab enemies of the jews in palestine turned up the heat of persecution against the jewish race, the british, the controlling authority in palestine, developed a white paper, severely restricting jewish 1940 - 1945 : 15 minutes to midnight adolf hitler ' s germany perpetrated genocide upon the jewish race, during which more than 6 million jews were murdered in the holocaust. 1947 : 12 minutes to midnight dead sea scrolls found at qumran, validating much of old testament writings. jewish leadership plan a return to zion ( jerusalem ) for purpose of establishing a nation. 1948 : 8 minutes to midnight israel reborn as a nation on may 14, 1948. jews back in their promise land, just as prophesied for the last days by all bible prophets. 1952 : 7 minutes to midnight in november, the united states tests its first hydrogen bomb on elugelap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4449172567848522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.154310"} {"text": "nation on may 14, 1948. jews back in their promise land, just as prophesied for the last days by all bible prophets. 1952 : 7 minutes to midnight in november, the united states tests its first hydrogen bomb on elugelap island. the bast was equal to 10. 4 megatons, 700 times the power of 1957 : 6 minutes to midnight the treaties establishing the european economic community ( eec ) and the european atomic energy community ( euratom ) are signed by the six ( belgium, france, germany, italy, luxembourg, netherlands ) in rome as of today they will be referred to as the \" treaties of rome \". 1967 : 5 minutes to midnight on june 5 the six - day war begins : israel destroys the arab air forces ; captures land three times the area of itself ; and most importantly, the jewish people win the right to free control the city of jerusalem for the first time in over 2000 years. 1999 : 4 minutes to midnight in january of 1999 eleven european union countries begin using the euro as their common currency. 2002 : 3 minutes to midnight european leaders hammered out an agreement to bring 10 new countries into the european union. most of the new members will be former soviet eastern block states. 2004 : 3 minutes to midnight years of rapid growth in the chinese economy has caused the eastern giant to become a major competitor for the earth ' s scarce resources. china ' s growing dependence on oil will cause its interests to focus more on the middle east. 2005 : 3 minutes to midnight the 2005 atlantic hurricane season was the most active atlantic hurricane season in recorded history. records were set in the most number of storms - 28, the most reaching hurricane strength - 15, and the most reached category 5 strength - 4. hurricane katrina was the most destructive, and hurricane wilma was the most intense hurricane ever observed in the atlantic basin. 2008 : 2 minutes to midnight you would have to go back to the days before pearl harbor to find a more pronounced state of apathy about dangers facing the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4803248900518957, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.156693"} {"text": "the toyger is a cross between a striped domestic shorthaired cat and a standard bengal tabby. breeding began in the 1980s but only in 2007 was the toyger allowed into full championship status. the breed was created by judy sudgen to inspire people to care about tiger conservation in the wild. the current version of the toyger remains far from a tiger in appearance ; however the striations and coloring are largely developed. by 2010 breeders hope to have achieved rounded ears and a wider nose bridge on the cat, to make it more tiger - like. the toyger in its current state has a medium - sized head with small, rounded ears oriented at a 45 degree angle toward the center of the eyes. the fur on the temples and ears is thick. and the back of the ears should have white \u201c marks \u2019. the eyes of a toyger are wide - set, medium - sized, black - lined and almond - shape. the muzzle is well defined, long, and broad, and it looks like an inverted heart when viewed from the front. the nose widens toward the end. the stripes on the hair of the face should be circularly aligned around the face. the coat is short over their long, muscular torso which is strong but not too boxy. the legs are medium length and the tail is very long. oftentimes, the toyger has a slight ruff of fur around the neck. the stripes on the body are generally vertically aligned with encircling markings n the legs, neck and tail. the stripes should be bold but not necessarily uniform. the paw pads and the very tip of the long blunt tail should be black.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4486138113294068, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.159908"} {"text": "bosnia was on the boundary between the roman catholic and eastern orthodox churches. the croats to the west and hungarians to the north embraced roman catholicism, while the lands to the east and small southeastern parts of herzegovina embraced eastern orthodoxy. both the roman catholic and eastern orthodox churches considered the bosnian church heretical. the religious centre of the bosnian church was placed in mostre, near visoko, where the house of krstjani was founded. during the later middle ages most of bosnia was roman catholic as well, but no accurate figures exist as to the numbers of adherents of the two churches. the bosnian church coexisted with roman catholicism for much of the later middle ages ; certain geographic areas seem to have adhered to the bosnian church, others to the international catholic church, and there was little interchange between the two. the establishment of the bosnian church may have been due to intra - church politics ; during the 14th century, the roman church placed bosnia under a hungarian bishop, and the schism may have been motivated by a desire for independence from hungarian domination. after 1340 when a franciscan mission to the country was accepted and the rulers became catholic, king ostoja was the sole ( probable ) exception. fewer than ten noble families towards the end of the medieval bosnian state have been connected to the bosnian church, but those families included major figures such as hrvoje vukcic, the radenovic - pavlovici, sandalj hranic, stefan vukcic, and paul klesic. outsiders accused the bosnian church of links to the patarene heresy, and to the bogomils, a manichean sect centered in bulgaria. this misidentification ( either contemporaneous or latterly ) is likely with a dalmatian dualist church called the ecclesia sclavonia, some refugees of which ended up in bosnia. moreover, \" domestic sources... ( bosnian and ragusan )... show that the bosnian church, unlike the bogomils, accepted an omnipotent god, the trinity, church buildings, the cross, the cult of saints, religious art, and at least part of the old testament. \" a further example is that gost ( roughly \" abbot \" ) radin \u2014 a bosnian church leader and important diplomat \u2014 left a will in 1466 which showed the orthodoxy of his beliefs ( and, incidentally, his great wealth ). it \" begins with a cross, refers to his patron saint, and leaves money to build a church at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40571713703231227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.167787"} {"text": "leader and important diplomat \u2014 left a will in 1466 which showed the orthodoxy of his beliefs ( and, incidentally, his great wealth ). it \" begins with a cross, refers to his patron saint, and leaves money to build a church at his grave. he also left money to the catholic church in dubrovnik and sought its prayers for his soul. \" relations between bosnian church churchmen and catholic and orthodox clergy and states were cordial, an impossibility \" had these bosnians been neo - manichees, \" the bosnian church gospels depict john the baptist \u2014 rejected by dualists \u2014 favorably, and hrvoje vukcic was a member of the orthodox catholic order of the dragon. all of which argue that the bosnian church ' s split was a political - administrative separation, not a theological schism. it is thought today that the bosnian church accounted for the major part of bosnia ' s converts to islam. some historians now believe that the bosnian church had largely disappeared before the turkish conquest in 1463. the church had its own bishop and used the slavic language in liturgy. the bishop was called djed ( lit. \" grandfather \" ), and had a council of twelve men called strojnici. the monasteries were called hize ( lit. \" houses, \" sing. hize ), and the heads of monasteries were often called gost ( lit. \" guest \" ) and served as strojnici. the clergy were called krstjani. the church was mainly composed of monks in scattered monastic houses. it had no territorial organization and it is not known to have dealt with any secular matters other than attending people ' s burials. it did not involve itself in state issues very much. notable exceptions were when king ostoja had a djed as an advisor at the royal court between 1403 and 1405, and an occasional occurrence of a krstjan being a mediator or diplomat. the monumental tombstones called stecci ( plural ) / stecak ( singular ) that appeared in medieval bosnia and herzegovina are identified with the bosnian church, but evidence points to the fact that they were erected by members of all three churches alike. the muslims of bosnia - herzegovina : their historic development from the middle ages to the dissolution of yugoslavia. ( review ) jan 01, 1999 ; the muslims of bosnia - herzegovina : their historic development from the middle ages to the dissolution of yugoslavia. edited by...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42538391751325744, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.168780"} {"text": "the stanislaus river and environs experienced dramatic changes beginning with the gold rush. the site of the reservoir is at the very heart of gold country, and development began there with the arrival of the miners in the 1840s. water was immediately diverted, the riverbeds scoured for gold, and the banks colonized by miners and the businesses that served them. by 1900 the flowing water was used to create electricity. some of it was channeled out for use in agriculture. the original melones dam was built in 1926. the new melones project was authorized in 1944 to create a much larger reservoir and to establish a new hydroelectric plant. it would also be specifically designed to prevent floods. it was a controversial issue. the dam ' s opponents argued that its presence would inundate the river valley, eliminate the natural whitewater rapids, flood many of the massive unique limestone cave formations characteristic of the area, and destroy archaeological resources found along the river. initial archaeological surveys were made by the smithsonian river basin surveys in 1948 ( fredrickson 1949 ). further surveys were done by regional universities. the consensus after the surveys was that the dam would be built. upon the dam ' s completion, the valley filled with water, covering the old mining town of melones and the original melones dam. the lake was constructed by the us army corps of engineers and transferred to the bureau of reclamation shortly after its completion in 1980. cultural resources affected by the project were transferred to the department of the interior with the heritage conservation and recreation services ( hcrs, a short - lived organization that was established during the carter administration ) responsible for the archaeological mitigation program. new melones is a unit of the central valley project. today new melones lake provides irrigation water, hydroelectric power, flood control, wildlife habitat, fishing, camping, boating, and other recreation as part of the glory hole recreation area. the new melones visitor center and museum contains information about local history, cultural and natural history. exhibits focus on the use of the stanislaus river by prehistoric and historic peoples, including miwok indians, the california gold rush, ranchers, and the now defunct community of robinson ferry, renamed melones in 1902. other exhibits highlight the area ' s geologic past, natural history and the new melones project. new melones lake activities for spring 2012 support the america ' s great outdoors and let ' s move initiatives mar 23, 2012 ; washington - - the following information was released by the bureau of reclamation : the bureau of reclamation ' s central california", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3927534402186119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.171361"} {"text": "the expansion of wind energy plays a central role in the discussion surrounding energy transition, with much attention still focusing on onshore potential. a study conducted by the fraunhofer institute on behalf of the german wind energy association showed that theoretically at least, around 8 % of the land area in germany would be suitable for harnessing wind power. this study was the first to assess not only the areas identified already, but all geophysically feasible areas where wind speeds are adequate for the newer generation of large wind turbines. while these percentages will probably not be realised fully in practice, the study calculated that as little as two per cent of the land area would be sufficient for 189gw of installed wind capacity. thus, says the study, it would be possible for wind to generate enough electricity to meet over half of germany ' s annual energy demand of around 600twh. in southern germany in particular, where wind development has been relatively rare to date, an increasing number of new potential areas for harnessing wind power are being identified. in bavaria alone, experts are currently assessing around 100 sites for their suitability for wind farm development. in addition, the german state of baden - wuerttemberg, in the most south - westerly corner of the country, plans to build around 150 further wind turbines \u2013 generating a total capacity of around 350mw by 2020. thanks to hub heights of up to 150 metres, rotor diameters of around 80 metres and generators with a power capacity of up to 6mw, forest areas have now also become feasible sites for the effective use of wind energy. in germany, forests account for around 30 % of the land area. in contrast to coastal areas, the variety in relief structures greatly influences the factor known as \u2018 near - ground wind field ' in inland areas. given this, the requirements for spatial modelling of wind speeds are higher in these areas. at altitudes of 120 metres and over, air turbulence decreases while wind speeds are high enough for profitable wind - turbine operation. to ensure data of the highest possible quality, experts preparing the wind potential assessment should cooperate as closely as possible with regional wind - farm operators, wind - turbine manufacturers, associations or authorities. this also applies when it comes to clarifying the requirements of a specific site. understanding site requirements to identify suitable sites, for example, a wind atlas was produced for baden - wuerttemberg ' s state ministry of economics. this mapped the entire land area of the state. to determine high - yield sites, the wind potential was assessed at altitudes of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48464353917325603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.176414"} {"text": "suitable sites, for example, a wind atlas was produced for baden - wuerttemberg ' s state ministry of economics. this mapped the entire land area of the state. to determine high - yield sites, the wind potential was assessed at altitudes of 100 and 140 metres, broken down into a 50 \u00d7 50 - metre grid. high - yield sites are locations offering average wind speeds of over 6. 0 metres per second. a comparison of wind speeds measured at different altitudes showed that an additional 40 metres in height more than doubles the number of high - yield sites. the wind atlas also identified particularly high - yield areas on the hohenlohe plateau and in the black forest. open hilltop sites in mountainous south germany are particularly profitable. remote commercial forests presenting decentralised sites and large areas offer profitable ( yet also environmentally and socially acceptable harnessing of wind energy ) without adversely affecting nearby residential areas by sound emissions or shadow flicker. generally, the existing network of forestry roads can be used for site development. the possible impact of wind turbines on regional fauna of course needs to be discussed with forestry authorities at an early stage and kept to a minimum. detailed assessments of the sites, taking into account the wind speeds measured at different altitudes and the air turbulence in different zones, is imperative. furthermore, trees act as obstacles impeding wind flow, so the wind profile changes depending on the stand height. any necessary yield analysis must consider the forest growth structure ; tree density and tree - crown width ; seasonal changes ; foliage growth ; pest infestation ; and the thermal properties of the forest. case study : first projects started in late 2010, the first wind in the woods project was developed near hof in bavaria. with a hub height of 140 metres, the five wind turbines of the \u201c fasanerie \u201d feed 22. 5 million kwh / year of electricity from renewable sources into the public grid. this is enough to supply around 7, 500 households with electricity and save around 17, 500 tonnes of co2 a year. from an early stage, the project planners proactively involved the municipalities, project funders, site owners, approval authorities and residents in the planning process. the success of the project demonstrates that planning and implementation tools fine - tuned to each other help to make profitability, safety and social and environmental acceptability compatible. nevertheless, the expansion of wind power also has its critics. one point of criticism is the deforestation required for wind - turbine construction. however, experience has shown that the minimum area required for the foundation, the crane and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49201240379275885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.177649"} {"text": "and environmental acceptability compatible. nevertheless, the expansion of wind power also has its critics. one point of criticism is the deforestation required for wind - turbine construction. however, experience has shown that the minimum area required for the foundation, the crane and the assembly is only 1, 350 to 2, 400 square metres and this area can be re - forested to some extent after the wind turbine ' s service life is complete. meanwhile, extensive measurements and modelling has proved that deforestation over larger areas only influences wind speeds near ground level. at high hub heights, however, potential energy - related advantages of additional deforestation have not been found. given this, further deforestation is not required from an economic perspective, when using larger turbines. significantly, according to research by the bavarian state forest enterprise, in regensburg, bavaria, the clearings made for wind turbine installation reduce the density of the forest area and, in doing so, have a positive ecological impact on the ecosystem of commercial forests, which are frequently characterised by monocultures. the german branch of friends of the earth also welcomes the development of potential wind - power sites in forest areas for this reason. so an increasing number of german states are opting to produce a comprehensive inventory of their potential wind - power areas. as profitable and sustainable wind energy benefits all stakeholders, contributions to this innovative form of energy need not be limited to political and site operator level. society as a whole can be involved. proactive involvement of all interested parties in an open and unbiased dialogue is essential. third - party expert opinions, extensive risk assessments and the assessment of wind potential are important building blocks on the path to achieving these goals. about the author : peter herbert meier works for wind cert services, tuv sud industrie service gmbh, which assesses potential areas for wind - farm sites by measuring wind speed and turbulence and analysing wind potential and yield.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4866360081200462, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.178529"} {"text": "roscoe \u2014 if you plant it, they will come. the first day of spring brought some disturbing news. according to a survey sponsored by the world wildlife fund and mexico \u2019 s national commission of protected areas, monarch butterflies have seen a significant drop in their population this year. every fall, monarchs migrate south across north america to a small section of mexico for the winter. this year, nine hibernating colonies occupied a space of 2. 94 acres \u2014 a 59 percent decrease from the previous year \u2019 s 7. 14 acres. why the drop? scientists point to drought conditions and extreme temperatures affecting the population during warmer months, as well as heavy pesticide use on habitat plants. even though it \u2019 s difficult to control what happens on farms and habitats across the continent, there is something big country residents can do right here. and it \u2019 s not as hard as you might think. regina mcvey, who owns mcvey \u2019 s native nursery in roscoe, just recently moved her business from its original location at her home in maryneal. mcvey \u2019 s business specializes in plants native to the region, many of which are food sources for butterflies such as the monarch. her business is at 300 n. ash st., about a quarter - mile north of the railroad crossing of u. s. business 84. she said two types of plants attract butterflies \u2014 a food source and a host plant. \u201c they are going to lay their eggs on their host plant. they \u2019 ll eat those down as caterpillars, \u201d she said. while butterflies eat from a wide range of flowering plants, mcvey said they are pretty particular about the host plant. \u201c if you wanted to attract a queen or a monarch, you could have a gregg \u2019 s blue mist or any kind of flower that they love to eat, \u201d she said. \u201c but then if you have a milkweed, that \u2019 s their host plant. \u201d she said you don \u2019 t need to maintain a massive garden to attract butterflies ; you can simply plant what they specifically want. there are so many butterfly species that it seems like almost any plant could serve as a host. if you want swallowtails, herbs such as dill or fennel are what you plant. flame acanthus brings out the texan crescents. the great purple hairstreak favors mistletoe. \u201c there is a lot of stuff native that attracts butterflies, \u201d said mcvey. \u201c you know, a peach tree is a host plant for butterflies, so is a red oak.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3854615608512537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.184412"} {"text": "glossary for speech difficulties medical terms related to speech difficulties or mentioned in this section include : - abscess : this is an area of puss collected in a cavity which is constituted by necrotised tissue - adrenomyeloneuropathy : a form of x - linked adrenoleukodystrophy characterized by spinal cord dysfunction and brain involvement may or may not be present. those with brain involvement suffer serious symptoms that can eventually lead to total disability and even death. - alopecia : partial or total loss of hair due to aging, an endocrine disorder, drug reaction, anticancer medication or skin disease. - alopecia - - hypogonadism - - extrapyramidal disorder : a rare syndrome characterized by alopecia, progressive movement problems and a lack of gonadal function which affects puberty. - binswanger disease : multi - infarct dementia, caused by damage to deep white matter. - binswanger ' s disease : a type of senile dementia characterized by chronic cerebrovascular disease. - brain abscess : abscess in the brain may involve any of the lobes of the brain - brain symptoms : symptoms affecting the brain - cerebrocostomandibular syndrome : a rare genetic disorder characterized by a very small jaw, abnormal rib development and a small thorax as well as other abnormalities. - chromosome 22q13 deletion : a very rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of chromosome 22 is missing at the q13 location which results in various abnormalities. - communication symptoms : symptoms related to problems with communication. - creutzfeldt - jakob disease : a very rare degenerative brain disease that can be inherited, transmitted ( eg in surgical transplants using infected tissue ) or as a result of genetic mutations. the condition is fatal. - deep voice : deep or deepening voice as a symptom - deletion 22q13 : a very rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of chromosome 22 is missing at the q13 location which results in various abnormalities. - developmental problems : physical or mental development difficulty. - difficulty speaking : where one has a problem with communicating through speech - dystonia : dystonia is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary contractions of muscles in a repetitive, twisting manner. - face symptoms : symptoms affecting the face - hoarse : hoarseness or loss of voice - metastatic nervous system cancer : cns metastases are traditionally viewed as a late complication", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5319160196023262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.191135"} {"text": "causes involuntary contractions of muscles in a repetitive, twisting manner. - face symptoms : symptoms affecting the face - hoarse : hoarseness or loss of voice - metastatic nervous system cancer : cns metastases are traditionally viewed as a late complication of systemic disease, for which few effective treatment options exist. - mobius syndrome : a rare genetic condition characterized by defective cranial nerves ( 6th and 7th ), deafness, facial nerve paralysis and other abnormalities. - movement symptoms : changes to movement or motor abilities - musculoskeletal symptoms : symptoms affecting muscles or bones of the skeleton. - nerve symptoms : symptoms affecting the nerves - neuroacanthocytosis : an autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by tics, chorea, and personality changes - nonaffective psychosis : any mental disorder that is characterised by a significant derangement of ones personality and a loss of ones touch with reality - olivopontocerebellar atrophy type iv : a rare group of disorders caused by degeneration of certain specific parts of the brain ( cerebellum, pons, inferior olives ) and resulting in symptoms such as balance problems, loss of coordination and difficulties with speaking. - oromandibular - limb hypogenesis spectrum : a rare disorder characterized by a spectrum of disorders. - paraplegia - - brachydactyly - - cone - shaped epiphysis : a very rare syndrome characterized mainly by paraplegia, short fingers and bone abnormalities. the paraplegia progresses slowly. - polychondritis : a serious, progressive, episodic condition characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage in the body. the duration and severity of the episodes can vary. - progressive supranuclear palsy : a disorder characterized by reduced motor control, dementia and eye movement problems. - rapp - hodgkin syndrome : a rare genetic multi - system disorder characterized by skin, teeth, hair and / or nail abnormalities, reduced ability to sweat and oral clefts. - rubinstein - taybi syndrome : a rare congenital disorder characterized by very small stature, broad thumbs and toes, slanted palpebral fissures and hypoplastic maxilla. - shy - drager syndrome : also known as multiple system atrophy - slurred speech : slurring speech or difficulty articulating words - speech impairment : any impairment to ones ability to speek - speech symptoms : problems with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5285368335006178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.193124"} {"text": "bronze, long celebrated for its durability and the wide range of effects that it offers, has been prized as an artistic material in many parts of the world throughout the ages. magnificent bronze sculptures from the ancient times have emerged unscathed after millennia on the sea bed. it is a material that has been used on all scales, from the minute to the monumental. this sumptuous catalogue examines bronze ' s earliest beginnings in north africa, the middle east and china as it transcended tools and weaponry to become a medium of fine art. expert authors chart the virtuousity of artists in ancient greece and rome ; developments in asia and africa ; bronze ' s great flowering in the european renaissance and its use in the modern era by artists such as rodin, picasso, brancusi and bourgeois. a unique testament to the works of art that one medium has inspired, bronze contains lavish colour plates of over 150 masterworks arranged chronologically to take the reader on a voyage through time, tracing the work of sculptors, casters and chasers through the centuries. this enthralling book is 30 x 24. 5cm, 248 pages, 260 illustrations. \" the lavishly illustrated catalog for a london exhibition on the history of bronze as an artistic medium \u2014 \" bronze \" ( royal academy of arts ) \u2014 may well be the most beautiful book published anywhere in the world this year. impeccable essays by curator david ekserdjian and others make for enjoyable reading, but the breathtaking photography and creative layout of more than 150 color plates really make this volume sparkle. \" the wall street journal. summer exhibition entry forms : if you have a query please call 0207 300 5929 or 0207 300 5969. alternatively click here to email the summer exhibition office. for online shop mail order queries call 0800 634 6341 or click here to email the online shop for friends membership queries call 0207 300 5664 or click here to contact the friends office.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5228757356924634, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.197925"} {"text": "geospatial analysis 101 : a place and time for business data shane skiles, development consultant, application development services thursday, october 18, 2012 while geospatial analysis is a relatively new concept in business intelligence, its essential concepts are really not novel at all. it is simply analysis of data which has a geographical aspect. the data itself can vary spatially and vary over time. it is simply taking this geographic aspect and putting it on a map to more easily analyze its relation to other sometimes disparate data sets. spatial analysis is something we do almost every day of our lives. it is how we assess where we are in our environment. it helps us determine where a cup is on a table, how far away the door is, even finding our way to the kitchen. we use our senses to help us determine our environment. geospatial analysis helps us determine where things are on a global scale. the simplest sense we can use to help determine an object ' s place in the world is with our sight using a map. you can ' t feel how far away something is if it isn ' t within reach, hear a zip code across the country, taste where a package is or smell where customers are. maps have been a part of human culture for thousands of years. from outlines drawn in dirt with sticks to high definition satellite imagery, maps have helped us find our place in the world. maps have advanced from crude estimations of distances, sizes, and relative directions to highly accurate tools that can be used for a multitude of purposes. almost everyone has seen surveying crews on the side of a street. their basic tool of the trade is a theodolite. a theodolite is a tool for measuring angles and planes and has been in existence since the 16th century. so, in a sense, \" modern \" cartography tools have existed for hundreds of years. since we have been mapping the world around us for so long, there are literally thousands of different types of information that can be overlaid on a map to help visualize data. some of the data sources available almost never or rarely change such as landmarks, addresses, state lines, topology or geology. other data sources change slowly over time such as household census data ( income levels, age groups, etc. ), wildlife ecology or drought regions. yet other data sources can change minute by minute such as weather ( reports, forecasts, and warnings ), earthquakes, gps enabled devices or even location enabled social media. with the advent of computers, geospati", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4944614583561534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.206286"} {"text": ", wildlife ecology or drought regions. yet other data sources can change minute by minute such as weather ( reports, forecasts, and warnings ), earthquakes, gps enabled devices or even location enabled social media. with the advent of computers, geospatial information systems started to evolve making maps more interactive. maps could be overlaid to create more comprehensive views of the data available. geospatial analysis allows for visual representation of data as it relates to the real world. temporal analysis is traditionally accomplished through graphs and charts using time as one of the axes. geospatial temporal analysis can be accomplished through playback of graphical elements displayed on a map. this makes it much easier to spot trends happening regionally over time within data sets. as far as practical business applications of geospatial analysis go, you first need to know what you want to analyze and where it is. any company with physical assets has geospatial data. mobile assets such as people and vehicles can be tracked in near real time with commercial devices or cellular phones. almost any stationary asset with an address, even customer and / or supplier assets can be geocoded to a location with a very high degree of accuracy. other assets without addresses will almost always have their locations recorded with a high degree of accuracy when they are installed, placed, or discovered in their environment. once geospatial data is identified, it can easily be aggregated into zip codes, counties, states, and so on. practically any type of business can benefit from spatial analysis for better decision making : - using demographic data alone, small businesses could identify zip codes target with advertising. this demographic could be higher income households with older residents and fewer children within the city. using a simple query like that may yield five zip codes to target. but once this data is visualized on a map, it is possible to use a geospatial data to see that four of the zip codes are grouped together and the other one is on the far side of the city, to help target advertising. - retailers have been able to use geospatial data to identify unexpected items that sell well before storms or severe weather. the sales numbers appear as just a small bump when looking at the big picture, but when displayed on a map, it could be a significant boost that follows a storm system. this could help in inventory planning for future storm events. - municipalities use geospatial data to help in urban planning and development. most towns and cities usually grew symbiotically through residents, infrastructure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45194242497276427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.207246"} {"text": "a significant boost that follows a storm system. this could help in inventory planning for future storm events. - municipalities use geospatial data to help in urban planning and development. most towns and cities usually grew symbiotically through residents, infrastructure, businesses, environmental factors and other concerns. now cities can be planned to accommodate these factors and concerns with a multitude of others much more easily. this can help the health, happiness, and safeties of residents by ensuring needed resources are easily accessible to everyone. - utility companies can use up to the minute data to help determine storm paths, lightning strike, outage and service crew locations to help pre - position assets during storm events. geospatial analysis can be used as a tool for everyday operations or unexpected events. - oil and gas companies can easily visualize company and competitor assets along with existing and permitted wells using gis systems. by combining that data with existing gas analysis, geology, shale and gas play formation data they can make more informed decisions more easily using geospatial analysis. - trucking companies use geospatial analysis techniques to help plan routes and delivery schedules to save on mileage and monitor driver safety. these techniques are used so extensively that jack levis, ups director of process management, is quoted as saying, \u201c we \u2019 ve moved from being a trucking company that has technology, to a technology company that just happens to have trucks. \u201d the world as we know it has not changed dramatically since we first started making maps. however, in the past 30 years, our knowledge of the world and our ability to utilize maps has taken great leaps forward. the concepts behind geospatial analysis are not difficult to grasp, but the information that can be gleaned is significant. it is a very powerful tool that has only started to be used by business communities. we have barely begun to utilize this business paradigm and the possible applications are virtually limitless.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4362920315692014, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.208001"} {"text": "charles steinmetz papers, 1895 - 2001 ( bulk 1909 - 1923 ) 2. 5 linear ft. schenectady museum archives 15 nott terrace heights schenectady, ny 12308 ( 518 ) 382 - 7890, ext. 241 creation of this finding aid was supported by a grant from the center for history of physics, american institute of physics charles steinmetz ( 1865 - 1923 ) was one of the foremost inventors, scientists, engineers, researchers, and mathematicians of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. his most important work was performed at general electric ( ge ) from 1892 - 1923. at ge his major research strengths included hysterisis, the power lost in an electrical system due to the nature of the conducting material ; multi - phase motors ; alternating current theory ; and transient phenomena, the study of power surges and their effects on transmission systems. the study of electrical transients led steinmetz to develop his lightning generator, in order to allow system tests in a laboratory setting. steinmetz, who also conducted important work with arc lamps and railway and fan motors, was one of the engineers who helped transform electrical engineering into a respected profession, and was president of the american institute of electrical engineers in 1901. steinmetz was born carl august rudolph steinmetz in breslau, germany on april 9, 1865. he was the son of carl heinrich steinmetz, a lithographer for a german railroad, and caroline neubert steinmetz. caroline was the widow of carl heinrich \u2019 s brother august. caroline and august had two daughters, marie ( born 1853 ) and clara ( born 1857 ), before his death in 1864. caroline died in a cholera epidemic in 1866. carl heinrich, by 1874, lived with bertha mache, a widow of a government official. bertha had two children with her husband, clara and hedwig, and had a third daughter, margarethe, with carl heinrich. carl heinrich died in 1890. steinmetz enrolled in the university of breslau in 1883 and there he took classes in advanced mathematics, physics, and astronomy. in 1887 he began working towards a doctorate, focusing on synthetic geometry. involvement in socialist activities and impending legal action forced him to flee to zurich, switzerland in 1888. at zurich he decided on the study of engineering and enrolled at the swiss federal polytechnic institute for one semester. steinmetz \u2019 s mathematics background made him ideal to explore and understand the complex analyses involved with the new alternating current power systems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5127420536151828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.214849"} {"text": "switzerland in 1888. at zurich he decided on the study of engineering and enrolled at the swiss federal polytechnic institute for one semester. steinmetz \u2019 s mathematics background made him ideal to explore and understand the complex analyses involved with the new alternating current power systems. steinmetz came to the united states in 1889 by the invitation of his zurich roommate oscar asmussen, and began working for rudolph eickemeyer as an assistant draftsman. eickemeyer \u2019 s company produced hat - making machinery, and was expanding into the electrical field with dynamos, elevator motors and alternating - current railway motors. by 1890 he had become active in the aiee, and by the time general electric purchased eickemeyer \u2019 s company in 1892, steinmetz was already a respected electrical engineer. steinmetz joined ge \u2019 s calculating department in lynn, massachusetts. the calculating department made calculations based on designs created by the railway and alternating - current engineering departments. steinmetz was transferred to schenectady with the calculating department in december 1893 and was placed in charge of the department in early 1894. ernst berg, another member of the department when it moved, became a close friend and roommate of steinmetz. berg, who handled steinmetz \u2019 s administrative affairs, roomed with steinmetz at rented homes on washington avenue and liberty street through 1901. as head of the calculating department, steinmetz unofficially became chief engineer of the company and the calculating department grew and became responsible for much of the design work in the company. as the most important engineer at general electric, steinmetz recognized the need for science - based industrial research at general electric, particularly to maintain its advantage in the incandescent lamp field, which was being threatened by new developments in europe. he recommended that the ge create a research laboratory, which was started in 1900. steinmetz was named to the research lab \u2019 s advisory council, but the lab itself was directed by willis r. whitney, an mit - educated chemist. by 1900, as motors became more standardized, design work, except for new lines of equipment, left the calculating department, and steinmetz became a consulting engineer to the company. after 1901, when the laboratory on his lot in the ge realty plot was completed, steinmetz did much of his work, which was focused at that time on electrochemistry and transient phenomena, at home. in 1910, based on steinmetz \u2019 s recommendation to coordinate engineering design throughout the company and regain the originality in design that steinmet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49546872995354074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.216083"} {"text": "much of his work, which was focused at that time on electrochemistry and transient phenomena, at home. in 1910, based on steinmetz \u2019 s recommendation to coordinate engineering design throughout the company and regain the originality in design that steinmetz believed was lost due to the decentralization of design, ge established a consulting engineering laboratory, with steinmetz as technical director and c. w. stone as administrator. other members of this department included ernst alexanderson and john b. taylor. in 1919, the consulting engineering laboratory merged with the standardizing laboratory to form the general engineering laboratory ( gel ), which was directed by lewis t. robinson, former head of ge \u2019 s standardizing laboratory. steinmetz took charge of the high - voltage section of the gel. steinmetz became interested in activities outside of general electric. from 1902 to 1914 he chaired the newly created union college department of engineering. in 1911, the election of the socialist mayor george lunn rekindled steinmetz \u2019 s interest in socialism. steinmetz was appointed to the board of education in 1912 and elected its president. in 1913, lunn created the board of parks and city planning, naming steinmetz to the board, which then elected him chairman. when lunn was defeated for reelection, steinmetz was removed from his positions. lunn was reelected in 1915, and with him steinmetz as president of the common council. he was re - appointed to the school board, and again elected its president. a break with lunn over neutrality in world war i led to the end of steinmetz \u2019 s political career. steinmetz \u2019 s political and business views converged in his corporate socialist view in which large corporations were the most efficient organization and could best serve the public, but first had to maintain its responsibilities toward society and workers. steinmetz initially opposed the united states entering world war i against germany, his homeland. he supported the war once the united states entered, and in 1918, the consulting engineering department did work for the naval consulting department improving trajectories of high - explosive shells. he became involved in vladimir lenin \u2019 s attempt to electrify soviet russia, and continued his high - voltage experiments until his death in october 1923, shortly after returning from an extended tour of california. the tour had confirmed steinmetz \u2019 s status as one of the most popular men in america but devastated him physically. joseph hayden was transferred from lynn to schenectady in 1901 and assigned as an engineering laboratory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5209345182027271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.218779"} {"text": "from an extended tour of california. the tour had confirmed steinmetz \u2019 s status as one of the most popular men in america but devastated him physically. joseph hayden was transferred from lynn to schenectady in 1901 and assigned as an engineering laboratory assistant. he became steinmetz \u2019 s administrator, filling the void left by ernst berg when he left liberty hall. steinmetz adopted hayden, and hayden and his wife moved into steinmetz \u2019 s home in the ge realty plot when it was completed in 1903. the hayden family, including wife corinne rost, and children joseph, born 1906, marjorie ( or midge ), born 1909, and william, born 1910, lived with steinmetz the remainder of his life. the hayden \u2019 s were often steinmetz \u2019 s subjects for his favorite hobby, personal photography. steinmetz took up personal photography while in lynn, and continued the hobby until his death. scope and content note this is a small artificial collection of materials created by the hall of electric history, containing materials related to charles proteus steinmetz. much of this material was created by steinmetz himself, including reports, photographs and correspondence. however, most of the material was collected by members of steinmetz \u2019 s family and by employees of the hall of history, and much of this material is secondary. these include publications, clippings and articles. schenectady museum separately holds a collection of 2, 000 glass negative photographs that were created by steinmetz. a larger collection of steinmetz \u2019 s papers is located at the schenectady county historical society. box # 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45602421509214763, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.219835"} {"text": "competitions & awards the college has been working towards the greens schools programme for the last number of years but it took an enthusiastic and hard working committee to really get it off the ground in 2006. their efforts in recycling, and reducing and informing students worked well and we were awarded the green flag at the end of the school year 2005 - 2006 and our second flag in 2009. the flag was officially launched by mr. alan crosbie at our prize giving in november and now the flag flies high in our school yard. the second flag was raised by jeremy irons. in 2011, our students are looking at ways to save water and stop the waste, that we are now paying for. top tips to save energy!!!!!!!! 1. did you know that leaving on office equipment overnight could give you enough electricity for 1, 000 cups of tea? 2. don ' t fill up the kettle for just one cup. 3. close doors and windows when heating is on! 4. check your insulation! 5. turn your thermostat down by 1oc and you will save on your heating bill!!! 6. try to use less electricity between 5pm and 7pm at night. 7. use energy efficient light bulbs ( cfl ' s ) 8. do not leave appliances on stand by, it uses 20 % of the energy it would if it were on. 9. buy \" a \" rated appliances for your kitchen 10. try to walk or cycle instead of always using the car. 3rd theme for green schools is water here are some interesting facts & figures about water : 1. 99 % of the world \u2019 s water cannot be used because it is either saline ( i. e. salt water ) or is locked up in glaciers and ice sheets. 2. most of the remaining water is present in rocks as groundwater ( approx. 0. 6 % ), while just over 0. 3 % is present in rivers and lakes. 3. rapid expansion in urban populations has resulted in increased pressure on local authority waste water treatment facilities and, in many instances, the inability to cope with the increasing volumes of waste generated 4. a tap dripping once a second wastes about 10, 000 litres of water a year. 5. a hosepipe or sprinkler can use 1, 000 litres ( or 1 tonne ) of water per hour. this is as much as a family of four would normally use in two days! 6. our own bodies are two thirds water and our brains are at least 85 % water!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4909436874709205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.222613"} {"text": "richland, wash. - - soot from pollution causes winter snowpacks to warm, shrink and warm some more. this continuous cycle sends snowmelt streaming down mountains as much as a month early, a new study finds. how pollution affects a mountain range ' s natural water reservoirs is important for water resource managers in the western united states and canada who plan for hydroelectricity generation, fisheries and farming. scientists at the department of energy ' s pacific northwest national laboratory conducted the first - ever study of soot on snow in the western states at a scale that predicted impacts along mountain ranges. they found that soot warms up the snow and the air above it by up to 1. 2 degrees fahrenheit, causing snow to melt. \" if we can project the future - - how much water we ' ll be getting from the rivers and when - - then we can better plan for its many uses, \" said atmospheric scientist yun qian. \" snowmelt can be up to 75 percent of the water supply, in some regions. these changes can affect the water supply, as well as aggravate winter flooding and summer droughts. \" the soot - snow cycle starts when soot, a byproduct of burning fossil fuels, darkens snow it lands upon, which then absorbs more of the sun ' s energy than clean white snow. the resulting thinner snowpack reflects less sunlight back into the atmosphere and further warms the area, continuing the snowmelt cycle. this study revealed regional changes to the snowpack caused by soot, whereas other studies looked at the uniform changes brought by higher air temperatures due to greenhouse gases. previous studies have examined the effect of airborne or snowbound soot on global climate and temperatures. qian and his colleagues at pnnl used a climate computer model to zoom in on the rocky mountain, cascade, and other western united states mountain ranges. they modeled how soot from diesel engines, power plants and other sources affected snowpacks it landed on. they found that changes to snow ' s brightness results in its melting weeks earlier in spring than with pristine snow. in addition, less mountain snow going into late spring means reduced runoff in late spring and summer. they will report their findings in an upcoming issue of the journal of geophysical research - - atmospheres. making snowhills from mountains researchers know that soot settles on snow. and like an asphalt street compared to a concrete sidewalk, dirty snow retains more heat from the sun than bright white snow. qian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5004380157355475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.227009"} {"text": "of geophysical research - - atmospheres. making snowhills from mountains researchers know that soot settles on snow. and like an asphalt street compared to a concrete sidewalk, dirty snow retains more heat from the sun than bright white snow. qian and colleagues wanted to determine to what degree dark snow contributes to the declining snowpack. to get the kind of detail from their computer model that they needed, the pnnl team used a regional model called the weather research and forecasting model - - or wrf, developed in part at the national center for atmospheric research in boulder, colo. compared to planet - scale models that can distinguish land features 200 kilometers apart, this computer model zooms in on the landscape, increasing resolution to 15 kilometers. at 15 kilometers, features such as mountain ranges and soot deposition are better defined. recently, pnnl researchers added a software component to wrf that models the chemistry of tiny atmospheric particles called aerosols and their interaction with clouds and sunlight. using the wrf - chem model, the team first examined how much soot in the form of so - called black carbon would land on snow in the sierra nevada, cascade and rocky mountains. then the team simulated how that soot would affect the snow ' s brightness throughout the year. finally, they translated the brightness into snow accumulation and melting over time. \" earlier studies didn ' t talk about snowpack changes due to soot for two reasons, \" said atmospheric scientist and co - author william gustafson. \" soot hasn ' t been widely measured in snowpack, and it ' s hard to accurately simulate snowpack in global models. the cascades have lost 60 percent of their snowpack since the 1950s, most of that due to rising temperatures. we wanted to see if we could quantify the impact of soot. \" their simulations compared well to data collected on snowpack distribution and water runoff. but their first experiment did not include all sources of soot, so they modeled what would happen if enough soot landed on snow to double the loss of brightness. in this computer simulation, the regional climate and snowpack changed significantly, and not in a simply predictable way. overall, doubling the dimming of the snow did not lead to twice as high temperature changes - - it led to an approximate 50 percent increase in the snow surface temperature. the drop in snow accumulation, however, more than doubled in some areas. snowpack over the central rockies and southern alberta, for example, dropped two to 50 millimeters over the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.515974791716189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.228292"} {"text": "feb. 17, 1998 screening all women younger than 30 years of age may be the most cost - effective method of stopping or limiting chlamydial infections and their consequences according to an article in the february 15 issue of annals of internal medicine. investigators from the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases ( niaid ) and johns hopkins university compared three strategies to screen 7, 699 women without symptoms who attended two family planning clinics in baltimore, md. in addition to the age - based screening found to be most effective, investigators evaluated universal screening and screening with the criteria recommended by the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). all women were tested with polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ). they calculated the cost - effectiveness of chlamydial screening by comparing total costs, including screening program costs, and estimating future medical costs of all sequelae. \" certainly one of the great values of this study, \" says anthony s. fauci, m. d., director of niaid, \" is the confirmation that screening enables clinicians to identify and treat women with chlamydial infections and no symptoms, thus preventing many occurrences of serious sequelae, such as infertility. \" chlamydial infection is one of the leading sexually transmitted diseases in the united states today. the cdc estimates that more than 4 million new cases occur each year. pelvic inflammatory disease, a serious complication of chlamydial infection, has emerged as a major cause of infertility among women of childbearing age. genital chlamydial infection is caused by the bacterium, chlamydia trachomatis, and is transmitted during vaginal or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. a pregnant woman may pass the infection to her newborn during delivery, with subsequent neonatal eye infection or pneumonia. the annual cost of chlamydial infections and their sequelae in the united states exceeds $ 2. 7 billion. \" the majority of women infected with chlamydia do not have symptoms, and damage to their fallopian tubes resulting in infertility can occur silently over time if the infection remains undiagnosed and not treated, \" said author thomas c. quinn, m. d., of niaid and johns hopkins university, baltimore, md. \" in our study, 6. 6 percent of women attending the baltimore family planning clinics were found to be infected. because of the initial lack of symptoms and signs, most of these women would not have been diagnosed or treated if they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.483900389830209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.233776"} {"text": "baltimore, md. \" in our study, 6. 6 percent of women attending the baltimore family planning clinics were found to be infected. because of the initial lack of symptoms and signs, most of these women would not have been diagnosed or treated if they had not undergone routine screening for chlamydia using either urine or cervical specimens. new and simple tests make screening easier. \" currently, the cdc recommends testing all women with evidence of an inflamed cervix and all women younger than 20 years of age. they also suggest : ( 1 ) testing women 20 to 23 years of age who have not consistently used barrier contraception or have had a new sex partner or more than one sex partner during the past 90 days ; and ( 2 ) testing women 24 years of age or older who have not consistently used barrier contraception and have had a new sex partner or more than one sex partner during the past 90 days. the investigators compared each screening strategy ' s ability to identify women at risk and thus trigger testing and treatment, which in turn would result in fewer or no sequelae and reduced overall medical costs. they defined medical outcomes as prevented cases of pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, male urethritis and epididymitis in adults, and conjunctivitis and pneumonia in infants. the results were dramatic. without screening, there would have been 152 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease and other sequelae in women, men and infants with an associated cost of $ 676, 000. screening according to cdc criteria would have prevented 64 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease and saved $ 231, 000. screening all women younger than 30 years of age would have prevented 85 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease and saved $ 305, 000. universal screening would have prevented an additional six cases, but would have cost considerably more than age - based screening - - approximately $ 3, 000 more per case of pelvic inflammatory disease prevented. the authors caution that although the study results suggest that age - based screening provides the greatest cost savings, universal screening is desirable is some situations. in general, screening with any criteria and a highly sensitive diagnostic test should be part of any chlamydial prevention and control program. niaid has a major commitment to develop new sexually transmitted disease ( std ) diagnostic tests that are rapid, inexpensive, easy - to - use and do not require an invasive sample. if such tests were available and acceptable to the patient,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4399818030039401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.236128"} {"text": "mar. 18, 2003 the idea that even small asteroids can create hazardous tsunamis may at last be pretty well washed up. small asteroids do not make great ocean waves that will devastate coastal areas for miles inland, according to both a recently released 1968 u. s. naval research report on explosion - generated tsunamis and terrestrial evidence. university of arizona planetary scientist h. jay melosh is talking about it today ( march 17 ) at the 34th annual lunar and planetary science conference in league city, texas. his talk, \" impact - generated tsunamis : an over - rated hazard, \" is part of the session, \" poking holes : terrestrial impacts. \" given all life ' s worries, new evidence that asteroids smaller than a kilometer in diameter won ' t generate catastrophic tsunamis is welcome news, and not only for coast dwellers. it will save taxpayers the cost of financing searches for small earth - approaching asteroids, a savings of billions of dollars, melosh said. ( the current nasa - funded effort to search and map truly hazardous earth - approaching asteroids - - those one kilometer or larger in diameter - - is now half done and on track to be finished by the end of the decade, melosh noted. nasa funds neat, linear and the ua spacewatch programs in this effort. ) the idea that asteroids as small as 100 meters across pose a serious threat to humanity because they create great, destructive ocean waves, or tsunamis, every few hundred years was suggested in 1993 at a ua - hosted asteroids hazards meeting in tucson. at that meeting, a distinguished leiden observatory astrophysicist named j. mayo greenberg, who since has died, countered that people living below sea level in the netherlands for the past millennium had not experienced such tsunamis every 250 years as the theory predicted, melosh noted. but scientists at the time either didn ' t follow up or they didn ' t listen, melosh added. while on sabbatical in amsterdam in 1996, melosh checked with dutch geologists who had drilled to basement rock in the rhine river delta, a geologic record of the past 10, 000 years. that record shows only one large tsunami at 7, 000 years ago, the dutch scientists said, but it coincides perfectly in time to a giant landslide off the coast of norway and is not the result of an asteroid - ocean impact. in addition, melosh was highly skeptical of estimates that project small asteroids will generate waves that grow to a thousand meters or higher in a 4, 000 - meter deep ocean. concerned that such doubtful information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.467272168263456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.243145"} {"text": "not the result of an asteroid - ocean impact. in addition, melosh was highly skeptical of estimates that project small asteroids will generate waves that grow to a thousand meters or higher in a 4, 000 - meter deep ocean. concerned that such doubtful information was - - and is - - being used to justify proposed science projects, melosh has argued that the hazard of small asteroid - ocean impacts is greatly exaggerated. melosh mentioned it at a seminar he gave at the scripps institution of oceanography a few years ago, which is where he met tsunami expert william van dorn. van dorn, who lives in san diego, had been commissioned in 1968 by the u. s. office of naval research to summarize several decades of research into the hazard posed by waves generated by nuclear explosions. the research included 1965 - 66 experiments that measured wave run - up from blasts of up to 10, 000 pounds of tnt in mono lake, calif. the experiments indeed proved that wave run - up from explosion waves produced either by bombs or bolides ( meteors ) is much smaller relative to run - up of tsunami waves, van dorn said in the report. \" as most of the energy is dissipated before the waves reach the shoreline, it is evident that no catastrophe of damage by flooding can result from explosion waves as initially feared, \" he concluded. the discovery that explosion waves or large impact - generated waves will break on the outer continental shelf and produce little onshore damage is a phenomenon known in the defense community as the \" van dorn effect. \" but van dorn was not authorized to release his 173 - page report when he and melosh met in 1995. melosh, ua planetary sciences alumnus bill bottke of the southwest research institute and others agreed at a science conference last september that they needed to find the report. bottke found the title - \" handbook of explosion - generated water waves \" - in a google search. given a title, ua science librarian lori critz then discovered that the report had been published and added to the university california san diego library collection in march 2002. bottke also tracked it down, and had the report by the time melosh requested it by interlibrary loan. both made several photocopies. melosh said, \" i since found out it was actually read into the congressional record as part of the mx missile controversy. \" biosketch : h. jay melosh melosh, a professor in the ua planetary sciences department and lunar and planetary laboratory, is well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48750179580674075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.244269"} {"text": "\" i since found out it was actually read into the congressional record as part of the mx missile controversy. \" biosketch : h. jay melosh melosh, a professor in the ua planetary sciences department and lunar and planetary laboratory, is well known for his work in theoretical geophysics and planetary surfaces. his principal research interests are impact cratering, planetary tectonics, and the physics of earthquakes and landslides. his recent research has focused on studies of the giant impact origin of the moon, the k / t boundary impact that extinguished the dinosaurs, the ejection of rocks from their parent bodies, and the breakup and collision of comet shoemaker - levy 9 with jupiter. melosh also is active in astrobiological studies that relate chiefly to the exchange of microorganisms between the terrestrial planets. melosh earned his doctorate from caltech in 1973 and joined the ua faculty in 1982. he is on the 12 - member science team for deep impact, a $ 279 million robotic mission that will become the first to penetrate the surface of a comet when it smashes its camera - carrying copper probe into comet tempel 1 on july 4, 2005. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4794810431398644, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.245423"} {"text": "oct. 3, 2006 among patients with schizophrenia whose medication is changed because of ineffectiveness or harmful side effects, second - generation antipsychotic drugs do not appear to offer significant benefits compared to first - generation antipsychotic drugs, according to a report in the october issue of archives of general psychiatry, one of the jama / archives journals. the findings run contrary to the widely held perception that second - generation antipsychotic agents are safer and more effective in treating patients with schizophrenia than the less - expensive first - generation class of medications. for almost 50 years, antipsychotic medications have been the primary method of treating schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder that causes a disconnect from reality and severe disturbances in thought, mood and behavior. patients taking first - generation antipsychotics - - so called because they were developed first - - often relapse or develop severe side effects, including sedation ( feeling tranquilized ) and involuntary muscle movements, according to background information in the article. the development of second - generation antipsychotics was thought to be a major advance primarily because the drugs reduced such side effects. claims that second - generation drugs are more effective than first - generation drugs have shifted treatment patterns away from first - generation medications, although research comparing the drug classes has had mixed results. peter b. jones, m. d., ph. d., university of cambridge and cambridgeshire and peterborough mental health nhs trust, cambridge, england, and colleagues studied 227 individuals age 18 to 65 with schizophrenia. \" the key question was whether the additional acquisition costs of second - generation antipsychotics over first - generation antipsychotics would be offset by improvements in health - related quality of life or savings in the use of other health and social care services in people with schizophrenia for whom a change in drug treatment was being considered for clinical reasons, most commonly suboptimal efficacy or adverse effects, \" the authors write. the participants were randomly assigned to receive one class of drug or the other. physicians determined which of the many first - or second - generation medications would be best for each patient. participants were assessed before and 12, 26 and 52 weeks after the change in treatment using a quality of life scale, with higher scores reflecting a better quality of life. the researchers estimated that second - generation antipsychotics would produce a five - point improvement in quality of life scores compared with first - generation antipsychotics. symptoms, side effects, treatment costs and satisfaction with the drug also were measured. of the 227", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4706698388777791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.251700"} {"text": "estimated that second - generation antipsychotics would produce a five - point improvement in quality of life scores compared with first - generation antipsychotics. symptoms, side effects, treatment costs and satisfaction with the drug also were measured. of the 227 patients, 118 ( 52 percent ) were randomly assigned to take first - generation medications and 109 ( 48 percent ) to second - generation medications. after 12 weeks, quality of life scores averaged 49. 2 for the first - generation group and 46. 6 for the second - generation group ; after 26 weeks, 49. 2 for first - generation and 50. 4 for second - generation ; and after one year, 53. 2 for first - generation and 51. 3 for second - generation. \" participants in the first - generation antipsychotic arm showed a trend toward greater improvements in quality of life scale and symptom scores, \" the authors write. \" participants reported no clear preference for either drug group ; costs were similar. \" although surprising, these results align with other recent studies performed in the united states, they continue. \" all the data suggest that careful prescribing of first - generation antipsychotics, at least in the context of a trial, is not associated with poorer efficacy or a greater adverse effect burden, both of which would translate into lower quality of life in the medium term, \" the authors conclude. \" this suggests that despite recent policy statements and prescribing patterns, further randomized and other evaluations of second - generation antipsychotics would still be useful in establishing their role in the long - term management of schizophrenia and, likewise, the continued role of older drugs. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4661751770893642, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.252498"} {"text": "june 8, 2007 how do sweet children turn into delinquents seemingly right before our eyes? a unique study appearing in the june issue of psychological science, a journal of the association for psychological science, shows that, in children, a highly reactive autonomic nervous system, which regulates our cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory functions, paired with a stressful family environment leads to increased instances of maladaptive personality change. rutgers university psychologist, daniel hart, and colleagues nancy eisenberg and carlos valiente of arizona state university, used a skin conductance response ( scr ) test to assess 138 elementary school aged children. scr is a frequently used as an appraisal of autonomic arousal in humans and, specifically, measures the amount of sweat on the participant ' s palm when exposed to stressful stimuli. in this case, the children watched a video of a dolphin swimming in the ocean so that the researchers could collect their baseline stress response. next, they watched a second, more stressful, film involving a lamp causing a fire in a girl ' s room, which elicited their normal autonomic arousal patterns under stress. the results show that the combination of high scr and high family risk predicted substantial increases in personality change and behavior problems. the researchers observed the children four separate times over the course of six years, making this the first study to show that the interaction of family adversity with a biological characteristic is associated with longitudinally measured change in childhood personality. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5301212201985714, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.254182"} {"text": "oct. 21, 2012 the brain ' s key \" breeder \" cells, it turns out, do more than that. they secrete substances that boost the numbers and strength of critical brain - based immune cells believed to play a vital role in brain health. this finding adds a new dimension to our understanding of how resident stem cells and stem cell transplants may improve brain function. many researchers believe that these cells may be able to regenerate damaged brain tissue by integrating into circuits that have been eroded by neurodegenerative disease or destroyed by injury. but new findings by scientists at the stanford university school of medicine suggest that another process, which has not been fully appreciated, could be a part of the equation as well. the findings appear in a study that will be published online oct. 21 in nature neuroscience. \" transplanting neural stem cells into experimental animals ' brains shows signs of being able to speed recovery from stroke and possibly neurodegenerative disease as well, \" said tony wyss - coray, phd, professor of neurology and neurological sciences in the medical school and senior research scientist at the veterans affairs palo alto health care system. \" why this technique works is far from clear, though, because actually neural stem cells don ' t engraft well. \" neural stem cells can endure essentially unchanged for decades in two places in the mammalian brain, replicating just enough to meet the routine needs of those regions. in most parts of the brain, they aren ' t found at all. while of critical importance to maintaining healthy brain function, true neural stem cells are rare. far more common are their immediate progeny, which are called neural progenitor cells, or npcs. these robust, rapidly dividing cells are poised to travel down a committed path of differentiation to yield new brain cells of several different types including neurons. it ' s known that treating humans with radiation or drugs that prevent npc replication causes memory deficits ( \" chemo brain \" ) and, in children, iq losses of up to 20 points. conversely, studies are being initiated to see whether infusing neural stem cells into brains affected by alzheimer ' s disease can enhance patients ' memory function. one category of brain cells, microglia, descends not from neural stem cells but from an immune lineage and retains several features of immune cells. \" microglia are the brain ' s own resident immune cells, \" wyss - coray said. unlike most other mature brain cells, microglia can proliferate throughout adulthood, especially in response to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4943814727608411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.260125"} {"text": "and retains several features of immune cells. \" microglia are the brain ' s own resident immune cells, \" wyss - coray said. unlike most other mature brain cells, microglia can proliferate throughout adulthood, especially in response to brain injury. they can, moreover, migrate toward injury sites, secrete various \" chemical signaling \" substances, and gobble up bits of debris, microbial invaders or entire dead or dying neurons. microglia normally are distributed throughout the brain - - rather small, quiescent cells sprouting long, skinny projections that meekly but efficiently survey large areas that, taken together, cover the entire brain. but if this surveillance reveals signs of a disturbance, such as injury or infection, the microglia whirl into action. they begin proliferating and their puny bodies puff up, metamorphosing from mild - mannered clark kent - like reporters to buffed supermen who fly to the scene of trouble, where they secrete substances that can throttle bad actors or call in reinforcements. within these activated cells, internal garbage disposals called lysosomes form in large numbers and start whirring, ready to make mincemeat out of pathogens or cellular debris. in addition to their part patrol - officer, part cleanup - crew status, microglia can also secrete substances that help neurons thrive. they also contribute to the ongoing pruning of unneeded connections between neurons that occurs throughout our lives. but like immune cells elsewhere, said wyss - coray, microglia can be a force for evil if they engage in too much or inappropriate activity. they might, for instance, start to remove healthy cells ( as occurs in parkinson ' s ) or stop cleaning up garbage strewn about the brain ( for example, alzheimer ' s plaque ). in a series of experiments, wyss - coray and his colleagues have shown that npcs secrete substances that activate microglia. first, the researchers observed that microglia were uncharacteristically abundant and activated in the two regions in the mammalian brain where npcs reside and new neurons are formed. wondering whether the npcs might be causing this increased microglial activity, the investigators incubated mouse microglia in a culture medium in which npcs had previously been steeped. two days later, they saw that the microglia had multiplied more, expressed different amounts of various signal molecules and featured more lysosomes. \" the microglia were ready for action, \" said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4955646057390618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.261139"} {"text": "in which npcs had previously been steeped. two days later, they saw that the microglia had multiplied more, expressed different amounts of various signal molecules and featured more lysosomes. \" the microglia were ready for action, \" said wyss - coray. so they injected npcs into an area of mice ' s brains where these cells are normally not found. in the same area in the opposing brain hemisphere, they injected a control solution. again they found significant differences in microglial proliferation and activity, and more microglia in the npc - injected side had assumed a \" superman \" as opposed to a \" clark kent \" body shape. when they repeated this experiment using only the npcs ' \" discarded bath water \" rather than npcs themselves, they got similar results. clearly npcs were secreting something, or some things, that were spurring microglia to action. using sophisticated lab techniques, the team monitored purified npcs plus several other cell types found in the brain and assessed nearly 60 different substances known to have powerful cell - to - cell signaling properties. several such substances, it turned out, were secreted in much larger amounts by npcs than by the other cell types : most notably, vascular endothelial growth factor, or vegf - - a well - known molecule produced by many cell types throughout the body. vegf stimulates the formation of blood vessels and exerts a beneficial effect on neurons. conversely, drugs that block vegf ( such as avastin ) are frequently used to combat cancer because tumors require an immense blood supply in order to grow quickly. vegf is also known to boost microglial proliferation. because it is produced in such volumes by npcs, wyss - coray ' s team wanted to see if vegf alone could mimic any of the changes wrought by npcs or their culture - medium - borne detritus. so they injected vegf into mice ' s right brain hemisphere, and saline solution into the left - - again with the same outcomes. taking the opposite tack, the team injected npc - saturated medium devoid of the cells, as they had done earlier. but this time they first used various laboratory techniques to deplete the fluid of the vegf secreted by its former inhabitants. doing this almost completely reversed its microglia - activating effects. \" all of this strongly suggests that vegf produced by npcs is playing a strong role in influencing microglial behavior, \" said wyss - coray.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.518378194136142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.262207"} {"text": "future reactor : the advanced test reactor at idaho national laboratory, with a maximum capacity of 250 megawatts, would qualify as a small modular design, although it is primarily used to test nuclear components for larger reactors. image : courtesy of idaho national laboratory small may be beautiful for the nuclear power industry so argue a host of would - be builders of novel nuclear reactors. while the u. s. government has not given up on investing in large units that boast conventional designs, the department of energy has also announced the availability of $ 450 million in funds to support engineering and licensing of so - called \" small modular reactors. \" \" the obama administration and the energy department are committed to an all - of - the - above energy strategy that develops every source of american energy, including nuclear power, \" said secretary of energy steven chu in a statement announcing the funding, which aims to get such modular reactors hooked into the grid by 2022. \" the energy department and private industry are working to position america as the leader in advanced nuclear energy technology and manufacturing. \" globally, large reactor designs remain the predominant technology. one alternative to cut costs could be small, novel reactors, appropriate for areas with smaller electricity demands or as part of a flexible power production facility that could scale up quickly as necessary. small reactors would have a maximum capacity of 300 megawatts of electricity, or enough to power more than 200, 000 u. s. homes for a year. in addition, the reactors would be modular \u2014 made in factories and shipped to sites \u2014 to reduce costs. but such reactors still require the same electricity - generating, safety, and waste disposal systems as the hulking light - water reactors presently being built as well as identical rigorous licensing requirements, at least in the u. s. \u2014 and that may cost them. \" yeah, there ' s less concrete and, yeah, there ' s less steel in the reactor vessel, \" says nuclear engineer eric loewen, chief consulting engineer at ge hitachi nuclear energy, which is proposing a modular fast reactor to help the u. k. with its plutonium problem. but the list of other expenses associated with nuclear will not change with the new designs and \" that gives pause to small modular reactors. \" a modern pressurized water reactor, like the two being built in georgia, can pump out more than 1, 000 megawatts worth of power using the heat from fission to boil water to spin a turbine. babcock & wilcox \u2014 one - time builder of large pressurized water reactors as well as smaller", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5259928316639296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.265135"} {"text": "gavin buckingham, now a postdoctoral researcher at the centre for brain and mind at the university of western ontario in canada, and his phd supervisor dr. david carey, asked left - and right - handed participants to reach first toward a pair of targets with both hands at the same time and, immediately afterwards, toward a new single target with only their closest hand. just before they began the reach, subjects were given a short vibratory pulse on one of their hands, giving them a clue about where the new target would appear, and hence which hand should perform this second portion of the reach. on a small proportion of trials, the pulse was given to the wrong hand, which meant that subjects had to restrain the reach with this incorrectly - cued hand in order to make the reach with the correct hand. the right - handed subjects had far greater trouble dealing with this incorrect cue when it was given to their right hands, making more mistakes and taking longer to successfully inhibit the reaches, almost as if the right hand was already pre - selected to carry on during the bimanual reach. the left - handed subjects showed no such asymmetries, suggesting that they are less inherently biased to select one hand over the other. these findings build on a series of studies from the same researchers which have indicated that right - handers have their attention largely directed at their right hands during bimanual tasks. \" one explanation for these data is that hand choice is related to hemispheric specialisation for speech and language \" says dr carey. \" many left - handed people have \" right - handed \" brains, which weakens the typical bias towards choosing their dominant left hand. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5302018989088393, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.267460"} {"text": "also known as : activity - increased and hyperkinetic behavior - attention deficit disorder - brain or central nervous system disorders - emotional disorders - your child seems persistently hyperactive. - your child is very active, aggressive, impulsive, and has difficulty concentrating. - your child ' s activity level is causing social difficulties, or difficulty with schoolwork. - is this a new behavior for the child, or has the child always been very active? - is the behavior getting worse? - exactly what behavior have you noticed? - is the child physically active? - is the child easily distracted? - does the child have trouble following directions? - have you noticed anything that makes the child more or less active? - is the child more active at school than at home? - what other symptoms are present? hyperactivity is a state of too much muscle activity. this term is also used to describe a situation when a particular portion of the body is too active, such as when a gland produces too much of its particular hormone. hyperactive behavior usually refers to a group of characteristics. these can include constant activity, being easily distracted, impulsiveness, inability to concentrate, aggressiveness, and similar behaviors. typical behaviors may include fidgeting or constant moving, wandering, too much talking, and difficulty participating in quiet activities ( such as reading ). hyperactivity is not easily defined, because it often depends on the tolerance of the observer. behavior that seems excessive to one observer may not seem excessive to another. however, certain children - - when compared to others - - are clearly far more active, which can become a problem if it interferes with school work or making friends. hyperactivity is often considered more of a problem for schools and parents than it is for the affected child. however, many hyperactive children are unhappy or even depressed. hyperactive behavior may make a child a target for bullying, or make it harder to connect with other children. schoolwork may be more difficult, and hyperactive kids are frequently punished for their behavior. hyperkinetic ( excessive movement ) behavior often decreases as the child grows older, and may disappear entirely by adolescence. a child who is normally very active often responds well to specific directions and a program of regular physical activity. a child with a hyperactivity disorder, on the other hand, has a hard time following directions and controlling impulses. call your health care provider if what to expect at your health care provider ' s office the medical history will be obtained and a physical examination performed. there may also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49188832486380907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.270701"} {"text": "the benefits of theatre seminole state ' s theatre program gives students a solid education while promoting self - expression. students have the opportunity to : - learn team building skills - explore various crafts of theatre production - use creativity to produce each unique production seminole state also offers other benefits, such as : - the opportunity to gain production experience - a curriculum that parallels the first two years of a four - year degree program - smaller class size and individual attention to help students reach their full potential - selected studies for a unique education opportunity there are many aspects to the theatre. it ' s more than performing on stage or creating a set. - for performers : performing on stage is rewarding and fun. but did you know potential employers also look at your performing experience? performers often have high confidence levels and are able to speak with large groups of people comfortably and clearly. these are desirable qualities for hiring companies. - for scenic sets and costume designers : the visual aspects of a production are as crucial as the quality of the performance. costumes reveal character. makeup transforms the actor into the character. sets are critical to defining the location, tone and mood of a scene. the ability to create a vibrant world out of one ' s imagination is important when working in marketing, sales or diplomatic positions. - for sound and light designers : sound and lighting are integral parts of a production. they enhance many moods and rhythms of a show and they highlight characters and places, all of which add to the success of a production. the ability to seamlessly combine technology with other components of the production is a highly desired skill for technical professions. - for stage managers and directors : a production is a large - scale project. you must organize performers, costumes, makeup, rehearsals and set designs, as well as continually make changes, house management and many other responsibilities. they are all vital to a successful production. when you manage or direct a production, you ' re showing potential employers you are well organized, can establish and maintain professional working relationships and are able to handle responsibility. these are desirable traits for hiring managers and future career growth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44223737199804924, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.273192"} {"text": "\u201c how it got out of the closed session, i don ' t know. somebody had to tell it. \u201d riddick, interviewed by senate historian donald ritchie, explains a 1929 change to the senate rules that allowed for open executive sessions of the senate, redefining a \" closed session. \" ritchie : when you mentioned the inaccessibility of the senators in an earlier period, it ' s interesting that they met in executive session quite frequently, for all nominations and treaties. they actually closed the doors. riddick : oh yes! i think that ' s a part of the nature of the senate then as contrasted to today. sometimes i ' m inclined to think that the country might even be better off if they did it again. until 1929, unless the senate actually voted to open up an executive session ( and an executive session meant the senate was then considering either nominations or treaties ), every door was closed and supposedly everything transacted accordingly was closed. in 1929, the rule was changed and everything was done openly unless they voted to go into closed session either on executive business or legislation. i think in recent years nearly everyone would say that the committees would go into executive session. going into executive session doesn ' t necessarily mean closed ; it did gain the concept of being closed because executive sessions of the senate were closed, as provided for under the rules before 1929. ritchie : they kept two sets of books, an executive journal and a legislative journal ; they had an executive clerk and a legislative clerk. riddick : that ' s correct ; and when they went into executive session the executive clerk would come in and sit in the closed session. the parliamentarian, of course, stayed in both executive session and the legislative session. ritchie : it seems like after world war ii the practice of holding executive sessions really began to decline. i think in the whole 1960s there wasn ' t a single executive session. but now in the last five years they must have had five or six executive sessions. the whole thing has been revived all over again. riddick : yes, but we don ' t refer to them any longer as executive sessions, we refer to them as closed sessions. rule 35 provides for closed sessions, but executive sessions for consideration of nominations and treaties up until 1929 were closed, and that ' s when the rules were amended so that they would be opened unless they voted to have them closed. it was during that period, when the executive sessions were closed, that they used to refer to them as \" executive sessions of committees, \" when they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4794552948698051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.278638"} {"text": "s when the rules were amended so that they would be opened unless they voted to have them closed. it was during that period, when the executive sessions were closed, that they used to refer to them as \" executive sessions of committees, \" when they had the old mark - ups ( of course, that rule has been changed now, too ; since the so called \" sunshine \" rule proposed by senator [ lawton ] chiles was adopted. ) most of the mark - up sessions were all closed, and the same was true with the conference committees. but the \" sunshine \" rule provides that they all have to be open, whether it ' s hearings or mark - up sessions, unless for one of the eight specified reasons they are permitted to vote to go into closed sessionunless it ' s done in accordance with one of those provisions set forth in the \" sunshine \" rule. ritchie : one of the problems the senate had with their executive sessions was that reporters were always finding out exactly what went on inside. riddick : that ' s one of the reasons they threw them open, the reason they amended the rule. the vote on a nomination in an executive session would appear in complete detail in the next day ' s new york times, or somewhere. ritchie : i suppose that caught someone like preston in between, because he was trying to serve the senate, but on the other hand he had to keep all those reporters happy. riddick : keep them satisfied, yes. how it got out of the closed session, i don ' t know. somebody had to tell it. ritchie : it was a persistent problem all through the 19th and early 20th centuries. a lot of them must have been relieved that they didn ' t have to worry about keeping it closed after 1929. riddick : that ' s another case where the precedents changed greatly. what we ' ve done was to establish that the rule providing penalties for breaking secrecy and so forth for the old executive sessions is now applicable to closed sessions. so what was done by the rulings of the chair and precedents with regard to security matters was transferred to the closed sessions as well. they don ' t apply anymore to executive sessions unless they ' re closed. the senate has just transferred all the secrecy and penalties provisions in the rules against senators and employees to the closed session rule. ritchie : have there been many cases, since you ' ve been connected with the senate, of people being held in contempt for releasing information? riddick : no, it ' s sort of died out. you remember", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4800343435694712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.279618"} {"text": "employees to the closed session rule. ritchie : have there been many cases, since you ' ve been connected with the senate, of people being held in contempt for releasing information? riddick : no, it ' s sort of died out. you remember the case of senator [ mike ] gravel, when he read the confidential report from the pentagon. there was some talk of censuring him, and i was consulted by both sides on the matter as to what could, should, and so forth, be done. but it never came to fruition ; they just never acted on it. ritchie : could they, if they had wanted to, censured him, or cited him for contempt for what he had done? would the precedents and the rules have supported that? riddick : well, they censured senator [ hiram ] bingham of connecticut for a much less thing than that. he was on the finance committee and when they were working out one of the tariff bills, one of his employees who attended these closed sessions was feeding the information out to corporations secretly. he was censured because he had allowed this employee in there who was revealing this information. so they have censured senators for things not as bad as a senator himself divulging secret information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45745090249742976, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.280072"} {"text": "members of each major party meet in closed sessions known as party conferences ( or party caucuses ) to elect floor leaders, make committee assignments, and set legislative agendas. the democratic leader serves as chair of the party conference, while the republican party separates the positions, electing a chairperson for the party conference, apart from the floor leader. democratic conference chair : senator harry reid republican conference chair : senator john thune see a list of former conference chairs in the history section. the senate created democratic and republican policy committees in 1947. until 2000, the democratic policy committee was chaired by the party floor leader, who also served as chair of the democratic conference. a co - chair position was added in 1989. in the 106th congress, the majority leader dropped his co - chair status and the chair of the policy committee is now an elected post. the republican policy committee elects its chairperson separate from the party floor leader. democratic policy committee chair : senator charles schumer republican policy committee chair : senator john barrasso see a list of former policy committee chairs in the history section. party conference secretaries each party elects a conference secretary or vice chairman who is responsible for keeping the minutes of the party conferences. democrat conference secretary : senator patty murray republican conference vice - chair : senator roy blunt see a list of former conference secretaries in the history section.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4398199053462155, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.281377"} {"text": "- special sections - public notices \u2018 no plan survives contact with the enemy. \u2019 field marshal helmuth von moltke the elder ( 1800 - 1891 ) the bloody battle of the somme, which commenced on july 1, 1916, has continued to fascinate me. my english father, sgt. reginald george bareham, was one of 19, 240 british soldiers \u2013 nearly 20 percent of the entire british fighting force \u2013 who were killed that day on the french countryside in one of the pre - eminent battles of world war i. i was born a week later, on july 8. that lifetime interest in this pivotal battle has been reawakened recently by a definitive study, three armies on the somme, by british historian william philpott, which describes the planning among the allies, britain, france and russia, that commenced more than six months before the battle and the bickering at the highest political level and within the high commands of france and britain who were to conduct the attack on the western front while russia was expected to attack on germany \u2019 s eastern front, thus deterring any attempt by germany to reinforce its western armies. from those small details of a vast campaign comes much of the richness of philpott \u2019 s story, and it provides much insight into the background and the history of the battle that took my father \u2019 s life. formation of the 11th suffolks in september 1914, a \" kitchener \" battalion was formed in cambridge, england, from volunteers who flocked to the colors after great britain \u2019 s declaration of war on germany on aug. 4. my father, reginald \u201c reg \u201d bareham, who was helping his father operate the historic farm of sir charles waldstein in newton, cambridgeshire, had written in 1913 : \u201c the farm work is going on as nicely as ever and we have every promise of a successful harvest. i am very often told i ought to get a better job, but i think it is my duty to stick to my people, and what is more i mean to do so, other people can please themselves. i think anyone who keeps steady and tries hard can always succeed in life. \u201d but he would not remain long on the farm. he was one of the first to answer the call for volunteers by lord kitchener, minister of defense, becoming a member of what was then called \u201c kitchener \u2019 s army. \u201d often recruited by community or geographic area, these men were organized into battalions containing friends and neighbors, who called themselves \u201c pals. \u201d i have been in contact with phil curm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4381829357568422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.291800"} {"text": "a member of what was then called \u201c kitchener \u2019 s army. \u201d often recruited by community or geographic area, these men were organized into battalions containing friends and neighbors, who called themselves \u201c pals. \u201d i have been in contact with phil curme of england, a historian of the 11th suffolks, who has provided a plethora of information about my father \u2019 s battalion. he has walked the somme battlefield and many others, which he has described in a blog, available at walkingthebattlefields. com. he has traveled widely in this endeavor, including visits to american civil war battle sites. he writes : \u201c the battalion conducted its own recruiting campaign. specially selected officers and ncos accompanied by drummers, buglers and recruiting sergeants, made excursions to [ nearby communities ]... \u201d curme writes that there were four companies in the 11th suffolks. reg bareham, living in newton, seven miles from cambridge, was undoubtedly a member of company a, which included the recruits from cambridge. by december 1914, the battalion was given a choice of joining the norfolk or the suffolk regiments. they chose the latter and were thenceforth known as the \u201c 11th suffolks \u201d or the \u201c cambs suffolks. \u201d in january 1915 the battalion reached its full strength of 1, 350, and in march their original blue uniforms were replaced by khaki, which were much more suitable for combat. on may 19, 1915, their battalion left cambridge for ripon, yorkshire, where they became part of the 101st brigade of the 34th division. on june 24, 1915, my mother, florence freestone of orwell, cambridgeshire, 20 years old, married reginald bareham, then a sergeant. they had met at a dancing class in newton. it was his 21st birthday. he would have but one more. they had a short honeymoon, after which he returned to his station near warminster in southern england. a note of honor in december the 34th division was ordered to mobilize for egypt, but the destination was changed, undoubtedly because of the developing plans for the somme campaign, and on jan. 7, 1916, they sailed for france. they were not long delayed in moving into the british front lines north of the somme river, with sgt. bareham serving as a platoon leader, a position normally occupied by a lieutenant. there was a great shortage of trained officers needed to meet the requirements of kitchener \u2019 s expanding army. on april 20, bareham was presented with a \u201c card of honour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46297313184905164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.292784"} {"text": "bareham serving as a platoon leader, a position normally occupied by a lieutenant. there was a great shortage of trained officers needed to meet the requirements of kitchener \u2019 s expanding army. on april 20, bareham was presented with a \u201c card of honour \u201d by the commanding general of the 34th division, an award for \" gallant leading of night patrols during march and april \u201d against the germans. in those days, when few medals were given, this award could have been presented for heroic combat action not warranting the highest british decoration, the victoria cross ( equivalent of our medal of honor ), a belief supported in a message recently received from josh e. acton of the central library in cambridge, england. \u201c i suspect that the card of honour may have referred to the mid [ mention in dispatches ], \u201d he wrote. \u201c just over two percent of men serving in the first world war... were honoured in this way. \u201d a child \u2019 s impression my mother told me years ago that she had torn this card up in grief, a piece of paper in exchange for the life of her husband. i remember, as a child, holding in my hands a small canvas packet containing a section of german barbed wire, which my father, while on patrol, had cut from the defensive obstacles protecting the enemy trenches. this too, must have been discarded. one can imagine sgt. bareham, with three or four carefully chosen members of his platoon, climbing silently up ladders and over the parapet of the british trenches, crawling through the british protective barbed wire and creeping through \u201c no man \u2019 s land \u201d toward the german trenches, also wired in, only several hundred yards away. while cutting the wire to prove they had reached the enemy lines, he and his companions would have realized that the slightest sound would bring down pre - arranged fire from enemy machine guns sited along the wire. planning for a great somme offensive in late 1915, military and political leaders of britain, france, and russia had met for consultations, with the object of conducting in 1916 a massive attack on the western front, which would break through germany \u2019 s lines and bring the country to the negotiating table. following additional strategic meetings in early 1916, the area of the somme river was chosen for the attack. it initially was contemplated that the well - trained french army, having already gained much battle experience in stemming the german invasion, would be making the main effort. the british, a hastily recruited volunteer force, were not yet fully trained. however, in february 1916, the germans attacked at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4642563595202387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.293904"} {"text": "well - trained french army, having already gained much battle experience in stemming the german invasion, would be making the main effort. the british, a hastily recruited volunteer force, were not yet fully trained. however, in february 1916, the germans attacked at verdun, in a vicious battle that continued for 10 months, at a terrible cost in french manpower and resources. thus, france was rendered unable to play the major role in the battle of the somme that had been originally planned. the battle of verdun is remembered for the \u201c bayonet trench, \u201d where bayonets still protrude above a dirt - filled trench. legend and fact combine to support a narrative in which french soldiers, with their bayonets fixed, were buried by the earth thrown up by the explosion of an enormous artillery shell. it had been reported that when excavations were made after the battle, a body of a french soldier had been found below each bayonet. the bodies were removed, but the rifles with protruding bayonets, remained as a symbol of that tragic and bloody battle. many years ago i visited this tranchee des baionnettes, which serves as a reminder that more than 700, 000 soldiers died during the battle at verdun, about half german and half french. i was duly impressed. accordingly, it was decided that the main effort at somme should be made by the fresh british forces, even though they were not yet fully trained. the attack was to be made by 13 british divisions north of the somme, 11 from the fourth army and two from the third army, and 11 divisions of the french sixth army just to the south of the river. they were opposed by the german second army of gen. fritz von below. the axis of the advance was centered on the historic roman road that ran from albert in the west to bapaume, 12 miles to the northeast. the fourth army, commanded by general sir henry rawlinson, consisting of five corps, 11 divisions in all, was to make the main attack on a 14 - mile front, astride the albert - bapaume road. the 11thth suffolks battalion was a component of the 101sts brigade of the 34th division of the iii corps, which had the initial mission of taking la boisselle, located on the south side of the road. la boisselle was not finally taken until july 4, the fourth day of the attack. readying for battle i quote extracts from the 11thth battalion, suffolk regiment \u2013 official war diary \u2013 records office, kew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3882766087009881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.294893"} {"text": "the south side of the road. la boisselle was not finally taken until july 4, the fourth day of the attack. readying for battle i quote extracts from the 11thth battalion, suffolk regiment \u2013 official war diary \u2013 records office, kew, london, england, with my personal comments highlighted within brackets : \u201c each battalion will attack in 4 waves with 3 companies. one platoon from each company in each wave. 11 suffolks will be known as d battalion. \u201d [ in my university rotc classes in the 1930s, i was taught the old tactics : \u201c the infantry platoon attacks in waves. \u201d it was not until world war ii, that attack formations were adjusted to the terrain, using defiles for protection and not necessarily covering the entire front. ] \u201c d battalion [ 11th suffolks ] will pass through 10th lincolns within two minutes of the barrage lifting. c company will advance through bailiff wood along with b co. c company will consolidate suffolk redoubt and will call on d & b co. if necessary.... selected men to push forward to see if contalmaison has been evacuated. \u201d [ contalmaison actually did not fall until 10 days later. ] \u201c a mine will be exploded [ lochnagar ] \u2013 all ranks to be warned that the concussion will be considerable. \u201d ten large mines were placed by tunneling under enemy lines. the first two bns [ battalions ] ( 15th royal scots and 10th lincolns ) will creep forward into nomans land under cover of the barrage ready to advance at zero hour. d bn [ cambs suffolks ] will follow at 150 yards distance. ) [ all these battalions were in the 101st brigade ]. \u201d supplies and equipment here \u2019 s a list of what each soldier would carry for the attack, including my explanations for some of them : the swagger stick the only heirloom left by my father was his \u201c stick, \u201d which he left with my mother before he sailed for france. she called it a cane and occasionally used it for an auxiliary purpose. i was not a spoiled child, as i recall. the swagger stick, a short metal - tipped cane, had been brought into use by a marine corps commandant in 1956. he obviously had been impressed by this british custom, but traditions are difficult to import. his replacement, hard - bitten gen. david m. shoup, hero of tarawa, in a letter to his general officers, immediately prescribed a welcome change : \u201c i consider the swagger stick to be an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4424965195834632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.295838"} {"text": "but traditions are difficult to import. his replacement, hard - bitten gen. david m. shoup, hero of tarawa, in a letter to his general officers, immediately prescribed a welcome change : \u201c i consider the swagger stick to be an unnecessary item of encumbrance. \u201d swagger sticks immediately disappeared and shoup \u2019 s prestige rose. more orders to the troops \u201c too much credence should not be given to the opinions of wounded men. \u201d in a previous column, i have written about an attack during the 1943 bougainville campaign : \u201c the first battalion found the route to its attack positions cluttered with stragglers, the flotsam and jetsam of war. some were the wounded, quietly making their way back, as best they could. others ejected loud, dire predictions about the fate in store for the reinforcing troops. remarks such as \u2018 they look confident now ; wait ' til they run into those forty machine guns, \u2019 magnified the doubts of a thousand untested troops as they approached combat. \u201d \" all officers to dress like the men. badges of rank to remain and all must wear putties. \" this would provide identity to those in positions of authority, without marking them clearly as targets for the enemy. \" the use of the word \u2018 retire \u2019 is forbidden in 101 brigade. if given it must never be obeyed unless it is in writing from an authorized person. \" or, as capt. lloyd williams, u. s. marine corps at the battle of belleau wood : \u201c retreat, hell, we just got here! \" \" any officer, nco or other rank found in possession of souvenirs will be liable to court martial. arrangements will be made afterwards to collect and distribute souvenirs. \" picking up a souvenir would distract a soldier \u2019 s attention from the battle. in any case, as the bloody battle developed, the attacking soldiers had other interests of higher priority. \" assisting a wounded man to the rear is a court martial offense. \" a soldier might be motivated to help a wounded comrade, but he could also be looking for an excuse to get out of harm \u2019 s way. next : the battle ensues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4530940074863915, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.296740"} {"text": "let ' s tackle the way this poem rhymes first, because it ' s kind of interesting and unusual. some poems have very regular rhyme patterns, with the same sounds repeating every line or every other line. that ' s not true in this poem. the rhymes in \" the charge of the light brigade \" aren ' t predictable, but they ' re still an important part of the way the poem is put together. these rhymes can happen in all kinds of ways. sometimes a bunch of lines in a row will have rhyming words at the end, sometimes it will be every other line, sometimes two words will almost rhyme but not quite ( we call that near rhyme or slant rhyme ). the easiest way to describe this is just to show you. we ' ll put rhyming words in bold, and also tag each sound at the end of a line with a letter, so you can see which ones match up. let ' s look at stanza 2, where there ' s a lot of interesting rhyming going on : \" forward, the light brigade! \" ( a ) was there a man dismayed? ( a ) not though the soldier knew ( b ) someone had blundered. ( c ) theirs not to make reply, ( d ) theirs not to reason why, ( d ) theirs but to do and die. ( d ) into the valley of death ( e ) rode the six hundred. ( c ) see, we told you there was a lot going on here. let ' s break it down a little. we start out with two lines in a row that rhyme : brigade, dismayed. that ' s called a rhyming couplet. then we have a line that doesn ' t rhyme with anything else : knew. now take a look at the fourth line. see how that sort of rhymes with the last line : blundered, hundred? the words sound kind of alike, but they also stick in your mouth a little. that ' s what we call a near rhyme or slant rhyme, and they ' re easy to find in this poem. the last thing to check out here, and maybe the most noticeable part of the whole section, is the group of three rhyming lines in the middle : reply, why, die. we call three rhyming lines in a row a \" triplet. \" ok, we ' ll leave off our discussion of rhyme at this point, but poke around a little in the other sections if you feel like it. every one has interesting rhymes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5136627099186737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.302031"} {"text": "call three rhyming lines in a row a \" triplet. \" ok, we ' ll leave off our discussion of rhyme at this point, but poke around a little in the other sections if you feel like it. every one has interesting rhymes. now for the meter. this part of the poem ' s form is definitely less complicated, once you get the hang of it. the first thing we ' ll look for in each line is which syllables are emphasized. we call that the \" stress. \" in general, there are two main stresses in each line of \" the charge of the light brigade. \" here, we ' ll show you how that works again, using part of section 2. we ' ll put the stressed syllables in bold : \" forward, the | light brigade! \" was there a | man dismayed? not though the | soldier knew someone had | blundered. theirs not to | make reply, theirs not to | reason why, theirs but to | do and die. see the pattern there? the stressed syllables come at the beginning and in the middle of the line. they are always followed by two unstressed ( or less stressed ) syllables. try saying that first line out loud : \" for - ward, the / light bri - gade! \" hear that rhythm? dum - da - da dum - da - da. see how we ' ve split the lines up with slashes? those little groups of syllables between the slashes are called \" feet \" ( silly, we know, but that ' s how it is ). when the feet look like this \u2013 with a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables \u2013 we call that a dactyl. when there are two feet per line, that ' s called dimeter. so the full, fancy english teacher name for the rhythm of this poem is dactylic dimeter. snazzy terminology is all well and good, but what we really want is for you to be able to hear that steady", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5083766788847534, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.302800"} {"text": "women have played a unique role in the history of clothing manufacture in the united states. during the american revolution, white women \u2014 and, in the case of slaveowning families, black female slaves \u2014 wove homespun clothing in order to sustain colonial boycotts on manufactured english goods. female slaves were an integral part of the cotton cultivation and harvesting that produced the raw materials for textile production during the antebellum period. after emancipation, black women continued their integral role in cotton production as sharecroppers, either working the fields alongside their husbands or providing the childcare and cooking that sustained their husbands and children in the fields. black women also worked as laundresses throughout the south and in other areas, since it was one of the few paid occupations considered \" low \" enough for black women. in 1840, lower - and middle - class women made up almost half of manufacturing workers in the nation, and two - thirds of those in new england. 172 these young women moved to factory towns like lynn, massachusetts and lived in same - sex dormitories with strict schedules and curfews ; they usually sent most or all of their meager earnings home to support their families. in the late nineteenth century, poor women \u2014 primarily immigrants \u2014 who came to america from southern and eastern europe toiled in the garment industry, centered in new york city. they worked endless hours from home doing outwork ( or piecework ), in which they were paid by the number of items they sewed in a given time period. advocates claimed that such work remunerated employees in accordance with their ability, while opponents argued that piecework encouraged quantity at the expense of quality and forced workers to the limits of endurance in order to make a living wage. women doing outwork had to pay for their own supplies ; a heavy investment, especially when it came to the purchase of an expensive sewing machine. thus some of the earliest workers ' protests centered on the heavy burden of having to buy those machines. other textile and apparel workers labored outside the home in unsanitary, dangerous sweatshops for low wages. shoe and clothing manufacturers no longer apprenticed young artisans, teaching them how to make an entire shoe or shirt ; instead workers were trained in how to sew or stitch a single piece ( like a shirt collar, a shirtwaist, or a part of a shoe ), and they were only paid for that piece, not for the sale of the final finished product. they had no marketable skills, and were therefore easily replaced and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.432464380387823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.314332"} {"text": "like a shirt collar, a shirtwaist, or a part of a shoe ), and they were only paid for that piece, not for the sale of the final finished product. they had no marketable skills, and were therefore easily replaced and seldom promoted. one sweatshop typical of the late nineteenth - century period was located at 23 - 29 washington place, at the northern corner of washington square east in manhattan. it was called the triangle waist company, a shirtwaist manufacturer. the building owners subcontracted their work out to men who then paid their workers any wage they chose, since there was, until 1938, no federally mandated minimum wage. clearly this system enabled the owners of the factory to maintain a comfortable measure of ignorance as to the real workings of the sweatshops that produced their rigid quotas, while workers were exploited in terrible working conditions with long hours ( as many as 70 hours a week ) and no overtime pay. most of these workers had no choice ; they were immigrants or otherwise unskilled or impoverished, and desperately needed the work. they were also afraid to unionize, or they simply did not have the requisite english language skills to do so. at triangle, shirtwaist makers toiled ten to twelve hours a day. supervisors watched the workers constantly ; if they talked, whistled, or sang on the job, were a few minutes late to work, or missed a sunday shift, their pay was docked. as historian alice kessler - harris has explained, \" women ' s industries like clothing and textiles became centers of strike activity, \" in part because of the deplorable working conditions but also because of the advertising of the fashion industry itself. the garment producers had created their own paradox : they sought ever - increasing production output at the cheapest possible wages by exploiting their labor force as much as possible, yet in order to sell their products, they marketed a glamorous lifestyle filled with extravagance and ease. female garment workers compared their unclean, unsafe, and exhausting working conditions with the luxurious world showcased all around them in radio advertisements and popular magazines. kessler - harris explains that \" much of urban america had already begun to absorb the values of consumerism, \" and female workers \" increasingly began to demand their share of material benefits. \" 173 in 1909, 400 workers \u2014 mostly jewish women \u2014 reached their limit and spontaneously walked out of the triangle shirtwaist factory. organized by the international ladies ' garment workers union ( ilgwu ) and with help from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49904908468657283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.315420"} {"text": "of material benefits. \" 173 in 1909, 400 workers \u2014 mostly jewish women \u2014 reached their limit and spontaneously walked out of the triangle shirtwaist factory. organized by the international ladies ' garment workers union ( ilgwu ) and with help from the progressive middle - class members of the women ' s trade union league ( wtul ), this spontaneous eruption of discontent grew into a general strike of shirtwaist makers, and the largest women ' s strike in american history. the strike lasted for thirteen weeks ; 20, 000 people ultimately walked out on their jobs, shutting down the industry. news on the strike was printed in english, italian, and yiddish, reflecting the diversity of the city and its workers. thousands of activists marched arm - in - arm on city hall, and dozens of women were beaten by hostile police, arrested, and even carted off to blackwell ' s island as workhouse prisoners. the workers won widespread public support and as time dragged on, many small and medium shops settled with the union ' s wage and hour demands. the agreements varied, but generally they involved an employer ' s recognition of worker ' s union, an arbitration process to determine piece rates, and an end to the policy of charging workers for needles, thread, and electricity. on 15 february 1910, the ilgwu called off the strike and declared victory, having won 320 separate signed contracts with various employers. yet the union ' s success was hollow ; there was no industry - wide agreement to enforce these individual shop contracts, and the 70 large manufacturers who dominated the garment industry \u2014 including triangle shirtwaist \u2014 had not made any agreements by strike ' s end. 174 just a year later, on 25 march 1911, a fire broke out in the supposedly \" fireproof \" asch building where triangle waist company occupied the eighth, ninth, and tenth floors. the shirtwaists that hung on lines above the workers ' heads and the shirtwaist cuttings that littered the floors quickly ignited, allowing the blaze to spread rapidly through the building. as one reporter described, the sewing machines were \" placed so closely together that there was hardly aisle room for the girls between them. \" 175 the workers had been locked inside the factory, a standard practice that the owners employed \u2014 supposedly to prevent theft. this policy turned out to be deadly when the fire broke out, as it trapped the workers inside the burning building. a few made it down the stairs, but flames soon blocked that exit route. there was one small fire escape in the corner of the building, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4925402618494676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.317764"} {"text": "out to be deadly when the fire broke out, as it trapped the workers inside the burning building. a few made it down the stairs, but flames soon blocked that exit route. there was one small fire escape in the corner of the building, but not everyone could make it down. many women, desperate and suffocating from the fire ' s dense black smoke, stepped out on the ledge and plunged 100 feet to their deaths. fire ladders extended up towards some of the women, but were not high enough to reach them. bodies soon littered washington place and greene street. others stayed in the factory and burned alive. of 500 shirtwaist makers who reported to work that awful day, 146 died in the blaze, all within half an hour. as the new york times reported the next day, most of the victims were \" girls from 16 to 23 years of age... most of them could barely speak english. many of them came from brooklyn. almost all were the main support of their hard - working families. \" 176 new yorkers and americans across the country were shocked by the tragedy. only a handful of the triangle workers were ilgwu members, and triangle shirtwaist was a non - union shop. unions capitalized on this fact, using the disaster to illustrate their contention that an organized workforce could demand safer working conditions. several unions, including the ilgwu, the wtul, and the united hebrew trades formed the joint relief committee, which raised relief money \u2014 some $ 30, 000 \u2014 for fire survivors and their families. the ilgwu organized a rally to protest the unsafe working conditions that created the disaster, and the women ' s trade union league collected testimonies and campaigned for an investigation of the working conditions at triangle. within a month, new york ' s governor appointed the factory investigating commission, which held a series of hearings over five years and helped to pass groundbreaking factory safety legislation. eight months after the fire, a jury acquitted building owners max blanck and isaac harris of any wrongdoing. despite subsequent gains in workplace safety legislation, sweatshops continue to plague the garment and textile manufacturing industries, both at home and abroad. the u. s. department of labor has conducted several studies in the twenty - first century, finding that 67 % of los angeles garment factories and 63 % of new york garment factories violate minimum wage and overtime laws. in los angeles, 98 % of garment factories have workplace health and safety problems serious enough to lead to severe injuries or death. abroad, the situation is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46928118177576955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.319041"} {"text": "of los angeles garment factories and 63 % of new york garment factories violate minimum wage and overtime laws. in los angeles, 98 % of garment factories have workplace health and safety problems serious enough to lead to severe injuries or death. abroad, the situation is even worse ; workers in northern mexico have seen manufacturers migrate even farther south, where wages are lower and labor protections often go unenforced. one 2002 los angeles times article profiled a mother of five in a mexican border town two hours southwest of san antonio, a woman who earned about $ 55 a week sewing cloth bags at a local factory. just two years earlier, the same woman had been able to earn twice that amount sewing jeans in a levi ' s ' factory, but that plant had shut down and moved its jobs to central america and asia. the same article profiled lisa rahman, a 19 - year - old garment factory worker in dhaka, bangladesh, who made fifteen cents an hour in 2002. she could only afford to eat chicken along with her usual meal of rice about once every two months, had never gone to school, ridden a bicycle or seen a movie, and lived with her parents and two young relatives in one room amid the slums. she often worked from 8 a. m. until 10 p. m., seven days a week, and had done so since she was ten years old. one of lisa ' s most recent jobs had been making a winnie the pooh shirt that the walt disney company sold in the united states for $ 17. 99. in the wake of the negative publicity generated by the article, disney ' s licensee subsequently suspended its work at that factory ; licensees in today ' s globalized garment industry work much the same way as subcontractors did in triangle shirtwaist company. disney remains at least partially removed from the manufacturing process \u2014 and such scandals \u2014 if the responsibility for working conditions and wages is passed onto their licensees. 177 anti - sweatshop activists invoke human rights as the central principle of their cause. sweatshops, they argue, not only take the place of domestic jobs in the u. s., but they employ desperately poor people in working conditions that are often unsafe, unclean, and exploitative. \" in the cold war, \" explained michael posner, head of the lawyers committee for human rights, \" the main issue was how do you hold governments accountable when they violate laws and norms. today the emerging issue is how do you hold private companies accountable for the treatment of their workers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43365491959075314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.320108"} {"text": "explained michael posner, head of the lawyers committee for human rights, \" the main issue was how do you hold governments accountable when they violate laws and norms. today the emerging issue is how do you hold private companies accountable for the treatment of their workers at a time when government control is ebbing all over the world, or governments themselves are going into business and can ' t be expected to play the watchdog or protection role. \" 178 activists also argue that americans have the power to determine \" what comes into our country. \" the union of needletrades, industrial and textile employees ( or unite, which merged with the hotel employees and restaurant employees international union \u2014 or here \u2014 in 2004 ) has represented most american apparel workers in recent lawsuits. jay mazur, unite ' s retired president, compares sweatshop - produced goods to cocaine, and argues that if we can legislate against the latter, we can also legislate against the former. 179 in april 2003, the 600 - member american apparel and footwear association called on the u. s. government to ban imports of apparel, textiles and footwear from the asian country of myanmar ( a. k. a. burma ), where a military regime had seized power and was committing numerous human rights abuses, including the use of forced labor and child labor. association president kevin burke explained why his group of retailers \u2014 who would benefit from the lower labor costs under such oppressive regimes \u2014 took the unprecedented step of calling for federal action : myanmar ' s military junta had expressed a \" total disdain \" for basic human rights, and by allowing the country ' s rulers \" to produce products and send them here, we ' re putting money in their pocket while they ' re taking money out of other people ' s pockets and abusing them. \" 180 thus the amount of net gain from cheap labor does not always prove worthwhile for retailers, if the bad press from countries like myanmar provokes consumer boycotts on stores that carry the sweatshop - produced goods. yet the lure of inexpensive goods and maximized profit margins remains very strong. despite u. s. efforts to isolate the myanmar government and ban new investment in the country, in 2002, the u. s. imported $ 350 million in goods from myanmar, mostly apparel and textiles. 181 despite the manifest problems with sweatshop labor, observers like new york economist michael m. weinstein argue that it would be \" unconscionable to clamp down on sweatshops \" that make foreign worker ' s lives \" better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4757123685274291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.321193"} {"text": "your guide to organic foods the demand for organic foods continues to grow in the u. s. if you ' re like many american consumers, you want foods that are high in nutrition and safe for you and your family. the term organic sounds as though it fits the bill, but is it really superior to nonorganic foods? although words like natural and whole can be used freely to advertise foods, the term organic can only be used to describe foods that meet specific standards set by the usda. in fact, calling food organic without meeting usda standards can mean a fine of up to $ 10, 000 for each violation. what does organic mean? fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy products, and meat can all be certified as organic if they meet fda requirements for growth, handling, and processing. here is what organic really means : compost and manure are used instead of chemical fertilizers. special insects and birds are used to reduce pests and disease instead of insecticides. crops are hand - weeded or rotated to reduce weeds instead of using chemical herbicides. animals are fed only organic products, allowed access to the outdoors, and not given antibiotics or hormones. in order to be certified organic, 95 percent of a product ' s ingredients must be organic. some products, such as eggs, fruits, and vegetables, can claim to be 100 percent organic. product labels may read \" made with organic ingredients \" if they are at least 70 percent organic. the terms hormone - free, free - range, and all - natural may be important to you as well, but they are not the same as organic. the benefits of organic foods although easier to find now than in the past, organic foods are still not as readily available and may be more expensive than nonorganic foods. are the benefits worth the extra cost and effort? the usda hasn ' t stated that organic foods are safer or more nutritious than other foods, but here are some reasons why you might want to consider them : fewer pesticides. although the small amount of pesticide residue found on conventionally grown produce is negligible, use of organic produce lowers the overall exposure to pesticides in our environment. this may be especially important for women who are pregnant or nursing and young children. lowered antibiotic resistance risk. some studies suggest that eating meat from animals treated with antibiotics may contribute to antibiotic resistance in humans. better for the environment. organically grown goods require less energy than conventional agriculture. organically managed soil also holds more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46200824075171204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.324576"} {"text": ". lowered antibiotic resistance risk. some studies suggest that eating meat from animals treated with antibiotics may contribute to antibiotic resistance in humans. better for the environment. organically grown goods require less energy than conventional agriculture. organically managed soil also holds more carbon dioxide. these factors may help lower the greenhouse gasses that can cause global warming. more opportunities for growers. organic food production has allowed small - and medium - sized farms and food producers to compete with big food and agricultural corporations. shopping for organic foods organic foods used to be hard to find and were usually expensive. that is now changing. although organic food still makes up only a small percentage of all food sold in the u. s., sales have increased by about 20 percent every year since 1990. organic foods are primarily available in specialty markets, farmers ' markets, and natural food chains, but for the past decade, many organic foods have also been sold in supermarkets. in fact, 73 percent of grocery stores now sell some organic foods. ( you can identify it by the usda organic label. ) if you are concerned about food safety, nutrition, and the environment, organic foods may be well worth the extra investment. some people also buy organic because they think it simply tastes better. that is a question you will have to decide for yourself.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42936711945845685, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.325063"} {"text": "pileated woodpeckers a mainstay in the mountainswritten by george ellison the tapping of pileateds... means attachment to a nest site and attachment of the members of a pair to each other... when one pair of pileateds is especially excited about meeting its mate, it bends its head and bill far back, waving them back and forth in an arc of 45 - degrees as it jerks its whole body in what i call a \u2018 bill - waving dance. \u2019 thus, they keep their pair bonds strong with small ceremonies. \u2014 lawrence kilham, \u201c on watching birds \u201d ( 1988 ) here in the smokies region there are six woodpecker species one can anticipate encountering on a regular basis. red - headed woodpeckers are sometimes reported, but i have only seen a few in the years that i \u2019 ve resided here. my favorite among this tribe is the pileated woodpecker. the common name can be correctly pronounced as either \u201c pi - lee - a - tid \u201d or \u201c pill - ee - a - tid. \u201d \u201c pileated \u201d indicates the bird has a crest on its head. the word derives from a skullcap ( a \u201c pileaus \u201d ) worn in ancient rome. male and female pileateds can be easily distinguished : males sport red mustaches and full - red crests on their heads, while females display black mustaches and half - red, half - black crests. unlike the larger 21 - inch - long ivory - billed woodpecker, the pileated proved adaptable to environmental changes wrought by man so that it has \u2014 after a period of setbacks \u2014 become a commonplace feature of both our backcountry and community woodlands. spotting one of these 19 - inch - long crow - sized birds isn \u2019 t at all uncommon. when you do flush one, it will sound loud \u201c yucca, yucca, yucca \u201d calls and flash its vivid white under - wing markings. the mainstays of the big bird \u2019 s diet are ants and other wood - boring insects. matchbook - size chips of bark and wood chiseled from a feeding tree or log are sure signs of its presence. using its tail for support, the bird can back down a tree as easily as it can climbup a tree. the species usually mates in february and then spends most of march digging a nest cavity. the rectangular entrance hole ( other woodpeckers excavate entrance holes that are more or less round )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45499043739317324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.328972"} {"text": "tree as easily as it can climbup a tree. the species usually mates in february and then spends most of march digging a nest cavity. the rectangular entrance hole ( other woodpeckers excavate entrance holes that are more or less round ) will be located anywhere from 10 to 75 feet above ground. after the three to five eggs are laid in mid - april, incubation requires about 18 days. pileateds will often return to the same nest tree year after year, but a new nesting cavity is usually excavated each season. if you attempt to climb the nest tree and look through the entrance hole at the baby birds, it \u2019 s not unlikely that the parents will attack you with their formidable beaks. a mother pileated has been photographed retrieving her eggs from a nest tree that was blown down. shortly after the tree fell, she transferred the clutch of three to a new site. one of the advantages of being a permanent resident rather than a migratory species is that individual birds can keep up with their mates from season to season. a lot of the ritual activity associated with pileateds, especially during the fall season, has to do with maintaining ongoing relationships. the online \u201c birds of north america \u201d ( available by subscription ) provides additional background : \u201c when a mate dies, the surviving bird remains in the territory and seeks a new mate from adjacent areas. once established, the pair defends the territory by drumming, calling, and chasing off intruders. a pair of pileated woodpeckers evicted young bluebirds from a nest cavity used by the woodpeckers the previous year and then enlarged the cavity and nested in it. \u201c reactions to climbing snakes vary from concern to possible nest abandonment. based on video camera data at 32 pileated woodpecker nests in arkansas, black rat snakes entered 14 nest cavities. adults ejected snakes at eight cavities, though the snake returned to 5 cavities. nestlings fledged from only three of the 14 cavities with rat snake attacks. adults appeared able to eject snakes that were smaller than 60 inches in length from nest cavities. \u201d let \u2019 s close with this little poem by maxwell corydon wheat jr., that i happened upon on the i - net : pileated woodpecker \u2026 dressed for his coronation in ebony cape, but would royalty be caught backing down a dead hickory.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39002688324849627, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.329966"} {"text": "view the full details of our 2009 best solar practice award. download now at solartech we provide our clients with ground source heat pumps. ground source heat pumps work by collecting the heat from underneath the ground and transferring this into usable heat through the use of a heat pump. his type of method is quite similar to a refrigerator working in reverse. the heat that is generated through can be used for domestic hot water or heating an area of space. the ground source heat pump cycle is highly efficient and delivers up to 4kw of heat energy for every kw of energy input into the system. air source heat pumps capture the heat from air instead of from the ground, as a ground source heat pump would do. but although air source heat pumps are efficient they only deliver around 3kw for every kw of energy that is inputted into the system. the cost of ground source heat pump can be slightly higher compared to air source heat pumps but produces more kw. although the unit will take up for space compared to an air source unit, but our designers will advise you on what will be the most cost effective and efficient for your individual needs. the advantage with having air or ground source heat pump systems is that they can also be integrated with solar panel systems, solar hot water heating systems and they work well with under floor heating. ground source heat pumps have proven to provide new homes with useful heating. the renewable heat incentive is a government scheme that has been set up to support the uptake of renewable energy systems. rhi payments will apply if you have had a air or ground source heat pump system installed. any installations that have been done after july 29, 2011 are entitled to receiving \u00a31250 premium payment and then from october 2012 will receive ongoing rhi payments. if you require more information then please visit our funding page. the city of coventry has achieved national notoriety for several reasons, most proudly as the home of jaguar cars but also thanks to enduring heavy bombing through the second world war. coventry is also the subject of two intriguing bits of trivia, it is the british city furthest from the coast and was also the first ' twin ' town, twinning with stalingrad during wwii. we cover the whole of the uk and take pride in knowing our industry as well as you know your town. if you live in coventry, leicester or the surrounding areas and would like to find out more about how renewable energy can save you money and help you live a greener lifestyle call us today on 0845 838 2477. at solartech our advisors can guide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5376780938078127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.333215"} {"text": "a solar panel is generally made up of three strings, with either 16 or 24 solar cells arranged in series. a special bypass diodebypass diode when the solar cell is partially or completely shaded - e. g. by a chimney -, less power will flow through the modules. switching in sequence in the module heats up the shaded cell and may destroy it ( hot - spot effect ). bypass diodes protect shaded cells. a solar module has one to three bypass diodes, depending on cell number. secures each individual string, preventing a drop in output in the event of shade. high yields are possible if the solar panels are arranged optimally and used in combination with high - quality solar plant components. the quality of the panels is determined by a number of factors : - high percentage rating : the panel efficiencyefficiency the efficiencies achieved with solar cells in photovoltaics range from a few percent ( e. g. about 6 percent for cadmium - telluride solar modules ) up to more than 35 percent ( concentrator multi - layer lab version ) or 40 percent ( cis - based thin - film module ). the efficiencies of common solar modules on the market are between 6 percent ( silicon - based thin - film modules ) and 20 percent ( monocrystalline modules ). rating gives the amount of sunlight that can be utilised technically as a percentage of all of the incoming sunlight. - temperature measurement : the output of the panel is dependent on its temperature. a value of - 0. 5 % is tolerated per degree celsius. the closer this value is to zero, the better. - peak output : the panel \u2019 s nominal output is given in watt - peak. it describes the output achieved under standard test conditionsstandard test conditions to determine the rated output of a pv module, standardised conditions must be complied with in the lab. this includes : irradiation power ( global irradiation ) of 1000w / m\u00b2 at precisely vertical incidence of light, a cell temperature of 25\u00b0 c, irradiation range according to am ( air mass ) 1. 5. when the sun is at the zenith at the equator, the irradiation range is am 1. 0. an am of 1. 5 is assumed to be the annual average for europe.. this value can be used to find the optimum plant set - up. - tolerance levels : the manufacturer provides a set tolerance for how far the nominal value is allowed to differ from the actual output", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5242848241140301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.337668"} {"text": "is assumed to be the annual average for europe.. this value can be used to find the optimum plant set - up. - tolerance levels : the manufacturer provides a set tolerance for how far the nominal value is allowed to differ from the actual output. differences of ( + / - ) per cent are in the normal range. - test mark : all products are tested by independent institutes such as tuv rheinland. the test mark proves that the panels are fit to withstand the whole range of possible weather conditions. - operational readiness : the guaranteed service life for the solar panels is between 10 and 25 years. the actual service life generally exceeds this amount. poly - or monocrystallinemonocrystalline the efficiency of monocrystalline solar cells is at 14 - 20 %. they can be recognised by their dark grey colour. material pieces that consist of a single crystal throughout and therefore have a regular crystal alignment are called monocrystalline ( e. g. a silicon block ). cells : these solar panels achieve higher yields and are more efficient. whether you have decided on autonomous power supply or grid feed - in, the panels are the most important part of a photovoltaicphotovoltaic the term photovoltaic ( pv ) is made up of photon ( greek for light ) and the name of physicist alessandro volta ( volt ). photovoltaic ( solar power ) is the direct conversion of light power into electrical power or generation of power from sunlight. light power ( photons ) hit the silicon crystal grid of a doped semi - conductor, releasing charge carriers that can be used for power generation. plant and must therefore meet the strictest quality requirements. our panels are flexible and are available in various sizes ; we can offer you an optimum panel solution that meets your specific requirements.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5316045400390218, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.338508"} {"text": "- the enterprise - the recorder fisheries scientists are conducting a study on atlantic menhaden that will help identify the balance between harvesting and preserving the species. atlantic menhaden, described as \u201c small, oily fish \u201d that migrate along the east coast, are the \u201c favorite menu item of prized rockfish, \u201d and have a high commercial value, according to a statement the university of maryland center for environmental science. currently, the menhaden population is at its lowest point in more than 50 years due to harvesting and predation, the statement says. but fisheries scientists from umces are investigating the balance between fishing for atlantic menhaden and the value the fish has in the ecosystem, thanks to a grant from the lenfest ocean program. the lenfest ocean program \u201c funds scientific research on policy - relevant topics concerning the world \u2019 s oceans and communicates the results of the supported research to decision makers and other interested audiences, \u201d according to its website. according to umces, the study \u2019 s goal is to help develop fishing management guidelines to ensure the menhaden survives. \u201c management of menhaden has become very controversial because of different views of how we allocate menhaden between commercial and bait fisheries and those left in the ocean to serve as prey for striped bass and other predators, \u201d tom miller, the study \u2019 s lead researcher and director of the umces chesapeake biological laboratory in solomons, said in the statement. \u201c we \u2019 re trying to estimate from a scientific viewpoint how much we need to leave for the predators to fulfill other important roles in the ecosystem. \u201d atlantic menhaden are \u201c subject to all kinds of pressures, \u201d said team member edward houde, a professor with umces who specializes in forage fish ecology and ecosystem - based fisheries management. the fish is a crucial food source for large fish and marine mammals and sea birds, according to the statement. in addition, menhaden are harvested for bait in crab and lobster fisheries, and more than 300 million pounds are caught every year and processed into meal and oil for livestock food, and omega - 3 fish oil supplements. the two - year study, which began dec. 1, is intended to help fishery managers at the atlantic states marine fisheries commission and the state fishery management agencies develop ecosystem - based reference points for the menhaden. houde explained that the reference points are meant to lower the fishing mortality rate while increasing the menhaden population. \u201c the previous reference points are not as precautionary as they should be, \u201d he said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44902111426382973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.340959"} {"text": "maloti - drakensberg transfrontier park did you know? the drakensberg is home to the oldest fossilised dinosaur eggs in the world. on the lower slopes of the maloti - drakensberg transfrontier park, which straddles the border between south africa and lesotho, you will spot small herds of eland that seasonally migrate between the higher slopes of the berg and the sweeter grasses of the plains. this is just one of lesotho and south africa ' s transfrontier park success stories. through the collaboration between the two countries, animal populations in this mountain paradise have rallied and today large troops of baboons roam the mountainside and there are regular sightings of blesbok, oribi, duiker and, occasionally, the elusive leopard. the wildlife is just one of the attractions of this drakensberg transfrontier nature reserve. for many, the main feature is the mountain range itself - one of the most important water catchments in southern africa. the maloti - drakensberg transfrontier park boasts some of the most spectacular mountain scenery in the world. this distinctive landscape is not only home to many species of animals and birds, it is also home to the highest concentrations of rock - art south of the sahara. there are approximately 600 known sites and almost 40 000 individual images, painted by the indigenous inhabitants of the area over a period of at least 4 000 years the transfrontier commitment between south africa and lesotho is more than a decade old and continuous efforts are being made to improve access to the area, known for its fabulous hiking trails and endless views. other attractions in the area include important palaeontological sites, such as the site where the oldest fossilised dinosaur eggs in the world were found, and key sites of late iron age settlements that define basotho origins. south africa and lesotho are currently working on a 20 - year strategy to guide their partnership. travel tips & planning info who to contact mr chaba mokuku, project coordinator tel : + 266 ( 22 ) 312 662", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4302383250628009, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.343660"} {"text": "space station to spread last solar wings the international space station ' s last set of u. s. solar arrays are slightly deployed in this predawn view from exterior cameras caught on march 20, 2009. the arrays were to be fully extended later that day. credit : nasa tv. this story was updated at 12 : 22 p. m. edt. after more than a decade of construction, the international space station is spreading its last pair of solar wings friday as astronauts and mission control watch with bated breath. the new u. s. - built solar arrays are the final piece of the $ 100 billion space station? s power grid. astronauts attached them to the starboard side of the orbiting laboratory in a thursday spacewalk, but the real test comes later today, when they push the button inside that will remotely unfurl the power - generating solar wings. the last time astronauts attempted to unfold similar arrays, one of the wings snagged on a guide wire and ripped, sending engineers on earth scrambling for a fix. spacewalking astronauts ultimately stitched the tear back together and the wing has been working ever since. nasa, and the shuttle discovery astronauts who delivered the new $ 298 million solar arrays, are hoping for less drama today.? we have made solar array deploys exciting in the past,? said dan hartmann, head of nasa? s space station mission management team, late thursday, adding that his team will be on edge.? pins and needles? yes, a little bit? it? s kind of the nature of the game.? the 115 - foot ( 35 - meter ) long solar arrays are vital since they will complete the station? s power grid, boosting the current system by 25 percent, hartmann said. their installation thursday completed the station? s 335 - foot ( 102 - meter ) backbone, which supports the outpost? s railcar, robotic arm base and three other sets of expansive solar arrays. in all, the station is designed use all four sets of solar wings to produce enough electricity to power 42 houses on earth, nasa has said. astronauts and scientists are counting on that power supply so they can ramp up science operations and double the station? s crew size up to six people later this year. this last set of solar wings should generate about 36 kilowatts total, 15 kilowatts of which is reserved for science. it would double the current science power supply, mission managers said. and when the new solar arrays are deployed, the station will finally look like the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.467161248773663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.351880"} {"text": "generate about 36 kilowatts total, 15 kilowatts of which is reserved for science. it would double the current science power supply, mission managers said. and when the new solar arrays are deployed, the station will finally look like the nearly complete orbital outpost depicted in artist illustrations throughout its 10 - year construction history.? we? re looking forward to it,? hartmann said.? there will be all kinds of emotions and, hopefully, jubilation at the end.? flight controllers on earth extended each of the new solar arrays just slightly in the predawn hours early friday. astronauts aboard the docked discovery and station began the deployment process in full at 11 : 06 a. m. edt ( 1506 gmt ). solar wing challenges the space station? s new solar wings are mostly folded up, much like an accordion or an oversized map, inside a set of storage boxes on the starboard edge of the outpost? s backbone - like main truss. they? ve been locked away in those boxes for years - one for longer than any of the station? s seven other wings - and astronauts fully expect their folds to stick together. nasa has seen the phenomenon - which it calls? stiction? - before, in 2000. that glitch, too, required a spacewalk fix. now, nasa deploys solar arrays in stages, giving each wing time to warm up so they are less conducive to sticking.? we are a little concerned because these arrays have been in the box longer than others,? said discovery astronaut john phillips before flight. phillips will be the one with his finger on the button, in charge of unfurling the solar arrays or hitting the emergency stop if things go awry. but he is not the lone solar wing sentinel, space station flight director kwatsi alibaruho told reporters late thursday. all 10 shuttle and station astronauts will be watching, either through windows, cameras or on computer screens. a host of engineers will be backing them up on earth, staring at the same views on consoles in mission control at nasa? s johnson space center in houston. the goal, alibaruho said, is to be ready to spot any rip, tear or glitch from the past, or something new and unexpected, as early as possible. there is a time limit too : about five hours. in order to orient the new solar arrays so they warm up - to reduce stiction - the station has to fly in a less optimal orientation. the position can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4918355107215613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.352915"} {"text": "unexpected, as early as possible. there is a time limit too : about five hours. in order to orient the new solar arrays so they warm up - to reduce stiction - the station has to fly in a less optimal orientation. the position can lead to communications drop outs and expose some parts of the station to extreme cold, while risking overheating in others. mission control wants to maintain constant communications while the arrays are being extended.? right now, the biggest threat that i see, barring some problem with the mechanism, are gaps in communications,? alibaruho said.? we may simply not get through the deployment of both solar arrays before we? re required by our mission rules to maneuver back to equilibrium.? if discovery astronauts are unable to completely extend the arrays today, there is some extra time on sunday, which is when they were initially due to be unfurled. mission managers moved the deployment to today to fill in time originally reserved for an extra shuttle heat shield inspection that was no longer needed. while the solar arrays are extended outside the station, astronauts plan to make repairs to the outpost? s urine recycling system inside the orbital lab. the spaceflyers will install a new centrifuge to distill urine back into drinking water. the system is part of a larger water recycler that converts urine, astronaut sweat and condensation back into pure water for drinking, food preparation and bathing. the fix is in even of discovery? s crew hits a snag in today? s solar wing deployment, mission managers have a stockpile of repair methods and tools cobbled together from previous missions.? all those tricks are in our hip pocket, all those tools are in our bag,? discovery? s lead spacewalk officer glenda laws - brown said thursday night.? we have trained the crews on all those prior techniques.? discovery launched toward the station late sunday on a 13 - day mission to swap out a member of the outpost? s crew and deliver the new solar arrays truss. two of the mission? s three spacewalks remain. four were originally planned, but nasa trimmed the flight due to launch delays in order to complete the construction work and depart the station before the launch of a previously scheduled russian soyuz spacecraft next week. laws - brown said she was confident the solar arrays would be unfurled successfully. watching their installation during thursday? s spacewalk felt like being at the start of a rollercoaster, she added.? it? s exciting and you? re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4980247526780399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.353904"} {"text": "hobbes doctrine the leviathan based on his social contract theories. as the book was written in the midst of a civil war much of it focuses on the need of a strong central authority to avoid discord and civil war. in his leviathan hobbes hypothesizes what life would be like without government, also known as state of nature. in this state each person would have a certain right, or license to all. this would eventually lead to a \u201c bellum omnium contra omnes \u201d or war against all, and people would love solitary, poor, short lives. in order to avoid this he states that man needs to agree to a social contract and establish civil society. hobbes states that \u201c society is a population beneath a sovereign authority, to whom all individuals in that society cede their natural rights for the sake of protection \u201d. this means that man gives up some of his natural right to the sovereign in exchange for protection and order, and any misuse of this power is to be acknowledged as the price of peace, although in extreme cases rebellion is to be expected. the sovereign is in charge of and must control civil, military, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers. to prove this hobbes said \" if men are naturally in a state of war, why do they always carry arms and why do they have keys to lock their doors? \" hobbes believed that everyone was basically selfish beings who would do anything to benefit their own personal position, and if left alone would act upon evil impulses. he believed this to be... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2009, 11 ). source analysis thomas hobbes. studymode. com. retrieved 11, 2009, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / source - analysis - thomas - hobbes - 248668. html \" source analysis thomas hobbes \" studymode. com. 11 2009. 11 2009 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / source - analysis - thomas - hobbes - 248668. html >. \" source analysis thomas hobbes. \" studymode. com. 11, 2009. accessed 11, 2009. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / source - analysis - thomas - hobbes - 248668. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5112908287249261, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.356207"} {"text": "time advantagetime advantage is created when one of the business processes is faster than the other in achieving the same result. time advantage is best exemplified with the time to market examples. time advantage is typically created through careful analysis of all the activities supporting a process and elimination of those that don \u2019 t add any value to the process, but only add lead time. time advantage can create product premiums, increased revenues, longer product life cycles, and intangible differentiator levers ( such as brand value or an image of being innovative or agile ). it becomes a competitive advantage when the firm develops processes that will enable it to quickly introduce new products in the market and portray the company as a pioneer and when the firm \u2019 s business strategy leverages such differentiation through a premium brand image to grow market share and increase revenues. cost advantagecost advantage is created when the superior business process is cheaper to operate than the inferior other. cost advantage can be created through elimination of waste from the process, but also by optimizing the process within the process constraints. a lot of supply chain processes fall in this category and can provide finite cost advantages when implemented correctly. inventory planning processes within the supply chain function is a good example in this category. or, in a manufacturing industry, cost advantages may arise from better manufacturing process, cheaper inputs, or higher levels of automation that increase efficiency. reducing set - up change time, reducing the frequency of such changes, and increasing batch sizes are several commonly used methods to reduce per unit manufacturing costs. however, a superior manufacturing process will potentially have a comparable cost structure, but allow for short batch sizes to enable flexible factory schedules. every revised iteration of the original business process can potentially improve the existing cost structure and provide a continued superiority afforded by the process. these improvements are necessary to sustain the advantage over time. cost advantage allows the company to become more profitable or expand its market share. efficiency advantageefficiency advantage is created when the superior business processes provide higher throughput. throughput measures the output of a process per unit time. sometimes, efficiency may mean asset utilization, such as the utilization of the assembly line in a manufacturing context, blast furnace utilization in steel production, or a jockey \u2019 s utilization in the warehouse of a retailer. assets in the context of efficiency can be people, machinery, or technology, anything that it costs to maintain and provides a useful function in the business process. the efficiency advantage can be created by automating, simplifying, or expediting a process. efficiency advantage normally results in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5192051046208471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.361076"} {"text": "people, machinery, or technology, anything that it costs to maintain and provides a useful function in the business process. the efficiency advantage can be created by automating, simplifying, or expediting a process. efficiency advantage normally results in more favorable cost structure and supports a cost - based business strategy. think of the flexibility as part of the efficiency advantage. after all, there is no point in efficiently building widgets that no one wants. therefore, flexibility of a process to change and adapt in response to the changes in the business environment is an advantage that should be built into the process. this flexibility in manufacturing environments typically shows up as set - up change time, while in nonmanufacturing industries, it may be the time required to respond to changing demand. quality advantagequality advantage is created when the superior business process creates fewer defects than the inferior one. quality advantage is generally a result of standardizing, automating, or simplifying a process. in the manufacturing context, a statistical process control ( spc ) that allows companies to monitor the health of the process to reduce defects is a good example of this advantage. when compared to the conventional quality control processes that detect the defects after the product has been manufactured, the spc - based approach prevents production of defective products by monitoring key process parameters. quality advantage in the nonmanufacturing context relates to the ability of a process to consistently produce the same result ( dependability and repeatability ), and this definition can be applied to any business function, such as processing customer orders, fulfilling orders from a warehouse, creating replenishment demand, customer service, and so on. quality advantage can reduce costs by preventing defects or introduce produce differentiators through better quality, such as increased customer satisfaction, customer retention, brand value, product durability, and so on. in all these cases, the quality advantage can support a business strategy by creating a differentiator with a potential value for which the buyer is ready to pay a premium. finally, for any process or capability to be able to create a real competitive advantage, the following two conditions must be fulfilled : 1. the value created through the superior process must be valuable enough to the buyer that she is ready to pay a premium for the differentiator created by this process or move her business to the firm to take advantage of this differentiator. 2. the cost of creating the process superiority must be less than the premium generated through the differentiator advantage created by the process. unless these two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5220546343411728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.362178"} {"text": "the transplant team may perform one or more of the following tests and procedures to monitor a patient ' s transplant : ultrasound - this test is performed to make sure all the main blood vessels leading to the kidney are functioning normally. this test is also used to check for collections of fluid, such as blood. the procedure consists of placing a cool gel on the patient ' s abdomen, over which a wand ( transducer ) is moved to transmit sound waves. these are converted into images of the kidney and projected onto a television screen. kidney biopsy ( test sample ) - this test is usually performed to check for rejection, or other possible problems. this may be done in the hospital or in the outpatient / short - stay unit. the patient will receive special instructions regarding the procedure. before the procedure, the patient will receive a numbing injection ( local anesthetic ) on the right side of his abdomen. then a special needle will be inserted to withdraw a small sample of kidney tissue that will be examined with a microscope. computerized tomography ( ct ) scan - this is a type of x ray that allows the physician to view the patient ' s kidney from many different angles to detect infections, fluid collections, or other problems. the procedure requires that the patient drink a liquid that outlines his stomach and intestines and makes his kidney more visible ; then he lies flat for 1 hour while the machine takes x rays around him. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) - this is another type of test that produces an image. somewhat like a ct scan, it also allows a patient ' s kidney to be viewed from different angles and in three - dimensional images. an mri shows soft tissues, such as the kidney, more clearly than a ct scan does.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.517007346640608, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.364146"} {"text": "o ' the sun and west o ' the moon why the sea is salt why the sea is salt once on a time, but it was a long, long time ago, there were two brothers, one rich and one poor. now, one christmas eve, the poor one had not so much as a crumb in the house, either of meat or bread, so he went to his brother to ask him for something with which to keep christmas. it was not the first time his brother had been forced to help him, and, as he was always stingy, he was not very glad to see him this time, but he said, \" i ' ll give you a whole piece of bacon, two loaves of bread, and candles into the bargain, if you ' ll never bother me again - but mind you don ' t set foot in my house from this day on. \" the poor brother said he wouldn ' t, thanked his brother for the help he had given him, and started on his way home. he hadn ' t gone far before he met an old, old man with a white beard, who looked so thin and worn and hungry that it was pitiful to see him. \" in heaven ' s name give a poor man a morsel to eat, \" said the old man. \" now, indeed, i have been begging myself, \" said the poor brother, \" but i ' m not so poor that i can ' t give you something on the blessed christmas eve. \" and with that he handed the old man a candle, a loaf of bread, and he was just going to cut off a slice of bacon, when the old man stopped him - \" that is enough and to spare, \" said he. \" and now, i ' ll tell you something. not far from here is the entrance to the home of the underground folks. they have a mill there which can grind out anything they wish for except bacon ; now mind you go there. when you get inside they will all want to buy your bacon, but don ' t sell it unless you get in return the mill which stands behind the door. when you come out i ' ll teach you how to handle the mill. \" so the man with the bacon thanked the other for his good advice and followed the directions which the old man had given him, and soon he stood outside the door of the hillfolk ' s home. when he got in, everything went just as the old man had said. all the hillfolk, great and small,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4321056998248506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.375762"} {"text": "followed the directions which the old man had given him, and soon he stood outside the door of the hillfolk ' s home. when he got in, everything went just as the old man had said. all the hillfolk, great and small, came swarming up to him, like ants around an ant - hill, and each tried to outbid the other for the bacon. \" well! \" said the man, \" by rights, my old dame and i ought to have this bacon for our christmas dinner ; but, since you have all set your hearts on it, i suppose i must give it up to you. now, if i sell it at all, i ' ll have for it that mill behind the door yonder. \" at first the hillfolk wouldn ' t hear of such a bargain and higgled and haggled with the man, but he stuck to what he said, and at last they gave up the mill for the bacon. when the man got out of the cave and into the woods again, he met the same old beggar and asked him how to handle the mill. after he had learned how to use it, he thanked the old man and went off home as fast as he could ; but still the clock had struck twelve on christmas eve before he reached his own door. \" wherever in the world have you been? \" said his old dame. \" here have i sat hour after hour, waiting and watching, without so much as two sticks to lay together under the christmas porridge. \" \" oh! \" said the man, \" i could not get back before, for i had to go a long way first for one thing and then for another ; but now you shall see what you shall see. \" so he put the mill on the table, and bade it first of all grind lights, then a tablecloth, then meat, then ale, and so on till they had everything that was nice for christmas fare. he had only to speak the word and the mill ground out whatever he wanted. the old dame stood by blessing her stars, and kept on asking where he had got this wonderful mill, but he wouldn ' t tell her. \" it ' s all the same where i got it. you see the mill is a good one, and the mill stream never freezes. that ' s enough. \" so he ground meat and drink and all good things to last out the whole of christmas holidays, and on the third day he asked all his friends and kin to his house", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43027046403338637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.376744"} {"text": "one, and the mill stream never freezes. that ' s enough. \" so he ground meat and drink and all good things to last out the whole of christmas holidays, and on the third day he asked all his friends and kin to his house and gave them a great feast. now, when his rich brother saw all that was on the table and all that was in the cupboards, he grew quite wild with anger, for he could not bear that his brother should have anything. \" ' twas only on christmas eve, \" he said to the rest, \" he was so poorly off that he came and begged for a morsel of food, and now he gives a feast as if he were count or a king. \" and he turned to his brother and said, \" but where in the world did you get all this wealth? \" \" from behind the door, \" answered the owner of the mill, for he did not care to tell his brother much about it. but later in the evening, when he had gotten a little too merry, he could keep his secret no longer, and he brought out the mill and said : \" there you see what has gotten me all this wealth, \" and so he made the mill grind all kinds of things. when his brother saw it, he set his heart on having the mill, and, after some talk, it was agreed that the rich brother was to get it at hay - harvest time, when he was to pay three hundred dollars for it. now, you may fancy the mill did not grow rusty for want of work, for while he had it the poor brother made it grind meat and drink that would last for years. when hay - harvest came, the rich brother got it, but he was in such a hurry to make it grind that he forgot to learn how to handle it. it was evening when the rich brother got the mill home, and next morning he told his wife to go out into the hayfield and toss hay while the mowers cut the grass, and he would stay at home and get the dinner ready. so, when dinner time drew near, he put the mill on the kitchen table and said : \" grind herrings and broth, and grind them good and fast. \" and the mill began to grind herrings and broth ; first of all the dishes full, then all the tubs full, and so on till the kitchen floor was quite covered. the man twisted and twirled at the mill to get it to stop, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47993651664324527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.377661"} {"text": "to grind herrings and broth ; first of all the dishes full, then all the tubs full, and so on till the kitchen floor was quite covered. the man twisted and twirled at the mill to get it to stop, but for all his fiddling and fumbling the mill went on grinding, and in a little while the broth rose so high that the man was nearly drowning. so he threw open the kitchen door and ran into the parlor, but it was not long before the mill had ground the parlor full too, and it was only at the risk of his life that the man could get hold of the latch of the house door through the stream of broth. when he got the door open, he ran out and set off down the road, with the stream of herrings and broth at his heels, roaring like a waterfall over the whole farm. now, his old dame, who was in the field tossing hay, thought it a long time to dinner, and at last she said : \" well! though the master doesn ' t call us home, we may as well go. maybe he finds it hard work to boil the broth, and will be glad of my help. \" the men were willing enough, so they sauntered homewards. but just as they had got a little way up the hill, what should they meet but herrings and broth, all running and dashing and splashing together in a stream, and the master himself running before them for his life, and as he passed them he called out : \" eat, drink! eat, drink! but take care you ' re not drowned in the broth. \" away he ran as fast as his legs would carry him to his brother ' s house, and begged him in heaven ' s name to take back the mill, and that at once, for, said he, \" if it grinds only one hour more, the whole parish will be swallowed up by herrings and broth. \" so the poor brother took back the mill, and it wasn ' t long before it stopped grinding herrings and broth. and now he set up a farmhouse far finer than the one in which his brother lived, and with the mill he ground so much gold that he covered it with plates of gold. and, as the farm lay by the seaside, the golden house gleamed and glistened far away over the sea. all who sailed by put ashore to see the rich man in the golden house, and to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4701642221827625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.378706"} {"text": "he covered it with plates of gold. and, as the farm lay by the seaside, the golden house gleamed and glistened far away over the sea. all who sailed by put ashore to see the rich man in the golden house, and to see the wonderful mill the fame of which spread far and wide, till there was nobody who hadn ' t heard of it. so one day there came a skipper who wanted to see the mill, and the first thing he asked was if it could grind salt. \" grind salt! \" said the owner, \" i should just think it could. it can grind anything. \" when the skipper heard that, he said he must have the mill, for if he only had it, he thought, he need not take his long voyages across stormy seas for a lading of salt. he much preferred sitting at home with a pipe and a glass. well, the man let him have it, but the skipper was in such a hurry to get away with it that he had no time to ask how to handle the mill. he got on board his ship as fast as he could and set sail. when he had sailed a good way off, he brought the mill on deck and said, \" grind salt, and grind both good and fast. \" and the mill began to grind salt so that it poured out like water, and when the skipper had got the ship full he wished to stop the mill, but whichever way he turned it, and however much he tried, it did no good ; the mill kept on grinding, and the heap of salt grew higher and higher, and at last down sank the ship. there lies the mill at the bottom of the sea, and grinds away to this very day, and that is the reason why the sea is salt - so some folks say. thorne - thomsen, gudrun. east o ' the sun and west o ' the moon. chicago : row, peterson and company, 1912.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4699519571644645, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.379907"} {"text": "most children gain reference bladder opens new window control over time without any treatment. reference bed - wetting opens new window that continues past the age that most children have nighttime bladder control \u2014 typically at 5 or 6 years of age \u2014 also will usually stop over time without treatment. if not, home treatment may be all that is needed to help a child stop wetting the bed. for more information, see the home treatment section of this topic. if home treatment is unsuccessful, if the child and parents need assistance, or if the bed - wetting may be caused by a reference medical condition, medical treatment may be helpful. medical treatment may help your child wet the bed less often or help him or her wake up to use the toilet more often. treatment for bed - wetting is based on the : - child ' s age. some treatments work better than others for children of a specific age group. - child ' s and parents ' attitudes about the bed - wetting. if gaining bladder control is seen as a normal process, it is usually easier for the child to stop bed - wetting. - home situation. if the child shares a bedroom with other children, certain techniques to arouse the child, such as some moisture alarms, may not be practical. treatment for bed - wetting may include : - reference motivational therapy. this method involves parents encouraging and reinforcing a child ' s sense of control over bed - wetting. - reference moisture alarms, which detect wetness in the child ' s underpants during sleep and sound an alarm to wake the child. - reference desmopressin and reference tricyclic antidepressants. these medicines increase the amount of urine that the bladder can hold or decrease the amount of urine released by the kidneys. treatment may be helpful if bed - wetting seems to be affecting your child ' s reference self - esteem opens new window or affecting how your child is doing with schoolwork or getting along with his or her peers. the best solution may be a combination of treatments. below are some suggestions for treatment options according to the age of your child. - ages 5 to 8 : help your child understand that wetting the bed is a normal part of growing up. encouragement and praise may be all that is needed to help your child wake up before wetting. praise and reward your child for the steps he or she takes to have dry nights. and have your child take an active role in cleaning up after wetting. - ages 8 to 11 : if your child still wets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44044982445072817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.387898"} {"text": "wake up before wetting. praise and reward your child for the steps he or she takes to have dry nights. and have your child take an active role in cleaning up after wetting. - ages 8 to 11 : if your child still wets the bed, a moisture alarm may be a successful treatment option. also, a medicine such as desmopressin can be helpful for occasional overnight events such as camp or sleepovers. - ages 12 and older : there can be significant emotional effects if bed - wetting persists at this age, so treatment can be more aggressive. if consistent use of moisture alarms does not work, the doctor may suggest medicine and / or counseling. for more information, see : what about treatment for daytime wetting? reference accidental daytime wetting may be a normal part of a child ' s development, or it may point to a medical condition. talk to your child ' s doctor if your child has daytime wetting. what to think about treatment for bed - wetting is usually not a cure. the goal is to reduce the number of times the child wets the bed and to manage the wetting until it goes away on its own. some children who finish a treatment and have dry nights for a while will start to wet the bed again. repeating treatment, especially with a moisture alarm, usually helps bring back dry nights. counseling ( psychotherapy ) may be helpful for the child who has reference secondary enuresis opens new window or for bed - wetting that is caused by emotional stress. psychotherapy involves talking with a trained counselor. the counselor helps the child identify and deal with the emotional stress that may be causing him or her to have accidental wettings. the goal is to reduce or help manage the stress or to prevent stress from occurring. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference october 24, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference susan c. kim, md - pediatrics reference thomas emmett francoeur, md, mdcm, cspq, frcpc - pediatrics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4043735373855498, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.388902"} {"text": "thrombolytic drugs for heart attack small blood vessels called coronary arteries supply blood and oxygen to the heart. - a heart attack can occur if a blood clot completely blocks one of these arteries. - unstable angina refers to chest pain and other warning signs that a heart attack may happen soon. it is most often caused by blood clots in the arteries. certain patients may be given drugs to break up the clot if the artery is completely blocked. these drugs are called thrombolytics, or clot busting drugs. - these drugs should be given within 3 hours of when the patient first felt chest pain. - the medicine is given through a vein ( iv ). - blood thinners taken by mouth may be prescribed later to prevent more clots from forming. the main risk when receiving clot busting drugs is bleeding, especially bleeding in the brain. thrombolytic therapy is not safe for people who have : - bleeding inside the head or a stroke - brain abnormalities, such as tumors or poorly formed blood vessels - had a head injury within the past 3 months - a history of using blood thinners or a bleeding disorder - had major surgery, a major injury, or internal bleeding within the past 3 - 4 weeks - peptic ulcer disease - severe high blood pressure other treatments that may be done instead of thrombolytic therapy are : - angioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked arteries that supply blood to the heart. it is often the first choice treatment. - heart bypass surgery to open narrowed or blocked arteries that supply blood to the heart may also be done. this procedure is also called \" open heart surgery. \" anderson jl, adams cd, antman em, bridges cr, califf rm, casey de jr, et al. acc / aha 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina / non - st - elevation myocardial infarction : a report of the american college of cardiology / american heart association task force on practice guidelines ( writing committee to revise the 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina / non - st - elevation myocardial infarction ) developed in collaboration with the american college of emergency physicians, the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions, and the society of thoracic surgeons endorsed bythe american association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation and the society for academic emergency medicine. j am coll cardiol. 2007 ; 50 ( 7 ) : e1 - e157. antman em", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4588596146229702, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.392407"} {"text": "please note : pricing and availability are subject to change without notice. let your imagination run wild as you use your mouse to create an animal adventure! creative activities set in four different habitats encourage mousing while teaching early school skills. what it teaches : - early and advanced mousing - creating with technology exploration and curiosity toddlers use their curiosity and logical reasoning skills to solve everyday problems. by investigating all sorts of possibilities, they develop unexpected solutions and creative problem - solving strategies. matching develops early logic and reasoning skills and is a component of early math and literacy. children match like objects, shapes, patterns, pictures and stories, letters to sounds and pictures to words. sorting and classifying children actively arrange their blocks, cars and dolls, using visual discrimination to sort objects around them. essential for math and science, classification is the logical reasoning ability to identify and group objects by attributes such as color, size, number, function, length, volume, weight, area, time and other familiar characteristics. creating with technology being able use computers at an early age has opened up a whole new world for children. there are more opportunities for interactive learning. children can also use computers to help with their homework, communicate with their friends and become technologically proficient. children start off using the computer mouse before they learn how to use the keys. it ' s best to get a child - sized mouse so that it ' s small enough for children to handle correctly. within a short space of time children become adept at navigating the screen using the mouse to point and click. children quickly learn the basics of screen navigation. by pointing and clicking they can open programs they can use to help them learn. art and design creating art is an exercise in learning how to see. with increased confidence in their skills, children discover that art is a vehicle for self - expression. identifying and manipulating shapes lays the groundwork for geometry by giving children concrete experience with angles, symmetry and relative sizes. young children are naturally intrigued by animals and animal facts. very early on children begin to categorize animals by species and learn interesting facts about them. this early interest in animals provides the motivation for later work in life sciences.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.514189264156719, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.394712"} {"text": "getting started on a great adventure! 1. course materials : you need 4 items : a ) pocket copy of declaration of independence & the u. s. constitution. the cato institute http : / / store. cato. org / index. asp? fa = productdetails & pid = 144278 - a &... & www. askheritage. org / have them. b ) the federalist papers. this is a collection of 85 essays written during 1787 - 1788 by alexander hamilton, james madison, and john jay, in order to explain the proposed constitution to the people and to induce them to ratify it. for this reason, the federalist papers are the authoritative commentary on the meaning of the constitution. the late 18th century style of writing may seem difficult at first ; but if you stick with it, you will get used to it. the authors were geniuses in political philosophy, and they are delightful! james madison, of course, is the father of the u. s. constitution. amazon has hard copies, & here is a web edition with a searchable text : c ) webster ' s american dictionary of the english language ( 1828 ) i have the big green & gold hard copy which is a facsimile of the original. it costs almost $ 60. 00 ; but is worth it. amazon has it in hard copy and in kindle for $ 10. 00. here is an on - line edition : http : / / 1828. mshaffer. com / d / search / word, welfare here is another : d ) colored pencils. 2. how should we read the declaration of independence, the constitution, and the federalist papers? objective meaning? or subjective interpretation? a ) the traditional view, which i urge you to embrace, is that texts have a fixed and objective meaning, and it is the reader ' s task to ascertain that meaning. in order to do this, you must, among other things, pay close attention to definitions of words - you must understand the meaning of words the same way the author understood them. this is why you need webster ' s 1828 dictionary. you must also lay aside your own views and everything you think you already know about the subject so that you can read with an open mind, and so you don ' t read your own views into the text. here is a common example of such error : our allies are rightly angry at the \" federal \" government in washington, d. c. but to some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4843966073596248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.401023"} {"text": "with an open mind, and so you don ' t read your own views into the text. here is a common example of such error : our allies are rightly angry at the \" federal \" government in washington, d. c. but to some of these allies, \" federal \" has become a very bad word synonymous with statist government. so, they argue, since hamilton, madison, and jay were \" federalists \", they were big - government statists, and the anti - federalists were the ones with the right idea! but this dreadful error can be avoided simply by opening your mind and by looking up federal in webster ' s! there, we learn that federal meant : \" consisting in a compact between parties, particularly and chiefly between states or nations ; founded on alliance by contract or mutual agreement ; as a federal government, such as that of the united states. \" it is the federal government created by the constitution which is explained and endorsed in the federalist papers. the federal government created by our constitution bears no resemblance whatsoever to the illegitimate dictatorship now being constructed. b ) the modern view ( \" literary deconstruction \" ) is that a text means whatever the reader thinks it means. the concept of a text having a fixed and objective meaning has been thrown out altogether! the sorry result of this view is that american educrats no longer teach how to read for the objective meaning of a text. it has become the dogma of our time that texts have no \u201c objective meaning \u201d to be discovered! instead, each person is to come up with his own \u201c understanding \u201d \u2013 and one person \u2019 s \u201c understanding \u201d is as good as another \u2019 s. a friend recalls the following incident which occurred in an high school english class during 1960 : the class read a short story, and then the teacher asked each student to say what the story meant to him. whatever a student said was praised by the teacher. but when it was my friend \u2019 s turn, he said : \u201c it doesn \u2019 t matter what it means to me \u2013 what matters is what the author meant. \u201d the teacher was not pleased with this \u2018 out of place \u2019 comment. is it any wonder that judges on the u. s. supreme court feel free to \u201c understand \u201d the constitution any way they please? they were conditioned in school to \u201c think \u201d that way ; but they did not resist the conditioning. but here, you will learn how to read our founding documents to look for and find the \" original intent \" - the \" objective \" meaning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5680851607756521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.402131"} {"text": "please? they were conditioned in school to \u201c think \u201d that way ; but they did not resist the conditioning. but here, you will learn how to read our founding documents to look for and find the \" original intent \" - the \" objective \" meaning of the documents. 3. first homework assignment : a ) go through your copy of the declaration of independence and the constitution and underline all references to god. be sure you don ' t miss the express recognition of the lordship of jesus christ which is contained within the constitution! b ) for now, read through only the first seven articles of the constitution. we will address the amendments later. with another color, go through the constitution ( through art. vii ) and underline each of the law - making powers delegated by the constitution to congress. most of the powers delegated to congress are listed ( \" enumerated \" ) at art. i, sec. 8 ; however, other enumerated powers granted to congress are set forth elsewhere in the constitution. use another color for the powers delegated to the executive branch ; and a 4th color for the judicial power of the federal courts. use a 5th color to underline all powers which are specifically forbidden to the federal government. use a 6th color to underline all powers which are specifically forbidden to the states. 4. thinking about our constitution : re - read the preamble. with respect to the constitution : who established it and put it into effect? who is the \" creator \" and who is the \" creature \"? who is the \" master \" and who is the \" servant \"?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5109221130928849, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.402819"} {"text": "' ghost ' house aims for net zero energy a home without living residents will test its running water, lights and appliances remotely to examine energy - efficient technologies. credit : national institute of standards and technology an uninhabited home has faucets running hot water, lights turning on and off, and household appliances coming alive at odd hours. but it ' s not a poltergeist banging around a haunted house \u2014 the ghostly behavior comes from a new u. s. experiment aimed at building homes that could create as much energy as they use. the remote - controlled house features small devices that give off the same amount of heat and humidity as humans to help mimic the activities of a family of four over a year, according to researchers at the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ). that will help nist test energy - efficient technologies, forge design standards for energy efficiency, and ultimately help american homeowners cut back on their utility bills. \" results from this lab will show if net - zero home design and technologies are ready for a neighborhood near you, \" said patrick gallagher, nist director and under secretary of commerce for standards and technology, in a statement. nist plans for the house \u2014 called the net - zero energy residential test facility \u2014 to make enough of its own energy to balance out its energy consumption and achieve net - zero energy usage. the house not only includes energy - saving features such as solar water heating, but also has solar panels to create its own electricity on sunny days. a smart electric meter can detect excess energy and feed it back into the power grid. nist built the two - story house with four bedrooms and three baths. the facility also features enough energy - saving features to qualify for the highest possible sustainability classification under the u. s. green building council \u2014 the leed platinum standard. energy usage per u. s. household has fallen by 31 percent over the past 30 years because of energy - efficient technologies and building standards, according to the u. s. energy information administration. but energy usage by growing swarms of household appliances and electronics has also almost doubled during the same period.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5721678765565008, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.407113"} {"text": "read the original article at http : / / www. informationweek. com / news / showarticle. jhtml? articleid = 240149829 shortly after entering orbit subsequent to an on - time liftoff this morning from cape canaveral, private spaceflight company spacex ceo elon musk tweeted that his nasa - funded resupply mission to the international space station had trouble initiating three of its four thruster pods, which delayed deployment of the dragon spacecraft ' s solar arrays. mission controllers eventually were able to deploy the solar panels on two thruster pods, but as of 2 : 30 p. m. eastern, musk still had not reported that the other thruster pods had come online. the cargo is scheduled to reach the space station on saturday. the spacex mission to the international space station is the second of 12 missions as part of a $ 1. 6 billion contract with nasa. the first mission was five months ago. this flight ' s cargo includes materials for scientific experiments, food, computer parts and equipment for air purifiers. [ satellites the size of softballs? read nasa to send cube satellites into space. ] just yesterday, nasa reported that the mars curiosity rover had switched to a backup computer after the rover ' s primary computer had failed to fall asleep as planned. nasa jet propulsion laboratory credited the problem to corrupt flash memory. the backup computer on curiosity, known as the b - side computer, actually acted as the primary computer on the way from earth to mars, while the other, a - side computer, has been operating curiosity since the rover ' s august 2012 landing. after switching to the backup computer, nasa put the rover into \" safe mode \" for a few days, during which time the space agency will troubleshoot the problem and the rover ' s scientific instruments will remain idle. curiosity, which is looking for signs of mars ' habitability, had recently begun investigating the first sample of rock powder collected from underneath mars ' surface. these back - to - back glitches themselves come on the heels of a three - hour communications lapse between mission control and the international space station on feb. 19 when a data relay system malfunctioned during a routine flight computer update. in that instance, the computer controlling critical station functions faulted over to a backup, and the space station continued operating as normal, albeit without communication with operators on the ground. astronauts were able to make brief contact during the outage via radio. attend interop las vegas, may 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4810306587597604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.423185"} {"text": "the legend of the lost colony of roanoke has haunted american history for centuries. in july 1587, a british colonist named john white accompanied 117 people to settle a small island sheltered within the barrier islands of what would become north carolina \u2019 s outer banks. when conditions proved harsher than anticipated, white agreed to sail back to britain to shore up the settlement \u2019 s supplies \u2014 a trip that should have lasted a few months. when white belatedly returned in 1590, the colonists had vanished \u2014 more than 100 men, women, and young children, their shelters and belongings, all gone. according to white \u2019 s writings, the only trace they left behind was a structure of tree trunks, with a single word carved into one post : croatoan. the creepiness of the lost colonists \u2019 disappearance didn \u2019 t discourage future american settlement. nor has the lack of clues about their fate discouraged professional and amateur historians from trying to figure out what happened to them. archaeological digs, weather records, historical writings, genealogy \u2014 none have fully answered the question of what happened during white \u2019 s absence. but roberta estes, who owns dnaexplain, a company that interprets the results of genetic heritage tests, is looking to dna for help. her hypothesis is that the lost colonists survived, and that evidence of their salvation is tucked away in the mitochondrial or y chromosomal dna of living descendents. \u201c they were stranded, \u201d estes says of the settlers. \u201c they knew they couldn \u2019 t survive there on the island. \u201d the colonists \u2019 solution, in her estimation, was to go native. \u201c croatoan, \u201d estes explains, was a message to white indicating that the colonists had gone to live with the croatan indians who lived on nearby hatteras island. estes \u2019 s volunteer organization, the lost colony research group, is recruiting people from the area to submit dna samples and family histories to test her theory. studying patterns of short tandem repeats ( strs ) on the y chromosomes of living men can determine whether they are likely to share a common ancestor that was a member of the lost colony. for example, estes can compare the str profile of a man whose family history suggests that his ancestors lived on hatteras island in the 17th century against genetic databases to see if he \u2019 s related to anyone with a lost colonist surname, such as dare, hewet, or rufoote. additionally, it \u2019 s possible to scan that man \u2019 s mitochondrial or y chrom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4584225471318155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.447545"} {"text": "century against genetic databases to see if he \u2019 s related to anyone with a lost colonist surname, such as dare, hewet, or rufoote. additionally, it \u2019 s possible to scan that man \u2019 s mitochondrial or y chromosomal dna for evidence of native american heritage, creating a clearer picture of what became of the vanished colonists. \u201c it is true that with y chromosome and mitochondrial dna you can assign them unequivocally to different ethnic groups, \u201d says ugo perego, a senior researcher at the sorenson molecular genealogy foundation. but, he adds, it would be difficult to tell exactly when the european ancestry was introduced. estes has amassed early land - grant records detailing who lived in the outer banks area a few centuries ago. some of the putative native americans living there are thought to have adopted the last names of their european neighbors, she says. if estes can show that the descendents of these native american families have dna matching families with lost colony surnames, that would suggest that the colonists mixed with the croatan indians. \u201c it \u2019 s a romantic idea, \u201d says charles ewen, an east carolina university anthropology professor who is writing a book about the lost colony. ewen, who \u2019 s also working with estes on an archaeological dig in the outer banks, offers other possibilities for the colony \u2019 s fate that are far less rosy. the settlers battled a severe drought while white was journeying back to england that could have made trying conditions worse ; native americans or spanish arrivals could have killed the settlers ; or the colonists could have tried to sail back to britain in white \u2019 s wake and perished. ewen says there are some historical examples of settlers assimilating into native groups, but none in which an entire colony was adopted. \u201c i won \u2019 t rule it out, but the whole group forming new tribal identities? i don \u2019 t buy it. \u201d estes \u2019 s group is commencing a new archaeological dig this year to look for lost colony artifacts. previous digs on hatteras island have yielded british and native american items in the same stratum of soil, thought to predate english homesteads from the 1700s, indicating that the groups commingled, she says. ewen says he hopes the dig can also help answer questions about the vanished native americans who once lived on the outer banks. \u201c we don \u2019 t know what happened to them. \u201d like that of the lost colonists, the fate of the croatan indians is also buried in history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44078381490673013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.454145"} {"text": "| the profundities of torah - matot - well done | | ecrit par harav yochanan zweig | \u201c take vengeance for the children of israel against the midyanites... \u201d ( 31 : 2 ) since midyan was responsible for bnei yisroel \u2019 s sins of immorality and idolatry which resulted in the deaths of twenty - four thousand jewish men, hashem instructed moshe to lead the jewish army into war against the midyanites. 1 the midrash asks why moshe delegated this responsibility to pinchas if hashem instructed him to lead the army. the midrash explains that the torah is teaching us a fundamental principle : \u201c bor sheshasisa bo al tizrok bo even \u201d - \u201c into a well from which you have drunk do not cast a stone. \u201d 2 moshe had sought refuge in midyan when fleeing from pharaoh for having killed an egyptian taskmaster. having benefited from midyanite hospitality, it would have been inappropriate for moshe to lead the effort to annihilate them. in parshas va \u2019 eira, hashem commanded moshe to defer to aharon the task of implementing the first plague, transforming the water of the nile river into blood. 3 citing the midrash, rashi explains that since the nile had protected moshe when he was an infant, it would have been a display of ingratitude to act as the conduit through which the river was smitten. 4 this would appear to be an example of \u201c into a well from which you have drunk do not cast a stone \u201d. why does the torah repeat this principle in parshas mattos if it was already relayed in parshas va \u2019 eira? why did hashem instruct moshe in parshas va \u2019 eira to display this sensitivity, while, were it not for moshe \u2019 s own initiative, this sensitivity would not have been displayed in parshas mattos? the reason that hashem gave to moshe for attacking midyan was \u201c ki tzor \u2019 rim heym lachem \u201d - \u201c for they are your antagonists \u201d. 5 the midrash is sensitive to the usage of the verb \u201c tzor \u2019 rim \u201d which is present tense and implies an ongoing state of affairs. if the attack against midyan was as a result of their role in ba \u2019 al pe \u2019 or, it would have been a solely punitive strike and the verse should have stated \u201c for they were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42554040353512723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.471800"} {"text": "present tense and implies an ongoing state of affairs. if the attack against midyan was as a result of their role in ba \u2019 al pe \u2019 or, it would have been a solely punitive strike and the verse should have stated \u201c for they were your antagonists \u201d, using the past tense. 6 therefore, concludes the midrash, the attack against midyan was a pre - emptive strike, to ensure that they would not endanger bnei yisroel in the same manner at a future date. 7 hashem \u2019 s instruction to bring the plagues upon the egyptian people was purely punitive in nature ; bnei yisroel were no longer in danger. under these circumstances, hashem instructed moshe to defer to aharon the task of implementing the first plague as a sign of gratitude for having benefited from the river that was to be smitten. the attack against midyan was a pre - emptive strike to ensure bnei yisroel \u2019 s safety. under such conditions moshe was not expected to display sensitivity toward the aggressor. nevertheless, as a \u201c midas chasidus \u201d - \u201c act of piety \u201d, moshe abstained from acting as the conduit through which a nation unto whom he was indebted would fall. 1. 25 : 9, 39 : 2 2. bamidbar rabbah 22 : 4 3. shmos 7 : 19 4. rashi ibid 5. 25 : 17 6. bamidbar rabbah21 : 5 see tiferes tzion 7. ibid the month of av has historically been a time of tragedy and misfortune for the jewish people. it is therefore customary not to schedule law suits with non - jews during this month. if it is impossible to avoid, one should attempt to postpone the case until at least after tisha b \u2019 av.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47303194424714423, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.472793"} {"text": "an easier way to talk about what internal auditors do when it comes to building awareness of what internal auditing is all about, let \u2019 s get to the root of the problem. too many people don \u2019 t have a clear understanding of the value internal auditors bring to an organization. and too many internal audit practitioners don \u2019 t have the tools they need to cultivate that clarity. in fact, many internal auditors have not even been able to make their close friends and family members understand what they do. this unique dilemma, which appears to be universal when it comes to this profession, likely stems from the breadth of internal audit practice. unlike many professions that might be easily described in using a short description, internal auditing is integral to every aspect of business, risk management, internal control, and organizational governance. the first thing that all who practice, represent, advance, or advocate for the profession must learn is how to appropriately frame internal auditing so that stakeholders will understand its relevance. to many, the term internal auditor conjures up less than positive mental images, even though this misconception often is held by those who know nothing about the profession. an easy way to remember a new approach to a conversation about internal auditing is to use a tree acronym : transparency reliability effectiveness ethics. in today \u2019 s business world, transparency is highly sought after and coveted. to ensure that an organization has nothing to hide, the internal auditors monitor, assess, investigate, report, and advise. they strive for transparency throughout the organization, and when it \u2019 s not at the appropriate level, they recommend ways to strengthen it. in the internal audit profession, reliability is critical. internal auditors help management and the board meet organizational goals and objectives. those at the top most be able to rely on the advice, accuracy, and perspectives the internal auditor provides. internal control effectiveness is a key concern of internal auditors. they watch for red flags that might indicate potential for losses, whether the risks are reputational, operational, financial, it - or compliance - oriented, or strategic in nature. professional internal auditors adhere to a code of ethics that is based on the highest principles and rules of conduct. in addition, they monitor the organization \u2019 s ethical climate and bring concerns to management and the board. and, most importantly, they comply with the iia \u2019 s international standards for the professional practice of internal auditing. a different kind of conversation new acquaintance : so tell me, what do you do for a living? internal auditor : you might say", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45306535625787403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.481328"} {"text": "and, most importantly, they comply with the iia \u2019 s international standards for the professional practice of internal auditing. a different kind of conversation new acquaintance : so tell me, what do you do for a living? internal auditor : you might say that people like me are risk specialists. we provide a safety net that helps organizations stay on track. new acquaintance : how do you do that? internal auditor : one way is by determining an organization \u2019 s risks. another is by identifying gaps that might open the door to frauds and losses. then i submit reports to management and the board. new acquaintance : so you do research? internal auditor : yes, although i consider it more of an investigation. i look at every aspect of my organization, its operations and its information technology. i also work behind the scenes as an \u201c effectiveness \u201d coach and advisor. new acquaintance : then you must be involved with everyone and everything going on in your organization. internal auditor : but i stay independent and objective. i keep an eye on the corporate culture and ethical environment and look at policies and procedures with a fresh eye. new acquaintance : you have an interesting job! how can i learn more? as this scenario suggests, in reality, few careers are more fascinating then internal auditing. for additional information and tools to promote the profession please visit http : / / www. theiia. org / theiia / about - the - profession / promoting - the - profession /.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41281023005385986, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.485715"} {"text": "news flash! our \u201c peak \u201d for american fitness and health was over 100 years ago, so let \u2019 s learn from history and get to work improving! ironically, many of our \u201c elite \u201d athletes today cannot perform many of the routine fitness tasks performed in gymnasiums during the late 1800s and early 1900s which were peak years of the \u201c physical culture \u201d movement that largely influenced millions of americans for decades. need proof? here \u2019 s just one example \u201c after \u201d we saw significant fitness decreased compared to the early 20th century standards \u2026 but please note! the real learning here is not the obvious \u201c physical fitness \u201d demonstrated in the video, but rather, it \u2019 s the backstory on exercise psychology and the \u201c motivation \u201d facilitated by coach leprotti. he even wrote a paper on the program called \u201c the motivation factor \u201d which is linked below. following wwii, there was growing concern about our decreasing fitness nationally. president kennedy had grown up in a physical culture and greatly valued physical fitness. with jfk \u2019 s vision and support, we saw a short spike in national physical education programs again which faded significantly by the end of the 1960s and has continued to slide into what today has become a very unhealthy society. back in the early sixties, there was a legendary program by physical educator and coach mr. stan leprotti in carmichael, ca at la sierra high school. the \u201c la sierra system \u201d was even featured in the january 1962 issue of look magazine. * ( full article linked below ) the la sierra system was based on a color system based on achievement. the program did not use any machinery but only body weight, pull up bars, peg boards, ropes, etc. it was focused on strength, endurance, power, agility, and balance. this system was adopted by at least 200 schools across the united states and was promoted as \u201c the \u201d system to adopt nationwide. there were five levels : white ( beginner ), red ( intermediate ), blue ( advanced ), purple ( advanced - ii ), and gold ( physically gifted ). \u201c our program develops large groups of boys, instead of individuals. boys like to be challenged to do hard things, as long as you are fair with them. it \u2019 s an aggressive approach to education, based on pride. \u201d - stan leprotti ( 1962 ) the la sierra system was revered nationally not just for physical education \u2013 but also for the other values this system stressed to young men such as maintaining minimum grade standards in pe, neatness, grooming, and citizenship. interesting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49449445328399577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.502925"} {"text": "leprotti ( 1962 ) the la sierra system was revered nationally not just for physical education \u2013 but also for the other values this system stressed to young men such as maintaining minimum grade standards in pe, neatness, grooming, and citizenship. interestingly, upon researching la sierra, i realized that my very own california high school had used the same system during the late 1970s! it was slightly modified into only four levels ( gray, white, red, red satin ), but what i can tell you \u201c personally \u201d \u2013 which parallels what i have read about mr. leprotti \u2019 s program, is that it was very motivating. in this program, boys would create fitness areas at home so they could practice and improve their ranks. in 1975, i came in at the very bottom of the fitness ranks. i was so mortified by my lack of physical prowess that i trained all summer long! by my sophomore year, i was at the second level and was on my way to the third level by my junior year, but they abandoned the program due to social pressures. sadly, too many kids in the late 1970s could not perform the tests. we went from having to \u201c increase standards \u201d in 1962 to complete elimination at my high school by 1976. therefore, we truly have been in a national regression in physical education for decades \u2013 not progression. i can still remember how crushed i was because i wanted to achive my goal of getting to level 3 red. in comparison, the la sierra program had to actually \u201c raise \u201d their standards because too many of the young men were passing the lower standards. what \u2019 s an example of their standards? in 1962, the minimum number of pull ups required to enter the naval academy was two \u2013 for the la sierra \u201c blue \u201d group, it was 13 \u2013 remember that the blue was only level 3 out of 5 total. how many teen boys today can do 13 quality pull ups? gasp! precious few. in a typical year at lasierra, over 40 % of the boys were at the blue level. the la sierra system only spent 15 minutes per day on the vigorous fitness conditioning part of their curriculum. coach leprotti must have studied history and knew that high - volume fitness with poor structure ultimately always fails. how could these kids get so fit in 15 minutes per day?!!! focus. they focused on quality \u2026 and the rest was literally history. so much for the naysayers regarding a lack of time to exercise! my point is that this program was highly mo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4782032085959727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.505631"} {"text": "get so fit in 15 minutes per day?!!! focus. they focused on quality \u2026 and the rest was literally history. so much for the naysayers regarding a lack of time to exercise! my point is that this program was highly motivating and extremely successful in hundreds of american schools. as a credentialed physical education teacher, i \u2019 m still working on my pull ups to this day while i think about my former high school color group pe program! i \u2019 m finally up to 12 pull ups and working towards improving my all - time best which was 15. at age 53, i \u2019 m almost up to the lasierra \u201c blue \u201d standards, so it can be done \u2013 if we work at it. in a typical year at la sierra, more than 40 % of boys were at a blue level rank!!! unfortunately, we did not continue this short - term progression for physical fitness in the 1960s, but we can learn from the past so we can create a future of fitness not just for american youth \u2013 but for our whole country! get fit. be strong. - \u201c how american can get physically tough \u201d ( look magazine - january 1962 ) - la sierra high school physical education video - \u201c the motivation factor \u201d by stan leprotti for president \u2019 s council on physical fitness & sports - * all photos actual students from la sierra pe program - * special thanks to dr. ed thomas for his research contribution to this article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4499542855363671, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.508687"} {"text": "functional muscle functiondecember 19, 2011 functional muscle function by andrew gorecki, dpt one of the most important concepts that makes superior physical therapy unique is the understanding of how muscles actually function. now this may sound like an arrogant statement but let me explain. most health and fitness professionals have learned some degree of anatomy and have knowledge of muscle origins and insertions, textbook muscle function, and exercises to increase muscle mass and strength. functional muscle function is the understanding of biomechanics, human function, and proprioception ( neuromuscular control and feedback of muscles and joints - movement memory some may say ). there are a few basic rules that dictate the understanding of how muscles function during function. first of all the functional movement must be identified. forexample running is different than throwing a baseball and muscles function differently during these movements. second, muscles function in three planes of motion always. there may be a dominant plane of motion but there are always three sagittal ( front to back ), frontal ( side to side ), and transverse ( rotational ) planes of motion. thirdly never forget about gravity and ground reaction forces as these play an integral role in the function of muscles. now lets talk specifically about functional muscle function. one of the easiest topics to discuss is walking as most people understand walking is a very important function. even more specifically lets discuss the function of the hamstrings during walking. our textbooks have taught us over the years ( decades ) that the hamstrings flex the knee joint. this is to some extent true because i can stand here right now at my standing work station writing this blog and lift my foot off the ground and begin to flex my knee and feel my hamstring activating. now thinking about what happens when walking using the basic principles of function i realize that gravity actually flexes my knee. in fact my quadriceps are activated a majority of the time in order to not flex my knee so that i don \u2019 t fall onto the ground. i also know that flexion is a sagittal plane of motion movement and even if true there are three more planes of motion to think about. now i will tell you that the hamstrings do not flex the knee during walking. the functional muscle function of the hamstrings in the sagittal plane is to decelerate or slow down the pelvis and trunk when the foot hits the ground as we take a step. the hamstrings in the frontal plane decelerate the pe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5458840359252571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.526490"} {"text": "the hamstrings in the sagittal plane is to decelerate or slow down the pelvis and trunk when the foot hits the ground as we take a step. the hamstrings in the frontal plane decelerate the pelvis while it moves laterally as the foot hits the ground. finally the hamstrings decelerate lower extremity internal rotation when the foot hits the ground and eccentrically create lower extremity external rotation as the body moves over the foot on the ground and heel off begins and we take another step. nowhere in that sequence did the hamstrings flex the knee. in fact the hamstrings as they decelerate the pelvis and trunk flexion actually extend the knee in the sagittal plane during walking by building up tension eccentrically. so the question of the day is why do we train our hamstrings to flex the knee?? think about it. we have seated knee flexion machines, or we have people lay on their backs with their feet on a ball and tell them to flex the knees. this doesn \u2019 t make sense. we are training the brain proprioceptively the wrong function of the hamstrings. proprioceptors are responsible for letting the brain know where the body is in space and what movements are safe and which ones to avoid. therefore if we train the proprioceptors incorrectly we are setting the person up for injury and poor movement patterns. lets think about the purpose of our exercises and develop exercises that look like the activity we are trying to get the person to improve. just some food for thought today \u2026.. andrew gorecki, dptthis entry was posted in uncategorized. bookmark the permalink. \u2190 calcaneal eversion : the switch proprioception - mind body connection \u2192", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47710626957807867, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.527204"} {"text": "egypt abolishes daylight saving time on wednesday, april 20, 2011, the egyptian cabinet of ministers issued a decree to abolish daylight saving time ( dst ) for good. the country was originally scheduled to switch to dst on april 29. \u00a9istockphoto. com / jason walton illustration the decision follows a poll conducted by the egyptian government in which 79 % of the participants expressed their wish to stop using dst in the north african country. a somewhat erratic time schedule may have contributed to the increasing dismay. in 2010, clocks were adjusted four times to accommodate the observation of ramadan. egypt first introduced in 1988 to curb electricity consumption. however, a recent study conducted by the ministry of electricity and energy revealed that the measure had no significant impact on power usage. timeanddate. com will provide updates on this and other time zone news as events unfold. - morocco ' s 2013 daylight saving time schedule - new technology makes time travel possible - middle east dst roundup - syria and lebanon announce switch dates - west bank and gaza start daylight saving time on march 29, 2013 - haiti starts dst, will follow u. s. schedule in future - paraguay \u2019 s daylight saving moved to march 24, 2013 more about daylight saving time - daylight saving time - list of countries that observe daylight saving time in 2013 - upcoming daylight saving time clock changes - daylight savings time vs daylight saving time - spring forward, fall back and similar expressions - the world clock \u2013 current time all over the world - personal world clock - meeting planner - time zone converter - event time announcer / fixed time \u2013 show local times worldwide for your event.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3870244829301509, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.532230"} {"text": "the concept of virtualization has been around for some time. virtualization is really just the abstraction of an actual entity or construct into logical representations of those entities or constructs. most of the time, the term \u201c virtualization \u201d is tied to server virtualization \u2014 a technology made popular by vmware, microsoft, xen, etc. however, while server virtualization is the hot trend in enterprise it, storage virtualization is making significant strides in functionality ; people just do not realize it yet. storage virtualization involves abstracting the physical data storage process to more logical constructs inside of the storage device. let \u2019 s take a quick look at how storage virtualization is taking shape : traditional storage : single disk - a data consumer issues read / write requests. the disk controller either reads or writes to specific locations on disk. raid : multiple disk - this is one of the most widely used implementations for storage virtualization. while it may not seem like it, the data storage environment is indeed virtualized. - multiple disks are aggregated into a storage structure to increase storage, increase resiliency, or both. - a data consumer issues read / write requests. the storage controller determines which storage devices contain the data, compute the entire request from multiple devices ( potentially ), and return it to the consumer. the data is no longer on a single device. lun : multiple logical storage devices - this takes raid to the next level. - a group of disks are placed into an array structure. the disks are aggregated in some fashion ( typically in raid levels ). however, a subset of the allocated capacity is divided and presented to a data consumer as a lun. the lun is a logical storage device for a consumer. storage pooling : spanning multiple drive array types - multiple tiers of storage are created based on storage device profile ( capacity and performance ), typically a raid group or other physical storage enclosures. - the storage device creates a higher - level structure, called a pool, of which the various performance tiers are members. the pool structure is presented to the data consumer at the lun level. - the storage controller stores metadata about which data blocks reside in which tier, and their location inside the tier. data migration : moving data around - building on top of storage pools, storage controllers ( via metadata ) are able to determine the data access patterns for individual blocks of data. - frequently used data is moved to the highest performing tier of disk while less frequently accessed data is moved to the lower performing tier of disk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5665913811150054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.539981"} {"text": "storage pools, storage controllers ( via metadata ) are able to determine the data access patterns for individual blocks of data. - frequently used data is moved to the highest performing tier of disk while less frequently accessed data is moved to the lower performing tier of disk. - this migration occurs without the knowledge of the data consumer. the consumer sees the storage as a lun and does not know ( or care ) about what happens as long as the data is available. deduplication : sharing common data - many data structures share the same data patterns. microsoft word files share the same framework across all files, regardless of content. microsoft windows servers all have common files. conceptually, deduplication addresses the idea of \u201c why store multiple copies of the same data over and over again? \u201d - based on the type of algorithm, the storage device processes existing data to determine if any duplicate data exists. - in the event of duplicate data, the storage controller creates pointers to the common data. common blocks are replaced by a pointer, and the overall storage footprint is reduced. thin provisioning : not allocating storage at creation time - this functionality operates under the theory that space may be allocated but never fully used, resulting in unused space that cannot be used by anyone else. - the storage controller receives a request to allocate space for a data consumer. the controller creates the basic framework that represents a lun. however, internal to the storage device, the space is not allocated. rather, the lun is basically authorized to consume a specific amount of disk space. - as the disk consumer continues to use storage space, the lun grows on the storage controller until the lun size is completely allocated. until the lun is fully utilized, the unused space can be used for other purposes. - this may result in over - allocation of storage, though, and needs monitoring. storage virtualization continues to advance as you can see, from traditional file storage to thin provisioning, storage virtualization has played a major role in advancing how we use our storage infrastructure and reap the benefits from our investments. storage virtualization techniques and technology continue to advance. object storage, pnfs, and server virtualization functional offload will become more commonplace as new storage device models and feature sets are developed and introduced. storage virtualization is not the process of storing virtual machine disks. rather, it is a beast of its own, and continues to provide valuable benefits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5278507105153378, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.541668"} {"text": "peering into the alcoves from which mesa verde ' s puebloan cliff dwellings seem to seep upward is oddly reminiscent of peering into treasures encased within a faberge egg. both are unexpected, intricate, oddly out of place and yet perfectly at home. the story of the anasazi, or \" ancient ones, \" who inhabited these dwellings remains steeped in uncertainties and lends to the mystique that has made this ancient civilization so fascinating. the only things archaeologists know for certain is that the anasazi originally inhabited the mesa top, and in a. d. 1200, began colonizing the alcoves and shelves of the mesa only to abruptly leave again in a. d. 1300. all that remains are artifacts and intricately built dwellings - - sort of a land - bound, and discovered, atlantis. visitors to mesa verde can explore the dwellings only via guided tour. touring the balcony house, the largest of the dwellings, requires a 100 - ft. descent into the canyon, climbing over 70 feet of ladders and stairs, and crawling through a 12 - ft. tunnel - but the rewards are stupendous! of course, mesa verde is more than mere cliff dwellings : of the 4, 000 known archaeological sites in the park, only 600 are dwellings. mesa - top pithouses and pueblos are also accessible to explore, and the park ' s museum has a cultural collection of over 2 million historical objects. hiking trails abound : point lookout trail takes hikers up the looming point lookout sandstone formation, and the spruce canyon loop lets visitors experience the canyon bottom. sixty - five million years ago, a vast inland sea covered this entire region. over time, sandstone, mud, shale and limestone were deposited. streams from the surrounding areas also deposited into this region, and helped create many of the shale and sandstone formations, including the point lookout sandstone formation. as the years passed, the rocks eroded into niches and alcoves that eventually became the famed cliff dwellings. mesa verde is best known for the cliff dwellings of the anasazi that are perched so precariously in alcoves of rock walls. the cliff palace loop drive takes visitors past mesa - top sites and overlooks that face the cliff dwellings. a guided tour of the cliff palace or balcony house dwellings is available for visitors hoping to get up close and personal with the ancient structures, though the tours are somewhat strenuous and recommended for people in good physical condition. where to stay mesa verde is already home to the famous cliff dwellings,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4621300853695849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.559079"} {"text": "the registration of titles to land ( amendment ) bill, 2012 4 may 2012 changes to land registration... to come soon... the registration of titles to land ( amendment ) bill, 2012 was introduced in the senate on 6 march, 2012 by senator the honourable emmanuel george, minister of public utilities. the full text of the bill is available in pdf format on this website, you can download it via this link. you may also place your comments directly on this bill page, which can be accessed here. the following is a brief explanation of some aspects of the bill purpose of the bill the registration of titles to land ( amendment ) bill, 2012 will seek to amend the registration of titles to land act no. 16 of 2000. the bill is comprised of 21 clauses. what is land registration? land registration generally describes systems by which matters concerning ownership, possession or other rights in land can be recorded ( usually with a government agency or department ) to provide evidence of title, facilitate transactions and to prevent unlawful disposal. the information recorded and the protection provided will vary by jurisdiction. land registration in trinidad & tobago in trinidad & tobago there are two systems of land registration : - deed registration - title registration both have co - existed since 1889 and are managed by the land registry in the registrar general office. registration of land title documents this includes deeds of conveyance, mortgages, powers of attorney, agreements, charges, debentures, deed polls, probate and grants and instruments under the real property ordinance e. g. transfers, mortgages, leases, caveats, death of proprietors. what does \" title to land \" mean? title refers to the legal ownership of particular part or property. a deed or certificate of title is the only means whereby a person can demonstrate ownership, and register his / her ownership. the title provides an up - to - date official record of the legal ownership of the property or piece of land in question. information on title will generally include : - a description of the property. - name of the owner or owners. - mortgage lender ( if any ). - rights of way ( not public rights of way ) or other rights affecting the property. - restrictions or other conditions. why the need for land title legislation? - land title documents serve as evidence of ownership of a piece of property - registration also affords property owners some protection against squatters and ; - it makes the transferring or mortgaging of land easier for the persons involved. - according to a study by the law association in 2007 \u201c implementing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43604174130383777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.578822"} {"text": "of a piece of property - registration also affords property owners some protection against squatters and ; - it makes the transferring or mortgaging of land easier for the persons involved. - according to a study by the law association in 2007 \u201c implementing the land titles legislative package \u201d : - 47 % of all households do not have adequate title documents - approximately 30, 000 households have no title documents - there is widespread squatting on state and private land benefits of land registration - cheaper, quicker, easier and safer transfer of land - improved land tenure security as government will guarantee title to all registered land. - simplification of land transactions - elimination of the need to search several deeds and other legal documents in order to establish ownership of title ( therefore reducing cost ). - reduced squatting and land disputes - land registration assists government in : - land use planning - environmental management & protection - equitable taxation - tax policy options physical planning - development control state land administration and management what are the key features of this proposed legislation? some key features of this bill include proposals for : - the creation of a new post of senior assistant registrar ( clause 5 ) who must be an attorney \u2013 at - law who performs functions of the registrar general in his / her absence and holds position of commissioner of affidavits - the creation of a condominium folio for every condominium unit - a more defined procedure for the first registration of any parcel for which a folio is to be prepared and signed by the registrar showing the particulars of ownership and particulars of encumbrances if any. - to replace words certificate of title with land certificate - to replace section 30 ( 1 ) with a new subsection to amend the reasons for rectification by the registrar : - in formal matters and in cases of errors or omissions not materially affecting the interests of the proprietor - in any case at any time with the consent of all persons interested - where upon resurvey an area shown in in the register is incorrect the registrar is sanctioned to give notice to all persons appearing by the register who will be interested or affected by his intention to rectify - upon receipt of any decision of any court or the land tribunal - to provide for a new subsection 30 ( 3 ) allowing the registrar to record any change in the register any name or address changes of any proprietor on the written application - to provide for new subsections ; 73 ( 2 ), ( 3 ), and ( 4 ) : - ( 2 ) to allow for persons seeking to deal with registered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.479100965961648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.581949"} {"text": "the register any name or address changes of any proprietor on the written application - to provide for new subsections ; 73 ( 2 ), ( 3 ), and ( 4 ) : - ( 2 ) to allow for persons seeking to deal with registered land with consent in writing from the proprietor who have applied for an official search stating particulars of the proposed dealing in his / her application called an instrument to have a suspension period of 14 days from the time the official search was made. - ( 3 ) to grant the instrument priority over any other instrument presented for registration during the suspension period - ( 4 ) to provide for any instrument or document for registration during the suspension period other than that affecting the proposed dealing to be deal with in the same manner and hold the same priority and be as effectual as if no stay of registration had been obtained. important issues for consideration - the bill allows the real property ordinance to be repealed in respect of lands brought under the act and is not applicable to adjudicated land or interests registered in land registry. - land registration is limited by its slow and long process - few land owners undertake to transfer lands from the unregistered to registered system - there is still need for a comprehensive complete computerized database of land information - delays in the implementation of technological complements to the land registration system such as digitization of cadastral index and aerial photography to provide accurate topographic maps - amendments to land surveying legislation needed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4581461934447329, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.586334"} {"text": "reading to kids at early age helps development by nour habib world scene writer monday, march 04, 2013 3 / 04 / 13 at 8 : 50 am find more resources about early reading and literacy practices. lila haro ' s eyes flitted from librarian lin arnett ' s face to the pages of the book arnett was reading. occasionally, lila would make the sounds or gestures that arnett asked her to make. she \" cheeped \" along with the chicks in one story and pointed to her knees and toes as arnett sang from another. but for the majority of the 20 - minute storytime at central library last week, the 20 - month - old walked around the corner of the library where the storytime was being held. she fidgeted with her name tag, toddled up to other attendees and sat in arnett ' s rocking chair. the next group of kids that arnett read to was more attentive. the 3 - to 5 - year - olds answered questions she asked, sang along and looked closely at the pictures she showed them. but reading to kids younger than 2 is just as important as reading to preschool - age children, parents and librarians said. just don ' t expect that both age groups will get the same thing out of it. for the young visitors, making storytime a fun experience is what ' s important. \" our goal really isn ' t to be didactic and teach, \" said arnett, who ' s been with the library system for more than 30 years. but the repetition allows children to \" learn by osmosis, \" she said. melanie dewey, lila ' s grandmother, brings her to storytime every week. dewey, who was a kindergarten teacher for more than 20 years, said she knows that reading to kids when they are young is important. she and lila ' s parents read to her every day. \" i do know it works because her vocabulary is phenomenal, \" she said. university of tulsa education professor diane beals said reading to young children - those too young to understand what you ' re saying - is a way for kids to receive warm and responsive interaction from adults, which is important. \" the purpose of reading to little kids isn ' t so much that they learn the words, \" said beals, who specializes in language and literacy development. \" with the really young kids, it is just to enjoy the experience around books and people... and making a connection with parents. \" the eye contact, physical closeness and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4282427605157258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.633894"} {"text": ", \" said beals, who specializes in language and literacy development. \" with the really young kids, it is just to enjoy the experience around books and people... and making a connection with parents. \" the eye contact, physical closeness and focused attention that happens when reading helps create that bond, she said. but as kids get older, and with repeated readings, they begin to pick up on things. \" kids start out thinking that the pictures are the story, \" beals said. \" then they start to figure out, with repeated readings of the same books, that those things down there match what mommy says every time or what daddy says every time - that there ' s a connection between those pictures and those squiggles on the page. \" beals says there is definitely a connection between reading and oral language development. \" you ' re talking to the child and they ' re talking back, and they ' re learning what those pictures are on the page and they ' re starting to name things, \" she said. lenore st. john, children ' s services coordinator at the tulsa city - county library, stresses to parents that they should make reading fun. if infants want to taste the thick, cardboard books you ' re reading to them, let them. simply exposing children to books shows them how books are held, allows them to get used to the printed word and gives them chronological awareness, st. john said. cari adams has been reading to her son, grey adams, since before he turned 1. she ' s also been taking him to library storytimes since then. now 3, grey is much more attentive to the stories. adams said reading to him has expanded his vocabulary and is good for his imagination. the questions that the librarian asks as she reads to the kids also helps with problem - solving skills, adams said. st. john said early years are a crucial time for brain development, and reading to your child during those years will help prepare them to read on their own later. but beals said it is not only reading to your child that is important, but also reading around your child. \" kids get interested in whatever their parents are interested in, \" she said. \" so if they see mom and dad reading, that puts it in their head that that ' s what grown - ups do. \" seeing parents read also makes children more likely to grow up thinking that reading is a natural activity, not a chore that has to be done for school, beals said. and bea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4342145859872169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.647107"} {"text": "their head that that ' s what grown - ups do. \" seeing parents read also makes children more likely to grow up thinking that reading is a natural activity, not a chore that has to be done for school, beals said. and beals reminds parents that the more kids read, the better they are at it. \" kids who read well are kids who read a lot. \" books to build literacy skills storytimes at the library focus on five literacy skills : talking, singing, reading, writing and playing. lenore st. john, children ' s services coordinator at the tulsa city - county library, offered the following suggestions for books that can help parents develop these skills in their children. \" truck, \" by donald crews ( ages 0 - 3 ) \" pete the cat : i love my white shoes, \" by eric litwin ( ages 3 - 5 ) \" you are my sunshine, \" by jimmie davis ( ages 0 - 2 ) \" miss mary mack, \" by mary ann hoberman ( ages 3 - 5 ) \" black on white, \" by tana hoban ( ages 0 - 1 ) \" otis, \" by loren long ( ages 3 - 5 ) \" baby ' s shapes, \" by karen kats ( ages 0 - 2 ) \" i stink! \" by kate mcmullan ( ages 2 - 5 ) \" from head to toe, \" by eric carle ( ages 1 - 5 ) \" i spy, \" series by jean marzollo ( ages 3 - 5 ) keeping kids interested in reading diane beals, a professor of education at the university of tulsa who specializes in language and literacy development, offered some tips on maintaining a child ' s interest in reading as they get older. continue to read aloud to children even after they are old enough to read to themselves. this helps kids for whom reading is a \" slow and laborious \" process focus on the story rather than just on the words. have a \" book night \" every week or two, taking your child or children to a bookstore and buying them a book or magazine of their choice. then enjoy some hot chocolate. around the holidays, bring out seasonal family favorites. visit libraries and book fairs often. pass a book around, having each family member take a turn reading a passage. read poetry aloud to children. let kids listen to audio books and follow along. for kids who don ' t like books, consider magazines or comic strips. original print headline : never too young to read nour habib 918 - 581 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40952295262143656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.686042"} {"text": "irrigation tips for lawns water is a limited resource in texas and it becomes more limited as the population grows. watering the home lawn properly can improve grass quality yet still conserve water for future generations. many times, home lawns are over - watered and over watering can harm lawn quality more than under watering. several factors need to be considered when starting a home lawn water program. soil type, grass variety, management practices and environmental conditions all can impact the irrigation plan for a home lawn. what type of soil do you have in your lawn? clay soils tend to retain the most water and thus need watering less often. sandy soils retain less water but less water is needed to properly wet sandy soils. a loamy soil is a soil with a mixture of clay and sand together. loamy soils retain a moderate amount of water. the proper grass species also is important in the home lawn for water management. grass species vary significantly in their water needs and drought resistance. bermudagrass, zoysia japonica and seashore paspalam are more drought tolerant than st. augustine, centipede, ryegrass or zoysia matrella. water can be conserved in the home lawn by proper fertilization, mowing, controlling thatch, reducing soil compaction and considering the salt content of the water in the area. proper fertilization promotes healthy plant shoot and root development. the deeper the root system the plant is better able to use water held deep within the soil. proper mowing also is important. frequent mowing produces thicker and denser turf. water your lawn by adjusting the watering schedule according to the weather. irrigate deeply and a deeply watered lawn should generally be able to go five to eight days between watering. again, all the above mentioned factors should be considered in watering every five to eight days. early morning is the best time to water because wind and temperatures are usually at the lowest of the day. late evening watering causes leaves to remain wet for extended periods of time, which can increase opportunity for disease in the lawn. mid - afternoon watering may cause uneven distribution from high winds. when watering the home lawn, thoroughly wet the soil to a depth of 6 inches. shallow watering produces weak, shallow - rooted grass and is more susceptible to stresses. to determine how long to run your sprinkler or irrigation system, set five to six open top cans ( tuna or cat food cans work great for this ) randomly on the lawn. turn on the sprinklers or system for 30 minutes. measure and record the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4363282866839655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.692735"} {"text": "run your sprinkler or irrigation system, set five to six open top cans ( tuna or cat food cans work great for this ) randomly on the lawn. turn on the sprinklers or system for 30 minutes. measure and record the depth of the water caught in each individual can. calculate the average depth of the water from all the cans. add the depths together and then divide by the number of cans used. use a garden spade or soil probe to determine how deeply the soil was wet during the 30 - minute time period. from the amount of water that was applied in the 30 - minute cycle and the depth it wet the soil, you can determine how long the sprinkler or system needs to run to wet the soil to a depth of 6 inches. in some soils it is more difficult to water to 6 inches deep. never apply water to the point of run - off. many different irrigation systems are available for you to purchase and install. routinely inspect the system to make sure irrigation heads are working properly and the water is being evenly distributed over the lawn. proper pressure is important for the system. install rain sensors to shut off the system during periods of rainfall. sprinklers should be turned so they do not water sidewalks, driveways and streets. replace any part of the irrigation system that is in need of repair such as broken lines, clogged sprinkler heads, or realign sprinkler heads to provide a more even distribution of water. remember that in water conservation, every drop counts. extension programs serve people of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, disability or national origin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4096879161827165, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.694096"} {"text": "information literacy is more than mastering basic library skills. it is about developing information and technology competencies that foster lifelong learning. information literate students are able to find, evaluate, and use information effectively to discover new knowledge, solve probems, make decisions, and become more informed members of society. according to the association of college and research libraries ( acrl ), information literacy is a set of abilities enabling individuals to \" recognize when information is needed, and be able to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information. \" http : / / www. acrl. org / acrl / standards / informationliteracycompetency. the information literacy program at uccs is based on the acrl information literacy competency standards for higher education. according to the five standards, an information literate person should be able to : in support of the kraemer family library 2015 strategic plan, the information literacy program ( ilp ) provides formal and informal instructional practices that empower students, faculty, and staff with the information literacy skills needed to be self - sufficient in finding, selecting, evaluating and using information. the overarching goals of the program are to : involvement of teaching faculty is integral to information literacy instruction. through collaboration with teaching faculty, library faculty will be better positioned to integrate information literacy into the curriculum at the course and programmatic levels. \" librarians and teaching faculty share the responsibility for teaching information literacy, so that each teaches the skills that their credentials and background best qualify them to teach. librarians are responsible for teaching enabling skills that are prerequisite to information seeking and knowledge acquistion across the curriculum, while teaching faculty have the responsibility of teaching skills that are required for subject specific inquiry and research. \" ( grafstein, 2002 ). the primary emphasis of the ilp is on undergraduate students. the library offers a comprehensive, integrated, and systematic sequence of instruction at the undergraduate level to satisfy the uccs general education outcome for information literacy. for more information about the undergraduate il program, see information literacy skills progression for undergraduate students. transfer students may enter the university as lower - or upper - division students. they may or may not be required to enroll in lower division general education courses where information literacy is emphasized. however, they may receive information literacy instruction in a variety of lower - and upper - division courses in the disciplines as well as an advanced core course, courses that have been designated as writing intensive, and a capstone course ( all of which are part of the new general education curriculum that will become operational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46296954046754607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.699266"} {"text": "e - assessment or computer aided assessment ( caa ) software can be used to create online assessments and surveys which can be automatically marked and the scores returned with feedback directly to the students. the following e - assessment software are supported : - moodle quizzes - moodle provides a quiz tool that can be used for formative and summative assessment. it includes multiple choice and multiple response, true - false, short answer, and calculated questions. these questions are kept in a categorised database, and can be re - used within courses and even between courses. quizzes can allow multiple attempts. each attempt is automatically marked, and the tutor can choose whether to give feedback or to show correct answers. this module includes grading facilities. please refer to these guidelines if using moodle quizzes for examinations. - moodle assignments - assignments allow the tutor to specify a task that requires students to prepare digital content in any format and submit it by uploading it to the server. typical assignments include essays, projects, reports and so on. this module includes grading facilities. - turnitin - available via ucl moodle, can be used as an academic writing tool to check citations and references to other sources. - hot potatoes - creates web - based exercises for self - assessment - lapt - developed at ucl, lapt uses certainty - based marking, to encourage better reflection and deeper learning. if you are considering using moodle quizzes or similar tools for summative assessment please read our guidelines for good practice. page last modified on 10 apr 13 10 : 38", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43813165068690385, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.703459"} {"text": "students learn photography principles at a distance 10 : 20 a. m., aug. 6, 2012 - - students taking a basic photography course at the university of delaware this summer were able to complete their classwork and develop their skills from such far - flung locations as utah, canada and china. distance - learning courses which use online tools to deliver videotaped lectures and to bring students together with one another and their instructor in virtual classrooms are increasingly common at ud and other institutions. but, instructor jon cox says, they are rare in the department of art, where so many classes focus on studio work. for the record, may 24, 2013 \u201c i used email, skype and text messages to keep in touch with my students on a regular basis, \u201d says cox, who describes his first experience teaching online as \u201c amazing. \u201d in addition, he says, \u201c one of the most exciting aspects of this course was that students were handing in images from all over the world. \u201d the traditional version of art 180, \u201c photographic approaches, \u201d is normally limited to 30 students, who attend classroom lectures and then complete photography assignments that are later shared and critiqued in class. in the online version, which expanded to include 40 students, students watched cox \u2019 s recorded lectures online and took a short, ungraded quiz at the end of each to assess what they had learned. as with other distance - learning classes, students can go back and replay part or all of a lecture to better understand the material. assignments included photographing natural settings and portraits, imitating the styles of famous photographers and experimenting with colors and black - and - white images. student work was posted on the website cox created for the class, and all members of the class were required to post comments about the work. \u201c the interaction i had with the students and the participation in discussions was much richer than i had expected, \u201d cox said. in a traditional classroom, he said, a few students often dominate discussions while some others stay silent, but in the online format, he could ensure that everyone commented. the students, who kept blogs throughout the course, were asked to write about whether they had achieved their goals in taking the class. many echoed cox \u2019 s view that the online format had been beneficial. \u201c this class really made me think about what creates a great photo \u2026 lighting, color or even just the situation, \u201d rachel harkleroad wrote. \u201c i loved this class even though it was online or maybe because it was online! \u201d how the class developed in fall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4992812348779768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.706271"} {"text": "today, we face time - warp on a railway train. the university of houston ' s college of engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. a scottish couple joined my wife and me in the dining car of the train from toronto to edmonton. he turned out to be the retired head of maintenance for the railways of western scotland. he was literally taking a earlier on the trip, i ' d found dionysius lardner ' s book on steam engines and locomotives in a dusty shop. published in 1836, it told the state of the art of railways only 16 years after trevithick had run the very first locomotive in london. so i showed my old book to this scottish engineer. he plunged into it. he turned a knowing eye on the browning pages and told me which elements of those embryonic engines were still to be found on modern railways. he paused lovingly over one 160 - year - old engine that his staff had built in a modern then he drew a recent newspaper clipping from his wallet. it told about the system the germans and japanese are building. a train will run at 250 mph, magnetically levitated on a cushion of air. i read the article while he turned pages in lardner ' s later we talked in the dome car as we rolled across alberta ' s prairies. this luxury train was made in the ' 50s. \" how fast are we going, \" i wondered. \" oh, maybe 45 - 50 mph, \" he guessed. then he added, we could go a lot faster, but the roadbed isn ' t up to it. the curves are a little tight for passenger comfort at high speed. besides, you don ' t want to subject those old wooden ties to much pounding. nowadays they make railway ties of and i realized this ride was an old experience frozen in time. at first, railways had developed very fast. lardner tells about a statesman who ' d recently suffered an accident. friends used one of those early locomotives to get him to the doctor fifteen miles away. by pouring on coal they ' d managed an astounding 36 mph. a year later, the editor of my american copy adds a footnote. an american line now has trains that reach 40 mph, not much slower than we now moved through canada 160 so i rode the time - warp of a technology that ' d once transformed the americas and now was fading. i enjoyed two days of quiet, gently rocking recess from work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5280261325820771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.710060"} {"text": "trains that reach 40 mph, not much slower than we now moved through canada 160 so i rode the time - warp of a technology that ' d once transformed the americas and now was fading. i enjoyed two days of quiet, gently rocking recess from work. i read lardner and talked with this man who ' d spent 47 years in railways - - listened as he told of future trains that ' ll soon approach the speed of sound. america once ruled the rails. by 1900 we ' d reached speeds of 100 mph. then, after ww - i, cars and airplanes distracted us. we may yet reclaim the technology that was this engineer ' s entire life - - which once shaped life on earth and now offers to shape it anew. i hope we do. after two restful days among lakes, rocks and trees that ' re invisible from 30, 000 feet, i hope we do. i ' m john lienhard, at the university of houston, where we ' re interested in the way inventive minds lardner, d., the steam engine familiarly explained and illustrated, philadelphia : e. l. carey & a. hart, 1836. see especially chapter x, locomotive engines on railways, chapter xi, locomotive engines on turnpike roads, and chapter xix, plain rules for railway speculators. lardner, d., popular lectures on the steam engine, new york : printed for elam bliss. ( in this first american edition of lardner ' s first edition, he discusses richard trevithick ' s experiments with high pressure engines on p. 147 et seq. lardner devotes only one sentence to trevithick ' s steam driven \" land carriage \" on p. i ' d bought both lardner editions mentioned above at ahab ' s books in boston. the clipping that the man showed me was from a june 20, 1994 canadian paper, i don ' t know which one. we were riding on canada ' s via passenger train network, silver and blue class. this episode was written in 1994. since then the magnetic levitation rail systems mentioned above have been greatly developed. see, e. g., episode 1745. from the steam engine familiarly a state - of - the - art locomotive in 1835 the engines of our ingenuity is copyright \u00a9 1988 - 1997 by john h. episode | search episodes |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.471829356335305, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.710987"} {"text": "vital and health statistics series there are various sources covering vital and health statistics in the united states. one of the most important sources for this type of information is the vital and health statistics series or \" rainbow reports \" published by the u. s. public health service. the \" rainbow reports \" date back to 1958 when the first in the series ( series a, based on the newly established national health survey ) was published. there are hundreds of reports in the series ( series a - d and series 1 - 6, 10 - 16, 20 - 24 ) covering a variety of topics. the following is a list of series and series titles to use in researching vital and health statistics. for a more indepth look at this series, you may consult vital and health statistics series : an annotated checklist and index to the publications of the \" rainbow series \" \", by jim walsh and a. james bothmer. this book is available at the documents department the numbered reports can be located in the documents department under the call number he 20. 6209 : series # / report #. series a health statistics from the u. s. national health the four reports in the a series discuss the origin of the survey, it ' s methods, definitions, and program plan. this series was replaced in 1962 by series 1. series b health statistics from the u. s. national health survey. the 42 reports that comprise series b are subject reports based on information from the national health survey. subjects such as physicians visits, dental care, injuries, disability, respiratory conditions, ulcers, arthritis, and insurance coverage. this series is continued by series 10. series c health statistics from the u. s. national health survey. there are 7 reports in series c covering health care characteristics by geographic area, urban and rural areas, and metropolitan areas. there are also reports covering children and youth health characteristics and elderly health characteristics. this series is continued by series 10. series d health statistics from the u. s. national health survey. the 8 reports in this series concentrate on techniques in and responses to the health survey. this series is continued by series 2. series 1 programs and collection procedures. series 1 consists of reports that describe the programs and procedures of the nchs ( national center for health statistics ). series 2 data evaluation and methods research. reports in series 2 discuss statistical, collection, and survey methodology. there are also comparison studies based on the various methodologies of series 3 analytical and epidemiological studies. the reports in series 3 consist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43844420973189585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.715677"} {"text": ". series 2 data evaluation and methods research. reports in series 2 discuss statistical, collection, and survey methodology. there are also comparison studies based on the various methodologies of series 3 analytical and epidemiological studies. the reports in series 3 consist of analytical, comparative, and interpretive reports from collected vital statistics in the u. s. and other series 4 documents and committee reports. series 4 contains final reports of committees and conferences such as the national committee on vital and health statistics and the international conference for the eighth revision of the international classification of diseases and documents from various committees. series 5 comparative international vital and health statistics the reports in series 5 consist of comparative studies of the u. s. and series 6 cognition and survey measurement. 1989 - the reports in series 6 are developed by the national laboratory for collaborative research in cognition and survey measurement. they discuss the design, evaluation, and testing of survey methods. series 10 data from the national health interview survey. contains statistics based on answers to the national health interview survey. series 11 data from the national health examination survey and the national. 1964 - health and nutrition examination survey. the reports in this series are used as the basis for estimates of the medically defined prevalence of specific diseases and analysis of the relationships of the various measurements. series 12 data from the institutionalized population surveys. the institutionalized population which was excluded from series 11 is examined in this series of reports. series 13 data on health resources utilization. this series looks at health resources such as health care workers, long term care and hospital facilities, and family clinics. some reports from series 12 are included in this series. series 14 data on health resources : manpower and facilities. these reports are statistical representations of the numbers, geographic distributions, and resources in manpower and facilities in the health series 15 data from special surveys. this series is bases on special reports that would not normally be represented in the vital and health statistics series. series 16 compilations of advance data from vital and health these reports are based on nchs surveys. series 20 data on mortality. statistical reports on causes of death, age at death, geographic area, and series 21 data on natality, marriage, and divorce. statistical reports on births, marriages, and divorces including information by geographic areas and time series. series 22 data from the national mortality and natality surveys. these reports are based on sample surveys from vital records statistics. this series is continued by series 20 and series 21. series 23 data from the national survey of family growth. statistical reports on fertility, infant health,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47186239436647365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.718256"} {"text": "features & commentary biodiversity benefits of redd + the un - redd programme recently convened a workshop exploring the biodiversity benefits of redd + in nairobi, and elifuraha isaya laltaika, the elected representative of indigenous peoples in africa to the un - redd programme policy board, highlights the challenges and opportunities discussed. | credits : biosphoto \u2013 montford thierry | the idea of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries ( redd + ) has generated a considerable degree of interest as well as significant international discussions since its introduction under the unfccc in 2007. it is a scheme that aims at rewarding developing countries in their efforts to conserve their forests. redd + was necessitated by the recognition that almost 20 per cent of all global carbon emissions are a result of deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries. redd + is therefore a welcome move seen as a positive fiscal incentive for environmental protection. it provides for a unique opportunity to transform the forest sector and forest landscapes in anticipation for maximum financial gains. however, since the primary aim of redd or redd + is to reduce carbon through making money, redd + has the potential to bring about imbalance between the need for finances on the one hand, and the need for biodiversity conservation on the other. this article is a reflection on the need for a 360 degree view of forests to include their value beyond carbon and money, also referred to as \u2018 multiple benefits of forests \u2019. biodiversity benefits of redd + workshop from the 20 - 23 of september 2010 in nairobi, the un convention on biological diversity ( cbd ) and the un - redd programme jointly convened an expert workshop on biodiversity benefits of redd +. the following ideas were refined by listening to the enriching presentations there and taking part in lively group discussions. forests offer more than carbon biodiversity has been defined to include a variety of genetically distinct populations and species of plants, animals, ecosystems and micro - organisms with which human beings share the earth. in other words, forests conserve as part of biodiversity, both visible and invisible organisms. some of these organisms can not be said to be of immediate economic value such as snails and butterflies or sparsely available medicinal herbs and tubers. however, their existence in the ecosystem is not in any way insignificant from the ecological standpoint. therefore, to confine what the forest has to offer to only carbon and money is to expect to live by bread alone ; mankind needs more than only bread. plantations : enough for today, but what about tomorrow? in an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4645712666157156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.722531"} {"text": "the ecological standpoint. therefore, to confine what the forest has to offer to only carbon and money is to expect to live by bread alone ; mankind needs more than only bread. plantations : enough for today, but what about tomorrow? in an effort to offset more carbon and get more money, actors will invariably indulge in reducing indigenous forests in order to plant trees that have the ability to offset more carbon. this is precarious to biodiversity since some species are native to some places because of the natural vegetation there. this means that the disappearance of such vegetation will spell automatic disappearance of such biodiversity. similarly, since scientific discoveries are on - going, replacing indigenous trees with plantations also entails interference with possible or potential scientific discoveries and breakthroughs. for indigenous peoples and forest dependent communities, replacing indigenous forests with plantations solely to offset carbon and get money means the erosion of culture and natural wealth for a \" one - day meal. \" eviction of local communities another challenge of considering forests in terms of carbon offset and money - making alone relates to developing a system that truly provides benefits to local communities and indigenous peoples. if emphasis is given to generating money, indigenous peoples and local communities will be sidelined by corporations and other actors. their right to effective participation in development processes, including the right to free, prior and informed consent is likely to be undermined. there is also the likelihood for them to be evicted from their ancestral land if doing so will entail offsetting more carbon and making more money. striking a balance the main obstacles for achieving multiple benefits are that the real value of forest ecosystem services are not known or appreciated in decision - making. however, for redd + to be free from risks, there is a need to look at the multiple values and services of forests as a whole. such a holistic approach will not only address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation but will also ensure conservation of important biodiversity for potential scientific breakthroughs as well as for the best interest and welfare of indigenous peoples and other forest dependent local communities. click here for the full report from the biodiversity benefits of redd + workshop. | elifuraha isaya laltaika | elifuraha isaya laltaika ( ll. m in environmental law ) is the elected indigenous peoples of africa representative to the un - redd programme policy board. the author wishes to express his thanks to the un - redd programme for the invitation to the recent biodiversity workshop in nairobi, as well as for the financial support to enable him to attend.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45193033284989736, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.723536"} {"text": "18 march 2009 five pilot countries in africa, asia and latin america are set to receive $ 18 million in funding from a united nations programme aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from forests while boosting local livelihoods. the un reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation ( un - redd ) was launched last september by secretary - general ban ki - moon as a way of combating climate change through creating incentives to reverse the trend of deforestation. the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) estimates that the cutting down of forests is now contributing close to 20 per cent of the overall greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere. the programme \u2019 s policy board, at its recent inaugural meeting in panama, approved $ 18 million in funding \u2013 roughly a third of the sum currently available \u2013 for the democratic republic of congo, indonesia, papua new guinea, tanzania and viet nam. \u201c this is a very significant first step for the un - redd programme, \u201d said angela cropper, deputy executive director of the un environment programme ( unep ), who chaired the meeting. \u201c i am heartened to see such a dedicated group of countries, indigenous peoples, civil society, donors and the united nations come together to reach consensus on this important programme. i am confident that the programme will have a substantial input to the continuing redd debate. \u201d along with the countries currently engaged in the programme implementation, the policy board includes members of indigenous peoples groups and civil society, as well as donors and many other interested parties such as the world bank and the global environment facility secretariat. in addition to the five countries that are set to receive the new funds, bolivia, panama, paraguay and zambia have also already expressed interest in receiving assistance through un - redd \u2013 a collaboration between unep, the un food and agricultural organization ( fao ) and the un development programme ( undp ). news tracker : past stories on this issue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4026339949433554, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.725427"} {"text": "remedy for depression? a psychology graduate student dedicates himself to finding answers. according to the national institute of mental health, depression affects approximately 17. 6 million americans each year. commonly prescribed medications for depression that are often advertised on television, while effective for some, do not provide the cure - all effect that many of us envision. in fact, according to an article published in nature reviews neuroscience, fewer than 50 percent of depressed patients experience a complete recovery using current treatment methods. by the year 2020, the world health organization anticipates that depression will be the second most disabling condition in the world. \u201c it \u2019 s a staggering projection, \u201d says timothy warner, a ph. d. candidate who studies the implications of stress and depression with psychology professor robert drugan. \u201c that \u2019 s why people in our lab as well as other labs spanning the globe are attempting to make positive strides in extinguishing this epidemic. \u201d specifically, warner is currently studying a variety of depression called \u201c anxious depression, \u201d which as the name suggests, refers to the experience of simultaneously suffering from symptoms of both anxiety and depression. warner shares that this particular combination \u201c is correlated with difficulty in coping, a poorer rate of recovery, and more severe symptoms of depression. \u201d although depression and anxiety disorders may appear to be one in the same, they are actually classified as separate disorders. depression can be described as a person experiencing lethargy, despair, and a sense of hopelessness. on the other hand, an anxiety disorder ( e. g., obsessive - compulsive disorder or post - traumatic stress disorder ) is identified by fear, panic, and nagging worry. the confusion that often accompanies these disorders may stem from their treatments, as both are often remedied in the same way, with antidepressants and behavioral therapy. \u201c there is a dire need to further understand the neurological pathways and mechanisms associated with depression, \u201d says warner. \u201c it \u2019 s not one particular anatomical region or chemical in the brain that results in depression \u2014 it \u2019 s much more complex. \u201d since coming to unh five years ago, warner has published a variety of scientific papers. \u201c publishing a research article takes a lot of time, \u201d says warner. \u201c we conducted as many as five experiments for one of our most recent papers. \u201d warner conducts his research with animals specifically, rats. to produce stress and anxiety in the animals that will ultimately elicit signs of depression, warner uses an experimentally controlled stress procedure that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5028224013256171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.728884"} {"text": "as many as five experiments for one of our most recent papers. \u201d warner conducts his research with animals specifically, rats. to produce stress and anxiety in the animals that will ultimately elicit signs of depression, warner uses an experimentally controlled stress procedure that only causes mild discomfort toward the animals. this stress paradigm, which serves as an animal model of depression, can be used to assess \u201c various behavioral endpoints such as learning and memory as well as signs of anxiety and depression, \u201d says warner. warner is currently in the midst of finishing up his dissertation, which explores the topic of anxious depression previously described. \u201c i am particularly excited about tim \u2019 s research findings. his preliminary work on his dissertation shows that our animal model of depression also causes changes in anxiety - related behavior. this will give our model greater traction and translation to the human condition, \u201d says drugan. as for plans after graduate school, warner hopes to continue his work in a postdoctoral position, and eventually acquire a tenure - track faculty position that will allow him to further pursue his passion for teaching and research. finding better options for depressed individuals resistant to current treatments is difficult. it takes many people who dedicate themselves to research careers such as the one on which warner has embarked. if you are interested in reading more about the work of warner and professor drugan, check out their laboratory website. here you will also find their latest scientific publications. back to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5137877964606938, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.729485"} {"text": "want to stay on top of all the space news? follow @ universetoday on twitter a kuiper belt object discovered three years ago finally has a real name. it \u2019 s also officially been classified as a dwarf planet, and plutoid as well, by the international astronomical union ( iau ). formerly known as 2005 fy9, and also as 136472, ( in addition to being unofficially called easterbunny ) the third largest known trans - neptunian object is now makemake. pronouced like \u201c maki - maki, \u201d the object was named after the creator god from easter island mythology. astronomer mike brown, one of the discoverers of makemake, wrote in his blog that the iau finally accepted his six - month old proposal to give the object a proper name. \u201c three years is a long time to have only a license plate number instead of a name, \u201d wrote brown, who appears to be pleased that the iau accepted the name that he and his team suggested. makemake is now the fourth designated dwarf planet in the solar system, and the third plutoid, reclassified as such just a month after the category of plutoid was created. makemake is currently visually the second brightest kuiper belt object after pluto, and with an apparent magnitude of about 16. 7, it \u2019 s bright enough to be visible using high - end amateur telescopes. it can be seen in the constellation coma berenices. the spitzer space telescope has studied makemake with its infrared capabilities, which showed the presence of methane, possibly in makemake \u2019 s atmosphere. its size is not precisely known, but from the spitzer data, combined with the similarities of spectrum with pluto, astronomers estimate a size about about 1, 500 km diameter. no satellites have been detected orbiting makemake. this object was discovered by mike brown, chad trujillo and david rainowitz on march 31, 2005, just before easter that year. they nicknamed it easterbunny ( which is easier to say than 2005 fy9 or 136472 ) and after tossing a few different names around, they finally came up with makemake because of its easter island, ( also known as rapa nui ) connection. makemake is the creator of humanity and the god of fertility in the mythology of the south pacific island of rapa nui. he was the chief god of the tangata manu bird - man cult and was worshipped in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4762974798439667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.731864"} {"text": "| one way to summarize the astounding improvements in survival at older ages is to look at the numbers of centenarians and super - centenarianspeople who live to age 110 and beyond. how many centenarians will there be in the world on jan. 1, 2000? james vaupel asked at a seminar earlier this month. many wont be celebrating vigorously, of course, but there will be about 100, 000 of them, said vaupel, whose work is at the intersection of the biological and social sciences. | the talk by vaupel, described as a true renaissance person whose work is at the intersection of the biological and social sciences, was co - sponsored by the population studies center, part of the institute for social research, and the recently formed geriatrics and aging research consortium, an interdisciplinary group convened by jeffrey halter, director of the geriatrics center. before 1950, there was rapid progress in reducing mortality at younger ages, said vaupel, who is executive director of the max planck institute for demographic research in berlin, and heads the institutes laboratory of survival and longevity. after 1950, there has been no progress in reducing mortality at younger ages and rapid progress at older ages. one way to summarize the astounding improvements in survival at older ages is to look at the numbers of centenarians and super - centenarianspeople who live to age 110 and beyond. how many centenarians will there be in the world on jan. 1, 2000? asked vaupel. many wont be celebrating vigorously, of course, but there will be about 100, 000 of them. these are people who have lived for three centuries, having been born in the 19th, living in the 20th, and living to see the start of the 21st century. on jan. 1, 1990, there were about 50, 000 centenarians in the world, and their numbers have been doubling every decade since 1950. so, we guess that on jan. 1, 1900, there were about 1, 000 centenarians celebrating, and on jan. 1, 1700, there were only about 20 to 30. then there are the super - centenarians, vaupel noted. so far as scientists know, there were none until 1930, when a northern ireland woman celebrated her 110th birthday. in the 1970s there were four, in the 80s, 10, and in the 90s, there have been 24. citing a series of studies of twins from denmark and other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4732507194314428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.737590"} {"text": "were none until 1930, when a northern ireland woman celebrated her 110th birthday. in the 1970s there were four, in the 80s, 10, and in the 90s, there have been 24. citing a series of studies of twins from denmark and other countries, vaupel said that about 25 percent of the variability in longevity is probably related to genetic factors, with another 25 percent of the variability due to fixed, non - genetic factors before birth and during the early years of life. fully one - half of the variability is a result of changing environmental factors and behaviors after the first years of life, including nutrition, environmental exposure to toxins, exercise and lifestyle choices. vaupel also discussed the age trajectory of mortality, presenting data based on hundreds of millions of observations from societies around the world. surprisingly, the graphs show that human mortality rates may reach a peak between the ages of 100 and 110, then fall. maybe madame jean calment, who died recently in france at the age of 122 1 / 2, single - handedly pulled the curve down, vaupel quipped. but in any case, the data run counter to one of the basic predictions of the biological sciencesthat there is a black hole, or stone wall of very high mortality after the reproductive ages, where death rates should rise swiftly. vaupel and colleagues also looked at the age trajectory of mortality in other species, from mediterranean fruit flies to nematode worms and yeasts. the final species we examined was automobiles, he said. toyotas and chevrolets. that was important because it addresses the issue of the extent to which the pattern is characteristic of biological systems or of complex systems in general. and in all cases, we found some leveling off, if not a decline, at the highest ages. its a real puzzle. vaupel noted that there are many interesting and important approaches to research on aging and longevity, including geriatrics, gerontology and public policy, as well as genetics, statistics and demography. the demographic approach may provide insights and methods to illuminate such questions as why there was very little progress in reducing mortality at older ages before 1950, and why such progress is accelerating so rapidly today. about the consortium the goal of the u - m geriatrics and aging research consortium is to bring together the leaders of major u - m centers, institutes, and programs from across the campus with a focus on aging and geriatrics issues, explains jeffrey halter, to strengthen research collaborations, with a particular emphasis on genetic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.518746103531683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.739662"} {"text": "research consortium is to bring together the leaders of major u - m centers, institutes, and programs from across the campus with a focus on aging and geriatrics issues, explains jeffrey halter, to strengthen research collaborations, with a particular emphasis on genetic and societal interactions in aging. halter directs the claude d. pepper older americans independence center in addition to the geriatrics center. participants in the group include sid gilman, professor and chair, department of neurology, and director, u - m alzheimers disease research center ; norman foster, professor of neurology and clinical director, alzheimers disease research center ; richard miller, professor of pathology and associate director for research, geriatrics center ; john a. faulkner, professor of physiology and director, nathan shock center for the biology of aging, institute of gerontology ; ari gafni, professor of biological chemistry and director, institute of gerontology ; mark supiano, associate professor of internal medicine and director, geriatrics research education and clinical center, ann arbor veterans administration medical center ; and george kaplan, professor and chair, department of epidemiology. participants from the institute for social research ( isr ) include david l. featherman, professor of sociology and of psychology and isr director ; albert i. hermalin, profesor emeritus of sociology ; denise park, professor of psychology and director, center for applied cognitive research on aging ; david lam, professor of economics and director, exploratory center on the demography of aging ; robert j. willis, professor of economics and director, health and retirement study ; lee lillard, professor of economics and director, michigan retirement research center ; and james jackson, professor of psychology and director, african - american mental health research center.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48712603689383716, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.740367"} {"text": "using health data applying technology to work smarter enter promotional code 05984 at checkout. using health data addresses the enduring problem faced by most healthcare workers : the transformation and presentation of data into meaningful and accessible information. this practical new text will guide the manipulation of health data needed by the \u2018 doers \u2019 and \u2018 users \u2019 of health data. using health data takes \u2018 real \u2019 examples from healthcare practice to illustrate, demonstrate and provide advice. it also describes various quantitative quality control charting and plotting methods to enable the effective presentation of data. while the text addresses the fundamentals of data manipulation, the interactive companion website allows readers to practice transforming real data into meaningful information. using health data will aid the reader in : - understanding how to transform qualitative data into quantitative measures ; - linking data from multiple sources to create new information and - differentiating between different types of health data ; administrative, for planning or resource scheduling ; and clinical evidence. - concise and practical guide to using data for health students and practitioners - information is divided into accessible sections with clear and straightforward progression of skills - screen dumps, charts and graphs are integrated throughout - icons in the text direct readers to web - based activities - tips and tricks at end of each section, and faqs at the end of the text - activities are built around real - world examples in healthcare \" the reader is taken through the core functions of the programs clearly and logically... the book is useful for students and qualified staff who need office to write letters, analyse basic data, create a database and give a presentation... this is a helpful source of information. nursing standard, 26 may 2010 \" with a clear shift around the globe, in relation to data management and computer based patient management systems, this book will inform and practically engage those who want to learn more. with any computer base publication currency is limited but for those who want to safely experiment or need ideas of how to present information this book is likely to be very helpful. \" journal of orthopaedic nursing by heather grain, school of public health, la trobe university, bundoora, vic, australia and paula procter, school of nursing & midwifery, university of sheffield, uk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4962631455306932, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.742705"} {"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb cities of refuge. 1a when the lord, your god, cuts down the nations whose land the lord, your god, is giving you, and you have dispossessed them and settled in their cities and houses, b 2you shall set apart three cities * in the land the lord, your god, is giving you to possess. 3you shall measure the distances and divide into three regions the land of which the lord, your god, is giving you possession, so that every homicide will be able to find a refuge. 4this is the case of a homicide who may take refuge there and live : when someone strikes down a neighbor unintentionally and not out of previous hatred. 5for example, if someone goes with a neighbor to a forest to cut wood, wielding an ax to cut down a tree, and its head flies off the handle and hits the neighbor a mortal blow, such a person may take refuge in one of these cities and live. 6should the distance be too great, the avenger of blood * might in hot anger pursue, overtake, and strike the killer dead, even though that one does not deserve the death penalty since there had been no previous hatred ; 7for this reason i command you : set apart three cities. 8c but if the lord, your god, enlarges your territory, as he swore to your ancestors, and gives you all the land he promised your ancestors he would give, 9because you carefully observe this whole commandment which i give you today, loving the lord, your god, and ever walking in his ways, then add three more cities to these three. 10thus, in the land which the lord, your god, is giving you as a heritage, innocent blood will not be shed and you will not become guilty of bloodshed. d 11however, if someone, hating a neighbor, lies in wait, attacks, and strikes the neighbor dead, and then flees to one of these cities, 12the elders of the killer \u2019 s own city shall send and have the killer taken from there, to be handed over to the avenger of blood and slain. 13do not show pity, but purge from israel the innocent blood, so that it may go well with you. e removal of landmarks. 14you shall not move your neighbor \u2019 s boundary markers * erected by your forebears in the heritage that will be allotted to you in the land", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4543478413212841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.746409"} {"text": "from israel the innocent blood, so that it may go well with you. e removal of landmarks. 14you shall not move your neighbor \u2019 s boundary markers * erected by your forebears in the heritage that will be allotted to you in the land the lord, your god, is giving you to possess. f false witnesses. 15g one witness alone shall not stand against someone in regard to any crime or any offense that may have been committed ; a charge shall stand only on the testimony of two or three witnesses. h 16if a hostile witness rises against someone to accuse that person of wrongdoing, 17the two parties in the dispute shall appear in the presence of the lord, in the presence of the priests and judges in office at that time, i 18j and the judges must investigate it thoroughly. if the witness is a false witness and has falsely accused the other, k 19you shall do to the false witness just as that false witness planned to do to the other. thus shall you purge the evil from your midst. 20the rest shall hear and be afraid, and never again do such an evil thing as this in your midst. l 21do not show pity. life for life, * eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, and foot for foot! m * [ 19 : 2 ] set apart three cities : the israelites were to have at least six cities of refuge, three in the land east of the jordan and three in the land of canaan west of the jordan ( nm 35 : 9 \u2013 34 ) ; but since the three cities east of the jordan had now been appointed ( dt 4 : 41 \u2013 43 ), reference is made here only to the three west of the jordan. the execution of this command is narrated in jos 20. * [ 19 : 14 ] move your neighbor \u2019 s boundary markers : a prohibition against furtively extending one \u2019 s property by moving a neighbor \u2019 s boundary stone. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48177428238031644, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.747276"} {"text": "are you preparing for that 10k race, half marathon, marathon, swim meet, long hike, soccer tournament or cross - country bicycle ride? put in those laps, miles, games and rides, but don \u2019 t forget to pay attention to what you \u2019 re putting in your body. pre - event nutrition is essential for optimum performance. athletic ability is derived from both genetics and training. however, without high - quality food choices and the appropriate timing of meals, training and performance may be compromised. it is important that the majority of the athlete \u2019 s diet leading up to an event includes nutrient - dense foods to ensure that the required nutrients are available for general health and optimizing training. active individuals must consume diets that are rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains ; are low in saturated and trans fats ; and contain adequate fiber and protein. carbohydrates are the best foods to fuel one \u2019 s muscles, because they provide glycogen to the muscles for energy during exercise. they also digest quickly and are readily available for fuel. these can be in the form of simple sugars such as in fruits and juices or complex carbohydrates as in pasta, bread, rice, cereal, oatmeal, corn and many other grains. protein is important for muscle growth and to repair muscle damage after workouts. consuming sources of fat is important not only for energy but also to help your body use some vitamins and plant compounds known as phytochemicals. vitamins and minerals help to release the energy stored in food so that your body can use it as fuel. water is the most important nutrient to keep you hydrated as you exercise. it is integral to replace fluids you lose through sweat or performance will suffer. here are some food suggestions to help you prepare for the event. because we are all unique, each of us must experiment to figure out which foods \u2014 and how much of them \u2014 work best before an event. \u2022 eat breakfast every morning. a balanced breakfast provides a significant amount of energy and nutrients that help in maintaining a feeling of satiety. skipping breakfast is similar to a small fast. the level of glycogen in your body may be considerably lower in the morning, so you will need to refuel your body to replace the energy it used as you slept. non - breakfast foods like last night \u2019 s pizza or leftover chinese food are suitable as well as more traditional items like a fruit or yogurt smoothie, breakfast sandwich with egg and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4514872714697249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.751671"} {"text": "your body to replace the energy it used as you slept. non - breakfast foods like last night \u2019 s pizza or leftover chinese food are suitable as well as more traditional items like a fruit or yogurt smoothie, breakfast sandwich with egg and cheese, cereal or waffles with fruit. \u2022 consume a carbohydrate - rich meal the day before. hence the infamous pasta dinner. this will permit your body time to digest the meal and also store the energy as glycogen. if you tend to become nervous or have a sensitive stomach and are not able to eat anything before competitions, attempt to eat a little extra with this meal to compensate for the lack of fuel on the actual event day. \u2022 eat a light breakfast three or four hours before a morning event. select foods with lots of carbohydrates such as cereal, one to two slices of toast, a small bagel, muffins, yogurt, oatmeal, a banana or a fruit smoothie. make sure to drink plenty of water. \u2022 eat a small snack one hour before the event. have something like an energy bar, a granola bar, half of a bagel or several graham crackers. drink at least 12 ounces of fluid. \u2022 eat a substantial breakfast and light lunch that is rich in carbohydrates before afternoon or evening events. you may need to consume another light meal one to two hours before the evening event, as tolerated. linda copp is a registered dietitian in private practice and an instructor of nutrition at san diego state university and point loma nazarene university.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44954458424157284, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.752306"} {"text": "understanding the black hole in the heart of our galaxy wednesday, march 01, 2006 almost 100 years ago, albert einstein wondered about the most captivating prediction of general relativity \u2014 that isolated pockets of space - time exist in the universe. now, prof. fulvio melia, one of the world \u2019 s leading astrophysicists, presents a wealth of recent evidence that just such an entity, with a mass of about three million suns, is indeed lurking at the center of our galaxy, the milky way, in the form of a super massive \u201c black hole \u201d. in celebration of the world year of physics, the university of tulsa, the american physical society and the tu department of physics will present a lecture by melia, who is a professor of physics and astronomy at the university of arizona and author of \u201c the edge of infinity : super massive black holes in the universe. \u201d prof. melia will discuss \u201c the black hole at the center of our galaxy, \u201d on thursday, march 9, 2006 in the business administration hall on the university of tulsa campus. a reception will be held at 6 : 15 p. m. preceding the lecture, which begins at 7 : 00 p. m. both events are free and open to the public. both \u201c the black hole \u201d and \u201c the edge of infinity \u201d are written for a general audience. each book is a nontechnical account that conveys the excitement generated by the quest to expose what these giant distortions in the fabric of space and time have to say about our origin and ultimate destiny for the general reader. for more information on the lecture, please contact tu physics prof. parameswar hari, ( 918 ) 631 - 3128, or e - mail email @ example. com. for more information about fulvio melia, please visit his website at http : / / www. physics. arizona. edu / ~ melia /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5689350032903898, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.754229"} {"text": "very long chain acyl coa dehydrogenase deficiency ( lcad ) national organization for rare disorders, inc. it is possible that the main title of the report very long chain acyl coa dehydrogenase deficiency ( lcad ) is not the name you expected. please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name ( s ) and disorder subdivision ( s ) covered by this report. synonyms back to top - nonketotic hypoglycemia caused by deficiency of acyl - coa dehydrogenase disorder subdivisions back to top general discussion back to top very long - chain acyl - coa dehydrogenase deficiency ( vlcad ) is a rare genetic disorder of fatty acid metabolism that is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. it occurs when an enzyme needed to break down certain very long - chain fatty acids is missing or not working properly. vlcad is one of the metabolic diseases known as fatty acid oxidation ( fod ) diseases. in the past, the name long - chain acyl - coa dehydrogenase deficiency ( lcad ) was applied to one such disease, but today it is believed that all cases once thought to be lcad are actually vlcad. the breakdown of fatty acids takes place in the mitochondria found in each cell. the mitochondria are small, well - defined bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of cells and in which the body generates energy from the breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones ( mitochondrial oxidation ). there appear to be two forms of vlcad : an early - onset, severe form which, if unrecognized and undiagnosed, may lead to extreme weakness of the heart muscles ( cardiomyopathy ) and may be life - threatening ( vlcad - c ), and a later - onset, milder form, sometimes referred to as vlcad - h, that is characterized by repeated bouts of low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia ). however, patients may present with a combination of symptoms and the disease is best thought of as being a continuum. since the advent of expanded newborn screening programs using tandem mass spectrometry technology, more vlcad infants are being detected earlier in the course of the disorder than in the past. resources back to top children living with inherited metabolic diseases ( climb ) 176 nantwich road crewe, intl cw2 6bg tel : 0845 241 2174 tel : 800 652 3181 united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4437073451373221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.758115"} {"text": "of the disorder than in the past. resources back to top children living with inherited metabolic diseases ( climb ) 176 nantwich road crewe, intl cw2 6bg tel : 0845 241 2174 tel : 800 652 3181 united mitochondrial disease foundation 8085 saltsburg road pittsburgh, pa 15239 organic acidemia association p. o. box 1008 pinole, ca 94564 organic acidaemias uk 5 saxon road middlesex, intl tw15 1ql nih / national institute of diabetes, digestive & kidney diseases office of communications & public liaison bldg 31, rm 9a06 31 center drive, msc 2560 bethesda, md 20892 - 2560 fod ( fatty oxidation disorders ) family support group po box 54 okemos, mi 48864 genetic and rare diseases ( gard ) information center po box 8126 gaithersburg, md 20898 - 8126 po box 241956 los angeles, ca 90024 14 pembroke street medford, ma 02155 childhood liver disease research and education network c / o joan m. hines, research administrator the children ' s hospital 13123 e 16th ave. b290 aurora, co 80045 for a complete report back to top this is an abstract of a report from the national organization for rare disorders ( nord ). a copy of the complete report can be downloaded free from the nord website for registered users. the complete report contains additional information including symptoms, causes, affected population, related disorders, standard and investigational therapies ( if available ), and references from medical literature. for a full - text version of this topic, go to www. rarediseases. org and click on rare disease database under \" rare disease information \". the information provided in this report is not intended for diagnostic purposes. it is provided for informational purposes only. nord recommends that affected individuals seek the advice or counsel of their own personal physicians. it is possible that the title of this topic is not the name you selected. please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name ( s ) and disorder subdivision ( s ) covered by this report this disease entry is based upon medical information available through the date at the end of the topic. since nord ' s resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the rare disease database completely current and accurate. please check with the agencies listed in the resources section for the most current information about this disorder. for additional information and assistance about rare disorders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4735372600509538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.759080"} {"text": "- discussion questions : what is a blizzard? what do you do when there is a blizzard? tell about a not - so - great birthday. what happened or didn ' t happen? - language arts : have groups plan a class birthday party. decide on a theme, make invitations, make birthday cards, write directions for games, make a menu. - writing : write about your perfect birthday or a snow day. make a list of fun things to do on a snow day. - math : graph birthday months and / or days of the month - science : chart the weather for a month, recording precipitation, storms, temperature, etc. research record setting blizzards or snow storms. research blizzards, - social studies : learn about one - room schools. discuss the impact of blizzards on travel, commerce, utilities, etc. - drama : do a pantomime of birthday activities such as blowing out the candles, etc. - cooking / food : what would you serve to unexpected guests? - art : make a picture of a \" blizzard \" day, use a white \" wash \" to look like blowing snow. - music : sing some of the songs from the story. - movement : make a human chain in an open area. have only the first person with eyes open, lead the others. - technology : brainstorm weather words and their meanings. illustrate slides to make a weather dictionary in kid pix. put the slides into a class slide show. - compare and contrast : the blizzard with nora ' s ark, another monarch book about a flood.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46217629695094536, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.760696"} {"text": "new cat study underscores importance of spaying and neutering though you may treat your cat as though she were just another member of the family, it ' s important to remember that even domesticated felines can still occasionally tap into their \" wild side. \" any owner who has opened their back door to let their cat in only to find a dead mouse or bird on their stoop is likely aware of this fact. while it ' s not necessarily unhealthy for felines to hunt, a new study suggests that the tendency of cats to capture and kill prey could be damaging the environment, according to usa today. cat hunting statistics according to research published in the journal nature communications, the number of birds and small mammals killed by cats every year is much higher than previously thought. after analyzing data from a number of sources, researchers from the u. s. fish and wildlife service found that felines are responsible for the deaths of anywhere from 1. 4 billion to 3. 7 billion birds a year. cats also kill as many as 20. 7 billion mammals annually, including mice, shrews, rabbits and voles. it ' s not just feral or stray cats who are responsible for these deaths - researchers estimate that about 50 to 80 percent of domesticated outdoor cats are hunters, reports npr. for those who dislike rodents or birds, hunting and killing small animals may not seem like cat behavior problems. however, with about one third of the 800 species of birds in the u. s. marked as endangered, the implications of this issue could be widespread. \" our findings suggest that free - ranging cats cause substantially greater wildlife mortality than previously thought and are likely the single greatest source of anthropogenic [ human - related ] mortality for u. s. birds and mammals, \" peter marra of the smithsonian ' s conservation biology institute told usa today. cats may even be a greater threat to avian wildlife than wind turbines or glass windows. what can pet owners do fortunately, there are ways that conscientious cat owners can help alleviate this problem. neutering or spaying a cat is a good start, as this can help decrease the number of felines living in the u. s. currently, there are many cats who wind up in adoption shelters or on the streets because they are unable to find a home. if you have an outdoor cat, it may be wise to consider moving her indoors, at least for portions of the year. this will not only help cut down on her hunting habits, it can also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3940067871257982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.763363"} {"text": "puppy training 101 : how to properly socialize your dog - provided by vetstreet. com socializing a puppy is a lot like drumming up friends of your own : the more you mingle, the more progress you make. introduce a puppy to all the new things you can ( people, places and other animals ). when a puppy isn ' t exposed to new things, social development may become stunted or, worse, regress. the goal of socializing is a confident, outgoing dog that isn ' t shy or aggressive. practice safe socialization \" but wait! \" you say. \" what about disease? my veterinarian told me to keep my puppy at home until his last puppy shot. and you ' re saying i should go out? is that safe? \" your veterinarian is right : your puppy is at risk of contracting diseases from other dogs before his full immunity is in place. this is why you shouldn ' t go anywhere where dogs you do not know hang out \u2014 parks, dog events or pet stores \u2014 until your veterinarian gives the go - ahead. but that doesn ' t mean you should leave your puppy at home. use common sense. plan safe outings. take a puppy class : good trainers know the risks and work to minimize them by keeping the training area sanitized. impart a life - saving skill set why take any chances at all? an unsocialized dog \u2014 whether fearful or aggressive \u2014 is at a higher risk of ending up in a shelter with little chance at being adopted again. some experts argue that, in the long run, behavior problems kill more dogs than parvovirus does. perhaps that puts the importance of proper and safe socialization into perspective. limit the paw - holding unlike wolves or coyotes, dogs are genetically predisposed to become part of human society, but it ' s not always easy. so socialize, and remember that the world is full of scary things, especially to a little puppy. at times, even the boldest of them may become paralyzed with uncertainty, especially when faced with something they have never seen before. your response to this fear is very important. don ' t soothe your pup. petting him and saying, \" it ' s ok, baby \" ( or something similar ) gives your puppy the idea that being scared is ok and that you ' re rewarding him for the behavior. instead, be matter - of - fact and encouraging. let him work it out, and when he takes that step forward, praise him", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47129522580698013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.765773"} {"text": "clinical studies are showing the benefits of applying human sports therapy to our veterinary patients. by using such tools as the underwater treadmill ( see video below ), these animals have shown a quicker return to function. these results, as a well as the health and psychological benefits of therapeutic veterinary rehabilitation will benefit animals of all sporting and working breeds. core strengthening in phase ii rehabilitation of a labrador retriever rehabilitation case study : a 9 year old thoroughbred horse with right shoulder thoracic spine paraveterbral muscle pain and multiple trigger points. craig angle, sherry johnston rehabilitation program for a sporting dog following delayed recovery from an acl repair sherry johnston, craig angle, kasey singley, tim jones video : a dog walking in the underwater treadmill below is a video of a retriever who is post acl surgery walking in the underwater treadmill. without the use of the treadmill this dog would not be able to support his own weight and would not be able to exercise. by controlling the level of water in the tank, we can control the amount of body weight the dog has to support on the injured leg. this allows the bones and muscles of the injured leg to exercise under minimal stress. to view these videos you will need a high speed internet connection. \u00a9 2009 auburn university college of veterinary medicine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46300517806172314, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.769508"} {"text": "global - define global variable ordinarily, each scilab function, has its own local variables and can \" read \" all variables created in the base workspace or by the calling functions. the global keyword allow to make variables read / write across functions. any assignment to that variable, in any function, is available to all the other functions declaring it global. if the global variable doesn ' t exist the first time you issue the global statement, it will be initialized to the empty matrix. / / first : calling environnment and a function share a variable global a a = 1 deff ( ' y = f1 ( x ) ', ' global a, a = x ^ 2, y = a ^ 2 ' ) f1 ( 2 ) a / / second : three functions share variables deff ( ' initdata ( ) ', ' global a c ; a = 10, c = 30 ' ) deff ( ' letsgo ( ) ', ' global a c ; disp ( a ) ; c = 70 ' ) deff ( ' letsgo1 ( ) ', ' global c ; disp ( c ) ' ) initdata ( ) letsgo ( ) letsgo1 ( ) who, isglobal, clearglobal, gstacksize, resume,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5844114039119677, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.770586"} {"text": "long before educational entities began to use computers, the web, and streaming multimedia, they enriched curriculum with live or recorded television programming. this early use of information technology was also an early barrier for students and staff with disabilities, particularly those who were deaf or hard of hearing. significant legislative steps have helped to reduce this barrier but have not yet eliminated it. one significant step toward removing this barrier occurred in 1990 with the passage of the television decoder circuitry act. this act requires that television sets with screens thirteen inches or larger manufactured for sale in the united states have built - in closed - caption decoder circuitry that allows viewers to display closed captions on their sets. the deadline for compliance with this act was july 1993. this step addressed the problem in terms of television hardware, but the problem of available captioned programming remained. a television that is capable of displaying closed captions does nothing to improve accessibility for hearing - impaired students if the programming content is not captioned. a significant step toward addressing this problem occurred with the passage of the telecommunications act of 1996. section 713 of that act requires that video program distributors ( cable operators, broadcasters, and satellite distributors ) phase in closed captioning of their television programs. the federal communication commission ( fcc ) is charged with prescribing such regulations as are necessary to implement this section, including a schedule of deadlines. fcc deadlines include the following : - 100 % of new english - language programming must be captioned by 2006 ( with some exemptions ). - 75 % of prerule programming ( i. e., programming first shown before january 1, 1998 ) must be captioned by 2008. - 100 % of new spanish - language programming must be captioned by 2010 ( with some exemptions ). the complete set of deadlines, plus benchmarks en route to meeting these deadlines, is available on the fcc consumer facts closed captioning page. - fcc consumer facts closed captioning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46416341777029657, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.774374"} {"text": "flush once less per day keeps the danger at bay dr chan ngai weng, president water watch penang, 10 brown rd 10350 penang ( tel : 04 - 2283306 ; email : ) over the past few days, the star has carried alarming news on an impending water crisis ( the star 7 feb 2007 ) and warnings for the public to conserve water or face rationing ( the star 8 feb 2007 ). one might wonder why syabas would warn the public to conserve \u201c as much as possible \u2026 \u201d because when people use less water, wouldn \u2019 t their profits go down? the answer is this : if the public do not heed the warnings and carry on wasting water ( malaysians use on average of over 300 litres per capita per day [ lpd ] compared to the un recommended level of 165 lpd ), a drought will exacerbate into a water crisis. when a water crisis happens, water service providers will be blamed. they will not be able to ask for tariff reviews and their contracts might even be terminated for their \u201c incompetence \u201d! they simply cannot afford a water crisis. hence, the warnings. malaysians are fortunate because the country is rich in water resources. often heavy rains result in floods ( e. g. in johor recently ) and floods give policy makers and the public a false picture, as rainfall is unevenly distributed over time and space. the irony is that we still get hit by drought and water stress ( not to mention poor quality piped water ). the el nino in 1997 / 98 not only laid bare the fragility of our water resources, but also weaknesses in its management. how else can a country with an average of 3, 000 mm of rain per year and per capita renewable water resources of more than 20, 000 m3 ( the international water stress line is 1, 700 m3 ) be subject to water stress and water crisis if not for mismanagement? in 1997 / 98. hundreds of thousands of people in many parts of the country suffered untold hardships of water cuts and water rationing for months ( see the star 8 feb 2007 report 1998 water rationing still hard to forget ). government must realize that it cannot keep on supplying water as the amount of water is finite but water demand is ever increasing. consumers must be taught the value of water and how to use water wisely, i. e. not to waste water. all these years since the el nino of 97, there have been no sustained efforts in water saving campaigns. only recently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44462292476877213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.778603"} {"text": "increasing. consumers must be taught the value of water and how to use water wisely, i. e. not to waste water. all these years since the el nino of 97, there have been no sustained efforts in water saving campaigns. only recently in 2006 did the ministry of energy, water and communications ( mewc ) launch a nationwide \u201c water savings campaign \u201d. in order to ensure that the campaign is successful, the 2 year campaign should not just end after 2 years, or when the funding runs out. such campaigns must be continuous so that the entire nation can be reached and sensitised. people need to be reminded all the time about the importance of water as there is no substitute, unlike food. water should be used wisely, not wasted. the motto is \u201c make every drop count \u201d. some experts have warned that el nino is developing rapidly in recent months, but others have disputed that by saying that \u201c el nino is all but washed up \u201d. irrespective of who is right, malaysians have to prepare for the worse and insulate themselves from another water crisis. even during normal times without el nino, we should be prepared. for the moment, let us just assume it is coming and prepare our responses to address it. naturally the government cannot increase our water supply capacity overnight as building a dam or treatment plant takes years. so what we can do right now is getting people sensitized and getting them to be ready. the idea is to get all water consumers on board and start getting them to save water right away. once people get used to the idea of saving water, they will feel less pain and stress when the government issues a water rationing order. one easy and painless way to start is to get everyone to reduce water use by flushing once less per day. this is easily done as one does not need to flush the toilet after every pee. the average person urinates about five to seven times a day. flush once after every two pees. but do so to ensure that hygiene is not jeopardized. close the toilet cover or put some pandan leaves in the toilet to reduce smell. one flush is about 9 litres of water. if every malaysian flushes one flush less per day, we will save 234 million litres of water per day! this amount of water can fill up approximately 10 medium size dams, and the water saved can then be utilized during a drought or el nino. for other water saving tips, please visit our website : www. waterwatchpenang. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44475849740669643, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.779547"} {"text": "\u2022 grant to ecological management foundation supports the bangladesh water project, helping 77 million people exposed to toxic arsenic levels in drinking water minneapolis, mn, nov. 15, 2010 - - an estimated 77 million people in bangladesh, or roughly half of the country ' s population, have been exposed to toxic arsenic levels in their drinking water since the 1970s. that ' s when the installation of hand - pumped wells throughout bangladesh began tapping groundwater laden with naturally occurring arsenic. in response to this crisis, the ecological management foundation ( emf ) launched the bangladesh water project in 2008, to create an economically viable solution that will provide the people of bangladesh with safe drinking water. a grant from pentair inc. ( nyse : pnr ) and its foundation to the emf will support the bangladesh project. \" tragically, the people in bangladesh are being poisoned by toxic arsenic levels in their drinking water, \" said susan carter, manager of the pentair foundation. \" the good news is the ecological management foundation is working diligently to change these conditions. pentair is proud to help positively impact global water quality and we hope to help make a difference across bangladesh. \" the world health organization has called the bangladeshis ' exposure to arsenic the largest mass poisoning of a population in history. further, a 10 - year study by university of chicago researchers indicated that more than 20 percent of the deaths in bangladesh were caused by arsenic exposure from contaminated drinking water. arsenic is toxic to the liver, skin, kidneys and the cardiovascular system, and can cause certain kinds of cancer. the emf ' s five - year goal for the bangladesh project is to prove that micro drinking water businesses can be run as commercial businesses, and that bangladesh ' s rural residents will be willing to pay for arsenic - free water. within 10 years, the project aims to develop 30, 000 financially independent micro water businesses - - or one in each rural village - - in bangladesh. since the bangladesh project began in 2008, the emf has completed a research and feasibility phase, which compared the viability of different arsenic removal technologies. an innovative, low - cost and environmentally friendly deionization technology from voltea, with which pentair maintains an equity and technology partnership, was selected as the most effective option. this deionization water filtration technology removes arsenic and salt through an electric charge, leaving behind desalinated and deionized safe drinking water. the project ' s next step is a demonstration project to test the technology in the field and conduct market research on product and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031313077999806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.784520"} {"text": "filtration technology removes arsenic and salt through an electric charge, leaving behind desalinated and deionized safe drinking water. the project ' s next step is a demonstration project to test the technology in the field and conduct market research on product and pricing. \" collaborative philanthropic and business partnerships play an important role in bringing clean drinking water solutions to developing countries that lack this basic necessity, \" said dr. phil rolchigo, vice president of technology at pentair and a member of voltea ' s board of directors. \" in bangladesh and around the globe, we are focused on applying innovative filtration technologies to solve critical water quality issues. \" about the pentair foundation established in 1998, the pentair foundation has committed more than $ 24 million to strengthen and support communities in which pentair operates, with a focus on education, water quality and community giving. through the foundation, pentair directs two percent of its pre - tax earnings to charitable organizations annually. for more information on the foundation, visit http : / / www. pentair. com / about - us / the - pentair - foundation. aspx. pentair ( www. pentair. com ) is a global diversified industrial company headquartered in minneapolis, minnesota. its water group is a global leader in providing innovative products and systems used worldwide in the movement, treatment, storage and enjoyment of water. pentair ' s technical products group is a leader in the global enclosures and thermal management markets, designing and manufacturing thermal management products and standard, modified, and custom enclosures that protect sensitive electronics and the people that use them. with 2009 revenues of $ 2. 7 billion, pentair employs approximately 13, 000 people worldwide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5125113717099726, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.785293"} {"text": "all about wheat wheat and barley are the primary grain crops grown in washington. for decades, washington farmers have worked the land and its soil to produce some of the highest quality grains in the world. known throughout the globe as the home of soft white and club wheat production, washington farmers also raise superb hard red winter and spring wheats. barley is also a top choice among some farmers. whether you are looking to purchase grain or learn more about washington ' s grain farmers, we hope to provide the answers to your questions. washington farmers take their responsibilities seriously, and are proud to offer the most dependable and safest grain to their neighbors around the world. ways wheat farmers impact wa wheat isn \u2019 t just... well, wheat wheat is the principal human food grain produced in the united states. washington is the 4th largest wheat producing state in the nation with more than 2. 2 million acres in production. what sets washington farmer is their ability to raise, or yield, more wheat on those acres than other states. on average, dryland, or non - irrigated, farmers can raise about 65 bushels per acre. also, washington wheat is some of the highest in quality throughout the nation. there are six different wheat classes grown in the u. s. : hard red winter ( hrw ), hard red spring ( hrs ), hard white ( hw ), durum, soft white ( sw ), and soft red winter ( srw ). in the u. s., wheat varieties are classified either as \u201c winter \u201d or \u201c spring \u201d depending on the season each is planted. winter varieties are sown in the fall and are usually established before the cold weather arrives and then goes dormant over the winter. approximately 80 % of washington \u2019 s total production in 2010 wheat was winter and 20 % was spring. it is critical to know that wheat is not wheat \u2013 in other words, each class has different end - use functions. the major class of wheat grown in washington is soft white. soft white wheat is used mainly for bakery products other than bread. examples include pastries, cakes, and cookies. it is also used for cereals, flat breads and crackers. it has a lower protein content and weak gluten. an important bread wheat, hrs, is used in mass - produced pan breads, and hearth or artisan breads or rolls. it generally has high protein and strong gluten. ( gluten is what interacts with yeast and allows bread to rise - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46240215656503714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.790462"} {"text": "eastern nations such as japan, the philippines, taiwan, south korea and yemen. there is also a demand for washington wheat throughout the rest of the world. our biggest competitors in the world marketplace are canada and australia. despite the fact the first evidence of wheat has been found in the pyramids, the production of wheat has changed considerably. in the u. s., scythes and threshing machines have given way to combines. even more recently, farming by global positioning systems \u2013 signals bouncing off a satellite \u2013 helps direct a farmer on where to apply fertilizers, fungicides and pesticides. these newer technologies are key tools that help to increase a farmers overall stewardship of the land. some good information on gmo... an even bigger change in the wings is the controversial advent of genetically - modified wheat. keep in mind that according to food manufacturers ( as quoted by katie couric on the today show \u2013 october 28, 2003 ) 70 % of all processed foods in our supermarkets now are made from genetically - modified ingredients. ( in the most basic terms, genetic engineering involves inserting a desirable gene into a plant or animal. ) i \u2019 ve eaten dna and so have you. much of anything made with corn sweeteners has been genetically - modified. you \u2019 ve heard of tomatoes which have been bred to contain more cancer fighting elements. you \u2019 ve perhaps heard of golden rice which has been modified to contain more vitamin a to fight blindness in under - developed countries. people speak of frankenfoods and the horror associated with them, and the truth is, we \u2019 ve been modifying our foods for over 20 years. technology has spawned new terminology, as well. now we have functional foods that provide something unique other than fuel for our bodies in that they prevent disease or enhance health. we are into a world of \u201c nutraceuticals \u201d whereby regular foods have been \u201c beefed up \u201d with vitamins or minerals through genetic design. there is no genetically - modified wheat in commercial production in the u. s. but researchers are looking at ways to breed wheats better able to withstand pests and drought and produce more with less pesticides on smaller parcels of land to feed ever - increasing populations. the u. s. wheat industry is committed to the adoption of a nationally and internationally accepted definition of biotechnologically - derived traits and urges the harmonization of scientific standards and trade rules. the national wheat industry recognizes the great promise it believes the technology will deliver to benefit both the consumer and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47759784901882035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.792510"} {"text": "if you take drugs to lower your blood pressure, your medication may also lower your risk of dementia, according to a new study released monday by the american academy of neurology. according to the study, people taking beta blockers, a class of drugs used to treat a number of conditions including high blood pressure, glaucoma and migraines, were less likely to have less cognitive impairment than those that did not. beta blockers cause the heart to beat slower and with less force, which reduces blood pressure. they also open up blood vessels to increase blood flow. for the last 21 years, 774 japanese - american men between the ages of 71 and 93 took part in the study. of those, 610 had hypertension or were taking medication to lower their blood pressure. among those treated, 15 % took only beta blockers and 18 % got a beta blocker plus one or more other blood pressure medications. the remaining men didn ' t take any beta blocker as part of their treatment. autopsies performed after their deaths showed the group that took only beta blockers had significantly fewer brain abnormalities like microinfarcts, or the death of brain cells because inadequate blood flow. they also had fewer alzheimer ' s brain lesions and less brain atrophy than other study participants. \" with the number of people with alzheimer ' s disease expected to grow significantly as our population ages, it is increasingly important to identify factors that could delay or prevent the disease, \" said study author dr. lon white of the pacific health research and education institute in honolulu, who has been studying alzheimer ' s for 30 years. \" these results are exciting, especially since beta blockers are a common treatment for high blood pressure. \" dementia is not caused by one thing, say white. \" in fact, it ' s probably five or six pathological processes that contribute to the development of dementia and cognitive impairment in late life... hypertension in mid - life contributes substantially to one or more of those processes, and is responsible for probably 20 % of dementia that we call alzheimer ' s disease in late life. the only strategies that we ' re really aware of to reduce the risk of late - life dementia is to identify and effectively treat high blood pressure in middle life. \" while the findings are very preliminary, the study is a valuable resource, said neuroscientist dr. heather snyder, director of medical and scientific operations at the alzheimer ' s association, who was not involved with the research. she says the biggest takeaway is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4495802885261473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.795394"} {"text": "michael jackson was on to something when he sang that \" a - b - c \" is \" simple as \" do re mi. \" music helps kids remember basic facts such as the order of letters in the alphabet, partly because songs tap into fundamental systems in our brains that are sensitive to melody and beat. that ' s not all : when you play music, you are exercising your brain in a unique way. \" i think there ' s enough evidence to say that musical experience, musical exposure, musical training, all of those things change your brain, \" says dr. charles limb, associate professor of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery at johns hopkins university. \" it allows you to think in a way that you used to not think, and it also trains a lot of other cognitive facilities that have nothing to do with music. \" the connection between music and the brain is the subject of a symposium at the association for psychological science conference in chicago this weekend, featuring prominent scientists and grammy - winning bassist victor wooten. they will discuss the remarkable ways our brains enable us to appreciate, remember and play music, and how we can harness those abilities in new ways. there are more facets to the mind - music connection than there are notes in a major scale, but it ' s fascinating to zoom in on a few to see the extraordinary affects music can have on your brain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4986504124196377, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.797022"} {"text": "artwork frameworks are not limited in real objects. professional designers may use some different art patterns or coloring for the designs. so this tutorial will guide you to produce a framework using artwork. abstract effects tutorials you can produce an abstract image by combining different shapes and different sorts of images together. you have to spent some times to produce the desired conclusion. you can produce a green plant in a surrealistic way by following this tutorial. this effect can be manipulated in whatever plant you need. so play with the tutorial. the images can be transformed to some kind of abstract sceneries instead of adding objects to adjust colors or lighting. play with this tutorial. designs of a framework or an object can not be limited. as the foundation of your design you can improve some kinds of abstracts. and finally your image can be produced as a high level one by adding some photoshop effects. abstract material is one of the creation which is ideal than the others. though this blue combination looks irregular, it \u2019 s the style of art. in this type of creations you have to come from the top to the bottom before implementing. this tutorial will guide you to create a galactic abstract lighting effect for texts. galactic space scenes are packed with textures and vibrant color. so have fun by playing with the tutorial. this tutorial will guide you to create a dramaic northern light scene. though it \u2019 s look perplex, it \u2019 s easy. the color of light can be changed as your wish. this tutorial will guide you to create some water color effects for images in photoshop. your ideas can be applied in this creation. so le \u2019 s begin the process! this tutorial will guide you to combine stock photographs to produce a dazing effect which can be easily procreated to work with almost combination of images.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5498029347153262, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.802646"} {"text": "semantic search technology is being employed by search engines to produce better answers. semantic means meaning \u2013 to respond to the meaning of the query rather than the exact words. this deployment has been gradual, and mostly ( it seems ) is directed to helping us shop. this article by barbara starr is google hijacking semantic markup / structured data? ( search engine land, jan 17 ) together with her earlier piece, how search & social engines are using semantic search - provides background and explanation. some of the pieces for us to understand are : - \u201c semantic search, as it is used in current parlance is essentially the notion of using or exploiting metadata to improve search on documents. in the case of search engines, it more explicitly refers to embedding metadata in html5 ( using semantic markup, the formats or html5 syntax currently supported by the search engines : rdfa lite and microdata ). \u201d - support by bing, google, and yahoo for schema. org as as a \u201c set of schemas for structured data markup on web pages \u201d. - with schema. org came more use of rich snippets to enhance display, especially useful to merchants to provide detailed product information. - google \u2019 s knowledge graph that pulls in information from freebase, wikipedia, cia world book in answer to queries that seem suitable for facts and aggregations of information or reference \u2013 mostly people and places.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5306375703886442, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.804102"} {"text": "why are older drivers, especially those over 70, involved in crashes primarily at intersections? you may tend to attribute this to cognitive or physical decline, such as slower reaction time or poor sight. these factors are undoubtedly part of the problem ; however new research by some university of massachusetts amherst researchers have come up with another explanation \u2013 older drivers acquire bad habits, and those habits can be unlearned. \u201c the effectiveness of our training program indicates that at least a major part of older drivers \u2019 problems can be remediated, \u201d says psychologist alexander pollatsek, who authored the article with mathew r. e. romoser, and donald l. fisher after analyzing two earlier studies. \u201c a large percentage of not attending [ to the hazards at intersections ] is due to some strategy or mindset they \u2019 ve gotten into, rather than some problem with the brain, \u201d he continues. \u201c it \u2019 s a software problem, not a hardware problem. \u201d the findings appear in current directions in psychological science, a journal of the association for psychological science. in the first study, older drivers ( over 70 ) were compared with younger experienced drivers ( 25 to 55 ) who were both navigating an actual vehicle through a simulated world projected on displays outside the vehicle. drivers approached three different intersections and had to turn. in one, a hill across the main street intersection obscured a possibly approaching car. in the others \u2014 turning from a side street onto a main street or vice - versa \u2014 trees and curves blocked views of other oncoming cars. the older drivers scanned the danger zone ( the region from which a plausible threat could emerge ) less often and for significantly shorter times both while approaching and completing the turn \u2014 compromising safety. another study tested the effects of a training program. older drivers, randomly divided into three groups, were videotaped while driving their cars from home to a destination of their choice. that \u2019 s all one group did. another, \u201c passive training \u201d group got a 30 to 40 minute lecture about the hazards of intersections and the proper way to scan while turning. the third group watched a video replay of their driving and received feedback ( most identified their mistakes before they were pointed out ). they then practiced proper scanning and turning on a driving simulator and listened to the same lecture. in a post - test, there was no difference between the first two groups. the third, however, drove as well as younger experienced drivers. twelve months later, the effects of training had not worn off. the researchers believe that older drivers, fearful of hitting something", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4703309326114776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.807834"} {"text": "- what is a cetacean? - common species - rare species - other species key factslength : up to 3. 8 metres range : widely distributed in all major oceans, absent in polar regions threats : marine litter, pollution, acoustic disturbance diet : manly squid, some octopus and cuttlefish latin : grampus griseus the risso ' s dolphin has a robust, stocky body and a tall, falcate ( curved ) dorsal fin. the melon ( forehead ) is blunt and bulbous with a unique v - shaped crease running from the upper lip to the blowhole. this species has no prominent beak and just two to seven pairs of teeth in the lower jaw. adult risso \u2019 s dolphins measure between 2. 6 to 3. 8 metres in length and can live for more than 30 years. the colour pattern varies greatly between individuals, and with age. calves are born grey, but turn darker grey to dark brown as they become juveniles. as they age, the skin tone lightens to silvery - grey in some cases and the body is increasingly covered with scratches and scars inflicted by other risso \u2019 s dolphins and prey species such as squid. habitat and distribution risso \u2019 s dolphins are widely distributed throughout most oceans and seas between 60\u00b0 north and 55\u00b0 south. the north of scotland represents the northern limit for this species. in the hebrides, risso ' s dolphins tend to inhabit deeper water, which is home to their preferred prey of squid, octopus and cuttlefish. they can occasionally be seen in coastal areas. in the hebrides, risso ' s dolphins are usually seen singly or in groups of up to 20 animals, although in other areas they are reported in large groups of several hundred individuals. social behaviour is gregarious and sometimes rough, possibly accounting for some of the scars and tooth rake marks seen in adult animals ; observed behaviours include breaching, tail slapping, spy - hopping, splashing and sometimes striking one another. risso ' s dolphins are commonly seen travelling and surfacing slowly and will rarely approach vessels or bow - ride. food and foraging the diet of the risso ' s dolphin consists mainly of squid, with some octopus and cuttlefish, and it has been suggested that they feed at night - time when their preferred prey migrate towards the surface. they are able to dive for about 30 minutes to depths in excess of 1000 metres, and sometimes forage cooperatively. their soft - bodied prey is caught with teeth in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39528129538424833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.810785"} {"text": "the association came under fire when it proposed cutting money for the bsa and the national association for the advancement of colored people ( naacp ). some students claimed the decision was racially motivated. the sga argued the groups did not meet certain criteria. in a 54 to 10 vote, members decided to give the bsa its money. no decision has been made at this time regarding the naacp. whsv. com extended web coverage - 1909 : feb. 12 the national association for the advancement of colored people was founded by a multiracial group of activists, who answered \" the call. \" they initially called themselves the national negro committee. - 1910 : in the face of intense adversity, the naacp begins its legacy of fighting legal battles addressing social injustice with the pink franklin case, which involved a black farmhand, who unbeknowingly killed a policeman in self - defense when the officer broke into his home at 3 a. m. to arrest him on a civil charge. after losing at the supreme court, the following year the renowned naacp official joel spingarn and his brother arthur start a concerted effort to fight such cases. - 1913 : president woodrow wilson officially introduces segregation into the federal government. horrified that president would sanction such a policy, the naacp launched a public protest. - 1915 : the naacp organizes a nationwide protest d. w. griffiths racially - inflammatory and bigoted silent film, \" birth of a nation. \" - 1917 : in buchanan vs. warley, the supreme court has to concede that states can not restrict and officially segregate african americans into residential districts. also, the naacp fights and wins the battle to enable african americans to be commissioned as officers in world war i. six hundred officers are commissioned, and 700, 000 register for the draft. - 1918 : after persistent pressure by the naacp, president woodrow wilson finally makes a public statement against lynching. - 1920 : to ensure that everyone, especially the klan, knew that the naacp would not be intimidated, the annual conference was held in atlanta, considered one of the most active klan areas. - 1922 : in an unprecedented move, the naacp places large ads in major newspapers to present the facts about lynching. - 1930 : the first of successful protests by the naacp against supreme court justice nominees is launched against john parker, who officially favored laws that discriminated against african americans. - 1935 : naacp lawyers charles houston and thurgood marshall win the legal battle to admit a black student to the university of maryland. - 1939 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40331030887212493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.820167"} {"text": "justice nominees is launched against john parker, who officially favored laws that discriminated against african americans. - 1935 : naacp lawyers charles houston and thurgood marshall win the legal battle to admit a black student to the university of maryland. - 1939 : after the daughters of the revolution barred acclaimed soprano marian anderson from performing at their constitution hall, the naacp moved her concert to the lincoln memorial, where over 75, 000 people attended. - 1941 : during world war ii, the naacp leads the effort to ensure that president franklin roosevelt orders a non - discrimination policy in war - related industries and federal employment. - 1945 : naacp starts a national outcry when congress refuses to fund their own federal fair roosevelt employment practices commission. - 1946 : the naacp wins the morgan vs. virginia case, where the supreme court bans states from having laws that sanction segregated facilities in interstate travel by train and bus. - 1948 : the naacp was able to pressure president harry truman to sign an executive order banning discrimination by the federal government. - 1954 : after years of fighting segregation in public schools, under the leadership of special counsel thurgood marshall, the naacp wins one of its greatest legal victories in brown vs. the board of education. - 1955 : naacp member rosa parks is arrested and fined for refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus in montgomery, alabama. noted as the catalyst for the largest grassroots civil rights movement, that would be spearheaded through the collective efforts of the naacp, sclc and other black organizations. - 1960 : in greensboro, north carolina, members of the naacp youth council launch a series of non - violent sit - ins at segregated lunch counters. these protests eventually lead to more than 60 stores officially desegregating their counters. - 1963 : after one of his many successful mass rallies for civil rights, naacp ' s first field director, medgar evers is assassinated in front of his house in jackson, mississippi. five months later, president john kennedy was also assassinated. - 1964 : u. s. supreme court ends the eight year effort of alabama officials to ban naacp activities. and 55 years after the naacp ' s founding, congress finally passes the civil rights act. - 1965 : the voting rights act is passed. amidst threats of violence and efforts of state and local governments, the naacp still manages to register more than 80, 000 voters in the old south. - 1979 : the naacp initiates the first bill ever signed by a governor that allows voter registration in high schools. soon after, 24 states follow suit. - 1981 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43235263858601414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.822726"} {"text": "naacp still manages to register more than 80, 000 voters in the old south. - 1979 : the naacp initiates the first bill ever signed by a governor that allows voter registration in high schools. soon after, 24 states follow suit. - 1981 : the naacp leads the effort to extend the voting rights act for another 25 years. to cultivate economic empowerment, the naacp establishes the fair share program with major corporations across the country. - 1982 : naacp registers more than 850, 000 voters, and through its protests and the support of the supreme court, prevents president reagan from giving a tax - break to the racially segregated bob jones university. - 1985 : naacp launches campaign to defeat the nomination of judge robert bork to the supreme court. as a result, he garners the highest negative vote ever recorded for a 1989 silent march of over 100, 000 to protest u. s. supreme court nominee. - 1991 : when avowed racist and former klan leader david duke runs for us senate in louisiana, the naacp launches a voter registration campaign that yields a 76 percent turn - out of black voters to defeat duke. - 1992 : the number of fair share program corporate partners has risen to 70 and now represents billions of dollars in business. - 1995 : more than 30 years after the assassination of naacp civil rights activist, medgar evers - his widow myrlie, is elected chairman of the naacp ' s board of directors. the following year, the kweisi mfume leaves congress to become the naacps president and ceo. - 1997 : in response to the pervasive anti - affirmative action legislation occurring around the country, the naacp launches the economic reciprocity program... and in response to increased violence among our youth, the naacp starts the \" stop the violence, start the love ' campaign. - 1998 : supreme court demonstration and arrests - 1999 : march on columbia - 2000 : tv diversity agreements. retirement of the debt and first six years of a budget surplus. largest black voter turnout in 20 years - 2001 : cincinnati riots. development of 5 year strategic plan. under the leadership of chairman bond and president mfume, the naacp continues to thrive, and with the help of everyone - regardless of race - will continue to do so into the next millennium. source : http : / / www. naacp. org ( naacp web site ) contributed to this report.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4045375028330095, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.823943"} {"text": "creative design of products and systems november 2008, \u00a92009 chapter 1 : creative product and system design. 1. 2 what is design? 1. 3 what is a creative design? 1. 4 innovation versus invention. 1. 7 that ' s not my job. 1. 8 project scheduling and management. part 1 : creativity and design. chapter 2 : creative mind. 2. 2 whole - brain thinking. 2. 4 what makes an individual creative? chapter 3 : reclaiming your creativity. 3. 2 mental barriers. 3. 3 types of mental barriers. 3. 4 false assumptions and nonexistent limitations. 3. 5 typical solutions. 3. 6 making things more difficult than they are : being overwhelmed. 3. 7 incomplete or partial information. 3. 8 information and sensory saturation. 3. 9 associative thinking. 3. 11 inability to communicate properly. 3. 12 emotions -, culture -, and environment - related barriers. 3. 13 fear of... ( you add the noun as you wish ). 3. 14 orderly vs. chaotic ; analysis vs. synthesis. 3. 15 falling in love with an idea. 3. 16 improper methods of solution. 3. 17 overabundance of resources. 3. 18 solutions and related mental barriers for the above - mentioned puzzles. chapter 4 : creative problem solving techniques. 4. 3 the 6 - 3 - 5 method. 4. 4 morphological attribute lists ( menu matrix ). 4. 5 list of alternative actions. 4. 6 analogy ( case - based reasoning ) method. 4. 7 random attributes. 4. 8 scamper method. 4. 9 create your own slogans. 4. 10 asking questions. chapter 5 : the design process. 5. 1 initial benchmarking : a design project. 5. 2 the iterative design process. 5. 3 finding a need or a challenge. 5. 4 accepting the challenge. 5. 5 initial study : analysis of the requirements of a design. 5. 6 quality function deployment ( qfd ), house of quality. 5. 7 specifications and design requirements : development of a problem statement. 5. 8 generation of ideas. 5. 9 analysis and selection of ideas. 5. 10 analysis, detail design, and planning of the converged solution. 5. 11 realization of the ideas. 5. 12 assessment against problem statement and verification. chapter 6 : imagination, visualization, graphical representations and communication. 6. 4 engineering drawings. 6. 5 realistic drawings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5738871441447182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.833258"} {"text": "planning of the converged solution. 5. 11 realization of the ideas. 5. 12 assessment against problem statement and verification. chapter 6 : imagination, visualization, graphical representations and communication. 6. 4 engineering drawings. 6. 5 realistic drawings. 6. 6 perspectives and location of objects. 6. 7 determining depth in perspectives : scale factors. 6. 8 drawing perspectives. 6. 10 put - it - in - the - box technique. part 2 : the design environment. chapter 7 : design considerations, decisions, and consequences. 7. 5 material selection. 7. 6 methods of fabrication. 7. 7 physical and structural standards. 7. 8 functional standards and expectations. 7. 12 company image and mission. 7. 15 styling, shape, aesthetics, and packaging. 7. 17 human factors. 7. 18 environmental effects ( on the design and caused by the design ). 7. 22 life expectancy. 7. 23 ethical issues. 7. 24 patents and other intellectual property. 7. 25 legal matters. chapter 8 : human factors in design. 8. 2 human - machine interface. 8. 3 anthropometric data. 8. 4 the civilian american and european surface anthropometry resource ( caesar ) project. 8. 5 basic applications of the anthropometric data. 8. 6 software - based application of the anthropometric data. 8. 7 inside - out versus outside - in design. 8. 8 deficiencies and shortcomings of anthropometric data. 8. 9 what can be done. 8. 10 left - handed versus right - handed users. 8. 11 sensory information exchange. 8. 12 human - machine interface. 8. 13 physical and psychological characteristics of humans. 8. 14 visual characteristics of humans. 8. 15 auditory characteristics of humans. 8. 16 temperature and humidity. 8. 17 acceleration capabilities and limitations. 8. 18 psychological factors. 8. 19 human factors and safety. 8. 20 occupational injuries. 8. 21 human factors and maintainability. chapter 9 : aesthetics of design. 9. 2 aesthetic elements of design. 9. 3 form and function relationship. 9. 6 harmony, unity. 9. 12 art and technology : a reciprocal relationship. chapter 10 : material properties, selection, and processing. 10. 2 material properties. 10. 3 types of materials. 10. 4 metals, alloys. 10. 6 plastics, polymers, and synthetic materials. 10. 7 other materials. 10. 8 material selection. 10. 9 material", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5538622668274172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.836486"} {"text": "and processing. 10. 2 material properties. 10. 3 types of materials. 10. 4 metals, alloys. 10. 6 plastics, polymers, and synthetic materials. 10. 7 other materials. 10. 8 material selection. 10. 9 material processing and manufacturing. 10. 10 design for manufacturing ( dfm ) and design for assembly ( dfa ). 10. 11 design for disassembly ( dfd ). 10. 12 computer aided manufacturing ( cam ) and computer integrated ( ctm ). 10. 13 rapid prototyping. 10. 14 lean production. chapter 11 : economics of design. 11. 2 value of a product or system. 11. 3 global economics models. 11. 4 costs, revenues, and profits. 11. 5 cost breakdown of products and systems. 11. 6 product life span. 11. 7 engineering economy. chapter 12 : quality in design. 12. 2 definition of quality. 12. 3 historical background. 12. 4 statistical quality control. 12. 6 what is quality? 12. 7 the concept of zero defects. 12. 8 deming \u2019 s principles. 12. 9 taguchi methods. 12. 10 design of experiments 12. 12 lean production. chapter 13 : design and product liability. 13. 2 product liability : history and background. 13. 3 the legal system of the united states. 13. 4 major administrative laws related to product liability. 13. 5 some basic definitions of terms. 13. 6 basic theories of product liability law. 13. 7 who may be held liable. 13. 8 origins of products defects and liability. 13. 9 the unreasonably dangerous product. 13. 10 reducing product liability risk. 13. 11 failure mode and effect analysis ( fmea ). 13. 12 code of ethics for engineers. 13. 13 standards and codes. 13. 14 what protection does the designer have? chapter 14 : intellectual property protection : patents, trademarks, copyrights. 14. 3 what is a patent? 14. 4 utility patents. 14. 5 requirements for utility patents. 14. 6 to patent or not to patent : that is the question. 14. 7 process of patenting. 14. 9 application and maintenance fees. 14. 10 inference and diligence. 14. 11 provisional patent application. 14. 12 infringement of patents. 14. 13 patent marking and patent pending. 14. 14 international patents. 14. 15 documentation and record keeping. 14. 16 licenses and assignments. 14. 17 sample patent. 14", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5546617378192075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.837438"} {"text": ". 11 provisional patent application. 14. 12 infringement of patents. 14. 13 patent marking and patent pending. 14. 14 international patents. 14. 15 documentation and record keeping. 14. 16 licenses and assignments. 14. 17 sample patent. 14. 18 confidential disclosure statement. 14. 19 most numerous recent patent holders in the united states. 14. 20 bayh - dole act. 14. 21 design patents. chapter 15 : entrepreneurship and innovation. 15. 2 innovation in a global business world. 15. 3 entrepreneurship and entrepreneur. 15. 4 the entrepreneurial bridge. 15. 5 risks and rewards. 15. 6 motivations and objectives. 15. 7 should you start a business? 15. 8 market research. 15. 9 business plan. 15. 10 development of a business plan. 15. 11 presenting your business plan. 15. 12 legal structure of a business. 15. 13 financing your entrepreneurship. 15. 14 execution of a business plan. 15. 15 end game planning. part 3 : design analysis. chapter 16 : design analysis of machine components. 16. 2 loads : forces, moments. 16. 3 free - body diagrams. 16. 4 stresses, strains, material strengths. 16. 5 stress analysis. 16. 6 stress vs. strength : safety factors. 16. 7 design for strength vs. design for strain. 16. 8 stress concentrations. 16. 9 fatigue analysis. 16. 10 selection of power sources and actuators. 16. 11 selection of actuators. 16. 12 design project. comprehensive integration of all aspects of design into one volume without the need for multiple resources. covers creativity in design : creativity is an extremely important factor in the design of products and systems. the book covers creativity and the role of mental barriers in detail, demonstrated through puzzles, with many exercises and examples. covers all related subjects from ideation to market, including both subjective issues such as imagination and creativity as well as the important matters of safety, liability, intellectual property, quality, and economics multidisciplinary : assumes that the designer may be any type of engineering or non - engineering designer. examples draw from engineering braches such as mechanical and electrical, but also from non - engineering fields such as architecture, and food science. can be used as undergraduate or graduate design textbook", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49814813593710777, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.838317"} {"text": "changing planet : fading corals the delicate balance of life and environment which sustains coral reefs globally is under threat. the dramatic increase in atmospheric co2 in the past few decades has produced an increase in ocean temperature and acidity. coral diseases have also been on the increase, due to changes in their environment as well as pollution. click on the video at the left to watch the nbc learn video - changing planet : fading corals. lesson plan : changing planet : fading corals shop windows to the universe science store! is a fun group game appropriate for the classroom. players follow nitrogen atoms through living and nonliving parts of the nitrogen cycle. for grades 5 - 9. you might also be interested in : how did life evolve on earth? the answer to this question can help us understand our past and prepare for our future. although evolution provides credible and reliable answers, polls show that many people turn away from science, seeking other explanations with which they are more comfortable.... more a coral reef is like an underwater city. corals and algae construct the framework that rises off the tropical ocean floor and attract many diverse inhabitants. schools of multicolored fish glide above... more new research has found that bacteria are responsible for killing 85 % of the corals in reefs near the florida keys. the bacteria is a fecal coliform bacteria called serratia marcescens and it is commonly... more increasing amounts of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere from burning of fossil fuels. some of that carbon dioxide makes its way into the world \u2019 s oceans. this changes the chemistry of... more here ' s a safe and easy way to make lightning. you will need a cotton or wool blanket. this experiment works best on a dry, cool night. turn out all the lights and let your eyes adjust to the darkness.... more it takes 3 seconds for sound to travel 1 kilometer ( 5 seconds to travel 1 mile ). the next time a thunderstorm comes your way, look out your bedroom window and watch for lightning. when you see a lightning... more why do the 53rd weather reconnaissance squadron and the hurricane research division use different airplanes? actually, they only use two main types. the top two airplanes in the graphic, the wc - 130h hercules... more rain, wind, tornadoes, and storm surge related to hurricanes cause change to natural environments, damage to the human - built environment, and even loss of life. when a hurricane is over the ocean and far...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4452713159816062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.841107"} {"text": "this robot \u2019 s offspring will clean your future home - 6 : 36 pm bossa nova robotics has developed a robot that the company says is \u201c the first step towards the creation of a 21st century personal robotics platform for everyday consumers. \u201d it \u2019 s called project mobi, and instead of wheels or even bipedal legs, it uses a sphere for locomotion. this \u201c ballbot \u201d approach is based on technology patented by carnegie mellon \u2019 s robotics institute. the robot balances and moves around on a sphere at its base, which lets it navigate deftly through human environments and means it can have a slimmer profile. i think it gives the robot prototype a kind of rosie from the jetsons look. or maybe a dyson vacuum cleaner. mobi stands 4 feet, 9 inches tall and is 19 inches at its widest point. up top it uses a tablet as a head, and that blue circle on its body is its \u201c emotive light array, \u201d which looks like it could be used for signaling what state or mode it \u2019 s in. it can run windows or ros, the open source robot operating system. you won \u2019 t be seeing mobi inside homes and businesses anytime soon, though. the robot will first be available to developers and researchers in 2013. in the meantime, if you want something robotic wheeling around your office you \u2019 ll just have to settle for a telepresence device like the beam. via ieee spectrum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4626437511148713, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.842731"} {"text": "for fighters, success may come down to smell - 1 : 36 pm we always remember the good fights, where two brawlers \u2014 partially blinded by the hazy waterfall of sweat and blood that runs down their faces \u2014 unleash flurries of punches in a last attempt at victory mere seconds before the final bell sounds. that \u2019 s because competition pushes our physical and mental abilities to the limit, but increasing evidence now shows that hormones are the missing link between these feats of body and mind. one particular group of hormones released from the body selectively triggers our sense of smell. these pheromones cause the brain to process body odors differently from other smells. instead of simply activating the olfactory bulb \u2014 the group of neurons that integrate smell \u2014 body odors also trigger the emotional and attentional circuits in the peripheral areas of the brain. now, bettina pause \u2019 s lab at the germany \u2019 s university of dusseldorf has uncovered evidence that which cluster of neurons are activated by the body odors depends on what made the person sweat in the first place. by placing cotton balls under the armpits of college - age volunteers, pause \u2019 s lab collected sweat samples from a group of participants while they prepared for a stressful school exam ( anxiety condition ) on one day or while they pedaled effortlessly on a stationary bicycle ( passive exercise condition ) on another. both experimental conditions made the volunteers sweat, yet completely changed the way certain hormones were released into the body. during the anxiety condition, cortisol and testosterone levels spiked. mindlessly pedaling on a bike was somewhat calming, causing both testosterone and cortisol levels to drop. cortisol and testosterone are two particularly important hormones during competition. their levels fluctuate depending on an athlete \u2019 s state of mind, and they may even predict the winner before the competition begins. researchers collected the sweat from the cotton balls and gave a different group of participants a whiff. most of the time, the subjects didn \u2019 t notice any sort of smell, yet their brains told a different story. when people sniffed the sweat from anxious volunteers, fmri scans revealed that certain areas of the brain activated, areas believed to be responsible for empathy \u2014 the notion of identifying with someone else \u2019 s emotional experience. conversely, when the subjects smelled the sweat of leisurely exercising volunteers, the empathetic centers of the brain were silent. taken together, these results suggest that the cortisol - and testosterone - laden sweat from nervous colleagues may have subconsciously primed the emotional areas of another person \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5271284702892027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.846695"} {"text": "of leisurely exercising volunteers, the empathetic centers of the brain were silent. taken together, these results suggest that the cortisol - and testosterone - laden sweat from nervous colleagues may have subconsciously primed the emotional areas of another person \u2019 s brain, without them even knowing it. while this study is preliminary, one can speculate on the consequences of empathizing with a competitor \u2019 s anxiety during competition. other studies have shown that when someone experiences empathy, there \u2019 s a large increase in the release of yet another hormone, oxytocin. the poster - child, feel - good hormone for explaining everything from parent - child bonds to the more general ideals of human social connections, oxytocin is often called the \u201c trust hormone. \u201d in humans, increased oxytocin levels have been correlated to altruistic competition and increased generosity, both characteristics of good sportsmanship. though the participants still fiercely competed with each other, there was no \u201c offensive aggression \u201d displayed toward rival groups. so next time you \u2019 re watching a classic fight, think how the smell of victory really can lead to the agony of defeat. citation : prehn - kristensen, a. ; wiesner, c. ; bergmann, t. ; wolff, s., jansen, o. ; mehdorn, h. ; ferstl, r. ; and pause, b. ( 2009 ) \u201c induction of empathy by the smell of anxiety. \u201d plos one, 4 ( 6 ), e5987. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0005987 photo : flickr / polinasergeeva, cc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5148038539724387, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.847404"} {"text": "many of us don \u2019 t learn in optimal ways. we know that we forget new material, neglect to review older material, and study in ways that elevate cramming and procrastination to art forms. but there is research about how to be more efficient in these things. for example, dating back to 1885, there is a rich literature that explores how timing our learning of new and old material can affect education. for a long time, these theories were only loosely applied. they couldn \u2019 t be put into quantitative practice because of the difficulty of carefully implementing them. but with the ability to create educational software, customized to ensure a student has an optimal learning experience, we have a wonderful opportunity to actually employ this knowledge. unfortunately, there are so many competing concerns, it \u2019 s far from trivial : we need to begin constructing new algorithms to figure out how best to learn. in a new paper in pnas, my friends tim novikoff, jon kleinberg, and steve strogatz, decided to provide mathematical rigor to this. they first took several theories, from the spacing effect \u2014 spreading learning out makes a student more likely to learn it \u2014 to the theory of expanded retrieval \u2014 the more you are exposed to a topic, the less often you should next be exposed to it, in order to retain the material \u2014 and reduced them to their logical bare bones. doing that, novikoff and his colleagues created a set of abstract constraints for how a \u201c model \u201d student might learn : for a given bit of information, a series of time constraints can be defined for the time range in which it should be shown to the student each time. for example, let \u2019 s say our model student is trying to learn the number of planets in the solar system. we know that the model student should be exposed to this fact for the second time between two and five days, for example, after she learned it the first time. ( these numbers are different for each student. ) but the next time, according to the theory of expanded retrieval and her personal learning habits, it is optimal that she be exposed to the number of planets between five and eight days later. of course, our model student needs to be exposed to this material more than three times in order to retain it ; so for each bit of knowledge, we have an expanding set of time intervals, describing the amount of time until our model student returns to this fact, in order to learn it again and again, and retain the information. now, whatever these spacing constraints", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5602498839373189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.852837"} {"text": "for each bit of knowledge, we have an expanding set of time intervals, describing the amount of time until our model student returns to this fact, in order to learn it again and again, and retain the information. now, whatever these spacing constraints are, it \u2019 s not hard to understand them for a single fact and see how she can retain the knowledge if she adheres to this regimen. but what happens when we want to teach our model student a whole host of facts, each with their own timing constraints? this is where math comes in. it suddenly becomes a fiendishly difficult problem to determine how all of this can be simultaneously done, if at all, and how can all of it can be scheduled. and since different students have distinctive ways of learning, we need to use some serious math to figure out how to teach each of them new material, such as learning new vocabulary or new scientific facts. suffice it to say, not everything is possible. while there is math that describes everything from how a student can remain educated for all time \u2014 quite useful in the realm of continuing medical education \u2014 to how to cram for an exam, there are limits to what we can learn. for example, what the researchers term a \u201c finicky slow student \u201d \u2014 one obsessed with constant review at a very slow pace \u2014 will never perfectly learn a given topic. while certainly abstract, the results are anything but esoteric. in fact, this research was motivated by tim novikoff \u2019 s company flash of genius, which produces a vocabulary flashcard app. tim was interested in determining how long it would take a user to get through all of the words in the program, and from that initial question came a theoretical framework for scheduling how we learn. this research is but the beginning for what will hopefully be a huge amount of quantitative research into how we can learn, and continue to maintain, lots of knowledge. as the world changes rapidly around us, we can \u2019 t be content cruising on the knowledge we learned in grade school. we must constantly learn new things, as well as refresh what we learned before. and an algorithmic approach to education can be there to guide us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5571607408325279, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.853878"} {"text": "spring break is over, flowers are in full bloom, birds are singing ( sounds like a disney film, no? ) and that means we \u2019 re in the final stretch of the school year! and in the 1st grade we look at the last 6 weeks as being super important. it \u2019 s where we celebrate all the great things we \u2019 ve learned this past year and where we start to get our students ready to be 2nd graders! our students have come such a long way as readers. many of them have gone from reading simple stories to reading early chapter books in the span of 9 months! we \u2019 ve learned different strategies to become better readers, from how to choose the right books for ourselves to decoding unfamiliar words in context of the words around them, to how to best discuss a book with a friend. please continue to read daily with your child ( and to your child! ). an early reminder : students can drop a level in their reading ability over the summer, so make sure they continue reading lots of books when school ends. quick! how many inches in a yard? ( answer : 36 ) in math we \u2019 ve learned measurement, both length and weight. we \u2019 ve used scales to compare different objects \u2019 weights as well as learned non - standard units of length ( using unifix cubes or paper clips ) and standard units ( inches, centimeters and feet ). we \u2019 ve also begun learning about geometry. we \u2019 ve studied flat plane shapes ( squares, circles, rectangles, etc. ) as well as 3 dimensional shapes ( cylinders, cubes, rectangular prisms, etc. ). try and find 3 - dimensional objects in your home and as you drive around your neighborhoods with your child. the beautiful change in the weather has added even more beauty to our writing! we \u2019 ve done several spring writing projects which you will see at open house. april was national poetry month and in class and with the librarian, mrs. lloyd, we read tons of poems, and even wrote a few ourselves! our personal poetry binders are bursting at the seams! we \u2019 ve also continued adding entries to our writing journals. we \u2019 ve worked very hard this year at learning proper sentence structure and punctuation and we think it \u2019 s paid off. learning proper writing mechanics in 1st grade is so important because they are the foundations on which one \u2019 s education in writing is built. our ongoing study of the 5 areas of the community ( the residential, recreational, commercial, industrial and agricultural ) is going really well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4532898769413185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.857544"} {"text": "mechanics in 1st grade is so important because they are the foundations on which one \u2019 s education in writing is built. our ongoing study of the 5 areas of the community ( the residential, recreational, commercial, industrial and agricultural ) is going really well. our students have learned about the city around them in a variety of ways \u2014 from books, videos, personal experience \u2014 and are able to discuss and write what they know about them. thanks to ms. hoffman, our technology teacher, they \u2019 ve also done a fantastic job of taking that knowledge and producing informational documents about each community area. for spelling we \u2019 ve been practicing long vowel words. each vowel has a variety of ways to spell the long sound it makes and it can be tricky to know when to use what combination of letters ( for example \u201c oa \u201d like in \u201c boat \u201d versus \u201c o _ e \u201d like in \u201c wrote \u201d ). therefore it \u2019 s very important to continue to study these words with your child \u2014 even after we \u2019 ve moved on to a new list of words. spring is such a wonderfully busy time in our hebrew / judaica studies, full of holidays and song and prayer. though it \u2019 s a month removed, we hope you had wonderful spring break and that your children were able to demonstrate their knowledge during your passover seders. we also had an amazing time with our next holiday \u2014 yom ha - atzmaut \u2014 israeli independence day. the children were very excited to research facts about israel and share them with their classmates. gathering together as a school and community to celebrate israel \u2019 s independence was so powerful and fulfilling. we \u2019 re looking forward to making the final month and a half of school as packed with learning, sharing, growing and fun as the first 8 months have been! the first grade team", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4914626775783499, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.858231"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. attribution of human motivation, characteristics, or behavior to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. the ascription of human attributes to supernatural or divine beings ; in theology, the conception or representation of god with human qualities and affections, or in a human shape. anthropomorphism is founded in man ' s inability to conceive beings above himself otherwise than in his own likeness. it determines the growth and form of all human religions, from the lowest up to the highest : as where the scriptures speak of the eye, the ear, and the hand of god, of his seeing and hearing, of his remembering and forgetting, of his making man in his own image, etc. - n. the conception of animals, plants, or nature in general, by analogy with man : commonly implying an unscientific use of such analogy. - n. in pragmatistic philos., that philosophic tendency which, recognizing an absolute impossibility in the attainment by man of any conception that does not refer to human life, proposes frankly to submit to this as a decree of experience and to shape metaphysics to agreement with it. the term was first used in this sense by f. c. s. schiller ( riddles of the sphinx ). see humanism. - n. theology the attribution of human characteristics to divine beings gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. the representation of the deity, or of a polytheistic deity, under a human form, or with human attributes and affections. - n. the ascription of human characteristics to things not human. - n. the representation of objects ( especially a god ) as having human form or traits - coined in the mid - 1700s. from ancient greek \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 ( anthropos, \" man, human being \" ) + - morphism ( wiktionary ) \u201c the secret to the charm of her anthropomorphism is the precision of her knowledge of the responses of the creature in movement and emotion. \u201d \u201c but \" anthropomorphism \" is not just a trope but an identification on the level of substance. \u201d \u201c why do we say never to indulge in anthropomorphism? \u201d \u201c the charge of anthropomorphism is so threatening to some white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5795792712671686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.863532"} {"text": "not just a trope but an identification on the level of substance. \u201d \u201c why do we say never to indulge in anthropomorphism? \u201d \u201c the charge of anthropomorphism is so threatening to some white coats that, like unreconstructed cartesians ( or the current administration ), they have to ignore all relevant facts to stay on course. \u201d \u201c as de man ' s essay calls our attention to the fact that \" anthropomorphism is not just a trope but an identification at the level of substance \" ( 241 ), it acts out an intensified wariness. \u201d \u201c one can validly juxtapose here de man ' s conclusion about the occurrence of the word anthropomorphism in nietzsche ' s list : \" the apparent enumeration is in fact a foreclosure \" ( 241 ). \u201d \u201c but christianity, in its anthropomorphism, which is its strongest hold on faith and trust, insures for the individual man in a \u201d \u201c are not the reasons on account of which the so - called anthropomorphism is to be rejected, often \u201d \u201c it may be used as a reproach in warning against careless reasoning and hasty comparison, but the idea of anthropomorphism is so extensible that it can be extended over all human reasoning and conception. \u201d \u201c we have a strong tendency to give nonhuman entities human characteristics ( known as anthropomorphism ), but why? \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 anthropomorphism \u2019. compartmentalisation, compartmentalization, counterrevolution..., counterrevolutionary, electroencephalogram, electroencephalog..., electroencephalog..., electroencephalog..., electroencephalog..., electroencephalog..., institutionalisation, institutionalization and 634 more... thought - provokers ; words that ask more questions than they answer. sigility : avatars and representative figures. types of symbols : academic, religious, abstract. this list, the one shown below this very message, is a collection of words that you cannot begin to fathom how much i adore. the list will also feature atithesis and contrasting words such as the t... this is a mix of new words i ' ve read studying for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504568920662021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.864439"} {"text": "century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. one who is versed in demography. - n. a person who studies demography - n. a scientist who studies the growth and density of populations and their vital statistics \u201c according to most mainstream authors, such as demographer \u201d \u201c \u201c class segregation and the spatial concentration of poverty at historically high levels, \u201d concluded demographer douglas massey and his colleagues, \u201c when juxtaposed with the growing concentration of affluence at all geographic levels, portends a divided society that runs counter to the egalitarian ideology of the united states and its historical commitment to equality. \u201d \u201d \u201c this quantifies a lot of stuff people have been speculating, says william frey, a brookings institution demographer who reviewed the data. \u201d \u201c a greater hispanic presence is now evident in all parts of the country in large and small metropolitan areas, in the snowbelt and in the sunbelt, \" said william h. frey, a demographer at the brookings institution, who analyzed the census data. \u201d \u201c when you see a place like las vegas, phoenix or orlando you ' re talking about what happened earlier in the decade so it ' s not necessarily a yardstick of what ' s going to happen over the next two or three years, \" said william frey, a demographer at the brookings institution in washington. \u201d \u201c it seems to us that napa has a lot of work for unauthorized immigrants \u2014 both agriculture and hospitality - related, \" said laura hill, a demographer at the institute. \u201d \u201c you should not put rose - colored glasses on, \" says william frey, demographer at the brookings institution. \u201d \u201c while the recession probably played an important role in fewer babies, another factor may be the net decline in recent years in immigration to the united states, said mark mather, demographer with the population reference bureau. \u201d \u201c we ' re still showing strong population growth in spite of the fact that texas entered the recession in late 2008, \" says texas state demographer karl eschbach. \u201d \u201c they ' re just not moving, says kenneth johnson, a demographer at the university of new hampshire ' s carsey institute, which studies families. \u201d looking for tweets for demographer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5469326139177895, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.871157"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. one that has been vaccinated. - n. the person who receives a vaccine. - n. a patient who has been vaccinated - vaccine + - ee ( wiktionary ) \u201c i understand that you, david bernstein, believe that vaccination actually benefits the vaccinee, and that sterilization of a mentally disabled woman, far from benefiting her, constitutes \u201c doing something extreme to \u201d her. \u201d \u201c now, i am sure lots of you really support mandatory vaccination because the vaccinee benefits from the vaccine. \u201d \u201c a few days before that, she had sexual contact with her boyfriend who was a recent smallpox vaccinee via the military, \" he added. \u201d \u201c dan, like i said, ( a ) the compulsory vaccination case was really about a fine for not getting vaccinated, not truly compulsory vaccination ; and ( b ) vaccination actually benefits the vaccinee, and doesn \u2019 t do anything extreme to him like stop him from having children, at worst it creates a very small risk of illness, dwarfed by the protection you get from the vaccine. \u201d \u201c the first is a small infringement to benefit a large number of people, including the vaccinee ; the second is a large infringement to benefit an embryo or fetus that, until sometime in the second trimester at the earliest, can \u2019 t be considered a person in any meaningful sense. \u201d \u201c if not, though, this is one case where there \u2019 s an obvious and huge benefit to the vaccinee. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 vaccinee \u2019. another compilation of spelling words suitable for intermediate to advanced spellers. looking for tweets for vaccinee.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6023122887261647, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.873721"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a plant of the genus valeriana, especially v. officinalis, native to eurasia and widely cultivated for its small, fragrant, white to pink or lavender flowers and for use in medicine. - n. the dried rhizomes of this plant, used medicinally as a sedative. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. a plant of the genus valeriana. the common, officinal, or great wild valerian is v. officinalis, native through europe and asiatic russia, cultivated for its medicinal root and somewhat for ornament. it is a herbaceous plant with a perennial rootstock ; the stem is erect, from 2 to 4 feet high, and furrowed ; the leaves are opposite and pinnate ; and the flowers are small, white or pinkish, in terminal corymbs. the root is an officinal drug having the property of a gentle stimulant, with an especial direction to the nerves, applied in hysteria, epilepsy, etc. its virtue resides chiefly in a volatile oil \u2014 the oil of valerian. it is of a pungent disagreeable odor, which is attractive to cats, and also, it is said, to rats ; it is therefore used as a bait. in england in the sixteenth century, valerian, under the name of setwall, was regarded as a panacea ; but the species appears to have been v. pyrenaica, a plant there cultivated, and naturalized from spain. v. phu from western asia, called garden valerian, is also cultivated, and affords a root of weaker property. v. dioscoridis is believed to be the true valerian or phu ( \u03c6\u03bf\u03c5 % 26 ) of the ancient greeks. there are three species of valerian in north america, the most notable being v. edulis. edible valerian, whose thickened roots, after prolonged cooking in the ground, formerly formed a staple food of the digger indians. - n. the rootstocks of the officinal valerian, or some preparation from them. - pertaining to any one of the name of valerius - n. a hardy perennial flowering plant, valeriana officinalis, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. - n. more generally, any plant of the genus valeriana. - n. uncountable the root of vale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5038197394057651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.877907"} {"text": "a hardy perennial flowering plant, valeriana officinalis, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. - n. more generally, any plant of the genus valeriana. - n. uncountable the root of valeriana officinalis, used in herbal medicine. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. ( bot. ) any plant of the genus valeriana. the root of the officinal valerian ( valeriana officinalis ) has a strong smell, and is much used in medicine as an antispasmodic. - n. a plant of the genus valeriana having lobed or dissected leaves and cymose white or pink flowers - from old french valeriane or mediaeval latin valeriana, from the personal name valerius. ( wiktionary ) - middle english, from old french valeriane, from medieval latin valeriana, probably from feminine of latin valerianus, of valeria, roman province where the plant originated. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c commonly used ingredients already registered include echinacea, which is used against colds, st john ' s wort, used for depression and anxiety, and valerian, which is claimed to ease insomnia. \u201d \u201c it is covered with a very soft, hoary, velvet - like down, and has a strong, pungent, aromatic odour, like penny royal or valerian, that is peculiarly grateful to cats, whence its specific and english names. \u201d \u201c the valerian is a perennial herb, multiplying itself yearly by slender rootstocks or runners producing at their tips new rosettes of leaves and in the center of these the flowering stem. \u201d \u201c melatonin is used for the latter, while ingredients such as valerian root and chamomile take care of the former, healy says. \u201d \u201c as it was, i had a question for him, an inquiry about a flower called \" valerian \". \u201d \u201c hormone replacement therapy and natural sleep remedies such as valerian can also help, says northrup. \u201d \u201c \u2022 try a natural sleep remedy, such as valerian, chamomile or melatonin. \u201d \u201c if a person is taking an anticonvulsant that is obviously necessary, and already requires liver function tests as safety precautions, and then you add and herb such as valerian root for sleeping or what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4691409466434958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.878872"} {"text": "; and 10. 5 million face uncertain food supplies. 7. chad * ( $ 501 million ) favorable rain patterns have helped chad recover from drought, and agricultural production is expected to improve in 2013. now the challenge is to ensure the 1. 8 million people who suffered food insecurity in 2012 receive the support needed to make a full recovery and consolidate recent gains. 8. afghanistan * ( $ 471 million ) afghanistan has high rates of malnutrition and low life expectancy. armed conflict prevails in much of the country, exacerbating chronic poverty and causing people to flee fighting. meanwhile, afghanistan struggles to provide for the largest population of returnee refugees in the world \u2014 5. 7 million people. un seeking aid to address calamities the united nations will seek $ 8. 5 billion from governments and major donors in 2013 to assist 51 million people suffering from ongoing humanitarian crises in 16 countries. the aid will include the provision of food, shelter, clean water, and other basic necessities to those suffering from the effects of war and natural disasters. funding will also help struggling communities to rebuild and become more resilient in the event of future calamities. included in the un appeal are the countries listed above, as well as the palestinian territories *, mali *, niger *, mauritania *, burkina faso, zimbabwe *, central african republic, and the philippines *. the 2013 appeal for mali is at $ 370 million, up from $ 215 million for 2012. mauritania \u2019 s 2013 appeal, at $ 180 million, is nearly double that of the year before. both countries face severe hunger and nutrition crises. more than 100, 000 children in mauritania suffer from malnutrition. the request for funds is part of the un \u2019 s consolidated appeal process ( cap ), whereby 520 international aid organizations \u2014 including world vision \u2014 collaborate to calculate the cost of response plans for the coming year. how you can help pray for children and families suffering from humanitarian crisises. pray for effective interventions that will save lives and for long - term solutions to address hunger, poverty, and disease in these struggling countries. make a one - time donation to help provide life - saving food and care. you can help provide life - saving food, agricultural support, livestock, clean water, medicines, and other essential care to hungry children and families around the world. and because of grant funds and donated goods, your gift multiplies five times in impact to help save lives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4090692824184405, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.884823"} {"text": "water and climate water and climate while climate negotiators keep meeting and working hard to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate against climate change, the rest of the world is learning to adapt to climate change impacts on the ground. foremost among those impacts are escalating extremes in fresh water : too much or too little, too suddenly. those extremes will be the order of the day, as new patterns of rainfall and changes in the availability of fresh water disrupt supplies across the planet. although these patterns are complex and hard to predict, some have already been observed and are expected to become more apparent in coming decades. in recognition of this challenge, the world water council ( wwc ), in partnership with a group of international organizations ( unesco - cooperative programme on water and climate, international water association, iucn ) decided to initiate a political process to further raise awareness and increase political commitments to address adaptation of water management to climate change. with funding from the dutch ministry of transport, public works and water, the ambition is to set an authoritative water adaptation agenda that could support the global negotiations and decisions on climate change. the unfccc roadmap adopted at the bali cop13 meeting set a clear agenda for the international community to negotiate and reach a consensus at cop15 in copenhagen ( december 2009 ) on a long - term climate agreement for the post - 2012 period. the roadmap gives equal attention to climate change adaptation and mitigation and offers the opportunity of a global debate on what the world \u2019 s sectoral and geographical priorities should be in terms of adaptation responses, including financing. as highlighted in the fourth ipcc assessment report, there is now growing evidence that many of the most severe climate change impacts the world is facing are related to water. success of international and national adaptation policies will therefore depend to a large extent on the way we manage our water resources and services and on how good we will be in building the resilience of the water sector in the face of climate change and variability. if energy should be the priority for global mitigation efforts, water should then become the focus for adaptation. key policy makers should be convinced on making water adaptation a priority through an evidence - based and politically driven approach. from the 5th world water forum to the unfccc cop - 15 the 5th world water forum held in march 2009, formed a key stepping stone in this process and its vision on water and climate provides an instrumental contribution to the unfccc negotiations and cop15 preparations. to facilitate a deeper understanding of the issues, the world water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46415350193188054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.888820"} {"text": "wisconsin \u2019 s population could grow by 800, 000 people over the next three decades. a report from the state and uw - madison applied population laboratory projects a 14 percent growth rate over the next 30 years, which would bring the state population up to 6. 5 million residents by 2040. the report is based on 2010 census data and other population projection models, according to david egan - robertson with the uw - madison applied population laboratory. he says it \u2019 s meant to help officials get an idea of the possible age distribution, mortality rates, and migrations into the state in the coming years. egan - robertson says they expect the most rapid growth over the next decade or so, as the economy improves. the addition of more jobs will spark new migration into wisconsin, which usually increases birth rates as well. growth could drop off around 2026, as the leading edge of the baby boomers start hitting their mid - 80s. egan - roberts says nearly one - in - four wisconsinites are expected to be age 65 or older by 2040, which is almost double the level of where that demographic currently rests. information from the report is expected to help the state project and plan what infrastructure improvements and additional services may be needed as the make - up of the population changes. audio : andrew beckett reports ( 1 : 20 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4260762785177416, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.891934"} {"text": "the effects of the california proposition 14 is most evident in the state \u2019 s electoral processes. in order to understand the changes which are brought about by the prop 14, a look at the current primary system is necessary. in the primary election, different ballots will be prepared for every political party. voters who are part of a certain party will only be given the ballot which relates to where they belong. the others will also be given the ballot for their respective party. those who are in partisan and nonpartisan offices will be given these ballots including propositions. on the other hand, those who are not affiliated to any party will be given ballots to offices and propositions that are nonpartisan in nature. despite this, any political party can still choose to provide voters who are nonpartisan with ballots that come from their own group. it is also essential for one to note that partisan elections will affects many statewide government positions including the governor and lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasure, controller, attorney general, insurance commissioner as well as more than a hundred members of the legislature and those who will be part of the state board of equalization. members of the congress will also be affected including the two highest positions of the president and vice president as well as the congressional members. elections for presidential positions including those that involve the leadership of certain political parties are not covered by the california prop 14. the california proposition 14 is a move to amend the current constitution of the state which involves elections held to fill positions for the federal and state offices. all of these changes will start to be implemented with elections that will be held after the 1st day of january 2011. with the passing of the 14th proposition there will be certain fiscal effects that will take place. there will be a significant number of changes in how people running for government office will have to prepare their ballot and other campaign materials. this could state expenses to soar. this is for the obvious reason that all candidate names will have to be printed on every preliminary election ballot which basically means that each of these ballots will be very long. there are also some instances wherein the california proposition 14 will bring about a reduction in election expenses. this is due to the elimination of the need to prepare ballots for every political party who will be part of the preliminary election. for the final or general election, the number of those who will be running for office will be significantly decreased. only two candidates will ultimately be part of the general election. this will result to a marked reduction in election costs. there will also be certain instances wherein the prop 14 will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42075389202966096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.897435"} {"text": "a simplified guide to your housing and eviction rights what is the purpose of this leaflet? many women are evicted from their homes by their husbands, partners, family members or the owners of their homes. often, women are evicted with their children and do not have anywhere else to live. they then turn to shelters for temporary assistance or live in undesirable and unhealthy living conditions. sometimes these women have contributed to the home financially or in other ways such as by cleaning and maintaining the home or by taking care of the children. the husband or partner is then able to go to work and earn money to pay the bond over the property or the rent. some women reside on land in farm, agricultural or rural areas and are evicted from their homes with their children by the owners of the land women do not always know what their legal rights are to housing or their rights in terms of evictions and are evicted from their homes unfairly and illegally. there are also circumstances where women who are in abusive marriages or relationships share a home with a husband, partner, ex - husband, expartner or family member who abuses them. they are not aware that they can obtain a protection order that prohibits the abuser from entering the home or a part of the home.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41830027086859345, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.899123"} {"text": "nobel prizes are awarded annually by the nobel foundation in sweden, for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, peace and economic sciences. the work of lmb scientists has been awarded 9 nobel prizes, shared amongst 13 individuals, in the fields of chemistry and physiology or medicine. these prizes celebrate key advances in primary scientific research and for developing pioneering techniques for molecular biology. the award of 2 nobel prizes in the same year, 1962, established the laboratory \u2019 s reputation as a leading international research centre. you can also download a pdf of the printed brochure \u2013 this is recommended if you want to print the information yourself. 2009 chemistry prize \u201c for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome \u201d 2002 physiology or medicine prize sydney brenner, bob horvitz & john sulston \u201c for their discoveries concerning the \u2018 genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death \u2019 in c. elegans \u201d 1997 chemistry prize \u201c for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( atp ) \u201d 1984 physiology or medicine prize cesar milstein & georges kohler \u201c for theories concerning the specificity in control and development of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies \u201d 1982 chemistry prize \u201c for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid - protein complexes \u201d 1980 chemistry prize \u201c for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids \u201d 1962 chemistry prize john kendrew & max perutz \u201c for their studies of the structures of globular proteins \u201d 1962 physiology or medicine prize francis crick & jim watson \u201c for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material \u201d 1958 chemistry prize \u201c for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin \u201d nobel fast facts \u201c in 1962, the lmb was awarded 2 separate nobel prizes : francis crick and jim watson ( physiology or medicine ), and max perutz and john kendrew ( chemistry ) \u201d ribosomes : bringing dna to life venki ramakrishnan started work on the structure of the ribosome at the university of utah, before moving to the mrc laboratory of molecular biology in 1999. using x - ray crystallography to determine the position of the hundreds of thousands of atoms that make up a ribosome, the structure of the entire ribosome was solved. it is the most complex atomic - resolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5404932026322118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.914709"} {"text": "molecular biology in 1999. using x - ray crystallography to determine the position of the hundreds of thousands of atoms that make up a ribosome, the structure of the entire ribosome was solved. it is the most complex atomic - resolution structure determined to date. this research shed light on the role of the ribosome in the decoding of mrna and on antibiotic function, showing how different antibiotics bind to ribosomes. this information is critical in developing new antibiotics to combat infection and disease. modern antibiotics work by blocking the function of bacterial ribosomes : if the ribosomes cannot work, bacteria cannot survive. the knowledge about ribosomes opens up the possibilities of more medical advances and applications in the future. venki \u2019 s group continue their studies on ribosomes, at the lmb, to further understand the detailed mechanisms involved in the process of protein synthesis. venki shared the nobel prize with thomas steitz from yale university and ada yonath from the weizman institute. \u201c the idea of supporting long - term basic research like that at lmb does lead to breakthroughs. the ribosome is already starting to show its medical importance. \u201d venki ramakrishnan control of cell growth & programmed cell death sydney brenner, bob horvitz and john sulston, studied how genes regulate organ development and how cells are programmed to die. by studying the life cycle of the adult nematode worm, which has just 959 cells, a short lifetime, and is transparent, it was possible to follow cell division as it happened, and \u2018 map \u2019 these cells to identify the origin of the worm \u2019 s components during development. it was also possible to see what effects gene mutations had on organ development. studying programmed cell death is important in understanding how viruses and bacteria invade cells and cancer changes them. inducing such death is a key goal of cancer therapy. collaborating with bob waterston, john then moved onto sequencing the worm \u2019 s genome, reading the dna code that determines the characteristics of the worm. this work led to the sequencing of the human genome, with john leading the uk team at the wellcome trust sanger institute. using sequencing techniques developed by fred sanger, the human genome was completed in 2003. this is now being studied in order to improve the diagnosis of disease, develop new therapies and improve healthcare. the more we learn about the human genome the more there is to explore. \u201c i just loved watching the cells. it \u2019 s a beautiful thing to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5466804472247357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.915756"} {"text": "being studied in order to improve the diagnosis of disease, develop new therapies and improve healthcare. the more we learn about the human genome the more there is to explore. \u201c i just loved watching the cells. it \u2019 s a beautiful thing to do and a challenge in the jigsaw - puzzling sense to get it all. \u201d john sulston energy conversion in cells in the late 1970s, john walker began his studies of atp synthase, a molecular machine that is the key enzyme in cellular energy conversion. he realized that a detailed knowledge was required in order to understand how it works. therefore, he isolated the molecular machine involved in the production of atp from the mitochondria, the power - houses in our cells. he characterized its many component parts and showed how it is constructed from them. this work led to the realization that the machine is driven by a mechanical rotary mechanism, a new principle in enzyme function. this discovery opened up new areas of chemical research as well as providing the basis for biomedical applications for the benefit of mankind. the study of the process of energy conversion in biology continues at the mrc mitochondrial biology unit, on the addenbrooke \u2019 s site. here, john walker and other researchers are focused on understanding the biochemical and biological processes which occur in mitochondria, studying energy conversion in man and its involvement in human conditions such as aging, obesity and neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases, with the aim of eventually producing new therapies. john shared the nobel prize with paul boyer from the university of california, los angeles, and jens skou from aarhus university. \u201c we \u2019 re not asked to find cures for diseases, but to provide the background that allows disease processes to be better understood. \u201d john walker cesar milstein and georges kohler were trying to understand the mechanisms responsible for the remarkable diversity of antibodies. through this research, they invented a way to stimulate cells to provide unlimited production of a specific antibody \u2013 a monoclonal antibody. it was recognized that monoclonal antibodies had the potential to diagnose and treat a wide array of diseases, but it would take twenty years before this approach could be applied to humans, following research led by greg winter and michael neuberger at the mrc laboratory of molecular biology. one of the most successful ways in which monoclonal antibodies have been used is in diagnostics \u2013 \u201c tagging \u201d a monoclonal with a fluorescent dye to see if it has attached to a specific antigen. this method can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5613755312600296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.918194"} {"text": "molecular biology. one of the most successful ways in which monoclonal antibodies have been used is in diagnostics \u2013 \u201c tagging \u201d a monoclonal with a fluorescent dye to see if it has attached to a specific antigen. this method can be used to diagnose cancers and aids. monoclonal antibodies are now also being used for therapies to treat diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, some forms of cancer and viral infections. it has sparked an international multi - billion pound biotechnology industry : monoclonal antibodies are the basis of a third of all biotech products in clinical development. cesar and georges shared the nobel prize with niels jerne from the basel institute, switzerland. \u201c the development of a method to produce monoclonal antibodies against a defined antigen has had a profound impact in many branches of research and signalled a shift in the analysis of biological problems. \u201d cesar milstein & georges kohler biological structure in 3d aaron klug overcame this limitation by taking images in different directions and combining them mathematically, using computers, to produce the 3d structure. he initially used this to determine the structure of viruses before studying the combination of protein and dna in chromatin, of which chromosomes are made. chromatin was broken into small fragments that could be examined. a model for chromatin was then proposed based on this knowledge of the structure of the fragments. the exact structure of chromatin affects how the genetic code along the dna is read. this investigation is crucial in the understanding of cancer, in which the control of growth and division of cells by the genetic material no longer works. since the invention of 3d reconstruction, improvements in electron microscopes, in specimen preparation and in computers have led to huge advances in 3d microscopy and suitable specimens, such as viruses, can now be visualised in atomic detail. sub - cellular structures can now be imaged by electron tomography and similar approaches have revolutionised medical imaging, where ct scanning is now used routinely in the diagnosis of neurological diseases and cancers. \u201c i like to think i would have achieved something elsewhere, but i could not have done what i have without so many able and gifted colleagues. \u201d aaron klug fred initially developed methods to find out the genetic sequence of a virus, which had just over 5000 base pairs and was the first fully sequenced genome. this method was then extended to determine the much larger sequence of human dna, and this was the most widely used analysis method from the early 1980s. fred \u2019 s method relies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5181799756831602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.919480"} {"text": "which had just over 5000 base pairs and was the first fully sequenced genome. this method was then extended to determine the much larger sequence of human dna, and this was the most widely used analysis method from the early 1980s. fred \u2019 s method relies on copying the dna sequence, but it stops copying every time it hits a particular dna base \u2013 of which there are only four types \u2013 a, c, g and t. by measuring the length of the incomplete copies, you can determine where that base occurs in the dna. this sequence is read off an autoradiograph, a photographic record of a biological specimen, and gives a characteristic \u2018 striped \u2019 pattern. fred \u2019 s method shaped the way that genomics and biomedicine were explored and was key to the human genome project, an international collaboration to identify all the approximately 20, 000 - 25, 000 genes in human dna. this has increased the understanding of many genetically based diseases including cancer. knowledge about the effects of dna variations among individuals can lead to revolutionary new ways to diagnose, treat, and eventually prevent the thousands of disorders that affect us. differences at the dna level between people are also the basis of dna fingerprinting. fred shared the nobel prize with walter gilbert, at harvard university, and paul berg at stanford university. \u201c \u2026 with people like francis crick around it was difficult to ignore nucleic acids or to fail to realize the importance of sequencing them. \u201d fred sanger the structure of proteins inspired to start work on protein structure, max perutz, at the mrc unit for research on the molecular structure of biological systems ( now the mrc laboratory of molecular biology ) chose haemoglobin, the red pigment of blood whose major function is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. consisting of four chains, it is, at the molecular level, a large protein. it took 25 years for its structure to be determined. john kendrew joined max at the unit and started work on a related, but smaller protein, myoglobin. myoglobin consists of just one chain, and is present in the muscle of mammals such as whales and seals, where it acts as an oxygen store during diving. in 1959 it became the first protein to have its three - dimensional structure determined. the haemoglobin structure followed just a few months later. max and john developed the technique of protein crystallography, which uses the way that crystals of proteins cause x - rays to change direction to produce unique patterns from which their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5548293097945866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.920493"} {"text": "determined. the haemoglobin structure followed just a few months later. max and john developed the technique of protein crystallography, which uses the way that crystals of proteins cause x - rays to change direction to produce unique patterns from which their structures can be established. this technique is now used worldwide to determine the structure of large molecules. determining the structure and function of proteins helps us to understand malfunctioning proteins, which cause illnesses, such as sickle cell anaemia, and helps develop treatments for these. the mrc laboratory of molecular biology has major programmes on protein structure, harnessing techniques that rely on complex technologies. \u201c i think we pushed knowledge of living matter down to the atomic level and this enormously increased our depths of understanding of the nature of life. \u201d max perutz the structure of dna francis and jim were working on solving the structure of dna in the mrc unit for research on the molecular structure of biological systems ( now the mrc laboratory of molecular biology ). using experimental data, especially x - ray diffraction photographs from rosalind franklin and maurice wilkins at king \u2019 s college, london, they began the process of model building. they showed how the different components of dna interact in three dimensions to form a long spiraling molecule, with a double \u2018 backbone \u2019 of sugar and phosphates. nitrogen - containing compounds, called bases, protrude from the two halves of the backbone and link together in pairs, so the whole molecule is like a zip. this is known as the double helix. the four types of bases form a sequence along the dna, and this is the \u2018 genetic code \u2019 from which the whole body develops. the discovery immediately suggested the way in which dna is replicated : the two strands are \u2018 unzipped \u2019 to allow the \u2018 code \u2019 of bases to be copied. \u201c it is this specific pairing between bases that is the heart of the replication process \u201d. the unraveling of the helical structure of dna is hailed as one of the most significant landmarks of the 20th century. scientists have been able to build on this basic knowledge of dna, by applying it to issues of health and medicine, e. g. identifying \u2018 faulty \u2019 genes, such as the cystic fibrosis gene and the brca1 and brca2 genes implicated in some breast cancers. francis and jim shared the nobel prize with maurice wilkins. \u201c it \u2019 s so beautiful, you see, so beautiful! \u201d jim watson for the first of his two nobel prizes in chemistry, fred sang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5816192070506857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.921452"} {"text": "brca2 genes implicated in some breast cancers. francis and jim shared the nobel prize with maurice wilkins. \u201c it \u2019 s so beautiful, you see, so beautiful! \u201d jim watson for the first of his two nobel prizes in chemistry, fred sanger determined the entire sequence of the 51 amino acids in the protein insulin, and showed how they are linked together. insulin is an important natural hormone, which controls the level of glucose ( sugar ) in the blood, and is used in the treatment of diabetes. fred \u2019 s method involved separating the different fragments of the protein on filter paper and moving them with an electric current according to their electric charge. this created a distinct pattern on the paper, which fred called a \u2018 fingerprint. \u2019 the information about these fragments then had to be reconstructed \u2013 like a puzzle \u2013 in the correct order to give the sequence or \u2018 chemical structure. \u2019 after 12 years of dedicated research, this was the first time the chemical structure of a protein had been deduced. it demonstrated that the sequence of amino acids in protein chains determines the individual and physiological properties of the protein. fred \u2019 s methods could now be applied to proteins in general to explore their role as key substances for life. today, it is still necessary to use chemical means to determine protein sequences. \u201c in spite of the many difficulties and set - backs that one encounters i \u2019 m sure that scientific research must be one of the most fascinating and exciting occupations. \u201d fred sanger nobel quick facts 9 nobel prizes shared amongst 13 individuals fred sanger is the only person to have won 2 nobel prizes for chemistry a number of lmb alumni have also received nobel prizes ( lmb dates in italics ) : - john gurdon ( physiology or medicine ) scientific staff 1972 - 1983 - tom steitz ( chemistry ) postdoctoral fellow 1967 - 1970 - elizabeth blackburn ( physiology or medicine ) phd student 1971 - 1974 - martin chalfie ( chemistry ) postdoctoral staff 1977 - 1982 - andrew fire ( physiology or medicine ) postdoctoral fellow 1983 - 1986 - roger kornberg ( chemistry ) postdoctoral visitor 1972 - 1975 - richard roberts ( physiology or medicine ) visitor 1970, 1978 - 1979 - michael smith ( chemistry ) postdoctoral visitor 1975 - 1976 - sidney altman ( chemistry ) postdoctoral visitor 1969 - 1971 in 1962, the lmb was awarded 2 separate nobel prizes : francis crick and jim watson ( physiology or medicine ), and max perutz and john kendrew ( chemistry )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5208923285938132, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.922395"} {"text": "\u201c people first thought of having long - term survivor clinical programs about 20 years ago primarily because it wasn \u2019 t even until the late 1970s that you started to see an increasing number of children who were treated for various malignancies become survivors, \u201d says stuart toledano, m. d., who heads the clinic and is director of the division of pediatric hematology / oncology in the department of pediatrics at the miller school of medicine. \u201c we started to recognize a unique set of problems and late effects of their treatment, both medical as well as psychosocial, in this group of children and young adults who had survived cancer. and frankly there was no information in the literature about this group of patients because before long - term survival was rare. these kids would be the first generation to survive in large numbers, and they would go on to teach us everything we know, and their experiences impact how we treat children diagnosed today with cancer. \u201d the current treatment for hodgkin \u2019 s disease resulted directly from the lessons of this first generation of childhood survivors. mediastinal radiation, or radiation to the chest, was once considered the gold standard for treating children with hodgkin \u2019 s. but years later physicians at long - term survivors programs started seeing young men with shorter - than - normal torsos. \u201c we found radiation in kids has a very specific side effect and that \u2019 s the effect on growth. a lot of these kids received their radiation before puberty and their chests stopped growing, \u201d toledano says. \u201c i would have to explain to them, \u2018 you can work out all you want, but because of the radiation, your chest is not going to expand. \u2019 it seems so simple now, but we had no way of knowing before, because so few lived long enough for us to find out. \u201c with girls we saw the same sort of thing, but it took longer. ten to 15 years after radiation they were developing a lot of breast cancer, but only in the middle part of the breast, where they received the radiation for their hodgkin \u2019 s. because of these experiences, today we use chemotherapy for hodgkin \u2019 s and avoid radiation altogether in most patients, with the same survival rate. \u201d a study recently published in the journal pediatrics by steven lipshultz, m. d., professor and chairman of the um department of pediatrics, found that long - term cancer survivor clinics are among the best places to conduct studies on the late effects of childhood cancers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4455371658486453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.931660"} {"text": "the journal pediatrics by steven lipshultz, m. d., professor and chairman of the um department of pediatrics, found that long - term cancer survivor clinics are among the best places to conduct studies on the late effects of childhood cancers, particularly cardiovascular complications caused by cancer treatments. \u201c doing these kinds of studies on long - term survivors helps us pick up not only serious medical problems, but trends as well, issues such as employment, psychological problems, and even insurance concerns, \u201d says lipshultz. \u201c these programs, if run properly, are very effective at helping us identify a multitude of potential physical, psychosocial, and economic problems among cancer survivors. \u201d children who come to toledano \u2019 s survivors program hear pretty much the same story, from the first day. \u201c i always tell them, \u2018 i don \u2019 t know why you got cancer, but you did. \u2019 but the point is, there are very few alive today who had childhood leukemia in the 1950s and \u2019 60s, and we are just now seeing a large number of people who have survived more than 20 years, so we have no idea what you can expect when you reach your 40s and 50s. it \u2019 s uncharted territory. \u201c so i tell them to do what they can to live a healthy lifestyle. avoid risks, avoid heavy drinking, absolutely do not smoke \u2014 whatever it is that makes you pre - disposed to cancer, avoid. for example, if you \u2019 ve survived a myeloid cancer, it \u2019 s probably not a good idea to become a house painter and be around a lot of fumes. why would you want to work around those kinds of things when you don \u2019 t know what caused your cancer the first time? \u201d s children survived longer and longer, more late effects of their cancer treatment became evident. one of the biggest areas of concern has been the impact of treatment on how a child learns. daniel armstrong, ph. d., associate chair of the department of pediatrics and director of the mailman center for child development, has been at the forefront internationally of studying the cognitive effects of cancer treatment. \u201c we knew when we looked at the first leukemia survivors in the late \u2019 70s and early \u2019 80s, virtually all had significant learning problems, and very few were over 5 feet tall because the radiation stunted their growth and interfered with growth and development of their brain, \u201d remembers armstrong. \u201c most of these first kids, over time, would have a decline of 20 to 70 iq points. it was disastrous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.434906162376016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.932713"} {"text": "were over 5 feet tall because the radiation stunted their growth and interfered with growth and development of their brain, \u201d remembers armstrong. \u201c most of these first kids, over time, would have a decline of 20 to 70 iq points. it was disastrous. \u201d it was imperative for researchers to figure out how the treatments were affecting the developing brain. they began to see that the parts of the brain and functions that developed before treatment were relatively intact, but it was a different story for the part of the brain that developed after treatment. \u201c we did a study in babies under 3 who received high dose radiation for brain tumors, and they had problems in all areas \u2014 almost all were in the mentally retarded range, some severely, with lifelong severe disabilities, \u201d explains armstrong. \u201c but what we found is if we could give chemotherapy and delay radiation until age 4, we got about a 20 - point increase in their iq, and that makes the difference between a child who can learn and one who cannot. \u201d this work led armstrong \u2019 s team to develop a model that \u2019 s been reliably predictive of the impact treatment at a specific age would have on future learning. the most sensitive time for the brain is before birth, while the first three years are the second most crucial time, when gross motor ability and language develop. that \u2019 s why radiating a child before age 3 has such devastating effects. the primary development between ages 3 and 7 is in the frontal part of the brain, which is involved in attention, visual memory, speed of processing, and ability to organize and plan. after age 7 the impact of treatment on the brain is not as severe, but the front part of the brain does continue developing into the mid - 20s. \u201c by about 1990 we could identify the impact of treatment on learning, but there were no interventions, \u201d armstrong remembers. \u201c we could delay radiation, reduce some chemotherapy, but those treatments were associated with good survival, so most parents believed it was better to have a child with a learning problem than a dead child. \u201c i started working with a series of children having school - related problems and they are really the ones who get the credit \u2014 i just recognized the pattern. what i began to see is that these children treated before age 7 for brain tumors could learn when the information was going in their ears and coming out their mouths. but school is a read / write world, not a listen / speak world. \u201d armstrong \u2019 s team started developing an accommodation plan for these children that shifted them to a listen /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4763224691114625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.935619"} {"text": "when the information was going in their ears and coming out their mouths. but school is a read / write world, not a listen / speak world. \u201d armstrong \u2019 s team started developing an accommodation plan for these children that shifted them to a listen / speak way of learning : books on tape, dictating their assignments on a tape recorder, voice - recognition software, and other technology. of the ten children they initially worked with, who at the time met the criteria for special education and mental retardation, nine have graduated from high school with a regular diploma, five have been american cancer society college scholarship recipients, and one has graduated cum laude from florida atlantic university. \u201c what we are working on now is a cognitive rehabilitation model that we can utilize during treatment, when the injury is happening, and drive through the injury by exercising the brain, \u201d armstrong says. \u201c where a child with cancer is today, the child of tomorrow won \u2019 t be there. they \u2019 ll be better. all of our concern when we first started was acute care : how do we keep these kids from dying? now the shift is clearly how do we lessen the late effects, how do we treat the consequences of our successes? we don \u2019 t know the answers, but we \u2019 re going to find them because we have the chance to. \u201d as with many things in medicine, the first hint of late effects of cancer treatment in children came through observation. \u201c i was taking care of children as a cardiologist in the mid - 1980s, and i started seeing kids with serious heart problems, and i would look back and see they had been treated with chemotherapy, \u201d recalls lipshultz. he published the first large study to show a link between late cardiac effects in children treated with doxorubicin ( adriamycin\u00ae ) for all in childhood. lipshultz estimates there are now more than 2, 000 papers on late cardiac effects that show increasing rates of heart failure, cardiac transplantation, and cardiac death in young adults previously treated for childhood cancer. but much like the cognitive late effects, the focus is now shifting to how to prevent the problem in the first place. a study published in the new england journal of medicine by lipshultz last summer could have huge implications for the thousands of children diagnosed with cancer every year. more than 200 children newly diagnosed with high - risk all were enrolled in this multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, conducted out of dana - farber cancer institute in boston. half of the children were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47744544068139044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.936705"} {"text": "of children diagnosed with cancer every year. more than 200 children newly diagnosed with high - risk all were enrolled in this multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, conducted out of dana - farber cancer institute in boston. half of the children were treated using the standard multi - agent protocol for all, which includes doxorubicin. the other half were treated with an infusion of dexrazoxane ( zinecard\u00ae ) 30 minutes before receiving doxorubicin. dexrazoxane is a free - radical scavenger that has been found to protect the heart of adults receiving the same type of chemotherapy. \u201c the dexrazoxane therapy was associated with a large and statistically significant reduction in heart damage in the children who received it before their chemotherapy, \u201d lipshultz says. \u201c receiving the dexrazoxane had no impact on the effectiveness of the chemotherapy in the short term ; longer follow - up will determine the influence of dexrazoxane on survival and heart function. \u201d wenty - three - year - old meital cohen of miami received high doses of adriamycin when diagnosed with high - risk leukemia just before her 7th birthday. just over a year off treatment, she relapsed. she would come very close to death before a bone marrow transplant saved her life after a seven - year struggle. cohen visits the survivors clinic, but she doesn \u2019 t dwell on the possibility of cardiac problems down the road. \u201c i watch myself, i get my annual checkups, but i don \u2019 t worry about it. everyone \u2019 s life has problems, but i live a normal life like everyone else, \u201d says cohen. \u201c cancer doesn \u2019 t mean death \u2014 there is life after cancer, and i intend to enjoy it. \u201d a key area of new research is finding ways to keep kids with heart damage healthy. one way is through exercise, but it is not known which cancer patients would benefit from it most. tracie miller, m. d., director of clinical pediatric research at the miller school of medicine, is looking at genetic mutations of mitochondrial dna that may have been damaged in children undergoing chemotherapy. \u201c the mitochondria is the powerhouse that produces energy and is found in every cell in the body, \u201d explains miller. \u201c if you damage the dna you could actually impair the mitochondria from producing energy. so if you \u2019 re asking a muscle to work, with not enough power you could do more harm than good. \u201d miller \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47461854650991037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.937748"} {"text": "explains miller. \u201c if you damage the dna you could actually impair the mitochondria from producing energy. so if you \u2019 re asking a muscle to work, with not enough power you could do more harm than good. \u201d miller \u2019 s research team has been looking at children who received an anthracycline, such as adriamycin, to see if they have more genetic mutations in their mitochondria, then determine if those with more mutations don \u2019 t excel as well with exercise. \u201c our work has shown that childhood cancer survivors are at risk for a sedentary lifestyle, cholesterol problems, decreased bone density and obesity, so we want to promote exercise in some regard, but not at the risk of hurting their heart. \u201d on another warm summer day, 20 - year - old seth fishman goes for his six - month checkup at the long - term survivors comprehensive program just before returning to indiana university for the fall semester. at 15 he was diagnosed with hodgkin \u2019 s disease, but because of the children who came before him, he received no radiation, only chemotherapy. he \u2019 s new to survivorship \u2014 but as part of the second generation of childhood survivors, he \u2019 s grateful to those who came before him and knows he has a role to play. \u201c you worry that something might go wrong, it \u2019 s always in the back of your mind, and you \u2019 re certainly not ever going to forget it, \u201d says fishman. \u201c that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s important to come back and get checked and help stay on top of any problems that could crop up. cancer gives you a different outlook \u2014 you savor every moment of your life. \u201d aviel sanchez is making the most of his life. married for six years to his high school sweetheart, he \u2019 s just been promoted to sergeant in the miami - dade county police department, an agency he has served for more than ten years. meital cohen recently received her degree in architecture from the university of miami, and is already working on a development project. she hopes the doctors and nurses who cared for her never forget how grateful all the survivors are. \u201c they have a gift to help others, save others, \u201d cohen says, \u201c especially the children. \u201d jeanne antol krull is director of media relations in the office of communications at the miller school of medicine. photos by john zillioux and donna victor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4845279582426816, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.938727"} {"text": "volume 5, number 1 \u2014 february 1999 campylobacter jejuni \u2014 an emerging foodborne pathogen campylobacter jejuni is the most commonly reported bacterial cause of foodborne infection in the united states. adding to the human and economic costs are chronic sequelae associated with c. jejuni infection \u2014 guillian - barre syndrome and reactive arthritis. in addition, an increasing proportion of human infections caused by c. jejuni are resistant to antimicrobial therapy. mishandling of raw poultry and consumption of undercooked poultry are the major risk factors for human campylobacteriosis. efforts to prevent human illness are needed throughout each link in the food chain. awareness of the public health implications of campylobacter infections has evolved over more than a century ( 1 ). in 1886, escherich observed organisms resembling campylobacters in stool samples of children with diarrhea. in 1913, mcfaydean and stockman identified campylobacters ( called related vibrio ) in fetal tissues of aborted sheep ( 1 ). in 1957, king described the isolation of related vibrio from blood samples of children with diarrhea, and in 1972, clinical microbiologists in belgium first isolated campylobacters from stool samples of patients with diarrhea ( 1 ). the development of selective growth media in the 1970s permitted more laboratories to test stool specimens for campylobacter. soon campylobacter spp. were established as common human pathogens. campylobacter jejuni infections are now the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis reported in the united states ( 2 ). in 1996, 46 % of laboratory - confirmed cases of bacterial gastroenteritis reported in the centers for disease control and prevention / u. s. department of agriculture / food and drug administration collaborating sites foodborne disease active surveillance network were caused by campylobacter species. campylobacteriosis was followed in prevalence by salmonellosis ( 28 % ), shigellosis ( 17 % ), and escherichia coli o157 infection ( 5 % ) ( figure 1 ). in the united states, an estimated 2. 1 to 2. 4 million cases of human campylobacter - iosis ( illnesses ranging from loose stools to dysentery ) occur each year ( 2 ). commonly reported symptoms of patients with laboratory - confirmed infections ( a small subset of all cases )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5010745069412175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.964142"} {"text": "million cases of human campylobacter - iosis ( illnesses ranging from loose stools to dysentery ) occur each year ( 2 ). commonly reported symptoms of patients with laboratory - confirmed infections ( a small subset of all cases ) include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramping. in one study, approximately half of the patients with laboratory - confirmed campylobacter - iosis reported a history of bloody diarrhea ( 3 ). less frequently, c. jejuni infections produce bacteremia, septic arthritis, and other extraintestinal symptoms ( 4 ). the incidence of campylobacteriosis in hiv - infected patients is higher than in the general population. for example, in los angeles county between 1983 and 1987, the reported incidence of campylobacteriosis in patients with aids was 519 cases per 100, 000 population, 39 times higher than the rate in the general population. ( 5 ). common complications of campylobacteriosis in hiv - infected patients are recurrent infection and infection with antimicrobial - resistant strains ( 6 ). deaths from c. jejuni infection are rare and occur primarily in infants, the elderly, and patients with underlying illnesses ( 2 ). sequelae to infection guillain - barre syndrome ( gbs ), a demyelating disorder resulting in acute neuromuscular paralysis, is a serious sequela of campylobacter infection ( 7 ). an estimated one case of gbs occurs for every 1, 000 cases of campylobacteriosis ( 7 ). up to 40 % of patients with the syndrome have evidence of recent campylobacter infection ( 7 ). approximately 20 % of patients with gbs are left with some disability, and approximately 5 % die despite advances in respiratory care. campylobacteriosis is also associated with reiter syndrome, a reactive arthropathy. in approximately 1 % of patients with campylobacteriosis, the sterile postinfection process occurs 7 to 10 days after onset of diarrhea ( 8 ). multiple joints can be affected, particularly the knee joint. pain and incapacitation can last for months or become chronic. both gbs and reiter syndrome are thought to be autoimmune responses stimulated by infection. many patients with reiter syndrome carry the hla b27 antigenic marker ( 8 ). the pathogenesis of gbs ( 9 ) and reiter syndrome is not completely understood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46633431804235026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.965039"} {"text": "syndrome are thought to be autoimmune responses stimulated by infection. many patients with reiter syndrome carry the hla b27 antigenic marker ( 8 ). the pathogenesis of gbs ( 9 ) and reiter syndrome is not completely understood. treatment of c. jejuni infections supportive measures, particularly fluid and electrolyte replacement, are the principal therapies for most patients with campylobacteriosis ( 10 ). severely dehydrated patients should receive rapid volume expansion with intravenous fluids. for most other patients, oral rehydration is indicated. although campylobacter infections are usually self limiting, antibiotic therapy may be prudent for patients who have high fever, bloody diarrhea, or more than eight stools in 24 hours ; immunosuppressed patients, patients with bloodstream infections, and those whose symptoms worsen or persist for more than 1 week from the time of diagnosis. when indicated, antimicrobial therapy soon after the onset of symptoms can reduce the median duration of illness from approximately 10 days to 5 days. when treatment is delayed ( e. g., until c. jejuni infection is confirmed by a medical laboratory ), therapy may not be successful ( 10 ). ease of administration, lack of serious toxicity, and high degree of efficacy make erythromycin the drug of choice for c. jejuni infection ; however, other antimicrobial agents, particularly the quinolones and newer macrolides including azithromycin, are also used. the increasing rate of human infections caused by antimicrobial - resistant strains of c. jejuni makes clinical management of cases of campylobacteriosis more difficult ( 11, 12 ). antimicrobial resistance can prolong illness and compromise treatment of patients with bacteremia. the rate of antimicrobial - resistant enteric infections is highest in the developing world, where the use of antimicrobial drugs in humans and animals is relatively unrestricted. a 1994 study found that most clinical isolates of c. jejuni from u. s. troops in thailand were resistant to ciprofloxacin. additionally, nearly one third of isolates from u. s. troops located in hat yai were resistant to azithromycin ( 11 ). in the industrialized world, the emergence of fluoroquinolone - resistant strains of c. jejuni illustrates the need for prudent anti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4533342632334731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.967095"} {"text": ". troops located in hat yai were resistant to azithromycin ( 11 ). in the industrialized world, the emergence of fluoroquinolone - resistant strains of c. jejuni illustrates the need for prudent antimicrobial use in food - animal production ( 12 ). experimental evidence demonstrates that fluoroquinolone - susceptible c. jejuni readily become drug - resistant in chickens when these drugs are administered ( 13 ). after flouroquinolone use in poultry was approved in europe, resistant c. jejuni strains emerged rapidly in humans during the early 1990s ( 12 ). similarly, within 2 years of the 1995 approval of fluoroquinolone use for poultry in the united states, the number of domestically acquired human cases of ciprofloxacin - resistant campylobacteriosis doubled in minnesota ( 14 ). in a 1997 study conducted in minnesota, 12 ( 20 % ) of 60 c. jejuni isolates obtained from chicken purchased in grocery stores were ciprofloxacin - resistant ( 14 ). the pathogenesis of c. jejuni infection involves both host - and pathogen - specific factors. the health and age of the host ( 2 ) and c. jejuni - specific humoral immunity from previous exposure ( 15 ) influence clinical outcome after infection. in a volunteer study, c. jejuni infection occurred after ingestion of as few as 800 organisms ( 16 ). rates of infection increased with the ingested dose. rates of illness appeared to increase when inocula were ingested in a suspension buffered to reduce gastric acidity ( 16 ). many pathogen - specific virulence determinants may contribute to the pathogenesis of c. jejuni infection, but none has a proven role ( 17 ). suspected determinants of pathogenicity include chemotaxis, motility, and flagella, which are required for attachment and colonization of the gut epithelium ( figure 2 ) ( 17 ). once colonization occurs, other possible virulence determinants are iron acquisition, host cell invasion, toxin production, inflammation and active secretion, and epithelial disruption with leakage of serosal fluid ( 17 ). survival in the environment survival of c. jejuni outside the gut is poor, and replication does not occur readily ( 17 ). c. jejuni grows best at 37\u00b0c to 42\u00b0c ( 18 ), the approximate body temperature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5114941817505818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.968478"} {"text": "survival in the environment survival of c. jejuni outside the gut is poor, and replication does not occur readily ( 17 ). c. jejuni grows best at 37\u00b0c to 42\u00b0c ( 18 ), the approximate body temperature of the chicken ( 41\u00b0c to 42\u00b0c ). c. jejuni grows best in a low oxygen or microaerophilic environment, such as an atmosphere of 5 % o2, 10 % co2, and 85 % n2. the organism is sensitive to freezing, drying, acidic conditions ( ph < 5. 0 ), and salinity. sample collection and transport if possible, stool specimens should be chilled ( not frozen ) and submitted to a laboratory within 24 hours of collection. storing specimens in deep, airtight containers minimizes exposure to oxygen and desiccation. if a specimen cannot be processed within 24 hours or is likely to contain small numbers of organisms, a rectal swab placed in a specimen transport medium ( e. g., cary - blair ) should be used. individual laboratories can provide guidance on specimen handling procedures ( 18 ). numerous procedures are available for recovering c. jejuni from clinical specimens ( 18 ). direct plating is cost - effective for testing large numbers of specimens ; however, testing sensitivity may be reduced. preenrichment ( raising the temperature from 36\u00b0c to 42\u00b0c over several hours ), filtration, or both are used in some laboratories to improve recovery of stressed c. jejuni organisms from specimens ( e. g., stored foods or swabs exposed to oxygen ) ( 19 ). isolation can be facilitated by using selective media containing antimicrobial agents, oxygen quenching agents, or a low oxygen atmosphere, thus decreasing the number of colonies that must be screened ( 18, 19 ). subtyping of isolates no standard subtyping technique has been established for c. jejuni. soon after the organism was described, two serologic methods were developed, the heat - stable or somatic o antigen ( 20 ) and the heat - labile antigen schemes ( 21 ). these typing schemes are labor intensive, and their use is limited almost exclusively to reference laboratories. many different dna - based subtyping schemes have been developed, including pulsed - field gel electrophoresis ( pfge ) and randomly amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) analysis ( 22 ). various typing schemes have been developed on the basis of the sequence of fl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48683984256508106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.969419"} {"text": "526 | | 1982 - 1983 | | hmo patients | | washington state | | undercooked chicken | | animals with diarrhea | | 30, 34 | | 29 | | 42 | | 1990 | | residents of manchester | | england | | bottled milka | | 33 | | 53 | | 106 | | 1982 - 1983 | | rural children | | iowa | | raw milk | | 32 | | 40 | | 80 | | 1981 | | residents of denver ft. collins | | colorado | | untreated water, raw milk, undercooked chicken | | cats | | 29 | | 54 | | 54 | | 1982 | | residents of rotterdam | | netherlands | | chicken, pork, barbequed foods | | 28 | | 10 | | 15 | | 1982 | | residents of larimer county | | colorado | | preparing chicken | | 26 | | 55 | | 14 | | 1980 | | residents of goteborg | | sweden | | preparing chicken | | kitten dog with diarrhea | | 25 | abottle tops pecked by wild birds. in the united states, infants have the highest age - specific campylobacter isolation rate, approximately 14 per 100, 000 person years. as children get older, isolation rates decline to approximately 4 per 100, 000 person years for young adolescents. a notable feature of the epidemiology of human campylobacteriosis is the high isolation rate among young adults, approximately 8 per 100, 000 person years. among middle - aged and older adults, the isolation rate is < 3 per 100, 000 person years ( 2 ). the peak isolation rate in neonates and infants is attributed in part to susceptibility on first exposure and to the low threshold for seeking medical care for infants ( 2 ). the high rate of infection during early adulthood, which is pronounced among men, is thought to reflect poor food - handling practices in a population that, until recently, relied on others to prepare meals ( 2 ). the ecology of c. jejuni involves wildlife reservoirs, particularly wild birds. species that carry c. jejuni include migratory birds \u2014 ranes, ducks, geese ( 36 ), and seagulls ( 37 ). the organism is also found in other wild and domestic bird species, as well as in rodents ( 38 ). insects can carry the organism on their exoskeleton ( 39 ). the intestines of poultry are easily colonized with c. jejun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43145007545638553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.971311"} {"text": "also found in other wild and domestic bird species, as well as in rodents ( 38 ). insects can carry the organism on their exoskeleton ( 39 ). the intestines of poultry are easily colonized with c. jejuni. day - old chicks can be colonized with as few as 35 organisms ( 40 ). most chickens in commercial operations are colonized by 4 weeks ( 41, 42 ). vertical transmission ( i. e., from breeder flocks to progeny ) has been suggested in one study but is not widely accepted ( 43 ). reservoirs in the poultry environment include beetles ( 39 ), unchlorinated drinking water ( 44 ), and farm workers ( 41, 42, 45 ). feeds are an unlikely source of campylobacters since they are dry and campylobacters are sensitive to drying. c. jejuni is a commensal organism of the intestinal tract of cattle ( 46 ). young animals are more often colonized than older animals, and feedlot cattle are more likely than grazing animals to carry campylobacters ( 47 ). in one study, colonization of dairy herds was associated with drinking unchlorinated water ( 48 ). campylobacters are found in natural water sources throughout the year. the presence of campylobacters is not clearly correlated with indicator organisms for fecal contamination ( e. g., e. coli ) ( 49 ). in temperate regions, organism recovery rates are highest during the cold season ( 49, 50 ). survival in cold water is important in the life cycle of campylobacters. in one study, serotypes found in water were similar to those found in humans ( 50 ). when stressed, campylobacters enter a \" viable but nonculturable state, \" characterized by uptake of amino acids and maintenance of an intact outer membrane but inability to grow on selective media ; such organisms, however, can be transmitted to animals ( 51 ). additionally, unchlorinated drinking water can introduce campylobacters into the farm environment ( 44, 48 ). campylobacter in the food supply c. jejuni is found in many foods of animal origin. surveys of raw agricultural products support epidemiologic evidence implicating poultry, meat, and raw milk as sources of human infection. most retail chicken is contaminated with c. jejuni ; one study reported an isolation rate of 98 % for retail", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47784619108959137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.972327"} {"text": "of raw agricultural products support epidemiologic evidence implicating poultry, meat, and raw milk as sources of human infection. most retail chicken is contaminated with c. jejuni ; one study reported an isolation rate of 98 % for retail chicken meat ( 52 ). c. jejuni counts often exceed 103 per 100 g. skin and giblets have particularly high levels of contamination. in one study, 12 % of raw milk samples from dairy farms in eastern tennessee were contaminated with c. jejuni ( 53 ). raw milk is presumed to be contaminated by bovine feces ; however, direct contamination of milk as a consequence of mastitis also occurs ( 54 ). campylobacters are also found in red meat. in one study, c. jejuni was present in 5 % of raw ground beef and in 40 % of veal specimens ( 55 ). control of campylobacter infection on the farm control of campylobacter contamination on the farm may reduce contamination of carcasses, poultry, and red meat products at the retail level ( 27 ). epidemiologic studies indicate that strict hygiene reduces intestinal carriage in food - producing animals ( 41, 42, 45 ). in field studies, poultry flocks that drank chlorinated water had lower intestinal colonization rates than poultry that drank unchlorinated water ( 42, 44 ). experimentally, treatment of chicks with commensal bacteria ( 56 ) and immunization of older birds ( 57 ) reduced c. jejuni colonization. because intestinal colonization with campylobacters readily occurs in poultry flocks, even strict measures may not eliminate intestinal carriage by food - producing animals ( 39, 41 ). slaughter and processing provide opportunities for reducing c. jejuni counts on food - animal carcasses. bacterial counts on carcasses can increase during slaughter and processing steps. in one study, up to a 1, 000 - fold increase in bacterial counts on carcasses was reported during transportation to slaughter ( 58 ). in studies of chickens ( 59 ) and turkeys ( 60 ) at slaughter, bacterial counts increased by approximately 10 - to 100 - fold during defeathering and reached the highest level after evisceration. however, bacterial counts on carcasses decline during other slaughter and processing steps. in one study, forced - air chilling of swine carcasses caused a 100 - fold reduction in carcass contamination ( 61 ). in texas turkey plants,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4696518054704189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.973504"} {"text": "however, bacterial counts on carcasses decline during other slaughter and processing steps. in one study, forced - air chilling of swine carcasses caused a 100 - fold reduction in carcass contamination ( 61 ). in texas turkey plants, scalding reduced carcass counts to near or below detectable levels ( 60 ). adding sodium chloride or trisodium phosphate to the chiller water in the presence of an electrical current reduced c. jejuni contamination of chiller water by 2 log10 units ( 62 ). in a slaughter plant in england, use of chlorinated sprays and maintenance of clean working surfaces resulted in a 10 - to 100 - fold decrease in carcass contamination ( 63 ). in another study, lactic acid spraying of swine carcasses reduced counts by at least 50 % to often undetectable levels ( 64 ). a radiation dose of 2. 5 kgy reduced c. jejuni levels on retail poultry by 10 log10 units ( 65 ). c. jejuni, first identified as a human diarrheal pathogen in 1973, is the most frequently diagnosed bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis in the united states. sequelae including gbs and reactive arthritis are increasingly recognized, adding to the human and economic cost of illness from human campylobacteriosis. the emergence of fluoroquinolone - resistant infections in europe and the united states, temporally associated with the approval of fluoroquinolone use in veterinary medicine, is also a public health concern. the consumption of undercooked poultry and cross - contamination of other foods with drippings from raw poultry are leading risk factors for human campylobacteriosis. reinforcing hygienic practices at each link in the food chain \u2014 from producer to consumer \u2014 is critical in preventing the disease. dr. altekruse is a public health service epidemiology fellow with the food and drug administration, center for veterinary medicine. his current research interest is antimicrobial - resistant foodborne pathogens. - kist m. the historical background of campylobacter infection : new aspects. in : pearson ad, editor. proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on campylobacter infections ; ottawa ; 1985 jul 7 - 10. london : public health laboratory service ; 1985. p. 23 - 7. - tauxe rv. epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni infections in the united states and other industrial nations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4966191301625183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.974513"} {"text": "; 1985 jul 7 - 10. london : public health laboratory service ; 1985. p. 23 - 7. - tauxe rv. epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni infections in the united states and other industrial nations. in : nachamkin i, blaser mj, tompkins ls, editors. campylobacter jejuni : current and future trends. washington : american society for microbiology ; 1992. p. 9 - 12. - blaser mj, wells jg, feldman ra, pollard ra, allen jr. the collaborative diarrheal disease study group. campylobacter enteritis in the united states : a multicenter study. ann intern med. 1983 ; 98 : 360 \u2013 5. - peterson mc. clinical aspects of campylobacter jejuni infections in adults. west j med. 1994 ; 161 : 148 \u2013 52. - sorvillo fj, lieb le, waterman sh. incidence of campylobacteriosis among patients with aids in los angeles county. j acquir immune defic syndr hum retrovirol. 1991 ; 4 : 598 \u2013 602. - perlman dj, ampel nm, schifman rb, cohn dl, patton cm, aguirre ml, persistent campylobacter jejuni infections in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ). ann intern med. 1988 ; 108 : 540 \u2013 6. - allos bm. association between campylobacter infection and guillain - barre syndrome. j infect dis. 1997 ; 176 : s125 \u2013 8. - peterson mc. rheumatic manifestations of campylobacter jejuni and c. fetus infections in adults. scand j rheumatol. 1994 ; 23 : 167 \u2013 70. - 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kapperud g, skjerve e, bean nh, ostroff sm, lassen j. risk factors for sporadic campylobacter infections : results of a case - control study in southeastern norway. j clin microbiol. 1992 ; 30 : 3117", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4881091921491618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.978463"} {"text": "microbiol. 1994 ; 18 : 333 \u2013 6. - stern nj, line je. comparison of three methods for recovery of campylobacter spp. from broiler carcasses. j food prot. 1992 ; 55 : 663 \u2013 6. - rohrbach bw, draughon fa, davidson pm, oliver sp. prevalence of listeria monocytogenes, campylobacter jejuni, yersinia enterocolitica, and salmonella in bulk tank milk : risk factors and risk of human exposure. j food prot. 1992 ; 55 : 93 \u2013 7. - hudson pj, vogt rl, brondum j, patton cm. isolation of campylobacter jejuni from milk during an outbreak of campylobacteriosis. j infect dis. 1984 ; 150 : 789. - lammerding am, garcia mm, mann ed, robinson y, dorward wj, truscott rb, prevalence of salmonella and thermophilic campylobacter in fresh pork, beef, veal, and poultry in canada. j food prot. 1988 ; 51 : 47 \u2013 52. - stern nj. mucosal competitive exclusion to diminish colonization of chickens by campylobacter jejuni. poult sci. 1994 ; 73 : 402 \u2013 7. - widders pr, perry r, muir wi, husband aj, long ka. immunization of chickens to reduce intestinal colonization with campylobacter jejuni. br poult sci. 1996 ; 37 : 765 \u2013 8. - stern nj, clavero mrs, bailey js, cox na, robach mc. campylobacter spp. in broilers on the farm and after transport. poult sci. 1995 ; 74 : 937 \u2013 41. - izat al, gardner fa, denton jh, golan fa. incidence and levels of campylobacter jejuni in broiler processing. poult sci. 1988 ; 67 : 1568 \u2013 72. - acuff gr, vanderzant c, hanna mo, ehlers jg, golan fa, gardner fa. prevalence of campylobacter jejuni in turkey carcasses during further processing of turkey products. j food prot. 1986 ; 49 : 712 \u2013 7. - oosterom j, de", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43930134223521716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.982253"} {"text": "##lan fa, gardner fa. prevalence of campylobacter jejuni in turkey carcasses during further processing of turkey products. j food prot. 1986 ; 49 : 712 \u2013 7. - oosterom j, de wilde gja, de boer e, de blaauw lh, karman h. survival of campylobacter jejuni during poultry processing and pig slaughtering. j food prot. 1983 ; 46 : 702 \u2013 6. - li yb, walker jt, slavik mf, wang h. electrical treatment of poultry chiller water to destroy campylobacter jejuni. j food prot. 1995 ; 58 : 1330 \u2013 4. - mead gc, hudson wr, hinton mh. effect of changes in processing to improve hygiene control on contamination of poultry carcasses with campylobacter. epidemiol infect. 1995 ; 115 : 495 \u2013 500. - epling lk, carpenter ja, blankenship lc. prevalence of campylobacter spp. and salmonella spp. on pork carcasses and the reduction effected by spraying with lactic acid. j food prot. 1993 ; 56 : 536 \u2013 7, 540. - patterson mf. sensitivity of campylobacter spp. to irradiation in poultry meat. lett appl microbiol. 1995 ; 20 : 338 \u2013 40. suggested citation : altedruse sf, stern nj, fields pi, swerdlow dl. campylobacter jejuni \u2014 an emerging foodborne pathogen. emerg infect dis [ serial on the internet ]. 1999, feb [ date cited ]. available from http : / / wwwnc. cdc. gov / eid / article / 5 / 1 / 99 - 0104. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4740134234560873, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.983070"} {"text": "a ring of radiation previously unknown to science fleetingly surrounded earth last year before being virtually annihilated by a powerful interplanetary shock wave, scientists say. nasa ' s twin van allen space probes, which are studying the earth ' s radiation belts, made the cosmic find. the surprising discovery \u2014 a new, albeit temporary, radiation belt around earth \u2014 reveals how much remains unknown about outer space, even those regions closest to the planet, researchers added. after humanity began exploring space, the first major find made there were the van allen radiation belts, zones of magnetically trapped, highly energetic charged particles first discovered in 1958. \" they were something we thought we mostly understood by now, the first discovery of the space age, \" said lead study author daniel baker, a space scientist at the university of colorado. these belts were believed to consist of two rings : an inner zone made up of both high - energy electrons and very energetic positive ions that remains stable in intensity over the course of years to decades ; and an outer zone comprised mostly of high - energy electrons whose intensity swings over the course of hours to days depending primarily on the influence from the solar wind, the flood of radiation streaming from the sun. [ how nasa ' s twin radiation probes work ( infographic ) ] the discovery of a temporary new radiation belt now has scientists reviewing the van allen radiation belt models to understand how it occurred. radiation rings around earth the giant amounts of radiation the van allen belts generate can pose serious risks for satellites. to learn more about them, nasa launched twin spacecraft, the van allen probes, in the summer of 2012. the satellites were armed with a host of sensors to thoroughly analyze the plasma, energetic particles, magnetic fields and plasma waves in these belts with unprecedented sensitivity and resolution. unexpectedly, the probes revealed a new radiation belt surrounding earth, a third one made of super - high - energy electrons embedded in the outer van allen belt about 11, 900 to 13, 900 miles ( 19, 100 to 22, 300 kilometers ) above the planet ' s surface. this stable ring of space radiation apparently formed on sept. 2 and lasted for more than four weeks. \" the feature was so surprising, i initially foolishly thought the instruments on the probes weren ' t working properly, but i soon realized the lab had built such wonderful instruments that there wasn ' t anything wrong with them, so what we saw must be true, \" baker said. this newfound radiation belt then abruptly and almost completely disappeared on oct. 1. it was apparently disrupted by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5480853848354971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.993270"} {"text": "realized the lab had built such wonderful instruments that there wasn ' t anything wrong with them, so what we saw must be true, \" baker said. this newfound radiation belt then abruptly and almost completely disappeared on oct. 1. it was apparently disrupted by an interplanetary shock wave caused by a spike in solar wind speeds. \" more than five decades after the original discovery of these radiation belts, you can still find new unexpected things there, \" baker said. \" it ' s a delight to be able to find new things in an old domain. we now need to re - evaluate them thoroughly both theoretically and observationally. \" a radiation mystery it remains uncertain how this temporary radiation belt arose. van allen mission scientists suspect it was likely created by the solar wind tearing away the outer van allen belt. \" it looks like its existence may have been bookended by solar disturbances, \" baker said. future study of the van allen belts can reveal if such temporary rings of radiation are common or rare. \" do these occur frequently, or did we get lucky and see a very rare circumstance that happens only once in a while? \" baker said. \" and what other unusual revelations might come now that we are really looking at these radiation belts with new, modern tools? \" the scientists detailed their findings online feb. 28 in the journal science. - nasa ' s radiation belt storm probe mission in pictures - how nasa ' s twin radiation belt storm probes work ( infographic ) - earth quiz : do you really know your planet?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5037085339814005, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:48.993981"} {"text": "common names in english : nodding groundsel, nodding ragwort the largest family of flowering plants, the compositae ( asteraceae ), comprising about 1, 100 genera and more than 20, 000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. a head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion. the senecioneae are a tribe of closely related genera that can be recognized most readily by the nature of the pappus and the involucral bracts or phyllaries. the phyllaries are basically in one well developed, often partially or wholly connate series of equal length that closely envelope the head. frequently there are a few, very much smaller and mostly randomly distributed, often necrotic - tipped bracts near the base of the main series. the pappus is of fine, soft, often pure white capillary hairs. heads may be either discoid or radiate. - - gerald carr., biennials, perennials, or shrubs, 5 - 100 ( - 250 + ) cm ( perennating taprooted, fibrous - rooted, branched caudices, or suberect to creeping, seldom branched ; herbage, often glabrescent at flowering ). stems single or clustered, erect or branched ). leaves basal and / or cauline ; alternate ; petiolate or sessile ( bases sometimes clasping ) ; blades subpalmately to pinnately nerved, mostly ovate or deltate to oblanceolate, lanceolate, linear, or filiform ( and most intermediate shapes ), rarely suborbiculate ( sometimes palmately or pinnately lobed to 2 - 3 - pinnatifid ), ultimate entire or denticulate to serrate or toothed ( sometimes with relatively many callous or teeth ), faces glabrous or hairy ( usually arachnose to tomentose, often glabrescent ). heads ( sometimes nodding ) usually radiate ( rarely quasi - disciform ), usually in corymbiform to cymiform, sometimes paniculiform, arrays ( sometimes from axils of distal leaves ), sometimes borne singly. calyculi usually of 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4576525030921811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.010692"} {"text": "usually radiate ( rarely quasi - disciform ), usually in corymbiform to cymiform, sometimes paniculiform, arrays ( sometimes from axils of distal leaves ), sometimes borne singly. calyculi usually of 1 - 8 + bractlets ( bractlets often intergrading with distal peduncular bracts, mostly 1 / 5 - 1 / 2 + times phyllaries ), sometimes 0. involucres mostly cylindric, 5 - 15 ( - 40 ) mm diam. phyllaries persistent, usually \u00b1 5, 8, 13, or 21 in ( 1 - ) 2 series, distinct ( margins interlocking ), erect ( often reflexed in fruit ), mostly oblong to lanceolate or linear, subequal or equal, margins usually scarious. receptacles flat to convex, foveolate, epaleate. ray florets usually \u00b1 5, 8, 13, or 21, pistillate, sometimes 0 ; corollas usually yellow, sometimes ochroleucous or white, rarely reddish to purplish ( laminae sometimes barely surpassing phyllaries ; peripheral pistillate florets usually 0, sometimes 1 - 8 + ; corollas usually yellow, sometimes ochroleucous or white ). disc florets ( 5 - ) 13 - 80 +, bisexual, fertile ; corollas usually yellow, rarely ochroleucous, white, reddish, or purplish, tubes shorter than to equaling campanulate throats, lobes 5, erect to recurved, usually \u00b1 deltate ; style branches stigmatic in 2 lines, apices usually truncate - penicillate. cypselae cylindric or prismatic, usually 5 - ribbed or - angled, glabrous or hairy ( especially on ribs sometimes myxogenic ) ; pappi usually persistent ( fragile ), sometimes readily falling, of 30 - 80 +, white to stramineous. x = 10. species 1000 + : nearly worldwide, mostly in warm - temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions at mid and upper elevations. the concept of senecio in traditional north american floristics stems from nineteenth century botanists who saw the genus as a diverse assemblage held together by similar morphologies of the heads and florets. studies in the past two decades have shown senecio in the broad sense to be a collection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4771972316599483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.011529"} {"text": "from nineteenth century botanists who saw the genus as a diverse assemblage held together by similar morphologies of the heads and florets. studies in the past two decades have shown senecio in the broad sense to be a collection of separate lineages ; a better taxonomy is to be had by treating the lineages as genera. some of the lineages were recognized in the past as infrageneric assemblages. a treatment of senecio by t. m. barkley ( 1978 ) reflected the traditional circumscription of the genus ; a narrower circumscription is used here. present concepts, plus a catalogue of genera, were presented by barkley ( 1999 ). the \" species - groups \" recognized here are given names purely as a matter of convenience ; the groups and their names are intentionally given no formal taxonomic status ( t. m. barkley 1978 ). some of the groups may represent natural evolutionary alliances ; that remains to be clarified. the following taxa are not established members of the flora but are nonetheless noteworthy : senecio brasiliensis ( sprengel ) lessing var. tripartitus ( de candolle ) baker is a south american weed of disturbed sites, introduced on the gulf coast near pensacola, florida, in 1893 - 1894. its presence was discussed by j. m. greenman ( 1917 ) and by l. j. uttal ( 1982 ), both of whom treated it as senecio canabinaefolius hooker & arnott. it is toxic to livestock ; it seems not to have persisted in the flora. senecio bicolor ( willdenow ) viviani ( s. cineraria de candolle ) is one of the plants called \" dusty miller \" in the horticultural trade. it occasionally persists in the flora after cultivation. species of the african genus euryops are commonly cultivated in california and florida and, to a lesser extent, in other warm areas of the flora. they would key here to senecio. they are shrubs with leaves dissected or prominently toothed, phyllaries connate for the proximal third of their lengths, and yellow corollas. apparently none persist for long after cultivation. relatively recent collections from low - lying ( 50 - 100 m ), seasonally wet, disturbed areas in orange and san diego counties, california, have included semi - weedy perennial herbs or subshrubs 100 - 200 cm that are initially arachnose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4733015983474912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.012407"} {"text": "from low - lying ( 50 - 100 m ), seasonally wet, disturbed areas in orange and san diego counties, california, have included semi - weedy perennial herbs or subshrubs 100 - 200 cm that are initially arachnose to tomentose, soon glabrescent, and have oblanceolate to linear or filiform leaves ( 2 - 7 cm ), notably small heads in corymbiform arrays, \u00b1 13 phyllaries 3 - 4 mm, and 7 - 8 ray florets with corolla laminae 2 - 3 mm. g. l. nesom ( pers. comm. ) has suggested that these plants are senecio linearifolius a. richard, a native of australia and tasmania. references to shapes, sizes, bases, margins, induments, etc., of \" leaves \" in keys and descriptions refer to principal ( largest, most conspicuous ) leaves at flowering unless otherwise indicated. species senecio bigelovii, ( 20 - ) 40 - 80 ( - 120 ) cm ( caudices fibrous - rooted ). herbage usually floccose - tomentose to glabrescent. stems single or loosely clustered. leaves progressively reduced distally ; petiolate ) ; blades to lanceolate, 7 - 15 \u00d7 ( 1 - ) 2 - 5 cm, bases or serrate to dentate ( mid and distal leaves similar, sessile, bractlike, often clasping ). heads nodding when young ), ( 1 - ) 3 - 12 ( - 20 ) in racemiform often largest ). calyculi of 4 - 10 linear mostly 1 / 3 - 1 / 2 phyllaries, sometimes 1 or 2 equaling phyllaries ). phyllaries \u00b1 13 or \u00b1 21, 6 - 12 mm, green. ray florets 0. cypselae glabrous. 2n = 40. [ source ] the two varieties of senecio bigelovii are distinguished by morphologic tendencies and by geography. [ source ] flowers : bloom period : june, july, august. \u2022 flower color : yellow size : 12 - 18 \" tall. culture : space 9 - 12 \" apart. soil : prefers light, rich, moist organic soil. sunlight : sun exposure : sun to partial shade. temperature : cold hardiness : 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43275881601895116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.013242"} {"text": "12 \" apart. soil : prefers light, rich, moist organic soil. sunlight : sun exposure : sun to partial shade. temperature : cold hardiness : 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. ( map ) - whittaker & margulis, 1978 - haeckel, 1866 - cavalier - smith, 1981 - sinnott, 1935 ex cavalier - smith, 1998 - vascular plants - brongniart, 1843 - takhtajan, 1967 - takhtajan ex reveal, 1992 - lindley, 1833 - giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt. - c. linnaeus, 1753 - groundsel, ragwort, butterweed [ reputedly from latin senex, old man or woman, alluding to the white pappus bristles resembling the white hair of an elderly person ] - specific epithet : - botanical name : - senecio bigelovii a. gray - specific epithet : bigelovii - a. gray - genus : senecio ( ) - c. linnaeus, 1753 - groundsel, ragwort, butterweed [ reputedly from latin senex, old man or woman, alluding to the white pappus bristles resembling the white hair of an elderly person ] - subtribe : senecioninae ( ) - tribe : senecioneae ( ) - subfamily : asteroideae ( ) - family : compositae ( ) - giseke, 1792, nom. cons., nom. alt. - order : asterales ( ) - lindley, 1833 - superorder : campanulanae ( ) - takhtajan ex reveal, 1992 - subclass : asteridae ( ) - takhtajan, 1967 - class : magnoliopsida ( ) - brongniart, 1843 - dicotyledons - subphylum : euphyllophytina ( ) - phylum : tracheophyta ( ) - sinnott, 1935 ex cavalier - smith, 1998 - vascular plants - subkingdom : viridaeplantae ( ) - cavalier - smith, 1981 - kingdom : plantae ( ) - haeckel, 1866 - plants ligularia bigelovii ( a. gray ) w. a. weber status : accepted name comment : data providers : ipni, tropicos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4679825470399745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.013973"} {"text": ", 1981 - kingdom : plantae ( ) - haeckel, 1866 - plants ligularia bigelovii ( a. gray ) w. a. weber status : accepted name comment : data providers : ipni, tropicos. gcc lsid : urn : lsid : compositae. org : names : 6c2db06d - 0bdf - 4267 - beec - 926899453eda last scrutiny : 16 - aug - 09 members of the genus senecio zipcodezoo has pages for 174 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. here are just 100 of them : myrica pennsylvanica ( northern bayberry ) \u00b7 myrica pensylvanica ' morton ' ( silver sprite bayberry ) \u00b7 s. acaulis ( senecio ) \u00b7 s. actinella ( flagstaff ragwort ) \u00b7 s. amplectens ( alpine groundsel ) \u00b7 s. amplectens holmii ( holm ' s groundsel ) \u00b7 s. amplectens var. amplectens ( showy alpine ragwort ) \u00b7 s. amplectens var. holmii ( holm ' s groundsel ) \u00b7 s. ampullaceus ( texas groundsel ) \u00b7 s. angulatus ( climbing groundsel ) \u00b7 s. anteuphorbium ( senecio ) \u00b7 s. aphanactis ( chaparral ragwort ) \u00b7 s. aquaticus ( water ragwort ) \u00b7 s. arborescens ( estrella ) \u00b7 s. arizonicus ( arizona ragwort ) \u00b7 s. aronicoides ( rayless ragwort ) \u00b7 s. articulatus ( candle plant ) \u00b7 s. aschenborianus ( senecio ) \u00b7 s. astephanus ( san gabriel ragwort ) \u00b7 s. atratus ( tall blacktip ragwort ) \u00b7 s. aurea ( golden groundsel ) \u00b7 s. ballyi ( senecio ) \u00b7 s. bellidioides ( alpine groundsel ) \u00b7 s. bicolor ( silver ragwort ) \u00b7 s. bicolor cineraria ( dusty miller ) \u00b7 s. bigelovii ( nodding groundsel ) \u00b7 s. bigelovii gray var. hallii gray ( nodding ragwort ) \u00b7 s. bigelovii var. bigelovii ( biglow ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39546186669590344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.014656"} {"text": ") \u00b7 s. bigelovii ( nodding groundsel ) \u00b7 s. bigelovii gray var. hallii gray ( nodding ragwort ) \u00b7 s. bigelovii var. bigelovii ( biglow ' s ragwort ) \u00b7 s. bigelovii var. hallii ( hall ' s ragwort ) \u00b7 s. blochmaniae ( dune ragwort ) \u00b7 s. bolanderi var. bolanderi ( bolander ' s ragwort ) \u00b7 s. californicus ( california ragwort ) \u00b7 s. cannabifolius ( aleutian ragwort ) \u00b7 s. cannabinifolius ( hempleaf ragwort ) \u00b7 s. cineraria ' cirrus ' ( cirrus dusty miller ) \u00b7 s. cineraria ' silver dust ' ( dusty miller ) \u00b7 s. clarkianus ( clark ' s ragwort ) \u00b7 s. clivorum ( summer ragwort ) \u00b7 s. confusus ' sao paulo ' ( mexican flame vine ) \u00b7 s. congestus ( clustered marsh ragwort ) \u00b7 s. crassifolius ( senecio ) \u00b7 s. crassissimus ( vertical leaf senecio ) \u00b7 s. crassulus ( meadow groundsel ) \u00b7 s. cristobalensis ( senecio ) \u00b7 s. cylindricus ( senecio ) \u00b7 s. dangarensis ( largescaled rasbora ) \u00b7 s. deflersii ( pickle plant ) \u00b7 s. dimorphophyllus var. dimorphophyllus ( splitleaf groundsel ) \u00b7 s. dryadens ( longnose tapirfish ) \u00b7 s. elegans ( purple groundsel ) \u00b7 s. elmeri ( elmer ' s ragwort ) \u00b7 s. eremophilus ( desert groundsel ) \u00b7 s. eremophilus var. eremophilus ( desert ragwort ) \u00b7 s. eremophilus var. kingii ( ragwood groundsel ) \u00b7 s. eremophilus var. macdougalii ( macdougal ' s groundsel ) \u00b7 s. ertterae ( ertter ' s ragwort ) \u00b7 s. erucifolius ( hoary ragwort ) \u00b7 s. erucifolius erucifolius ( hoary groundsel ) \u00b7 s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38877964659041275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.015307"} {"text": ". ertterae ( ertter ' s ragwort ) \u00b7 s. erucifolius ( hoary ragwort ) \u00b7 s. erucifolius erucifolius ( hoary groundsel ) \u00b7 s. eurycephalus torr. & a. gray var. eurycephalus torr. & a. gray ex a. gray ( widehead groundsel ) \u00b7 s. eurycephalus var. eurycephalus ( siskiyou ragwort ) \u00b7 s. ficoides ( senecio ) \u00b7 s. flaccidus ( douglas senecio ) \u00b7 s. flaccidus var. douglasii ( douglas ' groundsel ) \u00b7 s. flaccidus var. flaccidus ( threadleaf groundsel ) \u00b7 s. flaccidus var. monoensis ( green groundsel ) \u00b7 s. fremontii ( dwarf mountain ragwort ) \u00b7 s. fremontii var. blitoides ( dwarf mountain ragwort ) \u00b7 s. fremontii var. fremontii ( dwarf mountain ragwort ) \u00b7 s. fremontii var. inexpectatus ( dwarf mountain ragwort ) \u00b7 s. fremontii var. occidentalis ( dwarf mountain ragwort ) \u00b7 s. glastifolius ( holly - leaved senecio ) \u00b7 s. gunnii ( mountain fireweed ) \u00b7 s. haworthii ( senecio ) \u00b7 s. herreanus ( string of beads cactus ) \u00b7 s. herreianus ( gooseberry ) \u00b7 s. hispidulus ( hispid fireweed ) \u00b7 s. hybridus ( common ragwort ) \u00b7 s. hydrophiloides ( tall groundsel ) \u00b7 s. hydrophilus ( alkali marsh groundsel ) \u00b7 s. hypoleucus ( pale groundsel ) \u00b7 s. inaequidens ( narrow - leaved ragwort ) \u00b7 s. integerrimus ( columbia ragwort ) \u00b7 s. integerrimus nutt. var. exaltatus ( nutt. ) cronq. ( columbia groundsel ) \u00b7 s. integerrimus var. exaltatus ( columbia groundsel ) \u00b7 s. integerrimus var. integerrimus ( lambstongue ragwort ) \u00b7 s. integerrimus var. major ( lambstongue groundsel ) \u00b7 s. integerrimus var. ochroleucus ( pale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3970490502464704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.017378"} {"text": ") \u00b7 s. integerrimus var. integerrimus ( lambstongue ragwort ) \u00b7 s. integerrimus var. major ( lambstongue groundsel ) \u00b7 s. integerrimus var. ochroleucus ( paleyellow ragwort ) \u00b7 s. integerrimus var. scribneri ( scribner ' s ragwort ) \u00b7 s. jacobaea ( ragwort ) \u00b7 s. jacobaea dunensis ( ragwort ) \u00b7 s. jacobaea jacobaea ( ragwort ) \u00b7 s. jacobsenii ( trailing jade ) \u00b7 s. kirkii ( tree daisy ) \u00b7 s. kleinia ( mountain grass ) \u00b7 s. kleiniaeformis ( spear head ) \u00b7 s. kleiniiformis ( spearhead ) \u00b7 s. lamarckianus ( bois de ch ) \u00b7 s. lemmonii ( lemmon groundsel ) \u00b7 s. linearifolius ( fireweed ) \u00b7 s. littoralis ( woolly ragwort ) - search for pictures : images. google. com - search for scholarly articles : google scholar - search using scientific name and vernacular names : all the web | altavista canada | altavista | excite | google | hotbot | lycos - search using specialized databases : genbank | medline | scirus | cisti / cal | agricola periodicals | agricola books - catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of hymenoptera under the direction of karl v. krombein... [ et al. ]. washington : smithsonian institution press, 1979 - url. - contributions from the united states national herbarium 13 1909 - 1912 washington, d. c. : smithsonian institution press, 1890 - url p. 224, p. 744. - flora of new mexico / by e. o. wooton and paul c. standley. washington : g. p. o., 1915. url p. 744. - flora of new mexico. by e. o. wooton and paul c. standley. washingtongovt. print. off. 1915 url p. 744. - great basin naturalist memoirs. 1987 [ provo, utah ] brigham young university, 1976 - 1992. url p. 223. - the great basin naturalist. 43 1983 provo, utah : m. l. bean life science museum, brigham", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4204669727633537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.018714"} {"text": "- great basin naturalist memoirs. 1987 [ provo, utah ] brigham young university, 1976 - 1992. url p. 223. - the great basin naturalist. 43 1983 provo, utah : m. l. bean life science museum, brigham young university, 1939 - 1999. url p. 330, p. 332, p. 63. - the university of colorado studies. boulder, university of colorado. url p. 178. - the university of kansas science bulletin. 42 1961 [ lawrence ] : university of kansas, 1902 - 1996. url p. 469. - ediger, r. i. 1970. revision of section suffruticosi of the genus senecio ( compositae ). sida 3 : 504 - 524. - brands, s. j. ( comp. ) 1989 - present. the taxonomicon. universal taxonomic services, zwaag, the netherlands. accessed january 10, 2012. accessed through gbif data portal february 02, 2008 : - missouri botanical garden, missouri botanical garden - school of life sciences, arizona state university, arizona state university vascular plant herbarium - school of life sciences, arizona state university, the deaver herbarium, northern arizona university - usda plants, usda plants database - university of colorado museum, zoological specimens - utah state university, usu - utc specimen database - biodiversity heritage library namebankid : 2657670 - catalogue of life accepted name code : ast - 11463 - grin nomen number : 452810 - integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) taxonomic serial number ( tsn ) : 36103 - mobot nameid : 2703112 - u. s. d. a. plant symbol : libih sebi - zipcode zoo species identifier : 62426", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41284684304645, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.019394"} {"text": "historically, albertans have elected governments with large majorities and kept them in power for a long time. this political tradition began during the first provincial election in 1905. alberta ' s first premier, alexander c. rutherford and his liberals took 22 of 25 seats. in 1979, the progressive conservatives won 74 out of 79 seats. after the 2012 provincial election, the progressive conservatives held 61 out of 87 seats. the liberal party formed the first government in alberta from 1905 - 1921. the united farmers of alberta party overcame the liberals in 1921 and stayed in power until 1935. the social credit party formed the next provincial government for 35 years from 1935 - 1971. the progressive conservative party has been in government from 1971 to present. how is government formed? the province is divided into 87 constituencies, or ridings. each riding has a number of candidates from different parties. the candidate in each riding that wins the highest number of votes in an election becomes the member of the legislative assembly ( mla ) for that riding. this person represents the constituency in the legislative assembly. the leader of the political party with the most seats in the legislative assembly becomes the premier of alberta. the premier and ministers form the government. elections and by - elections by law, a provincial general election must be held every five years, though it can be held sooner. in a general election albertans from across the province vote on who they want to represent them in the legislative assembly. sometimes a seat in the legislative assembly is vacated well before the next provincial election will be held. when this happens, a by - election is called. a by - election is an election held in one riding only. the winner of the by - election becomes the new mla for that riding until the next general election. how are laws made? laws are passed by mlas. laws are introduced as bills, and debated in the legislative assembly before being put to a vote. if the assembly passes a bill, it goes to the lieutenant governor for royal assent, at which point it becomes law. alberta facts - governence - provincial governance : 83 seat elected legislative assembly, executive power exercised by cabinet and premier - federal representation : 26 members of parliament, 6 senators - representative of the crown : lieutenant governor, appointed by the governor general, on the advice of the prime minister of canada", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42026514236870427, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.021927"} {"text": "traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) for nausea and morning sickness morning sickness affects well over half of all pregnant women, and often it is the first sign of pregnancy. symptoms of morning sickness include nausea and vomiting, usually beginning around the sixth week of pregnancy and abating sometime after the twelfth week of pregnancy. morning sickness is a normal reaction by the body to the increased hormone levels of pregnancy. traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) can help alleviate the discomfort of morning sickness and encourage a healthier pregnancy. how can traditional chinese medicine help nausea and morning sickness? traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) includes a well - developed system of diagnosis and pathology based upon several thousand years of observation and study. from this foundational knowledge of oriental medicine comes the theory of qi ( vital energy ) and the pathways through which qi flows, called meridians. good health is based upon the proper flow of qi throughout all the meridians in the body. several treatment methods to balance the body and alleviate symptoms of nausea and morning sickness are used by traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ), including acupuncture, chinese herbal medicine, and acupressure. often, a combination of these treatments provides the most effective relief of nausea and morning sickness. what causes nausea and morning sickness according to traditional chinese medicine ( tcm )? when a woman becomes pregnant, the vital substances of her body, including the essence, blood and kidney qi, collect together to form the new life within her body. often, this change causes an obstruction within the penetrating vessel ( chong mai ) meridian of the body, leading to rebellious qi of the stomach rising up and causing nausea. from this pathological sequence, several patterns of disharmony can result within the body, liver qi stagnation attacking the stomach causes severe nausea and spleen and stomach qi deficiency are the cause of mild nausea. depending on which pattern the practitioner observes within the body will determine the course of treatment. acupuncture for nausea and morning sickness acupuncture is considered the most useful form of traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) treatment for nausea and morning sickness. depending on your specific presentation of symptoms, the acupuncturist will select the most effective points to relieve the nausea. the most commonly used points for nausea and morning sicknes include the following : - pericardium 6 ( p6 ) \u2013 neiguan - is located in the first depression that falls between the two tendons running from your wrist to your elbow, approximately three fingerbreaths from the wrist crease. numerous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44785926481301463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.029265"} {"text": ": - pericardium 6 ( p6 ) \u2013 neiguan - is located in the first depression that falls between the two tendons running from your wrist to your elbow, approximately three fingerbreaths from the wrist crease. numerous studies have been conducted to show the effectiveness of this point for nausea of all causes, and it is commonly used for self - treatment with acupressure. a consumer product made of wristbands that apply pressure to these points are available and commonly marketed for sea sickness prevention ; however, the bands \u2019 usefulness for morning sickness has been reported in numerous placebo - controlled studies. - stomach 36 ( st 36 ) \u2013 zusanli - is also another acupuncture point commonly used to calm the stomach and relieve nausea. this point is located four fingerbreaths beneath the kneecap, one fingerbreath beside the edge of the tibia bone on the shin. this point is effective for all disorders of the stomach and is useful to strengthen digestion and promote the generation of qi within the body. one of the st 36 \u2019 s functions is to descend the stomach qi, which is the primary cause of nausea. - gallbladder 34 ( gb 34 ) \u2013 yanglingquan \u2013 is an effective acupuncture point for alleviate patterns of morning sickness related to liver qi stagnation invading the stomach. the acupuncture point is located on the lateral side of the lower leg, just below and in front of the head of the fibula bone. the point strongly moves stagnation in the abdomen and calms rebellious qi affecting the stomach, relieving nausea. - ren 12 ( rn 12 ) \u2013 zhongwan \u2013 is another useful points for treating nausea. located on the midline along the abdomen, midway between the meeting point of the ribs and the navel. ren 12 is effective for deficient conditions of the stomach and is commonly treated with moxibustion, a form of warming therapy. while there are several acupuncture points that are contraindicated during pregnancy, licensed acupuncturists are properly trained to avoid the use of these points. always inform your practitioner if you think you are pregnant. acupuncture and traditional chinese medicine have a long history and success rate in treatment a variety of woman \u2019 s disorders, including morning sickness. chinese herbal medicine for nausea and morning sickness chinese herbal medicine is one of the most popular forms of traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) treatment used today. several hundred herbs are part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47585708868152105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.030304"} {"text": "in treatment a variety of woman \u2019 s disorders, including morning sickness. chinese herbal medicine for nausea and morning sickness chinese herbal medicine is one of the most popular forms of traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) treatment used today. several hundred herbs are part of the chinese pharmacopeia and are used to create thousands of different formulas for the treatment of disease. however, when treating morning sickness, many of these formulas are difficult to use. this is not due to endangering the pregnancy, but primarily due to the fact that during morning sickness many of the herbal decoctions are too unpleasant to drink. that said, several chinese herbs and formulas are contra - indicted or cautioned during pregnancy ; so always inform your practitioner if you are pregnant and only consume herbal medicine prescribed by an experienced practitioner. several chinese herbs can be safely used during pregnancy, commonly used as food, widely available, and thankfully are more acceptable to the palate : - ginger \u2013 sheng jiang \u2013 fresh ginger is a common herb used in chinese medicine to help digestion, though it functions of warming the stomach, and reducing the toxicity of other herbs. it is commonly used in cooking throughout the world and it can help alleviate symptoms of morning sickness. ginger can be drunk as a tea or taken in concentrated capsule form. readily available are ginger snap cookies or biscuits and ginger ale that contain ginger and may help with the nausea of morning sickness. - cardamon seed \u2013 sha ren \u2013 cardamon is a very effective herb for treating morning sickness due to its function of calming the stomach, transforming phlegm, circulating the qi, and stopping vomiting. sha ren is an ideal herb for morning sickness due to the additional function of \u201c calming the fetus \u201d, which means it is used for the prevention of miscarriage. cardamon can also be ground and made into a tea, along with ginger, to alleviate nausea. what is morning sickness? well over half of all women experience morning sickness during pregnancy, usually beginning around the 6th week and ending after the twelfth week of pregnancy. hyperemesis gravidarum is an extreme form of morning sickness that occurs in about 1 % of all pregnancies and is marked by excessive vomiting that can lead to dehydration. if you are experiencing significant nausea, always inform you primarily care physician immediately. what is traditional chinese medicine ( tcm )? traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) has been in practice for over 5, 000 years and includes herbal medicine, acupuncture, acupressure, dietary therapy, shia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.458702602147543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.031421"} {"text": "care physician immediately. what is traditional chinese medicine ( tcm )? traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) has been in practice for over 5, 000 years and includes herbal medicine, acupuncture, acupressure, dietary therapy, shiatsu massage, and other practices such as qigong. tcm is highly complex and based upon theories devised through observation of nature, the human body, and the cosmos. according to traditional chinese medicine, all phenomena in the world are related by the opposing concepts of yin and yang. yin and yang must be in a harmonious, dynamic balance to achieve optimal health. yang refers to maleness, the bowels, heat, light, upward / outward movement, surface, and agitation. yin refers to the opposite \u2014 femaleness, bones, organs, coldness, darkness, heaviness, downward / inward movement, and calmness. both are necessary for life, yet the relationship between the two is in a constant state of flux. the vital substances of traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) physiology that affect the yin and yang include : - blood : blood underlies the nourishment of the functions of qi and is the physical manifestation of the woman. - bodily fluids : this includes all fluids in the body. they moisten the skin, hair, tissues, joints, and organs, and allow for smooth movement of joints and other body parts. yin fluids are thick, lining the internal organs and cushioning the brain and spinal cord. yang fluids are thinner, such as sweat, saliva and urine. - essence : this is the vital physical presence or spirit of the body and all physical elements that are responsible for determining physical growth and development. - qi : this refers to energy that propels all bodily functions and is responsible for the movement, transformation, warmth, and restraint of the blood. what risks are associated with traditional chinese medicine ( tcm )? patients should be aware that chinese herbs are not without possible side effects, including allergic reactions, direct toxic reactions, and interactions with other medicines. while there have recently been efforts to regulate dosages and use of chinese herbs by some governments, the active ingredients of these medicines often have not been measured precisely. this can lead to variations among formulations and adds to the difficulties in evaluating and comparing trial results of these medicines. consult a physician and / or a chinese herbalist before taking any herbal formula. \u201c morning sickness and chinese medicine. \u201d askanase, aaron, m. ac., lic. ac. \u201c gynecological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.542399783192554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.032506"} {"text": "mary swander gives a demonstration on making sauerkraut during extending the season in your kitchen, which was part of the practical farmers annual conference jan. 13, 2012, in ames. that packet of tomato seeds laying on the kitchen counter may seem like just a gardener \u2019 s dream right now. but food preservation experts say that advance planning on what to do with the 70 pounds of tomatoes that will be sitting on that same kitchen counter in august is a good idea. many gardeners \u2014 novices and experts alike \u2014 discover home canning and other food preservation methods by natural extension of growing their own food. angela laury, assistant professor of food science and human nutrition and extension food safety specialist at iowa state university, advises hobby gardeners and home cooks interested in canning and freezing to study up on food safety basics before starting. she recommends the \u201c usda complete guide to home canning \u201d as the \u201c bible \u201d of home food preservation, whether one is interested in jams and jellies, pickles, tomatoes or other vegetables. \u201c this resource tells you step by step by step what you should do ; no one should be scared of home food preservation if you do it properly, \u201d laury said. \u201c it also provides basic recipes with plenty of variations, so you have room to be creative within the bounds of food safety precautions. \u201d lonna nachtigal, a local food grower and owner of onion creek farm, has been doing home food preservation for almost 20 years. she gave demonstrations of food preservation methods and tips for practical farmers of iowa \u2019 s annual conference in ames in january. nachtigal said being prepared is a good idea \u2014 learn the basics and purchase equipment and jars now before produce floods the kitchen. \u201c first of all, do not despair, \u201d nachtigal said. \u201c all the work you put in now really pays off in the long run. \u201d long after the garden is done for the year, families can be eating from it, she said. laury said the primary food safety concern of home food canning is clostridium botulinum, a foodborne bacteria that can cause serious neurological problems. \u201c it \u2019 s able to grow in anaerobic environments, or with no oxygen, \u201d laury said. \u201c that basically means a sealed jar. \u201d laury said canning food at the proper ph ( acidity ), water content and heat processing levels will reduce the likelihood of contaminated food. proper sanitation of jars is also a must, she said. with freezing foods, laury", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42278603070935555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.036425"} {"text": "cambyses ii was the son of cyrus the great and king of persia from 530 bce to 522 bce. it was quite natural that, after cyrus had conquered the middle east, cambyses should undertake the conquest of egypt, the only remaining independent state in that part of the world. before he set out on his expedition, he killed his brother bardiya ( smerdis ), whom cyrus had appointed governor of the eastern provinces. in the decisive battle at pelusium the egyptian army was defeated, and shortly afterwards memphis was taken. the captive king psammetichus was executed, having attempted a rebellion. the egyptian inscriptions show that cambyses officially adopted the titles and the costume of the pharaohs. his forces invaded the kingdom of kush without any breakthrough successes. another expedition against the siwa oasis failed likewise. cambyses ii ' s plan of attacking carthage was frustrated by the refusal of the phoenicians to operate against their kindred. according to herodotus 3. 26, cambyses sent an army to threaten the oracle of amun at the siwa oasis. the army of 50, 000 men was halfway across the desert when a massive sandstorm sprang up, burying them all. meanwhile in persia a man was trying to steal the throne, he shared the same name as cambyses ' brother, smerdis, although it was later claimed by darius, after he had killed him and claimed the throne for himself, that this was not in fact the genuine smerdis but an impostor, a magian named gaumata, smerdis having been murdered some three years previously. according to his successor darius, cambyses felt that victory was impossible and committed suicide. according to herodotus, he died of an injury while mounting his horse on the way back to persia. donate and help us! we ' re a non - profit organisation and we need your help! this website costs money and research material isn ' t cheap either. we are supported only by our donors. please consider donating ; even small amounts help. thank you! are you qualified to peer review ancient history information? apply now and help provide quality ancient history information on the web! currently there are no illustrations for cambyses ii, but you can help and upload an illustration. you might also find the following pages interesting...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40120861763501386, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.038899"} {"text": "mustela altaica is found in mountains of asia, from russian central asia to korea to northern india. the mountain weasel lives chiefly in mountains at elevations up to 3, 500 m or more. it may be found in mixed taiga, highland steppes, or above timberline among heaps of stones however, observations suggest this species may be able to live in a larger range of habitats ( sand dunes, among reeds, etc ). it may live near human habitations and nests in rock crevices, among tree roots, or in burrow of rodents. ( novikov, 1962 ) m. altaica generally resembles m. sibiricus but is smaller, with shorter fur, and a less luxuriant tail. males exhibit head and body length of 22 to 29 cm, with the tail adding 11 to 15 cm. males can weigh from 217 to 350 g. females measure 22 to 25 cm, with tails of 9 to 12 cm. they weigh from 122 to 220 g. this species undergoes spring and autumn molts. the winter coat is dark yellowish to ruddy brown on the back, with pale yellow to creamy white on throat and belly. the upper head between the muzzle and ears is usually darker gray - brown. the tail may be more rufous than the back. the summer fur is gray to gray - brown with some light yellow. the lips of these weasles are white, and the chin has grayish - brown to whitish vibrissae. although the mating system of m. altaica has not been described, other species of the genus are typically polygynous. males are known to compete for access to females, and some of their fights can be severe. based upon the large size dimorphism in m. altaica, it is reasonable to assume that the same mating system prevails. ( nowak, 1999 ) according to observations in kazakhstan, mating occurs in february or march. young are seen at the beginning of may. gestation lasts 30 - 49 days. the variablility reported for the length of gestation may be due to delayed implantation of fertilized eggs - - a feature common in other members of the genus. litters are 1 - 8 young. lactation lasts 2 months, following which young begin to lead independent lives, but remain together with litter mates until fall. although the timing of reproductive maturity in this species has not been reported, it is likely that like other members of the genus, young are able to breed in the following season", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.458728852536631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.046381"} {"text": "young begin to lead independent lives, but remain together with litter mates until fall. although the timing of reproductive maturity in this species has not been reported, it is likely that like other members of the genus, young are able to breed in the following season, when they are just under a year of age. ( novikov, 1962 ; nowak, 1999 ) mustelids are born helpless, with eyes closed and fur not well developed. these altricial young are carred for in a burrow by the mother. longevity hs not been reported for this species, but for similarly sized members of the genus mustela, there is very little variation in longevity. these animals live between 7 and 10 years. it is reasonable to assume a simlilar lifespan for m. altaica. ( nowak, 1999 ) mountain weasels are chiefly nocturnal, but occasionally hunt during the day. they are very quick and agile, able to swim and climb as well as run. when faced with danger, these animals may make loud chirring sounds and eject a strong - smelling secretion from their anal glands. infomration on the sociality of this species is not available, but most members of the genus are relatively solitary, except for mating and for the continued assoication of littermates until the end of their first summer. ( novikov, 1962 ) the home range size for these animals is not known. communication has not been described for this species. however, as mustelids go, communication typically involves a variety of forms. vocalizations are made when animals are threatened. tactile communication occurs between rival males, between mates, and between a mother and her offspring. chemical communication occurs in all of the stinky mustelids. there is probably also some visual communication, as these animals do have fairly good vision. voles and pikas form a major portion of the mountain weasel ' s carnivorious diet. these animals may also capture muskrats, ground squirrels, young rabbits, small birds, lizards ( during summer months ), and to a lesser extent frogs, fish, and insects. m. altaica has also been observed to eat juniper berries in some regions. observations in capativity suggest daily requirements of flesh are 45 - 54 g ( 3 - 4 domestic mice ) in an adult male, though it may kill considerably more in the wild. when rodents abound, these animals are thought to eat only the blood and brain. ( novikov, 1962 ) predators for these animals have not been reported.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4492913390154355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.047386"} {"text": "domestic mice ) in an adult male, though it may kill considerably more in the wild. when rodents abound, these animals are thought to eat only the blood and brain. ( novikov, 1962 ) predators for these animals have not been reported. mustelids in general are very fierce, and might not be a good choice of prey for terrestrial mammalian predators, which could expect these weasles to put up a good fight. primary predators are probably avian, such as owls and hawks. as a predatory species, m. altaica probably plays an important role in regulating the populations of small mammals, such as mice and voles. mountain weasles are considered beneficial in agricultural areas because they exterminate rodents which can be agricultural pests. some trade of fur occurs, but pelts have low trade value and thus are of not much commercial importance. the fur is usually dyed. ( novikov, 1962 ; nowak, 1999 ) this species may occasionally attack domestic fowl when found near human habitation. ( novikov, 1962 ) with several known subspecies, and a very broad range, these animals are not currently a conservation concern. some populations of the mountain weasel are subject to extreme fluctuations, apparently depending on food conditions. mass mortality may occur due to unknown diseases and fires. ( stroganov, 1969 ) nancy shefferly ( editor ), animal diversity web. ellen sherrill ( author ), humboldt state university, brian arbogast ( editor ), humboldt state university. living in the northern part of the old world. in otherwords, europe and asia and northern africa. uses sound to communicate living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture. young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria. an animal that mainly eats meat uses smells or other chemicals to communicate active at dawn and dusk in mammals, a condition in which a fertilized egg reaches the uterus but delays its implantation in the uterine lining, sometimes for several months. in deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4638449313232667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.048489"} {"text": "fertilized egg reaches the uterus but delays its implantation in the uterine lining, sometimes for several months. in deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots. animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds. union of egg and spermatozoan forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality. an animal that eats mainly insects or spiders. fertilization takes place within the female ' s body offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). having the capacity to move from one place to another. this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra - like vegetation. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. active during the night having more than one female as a mate at one time an animal that mainly eats blood breeding is confined to a particular season remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. uses touch to communicate coniferous or boreal forest, located in a band across northern north america, europe, and asia. this terrestrial biome also occurs at high elevations. long, cold winters and short, wet summers. few species of trees are present ; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth. some deciduous trees also may be present. that region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5113569890495966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.050212"} {"text": "cold winters and short, wet summers. few species of trees are present ; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth. some deciduous trees also may be present. that region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ). living on the ground. a terrestrial biome with low, shrubby or mat - like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations, near the limit of plant growth. soils usually subject to permafrost. plant diversity is typically low and the growing season is short. uses sight to communicate reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female. macdonald,, d. 1984. encyclopedia of mammals. new york, new york, usa : facts on file, inc. novikov, g. 1962. carnivorous mammals of the fauna of the ussr. jerusalem, israel : ipst press. nowak, r. 1999. walker ' s mammals of the world. baltimore, maryland, usa : johns hopkins university press. stroganov, s. 1969. carnivorous mammals of siberia. jerusalem, israel : ipst press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5351146224035532, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.051007"} {"text": "december 20, 2012 friends of the earth malaysia ( foem ) known as sahabat alam malaysia ( sam ), an environmental organization based in penang, malaysia wishes to draw your attention to the second greatest threat to wild birds. thousands of migrating birds are killed each year from collisions with windows in the soaring glass towers of new york city, toronto, manhattan, and even windows of homes situated along the migratory routes. these conditions warrant concern from everyone. the use of clear or reflective panes of glass or plastic that are used in the windows of human dwellings and other buildings and as noise barriers along roadways are passive invisible killers of wild birds worldwide. buildings that have glass facades disorient the birds by reflecting the surrounding trees. perceiving the reflection as habitat, birds zoom at it full throttle, with no knowledge of the danger. the result is fatal or injurious collisions when the birds attempt to reach illusory habitats or sky reflected in the glass surface. glass is an indiscriminate killer to bird species. the dead and dying birds of glass accidents are most often hidden from view in vegetation surrounding human dwellings. they are either killed outright, injured and struggling to recover, or quickly taken by predators or scavengers. birds that are killed striking glass, from a few to hundreds at any one site, usually go unnoticed or are ignored. glass casualties have been recorded all over the world from windowpanes of all sizes, in residential homes, and single or multi - story buildings. given the invisible nature of the hazard, fatal collisions are predicted to occur whenever birds and glass coexist. the resulting unintended mortality is particularly devastating, because all free flying species from all over the world are vulnerable - the common as well as the rare, threatened and endangered. ornithologist daniel klem of muhlenberg college in allentown, pennsylvania noted that collision victims succumb from head trauma that results in brain swelling, intracranial pressure, cranial herniation, and breaking of the blood - brain barrier, not from the often - assumed \u201c broken neck \u201d. klem published estimates of the annual toll exacted on birds in the u. s. alone range from 100 million to 1 billion based on the assumption that one bird is killed per building per year. the 57 year - old ornithologist states, \" glass is one of the world ' s great bird killers, \" a killer that is rivalled only by habitat destruction, and perhaps cats. approximately 225 species ( 25 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5025303628747939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.055077"} {"text": "building per year. the 57 year - old ornithologist states, \" glass is one of the world ' s great bird killers, \" a killer that is rivalled only by habitat destruction, and perhaps cats. approximately 225 species ( 25 % ) of birds in the united states and canada have been documented striking windows. the species not recorded as window - kills are those that typically do not have habitats near human dwellings. the sex, age, or resident status of a bird in any locale has little influence on their vulnerability to windows. there is no seasons, times of day, and almost no weather conditions during which these birds elude glass. the window hazard is likely to increase for resident and migrant birds, as increased undisturbed habitat is modified by human development and the construction of new buildings contain large expanses of glass. in addition, commercial growth stimulated by economic interests show the return of human population migrating towards rural areas, which results in increased land development and an increased threat for birds. bird casualties at residences and well - known commercial sites are substantial, foreseeable, and avoidable, and it is only right that birds merit protection from sheet glass and plastic at these locations. foem / sam calls for dedicated educational efforts and additional research to inform and convince more of the avian conservation community, building industry professionals, and the public that sheet glass and plastic has a devastating effect on bird populations. these enormous sources of mortality must be addressed in a much more active and effective way. the design and construction of so - called \u201c green buildings \u201d should not be considered \u201c green \u201d if birds are dying by flying into its windows. no matter how many recyclable materials, energy conserving features, or erosion controls a building possesses, every attempt should be made to encourage and convince architects and building professionals to incorporate bird safe glass and bird - safe architectural and landscape designs into the leadership in energy and environmental design ( leed ) best practices and certification. a concerted effort in education programs is needed to inform the public, the government, non - profit conservation community, builders, glass manufacturers, architects, developers, and landscape planners that, apart from habitat destruction, the lethal toll attributable to sheet glass is equal to, or possibly even greater than, any other human - related avian mortality factor. we appeal to you to write to your town councils, ornithologists, avian conservationists, builders, architects, and property owners to work together in the effort to protect our birds from the unintended and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4578764288061214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.056112"} {"text": "development of accurate and representative food composition data for the u. s. food supply location : nutrient data title : flavonones in oranges and their near relatives : tangerines / mandarins, tangors, and tangelos submitted to : journal of food composition and analysis publication type : peer reviewed journal publication acceptance date : february 28, 2006 publication date : june 6, 2006 citation : peterson, j., beecher, g. r., bhagwat, s. a., dwyer, j., eldridge, a., gebhardt, s. e., haytowitz, d. b., holden, j. m. flavonones in oranges and their near relatives : tangerines / mandarins, tangors, and tangelos. journal of food composition and analysis. 19 : s66 - s73. interpretive summary : consumption of citrus fruits may be associated with lower risk of colorectal, esophageal, and stomach cancers and may also improve blood profiles. citrus flavanones ( a subclass of flavonoids ) that consist > 90 % of total flavonoids in citrus may be involved in these beneficial health effects. oranges, sweet and sour, and tangerines ( mandarins ) belong to the different species of the genus citrus and tangors and tangelos are hybrids of these species. analytical data on flavonoids were collected form literature dating from 1968 to 1998 and flavanone profiles of these citrus fruits were prepared. sour oranges had the highest amount of total flavanones ( 48 mg / 100g ). their profile was dominated by the flavanones naringin and neohesperdin that contain sugar, neohesperidose, which has tangy or bitter taste. sweet oranges, tangerines and tangors had similar profiles that were dominated by hesperidin and narirutin flavanones that contain sugar, rutinose, which has a neutral taste. total flavanones in this group were ~ 20 mg / 100g. tangelos were place between these two groups with total flavanones ( 30 mg / 100g ) and flavanone profile that had a mixture of four flavanones of the two groups. the database provides information on several varieties of citrus and eight flavanone compounds and will help in investigating relationship between intake of flavanones and disease risk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5009518105568946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.059363"} {"text": "##none profile that had a mixture of four flavanones of the two groups. the database provides information on several varieties of citrus and eight flavanone compounds and will help in investigating relationship between intake of flavanones and disease risk. consumption of citrus fruits may be associated with lower risk of colorectal, esophageal, and stomach cancers and may also improve blood profiles. flavanones constitute the vast majority of all flavonoids in citrus fruits such as sweet ( citrus sinensis ) and sour oranges ( c. aurantium ) and their near relatives - tangerines / mandarins ( c. reticulata ), tangors, and tangelos and may be responsible for the beneficial health effects. the relevant chemical analytic literature ( 1968 - 1998 ) was researched, abstracted, documented, standardized, examined for quality, enumerated and summarized in a database for these citrus flavanones : hesperidin, naringin, narirutin, eriocitrin, neohesperidin, didymin, neoeriocitrin, and poncirin. sour oranges had a distinct flavanone profile dominated by naringin and neohesperidin, and were highest in total flavanones ( 48 mg / 100g ). total flavanones in sweet oranges, tangerines, and tangors were similar ( ~ 20 mg / 100g ), and hesperidin and narirutin dominated the flavanone profile for these three fruits. total flavanones in tangelos ( 30 mg / 100g ) were midway between sour and sweet oranges and tangelo flavanones profile exhibited characteristics of both species. the database provides information on several varieties of citrus and eight flavanone compounds and will help in investigating relationship between intake of flavanones and disease risk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46525391736708543, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.060016"} {"text": "a large part of the division for planetary science conference ' s second day ( back on october 11th ) was devoted to studies of the largest satellite of saturn, titan. for this report, i am going to focus on the studies of the features that have been interpreted as hydrocarbon lakes. they were originally discovered through the cassini orbiter ' s synthetic aperture radar observations. the features reflected the radar signals extremely poorly and, as a result, appeared as dark patches in those radar images. this sort of signature indicates that the surface being observed is extremely flat, consistent with a calm liquid surface. the outlines of these areas are also very reminiscent of shore lines \u2014 some are even accompanied by what appear to be drainage channels \u2014 and the climatic conditions at their sites allow the presence of liquid methane and ethane. thus, the radar - dark features near the north pole have been interpreted as liquid - filled depressions, similar to what we call \" lakes \" on earth. however, a calm liquid surface is not the only possible scenario that fits the radar image of the features. for example, depressions filled with fine loose particles ( which we would call sand on earth ) could appear dark in radar signature. although the climatology of the polar region makes this scenario unlikely, there has been no direct confirmation that these radar - dark patches are indeed filled with liquid, and researchers continue to study the properties of the features we have been calling the \" lakes \" to see what they really are. specifically, titan researchers have been searching for signs of specular reflections of sunlight off of the lakes ' surface, which would constitute undisputable evidence that those features are indeed filled with liquid. so far, however, no such reflections have been observed. even if the lakes are actually filled with liquid, the absence of specular reflections is not particularly surprising because titan ' s atmosphere contains a very thick layer of haze, which blocks most direct sunlight. scientists have been looking for reflections in the spectral windows of titan ' s atmosphere, where some wavelengths of light penetrate down to the surface, but they still have not spotted anything. this could be either because we have not observed the lakes from the right angle to see the reflections, or perhaps because the lakes are not filled with liquid. specular reflection on earth, seen on my way home from the conference. specular reflection is a very powerful effect \u2014 notice that the bright reflected sun dominates the image even though water covers a very small portion of it. the image also illustrates the importance of the viewing angle ; the river spans the entire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5190614924126937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.065086"} {"text": "home from the conference. specular reflection is a very powerful effect \u2014 notice that the bright reflected sun dominates the image even though water covers a very small portion of it. the image also illustrates the importance of the viewing angle ; the river spans the entire width of the image but only a small section shows specular reflection. the latest results presented at the conference drew a very mixed picture. first, roger clark of us geological survey presented an analysis that indicated the lakes must be, at most, several millimeters deep to be consistent with the spectrum obtained using cassini ' s visual and infrared mapping spectrometer ( vims ) instrument. he used the spectral characteristics of liquid hydrocarbons to show that vims spectral coverage can measure the depth of lakes up to tens of centimeters before things get too deep ; the liquid hydrocarbon at the sites of the \" lakes \" seem to be much shallower. while clark hinted that this result makes the feature more similar to mudflats or playas on earth, he also pointed out there could be something floating on the surface of the lakes that could mask any deep layer of liquid underneath. as the density of liquid hydrocarbons is very low, it is unclear what can float on a liquid body of this sort. next, jason barnes of the university of idaho pointed out that the lakes appear the same regardless of the direction of sunlight or the angle of observation. this is a bit of a puzzle, since the spectrum of light scattered by any material usually appear different depending on the geometry of the illumination and the observation. barnes explained this by proposing that the uniform appearance of the lakes is the product of titan ' s atmosphere. since titan is completely covered by a thick layer of haze that scatters sunlight, the surface is illuminated evenly from all angles. we experience the same effect when it is cloudy on earth ; even though there is plenty of light during the day, there are no shadows cast on the ground because the clouds scatter sunlight and create a uniform illumination. thus, if the light given off from the surface of titan ' s lakes is a reflection of the hazy sky, it will appear the same regardless of the observation geometry. barnes also presented many images that show geological features around the lakes that suggest that the depth of lakes has varied in the recent past, perhaps indicating seasonal changes in their levels. another presentation by jason soderblom of the university of arizona showed that the lakes ' surfaces are extremely poor reflectors of light when observed in the 5 - micron spectral window using the vims instrument.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5464544491446648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.066860"} {"text": "perhaps indicating seasonal changes in their levels. another presentation by jason soderblom of the university of arizona showed that the lakes ' surfaces are extremely poor reflectors of light when observed in the 5 - micron spectral window using the vims instrument. his observations indicate that the lakes ' surfaces reflect no detectable light \u2014 he places an upper limit of one percent reflectivity based on the sensitivity of the data. his observations also detect no scattering or specular reflection of sunlight. soderblom argues that this is consistent with an extremely smooth surface, like that of quiescent liquid, in which sunlight reflects only in one direction and the specular reflection can be seen only from a very narrow range of observation angles. in short, one analysis says there is almost no liquid on the surface of those lakes, another shows the depth of the lakes has varied recently and suggests that the hazy sky is reflected on the lake surfaces, while another says there is no light reflecting from the lakes ' surfaces. it is unclear whether there is a scenario that consistently explains all existing observational data, including those presented at the meeting. this situation nicely illustrates a real scientific process, directed towards understanding what makes things appear and behave the way they do. as scientists, we focus on things we cannot explain and try to draw a picture that ' s consistent with everything we know \u2014 in fact, even though the three studies presented above may seem to contradict each other, the three presenters are co - authors on each other ' s studies. to be sure, the prevailing interpretation in the field remains that those \" lakes \" are indeed liquid - filled depressions on the ground ; there remain some things that still need to be explained before we draw any final conclusions. the scientific process is still very much ongoing, so stay tuned for future updates!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5436274775083035, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.067852"} {"text": "california | local july 15, 1999 buckeyballs, spheres of pure carbon shaped like a soccer ball, have been found in a piece of the allende meteorite that landed in mexico in 1969 - - the first evidence that the exotic molecules can be found in nature. the spheres, named after buckminster fuller, inventor of the geodesic dome, were first synthesized in chemistry labs in 1985. the new finding, reported in today ' s nature, confirms speculation that they might be found in space. may 7, 1999 | pharmaceutical researchers have found the first simple molecule that, given by mouth, can mimic the action of insulin in diabetics, a discovery that could eventually free millions of people from the burden of injecting insulin two or more times a day. isolated from a fungus growing on the leaves of a plant collected outside kinshasa, congo, the chemical controls blood glucose levels in mice specially bred to develop diabetes, the team reports in today ' s science. california | local april 21, 1999 what do peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, cars and cds have in common? they are all made of atoms and molecules. everything in the universe is made of these things. want to learn more about the building blocks of our universe? use the direct links on the times launch point web site, http : / / latimes. com / launchpoint / level 1 hypermedia textbook ( water, matter and energy, atoms and molecules ) : what happens to the molecules in water when water becomes an ice cube? december 18, 1998 | researchers have identified a molecule that plays a key role in causing asthma symptoms, a finding that could lead to new treatments for the disorder that affects 15 million americans. march 3, 1998 | scientists have altered a gene in rats ' livers by injecting a \" repairman \" molecule into the animals ' bloodstreams. the technique might lead to an eventual cure for hemophilia and some other inherited diseases in people. the startling thing was how well it worked, scientists said. the treatment produced a specific change in about 40 % of the rat liver ' s supply of the targeted gene. january 16, 1998 | casting a shadow of doubt over the most dramatic and contentious scientific claim in memory - - that fossil life forms were found on a meteorite from mars - - two new studies suggest that organic molecules on the famous rock were actually picked up on earth. the highly charged debate over the true nature of the submicroscopic fossils is far from settled, however. october 24, 1997 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5458193345914801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.071581"} {"text": "##ite from mars - - two new studies suggest that organic molecules on the famous rock were actually picked up on earth. the highly charged debate over the true nature of the submicroscopic fossils is far from settled, however. october 24, 1997 | researchers have identified a natural molecule that prevents hiv from infecting cells, a basic discovery they say could lead eventually to powerful new types of aids drugs or even a vaccine. the molecule, discovered by a team led by famed aids researcher robert c. gallo, works against hiv by physically blocking the portal used by the virus to invade lymphocytes and other types of blood cells. september 20, 1997 | of all chemist michael sailor ' s many prestigious awards, the one that probably describes him best is the small stuffed lamb that sits atop a file cabinet in his office at uc san diego. it was given to him by colleagues after his first year of graduate work in 1984 - - the prize for \" best new researcher under the mental age of 3. \" a quick scan of his office shows that nothing much has changed. there ' s a fierce warrior remote - controlled car ( black with orange flames ), a gum ball machine, mr. july 11, 1997 | the stocky big - game hunters known as neanderthals who lived during the last ice age did not evolve into modern humans, nor did the two groups intermarry and have surviving children - - even though they apparently roamed prehistoric europe and asia together for thousands of years, an international research team reported thursday. california | local march 20, 1997 | japanese scientists say that by delving inside a cell membrane they have found the world ' s tiniest natural motor. the protein molecule, called f1 - atpase, rotated with an incredible force, and they were able to videotape the motion. \" we now show that a single molecule of f1 - atpase acts as a rotary motor, the smallest known, by direct observation of its motion, \" a team at the tokyo institute of technology reported in the march 20 issue of the journal nature.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5362540999556757, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.072384"} {"text": "chennai : fish scales and sheep fur could soon help restore vision. researchers at sankara nethralaya, a leading chennai - based eye hospital, along with scientists in central leather research institute, have developed a protein from scales and fur that can be used as a scaffold for stem cell therapy that has the potential to reverse at least 40 % of preventable blindness cases. chemical or fire injuries, long term use of contact lens or even allergic reactions can lead to depletion of vital stem cells in eyes. these cells dwell in the limbus, which lies between the cornea and the sclera, the white layer of the eyeball. damage to limbal stem cells can severely impair vision. \" most often stem cell therapy is the only hope, ' ' said dr lingam gopal, director ( research ), sankara nethralaya. \" such patients are taken for limbal stem cells transplantation, which ensure that vision is restored. the source of stem cells can be the patient ' s other eye, a live donor ( usually siblings / parents ) or cadavers. but these cells cannot be injected directly into the eye for two reasons. first, they should have a convenient environment that will help them live and multiply. second, they could be washed away if they do not have a scaffold to hold them together, ' ' said dr gopal. the conventional way of culturing the stem cells in a laboratory is to grow them on a human amniotic membrane, a thin membrane found in the placenta. but scientists are not very comfortable using a human membrane \u2014 there are chances of stem cells getting infected or contracting some unknown disease. \" besides bio - safety, there were other problems, ' ' says dr s krishna kumar, director of nano - biotechnology at the hospital. \" there is variation in the quality of the product from batch to batch. doctors found the tensile strength was too low. they also found that in some cases the clarity was not good and in some, the process even left a scar in the cornea, ' ' he said. that ' s when his team \u2014 including sasi rekha krishnan, a phd student \u2014 decided to work on alternative collagen scaffolds. they began their work with funds from directorate of science and technology. \" even as we started the search, we were discouraged from using the bovine scaffolds, because of fear of infections such as mad cow disease and foot & mouth disease. we wanted something that is available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49430833214433345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.075215"} {"text": "to identify relevant scientific studies on the effects of each intervention to include on the asat website, a search was conducted of standard databases of published research in medicine ( medline ), psychology ( psycinfo ), and education ( eric ). in addition, previous reviews of research on autism interventions were consulted, including educating children with autism ( national research council, 2001 ) and reports from the cochrane database of systematic reviews. practice guidelines developed by organizations such as the american academy of pediatrics and the american speech and hearing association also were inspected. finally, writings by the developers of each intervention, either in printed media or on the worldwide web, were examined. research studies were evaluated based on criteria developed by the clinical psychology division of the american psychological association ( chambless et al., 1996 ). summaries of the research were sent to anonymous reviewers for feedback prior to being posted on this website. the summaries are intended to provide a brief overview of the evidence on an intervention, rather than to describe each individual study in detail or to list every individual report on an intervention. the american psychological association criteria focus on studies that have been published in peer - reviewed journals. in such journals, the editor receives research reports from authors and sends the report to several experts, whose identities are usually withheld from the authors of the report so that they can give honest feedback. the experts scrutinize the adequacy of the research methodology, soundness of the conclusions, and contribution to scientific knowledge. the editor uses the expert feedback to make a recommendation for or against publishing the report and passes along the comments and recommendation to the authors. while not a perfect process, peer review increases the likelihood that published reports are reliable and useful sources of information. many autism treatments, however, do not receive this kind of review and are instead publicized in sources such as the popular media, websites, advertisements, and workshops. peer - reviewed reports are generally much more trustworthy than reports in the popular media and are emphasized in the research reviews on the asat website. the american psychological association criteria take into account two kinds of research designs : between - group and single - subject studies. in one between - group approach, called the randomized clinical trial ( rct ), participants are randomly assigned to two or more groups. one group receives the treatment, and the other is untreated ( or receives an alternate treatment ) ; then the outcomes of each group are statistically compared. this design has yielded strong evidence for the efficacy of some interventions, such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4978793175433784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.080450"} {"text": "more groups. one group receives the treatment, and the other is untreated ( or receives an alternate treatment ) ; then the outcomes of each group are statistically compared. this design has yielded strong evidence for the efficacy of some interventions, such as the use of the medication risperidone to reduce aggression ( mccracken et al., 2002 ), which is a problem for some ( but not all ) individuals with asd. the design also has been used to show that some interventions are ineffective. for example, 14 rcts evaluated injections of secretin, which is a hormone that aids with digestion and which was proposed as a possible cure for asd. because none of the studies detected a benefit from secretin ( williams, wray, & wheeler, 2005 ), researchers now consider this intervention to be discredited. quasi - experimental designs, in which groups are matched on relevant pretreatment variables but are not randomly assigned to groups, are often used because of the ethical and practical difficulties of conducting random assignment for a treatment as lengthy and complex as early, intensive aba. this design also can yield important evidence of efficacy of an intervention. such studies ( e. g., lovaas, 1987 ) involve comparisons of children who received this intervention to similar children who received other services, with assignment determined on the basis of factors such as therapist availability ( e. g., whether there are qualified therapists who have openings to start early, intensive aba with a new child ). however, rcts are still needed to confirm the results of quasi - experiments. single - case designs compare a baseline phase in which an individual receives no treatment to one or more intervention phases in which the individual does receive treatment. data are collected continuously on the outcome measure. consistent improvement on the outcome measure during intervention relative to baseline indicates that the treatment was effective for that individual. many aba teaching methods have been confirmed by multiple single - case studies ( goldstein, 2002 ; mcconnell, 2002 ). other interventions have been disconfirmed by single - case studies. for example, in facilitated communication ( fc ), the practitioner holds a person \u2019 s hands, wrists, or arms to guide that person to type messages on a keyboard or a board with printed letters. proponents of this intervention assert that this method produces sudden, dramatic gains in communication by individuals with asd, but numerous single - case studies, involving hundreds of individuals with asd, revealed that the practitioner rather than the individual with asd controls the communication that occurs during fc ( most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5601617339449848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.081454"} {"text": "this method produces sudden, dramatic gains in communication by individuals with asd, but numerous single - case studies, involving hundreds of individuals with asd, revealed that the practitioner rather than the individual with asd controls the communication that occurs during fc ( mostert, 2001 ). thus, the apparent gains in communication do not reflect actual improvement. when possible, intervention studies should be conducted in a double - blind, placebo - control manner such that study participants and practitioners are unaware of whether the participants are receiving treatment or placebo. for example, pills that contain the active ingredient can be made to appear identical to placebo pills. investigators can postpone telling participants and practitioners which pill they received until the completion of the study. although this strategy is not viable for most behavioral or educational studies because the interventions cannot be disguised, it is feasible for most complementary and alternative medicine ( cam ) treatments and was important in the studies on secretin. unfortunately, many interventions for asd have support only from testimonials, surveys, or laboratory tests that are unvalidated for asd research. ( for example, some cam practitioners conduct urinalyses and hypothesize, despite very limited evidence, that the results may reveal imbalances in neurotransmitters of the central nervous system ). much of this work is presented in the popular media or on the internet, but some of it does find its way into prestigious, peer - reviewed publications ( e. g., wakefield et al., 1998 ). thus, it is necessary to scrutinize the research methodology to determine whether it meets the standards described above, and to require multiple peer - reviewed studies confirming the efficacy of an intervention, rather than drawing conclusions from a single report. while scientifically rigorous research with objective measures eventually may corroborate some anecdotal reports, it is also possible ( and historically has usually happened ) that research will indicate that outcomes of the intervention are not significantly better than outcomes in control conditions. for example, fc and secretin have had many ardent proponents who gave stirring testimonials, but they were refuted by research. thus, no matter how compelling they may sound, testimonials are not reliable evidence that an intervention for asd is efficacious. the most recent update of the asat research review was conducted in december, 2009. if you believe relevant, peer - reviewed research with strong scientific designs has been overlooked in the research summaries, please contact email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5343851952628023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.082427"} {"text": "traditional costumes of the vietnamese people tend to be very simple and modest. men wear brown shirts and white trousers. their headgear is simply a piece of cloth wrapped around the head and their footwear consists of a pair of plain sandals. for formal ceremonies men would have two additional items, a long gown with slits on either side, and a turban, usually in black or brown made of cotton or silk. in feudal times, there were strict dress codes. ordinary people were not allowed to wear clothes with dyes other than black, brown or white. costumes in yellow were reserved for the king. those in purple and red were reserved for high ranking court officials, while dresses in blue were exclusively worn by petty court officials. men ' s dress has gradually changed along with social development. the traditional set of a long gown and turban gave way to more modern looking suits, while business shirts and trousers have replaced traditional long sleeved shirts and wide trousers. traditional costumes still exist and efforts are increasingly being made to restore traditional festivals and entertainment which incorporate traditional costumes. young women wear light brown - colored short shirts with long black skirts. their headgear consists of a black turban with a peak at the front. to make their waist look smaller, they tightly fasten a long piece of pink or violet cloth. on formal occasions, they wear a special three layered dress called an \" ao dai \", a long gown with slits on either side. the outer garment is a special silk gown called an \" ao tu than \" which is brown or light brown in colour with four slits divided equally on its lower section. the second layer is a gown in a light yellow colour and the third layer is a pink gown. when a woman wears her three gowns, she fastens the buttons on the side, and leave those on the chest unfastened so that it forms a shaped collar. this allows her to show the different colors on the upper part of the three gowns. beneath the three gowns is a bright red brassiere which is left exposed to cover the woman ' s neck. over time, the traditional \" ao dai \" has gone through certain changes. long gowns are now carefully tailored to fit the body of a vietnamese woman. the two long slits along the side allow the gown to have two free floating panels in the front and at the back of the dress. the floating panels expose a long pair of white silk trousers. an elegant looking conical palm hat, which is traditionally known as a \" non bai tho \" (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45356629635636525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.086625"} {"text": "the gown to have two free floating panels in the front and at the back of the dress. the floating panels expose a long pair of white silk trousers. an elegant looking conical palm hat, which is traditionally known as a \" non bai tho \" ( a hat with poetry written on it ), is worn as part of a woman ' s formal dress. this traditional conical hat is particularly suitable for a tropical country such as vietnam, where fierce sunshine and hard rain are commonplace. to make a conical hat, a hat maker chooses young palm leaves that have been been dried under continued sunshine. attached beneath the almost transparent layers of dried palm leaves is a drawing of a small river wharf. below the drawing, there is a piece of poetry to be recited by the hat wearer. in recent years some foreign fashions have been introduced to vietnam ; however, the traditional \" ao dai \" remains preferable to women in both urban and rural settings. in general, vietnamese clothing is very diverse. every ethnic group in vietnam has its own style of clothing. festivals are the occasion for all to wear their favorite clothes. over thousands of years, the traditional clothing of all ethnic groups in vietnam has changed, but each ethnic group has separately maintained their own characteristics. in the mountain areas, people live in houses built on stilts, wear trousers or skirts and indigo vests with design motifs imitating wild flowers and beasts. in the northern uplands and the central highlands, the young women have made skirts and vests with beautiful and coulourful decoration in a style convenient for farm work in terraced fields and to travel on hilly slopes and mountain gorges.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46478438693048585, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.087343"} {"text": "dr emily baldwin posted : november 09, 2009 by looking far back into the depths of the universe, astronomers have found a galaxy located at just 787 million years after the big bang, and 22 other early galaxies. the big bang blasted the universe into existence 13. 7 billion years ago, and 400, 000 years later, temperatures had cooled enough for electrons and protons to join and form neutral hydrogen. within one billion years the first stars and galaxies were born. these new residents of the universe radiated energy and ionized the hydrogen, initiating what is known as the reionization period. astronomers know that this era ended about one billion years after the big bang, but when it began has remained something of a mystery. this is a composite of false colour images of the galaxies found at the early epoch around 800 million years after the big bang. the upper left panel presents the galaxy confirmed in the 787 million year old universe. e these galaxies are in the subaru deep field. image : m. ouchi et al. now, researcher masami ouchi of the carnegie observatories, and colleagues, have implemented a technique to shed light on the universe ' s first brood of galaxies. \u201c we look for \u2018 dropout \u2019 galaxies, \u201d says ouchi. \u201c we use progressively redder filters that reveal increasing wavelengths of light and watch which galaxies disappear from or \u2018 dropout \u2019 of images made using those filters. \u201d older, more distant galaxies \u2018 dropout \u2019 of progressively redder filters and the specific wavelengths reveal the galaxies \u2019 distance and age. \u201c what makes this study different is that we surveyed an area that is over 100 times larger than previous ones and, as a result, had a larger sample of early galaxies ( 22 ) than past surveys. plus, we were able to confirm one galaxy \u2019 s age. \u201d the hydrogen signature of one galaxy reveals its age as 787 million years post big bang, the first age - confirmation of a so - called dropout galaxy. ouchi confirms that since all the galaxies were found using the same dropout technique, they are likely to be the same age. ouchi ' s team made the observations using a custom - made, super - red filter on the wide - field camera of the 8. 3 - metre subaru telescope between 2006 and 2009 as part of the subaru deep field and great observatories origins deep survey north field. using this data and that from other studies, they determined that star formation rates were considerably lower from 800 million years to one billion years after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5650944703879375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.090783"} {"text": "2006 and 2009 as part of the subaru deep field and great observatories origins deep survey north field. using this data and that from other studies, they determined that star formation rates were considerably lower from 800 million years to one billion years after the big bang, than after this time frame. accordingly, the rate of ionization would be very slow during this early time, due to the low star - formation rate. \u201c we were really surprised that the rate of ionization seems so low, which would constitute a contradiction with the claim of nasa \u2019 s wmap satellite. it concluded that reionization started no later than 600 million years after the big bang, \u201d says ouchi. \u201c we think this riddle might be explained by more efficient ionizing photon production rates in early galaxies. the formation of massive stars may have been much more vigorous then than in today \u2019 s galaxies. fewer, massive stars produce more ionizing photons than many smaller stars. \u201d the research will feature in a december issue of the astrophysical journal. this special publication features the photography of british astro - imager nik szymanek and covers a range of photographic methods from basic to advanced. beautiful pictures of the night sky can be obtained with a simple camera and tripod before tackling more difficult projects, such as guided astrophotography through the telescope and ccd imaging. u. s. & worldwide store mars rover poster this new poster features some of the best pictures from nasa ' s amazing mars exploration rovers spirit and opportunity. u. s. & worldwide store home | news archive | magazine | solar system | sky chart | resources | stores | spaceflight now \u00a9 2013 pole star publications ltd.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5246932304453983, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.091437"} {"text": "yesterday ' s discussion on tolerance is naturally linked to another slogan that appears too often in moral discussion, the principle that we should not force our ideas of right and wrong on others. however popular this slogan may be, the proposal is completely incoherent. what the person making this statement is actually saying is, \" thou shalt not force thy morality upon others, or else. \" this, of course, is a moral statement. typically, the person making it is quite content to bring social and political sanctions against those who would violate this principle. that is to say, they are willing to force this moral principle on others. some recognize the inconsistency in forcing this moral principle upon others. they may refuse to do so. but, if they sit back and do nothing, then they are acting in all ways as if those who force their morality on others are entitled to do so. this drains the principle that it is wrong to force one ' s morality on others of all significance. there is no way out of this trap because it is built on a contradiction. a moral principle is nothing more than a rule about what may be legitimately forced upon others. debates over what morality requires and prohibits are debates over what it is permissible or impermissible to universally force on people. there is no sense to a moral principle that says that one not to have any moral principles. custom vs. morality to shed more light on the problem, let me note that i am not talking here about social customs. some cultures hold that it is rude to belch at the table ; others hold that it is a great compliment to the cook. there is no \" right \" or \" wrong \" on matters of custom. with respect to these types of concerns, it is perfectly legitimate to argue that it is morally wrong to impose one ' s own custom on others. however, morality deals with a different set of concerns. at its core, morality deals with such things as theft, fraud, rape, torture, slavery, and murder. the person being told not to force his morality on others is being told to tolerate things like theft, fraud, rape, torture, slavery, and murder. if we do anything to protest this type of behavior, it is hard to describe this as anything other than forcing one \u2019 s morality upon others. moral issues are those issues where it is specifically legitimate to force one ' s morality upon others. there is no wrong in forcing one ' s morality upon the thief, con man, rapist, torturer ( and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5208165637983393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.100657"} {"text": "one \u2019 s morality upon others. moral issues are those issues where it is specifically legitimate to force one ' s morality upon others. there is no wrong in forcing one ' s morality upon the thief, con man, rapist, torturer ( and those who he serves ), slave trader, and murderer, among others. the very thing we are trying most to do, with respect to these moral wrongs, is force a morality on those who engage in this type of behavior. there are circumstances within which a morally concerned individual may be forced to do nothing because he lacks the power the correct for certain abuses. he may enter a society where slaves are bought and sold and recognize that there is nothing he can do, at least not yet. this is not a matter of being tolerant of other systems. it is a matter of weighing practical concerns in considering how to handle such matters. sometimes, those who do evil are simply too powerful to stop. in law, we recognize that force is prima facie worse than peace. therefore, we adopt a rule that a person is to be presumed innocent unless proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. our default position is that we are going to leave other people alone. we are going to leave this default position only when the evidence is compelling enough that we see no reasonable option. if we are uncertain, if we have reasonable doubt, we will give those who we would impose burdens upon the benefit of the doubt. in other words, it is up to those who would deny people their life, health, liberty, and happiness to prove that it is necessary. it is never up to those whose life, health, liberty, or property would be taken to prove that the loss is unjustified. this is one of several moral principles that have been written into the law in order to create a system of justice. we find it in the law. however, it is a principle that we put into the law because morality demands it. this same moral principle tells us that it is not only in law, but in all things, that we are to leave people alone unless we have compelling evidence of the need to impose some burden on them. this suggests a presumption in favor of tolerance and against imposing one ' s morality on others. however, this is merely a presumption. like the presumption of innocence until proven guilty, it can be overridden if we have enough evidence. clearly, in cases like slavery, murder, rape, theft, perjury, fraud, and the like,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5042563422704889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.101750"} {"text": "presumption. like the presumption of innocence until proven guilty, it can be overridden if we have enough evidence. clearly, in cases like slavery, murder, rape, theft, perjury, fraud, and the like, there is evidence beyond reasonable doubt that we should not be allowing these types of actions to pass unnoticed. in these cases, we can make a convincing case that prohibitions on this type of behavior may be forced on those who would do these kinds of things. faith is not proof in trying to arrive at proof beyond a reasonable doubt, faith is not proof. again, we can see the moral principles for how we ought to treat others in the principles we use in courts of law. an accuser who stood up before the court and said that he did not need evidence against the accused, but knows that the accused is guilty based on faith alone, would be tossed out of court. the same principle applies to those who want to use faith alone to prove that some citizen should shoulder some burden \u2013 that his life, health, liberty, or property is to be taken from him. those who do the taking need something more substantial than faith for the taking to be justified. no objection can be raised against the person who uses faith to direct his own life. objections can be raised against the person who, on the basis of faith alone, does harm to his neighbor. we must remember that the 9 - 11 attacks, suicide bombers, witch hunts, jihads, crusades, inquisitions, and religious wars without count were all conducted by people who had faith that they were doing the right thing. \" thou shalt not force thy morality upon others \" is an entirely incoherent moral position. it contradicts itself. it asserts that everybody should be made to follow the follow principle that nobody should be made to follow any given moral principle. this is incoherent. morality is intrinsically concerned with what may be imposed on others, and there are clearly some things that may be imposed upon others. restrictions on behavior that tends to be harmful to others provides the clearest example of a set of restrictions that may be imposed upon others. there is no function more central to the institution of morality than imposing on others a set of restrictions that they not engage in such things as rape, murder, theft, and slavery. yet, a case can be made in favor of a presumption that others are to be left alone. the burden of proof rests on those who call for interfering with the lives of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5109180772746317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.102758"} {"text": "the united nations on thursday rejected a compensation claim from haiti for its cholera victims, who currently number in the 600, 000 - range, including around 8, 000 deaths. in a statement to reporters, martin nesirky, un secretary - general ban ki - moon \u2019 s spokesman, said that the claim was \u201c not receivable \u201d under terms of a 1946 convention which laid out the un ' s immunity for its actions. the epidemic, which is the worst in modern history, broke out after the january 2010 earthquake in the poorest country in the western hemisphere. it is thought that the un itself unwittingly introduced the disease through leaking sewage pipes in one of its buildings, the bbc said. the un has refused to accept responsibility, saying that the source of the outbreak is unidentifiable. lawyers for some of the victims said that the claim would have cost the un more than $ 1 billion in damages, al jazeera reported. the un also said that they would continue their rebuilding efforts in haiti. \" the secretary - general again expresses his profound sympathy for the terrible suffering caused by the cholera epidemic, and calls on all partners in haiti and the international community to work together to ensure better health and a better future for the people of haiti, \" ban \u2019 s spokesman nesirky said. in december 2012, ban announced the un would be funding a $ 2. 27 billion initiative to help eliminate cholera in haiti and the dominican republic, the ap reported. to contact the editor, e - mail :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3586305878043564, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.104197"} {"text": "in our modern complex world we tend to think that all the best ideas have been thought of. history proves that is never the case. here are 7 inventions that were invented one hundred years ago, in the year of 1912. ( click here for 1913 ) all of them are still relevant today. also with all of them, the technology for their operation was already in existence and had been for some time. so they could all have been invented 1, 10 or maybe 50 years earlier. but weren \u2019 t. most of us don \u2019 t invent anything much in our lifetimes. part of that reason is that we think of invention as grandiose and that we \u2019 d need to invent time travel, teleportation or anti - gravity to have invented something worthwhile. inventors don \u2019 t think like that. instead they look at a problem, a real problem that they or other people they know actually have. their inventions are solutions to those real life problems. the kitchen worktop surface was invented by daniel j. o \u2019 conor and herbert a. faber who originally conceived it as a substitute for mica used as electrical insulation. it was made of wrapped woven fabric coated with bakelite thermosetting resin, then slit lengthwise, flattened, and cured in a press. because the new product acted as a substitute \u201c for mica \u201d, faber coined the name \u201c formica \u201d. the electric blanket invented by the american physician sidney i. russell. a swede, gideon sundback, working in america, invented the zipper. chocolate pieces filled with a soft fondant center were invented by jean neuhaus ii, a belgian chocolatier. the first commercial slot cars ( now most famously made by scalectrix ) were made by the lionel model company in the usa, drawing power from a toy train rail sunk in wide slot between the rails ( see pic ). the traffic light the first traffic controlling light was invented in by a detroit policeman named lester wire as a two - color, red - and - green light with a buzzer to warn pedestrians ahead of the impending change. baron pierre de coubertin, the founder of the modern olympic games invented the modern pentathlon which was was first contested at the 1912 summer olympics in stockholm. we should all be focusing on real life problems within our own spheres of interest and work on how to solve them. perhaps we too could come up with a solution that would benefit the world. don \u2019 t get bogged down thinking there \u2019 s nothing left", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5049329790975077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.107285"} {"text": "should all be focusing on real life problems within our own spheres of interest and work on how to solve them. perhaps we too could come up with a solution that would benefit the world. don \u2019 t get bogged down thinking there \u2019 s nothing left to invent. at every point in the history of civilisation where people thought \u2018 everything that could be invented has been invented \u2019 \u2013 it has always been soon followed by an amazing era of progress and invention. they \u2019 ll be nothing left to invent when the world has no more problems to solve. and that \u2019 s a long way off \u2026. so have a think. what could you invent this year? can you imagine an idea that will still be in general use in 2112? have a look at 10 things that were invented the following year, in 1913, here. ayd instone works with people to explore and unlock their creative ideas in ways they may never have thought possible, to inspire innovation in their lives, and their business. book ayd to speak about the power of \u2018 what if? \u2019 and inspiration for innovation at your conference, or in your business. a great way to open your event or as an after lunch energiser. for more interesting info see : www. aydinstone. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5095119827208904, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.107766"} {"text": "what is the fair debt collection practices act? the fair debt collection practices act is federal law that regulates the activities of those who collect debts from others. many states have adopted similar laws regulating the practices of debt collectors. a debt collector : - may contact you by mail, in person, by telephone or by telegram during \" convenient hours \" ( commonly between 8 am and 9 pm ) ; - may not contact you at work if the collector knows or has reason to know that the employer forbids employees from being contacted by debt collectors at the workplace ; - may not contact you if you are represented by a lawyer ( the debt collector must then contact your attorney ) ; - may not continue to contact you after you have sent him / her a letter telling him / her not to contact you ( however, s / he may contact you to tell you that some specific action is going to be taken ) ; - may not contact you after you send him / her a letter by mail within 30 days of the first contact that you dispute all or part of the debt ( however, s / he may begin collection activities again if s / he sends you proof of the debt ) ; - must within five days of the first contact send you a written notice stating the name of the creditor you owe money to, the amount of money you owe, what to do if you believe you do not owe the money, and the name of the original creditor if different from the current creditor ( because the debt was sold or assigned to someone other than the original creditor ) ; - may not threaten violence against you or your property, use obscene or profane language, repeatedly telephone you to annoy or harass you, make you accept collect telephone calls or pay for telegrams, or use false or misleading information in an effort to collect the \" debt. \" if a debt collector violates the law, you can write a letter concerning the activity to the nearest office of the federal trade commission. you can file a federal or state lawsuit against the debt collector for violation of the law, although there is usually a 1 - year \" statute of limitations. \" that means you have to file the lawsuit within 1 year of the violation to recover the actual damages that you ' ve suffered. you can also recover up to a $ 1, 000 in an individual lawsuit or $ 5, 000 in a class - action lawsuit for each violation, plus attorney fees and costs. for more information on the fair debt collection practices act visit the federal trade commission ' s website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4375895455806913, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.110447"} {"text": "a new policy ( april 2011 ) by colleagues at the american academy of pediatrics recommends what i have been discussing for a while now : children up to age two should remain in rear - facing safety seats. the new policy is supported by research that shows children younger than 2 are 75 % less likely to die or be severely injured in a crash if they are rear - facing. so how did we get here? original recommendations ( established in 2009 ), i had followed with my own patients. i discussed turning the car seat to a forward facing position if the child had reached 12 months and 20 pounds. then in april, an article was published ( inj prev. 2007 ; 13 : 398 - 402 ), which was the first u. s. data to substantiate the benefits of toddlers riding rear facing until they are two years of age. this study showed that children under the age of two are 75 percent less likely to die or experience a serious injury when they are riding in a rear - facing. that is a fairly compelling statistic to keep that car seat rear - facing for another year! studies have shown that rear - facing seats are more likely to support the back, neck, head and pelvis because the force of a crash is distributed evenly over the entire body. toddlers between the ages of 12 and 23 months who ride rear facing are more than five times safer than toddlers in that same age group who ride forward - facing in a car seat. there has also been concern that rear - facing toddlers whose feet reach the back of the seat are more likely to suffer injuries to the lower extremities in a car accident. but a commentary written by dr. marilyn bull in pediatrics ( 2008 ; 121 : 619 - 620 ) dispelled the myth with documentation that lower extremity injuries were rare with rear - facing seats. so, it has now been over two years since this data was published and recommended, and parents continue to say, \" i just turned the seat around any way \" or \" i didn ' t know. \" i did go look at car - seats the other day and i noted that the labeling on the boxes had all been changed to recommend rear facing until two years or until a toddler reaches the maximum height and weight recommendations for the model. i take this to mean that some \" small \" toddlers could even rear face longer as they do in some european countries. for safety sake, rather than convenience, keep that car seat in the rear facing position. i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44198419061112304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.114015"} {"text": "jobtips : helping to level the playing field for individuals with autism in the workforce this is a blog post by louise buchholz southern, m. ed., bcba., formal special educator and content director at do2learn. com. many people with autism spectrum disorders are fully capable of joining the workforce, living full and independent lives and being tax - contributing members of our communities. yet the number employed is relatively low due to lack of access to information and supports that would result in gainful employment. jobtips is our attempt to help level the playing field. as a former special educator at the secondary level, i spent so much time focusing on my students \u2019 academic and social skills development that i had little time to track down or develop resources that supported their vocational needs. i was not alone. a group of us \u2013 educators, clinicians, parents and advocates \u2013 banded together to see what resources were actually out there. unfortunately, what we found was very limited and not tailored to the special needs of individuals with autism. many people reside in remote and underserved areas, where there is even less access to supports, combined with the fact that not all available resources and instructional strategies are of a high quality or consistency. many of these students are not going on to pursue post - secondary education options, but often graduate without the basic skills needed to find and maintain employment. understanding the \u201c why \u201d a prospective job applicant like \u201c james \u201d is ill - equipped to follow his dream in the workplace. getting along with co - workers is really hard for him. he gets tired of \u201c adjusting to them \u201d and often asks \u201c why can \u2019 t they adjust to me? \u201d james, like many young adults with autism we see every day, has trouble keeping jobs. over the last 10 years he has been hired and fired repeatedly, seldom understanding why. for others, the challenge is simply getting hired. tough questions. tough questions that we felt could be addressed by merging technology with our expertise in the field of autism. we broke down this web - based resource into four core parts \u2013 determining interests, finding a job, getting a job, and keeping a job. we designed real - life, interactive exercises that not only deal with the practical skills of identifying jobs that match their strengths and filling out applications, but developing their understanding of, and response to, the important social nuances that underlie the workplace environment. to teach them the \u201c whys \u201d of social interactions that typically get in the way of their success. successful employment is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4376725140127552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.117575"} {"text": "pyramid apartment house every tenant has an outside apart ment in a pyramid - shaped house de signed by edwin a. koch, new york architect. some time ago, koch planned a bank of apartments for a steeply sloping hillside. then the bold idea occurred to him of joining four of the dwellings, back to back in a pattern like a cross, with the result shown above. settee resembles old wagon resembling a covered wagon of early pioneering days in appearance, a novel lawn settee drew much attention at a recent home - furnishing show in chicago, ill. a wooden chassis mounted on springs attached to wooden axles and wheels serves to hold a comfortable mattress and cushions, while a sun shade is provided in the form of the wagon \u2019 s canvas roof. a short wooden \u201c tongue \u201d attached to the front axle enables the settee to be towed. housekeeping tools to minimize labor a rubber cap replaces the metal one taken from a bottle of ginger ale or other refreshment and, being air - tight, preserves what is left of the contents for future use. the deep groove lets the core go inside the bottle when you give it a twist, and allows the rim of the cap to encircle the outside of the top of the bottle. the three aluminum kettles shown here fit inside one another so that a different dish may be cooked in each, although only one burner of a stove is required. the upper kettles may be used for steaming or boiling. handles are insulated and do not get hot. church cut in half to make way for new street one of the most unusual engineering feats in recent years was the moving of a 4, 000, 000 - pound detroit church steeple to make way for a wider street. the 180 - foot stone tower was moved by seven men while hundreds of breathless spectators looked on. working under the direction of carl f. henrichsen and carl a. johnson, veteran building movers, the men first cut out a 27 - foot section of the church so that the front could be moved back the same amount. contractors build freak test house to determine the feasibility and artistic effect of various materials for a group of new college buildings, a test building using many different materials was erected at principia college, elsah, ill from the results gleaned from the novel experiment, the combination and types of material to be used in the construction of the main buildings was determined. the small test building was constructed of stone, brick, cast concrete, and timber in brick and concrete.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49005605815214326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.122709"} {"text": "the results gleaned from the novel experiment, the combination and types of material to be used in the construction of the main buildings was determined. the small test building was constructed of stone, brick, cast concrete, and timber in brick and concrete. one side of the roof was made of concrete covered with slate, while the opposite side was plain concrete. old - fashioned, oven - flavored, buttered toast for breakfast takes only two minutes with this new munsey toaster that also bakes frozen waffles, warms coffee cake, toasts cheese sandwiches and browns rolls. made of lightweight aluminum with electric coils as its heating element, the toaster comes with a pull - out tray on which you can toast four slices of bread at once. it \u2019 s fine for english muffins and chunky italian bread and you have no problem putting in or taking out such items as you often do with pop - up toasters. bedroom on stilts 10 degrees cooler than on the ground when a. winters, a californian, needed a cooler sleeping place he built a bedroom on top of a forty - foot steel tower, up in the air where the breezes are blowing. the room is large enough for a bed, two chairs and a small table. what \u2019 s new for your home a four - page \u201c shopping section \u201d dedicated to modern homemakers lightweight lawn mower weighs 19 pounds and cuts to within one inch of walls. rear rollers spin blades self - wringing mop has a cellulose sponge that folds like a book when sleeve on the handle is pushed. it mops without splatter and wipes dry carries own grass 200, 000 miles when charles miller, of portland, oregon, found the wanderlust too much for him in spite of his love for the old home, he decided to see the world and carry his home right with him, too. so he built a complete bungalow on the chassis of his car \u2014 not even forgetting to put in a nice bit of lawn. then he started out and since starting he has traveled over 200, 000 miles and isn \u2019 t through yet. mr. miller claims to have the only motorized house and lot in the country. the \u201c lot \u201d consists of a narrow strip of earth and turf. canvas house costing but $ 1000 to be home of future canvas is now being considered by architects as an attractive and economical building material for the small homes of the future. canvas can now be treated with preservative paints to make it waterproof and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4973266123169729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.123668"} {"text": "\u201c it is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge. \u201d - albert einstein \u201c the mediocre teacher tells. the good teacher explains. the superior teacher demonstrates. the great teacher inspires. \u201d - william arthur ward on one side of the room, the interviewer \u2019 s palms begins to sweat. although the young man has done his research, his guest is unpredictable. his guest has an agenda, his guest has a polarizing position on a very divisive issue, and his guest may lie or make up facts right there on the spot. the moderator will step aside once the debate commences, and the interviewer won \u2019 t be allowed any notes. he \u2019 s got an audience that he \u2019 s desperate to get the truth out to, and these next ten minutes \u2014 the interview of a lifetime \u2014 could be the last time he \u2019 s ever in this position if he fails to make his case. image credit : stuart franklin / getty images news. his only saving grace? he \u2019 s got a team of researchers that have his back, and a tiny microphone in his ear where the researchers can communicate to him in real - time with fact - checks, figures, sources and more. after all, while he \u2019 s in the hot seat, his research team has prepared for this, too, and has a collection of information to supply him with if he gets in trouble, or if his guest tells a lie. image credit : smannion on flickr / cc by - nc - sa 2. 0. only, this isn \u2019 t the most important 10 minutes of television you \u2019 ll see this year. image credit : \u00a9 2010 valley news \u2013 patrick t. fallon. this is a high school classroom, or at least it can be, if we equip it with trapit education. this type of lesson \u2014 where you put the students into a real - life scenario that makes the lesson particularly relevant to them \u2014 is known as an active engagement lesson, and is demonstrably the most effective way to get students to learn and retain knowledge, even years later. this type of lesson isn \u2019 t static, either, but allows teachers and students to engage events and news stories in real - time, as they unfold. thanks to the power of the internet and the near - instant availability of information, as well as the fact that public high schools now boast a student - to - computer ratio of 4 - to - 1, if a student can separate the signal - from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5094209781270337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.131686"} {"text": "to the power of the internet and the near - instant availability of information, as well as the fact that public high schools now boast a student - to - computer ratio of 4 - to - 1, if a student can separate the signal - from - the - noise in the internet, they can perform real - time research on practically any topic. and there \u2019 s no better tool to create that topical stream of content than trapit, available both on the web and on the latest device sweeping classrooms worldwide : the ipad. image credit : oak technology & learning / oak tasmania. for teachers, the difficulties in getting this into their classroom are threefold : - lessons like this take a long time to design and implement for a particular subject, - getting students to distinguish quality information and sources from misleading ones, despite its importance, is a difficult and time - consuming task to take on, and - there is a huge push \u2014 at least in the usa \u2014 to design lessons that are compliant with the new common core state standards initiative ( ccssi ), the standards that are replacing no child left behind starting this current academic year. these new standards have been adopted by 45 states and the district of columbia. image credit : education week. and i \u2019 m not going to lie : having taught for many years, the resources to address these points haven \u2019 t really ever been there to help teachers implement this. but here at trapit, we \u2019 re committed to making all the available information in the world accessible \u2014 in real - time \u2014 to everyone. so we \u2019 ve gone and made these resources ourselves, and are giving them away to the entire world, for free. without these tools, teachers are left to their own devices to sift through the gigantic, 66 - page documents ( plus supplements ) that are the ccssi, design their own active - engagment lesson plans, handouts and assignments from scratch, and incorporate digital learning technologies into their classroom. on its own, trapit is that ideal digital learning technology to empower students to create their own real - time news streams on any suitable classroom topic, from science to health to history and social sciences, to name just a few. but we want to empower educators, and create as many helpful materials as we can to help them empower their students to meet the new standards with outstanding, active engagement lessons. to that end, we \u2019 ve created a complete package for educators, available in both pdf and ms office 2010 / 2011 formats, that contains : - a package introduction ( pdf, ms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4996045582280424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.135260"} {"text": "students to meet the new standards with outstanding, active engagement lessons. to that end, we \u2019 ve created a complete package for educators, available in both pdf and ms office 2010 / 2011 formats, that contains : - a package introduction ( pdf, ms office ) : introducing trapit education to teachers and administrators, - a presentation for educators ( pdf, ms office ) : a visual slideshow of trapit \u2019 s tools and resources for the coming academic year, - a broad content outline ( pdf, ms office ) : a 2 - page summary of the grades 9 - 12 ccssi reading standards, and trapit \u2019 s effectiveness at addressing them, - four customizable lesson plans and assignments : an individual researcher lesson ( pdf, ms office ) and assignment ( pdf, ms office ), a collaborative news program lesson ( pdf, ms office ) and assignment ( pdf, ms office ), an empowering confirmation bias lesson ( pdf, ms office ) and assignment ( pdf, ms office ), and a highly customizable general lesson ( pdf, ms office ) and assignment ( pdf, ms office ), - and a feedback form ( pdf, ms office ) : to share experiences and suggestions for improvement with us. so download the entire educational package we \u2019 ve created for free, in either pdf or ms office 2010 / 2011 formats, for use anywhere in the entire world. let \u2019 s give students and teachers complete and open access to the tools to achieve greatness, and encourage everyone to make the next school year amazing. if we can teach the generation on the precipice of adulthood today the value and utility of evaluating the quality of their information, the sources it comes from, and to recognize misleading rhetoric and logical fallacies, we may just help create the world we all wish we lived in.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4668316718293419, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.136432"} {"text": "students who travel each year on sojourn to the past end their trip with a plan to try to bring changes to their schools and their communities. at terra nova high school in pacifica, calif., students joined forces with project peace club to make t - shirts. the first featured a quote from the rev. fred shuttlesworth, who was beaten and brutalized in birmingham, ala., for his work in the civil rights movement. shuttlesworth \u2019 s quote : \u201c a person who can \u2019 t stand for something will fall for anything. \u201d the second t - shirt featured a quote from minnijean brown - trickey, one of the first nine black students to face down an angry mob and help to desegregate central high school in 1957 while 1, 200 armed soldiers watched. brown - trickey speaks regularly on tolerance and ending bigotry, inspiring sojourn students with her story. her quote : \u201c you have to be a little crazy to change the world. \u201d sojourn students from city schools in youngstown, ohio, decided to raise awareness in their schools and their town ( which has one of the nation \u2019 s highest murder rates ) about the power of nonviolence to bring about reconciliation. to help spread the news, they put up billboards around the city, wearing t - shirts that read : \u201c nonviolence or nonexistence. \u201d the backs of the shirts featured principles of nonviolence and quotes such as this one from shuttlesworth : \u201c a handshake is more powerful than a fist. \u201d these sojourn students convinced the administration to let them sponsor a week of training on nonviolence at the high schools. that included creating a \u201c word wall \u201d at each school, enabling students to write sayings and quotes that promote nonviolence. impressed with the program, administrators asked sojourn students to present it to the other schools, too. their peers along with principals and teachers bought into their message of nonviolence, and soon everyone was buying their t - shirts, too. the mayor and city council presented the students with a plaque and declared that week in october as youngstown \u2019 s \u201c week of nonviolence. \u201d proof that the message caught on could be found in parents \u2019 positive reactions, said teacher penny wells, who worked with the students. \u201c one mother asked, \u2018 why is it just one week? \u2019 \u201d the students planted the seeds of nonviolence, and now the watering will follow, said wells, who helps raise money", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4474342078765813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.139241"} {"text": "at first glance, an adult metallic starling looks completely black with bright red eyes. upon closer inspection, a visitor is rewarded with an iridescent collage of blues, purples, and greens. if one lone metallic starling is something to give you pause, the polychromatic flock of over 60 starlings in the owens aviary at the san diego zoo is always a complete showstopper! the metallic starlings start their breeding season in early spring. for these months the starlings are only interested in nesting material ( see october \u2019 s digital zoonooz article on owen \u2019 s aviary for their nest - building shenanigans ). once the nests are fairly well built, we know we have only a few weeks \u2014 the incubation time for a metallic starling egg \u2014 before the flock switches from being crazy for nesting material to being batty for bugs! adult metallic starlings are omnivores and eat everything from fruit and nectar to crickets, mealworms, ants, and wasps! baby starlings, however, need a lot more protein than their parents, hence their dependence on bugs for the first few weeks. after being fed a diet of mealworms and crickets to help feather and muscle development, a growing chick is eventually brought fruit and pellets to pack on the ounces. about three weeks after hatching, the chick is ready to make its first flight. the chick has to scoot to the small hole of its enclosed nest, jump out, spread its wings, and try to land on a nearby perch. with a healthy set of lungs and a loud chirp, the chick is able to advertise its new location to mom and dad. the parents are still responsible for feeding the chick for a few more weeks as it learns how to eat a bug without one being placed directly into its gaping mouth! we start to see young starlings leaving their nests from the beginning of june through late august. when they first leave the nest, they have dark eyes, black - and - white streaked chests, and yellow markings on their bill. as they develop, they quickly lose their yellow markings and slowly get some red coloring in their eyes. it takes a full year before they trade in their streaked chests for smooth, glossy black ones and their dull, red eyes for brilliant ruby - colored ones. in september and october we see the starling colony settle down into its new routines. the newest members of the flock stick closely together and explore their huge exhibit free from their parents \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40605379270237957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.142124"} {"text": "by janeen madan as world leaders gathered for the millennium development goals summit at the un headquarters in new york last week, there were also a number of important side events taking place. on friday september 24, the qatar national food security programme ( qnfsp ) hosted \u201c the global dry land alliance - partnering for food security \u201d event, which launched a global alliance aimed at strengthening cooperation among dry land nations. the event provided a much - needed forum to discuss challenges specific to dry lands which account for 45 percent of the world \u2019 s land area. the issue of food security in dry land areas is extremely crucial to the global fight against hunger \u2014 60 percent of the world \u2019 s food insecure population lives in dry lands and over 80 percent of the rural population in these areas are dependent on crop agriculture and livestock for both food and income. dry land areas suffer from land loss due to erosion, salinity, desertification, disappearing vegetation cover, loss of biodiversity and increasing water scarcity. as kanayo f. nwanze, president of the international fund for agricultural development ( ifad ), noted in his statement at the event, \u201c land degradation damages the livelihoods of some 2 billion people living in dry lands. \u201d in the sahel, a band of land that crosses africa at the southern fringe of the sahara desert, 10 million people are threatened by food shortages. furthermore, the middle east, with 5 percent of the world \u2019 s population, accounts for 40 percent of the world \u2019 s cereal imports and experiences the highest level of water scarcity in the world. the recent food and financial crises have highlighted the need to support domestic agricultural systems in order to reduce vulnerability to volatile global markets. in regions where extreme weather threatens food supply, the answer is not short - term aid, but a global commitment to strengthening long - term food security. according to fahad al - attiya, qnfsp chairman, the newly formed global dry land alliance will constitute 45 to 60 nations with arid or semi - arid environments, including countries in the middle east, africa, the united states and india. in 2008, qatar launched its own national food security program after the country experienced high food price inflation. while national country - led programs such as qnfsp play a significant role in finding solutions to enhance domestic production, responsible foreign agricultural investments and regional partnerships in areas of trade, research and technology offer tremendous potential in securing global food systems. ifad, for example, has invested over $ 3. 5 billion to support agricultural and rural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4364595141068909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.147347"} {"text": "finding solutions to enhance domestic production, responsible foreign agricultural investments and regional partnerships in areas of trade, research and technology offer tremendous potential in securing global food systems. ifad, for example, has invested over $ 3. 5 billion to support agricultural and rural development in these areas. between 2000 - 2007, the mauritanian government, in collaboration with the food and agriculture organization, launched the rehabilitation and extension of nouakchott green belt project to improve sand encroachment control and protect the infrastructure of its capital city, nouakchott. this project stands as a model of success in halting desertification. sharing knowledge and expertise, however, is also important among farmers. faced with harsh growing conditions, small - scale farmers in dry land areas are working to mitigate land degradation through innovative practices. many of their approaches offer useful models for larger - scale efforts. in niger, for example, farmers are restoring the sahel \u2019 s degraded land through farmer - managed natural regeneration ( fmnr ). by pruning shoots that periodically and naturally sprout from below - ground root webs, farmers promote forest growth. while fmnr is a simple technique, it produces multiple benefits. this practice has helped improve up to 5 million hectares of land and is also practiced in other countries including chad, burkina faso and ethiopia. to ensure that even more farmers know about fmnr and its benefits, the web alliance for the re - greening in africa ( w4ra ), a joint project between african re - greening initiatives ( ari ), the web foundation, and vu amsterdam, is helping to create web - based information exchanges between farmers. to learn more about innovative efforts to mitigate land degradation in dry areas, see : \u201c re - greening \u201d the sahel through farmer - managed natural regeneration, putting a stop to the spreading sands, and aid groups, farmers collaborate to re - green sahel. janeen madan is a research intern with the nourishing the planet project. - kenyan professor promotes indigenous food to solve climate change food crisis - creating game plans for investment and policy to improve food security - beyond the price of food : putting food security into farmers hands - innovations in access to land : land grab or agricultural investment? - the future of our food system : our changing climate and food availability - cultivating food security in africa - un pledges support of african food security - improving global food security with focus on agriculture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46689493084741185, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.148302"} {"text": "traveling to seattle, a friend and i went to the john bastyr school for one of their health and herbal festivals. a nature walk through the forest next to the campus intrigued me. it was incredibly informative, discussing how to use plants in the wilderness for medical treatments and health. the pacific northwest forest was dappled with sunlight and the treacherous devils club hung over our heads at one point in trail. i worked around the group trying to get a good angle on the plant to capture the details with the strong backlighting. the devil \u2019 s club is one that i \u2019 ve run into since a child digging around the forests of the pacific northwest, and trust me, this is one you do not want to stumble into. called the devil \u2019 s club or walking stick, it can grow up to 16 feet ( 5 meters ) tall in rainforests and damp environments to which western washington is well equipped. spines are found not only on the stems but the leaves, making it a painful experience to touch in any way, even brush against. according to our guide, native americans used devil \u2019 s club for medicine to treat diabetes, tumors, chapped lips, and tumors. it can also be used as an analgesic, though it isn \u2019 t as strong as traditional aspirin. it can be used in herbal teas and he said that they ate it as food. he didn \u2019 t clarify which part they ate, from the red fruits that form in clusters off stems that look like clubs, or from the leaves or root. for me, this is a plant i \u2019 ve endured most of my life, having spent too many hours pulling its little thorn - like spines from by arms and legs and out of my dogs. still, it is a magnificent examples of the unusual in the world. a plant i think of when i imagine what plant life was like during the dinosaur times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45287155070663926, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.154836"} {"text": "rethinking spraying around water bodies there ' s pressure to manage better posted : june 9, 2009 water bodies and crop protection. ask many farmers how they feel about these two terms and there ' s a bit of a love / hate relationship. many farmers see value in water bodies, but in strict management terms they often just get in the way. so how do you manage? we talked to three people \u2013 a conservationist, a provincial weed specialist, and a senior agronomist - and this is their advice : should i keep the water body? perhaps the first question producers should ask themselves is whether the water body is worth keeping. it ' s for this reason that jennifer stoby, a conservation technician with alberta environmentally sustainable agriculture ( aesa ), recommends a moderate, benefit - based approach to riparian area management. in other words, the amount of benefit a wetland provides should equal the amount of protection the landowner gives it. \" we agree that in a cropping system you ' re not going to keep every single slough and pothole, but it ' s good to have two or three larger wetlands instead of draining them totally off and losing all of the benefits, \" she says. also, in some cases, draining the water body and converting it to cropland may yield no benefit and may in fact present a risk to surrounding cropland when cleared, says stoby. \" if a wetland is drained it can be a source of minerals and salts to adjacent productive cropland. sometimes there ' s a salinity problem there but the water was keeping it at bay. \" know the legislation. the clearest indication of distances between spray operations and water bodies is the federal regulations set by health canada, says clark brenzil, provincial weed control specialist with the saskatchewan ministry of agriculture. these are the minimum setback differences printed on the label of each registered pesticide on the canadian market. in addition to these, each province will have its own regulatory structure surrounding the protection of water or other habitat which is usually connected with environmental or safety legislation. \" this legislation can be more restrictive than the federal rules, but not less restrictive, \" says brenzil. maintain a buffer zone. buffer zones composed of grasses, legumes or shelterbelt shrubs and trees can play a key role in protecting a water body from spraying operations in addition to trapping snow and adding moisture to the cropland, says stoby. perhaps one of the biggest challenges with buffer zones, however, is weed management. although she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44457438483480494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.159927"} {"text": "trees can play a key role in protecting a water body from spraying operations in addition to trapping snow and adding moisture to the cropland, says stoby. perhaps one of the biggest challenges with buffer zones, however, is weed management. although she comes from a conservation perspective, stoby also realizes that producers are concerned about how these weeds will affect their crop health. depending on the situation, she recommends mowing as the optimum method for weed management in buffer zones. \" also, if you run a mixed farm or a neighbour has cattle, they can graze the area late in the fall. \" hand - picking weeds is another safe method of controlling weeds in a buffer zone, says dan orchard, a senior agronomist with sturgeon valley fertilizer in st. albert, alberta. another method is to seed the buffer zone to grass in order to \" choke out \" the weeds. and although there are pesticides available that have been specifically designed for use in riparian areas, orchard recommends applying these using a controlled applicator such as a wick applicator in which there is direct contact between the chemical and the weed. however, the bottom line is that all of these methods are, to one extent or the other, time - consuming processes and for this reason orchard says it ' s important for producers to use their judgment. \" if your buffer zone is full of noxious weeds it needs to be addressed, but if it just has a few weeds here and there it ' s not the end of the world, \" he says. know your chemicals. knowing how the chemicals being used interact with the soil is key, says orchard. \" it ' s important to understand what the chemical you ' re using can do, \" he says. \" if it ' s going to be bound to the soil like round - up, you can get fairly close to waterways, but with chemicals which tend to leave more residue in the soil, you need to stay even further away from waterways. \" watch your slope. not surprisingly, a slope uphill of the water body places it at a greater risk during spraying operations. this is another instance in which a buffer zone can help, says orchard. \" if you can get the buffer zone to slope away from the water somewhat, you can get that much closer with your spraying, \" he says. consider the wind. as most crop applicators know, wind speed and direction play a key role in airborne spray drift. however, new products such as the agricultural windsock can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4292634268122708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.160950"} {"text": "this summary contains the following key information : - milk thistle is a plant whose fruit and seeds have been used for more than 2, 000 years as a treatment for liver and biliary disorders. - the active substance in milk thistle, silymarin, is a mixture of flavonolignans, primarily consisting of four isomers : silybin, isosilybin, silychristin ( also known as silichristin ), and silydianin ( also known as silidianin ). in the biological literature, silybin is referred to as silibinin. - laboratory studies demonstrate that silymarin functions as an antioxidant, stabilizes cellular membranes, stimulates detoxification pathways, stimulates regeneration of liver tissue, inhibits the growth of certain cancer cell lines, exerts direct cytotoxic activity toward certain cancer cell lines, and may increase the efficacy of certain chemotherapy agents. - human clinical trials have investigated milk thistle or silymarin primarily in individuals with hepatitis or cirrhosis. - few adverse side effects have been reported for milk thistle, but little information about interactions with anticancer medications or other drugs is available. - milk thistle is available in the united states as a dietary supplement. many of the medical and scientific terms used in the summary are hypertext linked ( at first use in each section ) to the nci dictionary of cancer terms, which is oriented toward nonexperts. when a linked term is clicked, a definition will appear in a separate window. reference citations in some pdq cam information summaries may include links to external web sites that are operated by individuals or organizations for the purpose of marketing or advocating the use of specific treatments or products. these reference citations are included for informational purposes only. their inclusion should not be viewed as an endorsement of the content of the web sites, or of any treatment or product, by the pdq cancer cam editorial board or the national cancer institute.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5257957525432395, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.163111"} {"text": "in the netherlands, belgium, germany and spain astronet, kennislink, astroforum, sterrenkids, dutch copernicus public observatory, belgian mira public observatory, spanish serviastro, associacion argentina \" amigos de la astronomia \" in argentina and hochschule offenburg in germany organized live webcasts of the event. most webcast were clouded out or had a partrial view of the eclipse. only in argentina luis manzerola and his team of the asociacion argentina \" amigos de la astronomia \" viewed a complete eclipse : in the netherlands bas and brechje van beek of skyglory captured the eclipse through a 101mm f5. 4 genesis tele vue telescope using a canon 350dh camera, sensitized for h - alpha, at 200 asa. norbert schmidt ( pictured below left behind the computer ) webcasted the eclipse from copernicus public observatory. he took this shot of totality at 03 : 04 ut. in the netherlands many observers gathered at copernicus public observatory. at times they experienced fog, but in general the eclipse could be followed untill mid - totality. carl koppeschaar observing at copernicus public observatory. copyright : asociacion argentina \" amigos de la astronomia \" a lunar eclipse occurs when the full moon passes through the earth ' s shadow. the moon encounters the penumbra, the earth ' s outermost shadow zone, at 00 : 35 universal time ( ut ). about thirty minutes later a slight dusky shading can be noticed on the leading edge of the moon. at 01 : 43 ut the moon begins its entry into the innermost shadow zone, or umbra. for more than an hour a circular shadow creeps across the moon ' s face. at 03 : 01 ut, the moon is completely within earth ' s dark shadow. it then takes on an eerie coppery tint that can be compared with the colour of blood. during a total eclipse the moon shines with a orange reddish glow. photograph : robert smallegange ( leeuwarden, the netherlands ). without earth ' s atmosphere, the moon would disappear completely once immersed in the umbra. longer wavelengths of light penetrate earth ' s atmosphere better than shorter wavelengths, which is why the rising or setting sun looks reddish. in essence, the ruddy tint of a totally eclipsed moon comes from the ring of atmosphere around earth ' s limb that sc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5111231225146108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.170355"} {"text": "of light penetrate earth ' s atmosphere better than shorter wavelengths, which is why the rising or setting sun looks reddish. in essence, the ruddy tint of a totally eclipsed moon comes from the ring of atmosphere around earth ' s limb that scatters a sunset - like glow into the umbra. during totality a ring of reddish sunlight surrounds the earth. the hue actually changes from one eclipse to another, ranging from a bright coppery orange to brownish. the moon may darken so much that it becomes all but invisible to the unaided eye. these very dark lunar eclipses often occur after exceptional volcanic eruptions. totality ends at 03 : 51 ut, when the moon ' s leading edge exits the umbra. the moon leaves the umbra completely at 05 : 09 ut, and the eclipse ends at 06 : 17 ut when the moon makes its last contact with the penumbra. path of the moon through earth ' s umbral and penumbral shadows during the total lunar eclipse of february 20 - 21, 2008. times in ut ( = gmt ). courtesy : science @ nasa / larry koehn. more animations at shadow & substance. request of observations dr. richard keen ( program for atmospheric and oceanic sciences ( paos ), university of colorado ) is interested in brightness estimates ( total visual magnitude and danjon l values ) of the moon during totality. his plan is to summarize the results from the 2003 - 2004 series of lunar eclipses in the smithsonian volcano bulletin after this eclipse of october. richard keen communicates : this is a mass mailing to all of you who have observed lunar eclipses in the past and / or have an interest in these events. last week i gave a presentation at a climate conference which included some results of your observations, and a copy of the presentation is attached to this message. once again, i would be interested in hearing of your observations of this week ' s eclipse ( wednesday evening, february 20. on the west side of the atlantic and thursday morning for those on the east side of the atlantic ). some of you may make \" reverse binocular \" magnitude estimates, or danjon \" l \" estimates, or both. below are some web links with information about the eclipse and about observing methods, along with links to presentations at the climate conference your observations were presented at. in summary, the recent eclipses show that the atmosphere has been clear of volcani aerosols since about 1995, and that this has contributed about 0.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5131316594611441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.171335"} {"text": "methods, along with links to presentations at the climate conference your observations were presented at. in summary, the recent eclipses show that the atmosphere has been clear of volcani aerosols since about 1995, and that this has contributed about 0. 2 degrees to the recent warming. enjoy clear skies for the eclipse! dr. richard keen here ' s a brief description of one way to measure the brightness of a lunar eclipse : the totally eclipsed moon is usually brighter than most comparison stars ( expect about magnitude - 3 at second and third contacts, and - 1. 4 at mid - totality, assuming no volcanic dust present ), and its brightness needs to be reduced before a direct comparison can be made. an easy way to do this is to view the moon through reversed binoculars with one eye, comparing the reduced lunar image with stars seen directly with the other eye. the estimated magnitude of the reduced moon can be adjusted by a factor depending on the magnification of the binoculars, yielding the actual magnitude of the moon. for example, reversed 10x50 binoculars will reduce the apparent diameter of the moon by a factor of 10, or its brightness by a factor of 100, or 5 magnitudes. if the reduced moon appears like a magnitude 3 star, the actual moon is 5 magnitudes brighter, or - 2. the corrections for 8x, 7x, and 6x binoculars are 4. 5, 4. 2, and 3. 9 magnitudes, respectively. these correction factors assume the stated magnification of the binoculars is correct, and neglects light loss in the optics. more accurate correction factors can be empirically derived from observations of venus, jupiter, or sirius. observations made from the beginning to end of totality will reveal the darkening of the moon as it slips deeper into the umbra, but the most useful observations ( for measuring volcanic dust ) are those taken near mid - totality. reports should include time ( s ) of observation, size of binoculars ( or other method ) used, and identity of comparison stars or planets. articles about how volcanoes can affect the brightness of a lunar eclipse : here are predictions for the immersions and emersions of craters and mountains on the moon : immersion and emersion times ( ut ) for the total lunar eclipse of february 21, 2008 immersion crater / mountain emersion 01. 46 riccioli 04. 06 01. 48 grimaldi 04. 05 01. 49 aristarchus 04. 22 01. 53 kepler 04. 19 01. 55 billy 04. 06", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5187335693259059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.172267"} {"text": "21, 2008 immersion crater / mountain emersion 01. 46 riccioli 04. 06 01. 48 grimaldi 04. 05 01. 49 aristarchus 04. 22 01. 53 kepler 04. 19 01. 55 billy 04. 06 01. 56 harpalus 04. 35 01. 57 bianchini 04. 36 02. 00 pytheas 04. 30 02. 01 copernicus 04. 27 02. 03 timocharis 04. 36 02. 05 pico 04. 43 02. 05 plato 04. 44 02. 08 piton 04. 44 02. 10 autolyticus 04. 43 02. 11 campanus 04. 08 02. 14 aristoteles 04. 52 02. 15 eudoxus 04. 51 02. 16 manilius 04. 42 02. 19 menelaus 04. 46 02. 23 dionysius 04. 42 02. 24 plinius 04. 49 02. 24 endymion 05. 02 02. 27 vitruvius 04. 53 02. 27 tycho 04. 07 02. 33 censorinus 04. 47 02. 34 proclus 04. 59 02. 37 taruntius 04. 55 02. 40 messier 04. 52 02. 42 goclenius 04. 47 02. 47 langrenus 04. 53 eduard masana ( left ), salvador ribas ( right )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4702805341263466, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.172667"} {"text": "the evening of december 17 the final phase of preparation for christmas begins with the first of the great \" o antiphons \" of advent. these prayers are seven jewels of liturgical song, one for each day until christmas eve. they seem to sum up all our advent longing for the savior. \" o antiphons \" are intoned with special solemnity in monasteries at vespers, before and after the magnificat, mary ' s prayer of praise and thanksgiving from the gospel of luke ( 2 : 42 - 55 ), which is sung every evening as the climax of this hour of the divine office. vestige of the \" great o ' s \" can be seen in verses of the familiar advent hymn, \" o come, o come emmanuel \". interested in the liturgy have discovered these gems of liturgical poetry and use them in their evening prayers. an \" o antiphon house \" similar to an advent calendar, can be made, with seven windows, each concealing an appropriate symbol for the different \" o antiphons, \" and an eighth window hiding the nativity scene. as with an advent calendar, one window is opened each day. sublime meditation of the \" great ' o ' s \" would be excellent for families with children who have outgrown the jesse tree or advent calendar. in any case, they are beautiful additions to your family prayers in the days just before christmas. wisdom, that proceedest from the mouth of the most high, reaching from end to end mightily, and sweetly disposing all things : come and teach us the way of prudence. lord and ruler of the house of israel, who didst appear unto moses in the burning bush, and gavest him the law on sinai : come and redeem us by thy outstretched arm. root of jesse, who standest as the ensign of the people, before whom kings shall not open their lips ; to whom the gentiles shall pray : come and deliver us, tarry now no more. key of david, and sceptre of the house of israel ; who openest, and no man shutteth, who shuttest, and no man openeth : come and lead the captive from the prison house, and him that sitteth in darkness and the shadow of death. dawn of the east, splendor of the eternal light, and sun of justice : come and enlighten them that sit in darkness, and the shadow of death. king of the gentiles, yea, and the desire thereof,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4270560432402008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.176144"} {"text": "a catskill catalog : december 19, 2012 lanapehoking : the original name of the place where we live. lanapehoking : a word of the native eastern algonquin dialect that europeans called delaware. lanapehoking : from lanape, people, and hoking, land. the land of the people, that \u2019 s the first name of our place. our place was munsee land. it stretched from the middle hudson valley across huge tracts of upland forest, across the upper delaware valley, and down to the seacoast lowlands of new york and new jersey. ( of course, all this was before there was a new york or new jersey. ) the people of this vast region spoke munsee, their name for that eastern algonquin dialect that gave our region its first place name : lanapehoking. it has always been a peeve of mine when folks refer to our region as the watershed. i want to shake the speaker ( gently, of course ) and growl, \u201c we live in the catskills, not somebody \u2019 s watershed! \u201d perhaps, i should get over that peevishness. after all, catskills is a name only hundreds of years old, and, in the long sweep of history, a recent christening of what had long been the wet, mountainous upland of lanapehoking. history is the study of the written record of the past. the munsee people had no written language. they left no written record. their early culture is by definition pre - historic, accessible to us through archeological digs, colonial european observations written in dutch and english, and the oral traditions of native peoples. somewhere around 11, 500 years ago, lanapehoking became inhabited by paleo - indians, stone - age people who arrived here after the huge wisconsin glacier receded to the north. this was tundra then, a very different and very cold landscape, inhabited by caribou, walrus and the elephant - like mastodon. local \u201c arrowhead \u201d hunters have found spear points, scrapers, knives, mortars and other stone implements that date from this period. these paleo people were our region \u2019 s first inhabitants. climate change seems an ever - present reality. the climate of our region steadily warmed over the next several millennia. between 10, 000 and 3, 000 years ago, the landscape changed to reflect this steady warming. lakes, streams, marshes and forests developed over centuries, and the land began to become more like what we know", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4740656957188591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.181467"} {"text": "steadily warmed over the next several millennia. between 10, 000 and 3, 000 years ago, the landscape changed to reflect this steady warming. lakes, streams, marshes and forests developed over centuries, and the land began to become more like what we know today. berries, seeds, and nuts provided food for the deer, turkeys, bear and other animals that moved into the warming region. the people of this archaic period are more recognizable to us, hunters and gatherers in a land that seems more familiar than the frozen tundra of the earliest times. men hunted, with spears, deer and bear, birds and fish. women used stone axes to cut firewood, and, with their children, gathered plants, roots, berries, seeds, nuts, eggs and any, and all, other edible collectibles. cooking pots didn \u2019 t come into use until late in this period, so, it seems, most food was either roasted directly over a flame or eaten raw. it is in the woodland period, from 3, 000 years ago until european contact that the munsee people come into sharpest view. gradually, the hunter - gatherers added agriculture to the mix, growing gardens of corn, beans, and squash. agriculture requires a more settled life, a place to stay while cultivating the land, a place to store the harvested food. in lanapehoking, the people built small communities, unfortified hamlets of wigwams and longhouses made of saplings, with raised floors covered with furs and skins. storage pits held the harvest. firewood was kept dry. civilization had come to the region. when europeans came, nearly 12, 000 munsee people lived in lanapehoking. population centers were located on streams running into new york harbor, along the shore on western long island, on the mid - hudson, and at the upper reaches of the delaware river. that last site, of course, is us. the munsee were not a nation, had no political system, sought no unity among their various communities. rather, each community of lanape operated independently from other communities, united not by politics, but by language and culture. their families were matrilineal, with descent traced through the mother rather than the father. each family was part of a larger clan, wolf, turtle, or turkey, and young people were encouraged to find a mate from outside the clan. marriage was a simple declaration to live together, and work was gender - specific : men hunted, constructed houses, made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4629617850510045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.183858"} {"text": "in a city known for its glass and steel jungles and crisscross of traffic - choked asphalt byways, one building in new york has fended off not just the crush of built - up modernity, but also seemingly time itself. perched on a lush promontory in washington heights, there is the 244 - year - old morris - jumel mansion, manhattan \u2019 s oldest house. and today, with its lush lawns and panoramic views, stained glass windows and creaky wood floors, the house still looks like a sliver of the 18th century, time - warped onto the cityscape. it \u2019 s hard to imagine that when it was built, the property \u2019 s lot stretched from river to river across manhattan. as if the house itself wasn \u2019 t enough of a window into new york \u2019 s past, the morris - jumel mansion museum is exhibiting dozens of photographs from the site \u2019 s past \u2014 with modern shots by two photographers right next to them. the show, titled \u201c it \u2019 s about time : 244 years at the morris - jumel mansion, \u201d runs until next tuesday and is free with admission ( $ 5 for adults, free for children under 12 ). the museum \u2019 s education director, carol ward, who worked to produce the display, said one of the exhibit \u2019 s purposes is to stress the importance of linking the past with the present. \u201c why do we take photographs now? why did they take photographs in 1885? \u201d ms. ward asked rhetorically as she gave a tour of the exhibit this week. \u201c to document these moments in our lives, these memories we want to share. \u201d spanning from 1887 until today, the photographs document the ways the house has been used over the years, changed, and in many ways, stayed the same. some images by the photographer trish mayo zoom in to the richly detailed french furniture still left over by the former owners stephen and eliza jumel, who acquired the house in 1810. originally built by the british colonel roger morris, who had an american wife, the house changed hands during the revolutionary war. in one photograph, ms. mayo focuses on the clawed foot of a centuries - old sofa. the same sofa appears in the background of some of the historic photographs as just a piece of furniture in a mansion as lived in as any other. \u201c the furniture is 200 years old, but it can still be seen in a modern way, \u201d ms. mayo said. the other photographs in the exhibit are documentary - style interior and external shots by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3777340016541212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.186985"} {"text": "shelia mant is a typical teenager typical teenagers : a crush, a pretty older girl. shelia mant is a regular teenage girl ; just as the narrator is a regular teenage boy. the narrator spends most of his days looking at shelia. shelia is the girl who lays upon her floating dock sunbathing all day. the narrator is the boy who watches her from a distance. throughout the story both characters have similar personalities. shelia mant and the narrator are more alike than the guy she ran off with at the end of the story because neither one of them is good at communicating with others. shelia mant and the narrator have more in common than they think. neither one of them is good at communicating with others. shelia mant is a bad communicator because she wasn ` t facing him in the canoe on the way to the concert. \u201c i was glad she wasn \u2019 t facing me \u201d ( wetherell 3 ). the narrator wanted to dive into the river when shelia looked at him. \u201c when her eyes were on me, i felt like diving into the river again from agony and joy \u201d ( wetherell 3 ). he wanted nothing more that to be with sheila mant, then when he is actually with her, he gets embarrassed when she looks at him. another way the narrator and shelia mant are both bad communicators is that they both talk when nobody else is talking. she talks about herself and he tries to use big words to impress her. sheila actually talks for a few minutes without noticing that he is not listening. \u201c while all this was going on, sheila had begun talking, and it was a few minutes before i was able to catch up with her train of thought \u201d ( wetherell 8 ). he uses big vocabulary words to impress her but she is not impressed by big words. \u201c yeah bass. they come into the shallows to chase frogs and moths and things. big largemouths. micropterns salmoidos, i added, showing off \u201d ( wetherell 5 ). neither one cares what the other one says. they were in a canoe, and they had more time to communicate but it just was not going to happen since neither one of them is a good communicator. some might say that sheila mant and the narrator have nothing in common. she is older than the narrator so she doesn \u2019 t consider him as a boyfriend. he considers her as a girlfriend anyway. she is also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41570812536913915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.190587"} {"text": "a good communicator. some might say that sheila mant and the narrator have nothing in common. she is older than the narrator so she doesn \u2019 t consider him as a boyfriend. he considers her as a girlfriend anyway. she is also different because she does not like fishing and he does. sheila says, \u201c i think fishing \u2019 s dumb, she said, making a face. i mean, its boring and all. definitely dumb \u201d ( wetherell 5 ). he really enjoys fishing, so he should see that they have nothing in common right away. even though it appears like sheila and the narrator have nothing in common, they really have the same personality traits. she wants to be beautiful, and the narrator wants to be liked. the narrator doesn \u2019 t know that she wants to be beautiful. eric, on the other hand, lets her know that she is beautiful enough to be a model. she says, \u201c eric said that i have the figure to model \u2026. \u201d ( wetherell 8 ). she is too worried about telling about herself to realize that the narrator likes fishing and he is trying to impress her. he cleaned the boat, used big words, and hid the fishing pole to make it look like everything was cool. but she really disrespected him when she left the party with eric caswell and told him he was a funny kid. sheila mant explained that she would be going home in eric caswell \u2019 s corvette. then she said, \u201c you \u2019 re a funny kid, you know that? \u201d ( wetherall 10 ). sheila and eric don \u2019 t have anything in common like her and the narrator. sheila goes with him because he has a corvette and money, and tells her that she is beautiful. he is older than her. maybe sheila has a crush on eric like the narrator did on her. wetherell, w. d. \" the bass, the river, and sheila mant \" pathways : literature for readers and writers. logan, io : perfection learning, 2008. 4 - 10. print.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4619731819885323, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.191466"} {"text": "oslo, march 8 ( reuters ) - many farmers in developing nations can double food production within a decade by shifting to ecological agriculture from use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, a u. n. report showed on tuesday. ducks weeding rice paddies insect - trapping plants in kenya and bangladesh ' s use of ducks to eat weeds in rice paddies are among examples of steps taken to increase food for a world population that the united nations says will be 7 billion this year and 9 billion by 2050. \" agriculture is at a crossroads, \" according to the study by olivier de schutter, the u. n. special rapporteur on the right to food, in a drive to depress record food prices and avoid the costly oil - dependent model of industrial farming. \" agroecology \" could also make farms more resilient to the projected impact of climate change including floods, droughts and a rise in sea levels that the report said was already making fresh water near some coasts too salty for use in irrigation. so far, eco - farming projects in 57 nations had shown average crop yield gains of 80 percent by tapping natural methods for enhancing soil and protecting against pests, it said. recent projects in 20 african countries had resulted in a doubling of crop yields within three to 10 years. those lessons could be widely mimicked elsewhere, it said. \" sound ecological farming can signficantly boost production and in the long term be more effective than conventional farming, \" de schutter told reuters of steps such as more use of natural compost or high - canopy trees to shade coffee groves. benefits would be greatest in \" regions where too few efforts have been put in to agriculture, particularly sub - saharan africa, \" he said. \" there are also a number of very promising experiences in parts of latin america and parts of asia. \" \" the cost of food production has been very closely following the cost of oil, \" he said. upheavals in egypt and tunisia have been partly linked to discontent at soaring food prices. oil prices were around $ 115 a barrel on wednesday. \" if food prices are not kept under control and populations are unable to feed themselves... we will have increasingly states being disrupted and failed states developing, \" de schutter said. among examples, thousands of kenyan farmers were planting insect - repelling desmodium or tick clover, used as animal fodder, within corn fields to keep damaging insects away and sowed small plots of napier grass nearby that excretes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.424973551852167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.194438"} {"text": "the earliest stirrings of modern industrial society can be traced back to some 6, 000 years ago, to the emergence of the first cities, the emergence of agriculture and storage of food surpluses in the near east. a bit later, analytic and linguistic keys to the forward march of civilization found critical refinement in aristotle \u2019 s syllogistic logic and the founding of the sciences. the current trajectory of the west burst into full self - consciousness during the period of european enlightenment, with the birth of rationalism and the elaboration of the modern scientific method. these, in turn, eventually gave rise to the industrialization, hyper - specialization, technological innovation and increasing commodification of just about everything that we are witnessing today. with europe and, more recently, america leading the way, the path charted and engineered by western civilization spawned a mindset that is rapidly overtaking the globe, socially, economically, and culturally. this ascendancy has unleashed a domination of values, which, unlike political hegemonies of the past, are spreading with lightning speed, virtually unchallenged, and artfully enabled by the very technologies it has spawned. many americans are convinced that their culture represents the apex of this historical legacy, the best in scientific and technological advancement, as well as political and economic leadership. what america has achieved, so they believe, is a dream come true. it was this \u201c american dream \u201d that has been held out to ( or thrust upon ) the rest of the world as the ultimate expression of the \u201c good life \u201d \u2014 the proper locus of human happiness. however, it was cheap energy, in the form of fossil fuels, that has enabled this cultural and industrial progress, and the recent recognition that world oil extraction has peaked surely signals the prospective collapse of industrial economy, and, with it, the dissolution of its core institutions. the trajectory of western civilization, now characterized by accelerating energy decline and global climate change \u2014 a trajectory that homo sapiens had set in motion upon excavating the first coal pit \u2014 is nearing its end. there are yet some dreamers and wishful thinkers who tell us of oil extraction technologies and spectacular discoveries of new supplies that will power our future. overlooking the insidious exaggeration of these claims, the unintended consequences of technologies needed to deliver on them will surely bring substantial ecological fallout, further limiting our access to survival necessities such as clean air, fresh water, and healthy flora and fauna. likewise, alternate sources of energy will never replace industrial civilization \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5342720542117371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.203923"} {"text": "consequences of technologies needed to deliver on them will surely bring substantial ecological fallout, further limiting our access to survival necessities such as clean air, fresh water, and healthy flora and fauna. likewise, alternate sources of energy will never replace industrial civilization \u2019 s continuous and ever - growing need for transportation fuels. we are living within an unsustainable bubble that is already deflating, slowly for now, more quickly in the near future. sustainable human existence will require smaller - scale and more local approaches to just about everything. with the globe facing epic crises \u2014 ecological, financial, economic, political, psychological \u2014 at whose feet do we lay the blame? where do we look to better understand the roots of these crises, or to learn how to outrun their dire consequences? while many have identified pursuit of the american dream as a proximate cause of this global unraveling, the usa was not alone in its reliance upon certain fundamental assumptions about subjugation and exploitation of nature, ineluctably leading to devastating outcomes. all civilized regimes \u2014 from the first empires of ancient mesopotamia to modern nations such as russia and china \u2014 share the responsibility for the current planetary devastation. industrial progress, economic growth, technological innovation, political expansion and environmental devastation have been the hallmarks of civilization since the beginning of history. not surprisingly, there is now growing disaffection in the west ( of all places ) with the way things are going. given a global financial meltdown, high unemployment, austerity, endless war, insurrections popping up everywhere, unparalleled greed, irrational terrorism, the american dream is fading like like the trace of warm breath on a mirror. mother nature herself seems to be speaking to us loudly, with more frequent and more brutal natural disasters than at any other time in recorded history. barely two decades into america \u2019 s uncontested ascendancy to unipolar imperial power \u2014 with the entire planet supposedly globalizing around its neoliberal capitalist dogma \u2014 and the whole thing is starting to come apart. if you think this makes the institutional fabric of western civilization vulnerable, you are right ; it does. yet do not think for a moment that it is going to come down without a struggle. there are centripetal forces holding this spectacle together as much as there are centrifugal forces pulling it apart. aside from the greedy and controlling hands of plutocrats, there is too much raw desire out there in the hinterlands, too many people who have been living on the fringes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48184013253815927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.205012"} {"text": "as much as there are centrifugal forces pulling it apart. aside from the greedy and controlling hands of plutocrats, there is too much raw desire out there in the hinterlands, too many people who have been living on the fringes of this \u201c dream \u201d just waiting for their turn, for a piece of the pie. the entire soviet bloc, systematically excluded from all the fun for almost a century, now holds the forbidden fruit firmly within its grasp. these now independent nations are busy chasing the dream as quickly as they can muster the energy and the capital. china has also awakened from its slumber, focused on making up for lost time in securing a position of global prominence. the indians have decided that they too want to play : mumbai has made a good beginning in this respect, taking over nearly all customer service functions for major us corporations, siphoning off consumer purchasing power that once went to americans. a new generation of russians is racing to be first at the finish line. the russian federation, in concert with its regional administrations, is aggressively stripping forestland, building new roads and expanding old ones, and refurbishing and building - out regional and the international airports. they are doing so with great abandon, as if there is no tomorrow \u2014 and perhaps there won ' t be. yet no one in siberia younger than fifty years old seems to want to discuss this possibility. they are having too much fun with their newfound wealth, and are enjoying the spectacle. this is most evident when you look at the younger generation of siberians and the nouveau riche in barnaul, biysk, belokurikha, and across altai krai. they cannot live without their cell phones, their ipods and their credit cards ; without their health club memberships, pricey coffee houses and their air conditioners ; without their recently financed foreign automobiles and their newly minted driver ' s licenses. in short, they have tasted the promise of this \u201c society of the spectacle. \u201d they are mesmerized by its allure and hooked on its fascinating appeal. it is not just blue jeans they want. they want it all! short of an abrupt exhaustion of basic vital resources like fossil fuel, clean water, or fresh air, the only way we could see a quick collapse of this \u201c curriculum of the west \u201d as it moves east, is by prying it from the clutching hands of all those who previously had little, but now choose to have hope for more. but there is also something ancient and primitive pulling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.500473134608928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.206013"} {"text": "quick collapse of this \u201c curriculum of the west \u201d as it moves east, is by prying it from the clutching hands of all those who previously had little, but now choose to have hope for more. but there is also something ancient and primitive pulling at the emotional core of siberians, something that once spoke clearly to a more archaic need, and perhaps still speaks to the older generations of siberians even today. i am referring to the thoroughly mythologized russian soul : a soul that in the mother tongue is feminine in gender \u2014 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0430 [ dusha ] \u2014 and, as such, is intimately connected with the mystery of mother earth. recall dostoevsky \u2019 s many references to the russian soul as a reflection of the people \u2019 s unfailing and non - negotiable connection to the land from which life springs. there is a well - articulated and indestructible sentiment among our people that does not allow complete separation, physically or emotionally, from the land in which they were born and where they naturally survive and flourish. the russian people have the greatest appreciation for, love of and attachment to their homeland and families, as well as to the broader ties of kinship these entail. they understand all of this to be intimately connected, as their language makes abundantly clear : \u0440\u043e\u0434 [ rod ] : family, kind, sort, genus \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 [ rodina ] : homeland, motherland \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 [ roditeli ] : parents \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c [ rodit ' ] : to give birth \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c [ rodnit ' ] : to unite, bring together \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0438 [ rodovoi ] : ancestral, tribal \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e [ rodstvo ] : kinship over their historically, russians have had to endure the hardships and struggles of political turmoil and repeated invasion, and siberians understand struggle as a given, as part of the cycle of life, death and nature. the normal conditions of existence here, whether in the city or the village, are not what we americans would consider easy, convenient, or comfortable ( although they are improving ). those who live here have preserved some age - old instincts in order to survive, and even to celebrate life in the midst of recurrent hardships and strife. the personal and cultural resolve that personifies this soul has been forged over generations of people facing down aggression, natural and political, then calmly and courageously returning to their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5315835640181955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.206967"} {"text": ", and even to celebrate life in the midst of recurrent hardships and strife. the personal and cultural resolve that personifies this soul has been forged over generations of people facing down aggression, natural and political, then calmly and courageously returning to their roots and rebuilding their lives upon an archaic foundation in which they never lost faith. it is impossible to understand the depth and mystery of this soul separately from its rootedness in the simplicity of the russian peasantry and the inviolability of the russian soil. there is an earthly sensuousness that infuses the russian experience ; this culture remains drenched in the primacy of the body and the natural world that nourishes it. this autochthonous connection to the land \u2014 the siberian \u2019 s more elemental experience of life in wilder, mysterious nature \u2014 may still be capable of influencing the future trajectory of both the new russia and western civilization. perhaps russia \u2019 s long - suffering messianic mission still stands firm in the siberian wilderness, albeit less vociferously than before, quietly recalling humanity from the abyss of alienated spirit that haunts the self - absorbed west with its scientific rationalism, its consumerism and its otherworldly transcendence \u2014 a self - misunderstanding that seems to be marching all of us mindlessly toward global collapse. perhaps the more primal siberian awareness can summon us back to a feral memory trace, helping us recall our essential rootedness in mother earth and the earthly sensuousness of our flesh, the flesh of the world. but the delusion of \u2018 manifest destiny \u2019 that drives western hegemony and its commodity culture is chipping away relentlessly and callously at that archaic russian soul, perhaps more rapidly than she is able to redirect and dissipate the self - destructive energy of western imperialism and its global appetite. siberians, and those of us living here in altai krai, must rethink their commitment to this western curriculum as it continues to lead us relentlessly, mindlessly, toward a precipice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4875451010407744, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.209254"} {"text": "great ideas seminar on war and peace edward j. dodson [ excerpts from an exchange of ideas that occurred in october and november 2001, moderated by max weismann of the center for the study of great ideas ] there are two ways of settling disputed questions : one by discussion, the other by force ; the first being characteristic of man, the second of brutes. we should have recourse to the latter only if the former fails. - - cicero welcome to another discussion of the great ideas. we shall consider the twin ideas, the inseparable ideas of war and peace. these two words, \" war \" and \" peace \", are day in and day out on everyone ' s lips. it may even be that the ideas they represent are in everyone ' s minds. whether or not they are clearly understood is, of course, another matter. and i am hoping that in the course of this discussion we can get some clarity on the meaning of these two the problem of war and peace, how to avoid war, how to secure peace, is perhaps the most important and the most urgent problem of our time. it is, of course, a practical problem, a problem that can be solved only by right action, not simply by right thought. nevertheless, the right action cannot be taken unless we can think straight and do think straight about the causes and the nature of peace. right thinking about this subject is indispensable to right action. a sound understanding of war and peace exists and has existed for centuries in the tradition of the great books. it has been available to men for centuries. and yet century after century this sound understanding of war and peace has not been taught to the young in schools and it has not been possessed by men in general. we begin by asking each of you the following yes or no questions. when most of you have responded, we will start the discussion. 1 ) do you believe global peace is possible? yes or no 2 ) do you believe war is ever justifiable? yes or no 3 ) do you agree with the adage, if local peace depends on local government, world peace depends on world government? yes or no please answer with just a yes or no. max weisman asks to be sure that we understand you correctly, if human beings do not have the right to life, wouldn ' t that annul any meaningful discussion of the ethical consequences of war and peace? ed dodson here i previously expressed the view that justice demands that positive ( i. e., manmade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5616266491920381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.269700"} {"text": "human beings do not have the right to life, wouldn ' t that annul any meaningful discussion of the ethical consequences of war and peace? ed dodson here i previously expressed the view that justice demands that positive ( i. e., manmade ) law adhere to moral law. thus, the question i would raise is whether any moral law gives to the individual a \" right to life \"? the answer, i suggest, is that this is not possible. locke put the argument in its proper context ; namely, that we come together in voluntary association to form a society for the purpose of enhancing our prospects for survival and to prosper. what we possess as a right is not to life but to liberty, meaning that any person who attacks me and does me physical harm violates my liberty. such behavior falls in the realm of criminal license and is, therefore, subject to a reasonable individual response ( defense ) or, if this is no longer possible because my life has been taken, by reasoned societal remedy ( e. g., expulsion, incarceration, by this reasoning, a society acts wisely by establishing the means to protect its members from attack, whether by individuals or by foreign armies and / or mercenaries. admittedly, there are important and complex conditions associated with this \" right to defend one ' s life \" we need to discuss. foremost is our fundamental right - - our birthright of equal access to the earth - - which is clearly violated by the system of nation - states and claims of group sovereignty over portions of the earth. war, as an instrument of the nation - state and of factions competing for control over nation - states, has undeniable ed dodson ( responding to greg given ) your comment poses the interesting question of whether we not only have a right to defend ourselves but a moral obligation to defend the lives of other innocents to whom we are attached in some personal or formal way. our laws do not obligate us to act when we see someone being attacked, but many people do respond and attempt to assist the person being injured or at least try to drive away the attacker. some of us ( either because of our individual nature or our nurturing, or a combination of the two ) are more prone to take action than others. some of us are more fearless than others. some of us are more confident in our ability to successfully intervene than others. thus, while the moral action, the just action, is to offer assistance, we are not all mentally or physically equipped to respond as we ought.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5017404744827245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.272786"} {"text": "more fearless than others. some of us are more confident in our ability to successfully intervene than others. thus, while the moral action, the just action, is to offer assistance, we are not all mentally or physically equipped to respond as we ought. warfare between groups strikes at the core of moral obligation because most of those doing the fighting and dying are involuntary agents of governing elites able to force the mobilization of societal resources for purposes unrelated to the well - being of the majority of people who will experience the consequences. both leopold kohrs and kirkpatrick sale have made the argument that in order to bring an end to warfare leaders must be denied access to the quantity of resources necessary to engage in war on a large scale. the best way to do this is to break up the large nation - states into numerous smaller ones. thus, no one group would have a large enough population or industrial output to challenge the community of nation - states. the almost certain result would be annihilation. ed dodson ( responding to paul harrison ) i would add to what paul harrison says by returning to locke ' s remarkable distinction between acts that fall into the realm of \" liberty \" and those that fall into the realm of \" licence. \" we possess a moral right to defend our life and our legitimately acquired property against the exercise of criminal licence on the part of other individuals and other groups. a just society will prevent its government from exercising criminal licence. thus, individuals who defend themselves from criminal licence - - even when they do outside the support of the laws of the state - - are exercising their liberty ; they are behaving morally ; they are behaving justly. greg givan ( responding to ed dodson ) ed dodson : \"... whether we not only have a right to defend ourselves but a moral obligation to defend the lives of other innocents... i think we do have, must have. it would be a cold morality that said it was acceptable to do nothing while innocents died helpless. ed dodson : \" the best way to do this is to break up the large nation - states into numerous smaller ones. \" i fear that the balkan experience, and countless like it, indicate that this solution is unlikely to help. ed dodson ( responding to jim reardon ) jim reardon : i agree that an individual has the right to defend himself against criminal license in a state of nature or, in society, when no appeal to the law is possible or practical. however, once government is established and, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5108030595670855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.276317"} {"text": "##don ) jim reardon : i agree that an individual has the right to defend himself against criminal license in a state of nature or, in society, when no appeal to the law is possible or practical. however, once government is established and, in the given circumstance, an appeal to law is practical, the individual is no longer justified in dispensing their own justice. in the act of forming a government the individual has assigned his executive powers to the state. ours is a world dominated by cultural relativism. governments differ only in the degree to which they serve entrenched privilege. in most societies there is some appeal to law ; however, few of alive today have had much of a say in forming a government. there are no unclaimed lands to which we can migrate and create a new society. if we are guided in our behavior by moral principles, we will work for change or we will attempt to escape to live somewhere we believe to be substantially more just. in virtually every society existing today, the prospect exists of being treated unjustly for behaving justly. written laws may be inherently unjust or not properly enforced. what we must face often is whether to not to challenge unjust laws and in what manner to do so. jim reardon ( responding to ed dodson ) ed dodson : thus, individuals who defend themselves from criminal licence - - even when they do outside the support of the laws of the state - - are exercising their liberty ; they are behaving morally ; they are behaving justly. i agree that an individual has the right to defend himself against criminal license in a state of nature or, in society, when no appeal to the law is possible or practical. however, once government is established and, in the given circumstance, an appeal to law is practical, the individual is no longer justified in dispensing their own justice. in the act of forming a government the individual has assigned his executive powers to the state.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4819361292605696, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.277804"} {"text": "within a few short years many europeans could have their own virtual representative. living in a parallel world these humanoid ' avatars ' could resemble the person they represent. researchers are now looking at ways of capturing and processing sufficient personal data to create such virtual characters. populate, an i3 project, addresses the question of how inhabited information spaces ( iis ) can be populated with representations of real people. to this end research will concentrate on the fundamental step of how to capture a person ' s physical identity or ' reality ' in the form of data. further work includes looking at ways to convert such data into avatars, and the quality levels required in the process. kiosks rather like the familiar passport photo booth will most probably be used to enhance the reality of virtual representatives. costing between 10 and 30 ecu each, avatars could be created by scanning and digitising the form of a human subject to form a three - dimensional polygon mesh. this will be automatically converted into a humanoid avatar model. key technologies in the project include 3 - d data capture and processing. the kiosks will be networked to i3net, enabling users to download their avatars from home. at the end of the project, two european companies expect to build avatarkiosks for a market that could number millions of people around the world. at the conference a computer animation simulates the capture of avatars from a booth. it will also show the processing and application of these virtual representatives within inhabited information spaces. this document is located at / esprit / src / exhib28. htm it was last updated on 22 october 1997, and is maintained by the eitc 97 secretariat - firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5440180020859282, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.281249"} {"text": "cruise line history : nyk lines history in the 1920s and 1930s. japan had one of the great passenger liner fleets. ad from travel magazine in the late 1930s. cruise history \u2013 sailing across the pacific \u2013 aboard the nyk lines and osk lines jazz age destination \u2013 1920s \u2013 youtube video \u2013 great films of the fabulous orient before ww2. m / s asama maru ( 1929 ) and m / s tatsutu maru ( 1930 ) \u2013 nyk line one of japan \u2019 s proudest periods in passenger shipping was the 1929 building of two of the finest and most luxurious ships ever to sail the pacific ocean \u2013 the asama maru and tatsuta maru. they were routed on nyk line \u2019 s premier express service, regularly sailing from hong kong, shanghai, kobe and yokohama to honolulu, los angeles and san francisco. their passenger areas were of the highest quality, much of it in traditional european style. there were polished woods, stained glass skylights, fine dining rooms, lounges, library, gift shop, hair salon, comfortable cabins and a swimming pool on deck. this was luxury cruising at its finest. notable passengers who sailed on these fine ships included albert einstein and charlie chaplin. the asama maru was the first to enter service in 1929 and she soon set the record for the fastest crossing of the pacific on the yokohama to san francisco route. her sister, the tatsutu maru entered service in 1930. in 1936 the tatsutu maru become the first merchant ship to pass under the new bay bridge linking san francisco and oakland. in 1937 the asama maru suffered a mishap when she was driven aground in kowloon bay during the great hong kong typhoon. after the outbreak of the second world war both ships were requisitioned as troopships but unfortunately both were sunk and did not survive the war and it was left to the hikawa maru to re - establish the trans - pacific service. the osk and nyk lines were the equivalent of japan \u2019 s cunard and us lines before wwii. the japanese trans - pacific service was booming during the interwar years following the first world war. nyk and osk were ordering new and more luxurious ships for the prestigious trans - pacific service. seen below are elegant postcards from japan \u2019 s two major shipping companies \u2013 during the heyday of their passengers service between wwi and wwii. osk and nyk line postcards \u2013 promoting their liners nyk line history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3793754934013197, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.287508"} {"text": "the colorful and engaging horizons curriculum is quickly becoming a popular choice for christian schools and homeschooling families. this brightly illustrated workbook curriculum comes complete with detailed teacher \u2019 s guides, consumable student workbooks, and ideas for hands on learning. the horizons curriculum uses a spiral training method to introduce new concepts and then consistently review those concepts in order to bring students to mastery. perfect for the visual and hands - on learner, horizons engages students through fast - paced instruction, colorful illustrations and a variety of activities to captivate interest. a great choice for the quick learner or student who enjoys variety, horizons provides teachers with additional ideas and a variety of activities to aid in the teaching of new skills and ideas. horizons offers full programs in the following subject areas : - horizons pre - school - horizons math \u2014 kindergarten, grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, & pre - algebra - horizons phonics and reading \u2014 kindergarten, grades 1 & 2 - horizons spelling & vocabulary \u2014 grades 1, 2 & 3 - horizons penmanship \u2014 grades 1, 2, 3 & 4 - horizons health \u2014 grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 the horizons biblically based curriculum is a best - seller and winner of the homeschooling parent 2009 seal of approval. students love the color and variety and parents and teachers love the easy to follow teacher \u2019 s guides, which include daily lesson planners, clear objectives and carefully worded instruction that is easy to follow and produces results.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45914456698005096, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.291891"} {"text": "fifth graders from koenneke elementary school wrapped up their study of the civil war by reenacting the battle of the wilderness. \u201c we \u2019 ve gone over the civil war for about two or three weeks, \u201d said social studies teacher and event organizer kenny mulkey. \u201c this was the culminating activity. \u201d the 10 - and 11 - year - olds teamed up in the woods, forming pockets of three or four \u2014 organizing miniature ambushes from the brush. a hit to the torso from a \u201c bomb \u201d \u2014 more commonly known as a flour - filled kleenex knotted off with a rubber band \u2014 meant certain death. a white flour explosion to the leg or arm meant the student couldn \u2019 t use the limb for the remainder of the 30 - minute battle. \u201c if you get hit in the leg, you can walk, but you can \u2019 t run anymore, \u201d mulkey said during prewar instructions. \u201c you get hit in the right arm, you have to use the left arm. you get hit in both arms and legs, you \u2019 re out. \u201d let me see if i understand this. the \" culminating activity \" is to have these kids run around the forest throwing \" flour - filled kleenex \" at one another. am i missing something here? is this really the best that mr. mulkey can come up with? to keep the battles historically accurate, the confederate class was deployed to the woods first to \u201c symbolize superiority, \u201d mulkey said. \u201c the south had a stronger, smarter military. the only time they lost was when they weren \u2019 t on their own soil, \u201d he said, referring to pickett \u2019 s charge, when the south lost more than half of its troops on pennsylvania soil. mulkey said thursday \u2019 s scrimmage was one the classes had been looking forward to and something that helped re - enforce the lessons they read about in class. \u201c it \u2019 s a great activity, \u201d mulkey said. \u201c it really makes history come alive. \u201d how about having the students read accounts of what the battle of the wilderness was like while in the forest? perhaps they could find a dense section where the canopy isn \u2019 t too high. maybe mr. mulkey could do a little research and teach the students how to march in the forest. this would give the students a better sense of how difficult it sometimes was to maintain order in the unit. i may be going too far here for 5th graders, but perhaps he could even assign ranks and have students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4123509767611777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.295621"} {"text": "| loading is the process of bringing a program into main memory so it can run. in this chapter we look at the loading process, concentrating on loading programs that have already been linked. many systems used to have linking loaders that combined the linking and loading process, but those have now practically disappeared, with the only one i know of on current hardware being on mvs and the dynamic linkers we ' ll cover in chapter 10. linking loaders weren ' t all that different from plain linkers, with the primary and obvious difference being that the output was left in memory rather than placed in a file. | on most modern systems, each program is loaded into a fresh address space, which means that all programs are loaded at a known fixed address, and can be linked for that address. in that case, loading is pretty simple : on systems that do memory mapping, the process is slightly more complicated. the system loader has to create the segments, then arrange to map the file pages into the segments with appropriate permissions, read - only ( ro ) or copy - on - write ( cow ). in some cases, the same page is double mapped at the end of one segment and the beginning of the next, ro in one and cow in the other, in formats like compact unix a. out. the data segment is generally contiguous with the bss segment, so the loader has to zero out the part of the last page after the end of the data ( since the disk version usually has symbols or something else there ), and allocate enough zero pages following the data to cover the bss segment. as discussed in chapter 7, load - time relocation is far simpler than link - time relocation, because the entire program is relocated as a unit. if, for example, the program is linked as though it would be loaded at location zero, but is in fact loaded at location 15000, all of the places in the program that require fixups will get 15000 added. after reading the program into memory, the loader consults the relocation items in the object file and fixes up the memory locations to which the items point. load - time relocation can present a performance problem, because code loaded at different virtual addresses can ' t usually be shared between address spaces, since the fixups for each address space are different. one approach, used by mvs, and to some extent by windows and aix is to create a shared memory area present in multiple address spaces and load oft - used programs into that. ( mv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5267222123851532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.323217"} {"text": "the fixups for each address space are different. one approach, used by mvs, and to some extent by windows and aix is to create a shared memory area present in multiple address spaces and load oft - used programs into that. ( mvs calls this this link pack area. ) this has the problem that different processes don ' t get separate copies of writable data, so the application has to be written to allocate all of its writable storage explicitly. this is a surprisingly old idea. tss / 360 used it in 1966, and i don ' t believe it was original there. ( tss was notoriously buggy, but i can report from personal experience that the pic features really worked. ) on modern architectures, it ' s not difficult to generate pic executable code. jumps and branches are generally either pc - relative or relative to a base register set at runtime, so no load - time relocation is required for them. the problem is with data addressing. the code can ' t contain any direct data addresses, since those would be relocatable and wouldn ' t be pic. the usual solution is to create a table of data addresses in a data page and keep a pointer to that table in a register, so the code can use indexed addressing relative to that register to pick up the data. this works at the cost of an extra indirection for each data reference, but there ' s still the question of how to get the initial data address into the register., figure 1 : tss style two - address procedure call tss style with r - con in the save area this scheme worked, but is poorly suited for modern systems. for one thing, copying the r - cons made the calling sequence bulky. for another, it made procedure pointers two words, which didn ' t matter in the 1960s but is an issue now since in programs written in c, all pointers have to be the same size. ( the c standard doesn ' t mandate it, but far too much existing c code assumes it to do anything else. ) figure 2 : code via data pointers [ romp style data table with code pointer at the beginning. ] compilers generate all calls as a call instruction, followed by a placeholder no - op instruction, which is correct for intra - module calls. when the linker encounters an inter - module call, it generates a routine called a global linkage or glink at the end of the module ' s text segment. the glink saves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47734944662333234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.326042"} {"text": "op instruction, which is correct for intra - module calls. when the linker encounters an inter - module call, it generates a routine called a global linkage or glink at the end of the module ' s text segment. the glink saves the caller ' s toc on the stack, loads the callee ' s toc and address from pointers in the the caller ' s toc, then jumps to the routine. the linker redirects each inter - module call to the glink for the called routine, and patches the following no - op to a load instruction that restores the toc from the stack. procedure pointers are pointers to a toc / code pair, and calls through a pointer use a generic glink routine that uses the toc and code address the pointer points to. this scheme makes intra - module calls as fast as possible. inter - module calls returns are slowed somewhat by the detour through the glink routine, but the slowdown is small compared to some of the alternatives we ' ll see in a moment. its designers noticed that an elf executable consists of a group of code pages followed by a group of data pages, and regardless of where in the address space the program is loaded, the offset from the code to the data doesn ' t change. so if the code can load its own address into a register, the data will be at a known distance from that address, and references to data in the program ' s own data segment can use efficient based addressing with fixed offsets. the linker creates a global offset table ( got ) containing pointers to all of the global data that the executable file addresses. ( each shared library has its own got, and if the main program were compiled with pic, which it normally isn ' t, it would have a got as well. ) since the linker creates the got, there is only one pointer per elf executable for each datum regardless of how many routines in the executable refer to it. if a procedure needs to refer to global or static data, it ' s up to the procedure itself to load up the address of the got. the details vary by architecture, but the 386 code is typical : call. l2 ; ; push pc in on the stack popl % ebx ; ; pc into register ebx addl $ _ global _ offset _ table _ + [. -. l2 ], % ebx ; ; adjust ebx to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47542371948607187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.327634"} {"text": "push pc in on the stack popl % ebx ; ; pc into register ebx addl $ _ global _ offset _ table _ + [. -. l2 ], % ebx ; ; adjust ebx to got address it consists of a call instruction to the immediately following location, which has the effect of pushing the pc on the stack but not jumping, then a pop to get the saved pc in a register and an add immediate of the difference between the address the got and address the target of the call. in an object file generated by a compiler, there ' s a special r _ 386 _ gotpc relocation item for the operand of the addl instruction. it tells the linker to substitute in the offset from the current instruction to the base address of the got, and also serves as a flag to the linker to build a got in the output file. in the output file, there ' s no relocation needed for the instruction since the distance from the addl to the got is fixed. figure 3 : pic code and data with fixed offsets picture of code page showing constant offset to data even though loaded at different addresses in different address spaces. once the got register is loaded, code can reference local static data using the got register as a base register, since the distance from a static datum in the program ' s data segment to the got is fixed at link tine. addresses of global data aren ' t bound until the program is loaded ( see chapter 10 ), so to reference global data, code has to load a pointer to the data from the got and then deference the pointer. this extra memory reference makes programs somewhat slower, although it ' s a cost that most programmers are willing to pay for the convenience of dynamically linked libraries. speed critical code can use static shared libraries ( chapter 9 ) or no shared libraries at all. to support pic, elf defines a handful of special relocation types for code that uses the got in addition r _ 386 _ gotpc or its equivalent. the exact types are architecture - specific, but the x86 is typical : for example, consider this scrap of c code : static int a ; / * static variable * / extern int b ; / * global variable * / a = 1 ; b = 2 ; variable a is allocated in the bss segment of the object file, which means it is at a known fixed distance from the got. object code can reference this variable directly, using the ebx as a base register", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.465917181562046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.330429"} {"text": "1 ; b = 2 ; variable a is allocated in the bss segment of the object file, which means it is at a known fixed distance from the got. object code can reference this variable directly, using the ebx as a base register and a got - relative offset : movl $ 1, a @ gotoff ( % ebx ) ; ; r _ 386 _ gotoff reference to variable \" a \" variable b is global, and its location may not be known until runtime if it turns out to be in a different elf library or executable. in this case, the object code references a pointer to b which the linker creates in the got : movl b @ got ( % ebx ), % eax ; ; r _ 386 _ got32 ref to address of variable \" b \" note that the compiler only creates the r _ 386 _ got32 reference, and it ' s up to the linker to collect all such references and make slots for them in the got. finally, elf shared libraries contain r _ 386 _ relative relocation entries that the runtime loader, part of the dynamic linker we examine in chapter 10, uses to do loadtime relocaion. since the text in shared libraries is invariably pic, there ' s no relocation entries for the code, but data can ' t be pic, so there is a relocation entry for every pointer in the data segment. ( actually, you can build a shared library with non - pic code, in which case there will be relocation entries for the text as well, although almost nobody does that since it makes the text non - sharable. ) at load time, although the code segment of a pic file needn ' t be relocated, the data segment does. in large libraries, the toc or got can be very large and it can take a long time to resolve all the entries. this is as much a problem with dynamic linking, which we ' ll address in chapter 10, as with pic. handling r _ 386 _ relative items or the equivalent to relocate got pointers to data in the same executable is fairly fast, but the problem is that many got entries point to data in other executables and require a symbol table lookup to resolve. calls in elf executables are usually dynamically linked, even calls within the same library, which adds significant overhead. we revisit this in chapter 10. function prolog and epilogs in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5199655232706386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.331396"} {"text": "a symbol table lookup to resolve. calls in elf executables are usually dynamically linked, even calls within the same library, which adds significant overhead. we revisit this in chapter 10. function prolog and epilogs in elf files are quite slow. they have to save and restore the got register, ebx in the x86, and the dummy call and pop to get the program counter into a register are quite slow. from a performance viewpoint, the toc approach used in aix wins here, since each procedure can assume that its toc register is already set at procedure entry. finally, pic code is bigger and slower than non - pic. the slowdown varies greatly by architectures. on risc systems with plenty of registers and no direct addressing, the loss of one register to be the toc or got pointer isn ' t significant, and lacking direct addressing they need a constant pool of some sort anyway. the worst case is on the x86. it only has six registers, so losing one of them to be the got pointer can make code significantly worse. since the x86 does have direct addressing, a reference to external data that would be a simple mov or add instruction in non - pic code turns into a load of the address followed by the mov or add, which both adds an extra memory reference and uses yet another precious register for the temporary pointer. particularly on x86 systems, the performance loss in pic code is significant in speed - critical tasks, enough so that some systems retreat to a sort - of - pic approach for shared libraries. we ' ll revisit this issue in the next two chapters. in modern computers, the first program the computer runs after a hardware reset invariably is stored in a rom known as tbe bootstrap rom. as in \" pulling one ' s self up by the bootstraps. \" when the cpu is powered on or reset, it sets its registers to a known state. on x86 systems, for example, the reset sequence jumps to the address 16 bytes below the top of the system ' s address space. the bootstrap rom occupies the top 64k of the address space and rom code then starts up the computer. on ibm - compatible x86 systems, the boot rom code reads the first block of the floppy disk into memory, or if that fails the first block of the first hard disk, into memory location zero and jumps to location zero. the program in block zero in turn loads a slightly larger operating system boot program from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4813969186691769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.332672"} {"text": "reads the first block of the floppy disk into memory, or if that fails the first block of the first hard disk, into memory location zero and jumps to location zero. the program in block zero in turn loads a slightly larger operating system boot program from a known place on the disk into memory, and jumps to that program which in turn loads in the operating system and starts it. ( there can be even more steps, e. g., a boot manager that decides from which disk partition to read the operating system boot program, but the sequence of increasingly capable loaders remains. ) why not just load the operating system directly? because you can ' t fit an operating system loader into 512 bytes. the first level loader typically is only able to load a single - segment program from a file with a fixed name in the top - level directory of the boot disk. the operating system loader contains more sophisticated code that can read and interpret a configuration file, uncompress a compressed operating system executable, address large amounts of memory ( on an x86 the loader usually runs in real mode which means that it ' s tricky to address more than 1mb of memory. ) the full operating system can turn on the virtual memory system, loads the drivers it needs, and then proceed to run user - level programs. many unix systems use a similar bootstrap process to get user - mode programs running. the kernel creates a process, then stuffs a tiny little program, only a few dozen bytes long, into that process. the tiny program executes a system call that runs / etc / init, the user mode initialization program that in turn runs configuration files and starts the daemons and login programs that a running system needs. none of this matters much to the application level programmer, but it becomes more interesting if you want to write programs that run on the bare hardware of the machine, since then you need to arrange to intercept the bootstrap sequence somewhere and run your program rather than the usual operating system. some systems make this quite easy ( just stick the name of your program in autoexec. bat and reboot windows 95, for example ), others make it nearly impossible. it also presents opportunities for customized systems. for example, a single - application system could be built over a unix kernel by naming the application / etc / init. overlaid programs divide the code into a tree of segments, such as the one in figure 4. figure 4 : a typical overlay tree root calls a and d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4752615034082874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.334295"} {"text": "could be built over a unix kernel by naming the application / etc / init. overlaid programs divide the code into a tree of segments, such as the one in figure 4. figure 4 : a typical overlay tree root calls a and d. a calls b and c, d calls e and f. the programmer manually assigns object files or individual object code segments to overlay segments. sibling segments in the overlay tree share the same memory. in the example, segments a and d share the same memory, b and c share the same memory, and e and f share the same memory. the sequence of segments that lead to a specific segment is called a path, so the path for e includes the root, d, and e. when the program starts, the system loads the root segment which contains the entry point of the program. each time a routine makes a \" downward \" inter - segment call, the overlay manager ensures that the path to the call target is loaded. for example, if the root calls a routine in segment a, the overlay manager loads section a if it ' s not already loaded. if a routine in a calls a routine in b the manager has to ensure that b is loaded, and if a routine in the root calls a routine in b, the manager ensures that both a and b are loaded. upwards calls don ' t require any linker help, since the entire path from the root is already loaded. calls across the tree are known as exclusive calls and are usually considered to be an error since it ' s not possible to return. overlay linkers let the programmer force exclusive calls for situations where the called routine is known not to return. figure 5 : a typical overlay tree root contains rob and rick calls a with aaron and andy and d. a calls b ( bill and betty ) and c ( chris ), d ( dick, dot ) calls e ( edgar ) and f ( fran ). figure 6 shows the linker commands that one might give to the ibm 360 linker to create this structure. spacing doesn ' t matter, so we ' ve indented the commands to show the tree structure. overlay commands define the beginning of each segment ; commands with the same overlay name define segments that overlay each other. hence the first overlay ad defines segment a, and the second defines segmnt d. overlay segments are defined in a depth first left to right tree walk. include commands name logical files for the linker to read. figure 6 : link", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5276894498391486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.337841"} {"text": "hence the first overlay ad defines segment a, and the second defines segmnt d. overlay segments are defined in a depth first left to right tree walk. include commands name logical files for the linker to read. figure 6 : linker commands it ' s up to the programmer to lay out overlays to be space effiecent. the storage allocated for each segment is the maximum length of any of the segments that occupy the same space. for example, assume that the file lengths in decimal are as follows. l r, l n. name size _ rob 500 rick 1500 aaron 3000 andy 1000 bill 1000 betty 1000 chris 3000 dick 3000 dot 4000 edgar 2000 fran 3000 the storage allocation, looks like figure 7. each segment starts immediately after the preceding segment in the path, and the total program size is the length of the longest path. this program is fairly well balanced, with the longest path being 11500 and the shortest being 8000. juggling the overlay structure to find one that is as compact as possible while still being valid ( no exclusive calls ) and reasonably efficient is a black art requiring considerable trial and error. since the overlays are defined entirely in the linker, each trial requires a relink but no recompilation. figure 7 : overlay storage layout the segment table, figure 8, lists each segment, a flag to note if the segment is loaded, the segment ' s path. and information needed to load the segment from disk. figure 8 : idealized segment table the linker interposes the glue code in front of each downward call so the overlay manager can ensure that the required segment ( s ) are loaded. segments can use glue code in higher level but not lower level routines. for example, if routines in the root call aaron, dick, and betty, the root needs glue code for each of those three symbols. if segment a contains calls to bill, betty, and chris, a needs glue code for bill and chris, but can use the glue for betty already present in the root. all downward calls ( which are to global symbols ) are resolved to glue code, figure 9, rather than to the actual routine. the glue code has to save any registers it changes, since it has to be transparent to the calling and called routine, then jump into the overlay manager, providing the address of the real routine and an indication of which segment that address is in. here we use a pointer, but an index into the segtab array would work as well. figure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5301718403775931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.340312"} {"text": "called routine, then jump into the overlay manager, providing the address of the real routine and an indication of which segment that address is in. here we use a pointer, but an index into the segtab array would work as well. figure 9 : idealized glue code for x86 at runtime, the system loads in the root segment and starts it. at each downward call, the glue code calls the overlay manager. the manager checks the target segment ' s status. if the segment is present, the manager just jumps to the real routine. if the segment is not present, the manager loads the target segment and any unloaded preceding segments in the path, marks any conflicting segments as not present, marks the newly loaded segments as present, and jumps. overlays originated the important technique of \" wrapping \" call instructions in the linker to turn a simple procedure call into one that did more work, in this case, loading the required overlay. linkers have used wrapping in a variety of ways. the most important is dynamic linking, which we cover in chapter 10, to link to a called routine in a library that may not have been loaded yet. wrapping is also useful for testing and debugging, to insert checking or validation code in front of a suspect routine without changing or recompiling the source file. in the overlay example, assume that dick and dot each call both edgar and fran, but dick and dot don ' t call each other. restructure the overlay so that dick and dot share the same space, and adjust the structure so that the call tree still works. how much space does the overlaid program take now? in the overlay segment table, there ' s no explicit marking of conflicting segments. when the overlay manager loads a segment and the segment ' s path, how does the manager determine what segments to mark as not present? in an overlaid program with no exclusive calls, is it possible that a series of calls could end up jumping to unloaded code anyway? in the example above, what happens if rob calls bill, which calls aaron, which calls chris, then the routines all return? how hard would it be for the linker or overlay manager to detect or prevent that problem? project 8 - 1 : add a feature to the linker to \" wrap \" routines. create a linker switch that wraps the given routine. change all references in the program to the named routine to be references to wrap _ name. ( be sure not to miss internal references", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48298799811435406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.342876"} {"text": "add a feature to the linker to \" wrap \" routines. create a linker switch that wraps the given routine. change all references in the program to the named routine to be references to wrap _ name. ( be sure not to miss internal references within the segment in which the name is defined. ) change the name of the routine to real _ name. this lets the programmer write a wrapper routine called wrap _ name that can call the original routine as real _ name. project 8 - 2 : starting the linker skeleton from chapter 3, write a tool that modifies an object file to wrap a name. that is, references to name turn into external references to wrap _ name, and the existing routine is renamed real _ name. why would one want to use such a program rather than building the feature into the linker. ( hint : consider the case where you ' re not the author or maintainer of the linker. ) project 8 - 3 : add support to the linker to produce executables with position - independent code we add a few new four - byte relocation types : loc seg ref ga4 loc seg ref gp4 loc seg ref gr4 loc seg ref er4 the types are : in your linker ' s first pass, look for gp4 relocation entries, build a got segment with all the required pointers, and allocate the got segment just before the data and bss segments. in the second pass, handle the ga4, gp4, and gr4 entries. in the output file, create er4 relocation entries for any data that would have to be relocated if the output file were loaded at other than its nominal address. this would include anything marked by an a4 or as4 relocation entry in the input. ( hint : don ' t forget the got. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4714051202259501, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.345117"} {"text": "what happens when you blindly take traditional, alternative and otherwise unproven preparations for medical conditions? prepare for the distinct possibility of irony. there \u2019 s a way of knowing whether a given compound has therapeutic properties and whether it \u2019 s safe in general \u2013 scientifically controlled clinical studies. alternative remedies, which include many traditional and regional preparations were not the result of scientific study. a few have been subjected to scientific scrutiny and proven to be worthwhile. when this happens, they stop being \u201c alternative medicine \u201d and become simply \u201c medicine. \u201d for all the rest, it \u2019 s just hit or miss, and more often than not, it \u2019 s miss. guided by old traditions, anecdotes and old wives tales, the actual effect on the body could be just about anything. such would seem to be the case with birthwort. birthwort is a family of plants which have been regarded as medicinally beneficial for centuries, despite complete lack of evidence for this. the exact reason for the belief is unclear, although it might have to do with the fact that some of the compounds in the plant do have antimicrobial properties and thus could be useful as an antiseptic, if only topically. another reason for the belief that it has useful medical properties is the so - called doctrine of signatures \u2013 a discredited belief that herbs are useful in treating a part of the body which they resemble. birthwort is noted for having a shape that is similar to the human uterus. for this reason, it was believed to be useful for reproductive and genital health and for fertility. it also has been used for various kidney problems, including kidney stones and urinary tract problems. again, the reasoning for this is not entirely clear. it may be an extension of the belief that it is helpful for health issues involving the genitals or it could just be that it gained a reputation for being something that people with kidney problems swore by. whatever the case, it was not science - based. that said, it was accepted for many years. like many \u201c alternative \u201d remedies, it remained on shelves, largely unquestioned until people started getting sick and dying enough to catch someone \u2019 s attention. this happened in 1991 when a clinic in brussels, belgium started offering the herb as part of a weight loss regime. although it was known for some time that the plant contained potent toxins, it was not until a large number of women in brussels began to show up at doctors with acute kidney failure that it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4839872370519367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.361889"} {"text": "started offering the herb as part of a weight loss regime. although it was known for some time that the plant contained potent toxins, it was not until a large number of women in brussels began to show up at doctors with acute kidney failure that it became evident that the plant was more dangerous than anyone had suspected. upon further investigation it turns out that the long trusted, yet untested herb is in fact, a potent carcinogen and that use of the quantities common in traditional preparations can cause kidney damage, amongst other things. kidney stones. snakebites. head wounds. to the ancients, a weed called birthwort was a wonder drug that treated them all, and more. medical detectives, however, are finding that the ancient remedy likely has caused centuries of kidney failure and cancer, as well as being the culprit in a widespread syndrome of kidney disease in some parts of the world. \u201c the big clue was the plant itself, \u201d says pharmacologist arthur grollman of stony brook ( n. y. ) university. \u201c once it was appreciated that it contained a potent kidney toxin and human carcinogen, we could get to the bottom of things. \u201d grollman and colleagues have unraveled a genetic signature left behind by birthwort in cases of cancers and kidney failure, as reported in the march journal ofkidney international. and in upcoming work, they report signs that use of the drug in chinese medicines may be responsible for taiwan \u2019 s sky - high rate of kidney disease. modern medicine became alarmed by birthwort in 1991, when dozens of young women from a \u201c slimming \u201d clinic in brussels, belgium, appeared in doctor \u2019 s offices with kidney failure. the case triggered warnings and a 2000 new england journal of medicine report noting that about 5 % of 1, 800 women given the chinese herb, aristolochia fangchi ( another birthwort species ), in a weight - loss treatment at the clinic had developed kidney failure. that triggered a food and drug administration warning about the herb that mentioned 16 weight - loss products then on store shelves, and also offered a clue that only some people suffered from a genetic susceptibility to the herb causing kidney failure, grollman says. but it wasn \u2019 t until a 2007 proceedings of the national academy of sciences paper that grollman and his colleagues showed the balkan and belgian cases were caused by the same toxin, finding mutations in the genes of croatian patients that exactly matched those of mice poisoned with aristolochi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44433133762764365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.364729"} {"text": "a 2007 proceedings of the national academy of sciences paper that grollman and his colleagues showed the balkan and belgian cases were caused by the same toxin, finding mutations in the genes of croatian patients that exactly matched those of mice poisoned with aristolochic acid. the mutations were pinpoint changes in a well - known tumor - suppressing gene called p53. the finding \u201c was a breakthrough, \u201d says kidney expert marc de broe of belgium \u2019 s university of antwerp, in a commentary in kidney international. debroe added, \u201c this magic plant turned out to contain a powerful nephrotoxic ( kidney - poisoning ) substance with an ability to induce urothelial ( urinary tract ) cancer. \u201d but the damage from birthwort poisoning may well go beyond clusters of unexplained kidney failure, grollman suggests. in an upcoming study, he and his colleagues looked at taiwan, the \u201c land of dialysis \u201d in some news reports, where the herb is widely used in traditional medicine. a 2006 survey in the lancet suggested that nearly 12 % of taiwan \u2019 s population suffers chronic kidney disease. health service statistics there also show that about 1 in 3 patients are prescribed aristolochia as part of traditional medical treatments delivered at doctor \u2019 s offices. and taiwanese kidney failure patients in the upcoming study widely show the same pinpoint changes in the p53 gene seen in patients in the balkans and belgium, grollman says. this is a potent example of a basic fact about traditional remedies : the fact that something has been \u201c used for centuries \u201d or that it is common in rural china or that it is natural means absolutely nothing in terms of safety or effectiveness. we can \u2019 t know if something is safe or effective unless it is actually subjected to a battery of scientific tests. the fact that something has been considered a valid remedy for a given condition does not mean it works on that condition or even that the claim is based on anecdotal evidence \u2013 it could be something as bunk as the fact that the plant looks like a body part. if you choose to take a traditional or alternative remedy, keep in mind that it may well make your condition worse, or it might do nothing. while it \u2019 s possible that it could also have therapeutic benefit, if it has not been subjected to scientific tests and evaluation we just don \u2019 t know. it \u2019 s a stab in the dark. you may as well go outside, pick up the first random plant you find on the ground and eat it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5049048662462399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.381775"} {"text": "tips for living a greener lifestyle designing spaces correspondent rhonda castagna meets with denise durrett, an energy expert from the u. s. e. p. a. in a typical home to look at how to use less electricity with more efficient appliances. the discussion moves from room to room as denise points out energy efficiencies with refrigerators, dishwashers, home office equipment like computers and printers, heating and cooling systems, including maintenance, washers and dryers and water heaters. how much money are you throwing away on your utility bills? watch this and see how to save and live green! energy efficiency can save you money! did you know that the typical household has 40 products continuously drawing power? are you aware that there is a direct connection between these products and their impact on energy use, the environment and the amount of your utility bills? every time you flip a switch to turn on a product, a power plant somewhere is producing that electricity, and often is burning fossil fuels. for 20 years, the energy star\u00ae program, created by the u. s. environmental protection agency, has helped consumers make energy efficient choices at home, at work and in their communities. products labeled with the trusted energy star\u00ae mark help identify cost - effective, energy - saving solutions that protect the environment and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. the energy star label can be found on more than 60 different kinds of products from lighting, appliances, office equipment, and consumer electronics, to heating and cooling equipment. if shopping to purchase a new product, keep in mind that there are always two prices when purchasing a new product \u2013 the one at the store, and the less obvious one you pay over the course of a product \u2019 s lifetime. even making no - cost / low - cost small changes in your household today can maximize impact on your energy savings! \u2022 standard tvs can use as much electricity each year as a new refrigerator! energy star\u00ae qualified tvs are on average 40 % more efficient. \u2022 just one light bulb that has earned the energy star can save you more than $ 40 over its lifetime. \u2022 using your video game console as a dvd player? you could be using 24 times more energy to play your dvds than you would with a stand - alone dvd player. \u2022 the average family does 400 loads of laundry a year! energy star washers use almost half the water as older models and only cost about $ 85 a year to run \u2013 and get your clothes just as clean. \u2022 the typical household spends more than $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5077132556826307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.399145"} {"text": "buried in albert einstein \u2019 s mail one spring day in 1953 lay a letter from an ordinary mortal, a 20 - year - old high school dropout named john moffat. two more disparate correspondents would be hard to imagine. moffat was an impoverished artist and self - taught physicist. einstein was a mythic figure \u2014 the world \u2019 s most famous scientist. moffat was living with his british father and danish mother in copenhagen. einstein was at the institute for advanced study in princeton, new jersey. yet both men were outsiders. in his later years, einstein had become increasingly isolated from the physics community, refusing to embrace the strange but powerful theory of quantum mechanics \u2014 with its particles that are also waves and that exist in no specific place until they \u2019 re observed. nature, he argued, couldn \u2019 t be so perverse. so for nearly 30 years he had pursued a quixotic goal : the creation of a unified field theory to describe all the forces of nature and to demystify the quantum world. that was the occasion for moffat \u2019 s letter. he thought he could offer einstein some constructive criticism. \u201c i wrote him to say that i wasn \u2019 t happy about what he was doing, \u201d moffat recalls. there was nothing unusual about this. plenty of people sent letters to einstein, not all of them rational. but in moffat \u2019 s case something unexpected happened : einstein wrote back. \u201c dear mr. moffat, \u201d the reply began. \u201c our situation is the following. we are standing in front of a closed box which we cannot open, and we try hard to discover about what is and is not in it. \u201d that closed box is the universe, of course, and no one had done more to pry off the lid than einstein. yet in the eyes of nearly all his colleagues he had contributed almost nothing of importance to physics for almost 20 years. were they right? did he squander his genius by chasing vainly after an ultimate theory? that is the conventional view. but at least a few physicists now argue that einstein was far ahead of his time, raising questions that will challenge researchers for decades. \u201c it \u2019 s often said that einstein wasted his time later in life, \u201d says moffat, who went on to become a theoretical physicist. \u201c this, of course, is erroneous. einstein never wasted his time. \u201d einstein \u2019 s split with mainstream physics came at the very height of his career. in 1927, when he was 48, the world \u2019 s leading physicists gathered at a conference in brussels to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5756597648311809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.418088"} {"text": "is erroneous. einstein never wasted his time. \u201d einstein \u2019 s split with mainstream physics came at the very height of his career. in 1927, when he was 48, the world \u2019 s leading physicists gathered at a conference in brussels to debate an issue that remains contentious to this day : what does quantum mechanics have to say about reality? einstein had won the nobel prize in physics for research that showed that light consists of particles of energy \u2014 research that laid the groundwork for quantum mechanics. yet he dismissed the new theory out of hand. at the conference, he clashed with the great danish physicist niels bohr, launching a feud that would last until einstein \u2019 s death in 1955. bohr championed the strange new insights emerging from quantum mechanics. he believed that any single particle \u2014 be it an electron, proton, or photon \u2014 never occupies a definite position unless someone measures it. until you observe a particle, bohr argued, it makes no sense to ask where it is : it has no concrete position and exists only as a blur of probability. einstein scoffed at this. he believed, emphatically, in a universe that exists completely independent of human observation. all the strange properties of quantum theory are proof that the theory is flawed, he said. a better, more fundamental theory would eliminate such absurdities. \u201c do you really believe that the moon is not there unless we are looking at it? \u201d he asked. \u201c he saw in a way more clearly than anyone else what quantum mechanics was really like, \u201d british physicist julian barbour says. \u201c and he said, \u2018 i don \u2019 t like it. \u2019 \u201d in the years after the conference in brussels, einstein leveled one attack after another at bohr and his followers. but for each attack bohr had a ready riposte. then in 1935 einstein devised what he thought would be the fatal blow. together with two colleagues in princeton, nathan rosen and boris podolsky, he found what appeared to be a serious inconsistency in one of the cornerstones of quantum theory, the uncertainty principle. formulated in 1927 by the german physicist werner heisenberg, the uncertainty principle puts strict limits on how accurately one can measure the position, velocity, energy, and other properties of a particle. the very act of observing a particle also disturbs it, heisenberg argued. if a physicist measures a particle \u2019 s position, for example, he will also lose information about its velocity in the process. einstein, podolsky, and rosen disagreed, and they suggested", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6791117360767294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.419263"} {"text": "a particle also disturbs it, heisenberg argued. if a physicist measures a particle \u2019 s position, for example, he will also lose information about its velocity in the process. einstein, podolsky, and rosen disagreed, and they suggested a simple thought experiment to explain why : imagine that a particle decays into two smaller particles of equal mass and that these two daughter particles fly apart in opposite directions. to conserve momentum, both particles must have identical speeds. if you measure the velocity or position of one particle, you will know the velocity or position of the other \u2014 and you will know it without disturbing the second particle in any way. the second particle, in other words, can be precisely measured at all times. einstein and his collaborators published their thought experiment in 1935, with the title \u201c can quantum - mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? \u201d the paper was in many ways einstein \u2019 s swan song : nothing he wrote for the rest of his life would match its impact. if his critique was right, quantum mechanics was inherently flawed. bohr argued that einstein \u2019 s thought experiment was meaningless : if the second particle was never directly measured, it was pointless to talk about its properties before or after the first particle was measured. but although quantum physics eventually carried the day, it wasn \u2019 t until 1982, when the french physicist alain aspect constructed a working experiment based on einstein \u2019 s ideas, that bohr \u2019 s argument was vindicated. in 1935 einstein was convinced that he had refuted quantum mechanics. and from then until his death 20 years later, he devoted nearly all his efforts to the search for a unified field theory.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6823564229111199, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.419939"} {"text": "use the following tips and techniques when you design a uml 2. 0 activity diagram. usually you create activity diagrams after state machine diagrams. to design a uml 2. 0 activity diagram, follow this general procedure : - create one or more activities. you can place several activities on a single diagram, or create a separate diagram for each. warning : you cannot create nested activities. - usually activities are linked to states or transitions on state machine diagrams. switch to your state machine diagrams and associate the activities you just created with states and transitions. tip : after that you can find that some more activities must be created, or the same activity can be used in several places. - switch back to the activity diagram. think about flows in your activities. you can have an object flow ( for transferring data ), a control flow, both or even several flows in each activity. - create starting and finishing points for every flow. each flow can have the following starting points : - initial node - activity parameter ( for object flow ) - accept event action - accept time event action each flow finishes with a activity final or flow final node. if your activity has several starting points, they can be used simultaneously. - create object nodes. you do not link object nodes to classes on your class diagrams. however, you can use hyperlinks for better understanding of your diagrams. - create action nodes for your flows. flows can share actions. warning : you cannot create nested actions. - for object flows, add pins to actions. connect actions and pins by flow links. - add pre - and postconditions. you can create plain text or ocl conditions. - you can optionally create shortcuts to related elements of other diagrams. to add an activity parameter to an activity : - in the tool palette, press the activity parameter button. - click the target activity. or : choose addactivity parameter on the activity context menu. result : an activity parameter node is added to the activity as a rectangle. note that the activity parameter node is attached to its activity. you can only move the node along the activity borders. note : activity parameters cannot be connected by control flow links.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4921540183497102, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.423022"} {"text": "source code : lib / bdb. py the bdb module handles basic debugger functions, like setting breakpoints or managing execution via the debugger. the following exception is defined : the bdb module also defines two classes : this class implements temporary breakpoints, ignore counts, disabling and ( re - ) enabling, and conditionals. breakpoints are indexed by number through a list called bpbynumber and by ( file, line ) pairs through bplist. the former points to a single instance of class breakpoint. the latter points to a list of such instances since there may be more than one breakpoint per line. when creating a breakpoint, its associated filename should be in canonical form. if a funcname is defined, a breakpoint hit will be counted when the first line of that function is executed. a conditional breakpoint always counts a hit. breakpoint instances have the following methods : delete the breakpoint from the list associated to a file / line. if it is the last breakpoint in that position, it also deletes the entry for the file / line. mark the breakpoint as enabled. mark the breakpoint as disabled. print all the information about the breakpoint : the bdb class acts as a generic python debugger base class. this class takes care of the details of the trace facility ; a derived class should implement user interaction. the standard debugger class ( pdb. pdb ) is an example. the skip argument, if given, must be an iterable of glob - style module name patterns. the debugger will not step into frames that originate in a module that matches one of these patterns. whether a frame is considered to originate in a certain module is determined by the _ _ name _ _ in the frame globals. new in version 2. 7 : the skip argument. the following methods of bdb normally don \u2019 t need to be overridden. auxiliary method for getting a filename in a canonical form, that is, as a case - normalized ( on case - insensitive filesystems ) absolute path, stripped of surrounding angle brackets. set the botframe, stopframe, returnframe and quitting attributes with values ready to start debugging. this function is installed as the trace function of debugged frames. its return value is the new trace function ( in most cases, that is, itself ). the default implementation decides how to dispatch a frame, depending", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.51566325094675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.437027"} {"text": "to start debugging. this function is installed as the trace function of debugged frames. its return value is the new trace function ( in most cases, that is, itself ). the default implementation decides how to dispatch a frame, depending on the type of event ( passed as a string ) that is about to be executed. event can be one of the following : for the python events, specialized functions ( see below ) are called. for the c events, no action is taken. the arg parameter depends on the previous event. if the debugger should stop on the current line, invoke the user _ line ( ) method ( which should be overridden in subclasses ). raise a bdbquit exception if the bdb. quitting flag is set ( which can be set from user _ line ( ) ). return a reference to the trace _ dispatch ( ) method for further tracing in that scope. if the debugger should stop on this function call, invoke the user _ call ( ) method ( which should be overridden in subclasses ). raise a bdbquit exception if the bdb. quitting flag is set ( which can be set from user _ call ( ) ). return a reference to the trace _ dispatch ( ) method for further tracing in that scope. if the debugger should stop on this function return, invoke the user _ return ( ) method ( which should be overridden in subclasses ). raise a bdbquit exception if the bdb. quitting flag is set ( which can be set from user _ return ( ) ). return a reference to the trace _ dispatch ( ) method for further tracing in that scope. if the debugger should stop at this exception, invokes the user _ exception ( ) method ( which should be overridden in subclasses ). raise a bdbquit exception if the bdb. quitting flag is set ( which can be set from user _ exception ( ) ). return a reference to the trace _ dispatch ( ) method for further tracing in that scope. normally derived classes don \u2019 t override the following methods, but they may if they want to redefine the definition of stopping and breakpoints. this method checks if the frame is somewhere below botframe in the call stack. botframe is the frame in which debugging started. this method checks if there is a breakpoint in the filename", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5083943213871226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.439989"} {"text": "an error message is returned. delete all existing breakpoints. check if there is a breakpoint for lineno of filename. return all breakpoints for lineno in filename, or an empty list if none are set. return all breakpoints in filename, or an empty list if none are set. return all breakpoints that are set. derived classes and clients can call the following methods to get a data structure representing a stack trace. get a list of records for a frame and all higher ( calling ) and lower frames, and the size of the higher part. return a string with information about a stack entry, identified by a ( frame, lineno ) tuple : the following two methods can be called by clients to use a debugger to debug a statement, given as a string. debug a statement executed via the exec statement. globals defaults to _ _ main _ _. _ _ dict _ _, locals defaults to globals. debug a single function call, and return its result. finally, the module defines the following functions : check whether we should break here, depending on the way the breakpoint b was set. if it was set via line number, it checks if b. line is the same as the one in the frame also passed as argument. if the breakpoint was set via function name, we have to check we are in the right frame ( the right function ) and if we are in its first executable line. determine if there is an effective ( active ) breakpoint at this line of code. return a tuple of the breakpoint and a boolean that indicates if it is ok to delete a temporary breakpoint. return ( none, none ) if there is no matching breakpoint.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48610357184153724, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.526485"} {"text": "symptoms of heart disease coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, heart attack - - each type of heart problem requires different treatment but may share similar warning signs. it is important to see your doctor so that you can receive a correct diagnosis and prompt treatment. learn to recognize the symptoms that may signal heart disease. call your doctor if you begin to have new symptoms or if they become more frequent or severe. symptoms of coronary artery disease the most common symptom of coronary artery disease is angina, or chest pain. angina can be described as a discomfort, heaviness, pressure, aching, burning, fullness, squeezing, or painful feeling in your chest. it can be mistaken for indigestion or heartburn. angina may also be felt in the shoulders, arms, neck, throat, jaw, or back. other symptoms of coronary artery disease include : - shortness of breath. - palpitations ( irregular heart beats, or a \" flip - flop \" feeling in your chest ). - a faster heartbeat. - weakness or dizziness. symptoms of high blood pressure one of the most dangerous aspects of hypertension is that you may not know that you have it. in fact, nearly one - third of people who have high blood pressure don ' t know it. the only way to know if your blood pressure is high is through regular checkups. this is especially important if you have a close relative who has high blood pressure. if your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out for, including : - severe headache - fatigue or confusion - vision problems - chest pain - difficulty breathing - irregular heartbeat - blood in the urine - pounding in your chest, neck, or ears if you have any of these symptoms, see a doctor immediately. you could be having a hypertensive crisis that could lead to a heart attack or stroke. untreated hypertension can lead to serious diseases, including stroke, heart disease, kidney failure and eye problems.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4588476697192234, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.536161"} {"text": "a diaper rash is a skin irritation under your baby \u2019 s diaper. the rash can be on the abdomen, genitals, and in the folds of the buttocks and thighs. most babies develop a diaper rash at some time during infancy. a diaper rash develops when your baby \u2019 s skin is irritated. irritation can be caused by : - leaving dirty diapers on for too long - too much moisture next to the skin - diapers or plastic pants that are too tight - allergic reaction to diaper material or detergent - yeast or bacterial infection - rubbing or chafing of the skin factors that may increase your baby ' s risk of diaper rash include : - frequent stools - infrequent changing of baby \u2019 s diaper - treatment of babies or nursing mothers with antibiotics - lactose intolerance - sensitive skin the main symptoms of diaper rash are bumps, redness, and scaly patches on the skin under the diaper. there may also be blister - like spots on the skin. your baby may also be more fussy and irritable when the diaper is changed. if the rash is not cared for, then it can become infected. it can become bright red with red bumps and blisters. symptoms of an infected rash may include : - open sores, boils, or pus - your baby is not sleeping or eating normally - your baby develops a fever - the rash becomes worse or does not improve in 2 or 3 days contact your doctor if your child has signs of an infected rash. most parents can recognize a diaper rash when they see it. a diaper rash doesn \u2019 t normally require a visit to the pediatrician. diaper rashes usually clear up in three or four days with the following treatment : - change diapers frequently. - use plain water instead of baby wipes to rinse your baby \u2019 s skin. - pat dry gently. rubbing can irritate the rash. - apply a protective ointment to the diaper area. the ointment should contain zinc oxide. - expose your baby \u2019 s skin to the air as much as possible. - do not use creams that have boric acid, camphor, phenol, methyl salicylate, or a compound of benzoin tincture. - do not use talcum or cornstarch powders. if the rash is severe, see your child ' s doctor. the doctor may suggest using a mild hydrocortisone cream to calm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4601646997549442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.546907"} {"text": ", or a compound of benzoin tincture. - do not use talcum or cornstarch powders. if the rash is severe, see your child ' s doctor. the doctor may suggest using a mild hydrocortisone cream to calm the skin if it is irritated. if the rash is yeast - related, then the doctor may recommend a medicated cream. antibiotic ointments may be used for mild bacterial infections. these creams are available without prescription, but your pediatrician may want to discuss these options before starting treatment. severe infections may require oral antibiotics. to help prevent diaper rash : - change your baby \u2019 s diaper frequently. - use plain water to rinse your baby \u2019 s diaper area after changing. - dry the diaper area well after changing. let the area air out. - allow your baby to go without a diaper when possible. - avoid using fabric softeners on cloth diapers. - use cloth diapers or super - absorbent disposable diapers to prevent irritation. - talk to your baby ' s doctor about giving your baby probiotics when your baby is taking antibiotics. - reviewer : michael woods, md - review date : 05 / 2013 - - update date : 05 / 13 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4000208744251027, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.565852"} {"text": "doterra essential oil support for sickle cell anemia sickle cell anemia is a disease passed down through families in which red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape. ( red blood cells are normally shaped like a disc. ) sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin s. hemoglobin is a protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. hemoglobin s changes the shape of red blood cells, especially when the cells are exposed to low oxygen levels. the red blood cells become shaped like crescents or sickles. the fragile, sickle - shaped cells deliver less oxygen to the body \u2019 s tissues. they can also get stuck more easily in small blood vessels, and break into pieces that interupt healthy blood flow. sickle cell anemia is inherited from both parents. if you inherit the hemoglobin s gene from one parent and normal hemoglobin ( a ) from your other parent, you will have sickle cell trait. people with sickle cell trait do not have the symptoms of sickle cell anemia. sickle cell disease is much more common in people of african and mediterranean descent. it is also seen in people from south and central america, the caribbean, and the middle east. those with sickle cell have noticed : most issues usually don \u2019 t occur until after age 4 months. almost all patients with sickle cell anemia have painful episodes ( called crises ), which can last from hours to days. these crises can affect the bones of the back, the long bones, and the chest. some patients have one episode every few years. others have many episodes per year. the crises can be severe enough to require a hospital stay. common issues include : attacks of abdominal pain, bone pain, breathlessness, delayed growth and puberty, fatigue, fever, paleness, rapid heart beat, ulcers on lower legs ( in adolescents and adults ), yellowing of the eyes and skin ( jaundice ). less common issues include : chest pain, excessive thirst, frequent urination, poor eyesight / blindness, strokes. doterra essential oil users have found the following to assist in sickle cell support : take the lifelong vitality vitamins daily ( xeo mega\u00ae essential oil omega complex & alpha crs cellular vitality complex are very important ) take 6 drops of slim & sassy oil blend and 3 drops each of peppermint oil and ylang ylang oil in a capsule daily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48682951471662467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.576949"} {"text": "( xeo mega\u00ae essential oil omega complex & alpha crs cellular vitality complex are very important ) take 6 drops of slim & sassy oil blend and 3 drops each of peppermint oil and ylang ylang oil in a capsule daily. drink 2 - 3 drops of lemon oil in water daily ( glass containers only ) rub 2 - 4 drops balance oil blend on each foot, morning and evening applying balance to the bottom of the feet enhances the ability of the red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body. below is a video of blood samples before and after applying doterra \u2019 s balance essential oil blend : issue specific support : abdominal, chest or bone pain apply deep blue rub to area of concern each morning, at least once mid - day and anytime extreme pain occurs. ( little goes a very long way ) rub one drop of peppermint oil on temples, forehead & back of neck ( careful not to get in eyes ) rub lavender or serenity oil blend on feet nightly as a sleep or stress relief aid rub 2 - 3 drops of frankincense oil on back of neck / base of skull and bottoms of feet, nightly have the following \u201c spine therapy \u201d done once a week : first apply fractionated coconut oil ( olive oil can be substituted ) along the length of the spine. then, drop any one or all of the following doterra essential oils down the spine : starting with oregano, then balance, ylang ylang, wild orange, frankincense, rosemary, marjoram, aroma touch \u2026 and end with peppermint hot compress for 15 mins after you lightly massage into back along the spine area \u201c these statements have not been evaluated by the food and drug administration. this product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42858364627029727, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.579058"} {"text": "conservation groups intervened in the lawsuit filed by the bottom trawlers to defend the federal bycatch regulation. the conservation groups told the court that the federal government is right to mandate a decrease in the amount of fish bottom trawlers are currently throwing overboard. the boats are discarding fish deemed uneconomic due to wrong sex, size, or species. hundreds of millions of pounds of wasted fish and other marine life are thrown over the side of bottom trawl vessels every year. the trawlers typically fish for rock sole, yellowfin sole, flathead sole, and atka mackerel and dump more bycatch overboard than any other segment of the north pacific groundfish fishery. \" the court has ruled that these companies will not be allowed to continue wasting public resources, \" said earthjustice attorney michael levine. \" this case deals with a few large vessels that still haven ' t turned the corner into 21st century fishing. \" \" the reality that hundreds of millions of pounds of wasted fish and other marine life are thrown over the side of bottom trawl vessels every year is completely unacceptable to most alaskans. management measures that set at least a minimum standard for reducing excessive waste in the bering sea fleet are long overdue, \" said dorothy childers, program director for the community - based alaska marine conservation council. on may 5, 2006, two commercial fishing companies, the legacy fishing company and the fishing company of alaska, filed the suit in the district of columbia district court to overturn amendment 79 and its implementing regulations. the companies are based in washington state but fish in the federal waters off alaska. they claim that the bycatch reduction measures would be too costly. in response to the suit, oceana and the alaska marine conservation council, with legal representation from earthjustice, joined the federal government in defending amendment 79 and its benefits for the ocean ecosystem. \" we cannot sacrifice long - term sustainability of our ocean ecosystems and commercial fisheries for the short - term gain of a few vessels, \" said janis searles, senior counsel for oceana. \" this measure provides a strong incentive for dirty fisheries to clean up their act. the cost of their excessive discards to the oceans and our fisheries is simply too high. \" implementation of the new regulation will require these same vessels to retain more of their catch, and will serve as an incentive for these vessels to fish \" cleaner. \" michael levine, earthjustice, ( 907 ) 586 - 2751 susan murray, oceana, ( 90", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38397746488823226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.583305"} {"text": "| national smog standards | | earthjustice is fighting for stronger limits on ozone or smog - - pollution linked to premature deaths, thousands of emergency room visits, and tens of thousands of asthma attacks each year. ozone is especialy dangerous to small children and senior citizens, who are often warned to stay indoors on polluted days. smog pollution can also severely damage forests and plants, stunting their growth and increasing the risk of die - off from disease. unfortunately, smog standards recently adopted by the u. s. epa are far weaker than recommended unanimously by the agency ' s own science advisors, leaving public health and the environment at great risk. earthjustice is challenging these standards on behalf of public health and conservation groups. | | strengthening protections for our nation ' s forests | | in 2007, earthjustice won its challenge to the bush administration ' s 2005 revision of the national forest management act planning regulations, which govern management of the 193 - million - acre national forest system. in response to our win, the forest service issued revised regulations. unfortunately, the revised regulations are virtually the same as the regulations that the court invalidated, and the process by which they were adopted suffers from the same legal infirmities as the 2005 revision. once again the regulations run counter to the national forest management act, which was passed in 1976 in reaction to rampant overharvesting of commercial timber from the national forests, especially through clearcutting. the act was expressly intended to reduce the forest service ' s discretion in managing the national forests, placing limits on timber harvesting and promoting the protection of other resources, including wildlife and native plants, watersheds, and recreation, while the revised regulations eliminate precisely those limits and protections. this suit will challenge the revised regulations. | oil refineries and hazardous waste | | as a favor to u. s. oil refineries, epa has exempted hundreds of thousands of tons of hazardous wastes produced at refineries ( over 300, 000 tons annually ) from stringent federal regulation. with a sweep of the pen, these wastes are no longer considered \" hazardous \" if converted into gas and burned at the refineries. the waste, however, is known to be toxic, carcinogenic and prone to combust spontaneously and thus poses grave hazards to our air, water, and the communities in which it is stored, transported and burned. earthjustice has filed suit to strike down this exemption. | central maui stream restoration | | earthjustice petitioned the state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4452218109827132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.594195"} {"text": "spontaneously and thus poses grave hazards to our air, water, and the communities in which it is stored, transported and burned. earthjustice has filed suit to strike down this exemption. | central maui stream restoration | | earthjustice petitioned the state commission on water resource management to establish instream flow standards that would sustain beneficial instream uses, such as ecological protection, native hawaiian practices, recreation, and scenic values, for na wai eha ( the four great waters ) in central maui. the petition demanded that the water currently being hoarded and wasted by private companies be returned to the streams of origin. | | public liability for mining waste clean - up | | according to superfund legislation passed in 1980, the epa should have developed regulations that required mining companies and other high - risk polluting industires to provide financial proof that in case of toxic spills and other environmental contamination, these companies would be able to clean up the resultant contamination. the epa has yet to issue these regulations, and some mining companies have declared bankruptcy instead of paying to clean up their sites, leaving the taxpayers with the bill. without the financial incentive to prevent pollution, these companies have little incentive to improve their waste management. in february 2009, a united states district court ruled that the epa must produce these long overdue regulations for mining companies by may 4, 2009, therefore limiting the public ' s liability for the damage caused to the environment by poor practices by these companies. | rock creek mine : threat to wildlife | | the proposed rock creek mine project in northwest montana would be located adjacent to and literally under the cabinet mountains wilderness area in the kootenai national forest. the copper and silver mine ' s location is in a sensitive portion of grizzly bear habitat, and construction will add sediment to local waters, which would smother bull trout spawning areas. since 2001, the fish & wildlife service has issued flawed biological opinions repeatedly, and earthjustice has repeatedly - - and successfully - - challenged the approval for the mine. in december 2007, the fish & wildlife service once again gave the mining company approval to begin construction activities, based on a biological opinion that relies on mitigation measures that are not sufficient to protect the populations of grizzly bear. this biological opinion also permits extensive degradation of a portion of rock creek previously deemed critical habitat for bull trout. to allow mining and other mineral development under federally designated wilderness would set a dangerous precedent. earthjustice is challenging this renewed approval for the mine. | new york brownfields | | thousands of contaminated and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49356170454352916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.595294"} {"text": "rock creek previously deemed critical habitat for bull trout. to allow mining and other mineral development under federally designated wilderness would set a dangerous precedent. earthjustice is challenging this renewed approval for the mine. | new york brownfields | | thousands of contaminated and abandoned gas stations, factories, other industiral and commercial sites are poisoning the air, land, and water for communities across new york. the state adopted regulations that fall far short of the landmark law passed in 2003 to clean up many of these brownfields. in february 2008, the court ruled that contaminated sites must be cleaned up to the statutory cleanup objectives, not simply to the contaminated background levels at the site. | oil and gas lease sale in the chukchi sea | | alaska ' s chukchi sea, part of america ' s arctic, provides vital habitat for polar bears, endangered bowhead whales, walrus, beluga whales, seals, fish and marine birds. in recent years, the wildlife and people of this poorly - understood but precious and vibrant region have experienced dramatic impacts from climate change, melting sea ice, declining wildlife populations and eroding shorelines. | | herring trawlers : threat to new england fisheries | | the population of groundfish off the coast of new england has been depleted for years. in 1994 nearly all fishing was banned from waters identified as spawning grounds and sanctuaries for cod, haddock, and other groundfish in order to give groundfish a chance to rebound from overfishing. herring mid - water trawlers were initially banned from the groundfish - closed areas in 1994. but in 1998 federal regulators decided to re - open these areas to trawlers, based on an assumption that the herring ships would catch little or no groundfish in their nets. as a result of this loophole in the regulations, it ' s estimated that these vessels have caught hundreds of thousands of pounds of mature and juvenile groundfish as bycatch. earthjustice has filed suit on behalf of local fishing groups to force federal regulators to close this loophole. | protecting california ' s air : removing agricultural exemptions | | california state law used to exempt farms, dairies, and other agricultural operations from getting air permits for pollution from sources such as agricultural dust, diesel irrigation pumps, and livestock waste. this exemption made compliance with the federal clean air act impossible. earthjustice sued the epa for allowing california permitting programs to include the exemption, and earthjustice ' s victory led california legislators to strip the exemption from the law. however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4602967881506783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.596293"} {"text": "waste. this exemption made compliance with the federal clean air act impossible. earthjustice sued the epa for allowing california permitting programs to include the exemption, and earthjustice ' s victory led california legislators to strip the exemption from the law. however, epa staff recently discovered that it unwittingly approved a provision with the older exemption for agricultural sources back in 1972 as part of a larger state implementation law, and could not find any subsequent action to strip the provision. unless the epa or the state take affirmative action to remove the provision, it remains federally - enforceable law. this suit seeks to compel the epa to remove the provision. | challenge to coalbed methane development in hd mountains | | a proposed natural gas drilling project near durango, colorado, will bulldoze roadless forest, worsen air pollution, threaten homes, and pollute wilderness areas and mesa verde national park. the project porposes almost 200 new coalbed methane wells, including approximately 30 wells and 8 to 9 miles of new roads inside the currently undeveloped hd mountains roadless areas. despite this, the forest service and the bureau of land management have approved the permits necessary for the project. earthjustice is challenging the project on behalf of conservation groups, homeowners, a rural county, and individuals whose livelihood would be negatively impacted by the drilling as proposed. | red legged frog : critical habitat | | in the spring of 2006, the u. s. fish and wildlife service bowed to industry and developer pressure by issuing a rule that greatly diminished the critical habitat of the endangered california red legged frog. critical habitat is defined to include those areas that are \" essential to the conservation of the species. \" also, by law, critical habitat determinations must be made based upon the \" best scientific and commercial data available. \" earthjustice discovered through freedom of information act requests that political pressure by officials in the d. c. office, including former deputy assistant secretary of the interior julie macdonald, rose to the level of improper influence compromising the scientific integrity of the final critical habitat rule. this pressure caused field office scientists to ignore important scientific documents, such as the frog ' s recovery plan, and to exclude from the final rule significant areas of habitat that the fws had previously determined were \" essential to the conservation \" of the frog. the result is a final critical habitat rule that does not provide for the recovery of the frog, nor is it based on the best available science. in september 2008, the fws published a proposed rule that would significantly increase the critical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47897533918090707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.597354"} {"text": "of the frog. the result is a final critical habitat rule that does not provide for the recovery of the frog, nor is it based on the best available science. in september 2008, the fws published a proposed rule that would significantly increase the critical habitat for the red - legged frog, and earthjustice settled the lawsuit. | improving energy efficiency standards for electric transformers | | we ' ve all seen them - - those gray boxes mounted on telephone poles. those boxes are electricity distribution transformers, and they serve to reduce the power of electric current from the high voltage used in transmission lines to the lower voltages we use in our homes, offices, and businesses. some transformers lose a lot more electricity than others, and all those inefficient transformers add up to a huge amount of wasted energy. according to the department of energy, if our utility companies started installing only the most efficient transformers available on the market today, the energy we save would avoid the need to construct 20 large - scale power plants by the year 2038. however, instead of requiring these more efficient models, the doe selected weak standards for electricity distribution transformers, ignoring the environmental benefits of going to stronger standards. earthjustice challenged the adoption of these standards, and in august 2009, the doe settled the case, agreeing to review existing efficiency standards and propose changes to maximize future savings three year earlier than otherwise required. | south shale ridge oil and gas leasing | | the south shale ridge wilderness is home to wildlife and rare plants, and is a popular destination for hikers and hunters. however, the blm reversed an earlier recommendation to protect the ridge as a wilderness study area and instead leased the vast majority of land for oil and gas drilling. in august 2007, the federal district court in colorado ruled that the blm violated the endangered species act and the national environmental policy act when it granted the leases, and ordered the blm to consider the effect of drilling and development on rare species in the area. | bonneville cutthroat trout listing | | in 2002, the u. s. fish and wildlife service denied to extend protection of the bonneville cutthroat trout under the endangered species act, despite the fact that the species has been eliminated from 90 percent of its range, due to habitat degradation, predation, and hybridization from non - native trout. earthjustice filed suit on behalf of the center for biological diversity, the biodiversity conservation alliance, and the pacific rivers council, and in october, 2007, the fws announced that it has reversed its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5144695848807441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.598391"} {"text": "friday, november 23, 2012 cardinal virtues and counterfeit virtues the cardinal virtues are wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice. they are so called because they are traditionally regarded as the \u201c hinge \u201d ( cardo ) on which the rest of morality turns. we find them discussed in plato \u2019 s republic and given a more given systematic exposition in aquinas \u2019 s summa theologiae. for plato, these virtues are related to the three main parts of the soul and the corresponding three main classes in his ideal city. wisdom is the characteristic virtue of the highest part of the soul - - the rational part - - and of the highest class within the city, the ruling philosopher - kings. courage is the characteristic virtue of the middle, spirited part of the soul, and of the soldiers who constitute the second main class in the city. moderation is the characteristic attribute of the lowest, desiring part of the soul and of the lowest, productive class of the city. justice in turn is the proper ordering of the three parts of the soul and the city, each doing its part. when reason is in charge and the spirited part of the soul - - the part driven by a sense of honor and shame - - is doing reason \u2019 s bidding in keeping down the desiring part of the soul, allowing its appetites to be indulged only when reason dictates, the soul is just. and when the philosopher - kings - - those motivated by a rational, disinterested pursuit of the good of the city - - are in charge of the city, the soldiers following their lead in governing the city, and the productive class focusing their attention on that to which they are best suited ( farming, building, craftsmanship, and the like ), the city is just. injustice is a deviation from this order - - the spirited part or the desiring part dominating the soul, or the soldiers or productive class dominating the government of the city. plato \u2019 s famous analysis of the four main types of unjust regime develops this theme. a timocracy or honor - oriented society puts the military virtues ahead of reason. this is disordered, but still the least bad form of unjust city in plato \u2019 s view, since at least it is an objective and non - appetitive standard - - the will to pursue what is honorable and avoid what is shameful - - that is idealized. an oligarchy or money - oriented society is worse, because it is driven by the appetitive part of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5108402275400326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.609601"} {"text": "appetitive standard - - the will to pursue what is honorable and avoid what is shameful - - that is idealized. an oligarchy or money - oriented society is worse, because it is driven by the appetitive part of the soul, but it is still not the worst kind of regime, since the pursuer of wealth must at least puts chains on his appetites to some extent, respecting bourgeois values like thrift and long - term thinking. democracy, as plato understands it, is worse still, since it effectively puts the lowest appetites in charge. like the never - satisfied and competing impulses toward food, sex, and drink that dominate a degenerate individual soul, a democratic society is dominated by the same impulses, and its social life and politics are chaotic, characterized by passing fads and resistant to the idea that there might be any permanent and objective standard against which the fads and impulses might be judged. tyranny, the worst kind of regime, is essentially what results when a particular democratic soul, driven by especially strong appetites, imposes its will on the rest. this analysis and its relevance to modern politics and culture deserve a write - up of their own, but for the moment let \u2019 s consider the fate of the cardinal virtues in a modern democratic society. the words \u201c wisdom, \u201d \u201c courage, \u201d \u201c moderation, \u201d and \u201c justice \u201d are certainly not absent in such societies. to some extent the content of the traditional virtues is even respected - - democratic citizens will approve of the courage they read about in military history or see portrayed in movies like saving private ryan, will commend moderation where overindulgence might affect bodily health, and so forth. but much more prominent than the cardinal virtues - - and to a large extent coloring the conception democratic man has of the content of the cardinal virtues - - are certain other character traits, such as open - mindedness, empathy, tolerance, and fairness. the list will be familiar, since the language of these \u201c virtues \u201d permeates contemporary pop culture and politics, and it can be said to constitute a kind of counterpoint to the traditional cardinal virtues. and in each case the counter - virtue entails a turn of just the sort one might expect given plato \u2019 s analysis of democracy - - from the objective to the subjective, from a focus on the way things actually are to a focus on the way one believes or desires them to be. hence wisdom, as a plato or aquinas conceives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5067584480608835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.610779"} {"text": "\u2019 s analysis of democracy - - from the objective to the subjective, from a focus on the way things actually are to a focus on the way one believes or desires them to be. hence wisdom, as a plato or aquinas conceives of it, is outward - oriented, involving a grasp of objective truth in the speculative and practical spheres. open - mindedness, by contrast, is oriented inwardly, toward the subjective, concerned not with objective reality itself so much as with a willingness to consider alternative views about objective reality. courage has to do with the will to do what one ought to do in the face of danger or difficulty. the courageous man will do his duty even though he is afraid or feels uncomfortable or put upon, and we praise him precisely for ignoring these subjective feelings. empathy, by contrast, involves precisely a focus on such feelings - - indeed, even to the point of sympathizing with the one who has failed to be courageous. courage says : \u201c yes, it was difficult ; but you should have done it anyway. \u201d empathy says : \u201c i understand why you didn \u2019 t do it ; it was so difficult! \u201d similarly, moderation tells us that we sometimes need to refrain from indulging our appetites, in some cases even when we have an extremely powerful desire to indulge them. tolerance, by contrast, refuses to condemn such indulgence. toleration works in tandem with empathy, as moderation works together with courage. just as courage is reason \u2019 s ally in keeping the appetites at bay - - it reminds us that it is weak and shameful to indulge when reason says we shouldn \u2019 t - - so too is empathy the ally of the appetitive part of the soul in its war with reason, giving it permission to indulge and to ignore what unkind, unfeeling reason is saying. courage and moderation command : \u201c you \u2019 re a human being! don \u2019 t act like animal! \u201d empathy and toleration respond : \u201c we understand, go ahead, you \u2019 re just an animal anyway! \u201d finally, whereas justice requires us to conform our desires to the order of things, fairness commands the order of things to conform itself to our desires. justice says : \u201c john is richer than you are and paul has more authority. but that is as it should be, since john worked harder and paul is wiser. \u201d fairness says : \u201c john is richer than you are and paul has more authority. that \u2019 s not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5323355657229605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.611745"} {"text": "is richer than you are and paul has more authority. but that is as it should be, since john worked harder and paul is wiser. \u201d fairness says : \u201c john is richer than you are and paul has more authority. that \u2019 s not fair! \u201d justice treats equals equally and unequals unequally. fairness treats everyone equally ; or rather, it treats everyone the way the one shouting \u201c unfairness! \u201d thinks they should be treated. now, all of that makes the counter - virtues in question sound pretty bad - - or it should make them sound bad, anyway - - but i hasten to add that none of this entails that there is nothing of value in open - mindedness, empathy, tolerance, and fairness. far from it. the objective truth at which wisdom aims is not all built into us and it is not all obvious ; it needs to be acquired through hard work. open - mindedness facilitates that. realistically inculcating the virtues, including courage, requires an understanding of actual human circumstances, including human weaknesses. that requires empathy. the road to virtue is, given human weakness, inevitably paved with repeated failures to live up to it. tolerance of these failures ( albeit not approval of them ) is, accordingly, no less necessary to the realistic inculcation of virtue than empathy is. and some inequalities really are rightly decried as unfair insofar as they arise from injustice. ( john might be richer than you because he is more hard - working. but it might instead be because he is a thief or a fraudster or someone who knows how to game the system. ) so, there can be real value in open - mindedness, empathy, tolerance, and fairness, and a wise man will acknowledge this. but it is crucial to see that their value is instrumental. they are of secondary value, of significance precisely insofar as they facilitate the acquisition of wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice. a soul which strives primarily to acquire those traditional cardinal virtues, even while acknowledging the value within limits of open - mindedness, empathy, tolerance, and fairness in the process of acquiring them, is rightly ordered. but a soul which primarily values open - mindedness, empathy, tolerance, and fairness, and either rejects the traditional cardinal virtues or relegates them to second place, is disordered. similarly, a rightly ordered society will value the traditional cardinal virtues over open - mindedness, empathy, tolerance, and fairness, whereas a society which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4828376520330899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.612842"} {"text": "| | this article may contain original research. ( august 2009 ) | | this article does not cite any references or sources. ( august 2009 ) | electrical tape ( or insulating tape ) is a type of pressure - sensitive tape used to insulate electrical wires and other material that conduct electricity. it can be made of many plastics, but vinyl is most popular, as it stretches well and gives an effective and long lasting insulation. electrical tape for class h insulation is made of fiberglass cloth. a wide variety of electrical tapes are available ; some for highly specialized purposes. electricians generally use only black tape for insulation purposes. the other colors are used to indicate the voltage level and phase of the wire. ( in fact, the colored tape is referred to as \" phasing tape \". ) this is done on large wire which is available only in black insulation. when wires are phased, a ring of tape is placed on each end near the termination so that the purpose of the wire is obvious. the following table describes this usage. | tape color | | usage ( u. s. ) | | usage ( u. k. ) | | usage ( international \u2013 new ) | low voltage, phase a low voltage, neutral | low voltage, phase b | | red | | low voltage, phase b | | low voltage, phase a | | sheath, 415 v 3 phase | | blue | | low voltage, phase c | | low voltage, phase c | | low voltage, neutral sheath, 230 v | brown | | high voltage, phase a | | low voltage, phase a | | orange | | high voltage, phase b | | sheath, garden tools | | yellow | | high voltage, phase c | | low voltage, phase b | | sheath, 110 v site wiring | | green with yellow stripe | | isolated ground | | earth | | white | | low voltage, neutral | | grey | | high voltage, neutral | | low voltage, phase c | tape that is approved for electrical applications will carry an approval label from an agency such as underwriters laboratories. as it is easily torn by hand, can be written on, and generally removes from smooth surfaces cleanly, it is useful for a number of other applications such as labelling ( including colour - coding ) and temporarily attaching objects to one another. it can be torn by hand or cut with tools. the original electrical insulating tape was made of cloth tape impregnated with chatterton ' s compound, an adhesive material manufactured using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4975279395141199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.618535"} {"text": "coding ) and temporarily attaching objects to one another. it can be torn by hand or cut with tools. the original electrical insulating tape was made of cloth tape impregnated with chatterton ' s compound, an adhesive material manufactured using gutta - percha. this type of tape was often used to insulate soldered splices on knob and tube wiring. in the early 1940s, vinyl plastic emerged as a versatile material for a wide range of applications, from shower curtains to cable insulation. a major ingredient in vinyl film was tricresyl phosphate ( tcp ), which was used as a plasticizer. unfortunately, tcp tended to migrate, giving the surface of the vinyl film an oily quality and degrading every tape adhesive known. research chemists and engineers at 3m set out to create a dependable, pressure - sensitive tape made of vinyl film that would have the required electrical, physical and chemical properties. experiments were conducted combining new plasticizers with the white, flour - like vinyl resin. finally, in january 1946, inventors snell, oace, and eastwold of 3m applied for a patent for a vinyl electrical tape with a plasticizer system and non - sulfur - based rubber adhesive that were compatible. the first commercially available version of the tape was sold for use as a wire - harness wrapping. interestingly, this original black tape wasn ' t black at all. tapes formulated for high - temperature were yellow, and later versions were white. white tape, because of its instability in ultraviolet light, was eventually replaced with black tape, although colored vinyl tapes are still used as identification and marking tapes. black became the standard industry color for vinyl standard tape, primarily because of its ultraviolet resistance. thicknesses originally were 4 mil ( 100 \u00b5m ), 8 mil ( 200 \u00b5m ) and 12 mil ( 300 \u00b5m ). these were standardized to 7 mil ( 180 \u00b5m ) and 10 mil ( 250 \u00b5m ) in 1948.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4834084796987081, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.620307"} {"text": "extra ecclesiam nulla salus the latin phrase extra ecclesiam nulla salus means : \" outside the church there is no salvation \". the most recent catholic catechism interpreted this to mean that \" all salvation comes from christ the head through the church which is his body. \" this expression comes from the writings of saint cyprian of carthage, a bishop of the 3rd century. the axiom is often used as shorthand for the doctrine, upheld by many protestants, the eastern orthodox church and the roman catholic church, that the church is necessary for salvation. the theological basis for this doctrine is founded on the beliefs that ( 1 ) jesus christ personally established the one church ; and ( 2 ) the church serves as the means by which the graces won by christ are communicated to believers. an eastern orthodox bishop has expressed this doctrine as follows : extra ecclesiam nulla salus. all the categorical strength and point of this aphorism lies in its tautology. outside the church there is no salvation, because salvation is the church \" ( g. florovsky, \" sobornost : the catholicity of the church \", in the church of god, p. 53 ). does it therefore follow that anyone who is not visibly within the church is necessarily damned? of course not ; still less does it follow that everyone who is visibly within the church is necessarily saved. as augustine wisely remarked : \" how many sheep there are without, how many wolves within! \" ( homilies on john, 45, 12 ) while there is no division between a \" visible \" and an \" invisible church \", yet there may be members of the church who are not visibly such, but whose membership is known to god alone. if anyone is saved, he must in some sense be a member of the church ; in what sense, we cannot always say. \u2014 kallistos ware the roman catholic church also teaches that the doctrine does not mean that everyone who is not visibly within the church is necessarily damned ( see below ). some of the most pertinent roman catholic expressions of this doctrine are : the profession of faith of pope innocent iii ( 1208 ), the profession of faith of the fourth lateran council ( 1215 ), the bull unam sanctam of pope boniface viii ( 1302 ), and the profession of faith of the council of florence ( 1442 ). the axiom \" no salvation outside the church \" has been frequently repeated over the centuries in different terms by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5247182967884503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.653471"} {"text": "sanctam of pope boniface viii ( 1302 ), and the profession of faith of the council of florence ( 1442 ). the axiom \" no salvation outside the church \" has been frequently repeated over the centuries in different terms by the ordinary magisterium. catholic statements of this teaching | | this section contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry. ( february 2013 ) | fourth lateran council ( 1215 ) : \" there is but one universal church of the faithful, outside which no one at all is saved. \" pope boniface viii, bull unam sanctam ( 1302 ) : \" we are compelled in virtue of our faith to believe and maintain that there is only one holy catholic church, and that one is apostolic. this we firmly believe and profess without qualification. outside this church there is no salvation and no remission of sins, the spouse in the canticle proclaiming : ' one is my dove, my perfect one. one is she of her mother, the chosen of her that bore her ' ( canticle of canticles 6 : 8 ) ; which represents the one mystical body whose head is christ, of christ indeed, as god. and in this, ' one lord, one faith, one baptism ' ( ephesians 4 : 5 ). certainly noah had one ark at the time of the flood, prefiguring one church which perfect to one cubit having one ruler and guide, namely noah, outside of which we read all living things were destroyed \u2026 we declare, say, define, and pronounce that it is absolutely necessary for the salvation of every human creature to be subject to the roman pontiff. \" pope eugene iv, cantate domino ( 1441 ) : \" the most holy roman church firmly believes, professes and preaches that none of those existing outside the catholic church, not only pagans, but also jews and heretics and schismatics, can have a share in life eternal ; but that they will go into the \" eternal fire which was prepared for the devil and his angels \" ( matthew 25 : 41 ), unless before death they are joined with her ; and that so important is the unity of this ecclesiastical body that only those remaining within this unity can profit by the sacraments of the church unto salvation, and they alone can receive an eternal recompense for their fasts, their almsgivings, their other works of christian piety and the duties of a christian soldier", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44523017683967264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.654491"} {"text": "within this unity can profit by the sacraments of the church unto salvation, and they alone can receive an eternal recompense for their fasts, their almsgivings, their other works of christian piety and the duties of a christian soldier. no one, let his almsgiving be as great as it may, no one, even if he pour out his blood for the name of christ, can be saved, unless he remain within the bosom and the unity of the catholic church. \" pope boniface i, epistle 14. 1 : \" it is clear that this roman church is to all churches throughout the world as the head is to the members, and that whoever separates himself from it becomes an exile from the christian religion, since he ceases to belong to its fellowship. \" pope pelagius ii ( 578 - 590 ) : \" consider the fact that whoever has not been in the peace and unity of the church cannot have the lord \u2026 although given over to flames and fires, they burn, or, thrown to wild beasts, they lay down their lives, there will not be ( for them ) that crown of faith but the punishment of faithlessness \u2026 such a one can be slain, he cannot be crowned \u2026 [ if ] slain outside the church, he cannot attain the rewards of the church \" ( denzinger, 469 ). saint gregory the great ( 590 - 604 ), moralia : \" now the holy church universal proclaims that god cannot be truly worshipped saving within herself, asserting that all they that are without her shall never be saved. \" pope sylvester ii, profession of faith, june ad 991 : \" i believe that in baptism all sins are forgiven, that one which was committed originally as much as those which are voluntarily committed, and i profess that outside the catholic church no one is saved. \" pope innocent iii ( 1198 \u2013 1216 ), profession of faith prescribed for the waldensians : \" with our hearts we believe and with our lips we confess but one church, not that of the heretics, but the holy roman catholic and apostolic church, outside which we believe that no one is saved \" ( denzinger 792 ). pope clement vi, letter super quibusdam ( to consolator the catholicos of armenia ), september 20, 1351 : \" in the second place, we ask whether you and the armenians obedient to you believe that no man of the wayfarers outside of the faith of this church, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4525701584013078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.656050"} {"text": "not attain the inheritance of the kingdom of god. ' moreover, saint augustine and the other african bishops who met in the council of cirta in the year 412 explained the same thing at greater length : ' whoever has separated himself from the catholic church, no matter how laudably he lives, will not have eternal life, but has earned the anger of god because of this one crime : that he abandoned his union with christ ' ( epsitle 141 ). omitting other appropriate passages which are almost numberless in the writings of the fathers, we shall praise saint gregory the great, who expressly testifies that this is indeed the teaching of the catholic church. he says : ' the holy universal church teaches that it is not possible to worship god truly except in her and asserts that all who are outside of her will not be saved ' ( moral. in job, 16. 5 ). official acts of the church proclaim the same dogma. thus, in the decree on faith which innocent iii published with the synod of the lateran iv, these things are written : ' there is one universal church of the faithful outside of which no one at all is saved. ' finally, the same dogma is expressly mentioned in the profession of faith proposed by the apostolic see, not only that which all latin churches use ( creed of the council of trent ), but also that which the greek orthodox church uses ( cf. gregory xiii, profession ' sanctissimus ' ) and that which other eastern catholics use ( cf. benedict xiv, profession ' nuper ad nos ' ) \u2026 we are so concerned about this serious and well known dogma, which has been attacked with such remarkable audacity, that we could not restrain our pen from reinforcing this truth with many testimonies. \" pope pius ix ( 1846 \u2013 1878 ), allocution singulari quadem, december 9, 1854 : \" not without sorrow we have learned that another error, no less destructive, has taken possession of some parts of the catholic world, and has taken up its abode in the souls of many catholics who think that one should have good hope of the eternal salvation of all those who have never lived in the true church of christ. therefore, they are wont to ask very often what will be the lot and condition of those who have not submitted in any way to the catholic faith, and, by bringing forward most vain reasons, they make a response favorable to their false opinion. far be it from us, venerable brethren, to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4976206293563077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.658731"} {"text": "what will be the lot and condition of those who have not submitted in any way to the catholic faith, and, by bringing forward most vain reasons, they make a response favorable to their false opinion. far be it from us, venerable brethren, to presume on the limits of the divine mercy which is infinite ; far from us, to wish to scrutinize the hidden counsel and \" judgements of god \" which are \" a great abyss \" ( ps. 35. 7 ) and cannot be penetrated by human thought. but, as is our apostolic duty, we wish your episcopal solicitude and vigilance to be aroused, so that you will strive as much as you can to drive form the mind of men that impious and equally fatal opinion, namely, that the way of eternal salvation can be found in any religion whatsoever. may you demonstrate with skill and learning in which you excel, to the people entrusted to your care that the dogmas of the catholic faith are in no wise opposed to divine mercy and justice. \" for, it must be held by faith that outside the apostolic roman church, no one can be saved ; that this is the only ark of salvation ; that he who shall not have entered therein will perish in the flood ; but, on the other hand, it is necessary to hold for certain that they who labor in ignorance of the true religion, if this ignorance is invincible, will not be held guilty of this in the eyes of god. now, in truth, who would arrogate so much to himself as to mark the limits of such an ignorance, because of the nature and variety of peoples, regions, innate dispositions, and of so many other things? for, in truth, when released from these corporeal chains ' we shall see god as he is ' ( 1 john 3. 2 ), we shall understand perfectly by how close and beautiful a bond divine mercy and justice are united ; but as long as we are on earth, weighed down by this mortal mass which blunts the soul, let us hold most firmly that, in accordance with catholic teaching, there is \" one god, one faith, one baptism \" ( eph. 4. 5 ) ; it is unlawful to proceed further in inquiry. \" but, just as the way of charity demands, let us pour forth continual prayers that all nations everywhere may be converted to christ ; and let us be devoted to the common salvation of men in proportion to our strength, ' for the hand of the lord is not shortened '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46713767908105686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.660063"} {"text": "the way of charity demands, let us pour forth continual prayers that all nations everywhere may be converted to christ ; and let us be devoted to the common salvation of men in proportion to our strength, ' for the hand of the lord is not shortened ' ( isa. 9. 1 ) and the gifts of heavenly grace will not be wanting to those who sincerely wish and ask to be refreshed by this light. \" pope pius ix ( 1846 \u2013 1878 ), encyclical singulari quidem march 17, 1856 ) : \" teach that just as there is only one god, one christ, one holy spirit, so there is also only one truth which is divinely revealed. there is only one divine faith which is the beginning of salvation for mankind and the basis of all justification, the faith by which the just person lives and without which it is impossible to please god and come to the community of his children ( romans 1 ; hebrews 11 ; council of trent, session 6, chapter 8 ). there is only one true, holy, catholic church, which is the apostolic roman church. there is only one see founded on peter by the word of the lord ( st. cyprian, epistle 43 ), outside of which we cannot find either true faith or eternal salvation. he who does not have the church for a mother cannot have god for a father, and whoever abandons the see of peter on which the church is established trusts falsely that he is in the church ( ibid, on the unity of the catholic church ).... outside of the church, nobody can hope for life or salvation unless he is excused through ignorance beyond his control. \" pope pius ix ( 1846 \u2013 1878 ), encyclical quanto conficiamur moerore, august 10, 1863 : \" and here, beloved sons and venerable brothers, we should mention again and censure a very grave error in which some catholics are unhappily engaged, who believe that men living in error, and separated from the true faith and from catholic unity, can attain eternal life. indeed, this is certainly quite contrary to catholic teaching. it is known to us and to you that they who labor in invincible ignorance of our most holy religion and who, zealously keeping the natural law and its precepts engraved in the hearts of all by god, and being ready to obey god, live an honest and upright life, can, by the operating power of divine light and grace, attain eternal life, since god who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4571150972202785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.661049"} {"text": "the natural law and its precepts engraved in the hearts of all by god, and being ready to obey god, live an honest and upright life, can, by the operating power of divine light and grace, attain eternal life, since god who clearly beholds, searches, and knows the minds, souls, thoughts, and habits of all men, because of his great goodness and mercy, will by no means suffer anyone to be punished with eternal torment who has not the guilt of deliberate sin. but, the catholic dogma that no one can be saved outside the catholic church is well - known ; and also that those who are obstinate toward the authority and definitions of the same church, and who persistently separate themselves from the unity of the church, and from the roman pontiff, the successor of peter, to whom ' the guardianship of the vine has been entrusted by the savior, ' ( council of chalcedon, letter to pope leo i ) cannot obtain eternal salvation. the words of christ are clear enough : ' and if he will not hear the church, let him be to thee as the heathen and publican ' ( matthew 18 : 17 ) ; ' he that heareth you, heareth me ; and he that dispeth you, despiseth me ; and he that dispiseth me, despiseth him that sent me ' ( luke 10 : 16 ) ; ' he that believeth not shall be condemned ' ( mark 16 : 16 ) ; ' he that doth not believe, is already judged ' ( john 3 : 18 ) ; ' he that is not with me, is against me ; and he that gathereth not with me, scattereth ' ( luke 11 : 23 ). the apostle paul says that such persons are ' perverted and self - condemned ' ( titus 3 : 11 ) ; the prince of the apostles calls the ' false prophets \u2026 who shall bring in sects of perdition, and deny the lord who bought them : bringing upon themselves swift destruction ' ( 2 peter 2 : 1 ). \" pope pius ix the syllabus of errors, attached to encyclical quanta cura, 1864 : [ the following are prescribed errors : ] \" 16. men can, in the cult of any religion, find the way of eternal salvation and attain eternal salvation. - encyclical qui pluribus, november 9, 1846. \" 17. one ought to at least have good hope for the eternal salvation of all those who in no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4880558863002796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.661964"} {"text": "any religion, find the way of eternal salvation and attain eternal salvation. - encyclical qui pluribus, november 9, 1846. \" 17. one ought to at least have good hope for the eternal salvation of all those who in no way dwell in the true church of christ. - encyclical quanto conficiamur moerore, august 10, 1863, etc. \" pope leo xiii ( 1878 \u2013 1903 ), encyclical annum ingressi sumus : \" this is our last lesson to you ; receive it, engrave it in your minds, all of you : by god ' s commandment salvation is to be found nowhere but in the church. \" idem, encyclical sapientiae christianae : \" he scatters and gathers not who gathers not with the church and with jesus christ, and all who fight not jointly with him and with the church are in very truth contending against god. \" pope st. pius x ( 1903 \u2013 1914 ), encyclical jucunda sane : \" it is our duty to recall to everyone great and small, as the holy pontiff gregory did in ages past, the absolute necessity which is ours, to have recourse to this church to effect our eternal salvation. \" pope benedict xv ( 1914 \u2013 1922 ), encyclical ad beatissimi apostolorum : \" such is the nature of the catholic faith that it does not admit of more or less, but must be held as a whole, or as a whole rejected : this is the catholic faith, which unless a man believe faithfully and firmly, he cannot be saved. \" pope pius xi ( 1922 \u2013 1939 ), encyclical mortalium animos : \" the catholic church alone is keeping the true worship. this is the font of truth, this is the house of faith, this is the temple of god ; if any man enter not here, or if any man go forth from it, he is a stranger to the hope of life and salvation \u2026 furthermore, in this one church of christ, no man can be or remain who does not accept, recognize and obey the authority and supremacy of peter and his legitimate successors. \" pope pius xii ( 1939 \u2013 1958 ), encyclical humani generis, august 12, 1950 : \" some reduce to a meaningless formula the necessity of belonging to the true church in order to gain eternal salvation. \" pope pius xii ( 1939 \u2013 1958 ), allocution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4469370145741784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.663097"} {"text": ", encyclical humani generis, august 12, 1950 : \" some reduce to a meaningless formula the necessity of belonging to the true church in order to gain eternal salvation. \" pope pius xii ( 1939 \u2013 1958 ), allocution to the gregorian university ( 17 october 1953 ) : \" by divine mandate the interpreter and guardian of the scriptures, and the depository of sacred tradition living within her, the church alone is the entrance to salvation : she alone, by herself, and under the protection and guidance of the holy spirit, is the source of truth. \" second vatican council, dogmatic constitution lumen gentium, 14 : \" they could not be saved who, knowing that the catholic church was founded as necessary by god through christ, would refuse either to enter it, or to remain in it. \" | | this section contains too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry. ( february 2013 ) | - \" outside the church there is no salvation \" - how are we to understand this affirmation, often repeated by the church fathers? re - formulated positively, it means that all salvation comes from christ the head through the church which is his body : - \" basing itself on scripture and tradition, the council teaches that the church, a pilgrim now on earth, is necessary for salvation : the one christ is the mediator and the way of salvation ; he is present to us in his body which is the church. he himself explicitly asserted the necessity of faith and baptism, and thereby affirmed at the same time the necessity of the church which men enter through baptism as through a door. hence they could not be saved who, knowing that the catholic church was founded as necessary by god through christ, would refuse either to enter it or to remain in it \" ( second vatican council, lumen gentium, 14 ). - this affirmation is not aimed at those who, through no fault of their own, do not know christ and his church : - \" those who, through no fault of their own, do not know the gospel of christ or his church, but who nevertheless seek god with a sincere heart, and, moved by grace, try in their actions to do his will as they know it through the dictates of their conscience \u2014 those too may achieve eternal salvation \" ( second vatican council, lumen gentium, 16 ). - \" although in ways known to himself god can lead those who, through no fault of their own, are ignorant of the gospel, to that faith", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4878877359762166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.664022"} {"text": "those too may achieve eternal salvation \" ( second vatican council, lumen gentium, 16 ). - \" although in ways known to himself god can lead those who, through no fault of their own, are ignorant of the gospel, to that faith without which it is impossible to please him ( hebrews 11 : 6 ), the church still has the obligation and also the sacred right to evangelize all men \" ( second vatican council, ad gentes, 1 ). - missionary motivation. it is from god ' s love for all men that the church in every age receives both the obligation and the vigor of her missionary dynamism, \" for the love of christ urges us on, \" ( 2 corinthians 5 : 14 ; cf. apostolicam actuositatem 6, roman missal 11 ). indeed, god \" desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth \" ( 1 timothy 2 : 4 ) ; that is, god wills the salvation of everyone through the knowledge of the truth. salvation is found in the truth. those who obey the prompting of the spirit of truth are already on the way of salvation. but the church, to whom this truth has been entrusted, must go out to meet their desire, so as to bring them the truth. because she believes in god ' s universal plan of salvation, the church must be missionary. this conjunction of statements in the catechism makes it clear that the catholic church sees the dogma \" outside of the church there is no salvation \" as the basis for the missionary activity of the church, because those who are innocently outside the church but are also seeking to follow the will of god are thus the proper object of the church ' s missionary activity - so as to bring them explicitly the saving truths of the christian faith which they are seeking, and by which god desires to effect their salvation through the knowledge of jesus christ. \" and this is life everlasting that they know thee, the only true god, and jesus christ whom thou hast sent. \" ( john 17. 3 ), \" and there is not salvation in any other. for neither is there any other name under heaven given to men, wherein we must be saved. \" ( acts 4. 12 ) the catechism explicitly affirms this interpretation in paragraph 161 by insisting upon the necessity of actual faith in jesus christ for salvation. believing in jesus christ and in the one who sent him for our salvation is necessary for obtaining that salvation ( cf. mark", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45960514455162993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.666118"} {"text": "catechism explicitly affirms this interpretation in paragraph 161 by insisting upon the necessity of actual faith in jesus christ for salvation. believing in jesus christ and in the one who sent him for our salvation is necessary for obtaining that salvation ( cf. mark 16 : 16 ; john 3 : 36 ; 6 : 40 ; et al. ). \" since ' without faith it is impossible to please [ god ] ' and to attain to the fellowship of his sons, therefore without faith no one has ever attained justification, nor will anyone obtain eternal life ` but he who endures to the end, ' \" ( vatican i, dei fillius 3 ; cf. matthew 10 : 22 ; 24 : 13 and hebrews 11 : 6 ; council of trent decree on justification, 8 ) the popes quoted above as stating that outside of the church there is no salvation did not see this statement as contradicting their other statements that salvation is possible for those who, while not knowing the church as necessary for salvation and thus not explicitly entering the church, nevertheless accept whatever grace christ gives them and thus receive what the council of trent called baptism of desire. there are, of course, those who are struggling with invincible ignorance about our most holy religion. sincerely observing the natural law and its precepts inscribed by god on all hearts and ready to obey god, they live honest lives and are able to attain eternal life by the efficacious virtue of divine light and grace since god who clearly beholds, searches, and knows the minds, souls, thoughts, and habits of all men, because of his great goodness and mercy, will by no means suffer anyone to be punished with eternal torment who has not the guilt of deliberate sin. he saw their situation as different from that of people \" living in error and alienated from the true faith and catholic unity \u2026 stubbornly separated from the unity of the church and also from the successor of peter, the roman pontiff, \" namely those of whom the second vatican council said, as quoted above : \" they could not be saved who, knowing that the catholic church was founded as necessary by god through christ, would refuse either to enter it or to remain in it. \" for the invincibly ignorant, he saw their path to salvation as being through the mediation of the church ' s missionary activity : \" the sons of the catholic church \u2026 should always be zealous to seek them out and aid them, whether poor, or sick, or afflicted with any other burdens, with all the offices of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44791605153488967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.668526"} {"text": "the church ' s missionary activity : \" the sons of the catholic church \u2026 should always be zealous to seek them out and aid them, whether poor, or sick, or afflicted with any other burdens, with all the offices of christian charity ; and they should especially endeavor to snatch them from the darkness of error in which they unhappily lie, and lead them back to catholic truth and to the most loving mother the church, who never ceases to stretch out her maternal hands lovingly to them, and to call them back to her bosom so that, established and firm in faith, hope, and charity, and ' being fruitful in every good work ' ( colossians 1 : 10 ), they may attain eternal salvation. in his encyclical mystici corporis, 103 pope pius xii said that those who do not belong to the visible body of the catholic church \u2026 we ask each and every one of them to correspond to the interior movements of grace, and to seek to withdraw from that state in which they cannot be secure about their salvation. [ cf. pius ix, iam vos omnes, 13 sept. 1868 ] for even though by an unconscious desire and longing have a certain relationship with the mystical body of the redeemer, they still remain deprived of those many heavenly gifts and helps which can only be enjoyed in the catholic church. as indicated above, the catholic church rejects both feeneyism and ( by stating that \" they could not be saved who, knowing that the catholic church was founded as necessary by god through christ, would refuse either to enter it or to remain in it \" ) the contrary notion that one can be saved while knowingly and deliberately rejecting the catholic church. the catholic church holds that, among those who \" do not profess the catholic faith in its entirety or have not preserved unity or communion under the successor of peter \u2026 those who believe in christ and have been properly baptized are put in a certain, although imperfect, communion with the catholic church \" and that \" ( t ) hose who have not yet received the gospel are related to the people of god in various ways \" ( catechism of the catholic church, 838 - 839 ). all who have been justified by faith in baptism are members of christ ' s body, and have a right to be called christian, and so are correctly accepted as brothers by the children of the catholic church. moreover, some and even very many of the significant elements and endowments which together go to build up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4195527252618267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.669496"} {"text": "of christ ' s body, and have a right to be called christian, and so are correctly accepted as brothers by the children of the catholic church. moreover, some and even very many of the significant elements and endowments which together go to build up and give life to the church itself, can exist outside the visible boundaries of the catholic church : the written word of god ; the life of grace ; faith, hope and charity, with the other interior gifts of the holy spirit, and visible elements too. all of these, which come from christ and lead back to christ, belong by right to the one church of christ. the brethren divided from us also use many liturgical actions of the christian religion. these most certainly can truly engender a life of grace in ways that vary according to the condition of each church or community. these liturgical actions must be regarded as capable of giving access to the community of salvation. it follows that the separated churches and communities as such, though we believe them to be deficient in some respects, have been by no means deprived of significance and importance in the mystery of salvation. for the spirit of christ has not refrained from using them as instruments of salvation which derive their efficacy from the very fullness of grace and truth entrusted to the church. nevertheless, our separated brethren, whether considered as individuals or as communities and churches, are not blessed with that unity which jesus christ wished to bestow on all those to whom he has given new birth into one body, and whom he has quickened to newness of life - that unity which the holy scriptures and the ancient tradition of the church proclaim. for it is through christ ' s catholic church alone, which is the universal help towards salvation, that the fullness of the means of salvation can be obtained. it was to the apostolic college alone, of which peter is the head, that we believe that our lord entrusted all the blessings of the new covenant, in order to establish on earth the one body of christ into which all those must be fully incorporated who belong in any way to the people of god \u2026 all men are called to this catholic unity which prefigures and promotes universal peace. and in different ways to it belong, or are related : the catholic faithful, others who believe in christ, and finally all mankind, called by god ' s grace to salvation \u2026 hence to procure the glory of god and the salvation of all these, the church, mindful of the lord ' s command, \" preach the gospel to every creature \" ( mark 16.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4850679153070485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.670537"} {"text": "mankind, called by god ' s grace to salvation \u2026 hence to procure the glory of god and the salvation of all these, the church, mindful of the lord ' s command, \" preach the gospel to every creature \" ( mark 16. 16 ) takes zealous care to foster the missions. and also ( ad gentes, 3 ) : the reason for missionary activity lies in the will of god, \" who wishes all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth. for there is one god and one mediator between god and men, himself a man, jesus christ, who gave himself as a ransom for all \" ( 1 timothy 2. 4 - 5 ), \" neither is there salvation in any other \" ( acts 4. 12 ). everyone, therefore, ought to become converted to christ, who is known through the preaching of the church, and they ought, by baptism, to become incorporated into him, and into the church which is his body. christ himself explicitly asserted the necessity of faith and baptism ( cf. mark 16. 16, john 3. 5 ), and thereby affirmed at the same time the necessity of the church, which men enter through baptism as through a door. hence, those cannot be saved, who, knowing that the catholic church was founded through jesus christ, by god, as something necessary, still refuse to enter it, or to remain in it. so, although in ways known only to himself, god can lead those who, through no fault of their own, are ignorant of the gospel to that faith without which it is impossible to please him ( hebrews 11. 6 ), the church nevertheless, still has the obligation and sacred right to evangelize. and today, as always, missionary activity retains its full force and necessity. by means of this activity the mystical body of christ unceasingly gathers and directs its energies towards its own increase ( ephesians 4 : 11 - 16 ). the members of the church are impelled to engage in this activity because of the charity with which they love god and by which they desire to share with all men in the spiritual goods of this life and the life to come \u2026 christ is the truth and the way which the preaching of the gospel lays open to all men when it speaks those words of christ in their ear : \" repent, and believe in the gospel \" ( mark 1 ; 15 ). since he who does not believe is already judged ( cf. john 3 : 18 ), the words of christ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4217500825434526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.671582"} {"text": "when it speaks those words of christ in their ear : \" repent, and believe in the gospel \" ( mark 1 ; 15 ). since he who does not believe is already judged ( cf. john 3 : 18 ), the words of christ are at once words of judgement and grace, of life and death. for it is only by putting to death that which is old that we can come to the newness of life. now although this refers primarily to people, it is also true of various worldly goods which bear the mark both of man ' s sin and the blessing of god : \" for all have sinned and have need of the glory of god \" ( romans 3. 23 ). no one is freed from sin by himself or by his own efforts, no one is raised above himself or completely delivered from his own weakness, solitude or slavery ; all have need of christ who is the model, master, liberator, savior, and giver of life ( cf. irenaeus, av. haer. 3. 15. 3 : \" they were preachers of truth and apostles of liberty. \" ) the 2000 declaration dominus iesus of the congregation for the doctrine of the faith states that \" it must be firmly believed that the church, a pilgrim now on earth, is necessary for salvation : the one christ is the mediator and the way of salvation ; he is present to us in his body which is the church. he himself explicitly asserted the necessity of faith and baptism ( cf. mk 16 : 16 ; jn 3 : 5 ), and thereby affirmed at the same time the necessity of the church which men enter through baptism as through a door. \" dominus iesus then adds that \" for those who are not formally and visibly members of the church, salvation in christ is accessible by virtue of a grace which, while having a mysterious relationship to the church, does not make them formally part of the church, but enlightens them in a way which is accommodated to their spiritual and material situation. this grace comes from christ ; it is the result of his sacrifice and is communicated by the holy spirit ; it has a relationship with the church, which, according to the plan of the father, has her origin in the mission of the son and the holy spirit. \" many traditionalists contend that church statements since the second vatican council are a radical departure from what was originally taught by the catholic church. they object to some of the recent vatican ii council ' s statements which imply that those who do not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4754969830334024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.672676"} {"text": "holy spirit. \" many traditionalists contend that church statements since the second vatican council are a radical departure from what was originally taught by the catholic church. they object to some of the recent vatican ii council ' s statements which imply that those who do not know the gospel and adhere to other religions can be saved without holding the catholic faith or religion. sedevacantist peter dimond of most holy family monastery for instance, contends that the statement refereed to earlier from pius ix in quanto conficiamur moerore does not deny the need to know and hold the catholic faith : the phrase \" effiacious virtue of divine light and grace \" is vague and could simply mean that god would bring unbelievers explicitly to the gospel at some later point in their lives. the athanasian creed, one of the oldest creeds of the church confirmed by both the council of florence and pope gregory xvi, taught unequivocally that only those who held the catholic faith whole and inviolate could be saved from eternal damnation. the athanasian creed states \" whosoever will be saved, above all it is necessary to hold the catholic faith. unless each one holds this faith whole and inviolate, without a doubt he will perish in eternity. \" while there is doubt about the authorship, the faith referred to is that of the trinity, and the lord ' s incarnation, substitutionary atonement, burial, ascension, exaltation, and the final judgment under christ. the statements of the church since vatican ii, traditionalists argue, countermand the original athanasian creed by stating that protestants, pagans, muslims, jews and others who do not hold the catholic faith whole and inviolate can still participate in salvation, and have the grace of faith. most holy family monastery in fillmore, new york, and the saint benedict center in richmond, new hampshire argue strenuously for this position. sedevacantist richard ibranyi also has several writings on the subject of \" extra ecclesiam nulla salus. \" in its statements of this doctrine quoted above, the church expressly teaches that \" it is necessary to hold for certain that they who labor in ignorance of the true religion, if this ignorance is invincible, will not be held guilty of this in the eyes of god \" ( singulari quadam ), that \" outside of the church, nobody can hope for life or salvation unless he is excused through ignorance beyond his control \" ( singulari qui", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4884908415355576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.673686"} {"text": "invincible, will not be held guilty of this in the eyes of god \" ( singulari quadam ), that \" outside of the church, nobody can hope for life or salvation unless he is excused through ignorance beyond his control \" ( singulari quidem ), that \" they who labor in invincible ignorance of our most holy religion and who, zealously keeping the natural law and its precepts engraved in the hearts of all by god, and being ready to obey god, live an honest and upright life, can, by the operating power of divine light and grace, attain eternal life \" ( quanto conficiamur moerore ). inculpable ignorance is not a means of salvation. but if by no fault of the individual ignorance cannot be overcome ( if, that is, it is inculpable and invincible ), it does not prevent the grace that comes from christ, a grace that has a relationship with the church, saving that person. controversy for the catholic church those who disagree with the church ' s interpretation of the teaching \" outside the church there is no salvation \" claim that the church has contradicted itself in its teachings on faith and morals. they say that the medieval church statements indicate that no person could possibly be saved unless a visible member of the catholic church on earth, and that this was the meaning intended by the popes of the time, whom they contend made no \" lenient statements \" on the matter. however, several church fathers did in fact make exceptions to visible membership, citing for example baptism ex voto, pre - baptismal martyrdom, although they made it clear that salvation was still mediated by christ through the catholic church, albeit in an invisible, extraordinary manner. a pivotal issue is dating : some argue that the \" strict \" proclamations were made at a time other than when the exceptions were taught, indicating contradiction given the absolutist nature of many strict teachings. ( see, for example, teachings from the fourth lateran council and pope boniface ) thus, certain people like father leonard feeney and some traditionalists believe their understanding of the original doctrine to be correct and that, if the church were now to teach that the salvation of people outside formal membership in the church is possible, it would contradict its earlier teaching, and would violate the doctrine of the church ' s infallibility. some sedevacantists hold that the second vatican council did in fact defect from the church ' s infallible teaching, and that what is today generally recognized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49825888276381736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.674610"} {"text": "earlier teaching, and would violate the doctrine of the church ' s infallibility. some sedevacantists hold that the second vatican council did in fact defect from the church ' s infallible teaching, and that what is today generally recognized as the catholic church is a counterfeit, which therefore is not infallible. protestant interpretation of the dogma the doctrine is upheld by many in the protestant tradition. martin luther, the foremost leader of the reformation, spoke of the necessity of belonging to the church ( in the sense of the true church ) in order to be saved : therefore he who would find christ must first find the church. how should we know where christ and his faith were, if we did not know where his believers are? and he who would know anything of christ must not trust himself nor build a bridge to heaven by his own reason ; but he must go to the church, attend and ask her. now the church is not wood and stone, but the company of believing people ; one must hold to them, and see how they believe, live and teach ; they surely have christ in their midst. for outside of the christian church there is no truth, no christ, no salvation. the genevan reformer john calvin, writing his institutes of the christian religion at the very time of the reformation, wrote therein \" beyond the pale of the church no forgiveness of sins, no salvation, can be hoped for \". calvin wrote also that \" those to whom he is a father, the church must also be a mother, \" echoing the words of the originator of the latin phrase himself, cyprian : \" he can no longer have god for his father who has not the church for his mother. \" reformed scholastics accepted the phrase so long as the church is recognized by the marks of the church, which they defined as proper administration of the word and sacrament, rather than apostolic succession. the idea is further affirmed in the westminster confession of faith of 1647 that \" the visible church... is the kingdom of the lord jesus christ, the house and family of god, out of which there is no ordinary possibility of salvation. \" despite this, it is not necessarily a commonly held belief within modern protestantism, especially evangelicalism and those denominations which believe in the autonomy of the local church. the dogma is related to the universal protestant dogma that the church is the body of all believers and debates within protestantism usually centre on the meaning of \" church \" ( ecclesiam ) and \" apart \" (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5043620408837344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.675581"} {"text": "autonomy of the local church. the dogma is related to the universal protestant dogma that the church is the body of all believers and debates within protestantism usually centre on the meaning of \" church \" ( ecclesiam ) and \" apart \" ( extra ). books written on the dogma - 1587 the firme foundation of catholike religion against the bottomles pitt of heresies : wherin is shewed that only catholiks shalbe saued, & that all heretikes of what sect so euer are excluded from the kingdome of heauen. [ pp. 1 \u2013 124 in the pdf is the book ; the rest is another book ] translated from \" ' du firmament des catholiques, contre l ' abisme des heretiques : ou est monstre que le seul catholique sera sauue, & que tous heretiques de quelque sacte que ce soit, & tous leurs fauorisans, sont exclus du royaume de iesuschrist, tout autant que les idolatres & adorateurs du diable \" by jean de caumont, s. j. ( published on 1587 ) - 1609 a consultation what faith and religion is best to be imbraced by leonardus lessius translated into english from the original latin quae fides et religio sit capessenda, consultatio ( published on 1609 ) - ( the section in the book that treats on the dogma : whether everyone may be saved in his own religion ) - 1625 qui non credit condemnabitur by rev. william smith, s. j. ( published on 1625 ) - 1822 an inquiry, whether salvation can be had without true faith, and out of the communion of the church of christ by bp. george hay - orlando o. espin, james b. nickoloff ( editors ), an introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies ( liturgical press 2007 isbn 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5856 - 7 ), p. 439 - joseph pohle, \" religious toleration \" in catholic encyclopedia 1912 - bishop kallistos ware : the orthodox church - catechism of the catholic church 846 - 848, 851 - an english translation is found at fathers of the church, cyprian, epistle 72. the phrase in question is in section 21. - singulari quadam - singulari quidem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5224820769228516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.676518"} {"text": "catholic church 846 - 848, 851 - an english translation is found at fathers of the church, cyprian, epistle 72. the phrase in question is in section 21. - singulari quadam - singulari quidem - quanto conficiamur moerore - luman gentium # 16, vatican ii council, november 21, 1964 - dimond, peter. \" outside the catholic church there is no salvation \" most holy family monastery, 2005, pp. 107 - 114. - gregory xvi, mirari vos # 16, august 15, 1832 - catholic encyclopedia, the athanasian creed - \" inculpable or invincible ignorance has never been and will never be a means of salvation. to be saved, it is necessary to be justified, or to be in the state of sanctifying grace. to obtain sanctifying grace, it is necessary to have the proper dispositions for justification ; that is, true divine faith in at least the necessary truths of salvation, confident hope in the divine savior, sincere sorrow for sin, together with the firm purpose of doing all that god has commanded, etc. now, these supernatural acts of faith, hope, charity, contrition, etc., which prepare the soul for receiving sanctifying grace, can never be supplied by invincible ignorance ; and if invincible ignorance cannot supply the preparation for receiving sanctifying grace, much less can it bestow sanctifying grace itself. \" invincible ignorance \", says st. thomas aquinas, \" is a punishment for sin \". ( de infid. q. x., art. 1. ) it is, then, a curse, but not a blessing or a means of salvation. but if we say that inculpable ignorance cannot save a man, we thereby do not say that invincible ignorance damns a man. far from it. to say, invincible ignorance is no means of salvation, is one thing ; and to say, invincible ignorance is the cause of damnation, is another. to maintain the latter would be wrong, for inculpable ignorance of the fundamental principles of faith excuses a heathen from the sin of infidelity, and a protestant from the sin of heresy ; because such invincible ignorance, being only a simple involuntary privation, is no sin. \" ( michael muller, invincible or inculpable ignorance neither saves nor damns a person slaves of the immaculate heart of mary : questions and answers on salvation by rev. michael muller", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4898083786302553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.677587"} {"text": ", being only a simple involuntary privation, is no sin. \" ( michael muller, invincible or inculpable ignorance neither saves nor damns a person slaves of the immaculate heart of mary : questions and answers on salvation by rev. michael muller, c. ss. r - sermon for the early christmas service ; luke 2 : 15 - 20 ( 1521 - 1522 ). luther ' s works, american ed., hans j. hillerbrand, helmut t. lehmann ed., philadelphia, concordia publishing house / fortress press, 1974, isbn 0 - 8006 - 0352 - 4 ( sermons ii ), vol. 52 : 39 - 40 - institutes, book iv, chapter i, section. iv - institutes, book iv, chapter i, section. i. - the unity of the catholic church, ch. 6 - muller, richard ( 2006 ). dictionary of latin and greek theological terms : drawn principally from protestant scholastic theology. baker book house. p. 112. isbn 978 - 0801020643. - without the church there is no salvation catholic education resource center - church fathers on salvation outside the church - can non - christians be saved? by kenneth j. howell. - catholic answers - declaration of the holy see under pope pius xii on the meaning of the teaching, 8 august 1949 - pope john paul ii, general audience, 31 may 1995 - wels topical q & a : no salvation outside catholic church ( confessional lutheran perspective ), by internet archive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.486350165669364, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.678119"} {"text": "fa hien at the ruins of ashoka palace wuyang, near modern linfen, which used to be known as pingyang ( \u5e73 ), in shanxi province | works | | foguoji or a record of the buddhist countries. | faxian ( traditional chinese : \u6cd5 ; simplified chinese : \u6cd5 ; pinyin : faxian ; also romanized as fa - hien, fa - hsien, fa xian, et al. ) ( 337 \u2013 c. 422 ce ) was a chinese buddhist monk who travelled by foot all the way from china to india, visiting many sacred buddhist sites in what are now xinjiang, china, pakistan, india, nepal, bangladesh and sri lanka and between 399 and 412 to acquire buddhist scriptures. his journey is described in his important travelogue, a record of buddhist kingdoms, being an account by the chinese monk fa - xian of his travels in india and ceylon in search of the buddhist books of discipline. he visited india during the reign of chandragupta ii and is most known for his pilgrimage to lumbini, the birthplace of gautama buddha in modern nepal. faxian claimed that demons and dragons were the original inhabitants of ceylon ( sri lanka ). on faxian ' s way back to china, after a two - year stay in ceylon, a violent storm drove his ship onto an island that was probably java. after five months there, faxian took another ship for southern china but, again, it was blown off course and they ended up landed at laoshan in what is now the shandong peninsula in northern china, 30 km east of the city of qingdao. he spent the rest of his life translating and editing the scriptures he had collected. he also wrote a book on his travels, filled with accounts of early buddhism, and the geography and history of numerous countries along the silk roads at the turn of the 5th century ce. faxian visited india in the early fifth century ad. he is said to have walked all the way from china across icy desert and rugged mountain passes. he entered india from the north - west and reached pataliputra. he took back with him buddhist texts and images sacred to buddhism. translation of faxian ' s work the following is from the introduction to a translation of faxian ' s work by james legge : - nothing of great importance is known about fa - hien in addition to what may be gathered from his own record of his travels. i have read the accounts of him", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3826527229528693, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.686931"} {"text": "introduction to a translation of faxian ' s work by james legge : - nothing of great importance is known about fa - hien in addition to what may be gathered from his own record of his travels. i have read the accounts of him in the memoirs of eminent monks, compiled in a. d. 519, and a later work, the memoirs of marvellous monks, by the third emperor of the ming dynasty ( a. d. 1403 - 1424 ), which, however, is nearly all borrowed from the other ; and all in them that has an appearance of verisimilitude can be brought within brief compass - his surname, they tell us, was kung, and he was a native of wu - yang in p \u2019 ing - yang, which is still the name of a large department in shan - hsi. he had three brothers older than himself ; but when they all died before shedding their first teeth, his father devoted him to the service of the buddhist society, and had him entered as a sramanera, still keeping him at home in the family. the little fellow fell dangerously ill, and the father sent him to the monastery, where he soon got well and refused to return to his parents. - when he was ten years old, his father died ; and an uncle, considering the widowed solitariness and helplessness of the mother, urged him to renounce the monastic life, and return to her, but the boy replied, \" i did not quit the family in compliance with my father \u2019 s wishes, but because i wished to be far from the dust and vulgar ways of life. this is why i chose monkhood. \" the uncle approved of his words and gave over urging him. when his mother also died, it appeared how great had been the affection for her of his fine nature ; but after her burial he returned to the monastery. - on one occasion he was cutting rice with a score or two of his fellow - disciples, when some hungry thieves came upon them to take away their grain by force. the other sramaneras all fled, but our young hero stood his ground, and said to the thieves, \" if you must have the grain, take what you please. but, sirs, it was your former neglect of charity which brought you to your present state of destitution ; and now, again, you wish to rob others. i am afraid that in the coming ages you will have still greater poverty and distress ; \u2014 i am sorry for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41617137182230257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.687922"} {"text": "former neglect of charity which brought you to your present state of destitution ; and now, again, you wish to rob others. i am afraid that in the coming ages you will have still greater poverty and distress ; \u2014 i am sorry for you beforehand. \" with these words he followed his companions into the monastery, while the thieves left the grain and went away, all the monks, of whom there were several hundred, doing homage to his conduct and courage. - when he had finished his noviciate and taken on him the obligations of the full buddhist orders, his earnest courage, clear intelligence, and strict regulation of his demeanour were conspicuous ; and soon after, he undertook his journey to india in search of complete copies of the [ vinaya - pitaka ]. what follows this is merely an account of his travels in india and return to china by sea, condensed from his own narrative, with the addition of some marvelous incidents that happened to him, on his visit to the vulture peak near rajagriha. - it is said in the end that after his return to china, he went to the capital ( evidently nanking ), and there, along with the indian sramana buddha - bhadra, executed translations of some of the works which he had obtained in india ; and that before he had done all that he wished to do in this way, he removed to king - chow ( in the present hoo - pih ), and died in the monastery of sin, at the age of eighty - eight, to the great sorrow of all who knew him. it is added that there is another larger work giving an account of his travels in various countries. - such is all the information given about our author, beyond what he himself has told us. fa - hien was his clerical name, and means \" illustrious in the law, \" or \" illustrious master of the law. \" the shih which often precedes it is an abbreviation of the name of buddha as sakyamuni, \" the sakya, mighty in love, dwelling in seclusion and silence, \" and may be taken as equivalent to buddhist. it is sometimes said to have belonged to \" the eastern tsin dynasty \" ( a. d. 317 - 419 ), and sometimes to \" the sung, \" that is, the sung dynasty of the house of liu ( a. d. 420 - 478 ). if he became a full monk at the age.... of twenty, and went to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4502532767002609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.688807"} {"text": ", and sometimes to \" the sung, \" that is, the sung dynasty of the house of liu ( a. d. 420 - 478 ). if he became a full monk at the age.... of twenty, and went to india when he was twenty - five, his long life may have been divided pretty equally between the two dynasties. - xian, fa ; tr. by james legge ( 1886 ). a record of buddhistic kingdoms ; being an account by the chinese monk fa - hien of his travels in india and ceylon, a. d. 399 - 414, in search of the buddhist books of discipline. the clarendon press, oxford. - hien, fa ; tr. from the chinese by herbert a giles ( 1877 ). record of the buddhistic kingdoms by fa hien ( 414 ad ). trubner & co., london. - online edition of the record of buddhistic kingdoms, university of adelaide library, australia. - buddhism in china - fa hien cave - silk road transmission of buddhism - song yun - zhang qian - zheng he - this article incorporates text from the medical times and gazette, volume 1, a publication from 1867 now in the public domain in the united states. - the medical times and gazette, volume 1. london : john churchill. 1867. p. 506. retrieved february 19, 2011. ( original from the university of michigan ) - legge, james 1886. a record of buddhistic kingdoms : being an account by the chinese monk fa - hien of his travels in india and ceylon ( a. d. 399 - 414 ) in search of the buddhist books of discipline. oxford, clarendon press. reprint : new york, paragon book reprint corp. 1965. isbn 0 - 486 - 21344 - 7 - beal, samuel. 1884. si - yu - ki : buddhist records of the western world, by hiuen tsiang. 2 vols. translated by samuel beal. london. 1884. reprint : delhi. oriental books reprint corporation. 1969. ( also contains a translation of faxian ' s book on pp. xxiii - lxxxiii ). - hodge, stephen \" the textual transmission of the mahayana mahaparinirvana - sutra \" ( 2009 & 2012 ), http : / / www. buddhismuskunde. uni - hamburg. de / fileadmin / pdf / publikationen / the _ textual _ transmisssion _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4380375710935504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.689634"} {"text": "| | this article needs attention from an expert on the subject. ( december 2011 ) | a fail - safe or fail - secure device is one that, in the event of failure, responds in a way that will cause no harm, or at least a minimum of harm, to other devices or danger to personnel. \" fail - safe [ ty ] \" should not be confused with \" fail - secur [ ity ]. \" a fail - secure component of a system secures that system ( or at least the portion to which the component is dedicated ) in the event of a failure either of that component or elsewhere in the system. for example, during a failure of an ingress - egress control system, e. g., a user propping a door open somewhere in a building, a fail - secure lock will close, lock, and remain locked even when a user attempts to unlock it with the key that the user usually employs. in such a case, an independent release, such as a reboot or disarming of the securing mechanism, is required. in contrast, a component may be considered fail - safe even if its failure does not secure the system. for example, if a door locked from the inside is left unlocked or is unlocked at the wrong time, it has failed ( in some cases, along with the entire system ), the door may be ( but is not necessarily ) fail - safe if its being unlocked does not open it or attract additional attention to its unlocked state. significantly, despite popular belief to the contrary, a system ' s being \" fail - safe \" means not that failure is impossible / improbable, but rather that the system ' s design prevents or mitigates unsafe consequences of the system ' s failure ; that is, if and when a \" fail - safe \" system \" fails \", it is \" safe \" or at least no less safe than when it is operating correctly. mechanical or physical - aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier increases the throttle to full power at touchdown. if the arresting wires fail to capture the plane, it is able to take off again. - coiling / rolling fire doors that are activated by building alarm systems or local smoke detectors must close automatically when signaled regardless of power. in case of power outage the coiling fire door does not need to close, but must be capable of automatic closing when given a signal from the building alarm systems or smoke detectors. a temperature sensitive fusible link may be employed to hold the fire doors open against gravity or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5649444999095447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.698325"} {"text": "hoist cables were to fail. - various devices that operate with fluids use fuses or valves as a fail - safe mechanism. - a railway semaphore signal is designed so that should the cable controlling the signal break, the arm returns to the \" danger \" position, preventing any trains passing the inoperative signal. - on diving watches, the rotating bezel used to measure dive time contains a ratchet so it can only be turned counter - clockwise. if the bezel is inadvertently rotated during the dive, it will only rotate so as to give a false reading of increased time spent below, prompting the underwater diver to return to the surface earlier than intended, rather than later. this protects the diver from, for example, underestimating their decompression obligation, an error which could result in decompression sickness. electrical or electronic - many devices are protected from short circuit with fuses. the destruction of the fuse will prevent destruction of the device. - avionics using redundant systems to perform the same computation with voting logic to determine the \" safe \" result. - traffic light controllers use a conflict monitor unit to detect faults or conflicting signals and switch an intersection to all flashing red, rather than displaying potentially dangerous conflicting signals, e. g. showing green in all directions. - the automatic protection of programs and / or processing systems when a computer hardware or software failure is detected in a computer system. a classic example is a watchdog timer. see fail - safe ( computer ). - a control operation or function that prevents improper system functioning or catastrophic degradation in the event of circuit malfunction or operator error ; for example, the failsafe track circuit used to control railway block signals. - the iron pellet ballast on the bathyscaphe is dropped to allow the submarine to ascend. the ballast is held in place by electromagnets. if electrical power fails, the ballast is released, and the submarine then ascends to safety. - inside a modern cpu are features to prevent damage through overheating. in the event of cooling failure, the cpu will throttle then shut down beyond a critical temperature threshold to avoid damage. - in industrial automation, alarm signals are usually \" normally closed \" ( or active at 0 ). this insures that in case of a wire break the alarm will be triggered. if the signal were normally open, no wire failure would be detected. - in control systems, critically important signals can be carried by a complementary pair of wires ( < signal > and < not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.57473296367087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.702965"} {"text": "in case of a wire break the alarm will be triggered. if the signal were normally open, no wire failure would be detected. - in control systems, critically important signals can be carried by a complementary pair of wires ( < signal > and < not _ signal > ). only states where the two signals are opposite ( one is high, the other low ) are valid. if both are high or both are low the control system knows that something is wrong with the sensor or connecting wiring. simple failure modes ( dead sensor, cut / unplugged wires ) are thereby detected. an example would be a control system reading both the no and nc poles of a spdt selector switch against common, and checking them for coherency before reacting to the input. - in hvac control systems, actuators that control dampers and valves may be fail - safe, for example, to prevent coils from freezing or rooms from overheating. older pneumatic actuators were inherently fail - safe since if the air pressure against the internal diaphragm failed, the built - in spring would push the actuator to its home position. newer electrical / electronic actuators need additional components ( springs or capacitors ) to automatically drive the actuator to home position upon loss of electrical power. as well as physical devices and systems fail - safe procedures can be created so that if a procedure is not carried out or carried out incorrectly no dangerous action results. for example : - in railway signalling signals which are not in active use for a train are required to be kept in the ' danger ' position. the default position of every signal is therefore \" danger \", and therefore a positive action \u2014 setting signals to \" clear \" \u2014 is required before a train may pass. this practice also ensures that, in case of a fault in the signalling system, an incapacitated signalman, or the unexpected entry of a train, that a train will never be shown an erroneous \" clear \" signal. - train drivers are instructed that a railway signal showing a confusing, contradictory or unfamiliar aspect ( for example a colour light signal that has suffered an electrical failure and is showing no light at all ) must be treated as showing \" danger \". in this way, the driver contributes to the fail - safety of the system. other terminology fail - safe ( foolproof ) devices are also known as poka - yoke devices. poka - yoke, a japanese term, was coined by shigeo shingo, a quality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5658157674608223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.703965"} {"text": "the fail - safety of the system. other terminology fail - safe ( foolproof ) devices are also known as poka - yoke devices. poka - yoke, a japanese term, was coined by shigeo shingo, a quality expert. \" safe to fail \" refers to civil engineering designs such as the room for the river project in netherlands and the thames estuary 2100 plan which incorporate flexible adaptation strategies or climate change adaption which provide for, and limit damage, should extreme events such as 500 year floods occur. see also | look up fail - safe in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | - control theory - dead man ' s switch - elegant degradation - failing badly - fault - tolerant design - fault - tolerant system - iec 61508 ( safe failure fraction - sff ) - safe - life design - safety engineering - \" fail - safe \". audioenglich. net. accessed 2009. 12. 31 - e. g., david b. rutherford, jr., \" what do you mean \u2014 it ' s fail - safe? \" : evaluating fail - safety in processor - based vital control systems. 1990 rapid transit conference - harris, tom. \" how aircraft carriers work \". howstuffworks, inc. retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20. - \" what is a unidirectional rotating bezel \". retrieved 9 may 2013. - manual on uniform traffic control devices, federal highway administration, 2003 - \" when failure is not an option : the evolution of fail - safe actuators \". kmc controls. retrieved 10 may 2013. - shingo, shigeo ; andrew p. dillon ( 1989 ). a study of the toyota production system from an industrial engineering viewpoint. portland, oregon : productivity press. p. 22. isbn 0 - 915299 - 17 - 8. oclc 19740349 - john r. grout, brian t. downs. \" a brief tutorial on mistake - proofing, poka - yoke, and zqc \", mistakeproofing. com - \" thames estuary 2100 plan \". uk environment agency. november 2012. retrieved march 20, 2013. - \" thames estuary 2100 ( te2100 ) \". uk environment agency. retrieved march 20, 2013. - jennifer weeks ( march 20, 2013 ). \" adaptation expert paul kirshen proposes a new paradigm for civil engineers : ' safe to fail, ' not ' fail safe ' \". the daily climate. retrieved march 20", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5636653504160941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.704948"} {"text": "grant hall, the symbol of fort leavenworth and headquarters of the u. s. army combined arms center | controlled by | | u. s. army | | garrison | | u. s. army combined arms center command and general staff college 705th military police battalion | commanders | | ltg david g. perkins | fort leavenworth is a united states army facility located in leavenworth county, kansas, immediately north of the city of leavenworth in the upper northeast portion of the state. it is the oldest active united states army post west of washington, d. c., having been in operation for over 180 years. fort leavenworth has been historically known as the \" intellectual center of the army \". fort leavenworth was also the origin of the buffalo soldiers who were originally members of the u. s. 10th cavalry regiment of the united states army, formed on 21 september 1866 at fort leavenworth, kansas. the nickname was given to the \" negro cavalry \" by the native american tribes they fought ; the term eventually became synonymous with all of the african - american regiments formed in 1866. during the country ' s westward expansion, fort leavenworth was a forward destination for thousands of soldiers, surveyors, immigrants, american indians, preachers and settlers who passed through. the garrison supports the united states army training and doctrine command ( tradoc ) by managing and maintaining the home of the united states army combined arms center ( cac ). cac ' s mission involves leader development, collective training, army doctrine and battle command ( current and future ). fort leavenworth is home to the military corrections complex, consisting of the united states disciplinary barracks, the department of defense ' s only maximum security prison, and the midwest joint regional correctional facility. in addition, the fort leavenworth garrison supports numerous tenant organizations that directly and indirectly relate to the functions of the cac, including the united states army command and general staff college and the foreign military studies office. the fort occupies 5, 600 ac ( 2, 300 ha ) and 7, 000, 000 ft\u00b2 ( 700, 000 m\u00b2 ) of space in 1, 000 buildings and 1, 500 quarters. it is located on the frontier military scenic byway ( u. s. route 69 and k - 7 corridor ), which was originally a military road connecting to fort scott national historic site and fort gibson. tenants and organization the garrison commander is a colonel reporting via imcom west to the installation management command. the fort claims to be the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4422324651361258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.725925"} {"text": "and k - 7 corridor ), which was originally a military road connecting to fort scott national historic site and fort gibson. tenants and organization the garrison commander is a colonel reporting via imcom west to the installation management command. the fort claims to be the \" intellectual center \" of the army because much of its mission involves training. major tenants include : - united states army combined arms center ( cac ) which among its various responsibilities is the united states army command and general staff college, which includes a degrees granting graduate school for u. s. and allied soldiers and officers. the school trains almost all of the army ' s majors. all modern five - star army generals have passed through the college including george marshall, douglas macarthur, dwight eisenhower, henry \u201c hap \u201d arnold, and omar bradley. since 1978 it has been commanded by a lieutenant general ( 3 stars ). in 2007, its commander was david petraeus. it reports to the united states army training and doctrine command ( tradoc ). - united states disciplinary barracks, which is the only maximum security prison for military personnel of all branches. since a 2007 reorganization, its commander is a colonel who reports to the united states army corrections command. - midwest joint regional correctional facility, a low security prison. reports to the united states army corrections command. - foreign military studies office ( which reports to tradoc ) - munson army health center ( base hospital ) - university of foreign military and cultural studies ( which includes teaching red teams among its courses ) - sherman army airfield \u2014 the base airport ( which reports to the garrison ) - fort leavenworth national cemetery - tradoc analysis center ( which reports to tradoc ) - headquarters of the national guard ' s 35th infantry division ( mechanized ) - battle command training center is the focal point for national guard of the united states division and brigade staff training and development. - army / ace registry transcript systems ( handles transcripts for all its training ) the fort is 10 miles north of the 18th century french fort de cavagnal, which was the farthest west fort in louisiana ( new france ). its commandant was francois coulon de villiers, a brother to louis coulon de villiers, who was the only military commander to force george washington to surrender ( after revenging the murder of his half brother joseph coulon de jumonville while in washington ' s custody, which was the incident that set off the french and indian war ). the french abandoned the fort after ceding its territory to louisiana ( new spain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3982907527597906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.726995"} {"text": "the murder of his half brother joseph coulon de jumonville while in washington ' s custody, which was the incident that set off the french and indian war ). the french abandoned the fort after ceding its territory to louisiana ( new spain ) at the conclusion of the french and indian war. the fort location had been chosen then because of its proximity to a large kansa tribe village. colonel henry leavenworth, with the officers and men of the 3rd infantry regiment from jefferson barracks at st. louis, missouri, established fort leavenworth in 1827 to be a forward base protecting the santa fe trail. leavenworth ' s instructions had been the following : colonel leavenworth of the 3d infantry, with four companies of his regiment will ascend the missouri and when he reaches a point on its left band near the mouth of little platte river and within a range of twenty miles above or below its confluence, he will select such position as in his judgment is best calculated for the site of a permanent cantonment. the spot being chosen, he will then construct with the troops of his command comfortable, though temporary quarters sufficient for the accommodation of four companies. this movement will be made as early as the convenience of the service will permit. leavenworth was to report that spot around the confluence on the east side of the missouri river ( near present day farley, missouri ) would be prone to flooding and on 8 may 1827 recommended the location 20 miles ( 32 km ) upstream on the west bank in the bluffs above the river. the first army installation in cantonment leavenworth ( its original name ) was located on scott avenue, south of the post chapel with initial strength of 14 officers and 174 enlisted men. the cantonment almost immediately increased in importance as it became the eastern terminus for the santa fe trail and oregon trail. after indian removal act of 1830 attempted to remove all indians west of the missouri - kansas border, the fort which is west of the border assumed even more importance. in 1832, it was renamed \" fort leavenworth \". between 1832 and 1834, the rookery was built as bachelor officer quarters. the rookery is the oldest building in kansas and would be the office of the first territorial governor and thus the first capitol in kansas from 1854 to 1855 when the capitol was moved to pawnee, kansas. in 1836, william clark at the fort presided over the transfer of indian land directly across the missouri river from the fort to the u. s. government in the platte purchase which involved the entire northwest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3978159635801298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.727992"} {"text": "the capitol was moved to pawnee, kansas. in 1836, william clark at the fort presided over the transfer of indian land directly across the missouri river from the fort to the u. s. government in the platte purchase which involved the entire northwest corner of missouri. in 1839, col. stephen w. kearny marched against the cherokees with 20 companies of dragoons, the largest u. s. mounted force ever assembled. throughout the mexican - american war, fort leavenworth was the outfitting post for the army of the west. during the 1850s, troops from ft. leavenworth were mobilized to control the \" mormon problem \" in what became known as the utah war. at the outbreak of the civil war, camp lincoln was established on post as a reception and training station for kansas volunteers. in 1864, news of the approach of confederate general sterling price prompted construction of fort sully, a series of earthworks for artillery emplacements on hancock hill, overlooking what is now the fort leavenworth national cemetery. ( see fort sully ( fort leavenworth ) ). however, price ' s forces never reached fort leavenworth, having met defeat at westport, which is now part of kansas city. during its long history, the post was never subject to enemy attack. for three decades following the war, the army ' s chief mission was control of the american indian tribes on the western plains. between 1865 and 1891, the army had more than 1, 000 combat engagements with apache, modoc, cheyenne, ute, nez perce, comanche, kiowa, kickapoo and other tribes. the fort leavenworth national cemetery is one of the national cemeteries established by abraham lincoln on 17 july 1862. veterans since the war of 1812 have been laid to rest in the cemetery. one veteran of the war of 1812 is the cemetery ' s most famous occupant, brigadier general henry leavenworth, who gave his name to the fort, the cemetery, and the town and county they are located in. others buried in the cemetery include 10 medal of honor recipients, seven confederate prisoners of war as well as soldiers killed in operation desert storm, operation iraqi freedom and operation enduring freedom. although there is no longer space for new burial sites, burials frequently take place for those who already have family members interred in the cemetery. reconstruction and indian wars in 1866, the u. s. congress authorized the formation of four black regiments, which were the 24th and 25th infantry regiments and the 9th and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3863196918639342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.729109"} {"text": ", burials frequently take place for those who already have family members interred in the cemetery. reconstruction and indian wars in 1866, the u. s. congress authorized the formation of four black regiments, which were the 24th and 25th infantry regiments and the 9th and 10th cavalry regiments. the 10th cavalry regiment was formed at fort leavenworth under the command of col. benjamin h. grierson. today, a monument stands at fort leavenworth in tribute to the \" buffalo soldier \" of the 9th and 10th cavalry regiments. the fort ' s first catholic church was built in 1871 and was later replaced by st. ignatius chapel in 1889. st. ignatius chapel was destroyed by fire in december 2001. the first protestant chapel, memorial chapel, was built by prison labor in 1878 of stone quarried on post. the round window behind the chapel ' s front altar was intentionally installed slightly askew by an inmate who was angry at his work boss. this chapel has brass cannon embedded in the walls at the sides of the church, and photos of many of the officers involved in the early history of the fort, including some of the custer family. the western branch national military home ( \" old soldiers ' home \" ), now called the veterans medical center, or dwight d. eisenhower medical center historic district was established in 1885 as part of the national home for disabled volunteer soldiers system. the soldier home is closely associated with the nearby cemetery that became the fort leavenworth national cemetery in 1973. world war i was the first opportunity to evaluate the impact of sherman ' s school. graduates excelled in planning complex american expeditionary forces operations. by the end of the war, they dominated staffs throughout the aef. in the years between the world wars, graduates included such officers as dwight d. eisenhower, omar n. bradley and george s. patton. during world war ii, some 19, 000 officers completed various courses at fort leavenworth. by the end of 1943, commanders and staffs of 26 infantry, airborne and cavalry divisions had trained as teams at the school. general michael joe costello of the army of the newly formed irish free state attended fort leavenworth from 1926 to 1927, passing with such distinction that he was recommended for the united states army war college. in 1946, the school was given its current name. in 1959, the college moved to the newly built j. franklin bell hall on arsenal hill. in 1985, the harold k. johnson wing was added to house the combined arms and services staff school ( cas3 ). classes for the school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41167094998017606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.730241"} {"text": "name. in 1959, the college moved to the newly built j. franklin bell hall on arsenal hill. in 1985, the harold k. johnson wing was added to house the combined arms and services staff school ( cas3 ). classes for the school of advanced military studies and the school for command preparation, as well as the combined arms research library, are located in eisenhower hall which was dedicated in 1994. until the early 1970s, a battery of four nike - hercules missiles were deployed at bell point on a hill on the west side of the fort. the base is served by the sherman army airfield which has a 5, 905 - foot ( 1, 800 m ) runway and operates under a joint agreement with the city of leavenworth, kansas that permits civilian aircraft to use it all hours. the airfield was inundated by the missouri river in levee breaches during the great flood of 1951, the great flood of 1993, and the great flood of 2011. freedom ' s frontier heritage area fort leavenworth is considered one of the most significant historic military installations in the department of the army, as well as to the nation. the fort ' s 5, 634 ac ( 2, 279 ha ) contain a 213 ac ( 86. 1 ha ) national historic landmark district ( nhld ), which was established in 1974. a number of historic preservation investigations have been conducted over the past few decades at fort leavenworth. in 1970, for example, two historic sites were listed on the national register of historic places ( nrhp ) : the main parade ground and the santa fe trail ruts. during 2006, this historic military site became part of a new freedom ' s frontier national heritage area. - \" fort leavenworth history \". garrison. leavenworth. army. mil. retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19. - \" combined arms center overview \". usacac. army. mil. 6 july 2011. retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19. - \" fort leavenworth, ks \u2022 units / tenants \". garrison. leavenworth. army. mil. 6 october 2006. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16. [ dead link ] - \" college \u2013 command and general staff college foundation \". cgscfoundation. org. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16. - h. r. 1177 : 5 - star generals commemorative coin act. coinnews. net, 23 february 2009. - \" u. s. army tradoc analysis center ( trac ) \". trac. army.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.430028622410521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.731377"} {"text": ". - h. r. 1177 : 5 - star generals commemorative coin act. coinnews. net, 23 february 2009. - \" u. s. army tradoc analysis center ( trac ) \". trac. army. mil. 26 february 2010. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16. - \" the battle command training center \". bctc. army. mil. 29 december 2009. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16. - \" army / american council on education registry transcript system ( aarts ) home page \". aarts. army. mil. retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19. - fort de cavagnial : imperial france in kansas, 1744 \u2013 1764 kclibrary. org. - [ the journals of the lewis and clark expedition, vol. 2., g. e. moulton, ed., univ. of nebraska press, 1986, pp. 323 \u2013 333. - a brief history of fort leavenworth \u2013 john w. partin. - fort leavenworth \u2013 globalsecurity. org \u2013 retrieved march 6, 2008. - the capitals of kansas \u2013 retrieved march 6, 2008. - united states department of veterans affairs, \" cemeteries \u2013 fort leavenworth national cemetery \" at http : / / www. cem. va. gov / cem / cems / nchp / ftleavenworth. asp retrieved 15 october 2011 - fort leavenworth, ks \u2022 unknown. - \" gen. edmund rice biography \". steven nitch. retrieved 7 april 2012. - \" fort leavenworth \". national historic landmark summary listing. national park service. retrieved 2008 - 06 - 25. - jerry l. rogers and donald f. dosch ( 13 december 1973 ). national register of historic places inventory - nomination : fort leavenworth, national historic landmark / fort leavenworth ( pdf ). national park service. retrieved 2009 - 06 - 22 and pdf ( 2. 23 mb ) | wikimedia commons has media related to : fort leavenworth | - freedom ' s frontier - frontier army museum - fort leavenworth home page - guide for visitors to fort leavenworth - the fort leavenworth lamp online \u2013 fort leavenworth ' s newspaper - u. s. army combined arms center - u. s. army disciplinary barracks, fort leavenworth, kansas - tradoc schools - tradoc website - fort leavenworth history collection combined arms research library digital library - usd 207, local school district", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38527764339806203, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.732227"} {"text": "irish house of lords | irish house of lords | arms of ireland | disbanded | | 31 december 1800 | | succeeded by | | house of lords of the united kingdom | | lord chancellor | | the earl of clare1 | voting system | | appointment by monarch or inheritance of seat | | lords chamber, irish houses of parliament, dublin | parliament of great britain the irish house of lords ( irish : teach na dtiarnai ) was the upper house of the parliament of ireland that existed from medieval times until 1800. it was abolished along with the irish house of commons by the act of union. the house of lords was presided over by the lord chancellor, who sat on the woolsack, a large seat stuffed with wool from each of the three lands of england, ireland and scotland. at the state opening of the irish parliament members of parliament were summoned to the house of lords from the house of commons chamber by black rod, a royal official who would \" command the members on behalf of his excellency to attend him in the chamber of peers \" sessions were formally opened by the speech from the throne by the lord lieutenant, who sat on the throne beneath a canopy of crimson velvet. the lords started as a group of barons in the lordship of ireland that was generally limited to the pale, a variable area around dublin subject to english law. they sat as a group, not as a separate house, from the first meeting of the irish parliament in 1297. from the establishment of the kingdom of ireland in 1542 the lords included a large number of new gaelic and norman lords under the policy of surrender and regrant. religious division was reflected in the house, but as late as the 1689 \" patriot parliament \" a majority of lords had remained roman catholics, while the administration and a slight majority in the commons were anglican. by 1632 the ( catholic ) lord baltimore established colonies in newfoundland and maryland. in 1634 the campaign to secure \" the graces \" came to a head. most of these catholic lords lost their titles in the ensuing 1641 rebellion, notably during the 1652 cromwellian settlement. these dispossessed lords were regranted their titles ( if not always their lands ) after the restoration of 1660 by the act of settlement 1662. others took the losing side in the williamite war in ireland ( 1689 - 91 ), and a much smaller number of them were re - granted their lands in the 18th century. by the 1790s most of the lords personified and wanted to protect the \" protestant ascendancy \". by the time of its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38978247421586165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.736773"} {"text": "jesse owens in 1936 | full name | | james cleveland owens | | born | | september 12, 1913 oakville, alabama, usa | died | | march 31, 1980 tucson, arizona, usa | height | | 5 ft 10 in ( 1. 78 m ) | | weight | | 165 lb ( 75 kg ) | | sport | | track and field athletics | | event ( s ) | | sprint, long jump | james cleveland \" jesse \" owens ( september 12, 1913 \u2013 march 31, 1980 ) was an american track and field athlete who specialized in the sprints and the long jump. he participated in the 1936 summer olympics in berlin, germany, where he achieved international fame by winning four gold medals : one each in the 100 meters, the 200 meters, the long jump, and as part of the 4x100 meter relay team. he was the most successful athlete at the 1936 summer olympics. owens was the youngest of ten children, three girls and seven boys, born to henry cleveland owens and mary emma fitzgerald in oakville, alabama on september 12, 1913. j. c., as he was called, was nine years old when the family moved to cleveland, ohio for better opportunities, as part of the great migration, when 1. 5 million african americans left the segregated south. when his new teacher asked his name ( to enter in her roll book ), he said \" j. c. \", but because of his strong southern accent, she thought he said \" jesse \". the name took, and he was known as jesse owens for the rest of his life. as a boy and youth, owens took different jobs in his spare time : he delivered groceries, loaded freight cars and worked in a shoe repair shop while his father and older brother worked at a steel mill. during this period, owens realized that he had a passion for running. throughout his life, owens attributed the success of his athletic career to the encouragement of charles riley, his junior high track coach at fairmount junior high school. since owens worked in a shoe repair shop after school, riley allowed him to practice before school instead. owens first came to national attention when he was a student of east technical high school in cleveland ; he equalled the world record of 9. 4 seconds in the 100 - yard ( 91 m ) dash and long - jumped 24 feet 9 1\u20442 inches ( 7. 56 metres ) at the 1933 national high school championship in chicago. ohio state university owens attended ohio state university after employment was found for his father, ensuring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3697799446996535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.753986"} {"text": "yard ( 91 m ) dash and long - jumped 24 feet 9 1\u20442 inches ( 7. 56 metres ) at the 1933 national high school championship in chicago. ohio state university owens attended ohio state university after employment was found for his father, ensuring the family could be supported. affectionately known as the \" buckeye bullet, \" owens won a record eight individual ncaa championships, four each in 1935 and 1936. ( the record of four gold medals at the ncaa was equaled only by xavier carter in 2006, although his many titles also included relay medals. ) though owens enjoyed athletic success, he had to live off campus with other african - american athletes. when he traveled with the team, owens was restricted to ordering carry - out or eating at \" black - only \" restaurants. similarly, he had to stay at \" blacks - only \" hotels. owens did not receive a scholarship for his efforts, so he continued to work part - time jobs to pay for school. owens ' s greatest achievement came in a span of 45 minutes on may 25, 1935, during the big ten meet at ferry field in ann arbor, michigan, where he set three world records and tied a fourth. he equaled the world record for the 100 yard dash ( 9. 4 seconds ) ; and set world records in the long jump ( 26 ft 8 1\u20444 in or 8. 13 m, a world record that would last 25 years ) ; 220 - yard ( 201. 2 m ) sprint ( 20. 3 seconds ) ; and 220 - yard ( 201. 2m ) low hurdles ( 22. 6 seconds, becoming the first to break 23 seconds ). in 2005, university of central florida professor of sports history richard c. crepeau chose these wins on one day as the most impressive athletic achievement since 1850. in 1936, owens arrived in berlin to compete for the united states in the summer olympics. adolf hitler was using the games to show the world a resurgent nazi germany. he and other government officials had high hopes that german athletes would dominate the games with victories ( the german athletes achieved a \" top of the table \" medal haul ). meanwhile, nazi propaganda promoted concepts of \" aryan racial superiority \" and depicted ethnic africans as inferior. owens surprised many by winning four gold medals : on august 3, 1936, he won the 100m sprint, defeating ralph metcalfe ; on august 4, the long jump ( later crediting friendly and helpful advice from luz long, the german competitor he ultimately defeated ) ; on august 5, the 200m sprint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41598119548871015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.755000"} {"text": "1936, he won the 100m sprint, defeating ralph metcalfe ; on august 4, the long jump ( later crediting friendly and helpful advice from luz long, the german competitor he ultimately defeated ) ; on august 5, the 200m sprint ; and, after he and ralph metcalfe were added to the 4 x 100 m relay team that featured frank wykoff and foy draper, following a request by the germans for united states coach dean cromwell to replace jewish - american sprinters marty glickman and sam stoller, he won his fourth on august 9 ( a performance not equaled until carl lewis won gold medals in the same events at the soviet boycotted 1984 summer olympics ). jesse owens set the world record in the long jump in 1935, and this record would stand for 25 years ( a very rare length of time for a track and field record ), until it was finally broken by ralph boston in 1960. in an ironic coincidence, owens was a spectator at the 1960 summer olympics when boston took the gold medal in the long jump. just before the competitions, owens was visited in the olympic village by adi dassler, the founder of the adidas athletic shoe company. he persuaded owens to use gebruder dassler schuhfabrik shoes, the first sponsorship for a male african - american athlete. on the first day, hitler shook hands only with the german victors and then left the stadium. olympic committee officials insisted hitler greet every medalist or none at all. hitler opted for the latter and skipped all further medal presentations. on reports that hitler had deliberately avoided acknowledging his victories, and had refused to shake his hand, owens said at the time : \" hitler had a certain time to come to the stadium and a certain time to leave. \" \" it happened he had to leave before the victory ceremony after the 100 meters. but before he left i was on my way to a broadcast and passed near his box. he waved at me and i waved back. i think it was bad taste to criticize the ' man of the hour ' in another country. \" owens was allowed to travel with and stay in the same hotels in germany as whites, while at the time african americans in many parts of the united states had to stay in segregated hotels while traveling. after a new york city ticker - tape parade of fifth avenue in his honor, owens had to ride the freight elevator at the waldorf - astoria to reach the reception honoring him. fdr never invited jesse owens to the white house following his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40854064018065606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.756119"} {"text": ". after a new york city ticker - tape parade of fifth avenue in his honor, owens had to ride the freight elevator at the waldorf - astoria to reach the reception honoring him. fdr never invited jesse owens to the white house following his triumphs at the olympics games. since 1936 was a presidential - election year, roosevelt was afraid that he would lose southern votes if he played kowtow to a black man. jesse owns also publicly endorsed alf landon during the upcoming election. \" hitler didn ' t snub me \u2013 it was fdr who snubbed me. the president didn ' t even send me a telegram. \" hitler sent owens a commemorative inscribed cabinet photograph of himself. jesse owens was never invited to the white house nor were honors bestowed upon him by president franklin d. roosevelt ( fdr ) or his successor harry s. truman during their terms. in 1955, president dwight d. eisenhower ( himself an athlete of note ) honored owens by naming him an \" ambassador of sports. \" the dormitory used by owens during the olympics has been fully restored into a living museum, with pictures of his accomplishments at the games, and a letter ( intercepted by the gestapo ) from a fan urging him not to shake hands with hitler. after the games had finished, the olympic team and owens were all invited to compete in sweden. he decided to capitalize on his success by returning to the united states to take up some of the more lucrative commercial offers. united states athletic officials were furious and withdrew his amateur status, ending his career immediately. owens was angry, saying, \" a fellow desires something for himself. \" prohibited from amateur sporting appearances to bolster his profile, owens found the commercial offers all but disappeared. in 1946, he joined abe saperstein in the formation of the west coast baseball association ( wcba ), a new negro baseball league ; owens was vice - president and the owner of the portland ( oregon ) rosebuds franchise. he toured with the rosebuds, sometimes entertaining the audience in between doubleheader games by competing in races against horses. the wcba disbanded after only two months. owens helped promote the exploitation film mom and dad in black neighborhoods. he tried to make a living as a sports promoter, essentially an entertainer. he would give local sprinters a ten - or twenty - yard start and beat them in the 100 - yd ( 91 - m ) dash. he also challenged and defeated racehorses ; as he revealed later, the trick was to race a high - strung thoroughbred that would be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40273805791647554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.757227"} {"text": "cancer on and off beginning in december 1979. he died in tucson, arizona, on march 31, 1980, with his wife and other family members at his bedside. he is buried in oak woods cemetery in chicago. awards, tributes and honors - in 1936, four english oak saplings, one for each olympic gold medal, from the german olympic committee. one of the trees was planted at the university of southern california, one at rhodes high school in cleveland, oh where he trained, and one is rumored to be located on the ohio state university campus, but has yet to be identified. the fourth tree was located at the home of jess owens ' mother, but was removed when the house was demolished. - in 1970, owens was inducted to the alabama sports hall of fame. - in 1976 he was awarded the presidential medal of freedom by president gerald ford. - in 1976, he was made part of the olympic order for his fight against racism in the 1936 olympics in berlin. - in 1980, a new asteroid was discovered by antonin mrkos at klet observatory which was named as 6758 jesseowens in honor of jesse owens. - usa track and field created the jesse owens award in 1981, which is given annually to the country ' s top track and field athlete. - in 1984, an emmy award - winning biographical television film of his life, the jesse owens story, was released, with dorian harewood portraying owens. - in 1984 a street near the olympic stadium in berlin was renamed jesse - owens - allee, and the jesse owens realschule / oberschule ( a secondary school ) in berlin - lichtenberg, was named for him. - in 1988, he was portrayed in king of the olympics : the lives and loves of avery brundage by ronnie britton. - on march 28, 1990, owens was posthumously awarded the congressional gold medal by president george h. w. bush. - two u. s. postage stamps have been issued to honor owens, one in 1990 and another in 1998. - in 1996, owens ' s hometown of oakville, alabama, dedicated jesse owens memorial park in his honor, at the same time that the olympic torch came through the community, 60 years after his olympic triumph. an article in the wall street journal of june 7, 1996, covered the event and included this inscription written by poet charles ghigna that appears on a bronze plaque at the park : - may this light shine forever - as a symbol to all who run - for the freedom of sport,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3647330573491022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.759470"} {"text": "june 7, 1996, covered the event and included this inscription written by poet charles ghigna that appears on a bronze plaque at the park : - may this light shine forever - as a symbol to all who run - for the freedom of sport, - for the spirit of humanity, - for the memory of jesse owens. - in 2001, the ohio state university dedicated jesse owens memorial stadium for track and field events. the campus also houses three recreational centers for students and staff named in his honor. - in 2002, scholar molefi kete asante listed jesse owens on his list of 100 greatest african americans. - in cleveland, ohio, a statue of owens in his ohio state track suit was installed at fort huntington park, west of the old courthouse. - phoenix, arizona named the jesse owens medical plaza in his honor, as well as jesse owens parkway. - in markus zusak ' s 2006 hit, the book thief, a character named rudy steiner covers himself with charcoal and runs 100 meters at the local sporting field. this was known around rudy ' s neighborhood as the \" jesse owens \" incident. later in the book when he dies, protagonist liesel meminger calls him \" jesse owens \" in her attempts to revive him. - jesse owens park, located in tucson, arizona, is a staple of local youth athletics there. - at the 2009 world athletic championships in berlin, all members of the united states track & field team wore badges with \" jo \" to commemorate owens ' s victories in the same stadium 73 years before. - in early 2010, the ohio historical society proposed jesse owens as a finalist from a statewide vote for inclusion in statuary hall at the united states capitol. - on monday, november 15, 2010, the city of cleveland renamed east roadway, between rockwell and superior avenues in public square, jesse owens way, in hopes that it will keep the great jesse owens on the minds of all sports fans. - a novel in french written by lebanese novelist alexandre najjar, berlin 36, plon ( publisher ), paris, 2009, tells the story of owens, particularly during the berlin olympic games. najjar visited chicago, ohio and alabama to achieve this distinguished tribute to owens. - for his contribution to sports in los angeles, he was honored with a los angeles memorial coliseum \" court of honor \" plaque by the coliseum commissioners. - in the london 2012 summer olympics opening ceremony, just after the olympic cauldron had been lit, the 80, 000 individual pixels in the audience seating area were used as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42406209831977504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.760464"} {"text": "angeles memorial coliseum \" court of honor \" plaque by the coliseum commissioners. - in the london 2012 summer olympics opening ceremony, just after the olympic cauldron had been lit, the 80, 000 individual pixels in the audience seating area were used as a giant video screen to show footage of owens running around the stadium. - baker, william j. jesse owens \u2013 an american life, p. 19. - \"? \". archived from the original on july 3, 2007. retrieved april 5, 2008. - \" jesse owens : track & field legend : biography \". archived from the original on december 23, 2007. retrieved january 6, 2008. - schwartz, larry ( 2007 ). \" owens pierced a myth \". - rose, lacey ( november 18, 2005 ). \" the single greatest athletic achievement \". forbes. com. - bachrach, susan d. the nazi olympics : berlin 1936. isbn 0 - 316 - 07087 - 4. - \" jesse owens, 1913 \u2013 1980 : he was once the world ' s fastest runner \". voice of america. december 20, 2008. retrieved december 22, 2008. - pbs : american experience. jessie owens. ( accessed : may 2, 2012 ) - \" how adidas and puma were born \". in. rediff. com. november 8, 2005. retrieved june 15, 2010. - hyde flippo, the 1936 berlin olympics : hitler and jesse owens, german myth 10, german. about. com - rick shenkman, adolf hitler, jesse owens and the olympics myth of 1936 february 13, 2002 from history news network ( article excerpted from rick shenkman ' s legends, lies and cherished myths of american history, william morrow & co, 1988 isbn 0 - 688 - 06580 - 5 ) - owens arrives with kind words for all officials \u2013 the pittsburgh press, 24 august 1936. news. google. co. uk. retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 15. - albert speer ( 2009 ). inside the third reich. phoenix. p. 119. isbn 978 - 1842127353. - schaap, jeremy ( 2007 ). triumph : the untold story of jesse owens and hitler ' s olympics. new york : houghton mifflin harcourt. isbn 978 - 0 - 618 - 68822 - 7. - owens weighs his pro offers \u2013 the baltimore sun, august 18, 1936. pqasb. pqarchiver. com ( 1936 - 08 - 18 ). retrieved on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39194921907988134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.761441"} {"text": "isbn 978 - 0 - 618 - 68822 - 7. - owens weighs his pro offers \u2013 the baltimore sun, august 18, 1936. pqasb. pqarchiver. com ( 1936 - 08 - 18 ). retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 15. - \" hitler \u2019 s olympic village faces conservation battle \". voice of america. august 26, 2012. - altman, alex ( august 18, 2009 ). \" usain bolt : the world ' s fastest human \". time. retrieved june 15, 2010. - thinkexist. com quotations. \" jesse owens quotes \". thinkexist. com. retrieved june 15, 2010. - riley, liam. \" bbc \u2013 an emperor among professionals \". bbc. retrieved may 17, 2011. - \" west coast baseball association \". organizing black america : an encyclopedia of african american associations. bookrags. 2005 \u2013 02 \u2013 10. retrieved july 31, 2010. - simonich, milan ( july 12, 2010 ). \" sun city home to the negro leagues for one weekend \". hidden el paso. el paso times. retrieved july 31, 2010. - schwartz, larry. \" owens pierced a myth \". espn. retrieved april 30, 2009. - \" jesse owens is fined in tax case \". the times - news. united press international. february 2, 1966. retrieved august 10, 2011. - \" jesse owens : olympic legend - quotes \". retrieved may 8, 2009. - the owens family. library. osu. edu - \" jesse owens ' s biographical information \". whitehouse. gov. retrieved june 15, 2010. - http : / / www. nytimes. com / learning / general / onthisday / bday / 0912. html jesse owens dies of cancer at 66 : hero of the 1936 berlin olympics - http : / / www. dispatch. com / content / blogs / a - look - back / 2011 / 10 / did - jesse - owens - plant - a - tree - at - osu. html did jesse owens plant a tree at osu? - the colombus dispatch, october 07, 2011 - \" get caught \". ohio state recreational sports. retrieved august 31, 2010. - asante, molefi kete ( 2002 ). 100 greatest african americans : a biographical encyclopedia. amherst, new york. prometheus books. isbn 1 - 57392 - 963 - 8. - soul of cleveland website last retrieved 1 / 31 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40171898619985136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.762376"} {"text": "molefi kete ( 2002 ). 100 greatest african americans : a biographical encyclopedia. amherst, new york. prometheus books. isbn 1 - 57392 - 963 - 8. - soul of cleveland website last retrieved 1 / 31 / 2009. - \" 12th iaaf world championships in athletics \u2013 berlin 2009 \u2013 owens and long families to meet at owens exhibition in berlin \". berlin. iaaf. org. retrieved june 15, 2010. - blogs - yahoo! news. news. yahoo. com. retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 15. - danny boyle and frank cottrell boyce, the director and writer of the ceremony, in their audio commentary track to the bbc dvd of the entire opening ceremony | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : jesse owens | | wikimedia commons has media related to : jesse owens | - official website - jesse owens - an american experience documentary - obituary, new york times, april 1, 1980 - jesse owens memorial at find a grave - jesse owens museum - jesse owens information - jesse at the internet movie database - official \" jesse owens movie \" website - owens ' s accomplishments and encounter with adolf hitler ( espn ) - jesse owens video newsreel - jesse owens video in riefenstahl ' s olympia ( 1936 ) - jesse owens ' s u. s. olympic team bio - path of the olympic torch to owens ' s birthplace in north alabama - jesse owens article, encyclopedia of alabama", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3952020624565107, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.762937"} {"text": "object pool pattern | | this article has an unclear citation style. ( march 2012 ) | the object pool pattern is a software creational design pattern that uses a set of initialized objects kept ready to use, rather than allocating and destroying them on demand. a client of the pool will request an object from the pool and perform operations on the returned object. when the client has finished, it returns the object, which is a specific type of factory object, to the pool rather than destroying it. object pooling can offer a significant performance boost in situations where the cost of initializing a class instance is high, the rate of instantiation of a class is high, and the number of instances in use at any one time is low. the pooled object is obtained in predictable time when creation of the new objects ( especially over network ) may take variable time. however these benefits are mostly true for objects that are expensive with respect to time, such as database connections, socket connections, threads and large graphic objects like fonts or bitmaps. in certain situations, simple object pooling ( that hold no external resources, but only occupy memory ) may not be efficient and could decrease performance. handling of empty pools object pools employ one of three strategies to handle a request when there are no spare objects in the pool. - fail to provide an object ( and return an error to the client ). - allocate a new object, thus increasing the size of the pool. pools that do this usually allow you to set the high water mark ( the maximum number of objects ever used ). - in a multithreaded environment, a pool may block the client until another thread returns an object to the pool. when writing an object pool, the programmer has to be careful to make sure the state of the objects returned to the pool is reset back to a sensible state for the next use of the object. if this is not observed, the object will often be in some state that was unexpected by the client program and may cause the client program to fail. the pool is responsible for resetting the objects, not the clients. object pools full of objects with dangerously stale state are sometimes called object cesspools and regarded as an anti - pattern. the presence of stale state is not always an issue ; it becomes dangerous when the presence of stale state causes the object to behave differently. for example, an object that represents authentication details may break if the \" successfully authenticated \" flag is not reset before it is passed out, since it will indicate that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5322083962756115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.773621"} {"text": "; it becomes dangerous when the presence of stale state causes the object to behave differently. for example, an object that represents authentication details may break if the \" successfully authenticated \" flag is not reset before it is passed out, since it will indicate that a user is correctly authenticated ( possibly as someone else ) when they haven ' t yet attempted to authenticate. however, it will work just fine if you fail to reset some value only used for debugging, such as the identity of the last authentication server used. inadequate resetting of objects may also cause an information leak. if an object contains confidential data ( e. g. a user ' s credit card numbers ) that isn ' t cleared before the object is passed to a new client, a malicious or buggy client may disclose the data to an unauthorized party. if the pool is used by multiple threads, it may need the means to prevent parallel threads from grabbing and trying to reuse the same object in parallel. this is not necessary if the pooled objects are immutable or otherwise thread - safe. some publications do not recommend using object pooling with certain languages, such as java, especially for objects that only use memory and hold no external resources. opponents usually say that object allocation is relatively fast in modern languages with garbage collectors ; while the operator new needs only ten instructions, the classic delete pair found in pooling designs requires hundreds of them as it does more complex work. also, most garbage collectors scan \" live \" object references, and not the memory that these objects use for their content. this means that any number of \" dead \" objects without references can be discarded with little cost. in contrast, keeping a large number of \" live \" but unused objects increases the duration of garbage collection. in some cases, programs that use garbage collection instead of directly managing memory may run faster. in the. net base class library there are a few objects that implement this pattern. system. threading. threadpool is configured to have a predefined number of threads to allocate. when the threads are returned, they are available for another computation. thus, one can use threads without paying the cost of creation and disposal of threads. java supports thread pooling via java. util. concurrent. executorservice and other related classes. the executor service has a certain number of \" basic \" threads that are never discarded. if all threads are busy, the service allocates the allowed number of extra threads that are later discarded if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5146115067215984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.774725"} {"text": "##rvice and other related classes. the executor service has a certain number of \" basic \" threads that are never discarded. if all threads are busy, the service allocates the allowed number of extra threads that are later discarded if not used for the certain expiration time. if no more threads are allowed, the tasks can be placed in the queue. finally, if this queue may get too long, it can be configured to suspend the requesting thread. see also - goetz, brian ( 2005 - 09 - 27 ). \" java theory and practice : urban performance legends, revisited \". ibm developerworks. archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 27. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 28. - goetz, brian ( 2005 - 09 - 27 ). \" java theory and practice : garbage collection in the hotspot jvm \". ibm developerworks. archived from the original on 2003 - 11 - 25. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 28. - kircher, michael ; prashant jain ; ( 2002 - 07 - 04 ). \" pooling pattern \". europlop 2002. germany. retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09. - oodesign article - improving performance with object pooling ( microsoft developer network ) - developer. com article - portland pattern repository entry - apache commons pool : a mini - framework to correctly implement object pooling in java - game programming patterns : object pool", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42219950326470934, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.775283"} {"text": "ping ( networking utility ) | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( december 2011 ) | ping is a computer network administration utility used to test the reachability of a host on an internet protocol ( ip ) network and to measure the round - trip time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer. the name comes from active sonar terminology which sends a pulse of sound and listens for the echo to detect objects underwater. ping operates by sending internet control message protocol ( icmp ) echo request packets to the target host and waiting for an icmp response. in the process it measures the time from transmission to reception ( round - trip time ) and records any packet loss. the results of the test are printed in the form of a statistical summary of the response packets received, including the minimum, maximum, and the mean round - trip times, and sometimes the standard deviation of the mean. ping does not evaluate or compute the time to establish the connection ; it only gives the mean round - trip times of an established connection with an open session. depending on the implementation, the ping command can be run with various command line switches to enable special operational modes. example options include : specifying the packet size used as the probe, automatic repeated operation for sending a specified count of probes, and time stamping. the ping or packet internet groper utility was authored by mike muuss in december 1983 as a tool to troubleshoot problems in an ip network. he named it after the sound that sonar makes, since its methodology is similar to sonar ' s echo location. | bit 0 - 7 | | bit 8 - 15 | | bit 16 - 23 | | bit 24 - 31 | | version / ihl | | type of service | | length | | identification | | flags and offset | | time to live ( ttl ) | | protocol | | checksum | | source ip address | | destination ip address | | type of message | | code | | checksum | generic composition of an icmp 32 - byte packet - ip header ( in blue ) : - protocol set to 1 ( icmp ) and type of service set to 0. - icmp header ( in red ) : - type of icmp message ( 8 bits ) - code ( 8 bits ) - checksum ( 16 bits ), calculated with the icmp part of the packet ( the header is not used ). it is the 16 - bit one ' s complement of the one ' s complement sum of the icmp message starting with the type field", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5384738539493843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.782267"} {"text": "a standard deviation of 0. 187 ms. the echo request ( \" ping \" ) is an icmp message whose data is expected to be received back in an echo reply ( \" pong \" ). the host must respond to all echo requests with an echo reply containing the exact data received in the request message. | type = 8 | | code = 0 | | header checksum | - the identifier and sequence number can be used by the client to match the reply with the request that caused the reply. in practice, most linux systems use a unique identifier for every ping process, and sequence number is an increasing number within that process. windows uses a fixed identifier, which varies between windows versions, and a sequence number that is only reset at boot time. - the data received in the echo request must be entirely included in the echo reply. the echo reply ( \" pong \" ) is an icmp message generated in response to an echo request, and is mandatory for all hosts and routers. | type = 0 | | code = 0 | | header checksum | - type and code must be set to 0. - the identifier and sequence number can be used by the client to determine which echo requests are associated with the echo replies. - the data received in the echo request must be entirely included in the echo reply. possible reply messages include! h,! n, or! p ( host, network or protocol unreachable )! s ( source route failed )! f ( fragmentation needed )! u or! w ( destination network / host unknown )! i ( source host is isolated )! a ( communication with destination network administratively prohibited )! z ( communication with destination host administratively prohibited )! q ( for this tos the destination network is unreachable )! t ( for this tos the destination host is unreachable )! x ( communication administratively prohibited )! v ( host precedence violation )! c ( precedence cutoff in effect )! < num > ( icmp unreachable code < num > ) in case of error, destination host or intermediate router will send back an icmp error message, i. e. host unreachable or ttl exceeded in transit. in addition these messages include the first 8 bytes of original message ( in this case header of icmp echo request, including quench value ), so ping utility can match it to originating query. 16 : 24 : 47. 966461 ip (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5590928233895754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.786970"} {"text": "addition these messages include the first 8 bytes of original message ( in this case header of icmp echo request, including quench value ), so ping utility can match it to originating query. 16 : 24 : 47. 966461 ip ( tos 0x0, ttl 128, id 15103, offset 0, flags [ none ], proto : icmp ( 1 ), length : 60 ) 192. 168. 146. 22 > 192. 168. 144. 5 : icmp echo request, id 1, seq 38, length 40 0x0000 : 4500 003c 3aff 0000 8001 5c55 c0a8 9216 e.. < :..... \\ u.... 0x0010 : c0a8 9005 0800 4d35 0001 0026 6162 6364...... m5... & abcd 0x0020 : 6566 6768 696a 6b6c 6d6e 6f70 7172 7374 efghijklmnopqrst 0x0030 : 7576 7761 6263 6465 6667 6869 uvwabcdefghi the payload includes a timestamp of when the message was sent, as well a sequence number. this allows ping to compute the round trip time in a stateless manner without needing to record when packets were sent. in cases of no answer and no error message, most implementations of ping display nothing, or periodically print notifications about timing out. other types of pinging | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( july 2011 ) | the term ping is commonly used to describe the transmission of any message or signal for the purpose of locating or testing network services or features. for example, a ping may be sent using the user datagram protocol ( udp ) to a device located behind a network address translator ( nat ) to keep the port binding on the nat from timing out and removing the mapping. other examples are short or empty instant messages, emails, voice mails, or missed - call notification to indicate availability. in various network multi - player games, a video game ping performs a similar function as the ping program for internet traffic. the game server measures the time required for a game packet to reach a client and a response to be received. this round - trip time is usually reported as the player ' s ping. it is an effective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5605204968422579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.788043"} {"text": "function as the ping program for internet traffic. the game server measures the time required for a game packet to reach a client and a response to be received. this round - trip time is usually reported as the player ' s ping. it is an effective measurement of the player ' s latency, with lower ping times being desirable. this style of ping typically does not use icmp packets. - list of dos commands - list of unix utilities - ping of death - ping - pong scheme - smurf attack - mike muuss. \" the story of the ping program \". adelphi, md, usa : u. s. army research laboratory. archived from the original on 8 september 2010. retrieved 8 september 2010. \" i named it after the sound that a sonar makes, inspired by the whole principle of echo - location. \" - salus, peter ( 1994 ). a quarter century of unix. addison - wesley. isbn 0 - 201 - 54777 - 5. - \" rfc 1122 - requirements for internet hosts - - communication layers \". p. 42. retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19. \" every host must implement an icmp echo server function that receives echo requests and sends corresponding echo replies. \" - \" shields up, firewall test. you get a warning about the dangers of ping if your computer answers ping request \". retrieved 4 june 2010. - rfc 792 - \" rfc sourcebook ' s page on icmp \". retrieved 20 december 2010. - linux administration and privileged commands manual ( dead link ) : send icmp echo _ request to network hosts \u2013 - what is ping detailed explanation of icmp ping and command examples. - check what hosts on a network are active using ping use ping to find active hosts on your network. - online ping check from multiple locations : locations in netherlands, hong kong, usa, croatia, uk, ukraine, malaysia, russia, india, turkey.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5217860621344313, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.789116"} {"text": "this article is about the municipality in norway. for the community in minnesota, see rollag, minnesota rollag is a municipality in buskerud county, norway. it is part of the traditional region of numedal. the municipality of rollag was established on 1 january 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ). nore og uvdal was separated from rollag in 1858. the administrative centre of the municipality is the village of rollag, although the most populated area in the municipality is veggli. rollag is bordered in the north by nore og uvdal, in the east by sigdal, in the south by flesberg, and in the west by tinn ( telemark county ). general information the municipality ( originally the parish ) is named after the old rollag farm ( old norse : roll ( u ) lag ), since the first church was built here. the first element is probably ( the genitive case of ) a river name rolla ( now called the troelva river ) and the last element is lag which means \" fishing place \". the meaning of the river name is unknown ( maybe \" the shivering \" ). the coat - of - arms is from modern times. they were granted in 1993. the arms show two gold - colored lines on a red background. the lines represent an old warning cairn made of timber. the municipality lies in the heart of the numedal traditional region and valley, the westernmost valley in southeastern norway. the river numedalslagen flows through rollag and into the ytre oslofjord at larvik. in the northwest of the rollag lie the vegglifjell mountains, which are an entryway into the hardangervidda. the municipality ' s highest point is storegr\u00f8nut at 1, 289 metres ( 4, 229 ft ) located in the vegglifjell mountains. rollag stave church - the rollag stave church ( built around 1150 - 1200 ) is located a few kilometres north of the centre of rollag. it was extended and windows were added in 1652. a new apse was added in 1666. the transept was constructed in 1697 - 1698. a gallery was added in 1702. the sacristy was built in 1739. a baroque pulpit was added in 1763. sister cities the following cities are twinned with rollag : external links", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35197358674364765, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.793829"} {"text": "titan in natural color. the thick atmosphere is orange due to a dense organonitrogen haze. | discovered by | | christiaan huygens | | discovery date | | march 25, 1655 | | alternative names | | saturn vi | | semi - major axis | | 1, 221, 870 km | | orbital period | | 15. 945 d | | inclination | | 0. 34854 \u00b0 ( to saturn ' s equator ) | | mean radius | | 2, 576\u00b12 km ( 0. 404 earths ) ( 1. 480 moons ) | | surface area | | 8. 3\u00d7107 km2 | | volume | | 7. 16\u00d71010 km3 ( 0. 066 earths ) ( 3. 3 moons ) | | mass | | 1. 3452\u00b10. 0002\u00d71023 kg ( 0. 0225 earths ) ( 1. 829 moons ) | | mean density | | 1. 8798\u00b10. 0044 g / cm3 | | equatorial surface gravity | | 1. 352 m / s2 ( 0. 14 g ) ( 0. 85 moons ) | | escape velocity | | 2. 639 km / s ( 1. 11 moons ) | | temperature | | 93. 7 k ( \u2212179. 5 \u00b0c ) | | apparent magnitude | | 8. 2 to 9. 0 | | surface pressure | | 146. 7 kpa | 98. 4 % nitrogen ( n2 ), 1. 4 % methane ( ch4 ) ; 95 % n2, 4. 9 % ch4 titan ( or saturn vi ) is the largest moon of saturn. it is the only natural satellite known to have a dense atmosphere, and the only object other than earth for which clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found. titan is the sixth ellipsoidal moon from saturn. frequently described as a planet - like moon, titan has a diameter roughly 50 % larger than the moon and is 80 % more massive. it is the second - largest moon in the solar system, after jupiter ' s moon ganymede, and is larger by volume than the smallest planet, mercury, although only about 41 % as massive. titan was the first known moon of saturn, discovered in 1655 by the dutch astronomer christiaan huygens, and was the fifth moon of a planet apart from the earth to be discovered. titan is primarily composed of water ice and rocky material. much as with venus prior to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.481380253302354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.855045"} {"text": "of saturn, discovered in 1655 by the dutch astronomer christiaan huygens, and was the fifth moon of a planet apart from the earth to be discovered. titan is primarily composed of water ice and rocky material. much as with venus prior to the space age, the dense, opaque atmosphere prevented understanding of titan ' s surface until new information accumulated with the arrival of the cassini \u2013 huygens mission in 2004, including the discovery of liquid hydrocarbon lakes in the satellite ' s polar regions. the surface is geologically young ; although mountains and several possible cryovolcanoes have been discovered, it is smooth and few impact craters have been found. the atmosphere of titan is largely composed of nitrogen ; minor components lead to the formation of methane and ethane clouds and nitrogen - rich organic smog. the climate \u2014 including wind and rain \u2014 creates surface features similar to those of earth, such as dunes, rivers, lakes and seas ( probably of liquid methane and ethane ), and deltas, and is dominated by seasonal weather patterns as on earth. with its liquids ( both surface and subsurface ) and robust nitrogen atmosphere, titan ' s methane cycle is viewed as an analog to earth ' s water cycle, although at a much lower temperature. discovery and naming titan was discovered on march 25, 1655, by the dutch astronomer / physicist christiaan huygens. huygens was inspired by galileo ' s discovery of jupiter ' s four largest moons in 1610 and his improvements in telescope technology. christiaan, with the help of his brother constantijn huygens, jr., began building telescopes around 1650. christiaan huygens discovered this first observed moon orbiting saturn with the first telescope they built. he named it simply saturni luna ( or luna saturni, latin for \" saturn ' s moon \" ), publishing in the 1655 tract de saturni luna observatio nova. after giovanni domenico cassini published his discoveries of four more moons of saturn between 1673 and 1686, astronomers fell into the habit of referring to these and titan as saturn i through v ( with titan then in fourth position ). other early epithets for titan include \" saturn ' s ordinary satellite \". titan is officially numbered saturn vi because after the 1789 discoveries the numbering scheme was frozen to avoid causing any more confusion ( titan having borne the numbers ii and iv as well as vi ). numerous small moons have been discovered closer to saturn since then. the name titan, and the names of all seven satellites of saturn then known, came", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5171735915872211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.856243"} {"text": "to avoid causing any more confusion ( titan having borne the numbers ii and iv as well as vi ). numerous small moons have been discovered closer to saturn since then. the name titan, and the names of all seven satellites of saturn then known, came from john herschel ( son of william herschel, discoverer of mimas and enceladus ) in his 1847 publication results of astronomical observations made at the cape of good hope. he suggested the names of the mythological titans ( ancient greek : \u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd ), sisters and brothers of cronus, the greek saturn. in greek mythology, the titans were a race of powerful deities, descendants of gaia and uranus, that ruled during the legendary golden age. orbit and rotation titan orbits saturn once every 15 days and 22 hours. like many of the other satellites of the gas giants and the moon, its rotational period is identical to its orbital period ; titan is thus tidally locked in synchronous rotation with saturn, and always shows one face to the planet. because of this, there is a sub - saturnian point on its surface, from which the planet would appear to hang directly overhead. longitudes on titan are measured westward from the meridian passing through this point. its orbital eccentricity is 0. 0288, and the orbital plane is inclined 0. 348 degrees relative to the saturnian equator. viewed from earth, titan reaches an angular distance of about 20 saturn radii ( just over 1. 2 million km ) from saturn and subtends a disk 0. 8 arcseconds in diameter. the small, irregularly shaped satellite hyperion is locked in a 3 : 4 orbital resonance with titan. a \" slow and smooth \" evolution of the resonance \u2014 in which hyperion would have migrated from a chaotic orbit \u2014 is considered unlikely, based on models. hyperion probably formed in a stable orbital island, while the massive titan absorbed or ejected bodies that made close approaches. titan is 5, 150 km across, compared to 4, 879 km for the planet mercury, 3, 474 km for the moon, and 12, 742 km for the earth. before the arrival of voyager 1 in 1980, titan was thought to be slightly larger than ganymede ( diameter 5, 262 km ) and thus the largest moon in the solar system ; this was an overestimation caused by titan ' s dense, opaque atmosphere, which extends many kilometres above its surface and increases its apparent diameter. titan ' s diameter and mass ( and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4797422266036971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.857477"} {"text": "km ) and thus the largest moon in the solar system ; this was an overestimation caused by titan ' s dense, opaque atmosphere, which extends many kilometres above its surface and increases its apparent diameter. titan ' s diameter and mass ( and thus its density ) are similar to those of the jovian moons ganymede and callisto. based on its bulk density of 1. 88 g / cm3, titan ' s bulk composition is half water ice and half rocky material. though similar in composition to dione and enceladus, it is denser due to gravitational compression. titan is likely differentiated into several layers with a 3, 400 km rocky center surrounded by several layers composed of different crystal forms of ice. its interior may still be hot and there may be a liquid layer consisting of a \" magma \" composed of water and ammonia between the ice ih crust and deeper ice layers made of high - pressure forms of ice. the presence of ammonia allows water to remain liquid even at temperatures as low as 176 k ( \u221297 \u00b0c ) ( for eutectic mixture with water ). evidence for such an ocean has recently been uncovered by the cassini probe in the form of natural extremely - low - frequency ( elf ) radio waves in titan ' s atmosphere. titan ' s surface is thought to be a poor reflector of elf waves, so they may instead be reflecting off the liquid \u2013 ice boundary of a subsurface ocean. surface features were observed by the cassini spacecraft to systematically shift by up to 30 km between october 2005 and may 2007, which suggests that the crust is decoupled from the interior, and provides additional evidence for an interior liquid layer. | size comparison : titan in infrared ( lower left ) with the moon and earth ( top and right ) | | titan ' s theorized internal structure | | mass comparison : at 96 % of their total mass, titan dominates the saturnian moons | the moons of jupiter and saturn are thought to have formed through co - accretion, a similar process to that believed to have formed the planets in the solar system. as the young gas giants formed, they were surrounded by discs of material that gradually coalesced into moons. however, while jupiter possesses four large satellites in highly - regular, planet - like orbits, titan overwhelmingly dominates saturn ' s system and possesses a high orbital eccentricity not immediately explained by co - accretion alone. a proposed model for the formation of titan is that saturn ' s system began with a group of moons similar to jupiter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48789327409090805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.858687"} {"text": "orbits, titan overwhelmingly dominates saturn ' s system and possesses a high orbital eccentricity not immediately explained by co - accretion alone. a proposed model for the formation of titan is that saturn ' s system began with a group of moons similar to jupiter ' s galilean satellites, but that they were disrupted by a series of giant impacts, which would go on to form titan. saturn ' s mid - sized moons, such iapetus and rhea, were formed from the debris of these collisions. such a violent beginning would also explain titan ' s orbital eccentricity. titan is the only known moon with more than a trace of atmosphere. its atmosphere is the only nitrogen - rich dense atmosphere in the solar system aside from earth ' s. observations of the atmosphere, made in 2004 by cassini, suggest that titan is a \" super rotator \", like venus, with an atmosphere that rotates much faster than its surface. observations from the voyager space probes have shown that the titanian atmosphere is denser than earth ' s, with a surface pressure about 1. 45 times that of earth ' s. titan ' s atmosphere is about 1. 19 times as massive as earth ' s overall, or about 7. 3 times more massive on a per surface area basis. it supports opaque haze layers that block most visible light from the sun and other sources and renders titan ' s surface features obscure. titan ' s lower gravity means that its atmosphere is far more extended than earth ' s. the atmosphere of titan is opaque at many wavelengths and a complete reflectance spectrum of the surface is impossible to acquire from orbit. it was not until the arrival of the cassini \u2013 huygens mission in 2004 that the first direct images of titan ' s surface were obtained. the atmospheric composition in the stratosphere is 98. 4 % nitrogen with the remaining 1. 6 % composed mostly of methane ( 1. 4 % ) and hydrogen ( 0. 1 \u2013 0. 2 % ). there are trace amounts of other hydrocarbons, such as ethane, diacetylene, methylacetylene, acetylene and propane, and of other gases, such as cyanoacetylene, hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, cyanogen, argon and helium. the hydrocarbons are thought to form in titan ' s upper atmosphere in reactions resulting from the breakup of methane by the sun ' s ultraviolet light, producing a thick orange smog. titan spends 95 % of its time within saturn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49102981961510045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.860076"} {"text": "sunlight. when the seasons switch, it is expected that ethane will begin to condense over the south pole. the surface of titan has been described as \" complex, fluid - processed, [ and ] geologically young \". titan has been around since the solar system ' s formation, but its surface is much younger, between 100 million and 1 billion years old. geological processes may have reshaped titan ' s surface. titan ' s atmosphere is twice as thick as the earth ' s, making it difficult for astronomical instruments to image its surface in the visible light spectrum. the cassini spacecraft is using infrared instruments, radar altimetry and synthetic aperture radar ( sar ) imaging to map portions of titan during its close fly - bys of titan. the first images revealed a diverse geology, with both rough and smooth areas. there are features that seem volcanic in origin, which probably disgorge water mixed with ammonia. there are also streaky features, some of them hundreds of kilometers in length, that appear to be caused by windblown particles. examination has also shown the surface to be relatively smooth ; the few objects that seem to be impact craters appeared to have been filled in, perhaps by raining hydrocarbons or volcanoes. radar altimetry suggests height variation is low, typically no more than 150 meters. occasional elevation changes of 500 meters have been discovered and titan has mountains that sometimes reach several hundred meters to more than 1 kilometer in height. titan ' s surface is marked by broad regions of bright and dark terrain. these include xanadu, a large, reflective equatorial area about the size of australia. it was first identified in infrared images from the hubble space telescope in 1994, and later viewed by the cassini spacecraft. the convoluted region is filled with hills and cut by valleys and chasms. it is criss - crossed in places by dark lineaments \u2014 sinuous topographical features resembling ridges or crevices. these may represent tectonic activity, which would indicate that xanadu is geologically young. alternatively, the lineaments may be liquid - formed channels, suggesting old terrain that has been cut through by stream systems. there are dark areas of similar size elsewhere on titan, observed from the ground and by cassini ; it had been speculated that these are methane or ethane seas, but cassini observations seem to indicate otherwise ( see below ). | mosaic of titan from cassini ' s february 2005 flyby. the large dark region is shangri - la. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49006693302854965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.862455"} {"text": "had been speculated that these are methane or ethane seas, but cassini observations seem to indicate otherwise ( see below ). | mosaic of titan from cassini ' s february 2005 flyby. the large dark region is shangri - la. | | titan in false color showing surface details and atmosphere with xanadu in the bright region at the center - right. | | titan globe, a mosaic of infrared images with nomenclature | the possibility of hydrocarbon seas on titan was first suggested based on voyager 1 and 2 data that showed titan to have a thick atmosphere of approximately the correct temperature and composition to support them, but direct evidence was not obtained until 1995 when data from hubble and other observations suggested the existence of liquid methane on titan, either in disconnected pockets or on the scale of satellite - wide oceans, similar to water on earth. the cassini mission confirmed the former hypothesis, although not immediately. when the probe arrived in the saturnian system in 2004, it was hoped that hydrocarbon lakes or oceans might be detectable by reflected sunlight from the surface of any liquid bodies, but no specular reflections were initially observed. near titan ' s south pole, an enigmatic dark feature named ontario lacus was identified ( and later confirmed to be a lake ). a possible shoreline was also identified near the pole via radar imagery. following a flyby on july 22, 2006, in which the cassini spacecraft ' s radar imaged the northern latitudes ( that were then in winter ), a number of large, smooth ( and thus dark to radar ) patches were seen dotting the surface near the pole. based on the observations, scientists announced \" definitive evidence of lakes filled with methane on saturn ' s moon titan \" in january 2007. the cassini \u2013 huygens team concluded that the imaged features are almost certainly the long - sought hydrocarbon lakes, the first stable bodies of surface liquid found outside of earth. some appear to have channels associated with liquid and lie in topographical depressions. the liquid erosion features appear to be a very recent occurrence : channels in some regions have created surprisingly little erosion, suggesting erosion on titan is extremely slow, or some other recent phenomena may have wiped out older riverbeds and landforms. overall, the cassini radar observations have shown that lakes cover only a few percent of the surface, making titan much drier than earth. although most of the lakes are concentrated near the poles ( where the relative lack of sunlight prevents evaporation ), a number of long - standing hydrocarbon lakes in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5007887353491056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.863501"} {"text": "cover only a few percent of the surface, making titan much drier than earth. although most of the lakes are concentrated near the poles ( where the relative lack of sunlight prevents evaporation ), a number of long - standing hydrocarbon lakes in the equatorial desert regions have also been discovered, including one near the huygens landing site in the shangri - la region, which is about half the size of utah ' s great salt lake. the equatorial lakes are probably \" oases \", i. e. the likely supplier is underground aquifers. in june 2008, the visual and infrared mapping spectrometer on cassini confirmed the presence of liquid ethane beyond doubt in ontario lacus. on december 21, 2008, cassini passed directly over ontario lacus and observed specular reflection in radar. the strength of the reflection saturated the probe ' s receiver, indicating that the lake level did not vary by more than 3 mm ( implying either that surface winds were minimal, or the lake ' s hydrocarbon fluid is viscous ). specular reflections are indicative of a smooth, mirror - like surface, so the observation corroborated the inference of the presence of a large liquid body drawn from radar imaging. the observation was made soon after the north polar region emerged from 15 years of winter darkness. on july 8, 2009, cassini ' s vims observed a specular reflection indicative of a smooth, mirror - like surface, off what today is called jingpo lacus, a lake in the north polar region shortly after the area emerged from 15 years of winter darkness. radar measurements made in july 2009 and january 2010 indicate that ontario lacus is extremely shallow, with an average depth of 0. 4 \u2013 3. 2 m, and a maximum depth of 2. 9 \u2013 7. 4 m. in contrast, the northern hemisphere ' s ligeia mare has depths exceeding 8 m, the maximum measurable by the radar instrument. during a flyby on 26 september 2012, cassini ' s radar detected in titan ' s northern polar region what is likely a river with a length of more than 400 kilometers. it has been compared with the much larger nile river on earth. this feature ends in ligeia mare. during six flybys of titan from 2006 to 2011, cassini gathered radio - metric tracking and optical navigation data from which investigators could roughly infer titan ' s changing shape. the density of titan is consistent with a body that is about 60 % rock and 40 % water. the team '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49560562785693635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.864448"} {"text": "to 2011, cassini gathered radio - metric tracking and optical navigation data from which investigators could roughly infer titan ' s changing shape. the density of titan is consistent with a body that is about 60 % rock and 40 % water. the team ' s analyses suggest that titan ' s surface can rise and fall by up to 10 metres during each orbit. that degree of warpage suggests that titan ' s interior is relatively deformable, and that the most likely model of titan is one in which an icy shell dozens of kilometres thick floats atop a global ocean. the team ' s findings, together with the results of previous studies, hint that titan ' s ocean may lie no more than 100 km below its surface. | photo of infrared specular reflection off jingpo lacus, a lake in the north polar region | | perspective radar view of bolsena lacus ( lower right ) and other northern hemisphere hydrocarbon lakes | | contrasting images of the number of lakes in titan ' s northern hemisphere ( left ) and southern hemisphere ( right ) | | two images of titan ' s southern hemisphere acquired one year apart, showing changes in south polar lakes | radar, sar and imaging data from cassini have revealed few impact craters on titan ' s surface. these impacts appear to be relatively young, opposed to titan ' s age. the few impact craters discovered include a 440 km wide two - ring impact basin named menrva seen by cassini ' s iss as a bright - dark concentric pattern. a smaller, 60 km wide, flat - floored crater named sinlap and a 30 km crater with a central peak and dark floor named ksa have also been observed. radar and cassini imaging have also revealed a number of \" crateriforms \", circular features on the surface of titan that may be impact related, but lack certain features that would make identification certain. for example, a 90 km wide ring of bright, rough material known as guabonito has been observed by cassini. this feature is thought to be an impact crater filled in by dark, windblown sediment. several other similar features have been observed in the dark shangri - la and aaru regions. radar observed several circular features that may be craters in the bright region xanadu during cassini ' s april 30, 2006 flyby of titan. many of titan ' s craters or probable craters display evidence of extensive erosion, and all show some indication of modification. most large craters have breached or incomplete rims, despite the fact that some craters on titan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47673940788378527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.865448"} {"text": "april 30, 2006 flyby of titan. many of titan ' s craters or probable craters display evidence of extensive erosion, and all show some indication of modification. most large craters have breached or incomplete rims, despite the fact that some craters on titan have relatively more massive rims than those anywhere else in the solar system. however, there is little evidence of formation of palimpsests through viscoelastic crustal relaxation, unlike on other large icy moons. most craters lack central peaks and have smooth floors, possibly due to impact - generation or later eruption of cryovolcanic lava. while infill from various geological processes is one reason for titan ' s relative deficiency of craters, atmospheric shielding also plays a role ; it is estimated that titan ' s atmosphere reduces the number of craters on its surface by a factor of two. the limited high - resolution radar coverage of titan obtained through 2007 ( 22 % ) suggested the existence of a number of nonuniformities in its crater distribution. xanadu has 2 \u2013 9 times more craters than elsewhere. the leading hemisphere has a 30 % higher density than the trailing hemisphere. there are lower crater densities in areas of equatorial dunes and in the north polar region ( where hydrocarbon lakes and seas are most common ). pre - cassini models of impact trajectories and angles suggest that where the impactor strikes the water ice crust, a small amount of ejecta remains as liquid water within the crater. it may persist as liquid for centuries or longer, sufficient for \" the synthesis of simple precursor molecules to the origin of life \". cryovolcanism and mountains scientists have long speculated that conditions on titan resemble those of early earth, though at a much lower temperature. the detection of argon 40 in the atmosphere in 2004 indicated that volcanoes had spawned plumes of \" lava \" composed of water and ammonia. global maps of the lake distribution on titan ' s surface revealed that there is not enough surface methane to account for its continued presence in its atmosphere, and thus that a significant portion must be added through volcanic processes. still there is a paucity of surface features that can be unambiguously interpreted as cryovolcanoes. one of the first of such features revealed by cassini radar observations in 2004, called ganesa macula, resembles the geographic features called \" pancake domes \" found on venus, and was thus initially thought to be cryovolcanic in origin, although the american geophysical union refuted this hypothesis in december 2008. the feature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48976039827877493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.867295"} {"text": "ganesa macula, resembles the geographic features called \" pancake domes \" found on venus, and was thus initially thought to be cryovolcanic in origin, although the american geophysical union refuted this hypothesis in december 2008. the feature was found to be not a dome at all, but appeared to result from accidental combination of light and dark patches. in 2004 cassini also detected an unusually bright feature ( called tortola facula ), which was interpreted as a cryovolcanic dome. no similar features have been identified as of 2010. in december 2008, astronomers announced the discovery of two transient but unusually long - lived \" bright spots \" in titan ' s atmosphere, which appear too persistent to be explained by mere weather patterns, suggesting they were the result of extended cryovolcanic episodes. in march, 2009, structures resembling lava flows were announced in a region of titan called hotei arcus, which appears to fluctuate in brightness over several months. though many phenomena were suggested to explain this fluctuation, the lava flows were found to rise 200 meters above titan ' s surface, consistent with it having been erupted from beneath the surface. a mountain range measuring 150 km long, 30 km wide and 1. 5 km high was also discovered by cassini in 2006. this range lies in the southern hemisphere and is thought to be composed of icy material and covered in methane snow. the movement of tectonic plates, perhaps influenced by a nearby impact basin, could have opened a gap through which the mountain ' s material upwelled. prior to cassini, scientists assumed that most of the topography on titan would be impact structures, yet these findings reveal that similar to earth, the mountains were formed through geological processes. in december 2010, the cassini mission team announced the most compelling possible cryovolcano yet found. named sotra patera, it is one in a chain of at least three mountains, each between 1000 and 1500 m in height, several of which are topped by large craters. the ground around their bases appears to be overlaid by frozen lava flows. if volcanism on titan really exists, the hypothesis is that it is driven by energy released from the decay of radioactive elements within the mantle, as it is on the earth. magma on earth is made of liquid rock, which is less dense than the solid rocky crust through which it erupts. because ice is less dense than water, titan ' s watery magma would be denser than its solid icy crust. this means", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5042323309210675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.870027"} {"text": "magma on earth is made of liquid rock, which is less dense than the solid rocky crust through which it erupts. because ice is less dense than water, titan ' s watery magma would be denser than its solid icy crust. this means that cryovolcanism on titan would require a large amount of additional energy to operate, possibly via tidal flexing from nearby saturn. alternatively, the pressure necessary to drive the cryovolcanoes may be caused by ice ih \" underplating \" titan ' s outer shell. the low - pressure ice, overlaying a liquid layer of ammonium sulfate, ascends buoyantly, and the unstable system can produce dramatic plume events. titan is resurfaced through the process by grain - sized ice and ammonium sulfate ash, which helps produce a wind - shaped landscape and sand dune features. in 2008 jeffrey moore ( planetary geologist of ames research center ) proposed an alternate view of titan ' s geology. noting that no volcanic features had been unambiguously identified on titan so far, he asserted that titan is a geologically dead world, whose surface is shaped only by impact cratering, fluvial and eolian erosion, mass wasting and other exogenic processes. according to this hypothesis, methane is not emitted by volcanoes but slowly diffuses out of titan ' s cold and stiff interior. ganesa macula may be an eroded impact crater with a dark dune in the center. the mountainous ridges observed in some regions can be explained as heavily degraded scarps of large multi - ring impact structures or as a result of the global contraction due to the slow cooling of the interior. even in this case titan may still have an internal ocean made of the eutectic water \u2013 ammonia mixture with the temperature of 176 k ( \u221297 \u00b0c ), which is low enough to be explained by the decay of radioactive elements in the core. the bright xanadu terrain may be a degraded heavily cratered terrain similar to that observed on the surface of callisto. indeed, were it not for its lack of an atmosphere, callisto could serve as a model for titan ' s geology in this scenario. jeffrey moore even called titan callisto with weather. in the first images of titan ' s surface taken by earth - based telescopes in the early 2000s, large regions of dark terrain were revealed straddling titan ' s equator. prior to the arrival of cassini, these regions were thought to be seas of organic matter like tar or liquid hydrocarbons. radar images captured", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5033258418664784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.871145"} {"text": "telescopes in the early 2000s, large regions of dark terrain were revealed straddling titan ' s equator. prior to the arrival of cassini, these regions were thought to be seas of organic matter like tar or liquid hydrocarbons. radar images captured by the cassini spacecraft have instead revealed some of these regions to be extensive plains covered in longitudinal sand dunes, up to 330 meters high about a kilometer wide, and tens to hundreds of kilometers long. the longitudinal ( or linear ) dunes are presumed to be formed by moderately variable winds that either follow one mean direction or alternate between two different directions. dunes of this type are always aligned with average wind direction. in the case of titan, steady zonal ( eastward ) winds combine with variable tidal winds ( approximately 0. 5 meters per second ). the tidal winds are the result of tidal forces from saturn on titan ' s atmosphere, which are 400 times stronger than the tidal forces of the moon on earth and tend to drive wind toward the equator. this wind pattern causes sand dunes to build up in long parallel lines aligned west - to - east. the dunes break up around mountains, where the wind direction shifts. the sand on titan is likely not made up of small grains of silicates like the sand on earth, but rather might have formed when liquid methane rained and eroded the ice bedrock, possibly in the form of flash floods. alternatively, the sand could also have come from organic solids produced by photochemical reactions in titan ' s atmosphere. studies of dunes ' composition in may 2008 revealed that they possessed less water than the rest of titan, and are most likely to derive from organic material clumping together after raining onto the surface. observation and exploration titan is never visible to the naked eye, but can be observed through small telescopes or strong binoculars. amateur observation is difficult because of the proximity of the satellite to saturn ' s brilliant globe and ring system ; an occulting bar, covering part of the eyepiece and used to block the bright planet, greatly improves viewing. titan has a maximum apparent magnitude of + 8. 2, and mean opposition magnitude 8. 4. this compares to + 4. 6 for the similarly sized ganymede, in the jovian system. observations of titan prior to the space age were limited. in 1907 spanish astronomer josep comas sola observed limb darkening of titan, the first evidence that the body has an atmosphere. in 1944 gerard p. kuiper used a spectroscopic technique to detect an atmosphere of methane. the first probe to visit the saturnian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49640026657120995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.872133"} {"text": "from the earth. huygens landed on titan on january 14, 2005, discovering that many of its surface features seem to have been formed by flowing fluids at some point in the past. on july 22, 2006, cassini made its first targeted, close fly - by at 950 km from titan ; the closest flyby was at 880 km on june 21, 2010. present liquid on the surface has been found in abundance in the north polar region, in the form of many lakes and seas discovered by cassini. titan is the most distant body from earth and the second moon in the solar system to have a space probe land on its surface. huygens landing site on january 14, 2005, the huygens probe landed on the surface of titan, just off the easternmost tip of a bright region now called adiri. the probe photographed pale hills with dark \" rivers \" running down to a dark plain. current understanding is that the hills ( also referred to as highlands ) are composed mainly of water ice. dark organic compounds, created in the upper atmosphere by the ultraviolet radiation of the sun, may rain from titan ' s atmosphere. they are washed down the hills with the methane rain and are deposited on the plains over geological time scales. after landing, huygens photographed a dark plain covered in small rocks and pebbles, which are composed of water ice. the two rocks just below the middle of the image on the right are smaller than they may appear : the left - hand one is 15 centimeters across, and the one in the center is 4 centimeters across, at a distance of about 85 centimeters from huygens. there is evidence of erosion at the base of the rocks, indicating possible fluvial activity. the surface is darker than originally expected, consisting of a mixture of water and hydrocarbon ice. the assumption is that the \" soil \" visible in the images is precipitation from the hydrocarbon haze above. the titan saturn system mission ( tssm ) is a joint nasa / esa proposal for exploration of saturn ' s moons. it envisions a hot - air balloon floating in titan ' s atmosphere for six months. it was competing against the europa jupiter system mission ( ejsm ) proposal for funding. in february 2009 it was announced that esa / nasa had given the ejsm mission priority ahead of the tssm, although tssm was still considered for a later launch date. since nasa ' s departure from the program in 2012, these plans were put on hold. there has also been a proposal for a titan mare explorer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4739007786834522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.874069"} {"text": "acids had been found in such an experiment without liquid water being present. possible subsurface habitats laboratory simulations have led to the suggestion that enough organic material exists on titan to start a chemical evolution analogous to what is thought to have started life on earth. while the analogy assumes the presence of liquid water for longer periods than is currently observable, several theories suggest that liquid water from an impact could be preserved under a frozen isolation layer. it has also been observed that liquid ammonia oceans could exist deep below the surface ; one model suggests an ammonia \u2013 water solution as much as 200 km deep beneath a water ice crust, conditions that, \" while extreme by terrestrial standards, are such that life could indeed survive \". heat transfer between the interior and upper layers would be critical in sustaining any sub - surface oceanic life. detection of microbial life on titan would depend on its biogenic effects. that the atmospheric methane and nitrogen might be of biological origin has been examined, for example. methane and life at the surface it has been suggested that life could exist in the lakes of liquid methane on titan, just as organisms on earth live in water. such creatures would inhale h2 in place of o2, metabolize it with acetylene instead of glucose, and exhale methane instead of carbon dioxide. although all living things on earth ( including methanogens ) use liquid water as a solvent, it is speculated that life on titan might instead use a liquid hydrocarbon, such as methane or ethane. water is a stronger solvent than methane. however, water is also more chemically reactive, and can break down large organic molecules through hydrolysis. a life - form whose solvent was a hydrocarbon would not face the risk of its biomolecules being destroyed in this way. in 2005, astrobiologist chris mckay argued that if methanogenic life did exist on the surface of titan, it would likely have a measurable effect on the mixing ratio in the titan troposphere : levels of hydrogen and acetylene would be measurably lower than otherwise expected. in 2010, darrell strobel, from johns hopkins university, identified a greater abundance of molecular hydrogen in the upper atmospheric layers of titan compared to the lower layers, arguing for a downward flow at a rate of roughly 1025 molecules per second and disappearance of hydrogen near titan ' s surface ; as strobel noted, his findings were in line with the effects chris mckay had predicted if methanogenic life - forms were present. the same year, another study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5405827670191685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.876379"} {"text": "roughly 1025 molecules per second and disappearance of hydrogen near titan ' s surface ; as strobel noted, his findings were in line with the effects chris mckay had predicted if methanogenic life - forms were present. the same year, another study showed low levels of acetylene on titan ' s surface, which were interpreted by chris mckay as consistent with the hypothesis of organisms consuming hydrocarbons. while restating the biological hypothesis, mckay cautioned that other explanations for the hydrogen and acetylene findings are more likely : the possibilities of yet unidentified physical or chemical processes ( e. g., a surface catalyst accepting hydrocarbon or hydrogen ), or flaws in the current models of material flow. composition data and transport models need to be substantiated, and, per occam ' s razor, a physical or chemical explanation is preferred a priori over one of biology ( given the simplicity of chemical catalysts versus the complexity of biological forms ). even so, mckay notes that discovery of either, including simply of a catalyst effective at 95 k ( \u2212180 \u00b0c ), would be an important discovery. as nasa notes in its news article on the june 2010 findings : \" to date, methane - based life forms are only hypothetical. scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere \". as the nasa statement also says : \" some scientists believe these chemical signatures bolster the argument for a primitive, exotic form of life or precursor to life on titan ' s surface. \" despite these biological possibilities, there are formidable obstacles to life on titan, and any analogy to earth is inexact. at a vast distance from the sun, titan is frigid, and its atmosphere lacks co2. at titan ' s surface, water exists only in solid form. because of these difficulties, scientists such as jonathan lunine have viewed titan less as a likely habitat for life, than as an experiment for examining theories on the conditions that prevailed prior to the appearance of life on earth. while life itself may not exist, the prebiotic conditions of the titanian environment and the associated organic chemistry remain of great interest in understanding the early history of the terrestrial biosphere. using titan as a prebiotic experiment involves not only observation through spacecraft, but laboratory experiment, and chemical and photochemical modeling on earth. it is hypothesized that large asteroid and cometary impacts on earth ' s surface may have caused fragments of microbe - laden rock to escape earth ' s gravity, suggesting the possibility of transpermia. calculations indicate that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5581858296218403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.877650"} {"text": "on earth. it is hypothesized that large asteroid and cometary impacts on earth ' s surface may have caused fragments of microbe - laden rock to escape earth ' s gravity, suggesting the possibility of transpermia. calculations indicate that a number of these would encounter many of the bodies in the solar system, including titan. on the other hand, jonathan lunine has argued that any living things in titan ' s cryogenic hydrocarbon lakes would need to be so different chemically from earth life that it would not be possible for one to be the ancestor of the other. conditions on titan could become far more habitable in the far future. five billion years from now, as the sun becomes a red giant, surface temperatures could rise enough for titan to support liquid water on its surface making it habitable. as the sun ' s ultraviolet output decreases, the haze in titan ' s upper atmosphere will be depleted, lessening the anti - greenhouse effect on the surface and enabling the greenhouse created by atmospheric methane to play a far greater role. these conditions together could create a habitable environment, and could persist for several hundred million years. this was sufficient time for simple life to evolve on earth, although the presence of ammonia on titan would cause chemical reactions to proceed more slowly. - unless otherwise specified : \" jpl horizons solar system data and ephemeris computation service \". solar system dynamics. nasa, jet propulsion laboratory. retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19. - jacobson, r. a. ; antreasian, p. g. ; bordi, j. j. ; criddle, k. e. ; ionasescu, r. ; jones, j. b. ; mackenzie, r. a. ; meek, m. c. et al. 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( 2008 ). titan : exploring an earthlike world. world scientific. isbn 978 - 981 - 270 - 501 - 3. | wikimedia commons has media related to : titan ( moon ) | - lorenz, ralph ; jacqueline mitton ( 2002 ). lifting titan ' s veil : exploring the giant moon of saturn. cambridge university press. isbn 0 - 521 - 79348 - 3. | the sun and planets of the solar system. note : sizes and distances are not to scale. objects in the solar system - cassini \u2013 huygens mission to saturn & titan. multimedia feature titan virtual tour - titan profile at nasa ' s solar system exploration site - video of huygens \u2019 descent from the esa - cassini imaging central laboratory for operations ( ciclops ) site titan image search - european space agency. ( 2005 ). esa \u2014 cassini - huygens. retrieved march 28, 2005. - the planetary society ( 2005 ). tps : saturn ' s moon titan. retrieved march 28, 2005. - university of arizona lunar and planetary lab ( 2005 ). lunar and planetary lab the descent imager - spectral radiometer of the cassini \u2013 huygens mission to titan. retrieved march 28, 2005. - the alien noise. this recording is a laboratory reconstruction of the sounds heard by huygens ' microphones. - movie of titan ' s rotation from the national oceanic and atmospheric administration site - astronomycast : titan fraser cain and pamela gay, 2010. - titan nomenclature and titan map with feature names from the usgs planetary nomenclature page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47500510554731734, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.896885"} {"text": "the term veld, sometimes anachronistically spelled veldt in english, is a generic term used to define certain wide open rural spaces of southern africa. it is used in particular to refer to flatter areas or districts covered in grass or low scrub, especially in south africa, zimbabwe, botswana and namibia. a certain sub - tropical woodland ecoregion of southern africa has been officially defined as the bushveld by the world wide fund for nature. the word veld comes from the afrikaans word for ' field ', but a simple translation does not convey the subtleties of the many idiomatic nuances and technical applications of the term. a typical authoritative dictionary will devote columns, or even pages to the subject. the etymological origin is the old dutch language veldt, a spelling that the dutch abandoned in favour of veld during the 19th century, decades before the first afrikaans dictionary. subsequent addition of the terminal \" t \" in the spelling \" veldt \" seems to have been mainly an english confusion with the already obsolete dutch usage ; it never was an afrikaans form. even in english its frequency of usage relative to \" veld \" peaked around the time of the boer wars, and has lapsed into a minority anachronism since about 1920. veld can be loosely compared to the australian terms \" outback \" or \" bush \", to \" the prairie \" of north america, to the \" pampas \" lowlands of south america, or to the steppe of central asia. someone from yorkshire might equate \" wandering across the moors \" to \" walking through the veld. \" by extension, the veld can be compared to ' the boondocks ' or those places ' beyond the black stump ' in australia. there is a sense in which it refers in essence to unimproved land ( and is therefore not the equivalent of the english \" paddock \" ) and does not include areas used both for pastoral activities and the planting of crops. these areas are referred to as fields. the word is less appropriate for land that is heavily forested, mountainous, or urban. the simplest explanation will be to say the word \" veld \" means \" natural vegetation \" ; excluding vegetation like swamps and forests. it does include mountains with vegetation but not deserts or mountains without natural vegetation. the veld definition may encompass different natural environments, both humid and dry, such as coastal plain, coastal prairie, flooded grasslands and savannas, grassland, prairie, savanna, steppe, meadow, water - meadow,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5146638777569469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.908257"} {"text": "deserts or mountains without natural vegetation. the veld definition may encompass different natural environments, both humid and dry, such as coastal plain, coastal prairie, flooded grasslands and savannas, grassland, prairie, savanna, steppe, meadow, water - meadow, flood - meadow, wet meadow, as well as agricultural fields. whereas mountainous peaks and thick forests do not really fit in with the term veld, bushes are acceptable. the area then becomes bosveld, a term that is used mainly to describe die bosveld ( \" the bushveld \" ), which is both a loose botanical classification and a specific geographical part of what used to be known as the transvaal, as described for example in the story jock of the bushveld. other uses - the word renosterveld, \" rhinoceros - field \", is now used to differentiate one of the major vegetation types of the cape floristic region. - a carefully husbanded sports field on which the game of rugby is played in the middle of cities such as cape town or johannesburg is referred to as a \" rugbyveld \" in the afrikaans language. - the word \" veld \" also carries military connotations. the word \" field \" in english has a strong association with \" war \", as evidenced by the expression \" the first foe in the field \" and the lines of the ballad ' lord marlborough ' ( see john churchill ) : \" you generals all and champions bold, that takes delight in field, that knocks down churches and castle walls but now to death must yield \". the same relationship is paralleled in afrikaans. just as the english army has its field marshals, the boer armies had their veldkornets and veldkommandos. - the rhodesian ridgeback dog was famous for hunting large game on the african veld. as a tribute to this wonderful breed many rhodesian ridgeback breeders incorporate the word \" veld \" or \" veldt \" in their kennel prefix. once such notable example is the kennel prefix \" veldthund \" who have been breeding and showing rhodesian ridgebacks in australia since 1984. the dog ch veldthund sabre et appears on the pedigree of many of the top rhodesian ridgebacks around the world. highveld and lowveld much of the interior of southern africa consists of a high plateau, the higher portions ( 1500 m \u2013 2100 m ) of which are known as the highveld, starting at the drakensberg escar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4977135936597484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.909231"} {"text": ". highveld and lowveld much of the interior of southern africa consists of a high plateau, the higher portions ( 1500 m \u2013 2100 m ) of which are known as the highveld, starting at the drakensberg escarpment to the east of the johannesburg, and sloping gradually downwards to the west and south west, as well as. these higher, cooler areas ( generally more than 5, 000 feet or 1, 500 metres above sea level ) are characterised by flat or gently undulating terrain, vast grasslands and a modified tropical or subtropical climate. in some areas there is a distinct escarpment bordering the plateau, while in others the boundary is not obvious. the blesbok and quagga were among the large animals that once roamed in the highveld in great numbers. nowadays there still is a sizeable population of springbok in some areas. the lower regions of the central plateau to the north of the highveld, especially the limpopo river lowlands, as well as the areas beyond of the drakensberg escarpment in mpumalanga, to the north east of the highveld, are known as lowveld and are generally hotter and less intensely cultivated. the arid lower plateau regions to the west, south and south west of the highveld are not generally referred to as \" lowveld \", nor is kwazulu - natal beyond the escarpment to the east. before the middle of the 20th century, much of the lowveld was home to the tsetse fly, which transmits sleeping sickness. these areas used to be known as \" fever country \" and were avoided by mounted travellers, owing to the susceptibility of horses to a form of the disease. formerly malaria, carried by mosquitoes, was a major problem too in the hotter parts of the lowveld. the lowveld is known for its high concentration of big game, including the larger animals, like african elephants, rhino, zebra and wildebeest, while the slow - flowing streams and wetlands of the lowveld are a haven for the hippos. the kruger national park, for example, is located in the eastern lowveld areas of mpumalanga and limpopo provinces. thornveld or thorn veld, often referred to as \" acacia thornveld \", is a type of semi - arid savanna in which grassland with thorny acacia and certain species of thorny bushes predominate. the predominant plant species", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43512996973698886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.910186"} {"text": ". thornveld or thorn veld, often referred to as \" acacia thornveld \", is a type of semi - arid savanna in which grassland with thorny acacia and certain species of thorny bushes predominate. the predominant plant species are usually different in the thornveld of the plains or in the hill thornveld, where, for example, species of genus balanites are common. some of the characteristic species in the thornveld include : - grasses : grass species belonging to genus themeda and hyparrhenia - trees and bushes : genus acacia and rhus, such as acacia caffra, acacia sieberiana and rhus pentheri and other species like ziziphus mucronata, ehretia rigida and cussonia spicata. sandveld and hardveld sandveld, in the general sense of the word, is a type of veld characterised by dry, sandy soil, typical of certain areas of the southern african region. it usually absorbs all water from the seasonal rains, although aquatic habitats, largely seasonal, may be also found in specific places in the sandveld. only certain hardy plant species thrive in the sandveld environment. these consist especially of grasses forming clumps and certain kinds of trees and shrubs. the sandveld vegetation has a particular pattern of growth, rarely covering the whole terrain and thus leaving patches of sandy soil exposed on the surface. some of the typical sandveld species are acacia haematoxylon, a. luederitzii, boscia albitrunca, terminalia sericea, lonchocarpus nelsii, bauhinia petersiana and baphia massaiensis. the fauna of the sandveld includes mainly reptiles, mammals and birds adapted to living in the sandy environment ; some of the small mammals and reptiles often use the sand for protection by burrowing in it. the term sandveld is also applied in a specific sense to certain well - defined areas in southern africa, such as the sandveld of the northwest, a 30 km wide strip along the atlantic coast of south africa. the sandveld of the kalahari was one of the areas inhabited by the bushmen, who had adapted to life conditions in the sandveld since ancient times. the sandveld nature reserve is protecting the biotope of a sandveld zone of the free state. hardveld is a term applied to certain areas of rocky soils in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44297748491512184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.911100"} {"text": "adapted to life conditions in the sandveld since ancient times. the sandveld nature reserve is protecting the biotope of a sandveld zone of the free state. hardveld is a term applied to certain areas of rocky soils in botswana, located mostly in the eastern part of the country. the landscape is an undulating plain with scattered rocky hill ranges. there are areas of hardveld also in south africa in the mountainous central kamiesberg of the northern cape with hilly escarpments and deep river valleys. the soil of the hardveld is characterised by rocky outcrops, as well as an abundance of stones and pebbles of different shapes and sizes. the flora of the hardveld is typical of rocky savanna, with denser vegetation, and thus less denuded patches than in the sandveld, as well as taller trees. there is also a higher diversity of species in the hardveld compared with the sandveld. peltophorum africanum, acacia nigrescens, a. tortilis, combretum apiculatum and colophospermum mopane are some of the representative species of the northern hardveld. | \u201c | | how well i remember the years i spent tending the cattle on the large farm, roaming over all its far expanse of veld, in which every kloof, every valley, every koppie was endeared to me by the most familiar associations. month after month i had spent there in lonely occupation \u2014 alone with the cattle, myself and god. the veld had grown part of me, not only in the sense that my bones were a part of it, but in that more vital sense which identifies nature with man... having no human companion, i felt a spirit of comradeship for the objects around me. in my childish way i communed with these as with my own soul ; they became the sharers of my confidence. | | \u201d | see also - eric anderson walker ( ed ). the cambridge history of the british empire, volume 4. cambridge university press 1963 ( afrikaans : pp. 890 \u2013 894 ) - \" southern africa bushveld \". terrestrial ecoregions. world wildlife fund. - \" veldfires in south africa \".. dwaf. gov. za. 30 march 2005. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - tweetalige woordeboek afrikaans - engels. tafelberg - uitgewers. 1984. isbn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4354559784851535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.912021"} {"text": "africa \".. dwaf. gov. za. 30 march 2005. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - tweetalige woordeboek afrikaans - engels. tafelberg - uitgewers. 1984. isbn 0 - 624 - 00533 - x. - winkel, lammert allard te. de grondbeginselen der nederlandsche spelling : regelen der spelling voor het woordenboek der nederlandsche taal. publisher : d. noothoven van goor, 1873. download from : - berger, iris. south africa in world history. oxford university press, 2009. isbn 978 - 0195337938 - \" google ngram viewer \". books. google. com. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - \" google ngram viewer \". books. google. com. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - richard despard estes, the behavior guide to african mammals, university of california press, isbn 978 - 0 - 520 - 27297 - 2 - \" map of lowveld \". saexplorer. co. za. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - \" lowveld & kruger national park \". wheretostay. co. za. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - \" thorn veld ecozone \u2013 kruger national park \". ecotravel. co. za. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - \" kwazulu - natal department of agriculture \u2013 mixed thornveld ecozone \". agriculture. kzntl. gov. za. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - \" aquatic ecosystems of the sandveld - saldanha \" ( pdf ). retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - \" thamnochortus bachmannii \". plantzafrica. com. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - \" nature ' s bounty in the sandveld \" ( pdf ). retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - \" kamiesberg route \". openafrica. org. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - \" sandveld conservancy \". sandveld. com. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - \" microsoft word - orig _ basin profile. doc \" ( pdf ). retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. - \" fao country pasture / forage resource profiles \u2013 botswana \". fao. org. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31. | look up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4197643104225536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.912764"} {"text": "edward i and ii - attempted conquest of scotland henry iii, at his death in 1272, was succeeded by his son edward i, a prince as warlike and sagacious as his father was the reverse. he distinguished himself ' by his attempts to add wales to his kingdom, an object which he accomplished in 1282, by the overthrow and murder of llewellen, the last prince of that country. in the meantime, from the death of william the lion in 1214, scotland had been ruled by two princes, alexander ii, and iii, under whom it advanced considerably in wealth, civilization, and comfort. on the death of alexandria iii, in 1285, the crown fell to his granddaughter margaret, a young girl, whose father was eric, king of norway. edward formed a treaty with the estates of scotland for a marriage between this princess and his son, whom he styled prince of wales. unfortunately, the young lady died on her voyage to scotland ; and the crown was left to be disputed by a multitude of distant relations, of whom john baliol and robert bruce seem to have the best right. edward, being resolved to make scotland his own at all hazards, interfered in this dispute, and being appointed arbitrator among the competitors, persuaded them to own in the first place an ill - defined claim put forward by himself of the right of paramountcy or superior sovereignty over scotland. when this was done, he appointed baliol to be his vassal king, an honor which the unfortunate man was not long permitted to enjoy. having driven baliol to resistance, he invaded the country, overthrew his army, and stripping him of his sovereignty, assumed to himself the dominion of scotland, as a right forfeited to him by the rebellion of his vassal. after he had retired, a brave scottish gentleman, named william wallace, raised an insurrection against his officers, and defeating his army at stirling in 1298, cleared the whole country of its southern invaders. but in the succeeding year, this noble patriot was defeated by edward in person at falkirk, and the english yoke was again imposed. it may be remarked, that this could have hardly taken place if the common people, who rose with wallace, and who were wholly of celtic and saxon origin, had been led and encouraged by the nobility. the grandees of scotland, and even the competitors for the crown, being recent norman settlers, were disposed to render obedience to the english sovereign. some time after the death of wallace, while edward was engrossed with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.35914178311555817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.918213"} {"text": "encouraged by the nobility. the grandees of scotland, and even the competitors for the crown, being recent norman settlers, were disposed to render obedience to the english sovereign. some time after the death of wallace, while edward was engrossed with the french wars, robert bruce, earl of carrick, grand son of him who had competed with baliol, conceived the idea of putting himself at the head of the scots, and endeavoring by their means at once to gain the crown, and to recover the independence of the kingdom. after a series of adventures, among which was the unpremeditated murder of a rival named comyn, bruce caused himself, in 1806, to be crowned at scone. for some time after he had to skulk as a fugitive, being unable to maintain his ground against the english officers ; but at length he became so formidable, that edward found it necessary ( 1307 ) to lead a large army against him. the english monarch, worn out with fatigue and age, died on the coast of the solway firth, when just within sight of scotland, leaving his sceptre to his son edward ii. that weak and foolish prince immediately returned to london, leaving bruce to contest with his inferior officers. after several years of constant skirmishing, during which the scottish king was able to maintain his ground, edward resolved to make one decisive effort to reduce scotland to subjection. in the summer of 1314, he invaded it with an army of 100, 000 men. bruce drew up his troops, which were only 30, 000 in number, at bannockburn, near stirling. partly by steady valor, and partly by the use of stratagems, the scots were victorious, and edward fled ignominiously from the field. the scottish king gained an immense booty, besides securing his crown and the independence of his country. he soon after sent his brother edward, with a body of troops, to ireland, to assist the native chiefs in resisting the english. this bold young knight was crowned king of ireland, and for some time held his ground against the english forces, but was at length defeated and slain. the weakness of edward ii was chiefly shown in a fondness for favorites, into whose hands he committed the whole interests of his people. the first was a low frenchman, named piers gaveston, who soon fell a victim to the indignation of the barons. the second, hugh spencer, misgoverned the country for several years, till at length the queen and prince of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4362665087902856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.919363"} {"text": "nov 8, 2011 project clamer finds ' disturbing ' evidence of changes to europe ' s seas project clamer, an 18 - month initiative involving 17 european marine institutes, has amassed some ' convincing ' and ' disturbing ' evidence of changes in the european marine environment, according to its organisers. the project, which has now come to an end, synthesized an extensive collection of academic papers published since 1998 on climate change and europe ' s marine environments and combined this with a groundbreaking opinion poll. the online survey of 10, 000 residents in 10 european countries reveals widespread concern about climate change, led by worries about sea - level rise and coastal erosion. the poll also found that those worried by climate change largely blame the phenomenon on other groups of people or nations, and assign governments and industry responsibility for mitigating the problem ( though they perceive government and industry as ineffective on the issue ). some 86 % of respondents said climate change is caused entirely, mainly or in part by human activities. only 8 % thought it was mainly or entirely caused by natural processes ; in the us, around 32 \u2013 36 % hold this view. co - ordinated by the marine board of the european science foundation, with contributions from more than 20 scientists, the clamer synthesis and related book examine the environments of the north sea, baltic sea, arctic ocean, north east atlantic ocean, mediterranean sea and the black sea. the study found that europeans face greater risk of illness, property damage and job losses because of the impacts of climate change on the seas around them. \" millions of euros in health costs may result from human consumption of contaminated seafood, ingestion of water - borne pathogens, and, to a lesser degree, through direct occupational or recreational exposure to marine diseases, \" states the clamer synthesis. \" climatic conditions are playing an increasingly important role in the transmission of these diseases. \" the researchers found that sea - level rise, combined with higher waves being recorded in the north atlantic and more frequent and severe storms, threaten up to 1 trillion euros ' worth of europe ' s physical assets within 500 m of the shore. some 35 % of europe ' s gdp is generated within 50 km of the coast, the synthesis notes. \" sea - level rise of 80 to 200 cm could wipe out entire countries \u2026 causing sea floods, massive economic damage, large movements of populations from inundated areas, salinity intrusion and loss of wetlands including the ecosystem services that they provide. \" the clamer synthesis also suggests the need for europe ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45828529382540023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.922129"} {"text": "depth range ( m ) : 0 - 4. 8 depth range ( m ) : 0 - 4. 8 note : this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome. molecular biology and genetics statistics of barcoding coverage : elminius modestus public records : 0 specimens with barcodes : 3 species with barcodes : 1 elminius modestus is a species of barnacle in the family balanidae, native to australia, tasmania and new zealand, but now spread to britain and the north west coasts of europe. it reaches a maximum size of about 10 millimetres ( 0. 39 in ) in diameter. distribution and habitat e. modestus originated in australia and was first seen in british waters, in chichester harbour, during the second world war. it was believed to have arrived on the hulls of ships, or possibly the larval stages travelled in bilge water. it has become very common in southern england and wales and is spreading northwards, but the spread may be limited by the temperature of the sea. it is found on the upper middle shore and is tolerant of low salinity levels where fresh water enters the sea. it avoids exposed positions. it had reached the scottish borders by 1960 and shetland by 1978. it is found on the atlantic coasts of europe from gibraltar to germany. e. modestus is a suspension feeder. it has feathery appendages which beat rhythmically to draw plankton and other organic particles into the shell for consumption. eggs are laid and develop into nauplius larvae which are released into the phytoplankton. these then develop into cyprid larvae which later settle and cement themselves onto a rocky substrate. in the british isles, e. modestus competes with semibalanus balanoides, whereas in southern europe it also competes with chthamalus spp. it is particularly successful because it grows fast, tolerates reduced salinity, has a lower temperature tolerance than chthamalus spp and a higher tolerance than balanus spp. it is also a threat to native species because it reaches maturity in its first season and can produce several broods of larvae per year. it has an extended habitat as it grows both high up the shore and in the neritic zone. - worms ( 2011 ). \" elminius modestus \". world register of marine species. http : / / www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 106209. retrieved august", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4188416498957016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.927491"} {"text": "worms ( 2011 ). \" elminius modestus \". world register of marine species. http : / / www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 106209. retrieved august 17, 2011. - john barrett & c. m. young ( 1958 ). collins pocket guide to the sea shore. p. 91. - d. j. crisp ( 1958 ). \" the spread of elminius modestus darwin in north - west europe \" ( pdf ). journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 37 ( 2 ) : 483 \u2013 520. doi : 10. 1017 / s0025315400023833. http : / / sabella. mba. ac. uk / 1942 / 01 / the _ spread _ of _ elminius _ modestus _ darwin _ in _ north - west _ europe. pdf. - k. hiscock, s. hiscock & j. m. baker ( 1978 ). \" the occurrence of the barnacle elminius modestus in shetland \". journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 58 ( 3 ) : 627 \u2013 629. doi : 10. 1017 / s0025315400041278. - h. barnes & m. barnes ( 1966 ). \" ecological and zoogeographical observations on some of the common intertidal cirripedes of the coasts of the western european mainland in june - september, 1963 \". in harold barnes. some contemporary studies in marine science. allen & unwin. pp. 83 \u2013 105. - \" shore life \". encarta encyclopedia 2005 dvd. - e. bourget ( 1987 ). \" barnacle shells : composition, structure, and growth \". in alan j. southward. crustacean issues 5 : barnacle biology. pp. 267 \u2013 285. isbn 90 - 6191 - 628 - 3. - h. barnes & margaret barnes ( 1960 ). \" recent spread and present distribution of the barnacle elminius modestus darwin in north - west europe \". proceedings of the zoological society of london 135 ( 1 ) : 137 \u2013 145. doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1469 - 7998. 1960. tb05836. x. - \" elminius modestus \". marine advice. joint nature conservation committee. http : / / jncc. defra. gov. uk / page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40445883418290207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.929361"} {"text": "researchers use fungus to decompose plastic containing bpa pretreating polycarbonate plastic may be the key to disposing of bisphenol a ( bpa ) in an eco - friendly way, scientists have found. their new study is in the american chemical society ' s biomacromolecules, a monthly journal. mukesh doble and trishul artham note that manufacturers produce about 2. 7 million tons of plastic containing bpa each year. some studies have suggested that bpa may have a range of adverse health effects, sparking the search for an environmentally safe way of disposing of waste plastic to avoid release of bpa. doble, ph. d., is a professor in the biotechnology department at the indian institute of technology madras in chennai, india. the scientists pretreated polycarbonate with ultraviolet light and heat and exposed it to three kinds of fungi \u2014 including the fabled white - rot fungus, used commercially for environmental remediation of the toughest pollutants. the scientists found that fungi grew better on pretreated plastic, using its bpa and other ingredients as a source of energy and breaking down the plastic. after 12 months, there was almost no decomposition of the untreated plastic, compared to substantial decomposition of the pretreated plastic, with no release of bpa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4542899057855343, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.938295"} {"text": "no - take areas, herbivory and coral reef resilience hughes, terry p., bellwood, david r., folke, carl s., mccook, laurence j., and pandolfi, john m. ( 2007 ) no - take areas, herbivory and coral reef resilience. trends in ecology & evolution, 22 ( 1 ). pp. 1 - 3. | pdf ( published version ) - repository staff only - requires a pdf viewer such as gsview, xpdf or adobe acrobat reader | view at publisher website : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1016 / j. tree. 2006. 10... coral reefs worldwide are under threat from various anthropogenic factors, including overfishing and pollution. a new study by mumby et al. highlights the trophic relationships between humans, carnivorous and herbivorous fishes, and the potential role of no - take areas in maintaining vulnerable coral reef ecosystems. no - take areas, where fishing is prohibited, are vital tools for managing food webs, ecosystem function and the resilience of reefs, in a seascape setting that extends far beyond the boundaries of the reefs themselves. | item type : | | article ( refereed research - c1 ) | | keywords : | | coral reef ; no - take areas ; herbivory | | for codes : | | 06 biological sciences > 0602 ecology > 060205 marine and estuarine ecology ( incl marine ichthyology ) @ 100 % | | seo codes : | | 96 environment > 9605 ecosystem assessment and management > 960508 ecosystem assessment and management of mining environments @ 100 % | | deposited on : | | 20 jul 2009 14 : 11 | | last modified : | | 14 jun 2013 00 : 27 | last 12 months : 0 | citation counts with external providers : | | web of science : 23 | repository staff only : item control page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43582632719251957, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.956441"} {"text": "paul and the sacraments what is the role of the sacraments of baptism and the eucharist in the pauline concept of salvation? incorporation and union if for paul these two sacraments involve a believer ' s participation in the saving works of christ, what are the effects that they have in the life of the christian? the first effect is an incorporation into and union with jesus christ that leads to the transformation of the participant. in galatians 3 : 27, paul writes, \" for as many of you as were baptized into christ have put on [ or \" clothed yourselves with \" ] christ. \" a key point to note initially is that paul does not say \" put on the lord \", but specifically \" put on christ \". this is an important distinction. if paul had used jesus ' \" divine \" title of \" lord, \" he could be simply harkening to the overall redeeming action of god. instead, by evoking the title \" christ, \" he is specifically linking one ' s baptism with the work of the christ, i. e. his crucifixion for our sakes ( 13 ). this is what one \" puts on \" at his baptism. furthermore, this language of \" putting on \" or \" clothing yourself with \" christ evokes the imagery of the baptism ritual itself as practiced in the early church. when a convert was baptized, he first completely disrobed before his baptism, and then \" put on \" his clothes after his baptism ( 14 ). this imagery allowed the new christian to see that he had begun a completely new life, one that was now \" in christ : \" the disrobing represented a \" death, \" and re - clothing represented the new life ( 15 ). of course, the ritual of baptism itself, with its immersion into water and rising out again also powerfully evokes the dying / rising theme. all of this symbolism existed to emphasize the important theological point : that one begins a new life through baptism. but what is this \" new life \"? by reading romans 6 in its context, it is possible to see that to which paul is referring. in romans 5, paul is comparing adam and christ, and describing how adam ' s transgression brings about sin and death, but christ ' s \" act of righteousness \" leads to new life. the natural question then arises : how does one attach oneself to christ ' s act, and thus to new life? paul answers this in romans 6 : 4 - 5,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44640661043727536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.962611"} {"text": ", but christ ' s \" act of righteousness \" leads to new life. the natural question then arises : how does one attach oneself to christ ' s act, and thus to new life? paul answers this in romans 6 : 4 - 5, when he writes, \" we were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, so that as christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the father, we too might walk in newness of life. for if we have been united with him in a death like his, we shall certainly be united with him in a resurrection like his. \" by dying with christ in baptism, we are incorporated into him, and thus are able to one day be incorporated into his resurrection ( 16 ). christ ' s \" act of righteousness \" which leads to new life now applies to the baptized believer. paul describes this incorporation as one of being baptized \" into christ ( eis christon ) \" ( rom 6 : 3, gal 3 : 27 ). this language \" pregnantly expresses the movement towards christ that these initial experiences imply, the beginning of the christian ' s condition... torn from one ' s original condition, from one ' s natural inclinations, and from one ' s ethnic background, one is solemnly introduced ' into christ ' in faith and baptism. eis christon denotes, then, the movement of incorporation. \" ( fitzmyer 1409 ). in the rite of baptism, the initiate was separated from his old state of existence. death to the old life is not the final goal ; new life in christ is. as paul writes in the letter to the colossians : \" you were buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the working of god, who raised him from the dead. \" ( col 2 : 12 ). baptism buries one with christ, but its ultimate purpose for the participant to be raised with christ to new life. this incorporation also occurs through the celebration of the lord ' s supper. in his first letter to the corinthians, paul urges his readers to \" flee from idolatry \" ( 1 cor 10 : 14 niv ). they need to remove themselves completely from the old life that they lived before their baptism. but he uses the imagery of the eucharist to remind them of why they should no longer live an idolatrous life : \" the cup of blessing which we bless, is it not a participation ( koinonia ) in the blood of christ?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45158568002003197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.963672"} {"text": "mention the words \" reserve clause \" in a crowded sports bar and within seconds the noise level will exceed 100 decibels as 12 guys try to tell you free agency is the root of all that ' s wrong with baseball while another 15 will say it ' s a man ' s right to earn his wages and sell his wares to the most willing buyer. the debate is endless ( and often times, scrutinized to the point of inanity ), but there ' s no doubting that the reserve clause is one of the most argued points in all of major league baseball history. when the first organized baseball leagues were forming in america, there were little profits to be made : owners had to stick it out for the long - term, and to do this meant cutting costs whenever and wherever possible. by far the most expensive aspect of operations was player salaries : supply and demand ensured the owners with the most money would have the best talent, thereby dominating the league and generating more attendance, leading to a spiraling economic gap in the league. to prevent this, in 1879 owners in the national league agreed to reserve 5 players on each of their teams. no other team would be allowed to sign or attempt to sign a reserved player. the agreement was kept secret at first, but soon its inner workings were revealed and it was added to the national league ' s constitution. players didn ' t complain at all - being made one of the five reserves was a badge of honor and worth. it is important to note that almost all of the talent within the league was local talent ; it was rare to see more than one or two trades throughout the year. in 1883, the american association and national league formed a coalition, and the number of reserved players increased to 11. in 1887, it was raised again to 14. since the roster was limited to 21, this meant 2 out of 3 players could not leave their current team. many players began to complain that they weren ' t being paid what they thought they were worth. john mongtomery ward, a first baseman for the baltimore team, complained : \" like a fugitive slave law, the reserve rule denies him a harbor or a livelihood, and carries him back, bound and shackled, to the club from which he attempted to escape. \" when players began quitting to join other upstart leagues ( most notably the players ' league, formed in 1890 ), the owners tried to invoke the reserve clauses, but court after court upheld the player ' s right, one of them even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4317832354593877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.969423"} {"text": "players began quitting to join other upstart leagues ( most notably the players ' league, formed in 1890 ), the owners tried to invoke the reserve clauses, but court after court upheld the player ' s right, one of them even citing the thirteenth amendment, which barred involuntary servitude, as grounds for its decision. yet no one ever took the case to the supreme court, and the reserve clause remained a standard part of many players ' contracts. when curt flood was traded from the st. louis cardinals to the philadelphia phillies in 1970, he refused to report, instead suing major league baseball for antitrust violations. flood ' s case went all the way to the supreme court, and although he lost, the owners made it clear that they felt this issue should be handled via arbitration and collective bargaining. this would be the beginning of the end of any practical application of the reserve clause. in 1975, andy messersmith and dave mcnally both pitched without signing contracts, and then claimed they were free agents, since the reserve clause did not apply to them. major league baseball ' s arbitration panel, headed by peter seitz, oversaw the proceedings and ruled in favor of the players : they were free to sign with whoever they want. suddenly a bidding war emerged for messersmith ( he eventually signed with the atlanta braves for a $ 1 million \" lifetime \" contract ). a new agreement was signed between the owners and the players in 1976 which allowed players with 6 years of major league experience to declare free agency and seek arbitration. free agency blossomed, and today, many players peddle their wares to all teams, which occasionally lead to some very interesting bidding wars and contracts. of course, it is easy to argue that the balance of power shifted heavily from the owners to the players. some say this has ruined the game because players are greedy and don ' t care about the game as they used to ; others say that since the owners are running a business, they wouldn ' t pay the players what they do if they didn ' t feel it was a good business decision. whatever the case may be, the reserve clause ' s role in the financial history of major league baseball can ' t be denied. a minor interesting side note is that the national hockey league also used a reserve clause until 1972, when it switched over to the option clause favored by the national football league and the national basketball association ( which binds a player to his team for one more year after his contract expires ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4319689376317408, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.970706"} {"text": "per ` i * od \" ic (? ), a. [ pref. per - + iodic. ] chem. pertaining to, derived from, or designating, the highest oxygen acid ( hio ) of iodine. \u00a9 webster 1913. pe ` ri * od \" ic (? ), pe ` ri * od \" ic * al (? ), a. [ l. periodicus, gr. : cf. f. p ' eriodique. ] of or pertaining to a period or periods, or to division by periods. the periodicaltimes of all the satellites. sir j. herschel. performed in a period, or regular revolution ; proceeding in a series of successive circuits ; as, the periodical motion of the planets round the sun. happening, by revolution, at a stated time ; returning regularly, after a certain period of time ; acting, happening, or appearing, at fixed intervals ; recurring ; as, periodical epidemics. the periodic return of a plant ' s flowering. to influence opinion through the periodical press. of or pertaining to a period ; constituting a complete sentence. periodic comet astron., a comet that moves about the sun in an elliptic orbit ; a comet that has been seen at two of its approaches to the sun. - - periodic function math., a function whose values recur at fixed intervals as the variable uniformly increases. the trigonomertic functions, as sin x, tan x, etc., are periodic functions. exponential functions are also periodic, having an imaginary period, and the elliptic functions have not only a real but an imaginary period, and are hence called doubly periodic. - - periodic law chem., the generalization that the properties of the chemical elements are periodic functions of their atomic wieghts. \" in other words, if the elements are grouped in the order of their atomic weights, it will be found that nearly the same properties recur periodically throughout the entire series. \" the following tabular arrangement of the atomic weights shows the regular recurrence of groups ( under i., ii., iii., iv., etc. ), each consisting of members of the same natural family. the gaps in the table indicate the probable existence of unknown elements. a similar relation had been enunciated in a crude way by newlands ; but the law in its effective form was developed and elaborated by mendelejeff, whence it is sometimes called mendelejeff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6441114880626131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.974778"} {"text": "scientists studied 34 school - age children and young adults who had been diagnosed with autism early in life but now appeared to be functioning normally. tests confirmed that the group, aged eight to 21, no longer suffered symptoms of the developmental condition that makes it difficult to communicate and socialise. researchers led by deborah fein, from the university of connecticut, matched the 34 children by age, sex, and nonverbal iq with 44 kids with high - functioning autism, and 34 typically developing peers. participants ranged in age from 8 to 21 years old. prior studies had examined the possibility of a loss of diagnosis, but questions remained regarding the accuracy of the initial diagnosis, and whether children who ultimately appeared similar to their mainstream peers initially had a relatively mild form of autism. the results suggested that children in the optimal outcome group had milder social deficits than the high functioning autism group in early childhood, but had other symptoms, related to communication and repetitive behaviour, that were as severe as in the latter group. the investigators evaluated the current status of the children using standard cognitive and observational tests and parent questionnaires. \" all children with asd are capable of making progress with intensive therapy, but with our current state of knowledge most do not achieve the kind of optimal outcome that we are studying, \" said fein. \" our hope is that further research will help us better understand the mechanisms of change so that each child can have the best possible life, \" fein said in a statement. this study cannot provide information on what percentage of children diagnosed with asd might eventually lose the symptoms. analysis of those data may shed light on questions such as whether the changes in diagnosis resulted from a normalising of brain function, or if these children ' s brains were able to compensate for autism - related difficulties.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47581774370705465, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.978197"} {"text": "even when viewing the subject in the most objective way possible, it is clear that software, as a product, generally suffers from low quality. take for example a house built from scratch. usually, the house will function as it is supposed to. it will stand for many years to come, the roof will support heavy weather conditions, the doors and the windows will do their job, the foundations will not collapse even when the house is fully populated. sure, minor problemsdo occur, like a leaking faucet or a bad paint job, but these are not critical. software, on the other hand is much more susceptible to suffer from bad quality : unexpected crashes, erroneous behavior, miscellaneous bugs, etc. sure, there are many software projects and products which show high quality and are very reliable. but lots of software products do not fall in this category. take into consideration paradigms like tdd which its popularity is on the rise in the past few years. why is this? why do people have to fear that their software will not work or crash? ( do you walk into a house fearing its foundations will collapse? ) why is software - subjectively - so full of bugs? - modern software engineering has existed for only a few decades, a small time period compared to other forms of engineering / production. - software is very complicated with layers upon layers of complexity, integrating them all is not trivial. - software development is relatively easy to start with, anyone can write a simple program on his pc, which leads to amateur software leaking into the market. - tight budgets and timeframes do not allow complete and high quality development and extensive testing. how do you explain this issue, and do you see software quality advancing in the near future?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5210531223689253, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.980475"} {"text": "several substances inhibiting so - called hdac enzymes have been studied in trials searching for new anti - cancer drugs in recent years. \u201c trials have shown that hdac inhibitors are very effective in arresting growth of cultured cancer cells. but apart from a very rare type of lymphoma, these drugs unfortunately do not clinically affect malignant tumors, \u201d says prof. dr. olaf witt, who heads a research department at german cancer research center ( dkfz ) and is pediatrician at the center for child and adolescent medicine of heidelberg university hospital. hdac11 is a novel drug target in carcinomas is published in the international journal of cancer. in the cell, histone deacetylases ( hdac ) are responsible for removing small chemical tags called acetyl groups from histone proteins. histones serve as coils the genetic material wraps around in the nucleus. the presence or absence of acetyl tags determines where genetic material is accessible and can get transcribed. now this is where witt and his colleagues suspect the reason for the problems in clinical application of hdac inhibitors. currently available substances equally block all members of the large family of hdac enzymes. thus, they interfere with vital cellular functions and also harm healthy cells. this can lead to severe side effects preventing their administration at a sufficient dosage. searching for a solution to this dilemma, witt \u2019 s team came across a member of the hdac family, hdac11, which was identified only recently. the researchers could show that many cancer cells, including cells of breast, liver and renal cancers, produce extraordinary high levels of hdac11. this has not been observed in healthy cells, and hardly any specific functions of hdac11 are known there. \u201c it therefore seemed obvious that a specific hdac11 inhibitor would specifically target tumor cells, where this enzyme appears to play a critical role, \u201d says dr. hedwig deubzer, first author of the article. as there are no specific hdac11 inhibitors available yet, the team took a different approach to verify their hypothesis. using molecular techniques, they turned off production of hdac11 in breast, colon, prostate and ovarian cancer cell lines and likewise in control cells of healthy tissues. the result : cancer cells without hdac11 were impaired in viability and more often underwent cell death ( apoptosis ). by contrast, loss of hdac11 did not cause any noticeable changes in normal cells. \u201c the result suggests that selective blocking of hdac11 would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47947413112519854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.984916"} {"text": "what is rss? rss, or really simple syndication, is an easy way to get the news you want whenever it is updated, even if you are not on the financial management service website. rss enables users to quickly scan the website for frequently changing contents. rss uses an xml - based structure. users can subscribe to feeds through a program called a news reader or aggregator. there are many such news readers or aggregators available, and they can be found in many locations on the world wide web. you can find news readers by searching places like the dmoz open directory project, feed readers and news aggregators, or by using search engines such as how do i subscribe to a feed? for newer browsers such as mozilla ' s firefox 2. 0 and internet explorer 7. 0, with built - in news reader, simply select \" subscribe to this feed \" to add to the browser ' s feeds. for internet explorer 6. 0 and earlier browsers, stand alone news readers such as active web reader has components that can be added to automatically discover news feeds on a web page. simply select the news feeds you want and add them to the news reader. you can also use any available web - based news readers such as or any of the stand alone news readers like active web reader, once you have a news reader, the next step is to subscribe to a feed. different rss readers provide varying methods for subscribing to feeds, but the following instructions typically work for most readers : a small button will be used to indicate the presence of a feed. click on the button, or the accompanying link. most browsers will display the xml source code. copy the xml ' s url from your browser ' s address bar into the \" add new feed \" portion of your news reader. the feed should now show up in your news reader. what feeds are available from financial management service? financial management service currently offers rss feeds of : what version of rss do you use? at the present time financial management service feeds use the rss 2. 0 specification. the feeds give the page title, description and link in a fixed format for the latest feeds. why is the logo on the page? the logo is currently in use across the internet to indicate to users that rss feeds are available from the site. xml stands for extensible markup language, and is the basic language of the rss technology. what rss reader do you recommend? while financial management", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49757255288049995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.987450"} {"text": "i am writing about the lessons from auschwitz project again today because i learned this from an article that was published by the jewish chronicle online on feb. 17, 2012 : before the nazis came, jews accounted for almost two - thirds of oswiecim \u2019 s then 12, 000 population. not a single jew lives there now. a student who has taken a trip sponsored by the lessons from auschwitz project commented on a previous post on my blog, disputing my statement that there is currently no jewish community in oswiecim. this quote is also from the article in the jc online website : a disbelieving hush descends on the home counties sixth - formers touring the auschwitz memorial and museum as they enter a room housing a mountainous display of human hair \u2013 equivalent to that shorn from 40, 000 women, their polish guide explains quietly. what else did the polish guide explain quietly to the students? maybe she said something like this : notice that the hair is decomposing. human hair does not decompose. this hair has been treated with chemicals to kill any lice that may have been in the hair. the hair was shorn from the heads of all the prisoners, women and men alike, the moment that they arrived at auschwitz, so as not to bring in lice that spreads typhus. in spite of all the precautions that were taken by the germans, there were two typhus epidemics at the birkenau camp which caused thousands of deaths. but it was nothing like the epidemic during world war i, in which 4 million people died from typhus in poland. did the polish guide really say that to the students? no, of course not. students are led to believe that the hair was shorn from the women in order to humiliate them and to obtain hair that the germans could use to make cloth. this quote is from the jc online article : the 183 students and two dozen teachers are halfway through a day trip organised by the holocaust educational trust as part of its lessons from auschwitz project. on the preceding sunday, they had gathered in london to hear an emotive address from survivor susan pollack, whose extended family was all but wiped out in the holocaust. [... ] the latest group takes participation in lessons from auschwitz beyond the 15, 000 mark. the final elements of the programme \u2013 which is supported by the government and the welsh and scottish administrations \u2013 are a post - trip seminar and taking what they have learned into their schools and beyond. i googled susan pollack and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45607978343301264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.990621"} {"text": "15, 000 mark. the final elements of the programme \u2013 which is supported by the government and the welsh and scottish administrations \u2013 are a post - trip seminar and taking what they have learned into their schools and beyond. i googled susan pollack and found this website which gives the story of susan pollack : the family was first held in the vac ghetto and monor internment camp before moving, in may 1944, to auschwitz, in the last transport of hungarians. \u201c day after day in a dark, closed wagon, no hygiene, no food or water, people dying. there was not a breath of fresh air. \u2019 [... ] susan was transferred to the gubben slave labour camp and finally force - marched to bergen - belsen in the winter of 1944 - 45. \u201c on liberation, i was virtually a corpse, unable to walk, and would soon have died. \u201d note that susan pollack was taken to auschwitz - birkenau and then transferred. birkenau was a transit camp, as well as a death camp. that explains why there are so many holocaust survivors alive today. there was a typhus epidemic at bergen - belsen in the last months of the war and susan may have been \u201c virtually a corpse \u201d because she had typhus.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45321541321252334, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.991067"} {"text": "an abscess is a collection of pus in any part of the body that, in most cases, causes swelling and inflammation around it. abscesses occur when an area of tissue becomes infected and the body ' s immune system tries to fight it. white blood cells move through the walls of the blood vessels into the area of the infection and collect in the damaged tissue. during this process, pus forms. pus is the buildup of fluid, living and dead white blood cells, dead tissue, and bacteria or other foreign substances. abscesses can form in almost any part of the body. the skin, under the skin, and the teeth are the most common sites. abscesses may be caused by bacteria, parasites, and foreign substances. abscesses in the skin are easy to see. they are red, raised, and painful. abscesses in other areas of the body may not be seen, but they may cause organ damage. types of abscesses include : often, a sample of fluid will be taken from the abscess and tested to see what type of germ is causing the problem. treatment varies, but often surgery, antibiotics, or both are needed. call your health care provider if you think that you may have any type of abscess. preventing abscesses depends on where they develop. for example, good hygiene can help prevent skin abscesses. dental hygiene and routine care will prevent tooth abscesses. bolognia j. infections, hyper - and hypopigmentation, regional dermatology, and distinctive lesions in black skin. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 449.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4793534832220123, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.992929"} {"text": "group 7 - kodak disposable camera the product is a kodak - made disposable camera. the camera is constructed of primarily injection molded abs plastic components. how it works the camera is comprised of three assemblies ; the casing / frame, the actual camera mechanics, and the flash and corresponding circuit. operation is described from the \" loaded \" position, or one where all necessary provisions are made in order to take a picture with the depression of the shutter button. once the shutter button is depressed, it makes contact with the shutter lever. this contact causes the shutter to cycle, or rotate about a pin on the center chassis, and quickly return to its initial position due to the force imparted by the shutter spring. this rapid movement of the shutter allows light from the desired image to pass through the lens and create an image on the film. at this point, the picture has been taken. here the camera must be reset to take the next picture. once the shutter lever has been tripped, it also unlocks the lock on the film advancing reel. the operator must turn the winding wheel. the wheel turns, winding the film around the slotted film post. this advances the film to the next frame, as well as rotates the pictures remaining wheel. the wheel will turn until the shutter lever is reset, and then will stop, telling the user the camera is prepared to take the next shot. operating in parallel with the mechanical assembly is the flash assembly. it is a relatively simple circuit, comprised of the printed circuit board ( pcb ), flash, button, light emitting diode ( led ), battery, resistor, and capacitor. when the button is depressed, the circuit is closed, and charge flows from the battery to the capacitor. when the capacitor is fully charged, the led turns on, indicating the capacitor is charged to the operator. when the shutter button is depressed, the capacitor is discharged through the flash, illuminating the desired object. the button must be depressed once again to recharge the capacitor. the last assembly, the casing / frame is purely physical. it is comprised of three parts, the central chassis, and front and back covers. the central chassis holds the mechanical parts in place, as well as the pcb. this chassis then snaps into the front and rear covers which protect the internal parts. disassembly is relatively simple. thanks to the use of plastic tabs in place of traditional fasteners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48726113173983776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.995658"} {"text": "most government accounting terms are a bit more obscure than people tend to use in their day - to - day life. chances are, if you \u2019 ve had to discuss taxes or another financial matter with a government accountant, by the time the conversation was over you were left feeling like your head was spinning trying to grasp exactly what the accountant was talking about. just listening to a budget plan put forth by a government accountant can confuse some people, and many simply don \u2019 t understand the terminology that government accountants use. below is a brief explanation of some of the most commonly used government accounting terms. most of the time when people consider a year \u2019 s time, they automatically think of january 1st to december 31st. however, if you \u2019 ve heard the term \u201c fiscal year \u201d in a budget plan during a budget meeting, this accounting term refers to the 1 year period designated by the government to be their full budget year. the federal government operates on a fiscal year that begins october 1st and ends on september 31th. most state and local governments operate on a fiscal year basis beginning on july 1st and ending on june 30th, but this is not a mandated time frame. general fund is another of the accounting terms used by the government which you should know. the general fund is the allotment of funds designated to cover a government jurisdiction \u2019 s primary costs. items typically sustained by the use of the general fund include : salary payments for public employees typically come from the general fund, as this fund usually covers all of the financial resources that are not itemized on separate accounts. this is the term used by government accounting systems to describe the amount of monies available for all of the jurisdiction \u2019 s functions. in major government systems, this will also include any taxes and / or user fees the government may incorporate as a means of funding certain programs or facilities. expenditures are basically the opposite of revenues. expenditures represent the money going out from the government to pay for the services or functions and facilities the government provides for its jurisdiction. in cases of major local government systems, expenditures will generally include government employee salaries or pay wages, any cost for maintenance of equipment used in provided services, and any rent or lease costs for any facilities the government does not readily own. some spending is mandated by law, with minimum and maximum amounts of the spending included as part of the law. an example of mandatory spending at the federal level is the money paid to retirees for social security. other spending, which is not identified as mandatory spending, is referred to as discretionary spending. when budget cuts are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47987643244205036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:49.999495"} {"text": "included as part of the law. an example of mandatory spending at the federal level is the money paid to retirees for social security. other spending, which is not identified as mandatory spending, is referred to as discretionary spending. when budget cuts are made, they are usually most felt in discretionary spending such as federal aid programs. earmarking typically means to designate in the law a specific amount of money which will be used for a specific purpose. generally, if a government \u2019 s revenues are greater than the expenditures for that jurisdiction within a determined amount of time, which in most cases is a fiscal year, this is considered a surplus. this surplus, in most cases, should cause an increase in the general fund balance for that jurisdiction at the end of that fiscal year. a shortfall occurs when a government \u2019 s expenditures are greater than the jurisdiction \u2019 s revenues for that particular fiscal year. in most cases if a shortfall occurs, the difference is generally made up out of the available fund balance, or the unreserved fund balance. when a government proceeds to transfer funds from one entity to another within that same jurisdiction, this is referred to as an interfund transfer. this is a common occurrence, as larger local government systems often need to move money from one funding system to another. thus, this process may deplete a balance for general funds, while increasing the balance of a different government function. so, from now on when you are attending a local government budget meeting and begin hearing these accounting terms being repeated through the conversation, you should have a much better grasp on what exactly is being said, and where your tax money is being allocated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5345710948335218, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.000244"} {"text": "conservationists tend to think of wildlife sanctuaries as the most beneficial possible use for a given piece of land, for air, water and endangered species alike. but what if there is a competing claim from an endangered culture? as i write in the times, that \u2019 s the situation in an area of coastal georgia called harris neck, a lovely maritime forest surrounded by marsh that was once home to a self - sufficient gullah / geechee community. the gullah / geechee are descendants of west african slaves with highly valued rice - growing skills. after the civil war, gullah families stayed on the barrier islands and coastal lands of georgia and nearby states, where isolation helped preserve their distinctive ways of speaking, cooking, boat - building, basket - weaving and storytelling. in the late 1990s, in fact, anthropologists introduced mary moran, a former resident of harris neck, to villagers in sierra leone who sang the same mende song that ms. moran remembered hearing her mother sing. in 1942, residents were forced out by the federal government, who condemned the land for use as an air base. it later became the harris neck national wildlife refuge. meanwhile, the advent of air - conditioning and mosquito repellent, which opened the lush coastal areas to development, encroaching on both wildlife habitat and gullah communities. attempts to preserve gullah culture have largely been limited to oral history projects, festivals and museum displays. but harris neck residents dreamed that they could go that one better : live where they used to live and fish where they used to fish. the harris neck land trust, formed to help the former residents and their descendants reclaim the land, says its plans include limited development, alternative energy, gray water recycling and other methods of minimizing human impact and keeping wildlife happy. that leaves environmental advocates like deborah sheppard, the executive director of altamaha riverkeeper, in a difficult position. \u201c we \u2019 re damned if we do and damned if we don \u2019 t, \u201d she said. \u201c i \u2019 d like to see both sides win. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45646397625051616, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.003282"} {"text": "one of blog writer in \" chemistry blog \" namely azmanam in his recent blog article entitled \" how to succeed in organic chemistry \", has listed out some interesting points and called them as 6 truths of organic chemistry, which every organic chemistry student must remember, are as follows. 1 ) approach unknown reactions just like you should approach all reactions \u2013 identify nucleophile ( s ) \u2013 identify electrophile ( s ) \u2013 nucleophiles attack electrophiles 2 ) weaker acid wins \u2013 in and acid / base equilibrium, the equilibrium favors the side of the arrow with the weaker acid ( the compound with the higher pka ) 3 ) mind your charges \u2013 make sure the net charge of all compounds is consistent throughout a mechanism 4 ) the 2nd best rule \u2013 the 2nd best resonance structure usually defines a functional group \u2019 s reactivity 5 ) when in doubt : number your carbons! \u2013 when coupling 2 molecules, if it not readily obvious where the various atoms go in the product, number the carbon atoms in the starting material and map those numbers on to the product. 6 ) carbonyls : the code \u2013 there are only 3 elementary steps in a carbonyl addition mechanism. 1 ) proton transfer ( always reversible ) 2 ) nucleophilic addition to a carbonyl ( electrons go up onto oxygen ) 3 ) electrons collapse down from oxygen ( and kick out a good leaving group ) the steps can be in any order and repeated, but those are the only 3 steps needed for addition to acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters, and carboxylic acids ( including aldol and claisen reactions ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5031839901902997, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.004874"} {"text": "- european approval of gene therapy would be a first - ' polypill ' could slash heart attack, stroke rates : study here are some of the latest health and medical news developments, compiled by the editors of healthday : european approval of gene therapy would be a first a gene therapy called glybera should be approved to treat a rare genetic disease called lipoprotein lipase deficiency, the european medicine agency has recommended. if the european commission follows the agency ' s advice, glybera would become the first gene therapy to be approved in the western world, the new york times reported. the approval could give a much - needed boost to the struggling field of gene therapy after more than two decades of failed expectations. glybera was developed by the dutch company uniquire. lipoprotein lipase deficiency affects only several hundred people in the european union and a similar number in north america. the disease is caused by a genetic mutation that prevents people from producing an enzyme required to break down certain fat - carrying particles that circulate in the bloodstream after meals, the times reported. ' polypill ' could slash heart attack, stroke rates : study a \" polypill \" that combines a cholesterol - lowering statin drug and three blood pressure drugs reduced patients ' \" bad \" ldl cholesterol by 39 percent and their blood pressure by 12 percent, according to a new study. the u. k. researchers said the pill could prevent a huge number of heart attacks and strokes each year and called for regulators to make the pill available to patients \" as a matter of urgency, \" bbc new reported. \" the health implications of our results are large, \" dr. david wald of queen mary, university of london, said. \" if people took the polypill from age 50, an estimated 28 percent would benefit by avoiding or delaying a heart attack or stroke during their lifetime. \" if half of the people over age 50 in the u. k. took the polypill daily, there would be 94, 000 fewer heart attacks and strokes each year, according to the researchers. the results from the study of 84 people over the age of 50 were published in the journal plos one. while the pill ' s potential is interesting, medicines are not a substitute for healthy lifestyle habits such as exercise, good nutrition and not smoking, natasha stewart, senior cardiac nurse at the british heart foundation, told bbc news. copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46930848095760447, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.009023"} {"text": "disseminated intravascular coagulation ( dic ) is a problem with how your blood clots. dic causes blood clots to form in small blood vessels. these clots can slow or block the flow of blood through these vessels. the organs and tissue that rely on this blood flow can then be damaged. blood clots are made of platelets and clotting factors. the blood clots caused by dic decrease the body ' s platelets and clotting factor. this could lead to bleeding in other areas of the body. dic may be acute or chronic. acute dic develops over a few hours or days. i can quickly lead to bleeding problems. chronic dic can develop over months. it is most often caused by cancer. chronic dic develops blood clots but rarely leads to bleeding problems. dic is a life - threatening condition that must be treated right away. dic is caused by other medical conditions or injuries. the trauma or inflammation caused by these conditions stimulates changes in the blood clotting process. dic can also be caused by toxin from a poisonous snakes but this cause is rare. factors that may increase your chance of dic include : symptoms of dic can vary because the blood clots can occur throughout the body. clots in the : bleeding is often the first sign in acute dic. signs of bleeding include : if you have bleeding that does not stop or unexplained bleeding get emergency care. your doctor will ask about symptoms and medical history. blood test will also be done to look for abnormal levels of clotting factors and platelets. the underlying cause of dic will need to be identified and treated. these treatments will vary by conditions. to help manage the dic itself your doctor may recommend : prompt treatment for any of the conditions associated with dic may reduce your risk for dic. american medical association national heart, lung, and blood institute disseminated intravascular coagulation ( dic ). national heart lung and blood institute website. available at : http : / / www. nhlbi. nih. gov / health / health - topics / topics / dic /. updated november 2, 2011. accessed april 10, 2013. disseminated intravascular coagulation ( dic ). ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php. updated february 13, 2013. accessed march", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4323185696439996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.012325"} {"text": "a new university of illinois study shows that tomatoes and broccoli - - two vegetables known for their cancer - fighting qualities - - are better at shrinking prostate tumors when both are part of the daily diet than when they ' re eaten alone. \" when tomatoes and broccoli are eaten together, we see an additive effect. we think it ' s because different bioactive compounds in each food work on different anti - cancer pathways, \" said university of illinois food science and human nutrition professor john erdman. in a study published in the january 15 issue of cancer research, erdman and doctoral candidate kirstie canene - adams fed a diet containing 10 percent tomato powder and 10 percent broccoli powder to laboratory rats that had been implanted with prostate cancer cells. the powders were made from whole foods so the effects of eating the entire vegetable could be compared with consuming individual parts of them as a nutritional supplement. other rats in the study received either tomato or broccoli powder alone ; or a supplemental dose of lycopene, the red pigment in tomatoes thought to be the effective cancer - preventive agent in tomatoes ; or finasteride, a drug prescribed for men with enlarged prostates. another group of rats was castrated. after 22 weeks, the tumors were weighed. the tomato / broccoli combo outperformed all other diets in shrinking prostate tumors. biopsies of tumors were evaluated at the ohio state university, confirming that tumor cells in the tomato / broccoli - fed rats were not proliferating as rapidly. the only treatment that approached the tomato / broccoli diet ' s level of effectiveness was castration, said erdman. \" as nutritionists, it was very exciting to compare this drastic surgery to diet and see that tumor reduction was similar. older men with slow - growing prostate cancer who have chosen watchful waiting over chemotherapy and radiation should seriously consider altering their diets to include more tomatoes and broccoli, \" said canene - adams. how much tomato and broccoli should a 55 - year - old man concerned about prostate health eat in order to receive these benefits? the scientists did some conversions. \" to get these effects, men should consume daily 1. 4 cups of raw broccoli and 2. 5 cups of fresh tomato, or 1 cup of tomato sauce, or \u00bd cup of tomato paste. i think it ' s very doable for a man to eat a cup and a half of broccoli per day or put broccoli on a pizza with \u00bd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45374925248115383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.017393"} {"text": "tomato, or 1 cup of tomato sauce, or \u00bd cup of tomato paste. i think it ' s very doable for a man to eat a cup and a half of broccoli per day or put broccoli on a pizza with \u00bd cup of tomato paste, \" said canene - adams. erdman said the study showed that eating whole foods is better than consuming their components. \" it ' s better to eat tomatoes than to take a lycopene supplement, \" he said. \" and cooked tomatoes may be better than raw tomatoes. chopping and heating make the cancer - fighting constituents of tomatoes and broccoli more bioavailable. \" \" when tomatoes are cooked, for example, the water is removed and the healthful parts become more concentrated. that doesn ' t mean you should stay away from fresh produce. the lesson here, i think, is to eat a variety of fruits and vegetables prepared in a variety of ways, \" canene - adams added. another recent erdman study shows that rats fed the tomato carotenoids phytofluene, lycopene, or a diet containing 10 percent tomato powder for four days had significantly reduced testosterone levels. \" most prostate cancer is hormone - sensitive, and reducing testosterone levels may be another way that eating tomatoes reduces prostate cancer growth, \" erdman said. erdman said the tomato / broccoli study was a natural to be carried out at illinois because of the pioneering work his colleague elizabeth jeffery has done on the cancer - fighting agents found in broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables. jeffery has discovered sulfur compounds in broccoli that enhance certain enzymes in the human body, which then act to degrade carcinogens. \" for ten years, i ' ve been learning how the phytochemicals in tomatoes affect the progression of prostate cancer. meanwhile dr. jeffery has been investigating the ways in which the healthful effects of broccoli are produced. teaming up to see how these vegetables worked together just made sense and certainly contributes to our knowledge about dietary treatments for prostate cancer, \" said erdman.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4118538504001232, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.018458"} {"text": "people are often difficult to sleep or less sleep, have a high risk of various diseases. not only fatigue the next day, lack of sleep can lead to diseases that are life - threatening. here are some diseases that need to be aware when you are sleep deprived, as reported by the prevention : 1. heart disease in a 2010 study published in the journal sleep, researchers at west virginia university school of medicine reviewed data from 30 397 people who participated in the 2005 national health interview study. researchers found that people who sleep less than 7 hours a night had an increased risk of heart disease. in particular, women under 60 years who slept 5 hours or less each night, have twice the risk for developing heart disease. based on a study in the journal diabetes in 2011, researchers from the university of chicago and northwestern university found people with type 2 diabetes who sleep less at night have a level of 9 percent higher glucose, insulin levels 30 percent higher and insulin resistance rates 43 percent higher. diabetic patients with insomnia even worse condition, glucose levels can be 23 percent higher, rate 48 percent higher insulin and insulin resistance rates 82 percent higher than diabetics who do not have insomnia. 3. breast cancer researchers at tohoku university graduate school of medicine in sendai, japan, studied data from nearly 24, 000 women age 40 to 79 years and know that women who slept less than 6 hours a night have a 62 percent higher risk for breast cancer. 4. problems in the urinary tract in findings presented at the american urological association, researchers at the new england research institutes in watertown, ma, reviewed data from 4145 middle - aged men and women. the result, five years experience restless sleep or too little ( less than 5 hours per night ) could increase 80 to 90 percent risk of a woman waking up at night to urinate ( nocturia ) or become wet. researchers theorize that sleep deprivation causes inflammation, which in turn can cause problems in the urinary tract. 5. colon cancer in a study published in 1240 people in 2011, researchers from case western university found that people who sleep less than 6 hours per night, 47 percent higher risk of having colorectal polyps, which can become cancerous, than people who have at least 7 hours of sleep hours. a 10 - year study of 16, 000 people by researchers at the university of copenhagen link between sleep deprivation and increased risk of death. the result, it follows that men who reported poor sleep, especially those under 45 years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45306468665891564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.021177"} {"text": "the fundamental appeal of the saloon to its working - class customers was social and recreational. the saloonkeeper presided over and fostered an atmosphere of good - hearted, informal socializing, in part by supplying jokes and stories. for those whose own supply of humor ran low, the a. v. newton \u2019 s saloon keeper \u2019 s companion provided bar owners with about fifty pages of assorted jokes and stories with which to amuse their customers. the jokes most often ridiculed hypocritical temperance advocates, dishonest police and politicians, unsophisticated and easily fooled clergy and church - goers, and stupid or pompous judges. included here are two brief excerpts from the saloon keeper \u2019 s companion. the first, \u201c the use of slander, \u201d expressed a cynical view of politicians that seems remarkably contemporary. the second, \u201c farmer and the crow, \u201d wryly satirized the bartender \u2019 s own profession. it also seems likely that bawdier, masculine humor circulated through nineteenth - century saloons, but genteel conventions probably prevented authors like a. v. newton from publishing such jokes and stories. \" farmer and the crow \" : the saloon keeper \u2019 s joke on himself a farmer, who was pestered with crows, hit upon the plan of soaking some corn in whiskey and placing it in the field so that the crows would get drunk, and then he could easily close on them. after soaking some corn all night, he put a bountiful supply in the field the next morning, and in about two hours he went to see how things were progressing, and mark what followed. one old crow, a little larger than the rest, had gathered up and taken possession of all the soaked corn, and had built a himself a bar out of some clods of earth, and was retailing the whiskey - soaked corn to the other crows, charging them three grains of sprouted corn for one soaked grain. he hadn \u2019 t the gall to kill creatures that acted so much like human beings. \" the uses of slander \" : the saloon keeper satirizes the politician slander is often beneficial to the victim, particularly when the victim is a candidate for congress. we recollect a case in point. a man somewhere out west, \u201c got sent to washington. \u201d he was totally unqualified in every respect, for the position. a friend at washington once asked him : \u201c how the deuce did you manage to get elected? \u201d \u201c i stole a pig. \u201d \u201c hey?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4383102722833581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.025867"} {"text": "sent to washington. \u201d he was totally unqualified in every respect, for the position. a friend at washington once asked him : \u201c how the deuce did you manage to get elected? \u201d \u201c i stole a pig. \u201d \u201c hey? \u2014 what? \u2014 how? \u2014 is stealing pigs a qualification to congress? \u201d \" no ; but as soon as it was known the papers on the other side took it up, and of course ourn had to defend me. a great noise was made about it \u2014 we called it an attempt to destroy the spotless reputation of an innocent man for party purposes \u2014 the people got roused and i got in. \" at the next election his opponent was elected. his friend meeting him one day, asked how it happened. \u201c oh! blast the feller! \u201d he replied, \" he smelt the rat, and got the start of me. he stole a sheep! \" but it is not necessary to be absolutely slandered for vices. congressional honors may occasionally be achieved by a reputation for comparatively trifling defects, or even a lack of accomplishments. we remember a well known congressman, equally celebrated for his fastness and his talent, who, after being considerably used up on several games of billiards, was roundly told that \u201c he might be a smart man but one thing was certain \u2014 he hadn \u2019 t been sent to congress for his playing. \u201d \u201c that \u2019 s whar you \u2019 re all wrong, \u201d he responded, in a cool drawl. \u201c it was just that elected me, and nothing else! \u201d \u201c losing at billiards? \u201d \" yes, i always lost every game ; everybody wanted to play with me, and i let ' em! that made me very popular. sometimes it cost me a hundred dollars a day \u2014 but i got elected! \" source : a. v. newton, the saloon keeper \u2019 s companion, and book of reference, ( worcester, mass. : west and lee game and printing co. 1875 ), 25 \u2013 27.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.494576635812401, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.026627"} {"text": "this crayola glow board is a really unique toy. are you looking for simple instructions on how the glow board works? here \u2019 s a neat video from crayola. as you can see it lets kids create artwork on the drawing surface of the glow board. it comes with six neon markers with special ink that allow the drawing to glow in the dark. kids just wipe the surface with a damp paper towel and rewrite over and over again on the surface. there are so many crayola products that its actually quite confusing as to which product is which. this particular toy is the crayola color explosion glow board! crayola glow board has these neat features - the board has two see through drawing surfaces. - once kids are finished their drawing the surface lights inside the glow board can be turned on. the ink will glow sort of like a neon light. - the glow board light can flash between the two layers, creating animated art and a 3d effect. - the markers provided are blue, red, green, pink and orange and have medium tips for more control over the pens. - it ' s recommended for children over the age of six but some parents mention that their three year old is having fun playing with it. - it takes three \" triple a \" batteries to work. - it comes with the built in easel on the back so a child can stand it up to display their \u201c work of art \u201d! - there are slots to store the markers. - keep kids entertained while traveling. when it gets dark out they can still see their glow board. - it really stimulates kids \u2019 imagination. - wipe off screen and kids can draw over and over again. - very kid friendly website at crayola. com. they have a neat little [ tags ] crayola - glow - board [ / tags ] program where kids can make their own two frame drawing. they can print them out and trace them on the glow board. - one lady mentioned that all her kids age 3 and 11 year were having fun with this. so obviously it looks like it \u2019 s good fun for a wide age range of kids. - drawing surface scratches very easily. - it \u2019 s sometimes hard for kids to see what they \u2019 re drawing because the markers don ' t show up well unless the scene is lit up with the light. - some reports of markers being very dry, small in size and not lasting long. the crayola site mentions that it \u2019 s really important to only use a damp paper towel to wipe the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44560014798114456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.031222"} {"text": "well unless the scene is lit up with the light. - some reports of markers being very dry, small in size and not lasting long. the crayola site mentions that it \u2019 s really important to only use a damp paper towel to wipe the board off. one lady mentioned that she ended up scratching her board by scrubbing a soft tissue to get the design off. also baby wipes will leave a residue. so even when you are traveling with the board bring some damp paper towels in a zip lock bag to wipe it. any alternative to that will scratch the board or not clean it well. it might be a good idea to get some back up markers as well because a lot of parents say they don \u2019 t last. the directions warn you that the markers dry out much faster than regular markers if you leave the caps off. they also recommend storing them in a ziploc bag. the crayola glow board has some fans! the majority of parents say its super fun for their kids and a very unique toy. overall most parents mentioned that they are satisfied with it and were willing to overlook the negative points. not only is it fun, but it encourages artistic creativity. it offers a different dimension to their art and the glow effect is very cool. hey guess what?? now your kids can have creative fun with bath bubbles! here ' s a bath blizzard review!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42754242037252144, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.031755"} {"text": "when small bits make a big difference : fertilizer microdosing in drylands icrisat - hope project scientists are promoting the use of microdosing techniques to farmers in the semi - arid areas where most soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorous. this soil deficiency results in very low crop productivity and food insecurity due to the soil infertility and unreliable rains. microdosing is a method of fertilizer application that involves the use of small amounts of fertilizers at planting or after emergence of the crop to boost nutrient uptake and productivity. \u201c it involves the use of small doses of fertilizer, normally one sixth or less of the quantities used in the developed world, \u201d says dr said silim, principal investigator, icrisat - hope project. the technique allows resource poor farmers to apply small, affordable and efficient amounts of fertilizer to their impoverished land for improved soil health and crop production. the fertilizer is placed next to the crop resulting in better utilization. majority of farmers is the drylands are poor, risk averse and cannot afford to purchase the conventional recommended fertilizer quantities. \u201c in the drylands, the likelihood of crop failure is high and the people in those areas are poor. using small quantities of fertilizer or microdosing is affordable to poor farmers and gives crops a quick start, \u201d adds dr silim. the microdosing techniques will therefore drastically reduce the amount and cost of fertilizer used by the dryland farmers and at the same time increase soil fertility. \u201c icrisat has tested this technique in a number of countries in africa to determine which type of fertilizer and quantities to use, and then tested them on - farm, \u201d says dr silim. in kenya, a system was initiated to supply small packs of fertilizer to small - scale farmers so as to create fertilizer demand. \u201c we started working with agro - dealers and fertilizer companies to pack the right type of fertilizer in 1 - 10 kg packs, \u201d adds dr silim. the initiative has yielded good results because demand for fertilizer was created. micro - dosed crops perform better under drought conditions, especially with early season moisture availability. they develop a large root system capable of absorbing water and required nutrients contained in the fertilizer that help to hasten crop maturity and escape late season drought. picture courtesy icrisat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5479570023314531, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.035448"} {"text": "horticulture and the overview of the aquaponic system. it is combination of a aquaculture fish tank and a hydroponic trough growing system. the bioreactor removes toxic levels of ammonia. instead of pumping water directly out of the fish tank into the bioreactor, the water in collected in pump tank ( a holding tank with a water pump ), then pumped into the bioreactor ; this facilitates settling and removal of solid fish waste. | | 80 gallon fish tank | | the fish tank is connected to a holding tank by a pipe at the a water pump in the holding tank pumps the water up into the the bioreactor has return drain at the bottom. valves can be used to divert the water back into the fish tank or to the hydroponic troughs. | the bioreactor is a bed of small gravel in a shallow the water from the holding tank is distributed across the surface of the bioreactor by pvc pipe with holes drilled in the bottom side. in the bioreactor are two rushes and young chinese water spinach plants ( kang kong ). the plants are not necessary for the bioreactor, but it makes an excellent hydroponic growing bed. the plants absorb the extra nitrate nitrogen for their growth. | there are about 40 tilapia in the 80 gallons fish tank. are a tropical fish that can only survive in warm water. they are which means they raise their young in their mouths. all the fish have been hormonally treated to be male, because male fish grow the water has to be kept in the 80s and 90s for the fish to the fish are fed twice per day with a tilapia food. the feeding rate is 5 % of their body weight daily. the ammonia level is monitored in the fish tank. when nitrogen approaches toxic levels ( 2 ppm nh3 - n ) some of the water is water ph must be adjusted. the nitrifying bacteria in the bioreactor do an excellent job of keeping the ammonia levels low.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4653509817533854, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.037344"} {"text": "the eve of st agnes is a stained glass masterpiece designed and made by the great irish artist harry clarke. a new book harry clarke the eve of st agnes by jessica o ' donnell is on sale in the gallery bookshop, tel. 8734216. this fully illustrated book looks at each magificent panel and relates the window closely to john keats ' s poem. to the right here you can download for free some suggested art activities for children related to the window. about harry clarke ( 1889 - 1931 ) harry clarke was born in dublin on 17 march 1889. his father, joshua clarke, was a stained glass maker and church decorator. as a young boy, harry clarke worked in his father \u2019 s stained glass studio which was at the back of their house at 33 north frederick street. working for his father instilled in harry the importance of good craftsmanship. harry clarke went to school at belvedere college, a short distance from their house, but left in 1905, shortly after the death of his beloved mother brigid. he continued to work as an apprentice in his father \u2019 s studio while he was a student at the metropolitan school of art in dublin. he was a talented and hard - working student and won scholarships which enabled him to study full - time at the art college. the scholarships also meant he could travel to france and england to see the magnificent stained glass windows in the medieval churches there. he entered competitions at the south kensington school of art and design in london and won gold medals for the stained glass designs he submitted. following his studies, harry clarke worked as a book illustrator for the london publisher harrap and was highly praised for his drawings for edgar allan poe \u2019 s tales of mystery and imagination and for goethe \u2019 s faust. harry clarke loved reading and going to the theatre and much of his art is inspired by great plays, fairy tales and legends. he especially loved stories that were fantastical, strange and wonderful. between 1915 and 1917 harry clarke made eleven stained glass windows for the honan chapel at university college, cork and from then on he received many important commissions for his stained glass work. he worked constantly, often late into the night. around 1929 he became very ill and was diagnosed with tuberculosis ( tb ), a disease of the lungs. he went to switzerland for treatment and rest. however, two years later, on 6 january 1931, on the way home from switzerland to ireland, harry clarke died from his disease at the young age of forty - one. the eve of st agnes by harry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3844412301853328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.042391"} {"text": "went to switzerland for treatment and rest. however, two years later, on 6 january 1931, on the way home from switzerland to ireland, harry clarke died from his disease at the young age of forty - one. the eve of st agnes by harry clarke in april 1923 a mr harold jacob asked harry clarke to design a stained glass window for the landing of his father \u2019 s house in ailesbury road in dublin. harold jacob was the owner of the famous jacob \u2019 s biscuit factory. stained glass was usually associated with religious art in churches so it was an exciting commission to make a window for someone \u2019 s house. harold jacob suggested that \u2018 night and morning \u2019 or \u2018 summer and winter \u2019 might be good subjects for the window. while these were nice ideas, harry clarke was an artist full of imagination and he loved a challenge. he suggested instead some ideas inspired by fairy tales, plays and poems. these ideas included the story of bluebeard, sleeping beauty, the playboy of the western world by j. m. synge and the poem the eve of st agnes by john keats. mr jacob very much liked the idea of the eve of st agnes and three days later a delighted harry clarke wrote again saying : \u2018 i shall set to work on the eve of st agnes and submit my first coloured draft for discussion \u2019. harry clarke made a number of beautiful preparatory studies for the window in pencil, watercolour and gouache, a type of watercolour, and these are now in the crawford art gallery in cork. one year later, on 1 april 1924, harry clarke completed the eve of st agnes. mr jacob paid harry clarke \u00a3160 7s 6d ( 160 pounds, 7 shillings and 6 pence ) for the window. when the eve of st agnes was exhibited at the irish art exhibition in dublin in 1924 it won the gold medal for arts and crafts. in 1978 the window was bought by the hugh lane gallery, where it is on view today. inspired by a poem the poem the eve of st agnes was written by the english romantic poet john keats in january 1819. there are forty - two verses, or stanzas, so it is a very long poem. the poem was inspired by an ancient tradition where young maidens would fast and go to bed early on 20 january and hope to dream of their future husbands. to \u2018 fast \u2019 means to eat nothing. the feast day of st agnes takes place on 21 january so the \u2018 eve \u2019 means the evening before. in john keats \u2019 s poem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41198884244225287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.043340"} {"text": "early on 20 january and hope to dream of their future husbands. to \u2018 fast \u2019 means to eat nothing. the feast day of st agnes takes place on 21 january so the \u2018 eve \u2019 means the evening before. in john keats \u2019 s poem madeline had been forbidden by her father, lord maurice, to marry porphyro. ( porphyro is pronounced \u2018 pour \u2013 fear - o \u2019 ). despite this, on a cold and wintry night porphyro secretly enters the castle and, with the help of madeline \u2019 s nurse old angela, goes to find madeline, who is asleep in her bedchamber. as it is the eve of st agnes, madeline has gone to sleep hoping to dream of her future love. when porphyro \u2019 s music wakes her, she is unsure whether she is dreaming or awake. porphyro reassures her that it is not a dream and they flee from the castle and away across the moors. john keats \u2019 s poem is full of beautiful descriptions and harry clarke was inspired by these when choosing which parts of the poem to illustrate. the poem is full of colour, especially purple, blue and red, and this is why you see so much of these colours in harry clarke \u2019 s stained glass window. how the story is told as well as revealing his superb skill as a stained glass artist, the eve of st agnes stained glass window is a magnificent example of harry clarke \u2019 s storytelling ability. the artist chose to tell the story of the eve of st. agnes in fourteen panels. if you look closely you will see that each of the panels is accompanied by a quotation from john keats \u2019 s poem. in addition, at the top of these panels are two semi - circles, called lunettes. running horizontally along the bottom of the panels is a frieze showing characters from the poem. throughout the window there are borders full of wonderful decoration and ornamentation. in his art harry clarke was inspired by many sources, including old masters such as diego velazquez and albrecht durer, japanese art, music and literature, and symbolist art. he combined many different ideas and visual inspirations with his own vivid imagination to create a vision which is very much his own.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4831917442001793, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.044165"} {"text": "at a glance the purpose of the boy scouts of america \u2014 incorporated on feb. 8, 1910, and chartered by congress in 1916 \u2014 is to provide an educational program for boys and young adults to build character, to train in the responsibilities of participating citizenship, and to develop personal fitness. tiger cubs is a year - round family - and home - centered program that encourages the ethical decision - making skills for first grade ( or 7 - year - old ) boys. these boys participate in the program with their adult partners. the program emphasizes shared leadership, learning about the community, and family understanding. cub scouts is a year - round family - and home - centered program that develops ethical decision - making skills for boys in the second through fifth grade ( or who are 8, 9, and 10 years old ). activities emphasize character development, citizenship training, and personal fitness. webelos scouts is a year - round family - and home - centered program that develops ethical decision - making skills for fourth - and fifth - grade ( or 10 - year - old ) boys. boy scouting is a year - round program for boys 11 through 17 designed to achieve the aims of scouting through a vigorous outdoor program and peer group leadership with the counsel of an adult scoutmaster. ( boys also may become boy scouts if they have earned the cub scouting arrow of light award and are at least 10 years old and have completed the fifth grade and are at least 10 years old. ) varsity scouting is an active, exciting, year - round program for young men ages 14 through 17 that is built around five program fields of emphasis : advancement, high adventure, personal development, service, and special programs and events. venturing is a year - round program for young men and women who are 14 ( and have completed the eighth grade ) through 20 years of age to provide positive experiences through exciting and meaningful youth - run activities that help them pursue their special interests, grow by teaching others, and develop leadership skills. membership and units as of dec. 31, 2008, membership was : youth members adult members units tiger cubs 231, 471 cub scouts 797, 815 cub scout leaders 470, 400 cub scout packs 50, 213 webelos scouts 636, 104 boy scouts 844, 540 boy scout leaders 528, 534 boy scout troops 41, 628 varsity scouts 60, 940 varsity scout leaders 23, 392 varsity scout teams 8, 423 venturers 261, 122 venturing leaders 65, 621 venturing crews 19, 998 lone scouts 644 council", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49545943082363764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.048325"} {"text": "barcelona in the civil war outbreak of the spanish civil war. the olympic stadium is built for the people \u2019 s olympics, scheduled to be held in barcelona from july 19 to july 26 as a protest event against the 1936 summer berlin olympics. the games were cancelled due to the war. heavy streetfighting breaks out between workers militias ( principally cnt ), the civil guard and loyal troops on one side and around 12, 000 rebel soldiers on the other. the workers \u2019 militias with the help of the civil guard and loyal troops gain back control over the city in a dramatic two - day barricade fight. the rebels are defeated. the anarchists storm the ams depost and barracks and seize some 90, 000 rifles. many companies and public services are collectivised by the cnt and ugt unions. much of the city is under the effective control of the cnt. george orwell arrives in barcelona, where he describes the camaraderie of the revolutionary atmosphere. he asserts that barcelona appeared to have been \u201c a town where the working class were in the saddle \u201d : a large number of businesses had been collectivised, the anarchists were \u201c in control \u201d, tipping was prohibited by workers themselves, and servile forms of speech, such as \u201c senor \u201d or \u201c don \u201c, were abandoned. he goes on to describe events at the lenin barracks ( formerly the cuartel de lepanto where militiamen were given \u201c what was comically called \u2018 instruction \u2019 \u201d in preparation for fighting at the front. the anarchists were still in virtual control of catalonia and the revolution was still in full swing. to anyone who had been there since the beginning it probably seemed even in december or january that the revolutionary period was ending ; but when one came straight from england the aspect of barcelona was something startling and overwhelming. it was the first time that i had ever been in a town where the working class was in the saddle. practically every building of any size had been seized by the workers and was draped with red flags and with the red and black flag of the anarchists ; every wall was scrawled with the hammer and sickle and with the initials of the revolutionary parties ; almost every church had been gutted and its images burnt. churches here and there were being systematically demolished by gangs of workmen. every shop and cafe had an inscription saying that it had been collectivized ; even the bootblacks had been collectivized and their boxes painted red and black. waiters and shop - walkers looked you in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4469103036330291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.129933"} {"text": "demolished by gangs of workmen. every shop and cafe had an inscription saying that it had been collectivized ; even the bootblacks had been collectivized and their boxes painted red and black. waiters and shop - walkers looked you in the face and treated you as an equal. servile and even ceremonial forms of speech had temporarily disappeared. nobody said \u2018 senor \u2019 or \u2018 don \u2019 or even \u2018 usted \u2019 ; everyone called everyone else \u2018 comrade \u2019 or \u2018 thou \u2019, and said \u2018 salud! \u2019 instead of \u2018 buenos dias \u2019. tipping had been forbidden by law since the time of primo de rivera ; almost my first experience was receiving a lecture from a hotel manager for trying to tip a lift - boy. there were no private motor - cars, they had all been commandeered, and the trams and taxis and much of the other transport were painted red and black. the revolutionary posters were everywhere, flaming from the walls in clean reds and blues that made the few remaining advertisements look like daubs of mud. down the ramblas, the wide central artery of the town where crowds of people streamed constantly to and fro, the loud - speakers were bellowing revolutionary songs all day and far into the night. and it was the aspect of the crowds that was the queerest thing of all. in outward appearance it was a town in which the wealthy classes had practically ceased to exist. except for a small number of women and foreigners there were no \u2018 well - dressed \u2019 people at all. practically everyone wore rough working - class clothes, or blue overalls or some variant of militia uniform. all this was queer and moving. there was much in this that i did not understand, in some ways i did not even like it, but i recognized it immediately as a state of affairs worth fighting for \u2026 so far as one could judge the people were contented and hopeful. there was no unemployment, and the price of living was still extremely low ; you saw very few conspicuously destitute people, and no beggars except the gypsies. above all, there was a belief in the revolution and the future, a feeling of having suddenly emerged into an era of equality and freedom. human beings were trying to behave as human beings and not as cogs in the capitalist machine. \u201d homage to catalonia may 1 the parade for the international labour day is prohibited in barcelona because of the tense atmosphere police and worker organizations. may 3 to may 8 ( els fets de maig in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45291223211709436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.130951"} {"text": "not as cogs in the capitalist machine. \u201d homage to catalonia may 1 the parade for the international labour day is prohibited in barcelona because of the tense atmosphere police and worker organizations. may 3 to may 8 ( els fets de maig in catalan, los hechos de mayo ) stalinists and official government troops take control from cnt and poum after the street fighting of the barcelona may days. - violent incident at the barcelona central telephone office. without knowledge of the catalan government, the catalan councilor for public order, the communist rodriguez salas, tries to take control over the city \u2019 s central telephone office, which has been controlled since the beginning of the war by the cnt and ugt. salas got this order directly from the catalan minister for inner affairs, ayguade, also a communist. a company of assault guards storms the building around 3 p. m., \u201c hands up \u201d, arresting everybody they can. the armed guards on the machine gun post at the stairs on the second floor are not informed in advance, nor is anyone else in the building. when they see armed uniformed men coming up the stairs and hear the yells and shouting from the first floor they shout \u201c stop there and don \u2019 t come up \u201d at which point a gunfight breaks out. the anarchist guards resist their attackers and keep control of the upper floors of the building. this skirmish leads to fighting throughout the city. several hundred barricades are built ; communist - controlled police units occupy high buildings and church towers, shooting at everything that moves. the communists attack not only the cnt, they also arrest poum members. the actions are obviously well planned. some police units and the republican army stay neutral in the fighting, although army officers, if members of cnt / fai or poum, are also arrested if caught at communist - controlled check points. the police director of barcelona \u2014 a member of the cnt \u2014 together with the leader of the \u201c control patrols \u201d comes to the telephone central in an attempt to get the occupying police forces to leave the central peacefully. they have no success, instead catalonian prime minister lluis companys declares that he, like everyone else, was not informed in advance by his minister for internal affairs, but that he agrees all in all with the police action. the radio stations of the cnt and fai call hourly upon their members to maintain public order and keep calm. wikipedia - may 4 - general strike in barcelona. gunfights throughout the city. - may 5 - companys", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4484405275628939, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.131931"} {"text": "with the police action. the radio stations of the cnt and fai call hourly upon their members to maintain public order and keep calm. wikipedia - may 4 - general strike in barcelona. gunfights throughout the city. - may 5 - companys obtains a fragile truce between the different fighting groups, on the basis of which rodriguez salas, now blamed for the police action against the telephone central, has to resign. communist commandos are still arresting people and the communist / socialist official antoni sese is murdered, probably by anarchist gunmen. wikipedia - may 6 - \u201c neutral \u201d police troops from valencia arrive in barcelona to stop the fighting. the 5, 000 assault guards ( chosen more or less carefully for their political opinions, to ensure a \u201c neutral \u201d force and the trust of both sides ) occupy several strategic points throughout the city. the workers abandon the barricades and the telephone central is handed over to the government. when the assault guards enter the city and passed by the central building of the anarchist cnt, several hundreds of them salute the black and red anarchist flag on the building. nevertheless, reprisals against the anti - stalinist left are starting throughout the republic. wikipedia - may 7 - the fighting in barcelona concludes, with more than 500 dead and over 1500 wounded. many are still under illegal arrest in several communist - controlled police stations, militia barracks and secret prisons. wikipedia - may 8 - in barcelona, police find the horribly mutilated bodies of 12 murdered young men. 8 of the bodies are so mutilated that they cannot be identified. the 4 identified bodies belong to 4 young anarchists, illegally arrested together with 8 friends on may 4 outside the communist militia barracks in barcelona, when they were passing by on a truck with \u201c cnt \u201d written on it. the names of the identified young men are : cesar fernandez neri, jose villena, juan antonio, and luis carneras. police also found the dead bodies of the italian anarchist professor berneri and two of his friends, who were arrested during the may incidents by communist militias. wikipedia largo caballero resigns, juan negrin becomes prime minister of the spanish republic. after fighting against domination of spain by any one faction \u2014 communist, anarchist, or left socialists \u2014 caballero is left alone with no one on his side. juan negrin is presented as the man of the hour, leader of the \u201c government of the victory \u201d, as the press presents him and his cabinet. there are no cnt ministers in this new government.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42584420407800316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.134531"} {"text": "alone with no one on his side. juan negrin is presented as the man of the hour, leader of the \u201c government of the victory \u201d, as the press presents him and his cabinet. there are no cnt ministers in this new government. wikipedia the new negrin government accepts the accusations against the poum and prohibits their newspaper la batalla. - june 17 nin is arrested in barcelona. his arrest is not announced in public ; communist agents take him secretly to an illegal prison in alcala de henares, near madrid. nin is interrogated under torture by nkvd agent alexander orlov. soviet agents assassinate nin on june 21. - august 15 sim created ; political meetings in barcelona forbidden. the sim ( servicio de inteligencia militar ) gives back the control of secret police activities to the government, rather than leaving it in the hands of soviet and communist intelligence organizations. political meetings are forbidden in barcelona from now on. the mixture of regionalism, anarchism, and defeatism, constituted a steady drain of the republican war effort. also the situation was unstable after the may incidents. wikipedia - october 30the republican government abandons valencia for barcelona. italian aircraft stationed in majorca attack the city 13 times dropping 44 tons of bombs, aimed at the civil population. these attacks were at the request of general franco as retribution. more here nationalists occupy tarragona, only a few hours driving from barcelona franco \u2019 s troops are closing in, most civilians hide in their homes, not daring to walk the streets of the city. the city falls into nationalist hands under command of yague occupy barcelona without resistance. the last republican soldiers and representatives just left the city shortly before. more here fascist troops parade through the streets of barcelona. photo from here end of the war. proclamation of the ley de responsabilidades politicas ( law on political responsibilities ). the use of catalan in public life is suppressed. 1940 ( 15 october ). president lluis companys executed. i \u2019 ve used a number of sources to compile this timeline - la barcelona rebelde : joaquim cirera riu interesting collection of essays - barcelona : michael eaude ( best book in english about barcelona. deserves translating into spanish / catalan. - barcelona rebelde \u2013 guillem martinez see also la rambla in the civil war quotes about the social revolution in barcelona certainly there are fewer well - dressed people than in ordinary times, but there are still lots of them especially women, who display their good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4432539138279231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.136437"} {"text": "rebelde \u2013 guillem martinez see also la rambla in the civil war quotes about the social revolution in barcelona certainly there are fewer well - dressed people than in ordinary times, but there are still lots of them especially women, who display their good clothes in the streets and cafes without hesitation or fear, in complete contrast to thoroughly proletarian barcelona. because of the bright colors of the better - dressed female element, madrid has a much less lugubrious aspect than even the ramblas in barcelona. cafes are full, in madrid as in barcelona, but here they are filled by a different type of people, journalists. state employees, all sorts of intelligentsia ; the working class element is still in a minority. one of the most striking features is the strong militarization of the armed forces. workers with rifles, but in their ordinary civilian clothes, are quite exceptional here. the streets and cafes are full of militia, all of them dressed in their monos, the new dark blue uniforms ; most of them do not wear any party initials on their caps. we are under the sway of the liberal madrid government, which favors the army system as against the militia system favored by barcelona and the anarchists. churches are closed but not burned here. most of the requisitioned cars are being used by government institutions, not political parties or trade unions. here the governmental element is much more in evidence. there does not even exist, in madrid, a central political committee. very little expropriation seems to have taken place. most shops carry on without even control, let alone expropriation. to sum up, madrid gives, much more than barcelona, the impression of a town in social revolution. from franz borkenau spanish cockpit : an eyewitness account of the political and social conflicts of the political and social conflicts of the spanish civil war ( 1937 ) i had come to spain with some notion of writing newspaper articles, but i had joined the militia almost immediately, because at that time and in that atmosphere it seemed the only conceivable thing to do. the anarchists were still in virtual control of catalonia and the revolution was still in full swing. to anyone who had been there since the beginning it probably seemed even in december or january that the revolutionary period was ending ; but when one came straight from england the aspect of barcelona was something startling and overwhelming. it was the first time that i had ever been in a town where the working class was in the saddle. practically every building of any size had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42047702533331666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.137596"} {"text": "period was ending ; but when one came straight from england the aspect of barcelona was something startling and overwhelming. it was the first time that i had ever been in a town where the working class was in the saddle. practically every building of any size had been seized by the workers and was draped with red flags or with the red and black flag of the anarchists ; every wall was scrawled with the hammer and sickle and with the initials of the revolutionary parties ; almost every church had been gutted and its images burnt. churches here and there were being systematically demolished by gangs of workmen. every shop and cafe had an inscription saying that it had been collectivized ; even the bootblacks had been collectivized and their boxes painted red and black. waiters and shop - walkers looked you in the face and treated you as an equal. servile and even ceremonial forms of speech had temporarily disappeared. nobody said \u2018 senor \u2019 or \u2018 don \u2019 or even \u2018 usted \u2019 ; everyone called everyone else \u2018 comrade \u2019 and \u2018 thou \u2019, and said \u2018 salud! \u2019 instead of \u2018 buenos dias \u2019. tipping was forbidden by law ; almost my first experience was receiving a lecture from an hotel manager for trying to tip a lift - boy. there were no private motor cars, they had all been commandeered, and all the trams and taxis and much of the other transport were painted red and black. the revolutionary posters were everywhere, flaming from the walls in clean reds and blues that made the few remaining advertisements look like daubs of mud. down the ramblas, the wide central artery of the town where crowds of people streamed constantly to and fro, the loud - speakers were bellowing revolutionary songs all day and far into the night. and it was the aspect of the crowds that was the queerest thing of all. in outward appearance it was a town in which the wealthy classes had practically ceased to exist. except for a small number of women and foreigners there were no \u2018 well - dressed \u2019 people at all. practically everyone wore rough working - class clothes, or blue overalls or some variant of the militia uniform. all this was queer and moving. there was much in it that i did not understand, in some ways i did not even like it, but i recognized it immediately as a state of affairs worth fighting for. also i believed that things were as they appeared, that this was really a workers \u2019 state and that the entire bourgeoisie had either fled, been killed, or voluntarily come", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.467240250987466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.138834"} {"text": "it, but i recognized it immediately as a state of affairs worth fighting for. also i believed that things were as they appeared, that this was really a workers \u2019 state and that the entire bourgeoisie had either fled, been killed, or voluntarily come over to the workers \u2019 side ; i did not realize that great numbers of well - to - do bourgeois were simply lying low and disguising themselves as proletarians for the time being. homage to catalonia ( 1938 ) photo from here of la ramblas during the civil war the bombing of barcelona the city fell on 26th january 1939. around the web - poble nou in the civil war. personal testimonies and photos. here - the poble espanyol in the civil war. little is known about the entertainment complex during this period though seens from the republican film sierra de teruel ( l \u2019 espoir ) by max aub and andre malraux were filmed here. here english reading list - antony beevor : the battle for spain : the spanish civil war 1936 - 1939. the 2006 edition, completely revised with new sections after his access to kgb archives is for me the best introduction to the war, though hugh thomas \u2019 s spanish civil war, is still worth a critical read, beever \u2019 s book contains less battlefield history than his other works, and spends a lot of time looking at the causes of the war and the social changes within it. - paul preston. the spanish civil war : reaction, revolution and revenge good introduction. - george orwell. homage to catalonia. still fresh, honest and remarkably close to the current view of events. this is a superb wartime journal much of which takes place in barcelona. make sure you read the later edition with the chapters on the different political parties and factions relegated to the appendix. - micheal eaude. barcelona the best introduction by far on the modern history of barcelona. a very entertaining and illuminating read. - chris ealham class, culture and conflict in barcelona, 1898 - 1937. very well researched ( and very expensive! ) radical history of the city, with an emphasis on anarchism. i took it out of the library not having that kind of ready cash. his anarchism and the city : revolution and counter - revolution in barcelona, 1898 - 1937 which i haven \u2019 t read is a much cheaper option, and looks essentially the same book. - robert hughes. his seminal barcelona ends rather disappointingly without much in the way of conclusion in around 1910, but it does provide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42925164411459293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.139984"} {"text": "barcelona, 1898 - 1937 which i haven \u2019 t read is a much cheaper option, and looks essentially the same book. - robert hughes. his seminal barcelona ends rather disappointingly without much in the way of conclusion in around 1910, but it does provide a good background to the early days of barcelonan anarchism and its connections with modernism. history of barcelona - barcelona \u2019 s air defences during the civil war - camp de la bota \u2013 barcelona \u2019 s death camp - first bombing during the civil war - fossar de la pedrera \u2013 montjuic \u2019 s common grave - la modelo prison - placa del milicia desconegut - psuc headquarters in placa catalunya - somorrostro shanty town - the la canadiense strike - the lenin barracks \u2013 george orwell in barcelona - the liceu bomb - the people \u2019 s olympics in barcelona - 1936 revolution in barcelona - barcelona in the civil war - buenaventura durruti - ethel macdonald in barcelona - francesc boix - george orwell tours in barcelona - history of anarchism in barcelona - homage to catalonia quiz - ramon mercader, trotsky \u2019 s assassin - salvador segui \u2013 el noi de la sucre - spanish civil war quiz - trotsky in barcelona : like nice in a hell of factories - videos about the spanish civil war", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.472883381562612, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.140741"} {"text": "2. \u03b5\u03bd + dative for content rare is the usage of the simple dative to denote the content that is used by a verb of filling. for \u03b5\u03bd + the dative, this usage is debatable. normally, a verb of filling takes a genitive of content ; rarely, a simple dative of content. however, we know of no clear examples in biblical greek in which \u03b5\u03bd + the dative indicates content. we should, therefore, seek some other nuance in such instances, as in eph 5 : 18 ( discussed below ). eph 5 : 18 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 be filled [ with, by, in ] [ the ] spirit to see \u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 here as indicating content is grammatically suspect ( even though it is, in many circles, the predominant view ). only if the flow of argument and / or the lack of other good possibilities strongly point in the direction of content would we be compelled to take it as such. there are no other examples in biblical greek in which \u03b5\u03bd + the dative after \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c9 indicates content. further, the parallel with \u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9 as well as the common grammatical category of means suggest that the idea intended is that believers are to be filled by means of the [ holy ] spirit. if so, there seems to be an unnamed agent. the meaning of this text can only be fully appreciated in light of the \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c9 language in ephesians. always the term is used in connection with a member of the trinity. three considerations seem to be key : ( 1 ) in eph 3 : 19 the \u201c hinge \u201d prayer introducing the last half of the letter makes a request that the believers \u201c be filled with all the fullness of god \u201d ( \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5 ). the explicit content of \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c9 is thus god \u2019 s fullness ( probably a reference to his moral attributes ). ( 2 ) in 4 : 10 christ is said to be the agent of filling ( with v 11 adding the specifics of his giving spiritual gifts ). ( 3 ) the author then brings his argument to a crescendo in 5 : 18 : believers are to be filled by christ by means of the spirit with the content of the fullness of god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48524641145068903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.146919"} {"text": "specifics of his giving spiritual gifts ). ( 3 ) the author then brings his argument to a crescendo in 5 : 18 : believers are to be filled by christ by means of the spirit with the content of the fullness of god. though only one of my two examples below is \" biblical greek \" ( if you consider the apocrypha to be biblical ), could these be considered instances \" in which \u03b5\u03bd + the dative indicates content \"? ignatius to the smyrneans, salutation : \u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c9, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03c9\u03bc\u03c9 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd. ignatius, who [ is ] also god - bearer, to the church of god the father and of the beloved jesus christ, which has obtained mercy in every gift,, which has been filled with faith and love, not lacking in2 which is1 any gift, most worthy of god and bearing holy things, which is in smyrna of asia, in3 a blameless4 spirit5 and6 the word7 of god. 8 abundant1 greetings2. - brannan, r. ( 2011 ). apostolic fathers greek - english interlinear. logos bible software. \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4661991117812355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.148652"} {"text": "viruses are extremely simple and small yet they are responsible for many of the world \u2019 s diseases. a virus particle consists of only a genome, a protein coat or capsid, and sometimes a surrounding lipid envelope. to replicate, a virus must successfully enter a host cell, uncoat its genome, and appropriate the host cell machinery to replicate its genome and produce viral proteins. part 1 of this lecture will discuss ways in which viruses bind to the surface of host cells. simian virus 40 which binds to specific cell surface glycolipids, and human papilloma virus - 16 which binds to sites on filoipodia, are examples of different binding mechanisms. attachment of viruses to the plasma membrane activates cell signaling resulting in endocytosis of the viral particles. this lecture is appropriate for upper level undergraduate and graduate classes studying virology or endocytosis. in the second lecture, the next steps in viral infection are described. endocytosis of plasma membrane bound viruses can occur via a number of mechanisms including caveolar, clathrin, non - clathrin, or lipid raft mediated pathways. the internalized virus is enclosed in an endosome that may undergo increasing acidification resulting in acid mediated fusion between the viral envelope and the vesicle membrane. following membrane penetration, the virus, once again, makes use of cellular machinery such as microtubules and their motors, to transfer its genome to the nucleus. helenius describes experiments from his lab and others that have deciphered these complex processes. part 3 focuses on a single virus, the vaccinia virus, as a model for cell binding, signaling and endocytosis. fluorescently labeled vaccinia viruses bind to and surf along host cell filopodia. helenius lab members noticed that when vaccinia, unlike other viruses, reached the surface of the cell body it caused the plasma membrane to form blebs. further experiments showed that the virus tricks the cell into thinking it is apoptotic debris. this induces blebbing and subsequent uptake of the virus by macropinocytosis. additionally, automated high throughput sirna screening was used to screen a large number of infected cells for host genes required for vaccinia virus uptake. analysis of the genes identified allowed host factors and processes critical to viral infection to be identified. expansion of this technique may provide a new source of information on pathogen - host interactions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5674666506649424, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.159783"} {"text": "the \u201c presidi \u201d translates as \u201c garrisons \u201d ( from the french word, \u201c to equip \u201d ), as protectors of traditional food production practices monday, march 23, 2009 the \u201c presidi \u201d translates as \u201c garrisons \u201d ( from the french word, \u201c to equip \u201d ), as protectors of traditional food production practices this past year, i have had rewarding opportunities to observe traditional food cultures in varied regions of the world. these are : athabascan indian in the interior of alaska ( the traditional tanana chiefs conference tribal lands ) in july, 2008 ( for more, read below ) ; swahili coastal tribes in the area of munje village ( population about 300 ), near msambweni, close to the tanzania border in december, 2008 - january, 2009 ( for more, read below ) ; and, laikipia region of kenya ( january, 2009 ), a german canton of switzerland ( march, 2009 ), and the piemonte - toscana region of northern / central italy ( images only, february - march, 2009 ). in fort yukon, alaska, salmon is a mainstay of the diet. yet, among the athabascan indians, threats to subsistence foods and stresses on household economics abound. in particular, high prices for external energy sources ( as of july, 2008, almost $ 8 for a gallon of gasoline and $ 6. 50 for a gallon of diesel, which is essential for home heating ), as well as low chinook salmon runs for information click here, and moose numbers. additional resource management issues pose threats to sustaining village life \u2013 for example, stream bank erosion along the yukon river, as well as uneven management in the yukon flats national wildlife refuge. people are worried about ever - rising prices for fuels and store - bought staples, and fewer and fewer sources of wage income. the result? villagers are moving out from outlying areas into \u201c hub \u201d communities like fort yukon - - or another example, bethel in southwest alaska \u2013 even when offered additional subsidies, such as for home heating. but, in reality, \u201c hubs \u201d often offer neither much employment nor relief from high prices. in munje village in kenya, the digo, a bantu - speaking, mostly islamic tribe in the southern coastal area of kenya, enjoy the possibilities of a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and fish / oils. breakfast in the village typically consists of mandazi ( a fried bread similar to a dough", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5003433761401567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.191025"} {"text": "2009b ). \u201c the country will continue to experience food shortages unless the government addresses the high cost of farm inputs to motivate farmers to increase production, \u201d said mr. jonathan bii of uasin gish ( bartoo & lucheli, 2009 ; bii, 2009a, 2009b ; bungee, 2009 ). pride and politics, racism and corruption are to blame for food deficits ( kihara & marete, 2009 ; kna, 2009 ; muluka, 2009 ; siele, 2009 ). clearly, what are needed in kenya are food system planning, disaster management planning, and protection and development of agricultural and rural economies. click here for the full text. photos taken by g. berardi cabbage, an imported food ( originally ), and susceptible to much pest damage. camps still remain for kenya \u2019 s internally displaced persons resulting from post - election violence forced migrations. food security is poor. lack of sustained recent short rains have resulted in failed maize harvests. friday, january 16, 2009 today i went to a lunch time discussion of sustainability. this concept promoted development with an equitable eye to the triple bottom line - financial, social, and ecological costs. we discussed the how it seemed relatively easier to discuss the connections between financial and ecological costs, than between social costs and other costs. sustainable development often comes down to \" green \" designs that consider environmental impacts or critiques of the capitalist model of financing. as i thought about sustainable development, or sustainable community management if you are a bit queasy with the feasibility of continuous expansion, i considered its corollaries in the field of disaster risk reduction. it struck me again that it is somewhat easier to focus on some components of the triple bottom line in relation to disasters. the vulnerability approach to disasters has rightly brought into focus the fact that not all people are equally exposed to or impacted by disasters. rather, it is often the poor or socially marginalized most at risk and least able to recover. this approach certainly brings into focus the social aspects of disasters. the disaster trap theory, likewise, brings into focus the financial bottom line. this perspective is most often discussed in international development and disaster reduction circles. it argues that disasters destroy development gains and cause communities to de - develop unless both disaster reduction and development occur in tandem. building a cheaper, non - earthquake resistant school in an earthquake zone, may make short - term financial sense. however, over the long term, this approach is likely to result in loss of physical infrastructure, human", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.485968303710013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.195688"} {"text": "disaster reduction and development occur in tandem. building a cheaper, non - earthquake resistant school in an earthquake zone, may make short - term financial sense. however, over the long term, this approach is likely to result in loss of physical infrastructure, human life, and learning opportunities when an earthquake does occur. what seems least developed to me, though i would enjoy being rebutted, is the ecological bottom line of disasters. perhaps it is an oxymoron to discuss the ecological costs of disasters, given that many disasters are triggered natural ecological processes like cyclones, forest fires, and floods. it might also be an oxymoron simply because a natural hazard disaster is really looking at an ecological event from an almost exclusively human perspective. its not a disaster if it doesn ' t destroy human lives and human infrastructure. but, the lunch - time discussion made me wonder if there wasn ' t something of an ecological bottom line to disasters in there somewhere. perhaps it is in the difference between an ecological process heavily or lightly impacted by human ecological modification. is a forest fire in a heavily managed forest different from that in an unmanaged forest? certainly logging can heighten the impacts of heavy rains by inducing landslides, resulting in a landscape heavily rather than lightly impacted by the rains. similar processes might also be true in the case of heavily managed floodplains. flooding is concentrated and increased in areas outside of levee systems. what does that mean for the ecology of these locations? does a marsh manage just as well in low as high flooding? my guess would be no. and of course, there is the big, looming disaster of climate change. this is a human - induced change that may prove quite disasterous to many an ecological system, everything from our pine forests here, to arctic wildlife, and tropical coral reefs. perhaps, we disaster researchers, need to also consider a triple bottom line when making arguments for the benefits of disaster risk reduction. tuesday, january 13, 2009 this past week the northwest experienced a severe barrage of weather systems back to back. everyone seemed to be affected. folks were re - routed on detours, got soaked, slipped on ice, or had to spend money to stay a little warmer. in whatcom and skagit counties, there are hundreds to thousands of people currently in the process of recovering and cleaning - up after the floods. these people live in the rural areas throughout the county, with fewer people knowing about their devastation and having greater vulnerability to flood hazards. luckily, there are local agencies and non - profits who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.493465181292197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.197594"} {"text": "in the process of recovering and cleaning - up after the floods. these people live in the rural areas throughout the county, with fewer people knowing about their devastation and having greater vulnerability to flood hazards. luckily, there are local agencies and non - profits who are ready at a moment \u2019 s call to help anyone in need. the primary organization that came to the aid of the flood victims was the american red cross. the last week i began interning and volunteering with one of these non - profits, the mt. baker american red cross ( arc ) chapter. while i am still in the process of getting screened and officially trained, i received first - hand experience and saw how important this organization is to the community. with the flood waters rising throughout the week, people were flooded out of their homes and rescued from the overflowing rivers and creeks. as the needs for help increased, hundreds of arc volunteers were called to service. throughout the floods there have been several shelters opened to accommodate the needs of these flood victims. on saturday i was asked to help staff one of these shelters overnight in ferndale. while i talked with parents and children, i became more aware of the stark reality of how these people have to recover from having all their possessions covered in sewage and mud and damaged by flood waters. in the meantime, these flood victims have all their privacy exposed to others in a public shelter, while they work to find stability in the middle of all the traumas of the events. as i sat talking and playing with the children, another thought struck me. children are young and resilient, but it must be very difficult when they connect with a volunteer and then lose that connection soon after. sharing a shelter with the folks over the weekend showed a higher degree of reality and humanity to the situation than the news coverage ever could. i posted this bit about my volunteer experience because it made me realize something about my education and degree track in disaster reduction and emergency planning. we look at ways to create a more sustainable community, and we need to remember that community service is an important part of creating this ideal. underlying sustainable development is the triple bottom line ( social, economy, and environment ). volunteers and non - profits are a major part of this social line of sustainability. organizations like the american red cross only exist because of volunteers. so embrace president - elect obama \u2019 s call for a culture of civil service this coming week and make a commitment to the organization of your choice with your actions or even your pocketbook. know that sustainable development cannot exist with out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4214507404496219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.202052"} {"text": "exist because of volunteers. so embrace president - elect obama \u2019 s call for a culture of civil service this coming week and make a commitment to the organization of your choice with your actions or even your pocketbook. know that sustainable development cannot exist with out social responsibility. thursday, january 8, 2009 its been two days now that schools have been closed in whatcom county, not for snow, but for rain and flooding. this unusual event coincides with record flooding throughout western washington, just a year after record flooding closed i5 for three days and lewis county businesses experienced what they then called an unprecedented 500 year flood. i guess not. there are many strange things about flood risk notation, and this idea that a 500 year flood often trips people up. they often believe a flood of that size will happen only once in 500 years. on a probabilistic level, this is inaccurate. a 500 year flood simply has a. 2 % probability of happening each year. a more useful analogy might be to tell people they are rolling a 500 sided die every year and hoping that it doesn \u2019 t come up with a 1. next year they \u2019 ll be forced to roll again. but, this focus on misunderstandings of probability often hides an even larger societal misunderstanding. flood risk changes when we change the environment in which it occurs. if a flood map tells you that you are not in the flood plain, better check the date of the map. most maps are utterly out of date and many vastly underestimate present flood risk. there are several reasons this happens. urban development, especially development with a lot of parking lots and buildings that don \u2019 t let water seep into the ground, will cause rainwater to move quickly into rivers rather than seep into the ground and slowly release. developers might complain that they are required to create runoff catchment wetlands when they do build. they do, but these requirements may very well be based upon outdated data on flood risk. thus, each new development never fully compensates for its runoff, a small problem for each site but a mammoth problem when compounded downstream. deforesting can have the same effect, with the added potential for house - crushing and river - clogging mudslides. timber harvesting is certainly an important industry in our neck of the woods. not only is commercial logging an important source of jobs for many rural and small towns, logging on state department of natural resource land is the major source of funding for k - 12 education. yet, commercial logging, like other industries, suffers from a problem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4762712941442654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.203604"} {"text": "not only is commercial logging an important source of jobs for many rural and small towns, logging on state department of natural resource land is the major source of funding for k - 12 education. yet, commercial logging, like other industries, suffers from a problem of cost externalization. when massive mudslides occurred during last year \u2019 s storm, weyerhaeuser complained that it wasn \u2019 t it \u2019 s logging practices, but the fact that it was an unprecedented, out of the blue, 500 year storm that caused it. while it is doubtful the slides would have occurred uncut land, that isn \u2019 t the only fallacy. when the slide did occur, the costs of repairing roads, treatment plants, and bridges went to the county and often was passed on to the nation \u2019 s tax payers through state and federal recovery grants. thus, what should have been paid by weyerhaeuser, 500 year probability or not, was paid by someone else. finally, there is local government. various folks within local governments set regulations for zoning, deciding what will be built and where. here is the real crux of the problem. local government also gets an increase in revenue in the form of property, sales, and business income taxes. suppress the updating of flood plain maps, and you get a short term profit and often, a steady supply of happy voters. you might think these local governments will have to pay when the next big flood comes, but often that can be avoided. certainly, they must comply with federal regulations on flood plain management to be part of the national flood insurance program, but that plan has significant leeway and little monitoring. like the commercial logging, disaster - stricken local governments can often push the recovery costs off to individual homeowners through the fema homeowner \u2019 s assistance program, and off to state and federal agencies by receiving disaster recovery and community development grants and loans. certainly, some communities are so regularly devastated, and are so few resources, that disasters simply knock them down before they can given stand up again. but others have found loopholes and can profit by continuing to use old food maps and failing to aggressively control flood plain development. what is it going to take to really change this system and make it unprofitable to profit from bad land use management? here \u2019 s a good in - depth article on last year \u2019 s landslides in lewis county. http : / / seattletimes. nwsource. com / html / localnews / 2008048848 _ logging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35864613506752674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.204707"} {"text": "management? here \u2019 s a good in - depth article on last year \u2019 s landslides in lewis county. http : / / seattletimes. nwsource. com / html / localnews / 2008048848 _ logging13m. html an interesting article on the failure of best management practices in development catchment basins can be found here : hur, j. et al ( 2008 ) does current management of storm water runoff adequately protect water resources in developing catchments? journal of soil and water conservation, 63 ( 2 ) pp. 77 - 90. monday, december 29, 2008 it \u2019 s difficult to imagine a more colorful book, celebrating locally - grown and \u2013 marketed foods, than david westerlund \u2019 s simone goes to the market : a children \u2019 s book of colors connecting face and food. this book is aimed at families and the foods they eat. who doesn \u2019 t want to know where their food is coming from \u2013 the terroir, the kind of microclimate it \u2019 s produced in, as well as who \u2019 s selling it? gretchen sells her pole beans ( purple ), maria her serrano peppers ( green ), dana and matt sell their freshly - roasted coffee ( black ), katie her carrots ( orange ), a blue poem from matthew, brown potatoes from roslyn, yellow patty pan squash from jed, red tomatoes ( soft and ripe ) from diana, and golden honey from bill ( and his bees ). this is a book perfect for children of any age who want to connect to and with the food systems that sustain community. order from firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4550900879451821, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.205423"} {"text": "( note : all photographic images below can be clicked to view at higher resolution. ) in the last few days some of the first high resolution color images of mars rover curiosity ' s deck have been taken. these included some of the best images yet showing the knots visible on the exposed wire and cable bundles. while a few of the folks here are no doubt aware, it might surprise most people to learn that knots tied in cords and thin ribbons have probably traveled on every interplanetary mission ever flown. if human civilization ends tomorrow, interplanetary landers, orbiters, and deep space probes will preserve evidence of both the oldest and newest of human technologies for millions of years.. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / malin space science systems ( original ) knots are still used in this high - tech arena because cable lacing has long been the preferred cable management technique in aerospace applications. that it remains so to this day is a testament to the effectiveness of properly chosen knots tied by skilled craftspeople. it also no doubt has a bit to do with the conservative nature of aerospace design and engineering practices. proven technologies are rarely cast aside unless they no longer fulfill requirements or there is something substantially better available. while the knots used for cable lacing in general can be quite varied - - in some cases even a bit idiosyncratic - - nasa has in - house standards for the knots and methods used on their spacecraft. these are specified in nasa technical standard nasa - std - 8739. 4 - - crimping, interconnecting cables, harnesses, and wiring. as far as i ' ve been able to identify in the rover images below, all of the lacings shown are one of two of the several patterns specified in the standard. the above illustration shows the so - called \" spot tie \". it is a clove hitch topped by two half - knots in the form of a reef ( square ) knot. in addition to its pure binding role, it is also used to affix cable bundles to tie - down points, as can be seen in many of the curiosity rover images below. knot history buffs might find it interesting that a \" spot tie \" - like knot, with opposite clove hitch end orientation and topped only with a single half - knot was illustrated in 1917 by a. hyatt verrill under the name \" gunner ' s knot \". this was seemingly due to verrill copying from j. t. burgess, who had oversimplified", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5393575404575093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.219616"} {"text": "a single half - knot was illustrated in 1917 by a. hyatt verrill under the name \" gunner ' s knot \". this was seemingly due to verrill copying from j. t. burgess, who had oversimplified \" bowling ' s \" description of what possibly was the first known textual description of the constrictor knot. but that ' s a whole different can of worms! so why has nasa standardized on this knot instead others which might serve the purpose? the following reasons are merely my own musings. i ' d be interested to hear others ' comments on this knot ' s strengths and weaknesses. the reef knot and clove hitch are extremely ancient. both were discussed in detail as surgical and orthopedic knots and slings by greek physician heraklas in the 1st century ad. the reef knot is depicted with varying degrees of realism in ancient egyptian statuary and hieroglyphics as far back as 4000 - 5000 years ago. i presume there would be little disagreement here that these two knots must be among the oldest of the purposeful, standardized knots used by humans. you simply cannot get more field - tested than this! but why combine these two well - known old knots in a somewhat novel way that, at first, might seem a bit \" belt - and - suspenders \"? the inner profile of the clove hitch is smooth. both turns bear on the bound object evenly throughout their contact. the contact area is increased by having two turns. when the reef knot is added, the ends are pulled up and away from the object. there is some extra pressure exerted by the reef knot on the riding turn, but this is distributed onto the two underlying turns. evenness of pressure is important for the same reasons as the next item. overtightening of cable management bindings can cause conductor breakage, insulation damage, excessive chafing, and deformations between the conductive, dielectric, and shield parts of a cable, and no doubt a host of other issues. it is one of the classic problems with ratcheting plastic cable ties ( i. e. \" zipties \" ) that they only have quantized adjustment steps and cannot be easily loosened. while zipties with a metal tooth insert do allow for smoother tightening, the possibility of this tiny metal part coming loose near electronics generally excludes their use. that zipties cannot easily be loosened or adjusted during tightening makes them more prone to being left in an overtightened state. difficulty of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49526391137354653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.220617"} {"text": "allow for smoother tightening, the possibility of this tiny metal part coming loose near electronics generally excludes their use. that zipties cannot easily be loosened or adjusted during tightening makes them more prone to being left in an overtightened state. difficulty of adjustment might also be considered a possible strike against using the constrictor knot ( and similar knots ) for this application. the clove hitch is not known as a particularly good binder alone, but that may be an advantage in this application. if the clove is initially made too tight it is easily loosened and readjusted. once the proper snugness is achieved the addition of the first half - knot produces only a small and predictable amount of additional tightening. one thing i did notice in my tests is that if the first half - knot is made in the opposite orientation than shown in the standard, it tends to produce more tightening and also separates the underlying turns of the clove hitch. - resilience to errors in tying as mentioned above, i did some tests tying the knot incorrectly in different ways. while these forms generally seemed inferior to the specified knot, they were not obviously destined to fail. using these two basic knots in a compound form seems to be a reasonable way to make errors of tying less detrimental to the resulting knot. image credit : david j. fred / wikimedia commons ( original ) above is a high resolution photo taken of these spot ties made in gudebrod nomex lacing tape. these types of lacing tapes are often coated or impregnated with materials ( e. g. synthetic rubbers ) to increase their knot - holding properties. i ' m not sure what the tapes visible on the rover are made of, but i ' d suspect the material was chosen for its behavior at extremely low temperatures and pressures as well as very good uv resistance. the keen observer may note that some of the spot ties in the rover images show the ends perpendicular to the cable bundle and some parallel. based on general experience with reef and granny knots, one might be tempted to assume the parallel examples are improperly finished with granny knots. experimentation with nomex lacing tape seems to show that it ' s more a matter of the knot preserving the orientation of the ends as the reef knot was tightened. i found that when the spot tie is finished improperly in the granny form but with the ends kept perpendicular to the wire bundle they tend to stay that way. while these experiments are hardly definitive, it doesn ' t seem to me that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49357146252372497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.221682"} {"text": "was tightened. i found that when the spot tie is finished improperly in the granny form but with the ends kept perpendicular to the wire bundle they tend to stay that way. while these experiments are hardly definitive, it doesn ' t seem to me that one can tell from orientation of the ends whether the knot was properly tied or not. there is also the issue of the handedness of the first half - knot with respect the ends emerging from the clove hitch portion. the relative orientation shown in the nasa spec does appear to be preferable to the alternative. i won ' t go into much discussion about these stiches for the moment, but i believe the one on the left ( the running clove hitches ) appears on the extreme right edge of detail image \" 1 \" below. and now for the pretty pictures... image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech ( original ) multi - image panorama giving context of rover, deck, and its suroundings. the rim of gale crater is visible in the distance. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech ( original ) annotated context image showing locations of following five detailed images. outlines do not quite align to following image borders due to panorama projection. 1 image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / malin space science systems ( original ) examples of one of the flat stitching methods ( shown above ) appear on the extreme right edge of this image. 2 image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / malin space science systems ( original ) 3 image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / malin space science systems ( original ) 4 image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / malin space science systems ( original ) 5 image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech / malin space science systems ( original )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5067487631680184, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.222408"} {"text": "journal, book or conference title environmental health perspectives the industrialization of livestock production and the widespread use of nontherapeutic antimicrobial growth promotants has intensified the risk for the emergence of new, more virulent, or more resistant microorganisms. these have reduced the effectiveness of several classes of antibiotics for treating infections in humans and livestock. recent outbreaks of virulent strains of influenza have arisen from swine and poultry raised in close proximity. this working group, which was part of the conference on environmental health impacts of concentrated animal feeding operations : anticipating hazards - - searching for solutions, considered the state of the science around these issues and concurred with the world health organization call for a phasing - out of the use of antimicrobial growth promotants for livestock and fish production. we also agree that all therapeutic antimicrobial agents should be available only by prescription for human and veterinary use. concern about the risk of an influenza pandemic leads us to recommend that regulations be promulgated to restrict the co - location of swine and poultry concentrated animal feeding operations ( cafos ) on the same site and to set appropriate separation distances. animal feed, animal husbandry, animals, communicable disease control, communicable diseases, disease outbreaks, drug resistance, bacterial, housing, animal, humans, influenza, human, occupational diseases, occupational exposure, risk factors, sustainability published article / book citation \" gilchrist mj, greko c, wallinga db, beran gw, riley dg, thorne ps. the potential role of concentrated animal feeding operations in infectious disease epidemics and antibiotic resistance. environ health perspect. 2007 feb ; 115 ( 2 ) : 313 - 6. doi : 10. 1289 / ehp. 8837. \" the article was published in environmental health perspectives. http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pmc / articles / pmc1817683 / pdf / ehp0115 - 000313. pdf author posting. copyright \u00a9 national institute of environmental health sciences, 2007. this is an open access article : verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article ' s original doi.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5339448846729383, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.225882"} {"text": "for a short period of time in the last century, turbine - driven cars were all the rage. manufacturers hawked them, race engineers played with them, and the public drooled over them. 8w takes a glimpse into our kerosene - fueled past. \u2014 ed. turbines : the pros and cons to see why turbine engines caught on quickly during the sixties and moved over from road cars to racing cars, it is best to devote some paragraphs to explaining their internal workings. first, let ' s start with the quick and dirty answer. the basis is formed by two turbines, the first of which is tasked with compressing air and forcing it into an ignition chamber ( or \" burner \" ) with added fuel. the exploding mixture of fuel and air then rapidly expands into a second two - stage turbine, giving drive to the compressor turbine, which is rotating on the same shaft ( first stage, using 10 % of generated power ) and a single - gear transmission that is powering the car ( second stage, using 90 % of power ). it ' s as simple as that. it ' s no miracle invention, as turbines have existed for centuries ; water turbines drove mills alongside fast - streaming rivers as early as the middle ages, while steam turbines were among the most prominent power sources of the 19th century. so if \" turbine \" is the general denominator for a machine or motor driven by a wheel that is turned by the pressure of air, steam, water or gas, the innovation of the turbine car engine is in its application. let ' s get to the nitty - gritty : what are its strengths and weaknesses? first, the pluses : the turbine ' s simplicity is its main advantage. it is smaller than a piston engine. a 250 - hp turbine engine has a power turbine that is four to five inches in diameter, usually with a compressor turbine seven to ten inches in diameter. it also weighs less, with 80 percent fewer parts, and is less susceptible to vibration due the rotary ( instead of reciprocating ) motion of its moving parts. it will run on any flammable liquid or gas, from alcohol to peanut oil, from perfume to jack daniels, as the fuel ' s detonation characteristics don ' t really matter. it is in full working order from start - up, as fuel is injected directly into the burner, with timing and vaporarization not critical at all. this in turn kills the need for a warm - up period \u2014 there is instantly available heat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5305236708056651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.246178"} {"text": "it is in full working order from start - up, as fuel is injected directly into the burner, with timing and vaporarization not critical at all. this in turn kills the need for a warm - up period \u2014 there is instantly available heat, instead of cylinder blocks and coolants that need to be warmed for efficiency. antifreeze isn ' t needed either, as operating temperature is effectively controlled by the air flowing through the engine. finally, the exhaust gases are cool and clean, with practically no carbon - monoxide emissions. the performance part? you can ' t kill a turbine engine by overrevving it, as the compressor rotates independently of the power turbine. on the downside, there is surprisingly little tricky stuff. the turbine has just one drawback, but it ' s a relatively big one : it guzzles fuel, often up to eight times more than a piston engine of similar output. early on, this problem was countered by using the first part of the two - stage turbine to not only drive the compressor turbine, but to also drive a pair of \" regenerators. \" these honeycomb regenerators acted as a pair of clever heat exchangers, directing exhaust heat back into the system to lighten the burden of the burner, with fuel now only needed to raise the gas temperature up to the required level. as an added bonus, exhaust temperature was further cooled to safe levels. this resulted in the regenerative turbine engine ( below ) that was to form the basis of all turbine - powered road and racing cars. turbines : the heritage after a brief look - in by opel in 1927, road - car turbines were separately pioneered by rover and chrysler, with gm and fiat also examining their capabilities. rover started work in 1939, shortly after war was declared between england and germany. this was on commission from the british government that, amidst clouds of secrecy, approached rover ' s spencer wilks to help out a company called power jets limited, which had a brilliant jet engine design but lacked production facilities. chrysler latched onto the concept in 1945, but let ' s look at the british effort first. rover : true pioneers the top - secret request to rover came on the back of rolls royce ' s lack of interest for the project, as they were in the middle of merlin v - 12 production for their spitfire fighter range. indeed, the first application considered for the gas turbine developed by power jets ' frank whittle ( left ) was aviation \u2013 - and it being wartime, military aviation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49399342494697973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.247379"} {"text": "they were in the middle of merlin v - 12 production for their spitfire fighter range. indeed, the first application considered for the gas turbine developed by power jets ' frank whittle ( left ) was aviation \u2013 - and it being wartime, military aviation came to mind first, although for rover mum was the word. the car manufacturer being the backup choice and uninvolved in aeronautics, wilks left his engineers in the dark over the project, claiming that it was a new \" supercharger \" development \u2026 rover and power jets co - developed and produced two versions of wittle ' s original design, but they soon fell out as rover made alterations - \u2013 erm, \" improvements \" \u2013 - to the w2 design, going another step further with the w2b, again without consulting wittle. rover had good reason, as the initial engines suffered from surging and turbine failure. soon, with war now raging all over the continent, rover managed to secure the government ' s commission to go it alone. the new b - 26 turbine was almost drawn on a blank sheet, and when rolls - royce stepped into the turbine arena in 1942, the b - 26 formed the basis of the rolls - royce welland, the world ' s first production jet engine. the designs may have been sold, but the knowledge did not go with them. as soon as a couple of months after the end of the war, the wilks brothers began planning further turbine development for road - car applications. for this, spencer wilks made an approach to leyland to help fund the project, while also luring away turbine engineers frank bell and spencer king from rolls - royce. despite immediate post - war material shortages, a prototype engine called the jet 1 was up and running in february 1947. and although they had some steep hills to climb - \u2013 like working out how to link a 50, 000 - rpm turbine to the back axle of a road car! \u2013 - a working fifth incarnation of the jet 1 was finished in may 1948. this had the aforementioned two - stage turbine solution to the drive problem that was later followed by other manufacturers ; it produced 100 hp at 55, 000 compressor rpm while weighing less than a rover piston engine. a more powerful version was successfully tested in a boat at the end of 1949 and subsequently mated to a rover p4 road car. on march 14, 1950, this car made its first runs and, as the \" jet 1 \" ( above ), saw its first public appearance soon after. the rear - engine jet 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4686690597961789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.248466"} {"text": "1949 and subsequently mated to a rover p4 road car. on march 14, 1950, this car made its first runs and, as the \" jet 1 \" ( above ), saw its first public appearance soon after. the rear - engine jet 1 lit up at 3000 rpm, with its compressor turbine ' s speed at 40, 000 rpm and the power turbine maxing out at 26, 000 rpm. the idling speed was an impressive 13, 000 rpm! with 100 hp, it could hit 85 mph while returning 6 mpg. in 1952, an uprated jet 1 appeared with a whopping 230 hp on tap, delivering a world record speed of 152 mph, still at 6mpg. the same year also saw the advent and quick demise of an outboard engined turbine concept car, the t2a, which didn ' t quite work as planned... four years later, rover was ready to announce its first car specifically designed around a gas turbine engine. the t3 was a spencer king design, with help from gordon bashford and peter wilks, and it boasted an two - shaft inboard rear engine producing 100 hp. it was a hugely innovative car that, even apart from the turbine engine, was ahead of its time with its fiberglass body, de dion rear suspension, back - angled front forks, and four - wheel inboard disc brakes. also, turbine development had come a long way. light - up was now at 15, 000 rpm, with the compressor ' s working speed at 52, 000 rpm. by now, heat exchanger technology had seen the light of day, hugely improving fuel economy to 13 mpg. the regenerators were further refined to deliver 20 mpg in the 1961 t4, left. this was a serious motorcar based on the rover p6 ( two years before the regular piston - engine p6 debut ), as it gave an impressive 140 hp and a 0 - 60 time of 8. 0 seconds. with a front - mounted engine, front - wheel drive, and stunning looks, there was nothing to take away from it against the usual crop of piston - engine road cars. still, rover decided to leave road - car development for what it was and focused on racing its turbine engines. although british road - car turbine development came to a halt after the t4, by this time, on the other side of the big pond, chrysler was about to launch its first turbine road car. chrysler : real - world cars the first design work on turbines at chrysler had started", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49138410548490286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.250284"} {"text": "development came to a halt after the t4, by this time, on the other side of the big pond, chrysler was about to launch its first turbine road car. chrysler : real - world cars the first design work on turbines at chrysler had started as early as 1945. over a decade of prodigious development got the company to the same level as rover, with a single - shaft, two - stage regenerating turbine engine that could be front - mounted, with the first - stage power turbine used to drive the compressor and accessory systems such as power steering, power brakes, and even power windows! in the early sixties ambitious plans were unfolded to produce a batch of 55 cars to hand out to selected \" test drivers \" across america. for this, chrysler designed a futuristic body that would be built by the famous italian coachbuilder carrozzeria ghia. the cars were finished and shipped stateside in 1963. five cars were kept by the chrysler development team ; the rest were doled out in a grand sweepstakes that saw some 30, 000 applications. each of the 50 winners was responsible for testing the cars and handing them back later along with a detailed evaluation. in total, 203 average citizens got the chance to test the chrysler turbine between 1963 and early 1966. most cars topped a trouble - free million miles before their retirement. the drivers ranged in age from 21 to 70 ; 180 were men and 23 were women. they lived in 133 different cities. conversely, car journalists weren ' t allowed any significant time in the car \u2014 what little test experience they got always came with a factory representative in the passenger seat. the testers ' verdict matched the strengths that the designers had already envisioned and the weaknesses they had worked hard to eliminate : the turbine chrysler was smooth and quiet and its reliability was staggering, but fuel consumption remained a worry. then again, as chrysler surmised, this was probably due to test drivers often showing off their car in front of a crowd of impressed on - lookers. with an idle speed of 22, 500 rpm, this was a fuel - burning exercise and little else \u2014 no wonder the drivers were sworn to secrecy about performance and fuel consumption! other downsides were acceleration lag and a lack of engine braking. when put in drive, the chryslers had a basic speed at idle, like a piston - engine automatic. this required applying the brakes at all times. the stp - paxton indy car the stp - paxton turbine car that produced a heartbreaking near miss at the 1967 indy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49610643044260744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.252030"} {"text": "chryslers had a basic speed at idle, like a piston - engine automatic. this required applying the brakes at all times. the stp - paxton indy car the stp - paxton turbine car that produced a heartbreaking near miss at the 1967 indy 500 was the brainchild of italian - american andy granatelli, a racing nut who combined engineering vision with great business acumen. granatelli was a life - long speed addict : he was once an engineer and chief tester for studebaker, and he set over 400 land - speed records. as an engineering enthusiast, having already brought ferguson formula four - wheel drive to indy, granatelli was quick to see the unfair advantage of a turbine engine matched with four - wheel drive. thus the stp - paxton turbine car was born, with a ferguson four - wheel - drive system coupled to a reduction - gear system supplied by stp ' s paxton division. it was built completely in - house by the granatelli brothers, who wanted to keep the system a secret from their competition. as granatelli stated during an indianapolis legends interview in 2000, \" every single thing on the car except the wheels and the turbine engine was built in - house. everything. and the reason we built everything in - house was because we didn ' t want to go to any outside vendor to have them know that we were building a special race car. and when we built the car, it was built completely in the rules, completely in specifications. \" the engine was a canadian pratt & whitney st6b - 62 rated at 550 hp - \u2013 and it was mounted to the side of the car! with its side - by - side construction, it looked awkward, but the driver ' s weight offset the mass of the lightweight turbine. it was also quiet \u2013 - hence the car ' s nickname of \" silent sam \" \u2013 - and fast. very fast. soon the competition was complaining with usac, which had already reduced the car ' s turbine inlet area in order to keep the car from becoming dominant. and there was more bollocking going on. granatelli still gets mad thinking back to the car ' s indy debut : \" we were told for example that the flap on the back of the car was distracting the other drivers. bologna! it never distracted anybody. but they banned that first thing off the bat. with a piston engine, you take your foot off the gas, it ' s still through the crankshaft, but the compression slows the car down. but with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4812901932304075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.252986"} {"text": "! it never distracted anybody. but they banned that first thing off the bat. with a piston engine, you take your foot off the gas, it ' s still through the crankshaft, but the compression slows the car down. but with the turbine car, you take your foot off the gas, and it ' s like putting the car in neutral. you keep going. so we needed something more in brakes. so we built a flap on the back of the car. when you stepped on the brakes, the flap would go up like an aircraft and slow the car down. well, the drivers complained about that, not because it was too distracting, but to complain. \" nevertheless, and ominously if you weren ' t part of the stp team, granatelli had tempted legendary parnelli jones into racing it, and jones, who was on the verge of retirement, was only willing to do that if he had a \" lock on the race \". granatelli was very convincing in his affirmation, and soon after the car was too \u2013 parnelli found that it could go everywhere he put it on the track. up, down, in the middle \u2013 the swooshmobile didn ' t need a \" groove \". amazingly, not a single modification was needed to achieve that, says granatelli : \" we never, ever adjusted a spring, a push - bar, nothing. we didn ' t change a thing on it. they didn ' t do a single thing to the car to make it handle it any better. they asked if the car was designed to handle it in the first place. it had equal weight distribution. that ' s why i put the engine on one side and the driver on the other, because the weight would be equal all the time. \" granatelli was so confident of its reliability that he didn ' t even consider an engine change between qualifying and the race. he was right about that, but didn ' t count on the paxton gearing giving in. having led 171 laps, parnelli jones coasted to a halt on lap 196 of 200 \u2013 with just 7. 5 miles to go. it was truly the nearest of misses. the swooshmobile had been running away with the race when a five - dollar bearing in the gearcasing failed, at a point where parnelli had almost a lap in hand on his nearest rival, aj foyt \u2013 and that was after spinning earlier in the race and having to claw his way back through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4763282050965423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.253928"} {"text": "- dollar bearing in the gearcasing failed, at a point where parnelli had almost a lap in hand on his nearest rival, aj foyt \u2013 and that was after spinning earlier in the race and having to claw his way back through the field. the last - gasp loss didn ' t help easing up usac ' s stance. horrified by silent sam ' s domination it changed the 1968 rules to further strangle the turbine ' s inlet area to 15, 399 sq in, bringing down its output to around 450 hp. this is testimony to the complete package of his cars, granatelli said in 2000, when asked about this tumultuous era of indy racing : \" contrary to popular belief, the turbine car did not have a lot of power. it only had 480 horsepower while the other cars had 750 horsepower. but what the car did have was the ability to go along the corner anywhere on the track you wanted to put it. under the groove, in the groove, under the white line, out in the gray stuff, it made no difference. the car could go wherever you pointed it. \" the howmet tx sports car the howmet tx continental sports car was conceived concurrently with the stp - paxton indy car, but made its debut one year later, as it was campaigned extensively in 1968. the original car, chassis 01, was built up from a mckee can - am car, with cars 02 and 03 specifically built for the turbine engines. the continental ts325 - 1 helicopter engine, its calculated equivalent of 2958cc producing an approximate 330 hp, drew from a center - mounted fuel tank carrying 32 gallons of jet a fuel. it was designed for the fia group 6 3 - litre prototype class through the sponsorship of the howmet corporation of america, a metal company working as a large subcontractor to the aircraft turbine industry. the man with the vision was sportscar racer - cum - engineer ray heppenstall, who convinced his racing pal tom fleming, a board member at howmet, to start a publicity - gaining racing programme. as such the howmet - continental tx was entered for the world sportscar championship in the days it was still covering such glamorous events as the daytona 24 hrs, the sebring 12 hrs, the 6 hr events at brands and the glen, the targa florio, the 1000 km events at the \u2018 ring, monza and spa, and the austrian sportscar grand prix. the lotus 56 : indy, again the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4826019507979029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.254933"} {"text": "12 hrs, the 6 hr events at brands and the glen, the targa florio, the 1000 km events at the \u2018 ring, monza and spa, and the austrian sportscar grand prix. the lotus 56 : indy, again the new - for - 1968 air inlet rules called for a lighter car than the heavy stp - paxton, and granatelli found an ally in colin chapman, who had been watching the turbine development with great interest. in a meeting of two of the most innovative minds in world motor racing, the pair matched an uprated pratt & whitney st6b - 70 engine to the lightweight wedge - shaped lotus 56, with sponsoring coming from stp. here it is seen at its presentation at hethel, with graham hill rolling out the car under chapman ' s watchful eye. the engine placement in the 56 was also offset \u2013 this time to the right, in order to make space for the 4wd drivetrain on the left \u2013 but this was covered up by the car ' s broad appearance. front and rear suspension used inboard spings and dampers, while the cockpit had a very finished and modern look. through a morse chain the turbine ' s output shaft connected to a ferguson centre diff behind the driver ' s left shoulder. this was a development coming over from ferguson ' s road - car technology. the chain replaced the paxton transfer gears, which had been the stp - paxton ' s achilles heel. but before the race was on, the team was struck by double tragedy. first, jim clark died at hockenheim. and then mike spence, the brm number two lured over by chapman to drive the 56 at indy, was killed in a practice crash. it didn ' t stop the team ' s eventual driver trio from occupying the first two places and ninth on the grid, with joe leonard and graham hill upfront and art pollard on the fourth row. although hill spun into the wall on lap 111, the turbines looked all set for a reprieve of 1967, only to come in for more heartbreak right at the end. having been through one caution period to many, the leading leonard car broke a fuel pump shaft on lap 192, with pollard ' s machine doing likewise only seconds later. what had happened? the drivers had been running at reduced power under yellow, and when they floored the throttle when the green was waved, the sudden load caused the extension shaft in the fuel pumps of both cars to snap. this was the result of pratt & whitney insisting on the heat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4695034426250336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.255953"} {"text": "been running at reduced power under yellow, and when they floored the throttle when the green was waved, the sudden load caused the extension shaft in the fuel pumps of both cars to snap. this was the result of pratt & whitney insisting on the heat - sensitive shafts carried over from their passenger aircraft engine technology. these would fail - safe under overheating and this proved their undoing during the yellow - flag periods. before the race, this had been the subject of, let ' s say, intense discussion between lotus and p & w, with the eventual compromise that hill ' s car would run with a solid shaft and the two americans ' cars with the original ones. if only hill had been running to the end \u2026 so, another narrow miss, and yet the usac rules committee stepped in again. they ' d seen enough, the turbines had to go. in hot - blooded italian fashion granatelli started off a trial of lawsuits, which took the warring parties to the high courts, with the sporting authority coming out unharmed for the plain reason that it chose not to follow the rules committee ' s lead of banning turbines outright. instead usac cunningly slammed another restriction on the turbines. short from actually banning them this rendered them useless for any further attempts at winning indy. at the end of 1969, the death knell was further tightened by usac ' s ban on four - wheel drive, as this technology wasn ' t held to be \" within the mainstream of automotive development \". oh, what poor vision \u2026 this meant an effective ban on turbines, too. this was precisely granatelli ' s accusation of usac \u2013 that they had banned 4wd as a front to get rid of the turbines. he was probably right. lotus 56b : grand - prix swan song it was probably the form the 56s showed during the rest of the 1968 season \u2013 on usac road courses! \u2013 that convinced colin chapman to give the 56 a try in the grand prix environment. here, four - wheel drive was still alive, probably due to its lack of success in 1969. and so, after having emotionally dealt with the losses of clark and rindt, chapman sprung a major surprise in 1971 by launching the lotus - pratt & whitney 56b. indeed, this was the turbine indycar adapted to f1 regulations, with a 500 - hp p & w stn76 engine. it is said that the bulky 56b was only intended as a testbed for a sleeker turbine challenger to come in 1972, but the fact remains that chapman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.484793474157712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.256998"} {"text": "to f1 regulations, with a 500 - hp p & w stn76 engine. it is said that the bulky 56b was only intended as a testbed for a sleeker turbine challenger to come in 1972, but the fact remains that chapman ' s driver diplomacy went awry in the same fashion as in 1969, when his beloved jochen rindt had publicly decried the lotus 63 4wd car. this time, it was fittipaldi and wisell who took every opportunity not to drive it. and why would they when they had a totally sorted 72, now at its peak, waiting for them? this resulted in young aussie dave walker taking the role that john miles was forced into with the 63 \u2013 a junior driver being thrown into the deep end of developing and debuting an unloved car based on a revolutionary concept. granted, the team ' s lead driver drove the 56b on its true debut, but this was a non - championship event that could be used for development without any harm. moreover, emerson left brands hatch seriously underwhelmed by the car ' s potential in the dry. this was borne out by wisell ' s poor performance at silverstone and by fittipaldi at monza, taking a black - and - gold liveried \" world wide racing \" 56b ( the italian investigation into jochen rindt ' s death still in full swing ) to the only finish ( 8th ) in its short career. in chapman ' s mind it was an opportunity wasted. he blamed the weight and complexity of the car and wanted to pursue a rear - wheel drive version. in other people ' s minds the wet - weather performances had all come because of the four - wheel drive, no thanks to the turbine. we will probably never know. in 1972 lotus had a serious stab at the world championship and all efforts were directed to helping emerson win his first title. and so, monza ' 71 was not just the last we ' d seen of four - wheel drive in f1, it was also the turbine ' s grand - prix swan song. 8w, part of forix. autosport. com, is a motorsport history portal. the site covers the \" drivers, cars, circuits, eras and technology that shaped the face, sounds and smells of motor racing. \" this story originally appeared on 8w in slightly longer form on may 19, 2003. want to see your work here? email us with the subject line \" submissions \"!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43668682482009635, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.258063"} {"text": "we tend to think of the differences between men and women in broad, comprehensive terms. women are more nurturing, men are more aggressive, and on and on. of course we rationally understand that these traits are influenced by our sex hormones, but on a deeper level we seem to regard the differences in our behavior as somehow fixed. but now new research is showing that, in fact, there are very specific genes that regulate male or female behaviors, and they can be turned on and off at will \u2014 which could drastically alter the way we think about what drives us to be who we are. the connection between sex hormones and behavior has long been understood, but the relationship between hormone levels and gene expression in our brains was less clear. to better understand it, the research, which was conducted by scientists at the university of california, san francisco, aimed to locate a number of genes that are influenced by testosterone and estrogen and in turn dictate specific sets of male and female behaviors in mice. to do this, lead researcher dr. nirao shah and his team analyzed sex differences in gene expression in the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that is involved with sensing hormones. they managed to locate 16 genes that were expressed differently in males and in females, and showed that the different expressions were regulated by the sex hormones. but what they also found is that they could isolate parts of classic male and female behaviors and pinpoint them as being governed by their own particular genes. it ' s fascinating to think of all of our sex - specific quirks as connecting back to specific genes that can be turned on and off. eurekalert offers a useful analogy for understanding the relationship between the hormones and genes. if you think of your brain as a house that ' s wired into the power grid, then, a sex hormone is similar to the main breaker that connects the house to the utility pole and regulates electricity to the entire house. individual genes influenced by sex hormones are like the light switches in each room, making it possible to turn the lights on in the kitchen while leaving the bedroom dark. shah explains how this plays out in the mice : it ' s as if you can deconstruct a social behavior into genetic components. each gene regulates a few components of a behavior without affecting other aspects of male and female behavior. in other words, by flipping the switch, you could turn off a mouse ' s sex drive, willingness to spend time with their young, and even their desire to pick fights \u2014 while leaving every other behavioral element unaffected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5267299497257164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.261943"} {"text": "aspects of male and female behavior. in other words, by flipping the switch, you could turn off a mouse ' s sex drive, willingness to spend time with their young, and even their desire to pick fights \u2014 while leaving every other behavioral element unaffected. imagine how crazy it would be if we could do that in humans. don ' t like it that your boyfriend gets into fights at the bar? just flip the switch. for now, shah says that understanding the genes that drive male and female behavior can guide researchers to find the genetic basis for other complex social behaviors. and along the same lines, it could prove very useful in locating which genes are involved in diseases where a gender difference exist, such as autism, which affects four times as many males as it does females. as good as all that sounds, there is something a bit unnerving about contemplating your genes as a collection of switches that govern your behaviors. on some level it would be a dream to be able to turn behaviors off and on at will \u2014 it would revolutionize the way we interact, but, on the more terrifying side of things, it would also totally change our conception of what makes us who we are. fortunately, manipulating them is a complicated process. so it looks like we have a while until we ' re all going to need to start popping pills to fine tune ourselves. that ' s a relief, because for most of us managing the hormones we already have is a big enough job. male and female behavior deconstructed [ eurekalert! ] image via vladgrin / shutterstock.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5186248907078519, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.262662"} {"text": "it ' s an oscilloscope, but it ' s also a lot of other things. the jones o ' tool is a single and dual trace oscilloscope, a levels meter, a vu meter, a peak meter, a spectrum analyzer, an x - y graph display, a frequency meter, a tuner, and a voltmeter. there are three oscilloscope modes, with single trace, dual trace layered ( input 1 is red, input 2 is green, on top of each other ), and dual trace stacked ( above and below each other ). the timebase is adjustable from 100 microseconds to 5 seconds per division. the voltage scale can be set to + / - 10v dc, + / - 5v dc, + / - 10v ac, 0 - 10v dc, or 0 - 5v dc. it can trigger on input 1, input 2, or on an external trigger. and there are two trigger levels for the external trigger. or it can be set to have no trigger, so both waveforms free - run. the levels mode is a visual indicator of the scale and bias of the signals going in. it is good for seeing changes in a signal at a glance without the full detail of the scope trace, but much easier to spot with a quick glance. the vu and peak meters follow industry standard specs for scale and response. the 0dbvu level can be selected between + 4dbu ( audio line level ), + / - 2. 5v or + / - 5v. there is a thin line drawn across between the meters to help see the 0dbvu level at a glance. the spectrum analyzer has two forms. in the linear mode there are thin lines representing the frequencies, linearly spaced, and with a linear vertical scale. in the log mode the frequencies are grouped into 6 wide bands representing octaves, and the vertical scale is in db. the x - y display mode uses the two inputs to draw points or lines on the screen. it has adjustable sampling times. in the shorter ( faster ) sampling speeds the inputs are sampled for a period of time and then drawn on the screen at once. in the longer ( slower ) sampling times the points are drawn on the screen as they happen and the oldest point is erased at the same time. this creates a sort of a snake - like drawing on the screen that can show very long periods of time ( up to 200 seconds ). very useful for comparing slow lfo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5480158672392861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.268318"} {"text": "screen as they happen and the oldest point is erased at the same time. this creates a sort of a snake - like drawing on the screen that can show very long periods of time ( up to 200 seconds ). very useful for comparing slow lfos or related voltages created by some modules. the frequency meter has two parts. a numerical readout of the frequency, and a guitar tuner style of tuner. the tuner shows the note, the number of cents the note is off, and a sliding bar with a dot representing + 50 to - 50 cents. it can be used to monitor input 1, input 2, or both inputs. when used for both, the two sliding bars are above and below each other making it easier to align two frequencies. the tuner can be set for 440 or 432 scales. the voltmeter mode is a simple dc voltmeter that monitors both inputs. it can be used to adjust two dc ( constant ) voltages to match or be a specific amount apart. suggested retail price : $ 250 depth : 40mm ( 1. 57 inches ) power : 130ma of + 12, 10ma of - 12 display : 45mm diagonal ( 1. 77 inches ) color tft lcd with anti - static protective window please note that while the o ' tool is a very useful module for monitoring signals within a modular system, it does not have all the features of the full sized devices that it emulates. it does not have the large display, all the trigger options, or individual voltage controls of a full sized oscilloscope. due to limitations in the processor the log spectrum mode can only display 6 bars, instead of the 15 or 20 typical of a full graphic eq. and the frequency meter, tuner and voltmeter were all added ( based on potential user feedback ) after the hardware had already been built. so those modes do not have the accuracy or temperature stability that other devices like them would have ( or that this would have had if those modes had been designed in when the hardware was designed ). those modes do not have the absolute accuracy of external dedicated devices, but they are accurate relative to the two inputs. so they are fine for tuning two oscillators to each other, or two voltages to each other. they just might be off a bit compared to an external tuner or voltmeter. the o ' tool has two jacks for each of the three inputs. the pairs of jacks are like two - jack passive multiples.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5094532977640063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.269211"} {"text": "each other. they just might be off a bit compared to an external tuner or voltmeter. the o ' tool has two jacks for each of the three inputs. the pairs of jacks are like two - jack passive multiples. you can feed a signal into either of the jacks, and can use the second jack to send that same signal to another module. that way you don ' t have to use up your multiples modules to send signals to the o ' tool while still using those signals elsewhere. for example, say you have an oscillator connected to a filter. you could unplug that cable at the filter and plug it into either of the jacks for input 1 of the o ' tool. then take another cable and go from the second jack on input 1 back to the filter you had connected before. the inputs on the o ' tool each have 100k input impedance, so it is possible in very touchy patches that you might need to use a buffered multiple rather than use the passive multiples built into the o ' tool. it is not a good idea to plug the outputs of two modules into the pair of jacks for a single o ' tool input, which effectively shorts those two modules together. ( it won ' t hurt the o ' tool, but might hurt your modules ) the pair of jacks for each input are simply connected to each other behind the panel, just as any passive multiple would be. there are four buttons under the screen of the o ' tool. the button on the left cycles through the 9 different oscilloscope and meter modes. the other three buttons set options within each mode. the currently selected option for each button is displayed at the bottom of the screen. pushing those three buttons change the options and the new settings are displayed. if the screen is blank above a button, that button is not used in that specific mode. the instruction sheet included with each o ' tool can be downloaded here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49503917929142083, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.270030"} {"text": "periodontal is a word meaning \u201c around the tooth. \u201d periodontal disease is a condition in which the tissue ( gums, deeper supporting tissue, and bone ) around a tooth or teeth become infected and inflamed. periodontal disease includes both gingivitis and periodontitis. periodontal disease is caused by an overgrowth of the bacteria that live naturally in the mouth. these bacteria are responsible for the sticky white substance that develops on teeth called plaque. when plaque stays on a tooth long enough, it hardens into a solid material called calculus or tartar. this material is much more difficult to remove from teeth than plaque. over time, the presence of calculus causes gum inflammation or gingivitis. gingivitis is a more mild form of periodontal disease, affecting the gums. it is almost always reversible with appropriate treatment. if gingivitis is not halted through careful treatment, then the inflammation may spread below the gum line, affecting the deeper tissues and bone that surround and support the teeth. this condition is known as periodontitis. untreated periodontitis can destroy the bone and other supporting tissues resulting in eventual tooth loss. many cases of periodontitis begin with gingivitis. however, it is possible for the deeper infection of periodontitis to begin without the more superficial gingivitis having been noticed. periodontal disease is a serious condition that needs to be thoroughly and carefully treated by your dentist. a variety of studies suggest the possibility of an association between periodontal disease and : - an increased risk of heart disease - an increased risk of stroke - problems controlling diabetes - increased lung infections and bronchitis, especially in susceptible people - premature or early delivery of pregnant women with periodontal disease - low - birth weight babies of women with periodontal disease the chance of developing periodontitis increases with age. approximately 8. 5 % of people aged 20 - 64 have periodontal disease, and 5 % of adults aged 20 - 64 have moderate to severe periodontal disease. seventeen percent of people aged 65 and older have the condition. unfortunately, studies suggest that only a fraction of people with periodontitis are aware that they have the condition and are receiving treatment. what are the risk factors for periodontal disease? what are the symptoms of periodontal disease? how is periodontal disease diagnosed? what are the treatments for periodontal disease? are there screening tests for periodontal disease? how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4877532906041759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.272634"} {"text": "music is a natural part of life for toddlers. they might sing to their stuffed animals, tap their feet to the rhythm of nursery rhymes, and enjoy the sound of their parents singing to them \u2014 even if mom and dad can ' t quite carry a tune. but this early introduction to music does more than entertain. it can kickstart learning, serve as an important cue in a child ' s routine, and offer lifelong benefits. music contributes to what experts call \" a rich sensory environment. \" this simply means exposing kids to a wide variety of tastes, smells, textures, colors, and sounds \u2014 experiences that can forge more pathways between the cells in their brains. these neural connections will help kids in almost every area of school, including reading and math. just listening to music can make these connections, but the biggest impact on comes if kids actively participate in musical activities. of course there ' s another reason to introduce music into your toddler ' s world : it ' s enjoyable for both of you. that will come as no surprise to parents who sing songs with their child, sway and twirl together to favorite cds, or listen to lullabies as they rock their child to sleep. i got music, i got rhythm between the ages of 1 and 3, kids respond best to music when they actively experience it. passive listening ( like in the car ) is fine, but look for opportunities to get your child rocking, marching, rolling, tapping, clapping, and moving to the beat. share songs that go along with simple hand motions or dance moves, like the \" itsy bitsy spider, \" \" the wheels on the bus, \" \" two little blackbirds, \" or the \" hokey pokey. \" for younger kids, a parent ' s lap is a great place to put music and movement together. have your child face you and be sure to smile as you bounce your knees to chants like \" trot, trot to boston \" or \" to market, to market. \" if you don ' t know a lot of kids ' songs and rhymes, you can borrow books, cds, and dvds from the local library. but also feel free to make it up as you go along. create your own silly songs and hand motions. try to use your child ' s name in the song or rhyme. or just turn on some music and dance together. show your toddler how to move with the music by twirling quickly to a fast song and swooping slowly to a song with a longer, slower", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4460481116412059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.279387"} {"text": "' s name in the song or rhyme. or just turn on some music and dance together. show your toddler how to move with the music by twirling quickly to a fast song and swooping slowly to a song with a longer, slower beat. introduce props like scarves, balloons, or stuffed animals to dance with. at this age, kids can sporadically keep time \u2014 you ' ll notice this if you give a toddler a pot and a wooden spoon and sing a song or play some music that has a steady tempo. you can encourage this by grabbing your own spoon, inviting your toddler to bang out a rhythm, and then imitating what he or she does. extend the game by tapping a slightly more complicated rhythm and inviting your child to follow or by asking your child to tap on different surfaces \u2014 the floor, your back, a pillow \u2014 and seeing what sound these different taps make. songs are a lot more fun than flashcards and can teach toddlers important facts and skills. for instance, singing the abc song can help a child learn the alphabet, \" this old man \" teaches counting, and \" there was an old woman who swallowed a fly \" helps with rhyming and memory. and you can encourage creativity by singing new words to familiar tunes like \" drive, drive, drive your car \" for \" row, row, row your boat \" or by inserting your child ' s name in \" did you ever see a lassie? \" you ' re likely to find your child favoring a few songs and rhymes and wanting to hear them again and again. while this may become dull for you, your child is on to something. repetition helps kids learn. it ' s important to note that toddlers won ' t learn to read or understand music at this point. they won ' t pick up individual notes, for instance, but will experiment with different pitches. you may notice your toddler singing made - up songs that slide from high to low and back again. usually these songs will not have a regular rhythm. kids this age also are learning about keeping a steady beat and making coordinated movements \u2014 skills that are critical to math and reading later on. encourage this development by tapping the beat with your foot while you sing and by chanting simple nursery rhymes. if you ' d like to introduce an instrument, keep it simple. very young toddlers will enjoy instruments they can shake \u2014 bells, rattles, shakers, tambourines, or rain sticks. as your child gets older and a little more coordinated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42988307963925815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.280395"} {"text": "you ' d like to introduce an instrument, keep it simple. very young toddlers will enjoy instruments they can shake \u2014 bells, rattles, shakers, tambourines, or rain sticks. as your child gets older and a little more coordinated, try rhythm instruments that can be banged, like drums, cymbals, or xylophones. some 2 - to 3 - year - olds can use simple wind instruments, like a recorder, a pipe whistle, or a kazoo. many companies now make musical instruments that are appropriately sized and shaped for little hands and that are safe for toddlers \u2014 check the label when you buy them. kids usually don ' t start formal instruction to learn an instrument until they ' re older, but you might have heard of the suzuki method. it ' s geared to kids as young as 2 or 3 for the violin, but parents must be present for the lessons and involved in both the instruction and the learning process. if your child does begin formal instruction, make sure it is with a certified instructor at a reputable school and that the instrument used is adapted for a young child. and, of course, you ' ll want to have reasonable expectations of how much a child can master at this young age. once your toddler is familiar with music, it can be a source of comfort and soothing. don ' t be surprised if you hear your child singing in bed or while playing, or serenading dolls or stuffed animals, especially if you have made a habit of singing to him or her yourself. when music is part of the everyday routine, these songs can help your child know what to expect and feel more secure. for instance, if you always sing a lullaby at bedtime or naptime, your child will come to see this as a cue for \" go to sleep. \" here are some other ways music can help your child make transitions through the day : picking up toys ( \" toys away, toys away, it ' s time to put the toys away \" ) brushing teeth ( \" brushing, brushing, brushing teeth, \" sung to the tune of \" london bridge is falling down \" ) taking a bath ( \" now it ' s bath time, now it ' s bath time, yes, it is \" sung to the tune of \" are you sleeping \" ) in addition, you can use music to alter your child ' s mood \u2014 and your own. while soft, gentle music seems just right for bedtime, louder, bouncier music could be just the boost you both need when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41923184625408133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.281339"} {"text": "you sleeping \" ) in addition, you can use music to alter your child ' s mood \u2014 and your own. while soft, gentle music seems just right for bedtime, louder, bouncier music could be just the boost you both need when it ' s time to clean up the toys. music all around kids ' music cds are great, but don ' t forget to share your own favorite music with your kids. a toddler who loves beethoven or bruce springsteen? why not? folk music and music from other cultures also can be good choices for kids. when you try new music, ask if your child likes it and discuss your opinion as well. though toddlers aren ' t likely to be ready for a night at the opera, you might be able to find live performances suitable for kids. museums, libraries, and bookstores often host child - friendly events. outdoor concerts where kids can run around without disturbing anyone are also a good bet. you might also enroll your child in a music class. if you do, be sure the class is developmentally appropriate \u2014 for kids this age, that means it shouldn ' t last more than 45 minutes and it should be something you and your child do together. classes are a fun way to enjoy music together ; they ' re also good sources for music and activities to enjoy at home. check the music department at your local university if you need help finding a music class. even if you do take a class with your child, remember that you are your child ' s first and most important teacher when it comes to music \u2014 and so much more. to help your child really benefit from a music class, be sure to bring the music and games you learn there into your home.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46060814989556287, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.281962"} {"text": "medical exams, whether they ' re for school, a sport, or camp, are usually pretty straightforward. many parts of the exam make sense to most guys : the scale is used to weigh you, the stethoscope is used to listen to your heartbeat. but why does the doctor need to touch and feel your testicles? isn ' t there a better, less embarrassing way to check things out? when you are healthy and going for a physical exam, the doctor is interested in finding out specific things about your body and your health. he or she will check your height and weight, take your temperature, and take your blood pressure. the doctor will listen to your heart and lungs and will probably examine your eyes, ears, nose, and throat, and may also test your reflexes by tapping your knees and ankles. for all these parts of the exam, the doctor relies on tools and equipment to get the information that ' s needed. however, for other parts of your body, the doctor ' s sense of touch and training are the key to knowing how things should feel. during the physical, the doctor will touch your belly to feel for any problems with your liver or spleen. he or she may also feel the lymph nodes in your neck, armpits, and groin to detect if there is any swelling, which can indicate an infection or other problem. and your doctor will also need to feel your testicles and the area around them to be sure they ' re developing properly and there are no problems. two possible problems that can affect teen guys are hernias and \u2014 rarely \u2014 testicular cancer. a hernia can occur when a part of the intestine pushes out from the abdomen and into the groin or scrotum ( the sac of skin that the testicles hang in ). some people believe that this can only happen when a person lifts something heavy, but usually this isn ' t the case. most hernias occur because of a weakness in the abdominal wall that the person was born with. if a piece of intestine becomes trapped in the scrotum, it can cut off the blood supply to the intestine and cause serious problems if the situation isn ' t quickly corrected. a doctor is able to feel for a hernia by using his or her fingers to examine the area around the groin and testicles. the doctor may ask you to cough while pressing on or feeling the area. sometimes, the hernia causes a bulge that the doctor can detect ; if this happens, surgery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4661961549012063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.286682"} {"text": "using his or her fingers to examine the area around the groin and testicles. the doctor may ask you to cough while pressing on or feeling the area. sometimes, the hernia causes a bulge that the doctor can detect ; if this happens, surgery almost always repairs the hernia completely. although testicular cancer is unusual in teen guys ( it occurs in 3 out of 100, 000 guys between the ages of 15 and 19 in the united states ), it is the second most common cancer seen during the teen years. it is the most common cancer in guys 20 to 34 years of age. it ' s very important for your doctor to examine your testicles at least once a year. when doing so, your doctor will grasp one testicle at a time, rolling it gently between his or her thumb and first finger to feel for lumps and also checking whether the testicle is hardened or enlarged. the doctor also will explain how to do testicular self - exams. learning how to examine yourself at least once a month for any lumps or bumps on your testicles is very important. a tumor ( growth or bump ) on the testicles could be cancer. knowing how your testicles feel when they ' re healthy will help you know when something feels different and possibly abnormal down there. noticing any new testicular lumps or bumps as soon as possible gives the best chances for survival and total cure if it turns out to be cancer. finally, keep in mind that even though it might feel weird to have a doctor checking out your testicles, it ' s no big deal to him or her. sometimes when a doctor is examining that area, you might get an erection \u2014 this is something you can ' t control. it ' s a normal reaction that happens frequently during genital exams on guys. if it happens, it won ' t upset or bother the doctor, so there ' s no need to feel embarrassed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4443423874156067, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.287452"} {"text": "only about 10 % of the general population has pet allergies, but at least 30 % of people with asthma are allergic to animals. so if your child has asthma, consider whether your pet could be producing allergens that are triggering asthma symptoms. contrary to popular belief, your animal ' s fur probably isn ' t the culprit. allergies are caused by the body ' s reaction to a protein found in the animal ' s dander ( dead skin flakes ), saliva, urine, and feathers. though pet hair itself isn ' t the problem, this protein can cling to the fur when an animal licks itself. also, an animal ' s fur can collect dust mites, pollen, mold, and other allergens. and any animal that lives in a cage ( from birds to gerbils ) will produce droppings that can attract mold and dust mites. you may hear people say that certain breeds of dogs or cats, particularly those that don ' t shed, won ' t trigger asthma, but all warm - blooded animals shed allergy - causing proteins and are capable of causing an allergic reaction. if you ' re wondering whether your child is allergic to a pet, consider having him or her tested for allergies. if your child turns out to be allergic to your pet, you ' ll have to decide whether to keep it or find it a new home. the best course is to remove the pet from your home, though this isn ' t usually the easiest or happiest solution. your child, other kids in the family, and even adults in the family may have a tough time with this decision. in some cases, your doctor may say that it ' s ok to keep a pet if your child receives medicine or allergy shots. if you go this route, you ' ll still want to limit your child ' s exposure to the animal, such as by keeping the pet out of your child ' s bedroom and play areas. hard as this is to enforce, try to teach your child not to hug or kiss the animal. vacuum and dust regularly and avoid rugs and wall - to - wall carpeting, especially in your child ' s room. unfortunately, such measures may not be enough \u2014 because animal allergens are airborne, heating and ventilation systems will spread allergens throughout the house, even if the pet is confined to one room. keeping the pet in the yard may not be a total solution either because some allergens will eventually be carried in on clothing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4315587732169647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.290908"} {"text": ", heating and ventilation systems will spread allergens throughout the house, even if the pet is confined to one room. keeping the pet in the yard may not be a total solution either because some allergens will eventually be carried in on clothing. if you decide to keep your pet, you might want to : buy an air cleaner. hepa air cleaners can really help, especially for cat allergies. vacuums are available with hepa filters as well. keep your child away from the cat ' s litter box, and place the box away from air vents. have someone other than your child wash and brush your pet every week ( this is advisable for cats as well as dogs ). encourage everyone in the family to wash their hands after playing with your pet. keep your pet out of the child ' s bedroom and away from rugs and upholstered furniture. you may need to shut the doors to certain rooms or use baby safety gates to keep cats and dogs out. if you have a bird, gerbil, or other small caged animal, keep the cage in a room other than your child ' s bedroom. make sure the pet stays in its cage at all times, and clean the cage daily \u2014 without your child ' s assistance. you ' ll also want to let teachers know about your child ' s allergies if there ' s a caged pet in the classroom. if you do decide to find another home for your pet, be sure to discuss this with your child. assure your child it ' s not his or her \" fault \" \u2014 and make sure siblings don ' t blame the child. losing a pet, even if just to another home, can be difficult for everyone in the family. remember, too, that even if you remove the pet from your home, you may not see improvements in asthma symptoms for a while. it can take up to 6 months to reduce the allergen levels to those of a home without pets. even if the pet is removed, your child might still need the asthma or allergy medications used previously. when going to a house with a pet, your child should first take any prescribed allergy medicine and ( as always ) bring along his or her asthma rescue medication.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4263925149772335, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.291923"} {"text": "have you ever been afraid? everyone gets scared sometimes. maybe thunder and lightning make your heart beat faster. or maybe your mouth goes dry when your teacher announces a pop quiz, or your palms sweat when it ' s your turn to give your report in front of the class. perhaps you get butterflies in your stomach when you see the bully who picks on you. we all have fears from time to time. that ' s true no matter how big we are or brave we can be. fear can even be good for you sometimes and even help you stay healthy. fear of getting too close to a campfire may save you from a bad burn. and fear of getting a bad grade on a test might make you study more. being a bit on edge also can sharpen your senses and help you perform better in a recital or during a track meet. some people even enjoy being a little scared. that ' s why they like to watch scary movies or go on roller - coaster rides. what happens when you ' re scared? have you ever wondered why being scared makes your heart beat faster and makes you breathe quicker? the body ' s reaction to fear is called the \" fight or flight \" response. and people have had it since the beginning of time. here ' s how it works. imagine you ' re a caveman or cavewoman living 100, 000 years ago \u2014 and you come face to face with a hungry saber - toothed tiger. you have two choices : 1 ) run for it ( that ' s flight ), or 2 ) pick up your club and battle the tiger ( that ' s fight ). a final choice ( be eaten ) doesn ' t seem like such a good one! today, you can apply fight or flight to that bully who confronts you and won ' t listen to reason. you have two choices : 1 ) turn and walk away ( flight ), or 2 ) fight, even though you know fighting won ' t solve the problem. to prepare for fight or flight, you body does a number of things automatically so it ' s ready for quick action or a quick escape. your heart rate increases to pump more blood to your muscles and brain. your lungs take in air faster to supply your body with oxygen. the pupils in your eyes get larger to see better. and your digestive and urinary systems slow down for the moment so you can concentrate on more important things. usually, our bodies go into fight or flight only when there is something to fear. however, sometimes this occurs when there doesn ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5258360021156059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.295749"} {"text": "and your digestive and urinary systems slow down for the moment so you can concentrate on more important things. usually, our bodies go into fight or flight only when there is something to fear. however, sometimes this occurs when there doesn ' t seem to be anything to be frightened about. when you feel scared but there doesn ' t seem to be a clear reason, that ' s called anxiety ( say : ang - zye - uh - tee ). other feelings might come along with anxiety \u2014 like a feeling of tightness in your chest, a bellyache, dizziness, or a sense that something horrible is going to happen. these feelings can be very frightening. sometimes anxiety can interfere with things you need to do, like learning and sleeping. for some kids, feelings of anxiety or worry can happen anytime. for others, they might occur only at certain times, like when they ' re leaving their home or family to go somewhere. in some people, this feeling of anxiety occurs almost all the time and gets in the way of doing what they want to do. some kids may have a phobia ( say : foe - bee - uh ), which is an intense fear of something specific, such as being up high, getting dirty, the number 13, or spiders. why do people have anxiety? anxiety can run in families. or a person might develop anxiety after something terrible happens, like a car crash. sometimes certain medical illnesses can cause feelings of anxiety. so can abusing alcohol or other drugs, like cocaine. another part of the explanation has to do with the different chemicals in the nerve cells of the brain. how the chemicals in our brain ' s nerve cells are balanced can affect how we feel and act. one of these chemicals is serotonin ( say : sir - uh - toe - nun ). serotonin is one of the brain chemicals that helps send information from one brain nerve cell to another. but for some people with anxiety, this brain chemical system doesn ' t always seem to work the way it should. also, some scientists think that a special area in the brain controls the fight or flight response. with anxiety, it ' s like having the fight or flight response stuck in the on position \u2014 even when there is no real danger. that makes it hard to focus on everyday things. dealing with anxiety anxiety can be treated successfully. tell your mom or dad if find yourself more scared than you feel you should be or if your anxiety becomes strong and is getting in the way of what you want or need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5063378504648414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.296736"} {"text": "what other kids are reading hey! a chigger bit me! what ' s a chigger? chiggers are tiny ( most can only be seen with a magnifying glass ) and red, and they are a type of mite. mites aren ' t insects \u2014 they are arachnids and part of the same family as spiders, scorpions, and ticks. chiggers are found all over the place, including in grassy fields, along lakes and streams, and in forests. there are adult chiggers and baby chiggers ( called larvae ), but only the baby chiggers bother people and animals. chiggers have tiny claws that allow them to attach tightly onto people and animals. once attached, they are able to pierce the skin and inject their saliva, which contains digestive juices that dissolve skin cells. the chigger then slurps up the dissolved skin cells. to the chigger, this is a tasty meal! having a chigger do this is very irritating to your skin. after a few days, the chigger will be done feeding and fall off a person ' s skin, leaving behind a red welt where it had once been. what a bite looks and feels like if a person gets bitten by a chigger, the bite will be very itchy. a chigger bite will cause a tiny red bump, which will get bigger and itchier as time goes on. the itchy bump can last for days or even a couple of weeks. what you should do if you think you ' ve been bitten by a chigger, wash the bite with soap and water. put on some calamine lotion or cool compresses to help with the itching, or an adult can find an anti - itch cream or medicine at the drugstore for you. try not to scratch the bites too much, because this can make the bites become infected. what a doctor will do because chigger bites are so itchy, many people do get an infection from scratching the bites. if this happens, the doctor will prescribe a medication to help with the itching and a medicine to clear up the infection. how to avoid getting bitten the best way to avoid getting bitten by a chigger is to wear an insect repellent. ask your parents to apply one that contains 10 % to 30 % deet. when it ' s possible, wear long - sleeved shirts and long pants outside, especially if you ' ll be hiking or playing in fields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4410077547090706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.299197"} {"text": "what other parents are reading a lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is a part of the body ' s immune system and helps filter out bacteria, viruses, and other unwanted substances. most of the time, we ' re not aware of the inner workings of our lymphatic systems unless the lymph nodes, or glands, become swollen. this often happens during illness \u2014 a sign that the lymphatic system is working hard to filter harmful substances out of the body. about non - hodgkin lymphoma non - hodgkin lymphoma is a disease in which cancer cells form in the lymphatic system and start to grow uncontrollably. there are several different types of lymphomas. some involve lymphoid cells ( called reed - sternberg cells ) and are grouped under the heading of hodgkin lymphoma. all other forms of lymphoma fall into the non - hodgkin grouping. the different forms of non - hodgkin lymphoma are characterized by the malignant growth of white blood cells that live in the lymph nodes, called lymphocytes. the exact cause of non - hodgkin lymphoma is unclear, but doctors have identified some risk factors, such as : - having conditions that weaken the immune system, like aids ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ) - taking immune - suppressing medications after organ transplants - exposure to certain viruses, such as epstein - barr virus ( the virus that usually causes mono ) - having a sibling with the disease although no lifestyle factors have been definitively linked to childhood lymphomas, kids who have received either radiation treatments or chemotherapy for other types of cancer seem to have a higher risk of developing lymphoma later in life. in most cases of patients with non - hodgkin lymphoma, doctors are never able to determine a specific cause for the disorder. not knowing the cause, however, doesn \u2019 t change the fact that experts are getting better and better at treating the problem. regular pediatric checkups may spot early symptoms of lymphoma in cases where this cancer is linked to the treatments or conditions mentioned above. signs and symptoms symptoms of non - hodgkin lymphoma vary depending on the type of lymphoma and where a tumor is located. some kids might have stomach pain, constipati", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.510939534721653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.307495"} {"text": "to the treatments or conditions mentioned above. signs and symptoms symptoms of non - hodgkin lymphoma vary depending on the type of lymphoma and where a tumor is located. some kids might have stomach pain, constipation, and decreased appetite. others may have trouble breathing, difficulty swallowing, coughing, wheezing, or chest pain. other symptoms can include : - painless swollen lymph nodes - fever, chills, or night sweats - itchy skin - weight loss despite eating normally - bone or joint pain - recurring infections some kids ' first symptom is swollen lymph nodes \u2014 usually in the neck, armpits, and groin. of course, swollen lymph nodes do not usually mean cancer \u2014 they ' re most often a sign of a common illness, like an infection. in fact, all of the symptoms of non - hodgkin lymphoma also can be caused by other conditions, which is why only a doctor can determine what ' s really wrong. after performing a thorough evaluation, which includes a medical history and physical examination, a doctor who suspects non - hodgkin lymphoma will refer the child to an oncologist, or cancer doctor. the oncologist may perform a biopsy, or tissue sample, of lymph nodes. during a biopsy, a tiny bit of tissue is removed from the body and sent out to a laboratory for analysis. depending on the type of biopsy ordered, the patient may be given local anesthesia ( where only a part of the body is numbed ) or general anesthesia ( where the patient is asleep ) to ensure there ' s no pain. biopsies used to test for non - hodgkin lymphoma include : - excisional biopsy, in which the skin is opened to remove an entire lymph node - incisional biopsy, the removal of only a part of the lymph node - bone marrow biopsy, where a needle is used to take samples of the soft tissue found inside a bone - fine needle aspiration, in which a very thin needle is used to suction out a small amount of tissue from the lymph node other tests used to diagnose non - hodgkin lymphoma include : - blood tests - a chest x - ray, a simple procedure in which the person lies on a table while an x - ray machine takes an image of the chest - a computer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46035575020598185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.308413"} {"text": "immunotherapy, doctors use substances that occur naturally in the body to build up someone ' s natural resistance to disease. although these substances occur naturally in the body, the ones used in this procedure are often manufactured in a laboratory. children treated with chemotherapy or radiation for non - hodgkin lymphoma usually experience side effects. most are temporary \u2014 although, as with all medical treatments, each child is unique and experiences side effects differently. the severity of side effects and how long they last depends on the individual and the medicines and treatments used. the most common short - term side effects of chemo are nausea ( although medications can treat this ), vomiting, a lowering of blood counts resulting in an increased risk for infection or bleeding, or a flu - like feeling. some kids feel weak or dizzy after their treatments, or run a fever. others get sores in their mouths or suddenly don ' t feel much like eating. it ' s also common for kids to lose some or all of their hair. the short - term side effects of radiation can be similar to those of chemotherapy, but usually are more localized, meaning they affect only the area that receives the radiation treatment. kids can continue to feel side effects for weeks after their treatment ends. most kids with non - hodgkin lymphoma are cured. some with severe disease, however, will have a relapse ( reoccurrence of the cancer ) that doesn ' t respond to conventional treatments. for them, bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants may be performed. reviewed by : jonathan l. powell, md date reviewed : march 2012 - stem cell transplants - hodgkin lymphoma - radiation therapy - balancing academics and serious illness - cancer center - cancer : jen ' s story ( video ) - getting a cat scan ( video ) - getting an mri ( video ) - getting an x - ray ( video ) - hodgkin lymphoma - amanda ' s hodgkin ' s story - cancer center share this page using : note : all information on kidshealth\u00ae is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. \u00a9 1995 - the nemours foundation. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.527505643813631, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.310556"} {"text": "with all of the products that are available to help parents control children \u2019 s media consumption, deciding what to use can be confusing. parents may not even be aware of tools that are already available to them through their cable or satellite services, tvs, personal video recorders ( pvrs ), and other media center electronics. most parental control tools function to block or filter contents or a combination of the two. the following is a brief overview of the different types of parental control devices available. click on the heading links for more detailed information about the products available for each type of technology. as of january 1, 2000, the fcc has required all television sets with picture screens 33 centimeters ( 13 inches ) or larger to be equipped with features to block the display of television programming based upon its rating. this technology is known as the \" v - chip. \" the v - chip reads information encoded in the rated program and blocks programs from the set based upon the rating selected by the parent. the rating appears in the corner of your television screen during the first 15 seconds of a program and in tv programming guides. using the remote control, parents can program the v - chip to block certain shows based on their ratings. instructions for programming the v - chip can be found in the operating manual for your television. ( information provided by the fcc ) blocking technologies allow parents to lock children out of viewing media content in several different ways. for television programming, blocks can allow parents to lock certain channels, prohibit shows of specified ratings from playing, lock out viewing for specified time periods, or a combination of these methods. this technology is built in to many tv sets, and is offered by cable companies, satellite companies, and pvr systems. however, you will have to consult your tv or pvr operation manual and your cable or satellite provider to find out about the types of blocks available and how to program them. several different content blocking products can also be purchased for televisions. most dvd players and game consoles also allow parental control. parents can program the dvd player, or consoles like the xbox, to block movies with undesired ratings from playing. the player reads the dvd rating from the disc and will not play a movie if the rating is prohibited. filters ( more information ) filtering technology filters out offensive content from tv or movies, allowing children to watch an edited version of the program. some filters are available for the television which block out offensive language. most filters, however, are built into electronics such as dvd players. a number of companies used to offer edited dvds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5089996757320674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.313388"} {"text": "earthquake off japan coast unleashes tsunami in tsunami ' s wake, a wash of destruction originally published on wed may 23, 2012 10 : 13 am the largest earthquake known to have hit japan has killed hundreds of people and caused widespread damage. the quake also created a large tsunami whose waves washed away boats, roads and buildings. the tsunami continued eastward across the pacific and has struck hawaii and now parts of the west coast of the u. s. as the tsunami rolled past hawaii friday morning, some places reported surges of 6 or 7 feet, according to experts at the national oceanic and atmospheric administration. hours later, crescent city, calif., at the northern end of the state, got hit harder. rich young, harbor master at the fishing town, said he and everyone else had been evacuated early friday morning, as have residents of many western seaside communities. young says the harbor took a beating. \" the entire inner boat basin is destroyed, \" he says. \" there are approximately 35 boats that are sunk. boats are jumbled on top of each other, and it ' s just a hell of a mess. \" young, speaking from an emergency center near the town, says no injuries had been reported. the first wave measured at about 6 feet, and though it didn ' t push water up onto land, the huge amount of water did destroy docks and boats. a tide of that size is not abnormal \u2014 but it usually rises slowly over eight hours. \" in a tsunami, it happens in 15 or 20 minutes, \" young says. \" you just get this enormously strong current. it ' s like niagara falls in a harbor. \" as young was describing the damage, he got word of yet another wave \u2014 this one, 8. 1 feet high. rapid response from the warning systems those waves started on the other side of the pacific and took about 12 hours to cross the ocean. the amount of energy released was about 30 times that of the 1906 san francisco earthquake. japan ' s earthquake was a subduction zone quake, meaning a section of the seafloor suddenly thrusts up and down. that, explains geophysicist eric geist of the u. s. geological survey, lifts the water above the seabed all the way up to the surface. \" you ' re lifting the whole water column up above where it ' s not supposed to be, and then the tsunami waves spread out from there, \" geist says. japan has what scientists say is the most comprehensive tsunami warning system in the world. engineers have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43009452871404175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.320211"} {"text": "re lifting the whole water column up above where it ' s not supposed to be, and then the tsunami waves spread out from there, \" geist says. japan has what scientists say is the most comprehensive tsunami warning system in the world. engineers have stretched cables out from the land and attached instruments that measure water pressure and tides. noaa ' s pacific tsunami warning center also operates its own set of warning sensors \u2014 32 of them in the pacific alone. \" within nine minutes, our pacific tsunami warning center had a warning out for japan, russia, marquis island and the northern marianas, \" says laura furgione, a noaa scientist. \" and 12 minutes later, our west coast and alaska tsunami center had a message out. \" uncertainty in predicting wave height but geist says that ' s not a lot of time for japanese coastal communities. the nearest city to the quake ' s epicenter was just about 80 miles away, and geist says there may have only been about 15 minutes ' warning. \" even with a good system like that, there is just a limited amount of time you can get out of harm ' s way in terms of a tsunami, \" geist says. \" some people will always be caught up in that kind of short time frame. \" as the waves traveled east toward hawaii and north america, the warning system ' s pressure sensors on the seafloor monitored the tsunami ' s speed and predicted when the wave might hit. once a tsunami reaches shallower water, the mass of water bunches up \u2014 there ' s nowhere for it to go but up, and the wave bounces off land masses, which creates a chaotic pattern of new waves. \" it ' s very difficult to predict exactly how high the tsunami is going to be, so that uncertainty is something we ' re still having to live with, i think, \" geist says. another uncertainty : how many more waves are still to come. scientists are warning coastal residents that waves could continue to arrive for hours after the first one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4700569777651692, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.321073"} {"text": "shots - health news thu february 21, 2013 to keep deadly bird flu in the lab, feds set rules for scientists originally published on fri february 22, 2013 6 : 25 am government - funded scientists here in the u. s. are a step closer to being able to resume some controversial experiments with lab - altered bird flu viruses. researchers in the netherlands restarted their experiments a week ago, after scientists around the world declared an end in january to a year - long voluntary moratorium. but labs that depend on funding from the national institutes of health to do this work have had to wait for the agency to tell them what kind of studies can go proceed. now, in an article for the journal science, officials with the nih and the department of health and human services have unveiled a new policy for making those decisions. at the same time, the white house office of science and technology policy is releasing a draft oversight system that would require research institutions and scientists to screen other kinds of especially risky experiments involving dangerous pathogens and toxins from a long list. the process could help prevent a repeat of the kind of public furor that took place over the bird flu studies. the influenza experiments that caused such concern involve mutant forms of the bird flu virus h5n1. the wild virus circulates among poultry in parts of asia and the middle east and only rarely causes illness in people. but over half of those known to have gotten sick from it have died. to understand how this virus might mutate in a way that let it start spreading from person to person, scientists at the university of wisconsin - madison and erasmus medical center in the netherlands made genetically - altered forms of the h5n1 virus. they found that these lab - created viruses could spread through the coughs and sneezes of ferrets, which are used in flu studies as stand - ins for people. critics have argued that these experiments were dangerous, because these newly created viruses could potentially start spreading and cause a pandemic if they ever got out of the lab. the new decision - making policy on these types of h5n1 experiments aims at balancing the risks and benefits. it lays out a special review process and seven different criteria that proposed experiments would have to meet. for example, scientists could only create a new h5n1 virus with enhanced transmissibility in mammals if the mutations could be produced through a natural evolutionary process. the proposed research would have to address a scientific question with high significance to public health, and there would have to be no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4840718547899976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.329641"} {"text": "a new h5n1 virus with enhanced transmissibility in mammals if the mutations could be produced through a natural evolutionary process. the proposed research would have to address a scientific question with high significance to public health, and there would have to be no feasible alternative methods to address that question. what ' s more, researchers would have to show they could mitigate the biosecurity and biosafety risks. amy patterson, director of the office of science policy at the nih, acknowledged that deciding whether or not a proposal meets these criteria will involve judgment calls. \" i don ' t think that there ' s any way around that, \" she said. \" these are not going to be necessarily black - and - white decisions that can be made. \" she says if this system had been in place before the two controversial bird flu studies took place, both would have passed muster \u2014 but the tricky issues they raised would have gotten a lot more upfront consideration. virologist ron fouchier of erasmus medical center, whose lab did one of these original experiments under a contract with the nih, says he ' s restarted his work using another source of money. but he has also already submitted paperwork to the nih to try to get approval under this new process to use that funding as well. \" we think that this work should be done, and many other scientists with us, and now we just have to see how this review panel will judge, \" says fouchier. \" some criteria make more sense than others, i think, \" says fouchier. \" how do you provide evidence that something that you do in the lab might actually happen in nature? i think we have offered strong evidence that what we did in the lab actually might happen in nature. that ' s really the toughest criterion to fulfill. \" stanford microbiologist david relman says that whether a mutation might arise naturally is \" a matter of conjecture, \" and he questions how relevant that question actually is to what researchers might propose to do in a lab. \" there ' s a big difference between a mutant virus arising amidst a pool of other, different viruses deep in the lung of a siberian duck in the deepest part of siberia where it will have a very little chance of encountering a human and a very different scenario in which someone makes this virus in very high concentrations, by itself, in a laboratory, where it may have many opportunities for entering or being exposed to a human, \" says relman. another open question is how the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5330257186191931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.330702"} {"text": "human and a very different scenario in which someone makes this virus in very high concentrations, by itself, in a laboratory, where it may have many opportunities for entering or being exposed to a human, \" says relman. another open question is how the requirement for lowering risk will be judged. \" how far do you want to mitigate a risk? zero risks do not exist. they never exist, \" says fouchier. some say that in order to justify the risks of making new bird flu viruses with pandemic potential, the public health benefits have to be immediate and clear - cut. the skeptics aren ' t convinced that researchers have made the case. \" i have yet to hear a compelling rationale for why any of the proposed experiments is likely to be the best way to get a vaccine or a realistic way to improve surveillance, \" says marc lipsitch with the harvard school of public health. he thinks it ' s helpful that researchers now have a way of proposing these types of experiments. but he worries that the new policy might allow experiments with lab - altered bird flu strains that are \" scientifically interesting but unlikely to change the way we confront the next flu pandemic. and those kinds of experiments, to me, are not worth the small but real risk of infection by accident or deliberately that goes along with them. \" besides the risk posed by these mutant h5n1 viruses themselves, some have worried that information about how to make them could potentially be misused in ways to deliberately cause harm. that ' s why, for months, scientists argued about whether the details of the experiments should be made public. the research was finally published in science journals last year, but the debate drew new attention to the so - called dual - use problem \u2014 the idea that legitimate biological research or technologies might have a dark side. last march, the federal government adopted a policy for how it would oversee proposals for dual - use research with a list of high - risk pathogens and toxins. now, officials have issued a draft plan that describes how federally - funded research institutions should identify and manage that kind of work as well. and next week, the world health organization is hosting a meeting in geneva to discuss the dual - use problem. about 200 invitees will discuss existing approaches and safeguards to managing this type of research, as well as consider critical gaps in oversight. steve inskeep, host : ok. the u. s. government could soon be back in the business of funding some controversial bird flu virus experiments. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5404309846130912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.331748"} {"text": "safeguards to managing this type of research, as well as consider critical gaps in oversight. steve inskeep, host : ok. the u. s. government could soon be back in the business of funding some controversial bird flu virus experiments. the research here is aimed at understanding how bird flu might mutate and lead to a pandemic in people. long - time listeners to this program have been following this story. the studies were put on hold for more than a year after critics said the work was too dangerous. now authorities have unveiled a new policy for deciding whether experiments like these should go forward. npr ' s nell greenfieldboyce reports. nell greenfieldboyce, byline : the two experiments that caused the uproar involved the bird flu virus h5n1. scientists had created mutant forms of this virus, and some biosecurity experts said the viruses could cause a pandemic in people if they ever got out of the lab. both studies were funded by the u. s. government. one was done in the netherlands and the other here in madison, wisconsin. rebecca morris : ok. so now we ' re inside the secure perimeter. greenfieldboyce : rebecca morris is with the university of wisconsin, and she ' s leading a rare tour of the lab that did this work. this place has specially sealed concrete walls at least a foot thick. to enter, morris pushes a button next to a huge metal door. we wait for a light to turn green as we listen to a whooshing sound. a system is making adjustments to ensure that no air and nothing in the air can escape. morris : so right now we ' re going from a room - there ' s high pressure in this room and there ' s less air in that room. so the air is going in there. greenfieldboyce : we go through this door, then another, into the room where workers wearing full - body protective suits would put on their air - purifying respirators. an employee switches one on to show how it adds to the noise. unidentified woman # 1 : ( unintelligible ) ventilation system and this respirator, this where ( unintelligible ). greenfieldboyce : we go through another sealed door and finally reach a suite of small labs. inside one is a locked freezer that contains vials of influenza virus, including some of the genetically altered bird flu viruses that have been making headlines. wild h5n1 bird flu, found in poultry in asia and the middle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5502936605269021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.333752"} {"text": "of small labs. inside one is a locked freezer that contains vials of influenza virus, including some of the genetically altered bird flu viruses that have been making headlines. wild h5n1 bird flu, found in poultry in asia and the middle east, rarely infects people and doesn ' t spread from person to person. but the manmade viruses here in this lab can spread through coughs and sneezes between ferrets, the lab ' s stand - in for people. virologist yoshihiro kawaoka runs this lab. i ask if he ever takes these viruses out of his freezer. yoshihiro kawaoka : no. greenfieldboyce : so they ' ve just been sitting in that freezer for over a year? kawaoka : more than a year. yeah, right. because after we announced the moratorium, then we just stopped. greenfieldboyce : dozens of flu experts around the world agreed to hold off on this type of work to allow time for a public debate. last month, though, they declared that the voluntary pause was over. scientists in the netherlands have already restarted, using money from sources other than the u. s. government. but researchers like kawaoka, who rely on federal funding, have had to wait as officials finalize new policies for deciding what kind of studies can be done and under what conditions. kawaoka says the moratorium and this whole experience has meant lost time in terms of getting ready for the threat of a naturally occurring pandemic. kawaoka : the viruses are evolving in nature, and if you don ' t work, you just let the virus evolve. greenfieldboyce : yesterday, officials with the national institutes of health finally issued their new decision - making framework. from now on, this type of research has to go through a special review to see if it meets certain criteria. for example, does the experiment address a question of great importance to public health, and is there no other way to answer that question? some public health experts who ' ve been following this debate say it ' s good to have this new system but they still have concerns. marc lipsitch : i worry that the framework might allow experiments with those strains that are scientifically interesting but unlikely to change the way we confront the next flu pandemic. greenfieldboyce : marc lipsitch is an epidemiologist with the harvard school of public health, who says the work does have risks. lipsitch : i have yet to hear a compelling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5172084453778256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.334983"} {"text": "welcome, this research guide was created to assist you in locating, evaluating, and using scholarly resources for hist 107, classical foundations. here you will find listed a variety of resources to help you as you conduct your research specifically for learning the basics of how to search will save you much time and frustration. these tips and techniques can be used for any research you may be doing, no matter what the topic might be. - finding and combining search terms : using or - finding and combining search terms : using and - excluding search terms : using not - searching for an exact phrase : using quotation marks - finding variations of search terms : using truncation - keyword searching - subject searching determining the correct search terminology is \u201c half the battle. \u201d to begin this process list possible search terms and include any synonyms, using or between each word. if you want more than one term to be included in your search use and between the terms. this is used to narrow a search. excluding search terms : using not there may be times when you need to exclude a term altogether in order to focus your search. library databases work similarly to google - - that is, when you want to search for an exact phrase rather than for separate keywords, you should enclose the phrase within quotation marks. another useful trick is to truncate the search term. - the usual symbol is an asterisk ( * ), but check the database help screen for to determine the symbol for that database. - although this is a useful tool, especially if you want to retrieve results with all possible word endings, it can also add unrelated items to your results. - some databases may not allow truncated words if the possible results are too large and if this happens add more of the root word. if you are unsure of the correct vocabulary for a particular database, begin with a keyword search, sometimes referred to as a default search. keyword searching looks for the search term ( s ) anywhere in the record for an article, which means that the keyword ( s ) could be located in the article ' s title, abstract, or body, or the keyword might be a subject term that the database uses. a keyword search usually retrieves numerous records, many of which may prove to be totally unrelated to your topic. but keyword searching is a perfectly acceptable way to begin a database search ; you can always narrow your search if you find that too many records are retrieved. subject terms ( also sometimes called descriptors ) are words that are chosen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5132599562411243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.338499"} {"text": "to your topic. but keyword searching is a perfectly acceptable way to begin a database search ; you can always narrow your search if you find that too many records are retrieved. subject terms ( also sometimes called descriptors ) are words that are chosen from a set list and that are used by the editors of a database to describe all of the articles in the database that deal with a particular topic. lf you are unsure of the specific subject / descriptor term that a database uses for your topic, try first conducting a keyword search. then, when you find an article that looks useful for your topic, open up the record for that article ( by clicking on the article title ) and take a look at the subject terms that the database ' s editors assigned to the article. you can then re - run your search using those subject terms instead of or in addition to the terms that you originally used. this should retrieve articles that are more relevant to your research topic. some databases also include an online thesaurus in which you can enter a keyword and see the terms that the database uses for your keyword. consulting a database ' s thesaurus is especially useful as a way of finding related terms that you might not have considered. ask a librarian the im widget below works best in ie8, firefox, chrome & safari. im hours ( et ) : saturday & sunday : 1pm - 5pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4928087156572505, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.339074"} {"text": "the ancient olympic games were held to celebrate the greek gods every four years between 776 bc. and 393 ad on the plains of olympia. the games, simple by today ' s standards, included such sports as running ( various distances ), long jump, shot put, javelin toss, discus, wrestling, boxing, martial arts and equestrian events. although women were not allowed to participate in the ancient olympic games, a separate event held every four years, the herean games, offered women an opportunity to compete with each other. the ancient olympic games gathered athletes and spectators from throughout the region, including many cities often at war with each other. even during times of warfare, truces were called during the duration of the games, and all athletes and their families were provided safe passage through disputed territories. in april, 1896, the first modern olympic games were held. the site was athens, greece, to pay tribute to the ancient origins of the games. athletes competed in 43 events in 9 sporting categories : aquatics, athletics ( track & field ), cycling, fencing, gymnastics, shooting, tennis, weightlifting and wrestling. one of the major highlights for these first modern games was the introduction of the 25 + mile marathon, which was created to honor the legend of pheidippides, who was said to have carried the news of the greek victory at the battle of marathon in 490 bc by running from marathon to athens ( and then dropping dead ). the greek hosts of the 1896 games were proud to have spyridon louis, a 24 - year - old greek shepherd, win this inaugural event. the first - ever medal won in the modern olympics went to american james connolly, who took gold in the triple jump on april 6, 1896. ultimately, 14 nations had 241 ( all - male ) athletes compete in 43 separate events that year. since 1896, the summer olympic games have been held every 4 years, with the exceptions of 1940 and 1944 during the waging of world war ii. the most recent summer games of athens 2004 were be the games of the 28th olympiad. in 1921, the international olympic committee voted to stage \u201c international sports week 1924 \u201d in chamonix, france, featuring winter sports. this event was a complete success and was retroactively named the first olympic winter games. the winter games ( with the same wwii exceptions ) have been held every four years since, through 1992. after only a two - year gap, they continued from 1994 onwards every four years. the 1924 winter olympics featured 258 athletes ( 11 women, 247", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4320956637662904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.349834"} {"text": "the winter games ( with the same wwii exceptions ) have been held every four years since, through 1992. after only a two - year gap, they continued from 1994 onwards every four years. the 1924 winter olympics featured 258 athletes ( 11 women, 247 men ), from 16 nations, competing in 16 sports. at the most recent winter games ( 2002 ) in salt lake city, 77 countries were represented by 2, 399 athletes ( 886 women, 1, 513 men ), who competed in 78 separate events. the 2006 events in torino, italy, will be the xxth olympic winter games! the lincoln city libraries has a large collection of materials about the olympics and the sports that are included in the olympic games. in addition to the examples shown below, we encourage you to visit our on - line catalog and use a \" subject \" search under \" olympic games - - _ _ _ _ \", substituting a year for the _ _ _ _, to see specific items about many of the specific olympiads from 1924 to the present. additionally, we have numerous sports biographies of athletes whose crowning achievements were accomplished during the olympics. the links in this section of this list will take you directly into the items ' entries in the catalog of the lincoln city libraries, where you can check on the items ' availability throughout the library system. about the olympicsthe following are a sampling of books in the library ' s collection dealing with the history of the winter olympic games. click the first two links for larger lists under those respective subject headings. about olympic winter sportsthe library owns materials about most of the following sports, all of which are contested in the olympic winter games. the date in parentheses following the sport is the year in which that sport first appeared in winter olympic competition. if the name of a sport is hotlinked, clicking it will connect you to that subject heading in our on - line catalog. keep in mind that not all the materials on these varied subjects will be specifically about the olympic versions of these sports, especially for such popular winter sports as skiing, hockey, skating, etc. audio / videothe following are a sampling of videos featuring footage from past olympics, plus the soundtrack cd including music used during the olympics television coverage of the past 20 years. the following databases and / or webliographies on the lincoln city libraries site can be used to access numerous articles and / or links to additional resources on - line. [ if you have difficulty using these databases, please contact the reference department at 441 - 8530 for assistance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4908901378845928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.351030"} {"text": "manual section... ( 3 ) - page : asn1 _ read _ value nameasn1 _ read _ value - returns the value of one element inside a structure - asn1 _ type root - pointer to a structure. - const char * name - the name of the element inside a structure that you want to read. - void * ivalue - vector that will contain the element ' s content, must be a pointer to memory cells already allocated. - int * len - number of bytes of * value : value.. value [ len - 1 ]. initialy holds the sizeof value. descriptionreturns the value of one element inside a structure. if an element is optional and the function \" read _ value \" returns asn1 _ element _ not _ found, it means that this element wasn ' t present in the der encoding that created the structure. the first element of a sequence _ of or set _ of is named \"? 1 \". the second one \"? 2 \" and so on. integervalue will contain a two ' s complement form integer. enumeratedas integer ( but only with not negative numbers ). booleanvalue will be the null terminated string \" true \" or \" false \" and len = 5 or len = 6. object identifiervalue will be a null terminated string with each number separated by a dot ( i. e. \" 126. 96. 36. 1993. 1 \" ). utctimevalue will be a null terminated string in one of these formats : \" yymmddhhmmss + hh ' mm ' \" or \" yymmddhhmmss - hh ' mm ' \". len = strlen ( value ) + 1. generalizedtimevalue will be a null terminated string in the same format used to set the value. octet stringvalue will contain the octet string and len will be the number of octets. generalstringvalue will contain the generalstring and len will be the number of octets. bit stringvalue will contain the bit string organized by bytes and len will be the number of bits. choiceif name indicates a choice type, value will specify the alternative selected. anyif name indicates an any type, value will indicate the der encoding of the structure actually used. asn1 _ successset value ok. asn1 _ element _ not _ foundname is not a valid element. asn1 _ value _ not _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5373517057581001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.354791"} {"text": "i am constantly reading and getting angry about the following common writing mistakes i find all over the place \u2014 which are easy to correct \u2014 so let \u2019 s all take a minute at the beginning of 2008 to make an effort to avoid them : less versus fewer if you can count it, use fewer. if you can \u2019 t, use less. for example, you should not write : \u201c i have less candy bars than jane. \u201d it \u2019 s fewer. keep in mind that less can also be an adverb ( \u201c john is less intelligent than jane \u201d ), so it \u2019 s even more important to get this right. i. e. versus e. g. these are overused anyway, but if you \u2019 re going to do it, do it right. i. e. means \u201c that is, \u201d e. g. means \u201c for example. \u201d also, both always contain dots and should pretty much always be surrounded by commas, e. g., well, that was easy to show. yeah, you know the word people always pronounce \u201c ex - edra \u201d? well, it \u2019 s pronounced the way it looks when you spell it correctly. and it does have the space. next time you say it or use it, try it the right way. and sure, you can abbreviate it as etc. overuse of \u201c that \u201d i call this the \u201c that disease. \u201d most people have it. look through something you \u2019 ve written and notice how many times you \u2019 ve used \u201c that \u201d when it wasn \u2019 t necessary. example : john said that he \u2019 ll be home later and that you should just start on your project alone. how many times did \u201c that \u201d need to appear? none. after you write something, do a search for thats and nuke them unless they \u2019 re absolutely necessary. irregardless is not the right word the word you \u2019 re looking for is \u201c regardless. \u201d the other isn \u2019 t a real word and is only included in dictionaries so it can be noted as incorrect. don \u2019 t use it. please. we \u2019 re all begging you. perhaps you don \u2019 t realize how stupid it makes you sound, but we all do. stop. no double - space after periods ( this is not 1965 ) you don \u2019 t need to use a double - space after a period. we are no longer using fixed - width fonts on typewriters and nearly all writing and style guides ( mla, the chicago manual of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44790524162679546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.357985"} {"text": "periods ( this is not 1965 ) you don \u2019 t need to use a double - space after a period. we are no longer using fixed - width fonts on typewriters and nearly all writing and style guides ( mla, the chicago manual of style, et cetera ) suggest using only one space. it has been argued double - space is more accessible, but if you \u2019 re writing in 11px verdana, double - space isn \u2019 t doing anything to help anyone and it makes you look like an old school teacher. effect versus affect simply put, \u201c affect \u201d means to influence or act on, \u201c effect \u201d means something brought on by a cause or agent. there are a few other subtleties, but if you stick to the idea of affect being a verb and effect usually being a noun, you should be fine. examples : \u201c john \u2019 s drinking has no effect on his behavior, \u201d and, \u201c smoking crack while pregnant can affect the baby. \u201d lose versus loose this is a simple one. lose your keys, pull a loose tooth. two os means not firmly in place or relaxed. one o and something is missing or you \u2019 re the worse football team. this is by no means a comprehensive list of common issues, but i notice these in particular on a daily basis so they \u2019 re a good place to start.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.544974192886015, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.358486"} {"text": "a new study from carnegie mellon university shows that analyzing data from twitter yields the same results as conducting a public opinion poll. we ' re willing to bet it probably costs less, takes less time and annoys fewer people, as well. a cmu team from the computer science department looked at sentiments expressed in a billion twitter messages between 2008 and 2009. the researchers then use simple text analysis methods to filter out updates about the economy and politics and determine if the overall sentiment of the update was positive or negative. the cmu team found that people ' s attitudes on consumer confidence and presidential job approval were similar to the results generated by well - reputed, telephone - conducted public opinion polls, such as those conducted by reuters, gallup and pollster. com. for at least some topics, cmu assistant professor noah smith thinks this kind of passive information gathering could work. \u201c with seven million or more messages being tweeted each day, this data stream potentially allows us to take the temperature of the population very quickly, \u201d smith said. \u201c the results are noisy, as are the results of polls. opinion pollsters have learned to compensate for these distortions, while we \u2019 re still trying to identify and understand the noise in our data. given that, i ' m excited that we get any signal at all from social media that correlates with the polls. \u201d the cmu researchers did notice that twitter sentiments had much more day - to - day variation compared to data gathered from traditional polling data. to compensate, the team averaged the twitter results over a number of days ; at that point, the results were generally quite similar to polling data. for example, on twitter as in life, consumer confidence slumped in 2008 and started to revive last spring. and twitter updates showed the same general decrease in presidential job performance approval through 2009 as was seen in traditional polls. there were a few discrepancies \u2014 enough that the cmu folks don ' t recommend using twitter to poll for election results just yet. still, researchers hope that better natural language processing ( nlp ) techniques will make twitter and other social media a valuable source of public opinion information in the future. the paper is available online ( use the left column to navigate to the \" papers \" section, and scroll down to \" from tweets to polls : linking text sentiment to public opinion time series \" ), for those who ' d like to dig deeper. what do you think : could twitter and other social media eventually replace public opinion polls? would you rather have a researcher mining your public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44937378394164257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.361523"} {"text": "it was paul erdos ( \u201c you trivial beings! \u201d ) who said that \u201c a mathematician is a device for turning coffee into theorems. \u201d this may be something deeper than it at first seems to be. a mathematician is a human being, that is, an evolved meat bag, a snorting, grubbing, hungering, randy machine of self - propagation and gene transmission. humans and other animals, as a general rule, eat, excrete, breed, and die, all without any rhyme or reason to their brief lives. for most of all history of life, all species have impacted the world only in similarly blind and unintentional ways : catastrophes unplanned, revolutions unforeseen, mathematical laws of biology obeyed without comprehension or awareness. then came the first mathematician ; not the traditional thales of greek legend, but someone much earlier. and what was she or he, and what do mathematicians do? they take the dross and brutishness of life, and see there are patterns beneath and within : they draw triangles in the sand, and discover pythagoras \u2019 s theorem ; they delineate the fields of nile, and discover geometry. they distill the essential out of the crude whole, and abandoning that crudity to its own devices and gyrations build on their pure suppositions. biologians and physicists are concerned with what is ; philosophers and leaders often consider what should be ; artists, closest to the people of number, consider what they would like to be, the imaginations that most tickle their various fancies ; but mathematicians are intent on invading the land of imagination and seeking not their wishes or needs, but simply all that what must be. and what emerges from their work is a structure of pure intellect divorced from the distractions of corporeal existence, an unfallen babel - tower of axiom and result. their work is imagination, clouds piled on clouds, not anchored to anything solid, but it is consistent against itself. in that stark sculpture - glory it is something immeasurably different from all pursuits before, and most pursuits since. mathematicians are crude creatures, and live in the crude world of flesh and matter : but they are also gates and conduits into the high worlds of logic and suppositional truth. and being that, they are the most precious alchemists, for they transform the raw crudeness of their existence and sustenance into something universal, eternal,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5892521070147552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.364133"} {"text": "date : jan 27, 2013 7 : 06 pm author : jerry p. becker subject : sayings xlii taken from many sources... some of them identified. \" hope is a good thing, maybe the best thing. and a good thing never dies. \" ( andy dufrene, from shaw shank redemption / movie ) \" if a child can ' t learn the way we teach, then maybe we should teach the way they learn! \" ( ignacio estrada ) [ peggy mckee ] \" a man is like a fraction whose numerator is what he is and whose denominator is what he thinks of himself. the larger the denominator, the smaller the fraction. \" ( leo tolstoy ) [ from signature of michael de villiers ] \" modern cynics and skeptics see no harm in paying those to whom they entrust the minds of their children a smaller wage than is paid to those to whom they entrust the care of their plumbing. \" ( president john f. kennedy ( 1917 - 1963 ) ) [ valerie strauss ] \" true terror is to wake up one morning and discover that your high - school class is running the country. \" ( kurt vonnegut ) [ from mike contino ] \" i asked god for a bike, but i know god doesn ' t work that way. so i stole a bike and asked for forgiveness. \" ( unknown ) [ from sandy lemberg ] \" the problem with a lot of educational reform activity is it ' s a lot of ' ready, fire, aim. \" \" life ' s greatest gift is the opportunity to work hard at work worth doing. \" \" who dares to teach must never cease to learn. \" ( john cotton dana ) [ from carol brown ] \" enjoy life ' s journey, but leave no tracks. \" ( native american commandment ) \" i don ' t feel old. i don ' t feel anything until noon. then it ' s time for my nap. \" \" researchers usually find that students flourish where there is stability in the school, with an experienced staff, clear expectations, small classes, and a rich curriculum. \" \" do good but don ' t expect to be remembered or celebrated after you ( interpretation of last native american commandment above ) [ from a note from loh kok khuan ] \" my mechanic told me, \" i couldn ' t repair your brakes, so i made your \" do not regret growing older. it is a privilege denied to many. \" \" if you are really", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5531113266861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.371091"} {"text": "note from loh kok khuan ] \" my mechanic told me, \" i couldn ' t repair your brakes, so i made your \" do not regret growing older. it is a privilege denied to many. \" \" if you are really thankful, what do you do? you share. \" ( w. clement stone ) \" statistical significance and educational significance are often two completely different things. one child out of a thousand who does something uniquely different from other children has no statistical significance, but it may have huge educational significance. we need only look at the history of mathematics and science to note the tremendous impact that some ' statistically insignificant ' individuals have had by thinking vastly differently, and daring to deviate from the norm of their times. \" ( michael de villiers ) \" you never get a second chance to make a good first impression. \" ( head and shoulders tv commercial ) \" middle age is when your classmates are so gray and wrinkled and bald they don ' t recognize you. \" \" the frogs tend to forget that once they were tadpoles, too. \" ( korean proverb ) [ from mathe 2000 selected papers book ] \" real peace is liberty in place of tyranny, health instead of disease, hope instead of fear. it comes when people have the freedom to voice their views, choose their own leaders, feed their families, and raise healthy children. \" ( jimmy carter, 39th president of the u. s. ) [ from literature from the carter center ] \" it is important to remember, in all efforts at improving the teaching of mathematics, that we are teaching human beings, and that what we are teaching them is a human activity with uses and with beauty and with surprises. \" ( e. j. mcshane, 1964 ) [ sent by ginger warfield, daughter ] \" never wrestle with a pig. you ' ll just get dirty. and the pig loves it! \" \" hospitality : making your guests feel like they ' re at home, even if you wish they were. \" ( unknown ) [ from sandy lemberg ] \" my people are destroyed for lack of knowledge. \" ( hosea 4 : 6 ) [ from the chronicle of higher education, december 7, 2012 ] \" a stone in its place is like a mountain...... but a mountain in the wrong place is just like a stone. \" ( turkish proverb ) [ seen on eddra2 listserve, from sue ramlo ] \" there is no smallest among the small, and no largest among", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5393730922020699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.372074"} {"text": "... but a mountain in the wrong place is just like a stone. \" ( turkish proverb ) [ seen on eddra2 listserve, from sue ramlo ] \" there is no smallest among the small, and no largest among the large, but always something still smaller and something still larger. \" ( anaxagoras - ca. 500 bc - 428 bc ) [ spelling correction from ch candy to earlier posting ] \" the mathematician ' s patterns, like the painter ' s or the poet ' s must be beautiful ; the ideas, like the colours or the words must fit together in a harmonious way. beauty is the first test : there is no permanent place in this world for ugly mathematics. \" ( \" a mathematician ' s apology \" ( london 1941 ). [ from bill richardson ; also from steve sugden and melanie parker ] \" pythagoras walks into an airport, the tsa asks, \" hey buddy, got an identity? \" ( from john nord ) \" what sort of education will teach the young to hate war? \" ( ( virginia woolf, three guineas ) [ from brian greer ] \" teachers are the only professionals who have to respond to bells every forty - five minutes and come out fighting. \" ( frank mccourt ( 1930 - 2009 ), teacher and author ) \" teaching is not a lost art, but the regard for it is a lost tradition. \" ( jacques martin barzun ( born 1907 ), historian ) [ from valerie strauss ] \" i spend time on window ledges because i am scared of widths. \" \" helping people in need is a matter of fundamental principle, responsibility, righteousness and justice, not an act of charity. \" ( source unknown ) [ from yvelyne germain - mccarthy ] \" a little health tip for you : i heard a banana - a - day is a good thing to help keep your colon clean... it turns out you are supposed to ( dwight york ) [ from a friend on a greeting card ] \" beauty is the first test : there is no permanent place in the world for ugly mathematics. \" ( from z - mnu universitat bayreuth calendar. the \" beauty... \" quote is from g. h. hardy ' s \" a mathematician ' s apology. \" hardy ' s \" apology \" is not an excuse or an \" i am sorry \" statement. in the ancient greek sense it is about defending a position on something. in this case, hardy was \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5307803480839992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.373083"} {"text": "' s \" a mathematician ' s apology. \" hardy ' s \" apology \" is not an excuse or an \" i am sorry \" statement. in the ancient greek sense it is about defending a position on something. in this case, hardy was \" defending \" his life ' s devotion to research mathematics. every budding mathematician reads it. it is totally inspirational. that was my former life before i met and began to understand also, from matt wyneken : btw1 - i just noticed another one of hardy ' s quotes at this website : \" no one has yet discovered any warlike purpose to be served by the theory of numbers or relativity, and it seems unlikely that anyone will do so for many years. \" he wrote that in 1941. yet only a few decades later, however, rms encryption was invented and now rules everything secret in the world, military, economic, etc. btw2 - you also included neil armstong ' s everlasting statement among your quotes. armstrong and buzz aldrin landed on the moon in 1969, with michael collins in support above, only some 60 + years after the invention of human flight ( as noted from television ' s # 1 comedy, the big bang theory ). btw3 - by jpb... if you are ever tooling down interstate 65 south by huntsville, alabama, make time to visit the rocket and space", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.59970199267729, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.373715"} {"text": "melvindale - northern allen park school district \u2019 s primary objective is to provide a comprehensive educational program which develops the physical, academic, aesthetic, and social aspect of all our children. therefore, our goal in the education of our children is to provide all learners with a solid foundation of skills, knowledge, and understanding that are necessary for their continual growth and success as students and as adults in society. furthermore, we believe that a quality education is a collaborative effort shared by educators, students, and community. it is our endeavor to consistently and continually evaluate our goals and the strategies being utilized to achieve them. all students will respond in writing with improved structure and organization to various themes in the curriculum. all students will improve fluency and confidence in application of computation skills and understanding of math concepts throughout the curriculum. all students will improve their ability to read and comprehend key elements of narrative and informational text and apply those skills in all subject areas. at allendale, we have employed three strategies to aid in achieving these goals : - differentiated instruction - our teachers proactively plan varied approaches to what students need to learn, how they will learn it, and / or how they can express what they have learned in order to increase the likelihood that each student will learn as much as he or she can as efficiently as possible. - graphic organizers - our teachers utilize graphic organizers across the curriculum to provide a visual aid to facilitate learning and instruction. a graphic organizer is a visual communication tool that uses visual symbols to express ideas and concepts, to convey meaning. a graphic organizer often depicts the relationships between facts, terms, and or ideas within a learning task. it is often referred to as a \" map \" because it can help teachers and students \" map out \" their ideas in a visual manner. - various technologies deliver different kinds of content and serve different purposes in the classroom. technology, at allendale, is used as a tool that is applied to our goals and a variety of others in the learning process and serves as a resource to help develop higher order thinking, creativity and research skills. member of the north central association the purpose of the association shall be to require its commission members to have accrediting processes that foster quality, encourage academic excellence, and improve teaching and learning. the association shall also encourage and support cooperative relationships among schools, and colleges and universities that hold membership in the association.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47182033258055356, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.376372"} {"text": "the spicy root of the horseradish plant is a widely used condiment. native to southeast europe, it is currently widely cultivated in germany. in japan, it is called wasabi, and forms a ubiquitous part of sushi cuisine. horseradish root also has a long history of medicinal use. taken internally, it was thought to be effective for bladder infections as well as other bladder and kidney problems. ( horseradish oil once formed a part of a drug licensed in the us for treatment of bladder infection ; however, contrary to statements made on some websites, this drug is no longer in use. ) horseradish was also taken internally as a treatment for respiratory infections and for joint pain. it was also applied externally in the form of a poultice to wounds, painful joints, and strained muscles. what is horseradish used for today? there are no scientific studies of horseradish that have attained even the minimum level of scientific reliability. only double - blind, placebo - controlled studies can show a treatment effective, and no such studies of horseradish taken by itself have yet been reported. ( for information on why such studies are essential, see why does this database rely on double - blind studies? ) germany \u2019 s commission e has approved horseradish for supportive treatment of urinary tract infections as well as for treatment of respiratory infections such as acute bronchitis, colds, sore throat, and sinusitis ; however, this approval is more on the base of tradition than science. a typical recommended dose of horseradish is 3 to 5 g of the freshly grated root taken three times daily, or 2 to 3 ml daily of horseradish tincture. for external use, freshly grated root is wrapped in thin gauze and applied to the skin until a sensation of warmth develops. the combined nasturtium - horseradish product mentioned above should be taken according to label instructions. as a commonly consumed condiment, horseradish is believed to be relatively safe. however, because of its spicy nature, it can cause burning mouth pain, sweating, and gastrointestinal distress. left too long in contact in the skin, marked irritation may develop. it is definitely not advisable to get horseradish products in contact with the eyes. maximum safe doses of horseradish have not been established for pregnant or nursing women, young children, or people with serious liver or kidney disease. - reviewer : ebsco cam review board - review date : 07 / 2012 - - update", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4615689533084897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.379064"} {"text": "11 alternative ways to learn your abcs most teachers use the typical associations to teach the alphabet : a is for apple, b is for bear, c is for cat, and so on. ( z is usually zebra. ) but if you prefer walking off the beaten path, there is a wealth of alternative alphabets available to teach your children the abcs. 1. the hidden alphabet by laura vaccaro seeger in her lift - the - flap picture book ( and book trailer, above ), seeger not only uses less traditional associations, but she also hides the items within the shapes of the letters. a is for arrowhead, the triangle in the a ; p is for partridge, the hollow in the p ; and q is for quotation mark, the center of the q. 2. the muppet alphabet by mike boon boon, a graphic designer, created an alphabet in which the letters are formed from the muppet show characters. b is for bunsen and beaker, f is for fozzie, and x is for xomfey ( a \" pink stalk \" from the show ' s pilot episode, \" sex and violence \" ). you can purchase a t - shirt ( from threadless ) or a poster ( mini through gallery size at society6 ) featuring the alphabet. 3. superhero abc by bob mcleod as an illustrator and artist for both marvel comics and dc comics, mcleod has his fair share of experience with superheroes. his children ' s picture book, superhero abc, was named one of school library journal ' s \" best books of the year. \" it features astro - man, who ' s \" always alert for an alien attack ; \" bubble - man, who \" blows big bubbles at bullies \" ( as well as being a bald man who wears boots ) ; and the volcano, who \" vomits on villains. \" his web site features superhero abc activity pages as well as links to purchase t - shirts, posters, and other related merch. 4. the alphabet of geekdom by nana leonti the \" geekdom \" alphabet by artist nana leonti features letters from the logos of popular geek brands / franchises, which leonti hand - drew. m is for magic : the gathering, v is for v for vendetta, and w is for wonder woman. you can purchase t - shirts and prints through redbubble. 5. the abcs of rock by melissa duke mooney and print mafia if you ' re too cool for the alphabet of geekdom, perhaps the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43246727313864597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.385046"} {"text": "and w is for wonder woman. you can purchase t - shirts and prints through redbubble. 5. the abcs of rock by melissa duke mooney and print mafia if you ' re too cool for the alphabet of geekdom, perhaps the abcs of rock is more your style. when mooney, whose husband is in a band, couldn ' t find a suitable rock ' n ' roll alphabet book for her daughters, she decided to create one herself. near the end of the process, mooney passed away unexpectedly from meningitis, but her husband and others finished the project in her honor. associations from the rockin ' picture book include b for bowie ( david, that is ), f for fleetwood mac, and w for white stripes. 6. the official fart alphabet by ralph masiello and stephanie brockway 7. nerdy baby abcs by tiffany ard the nerdy baby abc flash cards feature associations such as a for atom, b for binary code, and c for cell membrane, all beautifully drawn by children ' s artist tiffany ard. you can pick up a set in the mental _ floss store. 8. my foodie abc by puck and violet lemay puck ' s board book for \" gastronomes in training \" teaches both the alphabet as well as the foodie terms, with pronunciation guides and descriptions for all the terms and colorful illustrations by lemay. p is for pomegranate, q is for quinoa, and r is for radicchio. 9. a is for ackbar by emma & brandon peat the peats initially designed this star wars - themed alphabet as wall hangings for their baby ' s bedroom. they later printed it up in book form to show family members and distribute as a thank you to those who contributed to their baby ' s college fund. now, it just lives on brandon ' s web site. c is for chewie and c - 3po, e is for ewoks, and l is for luke and leia. ( there ' s also an official star wars abc board book, but it ' s not nearly as adorable. ) 10. the alphabet 2 by n9ve independent design studio n9ve created this alphabet video experiment in which each letter visually represents the meaning of its word. b is a b - shaped biscuit, c is for cell animation, and the d, which explodes, is for destruction. check out their behind - the - scenes photos from the shoot, as well as their first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4889570606466166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.386019"} {"text": "| official noaa climate monitoring station with warm | air conditioning exhaust blowing on temperature sensor. courtesy : dr. roger pielke, sr. also in the news the last two days is that the ipcc ( the folks that won the nobel prize ) have been wrong about increasing malaria due to global warming. a recent example is the case of malaria and climate. in the early days of global - warming research, scientists argued that warming would worsen malaria by increasing the range of mosquitoes. \" malaria and dengue fever are two of the mosquito - borne diseases most likely to spread dramatically as global temperatures head upward, \" said the harvard medical school ' s paul epstein in scientific american in 2000, in a warning typical of many. carried away by confirmation bias, scientists modeled the future worsening of malaria, and the intergovernmental panel on climate change accepted this as a given. when paul reiter, an expert on insect - borne diseases at the pasteur institute, begged to differ \u2014 pointing out that malaria ' s range was shrinking and was limited by factors other than temperature \u2014 he had an uphill struggle. \" after much effort and many fruitless discussions, \" he said, \" i \u2026 resigned from the ipcc project [ but ] found that my name was still listed. i requested its removal, but was told it would remain because ' i had contributed. ' it was only after strong insistence that i succeeded in having it removed. \" yet dr. reiter has now been vindicated. in a recent paper, peter gething of oxford university and his colleagues concluded that widespread claims that rising mean temperatures had already worsened malaria mortality were \" largely at odds with observed decreasing global trends \" and that proposed future effects of rising temperatures are \" up to two orders of magnitude smaller than those that can be achieved by the effective scale - up of key control measures. \" entire story here. so, while many of us sweat, the threat of catastrophic global warming continues to cool.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5035689202391507, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.388061"} {"text": "a reference resource orville l. freeman ( 1963 \u2013 1969 ) : secretary of agriculture orville lothrop freeman was born on march 9, 1918, in minneapolis, minnesota. freeman attended public school in minneapolis and then received his b. a. from the university of minnesota in 1940. during world war ii, he served in the marine corps, following which he received his a. b. and ll. b. from the university of minnesota. freeman practiced law in minneapolis, becoming a close political associate of herbert humphrey, who was then serving as mayor of minneapolis and who also had a great deal of influence in the democratic - farmer - labor party ( dfl ). with humphrey ' s aid, freeman helped make the dfl a powerful political organization that in 1954 would help to overthrow republican dominance in the state. in 1954, freeman became governor of minnesota, where he earned a reputation as a progressive ; he was re - elected to that post in 1956 and 1958. after humphrey withdrew from the 1960 presidential race, freeman gave his support to kennedy - a favor kennedy returned following his victory in the 1960 presidential election. freeman himself had failed win re - election in 1960, allowing kennedy to appoint him as secretary of agriculture. when freeman took the post, america was suffering from chronic overproduction that was exacerbated by technological innovations. the kennedy administration believed it important to have the power to set acreage limitations and to control the amount of a crop actually brought to market. it therefore became freeman ' s goal to cut production, increase farm incomes, and distribute, on a large scale, surpluses to the hungry. freeman hoped that the department could reduce its budget and focus on other issues, such as rural development, land conversion, and research. freeman was able to establish a feed - grain reduction program, cut the amount of wheat grown, expand the agricultural trade development and assistance act, forge a wheat deal with the russians in 1963, and complete research on foodstuffs for survival after a nuclear attack. the food for peace program became crucial to distributing u. s. farm surpluses overseas and reducing the amount of dollars spent abroad. after serving as secretary of agriculture until january 1969, freeman became president of the business international corporation in 1970.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43546684141392256, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.390419"} {"text": "hall helping preserve negro leagues legacy pair of presentations held in recognition of black history month cooperstown, n. y. - - the past can ' t be prologue if it goes forgotten. the national baseball hall of fame and museum did its part to keep an oft - ignored chapter of the sport ' s history alive on wednesday, when it staged an interesting combination of presentations in recognition of black history month. john b. odell, the museum ' s curator of history and research, led a delegation of fans through the hall ' s pride & passion exhibit, which was instituted in 1997 in honor of the 50th anniversary of jackie robinson ' s major league debut. later in the day, stephen light, the hall ' s manager of museum programs, carefully displayed some vintage artifacts from that era. the effort, light said, was part of the hall of fame ' s three - fold mission to preserve history, honor excellence and connect the different generations of players and fans. perhaps no era of the game is more shrouded in mystery than the negro leagues, and odell acknowledged that even the hall of fame was a little late in appreciating that part of history. that all changed in 1997, when the hall ' s organizers updated a one - panel exhibit simply titled \" negro leagues. \" that project, intended to honor robinson ' s historic breaking of the sport ' s color barrier in ' 47, wound up casting the game in a new light and preserving the legacy of a legion of players who may have otherwise fallen through the cracks of history. \" everybody knows in some shadowy way about the negro leagues, \" said odell. \" but what we learned as we were doing more research is that for 50 years prior to that, african - americans had been playing baseball. they started off playing in integrated baseball, and that was an interesting thing that helped us. african - americans and white ballplayers played together in the 1800s on integrated teams, especially in the minor leagues. it wasn ' t easy, and there are any number of stories about african - americans enduring some abuse. but there were integrated teams that were playing until around the 1880 ' s. \" odell, speaking to a group of hall visitors and standing in front of a timeline of african - american baseball history, began weaving a rich story full of complex societal issues and little - known baseball facts. he spoke of the informal \" gentleman ' s agreement \" that barred blacks from playing in the major leagues, and of the eventual blossoming of the negro leagues, which comprised several offshoot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4202142637786107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.397740"} {"text": "story full of complex societal issues and little - known baseball facts. he spoke of the informal \" gentleman ' s agreement \" that barred blacks from playing in the major leagues, and of the eventual blossoming of the negro leagues, which comprised several offshoots and grew to be one of the largest industries involving the nation ' s burgeoning african - american culture. still, even during its peak of cultural relevance - - which ran from the 1920 ' s into the ' 40 ' s - - the negro leagues were a diverse and often underfunded operation. odell mentioned the negro world series, which was held intermittently due to the randomly swinging economics of the teams involved, and told of the wildly popular annual east - west all - star game. and then, switching gears, he spoke rationally and reasonably about the reasons why that chapter of the game had gone uncelebrated for so many decades. peering around the exhibit - - which features game - worn jerseys by iconic players like robinson, satchel paige, larry doby and buck leonard - - odell said that such memorabilia is hard to find. \" the negro leagues never had as much money as mlb did, so they had a tendency to use, re - use, recycle and finally wear out a lot of the equipment, \" he said. \" the second thing is that it wasn ' t until very recently - - within our lifetimes - - that people began to look back and think, ' oh, you know what they were doing was really very valuable and was every bit as valuable as what the major leagues were doing. ' the national baseball hall of fame started up in 1939, but it wasn ' t in 1939 that we started collecting negro league artifacts. it wasn ' t until decades later, and that was the same for collectors and historians. it took a long time for baseball to recognize the contributions that african - americans were making to the game. it ' s a sad but true statement. \" that all changed with two men locked in a marriage of opportunity and idealism. former dodgers executive branch rickey has long been celebrated for signing robinson, an act that odell said may have been more complicated than it appeared. rickey may have had to deal with the entrenched racism of the day, but he did it for a wide variety of reasons. \" one of the great enigmas about branch rickey is why he did it, because depending on the audience that he was talking to, he gave different reasons for it, \" said odell.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4592587614874434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.398733"} {"text": "he did it for a wide variety of reasons. \" one of the great enigmas about branch rickey is why he did it, because depending on the audience that he was talking to, he gave different reasons for it, \" said odell. \" the truth of the matter is that branch rickey had as many different reasons for doing it, as we all have for all of the different things that we do. some of it was financial, because he could sign a better african - american player cheaper than he could sign a white ballplayer.... he also wanted to win. he recognized that there were african - american ballplayers out there who were better than the brooklyn dodgers he had on his team. \" and then also, he had his own experiences with discrimination. he had been a college baseball coach, and one of the ballplayers on his team who was african - american was denied entrance to the team hotel. it was not until branch rickey said, ' he ' ll have to stay with me. he can stay in my own room, ' [ that it was resolved ]. he told this story about the ballplayer wishing that he was white so he could stay in the hotel with everyone else, and rickey recognized the injustice of that. \" robinson, of course, turned rickey ' s principled stand into one of the most celebrated personnel decisions in the history of sports. baseball, in fact, transformed itself ahead of the nation ' s civil rights movement, but it certainly didn ' t happen overnight. \" a very long and slow process, \" is how odell phrased it, and indeed it took 13 years for every team to be integrated and nearly 25 years before the 1971 pittsburgh pirates fielded the first all - minority lineup. and it was hardly due to lack of influence, as african - american players accounted for nine rookie of the year awards and nine most valuable player trophies in that span. strangely, that huge success spelled an ignominious end to the venue that birthed it. fan attention was diverted slowly, and with major league opportunity calling, the former workforce for the negro leagues was basically eradicated. that, in turn, made the major leagues stronger and helped turned the negro leagues into a footnote in the annals of the game. \" when jackie robinson left for the major leagues, african - americans began really following the major leagues and following jackie robinson a great deal, \" said odell, explaining the unintended consequence. \" as ballclubs began picking out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43751433990219113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.400693"} {"text": "game. \" when jackie robinson left for the major leagues, african - americans began really following the major leagues and following jackie robinson a great deal, \" said odell, explaining the unintended consequence. \" as ballclubs began picking out the best and the brightest from the negro leagues, the leagues themselves began to founder. and within really five years of robinson breaking the color line, you find very few references to black baseball, although it continued until around 1960, which is when the negro american league finally ended formally. but it really dropped off with robinson breaking the color line. \" things began to change in 1990, when a group of former players founded the negro leagues baseball museum in kansas city. that inspired renewed interest in the era, and the hall of fame followed suit in ' 97 with pride & passion, which has been kept intact but moved to a more permanent display area on the second floor of the cooperstown shrine. light, speaking two hours after odell, gave a hands - on introduction to some of the hall of fame ' s artifacts. wearing a pair of white gloves to help preserve the items in hand, he gave a brief overview of the hall ' s extensive collection, which includes nearly 2. 8 million documents and 12, 000 hours of video footage in the a. bartlett giamatti research center. light also said that the hall of fame has 38, 000 baseball - related artifacts and that only 10 percent of them are on display. the remainder are housed in acid - free boxes under acid - free paper and kept in a climate - controlled vault. even the lighting is tightly regulated, and light said that everything the hall maintains is subject to the same diligent care. \" a lot of people ask what ' s the most valuable artifact in our collection. we try to preserve everything equally, \" said light of the museum ' s vast storehouse of collectibles. \" if something comes in today, we try to keep it in the same state it was when we got it. it switches from being a piece of sporting goods to an artifact as soon as it gets here. \" on this day, light chose to present a glove owned by hall of famer james \" cool papa \" bell and a game - used jersey most likely worn by former player and manager chet brewer. the jersey was a rare item representing the kansas city royals, an all - black barnstorming team that played in the now defunct california winter league. light also showed a rare photo of robinson dressed in a similar royals jersey and told an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43573793947668693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.402083"} {"text": "back | next articles > satyagraha / civil disobedience > dandi... a turning point of freedom struggle dandi.... a turning point of freedom struggle history of dandi march after proclaiming the declaration of independence of india on january 26, 1930, mahatma gandhi realized that a new anti - government campaign was imperative for mobilizing indians of all hues in the fight against british raj. he contemplated the most appropriate course of action to take and came to the conclusion that non - violent civil disobedience was the ideal path. in february 1930, gandhi decided that the british salt tax one of the many taxes used to generate revenue to support british rule \u2013 would be the focal point of non - violence political protest. the british monopoly on salt meant that the sale or production of salt by anyone but the british government was a criminal offence punishable by law. salt was invaluable to indians, many of whom were agricultural labourers and required it in an environment of immense heat and humanity where sweating was profuse. salt occurred in low - lying coastal zones of india and was readily accessible to labourers who were instead forced to pay money for a mineral that they could easily collected for a mineral that they could easily collect themselves for free. gandhi also realized that protest against the salt tax would appeal across regions, classes, and ethnic boundaries. the penal sections of the salt act, dated 1882 stated that any person convicted of an official under section 9 \u2013 dealing with illegal production of salt \u2013 would be punished with imprisonment for a term which could extend to six months. all contraband salt, and every vessel, animal or conveyance used in carrying contraband salt would be liable to confiscation. intentions of gandhi in an effort to amend the salt tax without breaking the law. on march 2, 1930 gandhi wrote to the viceroy, lord irwin, \u201c if my letter makes no appeal to your heart, on the eleventh day of the ashram as i can take, to disregard the provision of the salt laws. i regard this tax to be the most iniquitous of all from the poor man \u2019 s standpoint. as the independence movement is essentially for the poorest in the land, the beginning will be made with this evil \u201d. the viceroy promptly wrote back to express his regret that gandhi was again \u201c contemplating a course of action which is clearly bound to involve violation of the law and danger to public peace \u201d. on march 12, 1930, gandhi and around 78 male satyagraha set out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4345678138686281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.405798"} {"text": "wrote back to express his regret that gandhi was again \u201c contemplating a course of action which is clearly bound to involve violation of the law and danger to public peace \u201d. on march 12, 1930, gandhi and around 78 male satyagraha set out, on foot, fort the coastal village of dandi some 380 kms from their starting point in sabarmati, a journey which was to last 23 day. virtually every resident of each city along this journey watched the great procession, which was at least two miles in length. on april 6th, he picked up a lump of mud and salt. gandhi termed the march as the first implored his thousands of followers to begin to make salt wherever, along the seashore, \u201c war \u201d on the salt tax was to be continued during the national week, that is, up to april 13. reaction of the british government the british government incarcerated over sixty thousand indians by the end of march. on the night of may 4, gandhi was sleeping on a cot under a mango tree, at a village near dandi. a little after midnight, the district magistrate of surat drove up with two indian officers and thirty heavily \u2013 armed constables. he woke gandhi by shinning a torch in his face, and arrested him. the effect of the salt march was felt across india. thousands of people made salt, or bought illegal salt. this period is considered the apex of gandhi \u2019 s political appeal, as the march mobilized many new followers from all of indian society and the march grabbed the world \u2019 s attention. most historians see dandi as a key turning point in india \u2019 s struggle for freedom. source : the times of india, dated march 14, 2005, page 12", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4164508315427702, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.406465"} {"text": "did you know there are mummies in korea? i didn \u2019 t, until i found this article from 2007 on national geographic. ( apparently, archaeologists didn \u2019 t, either, until the bodies started showing up, as old cemeteries were moved to make way for new houses in the recent construction boom. ) this person lived about 500 years ago and was found in south korea. according to national geographic, the mummification is perhaps the result of a burial practice that evolved in 14th - century korea : \u201c the people believed the body should dissolve in a natural manner, without external factors such as worms, \u201d said mark spigelman of the hebrew university of jerusalem, who is known for his pioneering studies of ancient diseases found on mummified bodies around the world. \u201c this is why they developed a special burial custom. \u201d the method involves laying a body on ice for 3 to 30 days during mourning, placing the corpse inside an inner and an outer pine coffin surrounded by the deceased \u2019 s clothes, and covering the coffin in a lime soil mixture. \u201c in some cases, this inadvertently resulted in extremely good natural mummification, \u201d spigelman added. \u201c they didn \u2019 t expect mummification and, in fact, that \u2019 s the one thing they wouldn \u2019 t want. \u201d this method \u2014 unlike the artificial ( and brittle - making ) mummification processes used in ancient egypt \u2014 resulted in mummies that are relatively pliable, with better preserved dna. researchers were even able to take samples from one mummy of the virus that causes hepatitis b, which could pave the way for research that might help modern - day sufferers of the disease. a more recent discovery \u2014 featured in the daily mail \u2014 is this lady, who is also believed to be about 500 years old : she was found in osan, in south korea \u2019 s gyeonggi province, with her purse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.445739557546149, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.408293"} {"text": "photograph : larry w. smith / epa at the weekend, the texas forest service responded to 63 new fires, many fanned by winds from tropical storm lee. texas has been in drought for a year, with more than 3. 6m acres burnt in wildfires since the fire season began in november. a record number of 38c days has dried grass and hay, leaving ranchers with no choice but to sell cows for slaughter. weekly auctions that usually sell 1, 500 cows at this time of year are attracting 5, 000 and even turning away potential sellers, underlining the cost of severe weather that texas a & m university estimates has brought $ 5. 2bn losses. while texas is the biggest drought victim, oklahoma, new mexico, kansas, georgia and louisiana are also affected. \u201c this is an all - time record for the driest, hottest summer on record in this area since 1895, \u2019 \u2019 said travis miller, a professor in texas a & m soil and crop sciences department. high temperatures and no rain have devastated cotton \u2013 texas \u2019 s biggest cash crop, with about 50 per cent of the us total. of 7. 1m acres planted this year, 3. 4m acres have been abandoned. \u201c most of that never came up ; it didn \u2019 t have enough rain to seed, \u2019 \u2019 mr miller said. the country will feel texas \u2019 s pain in higher prices for cotton and sorghum, of which texas is also the biggest us producer. the state is the country \u2019 s second largest producer of peanuts and grapefruit and the third - biggest producer of sugarcane, carrots, honeydew melons and oranges. \u201c it will have a ripple effect on the national economy, \u2019 \u2019 said bernard weinstein, a business economics professor at southern methodist university. the federal reserve bank of dallas \u2019 s latest survey noted that all 13 of the state \u2019 s regions were in drought. it commented : \u201c crop insurance claims are expected to be the major source of income for the 2011 crop year. \u201d yet insurance is not expected to carry businesses for years. brian fuchs, a climatologist at the national drought mitigation centre at university of nebraska - lincoln, said indications are that la nina climatic conditions, which have led to drought in 33 per cent of the us, might continue into 2012. bill hyman, executive director of the independent cattlemen \u2019 s association of texas, has sold 40 per cent of his pasture cattle. within 30 days he will sell half of what is left, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3790890734488096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.411813"} {"text": "cent of the us, might continue into 2012. bill hyman, executive director of the independent cattlemen \u2019 s association of texas, has sold 40 per cent of his pasture cattle. within 30 days he will sell half of what is left, and then will sell the rest. \u201c my hay \u2019 s about out, \u2019 \u2019 mr hyman said. with supplies running up to $ 120 a bale \u2013 triple the normal price \u2013 and two of his three water sources already dry, it is too risky to continue : \u201c when you run out of water, you \u2019 re done. \u2019 \u2019 many of his cattle had up to seven years of breeding time left. and what is fetching $ 500 today \u2013 given the buyer \u2019 s market \u2013 will easily cost $ 1, 600 to replace when grazing conditions return to normal. \u201c other than to cry for you, i don \u2019 t know what else to say, \u2019 \u2019 he said. hope is low for government assistance because of the poor state of its finances. meat prices will rise with the loss of supply from the us biggest producer : texas provides 16 per cent of the country \u2019 s beef cows, 37 per cent of its goats and 15 per cent of its sheep and lambs. beef prices, in particular, should rise, given that the second largest cattle - producing state is oklahoma. but for donnie dippel, president of the texas agriculture industries association, the pain is felt now. \u201c we \u2019 ve been selling cattle here or there, \u2019 \u2019 he said. \u201c we \u2019 re trying to keep a few heifers back so we don \u2019 t sell our factory. when you sell your factory, you \u2019 re through. \u2019 \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.350829603274656, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.412451"} {"text": "today as citizens of the world, we face a daunting array of social and environmental problems ranging from health care and education to global warming and economic inequality. for each of these issues, whether local or global in scope, there are millions of people who care passionately about working for change but lack the information and opportunities necessary to translate their interest into effective action. quick tips for keeping yourself safe on social networks - put everything behind password protected walls, where only friends can see - protect your password and make sure you really know who someone is before you allow them onto your friends list - blur or morph your photos a bit so they won \u2019 t be abused by cyberbullies or predators - don \u2019 t post anything your parents, principal or a predator couldn \u2019 t see - what you post online stays online \u2013 forever \u2013 so, thinkb4uclick! - don \u2019 t so or say anything online you wouldn \u2019 t say offline - protect your privacy and your friends \u2019 privacy too \u2026 get their okay before posting something about them or their pic online - check what your friends are posting / saying about you. even if you are careful, they may not be and may be putting you at risk. - that cute fourteen year old boy may not be cute, may not be fourteen and may not be a boy! you never know! - and, unless you \u2019 re prepared to attach your myspace or facebook to your college, job, internship, scholarship or sports team application, don \u2019 t post it publicly! embedded video from cnn video embedded video from cnn video middle school students in green bay, wisconsin are facing fines and suspensions tonight after posting their school yard fight on youtube. com earlier this week. at least four students have been suspended at franklin middle school, for involvement with the incident and up to six students have been ticketed by police for disorderly conduct. several fight scenes coming out of franklin middle school have been recorded and posted \u2013 in one fight, two students punch each other in the school bathroom while other watch, laugh, and videotape with their cell phones. this is just one incidence amongst many in a recent trend of posting fights and harassment on youtube. check out the clip below for an in - depth description and brief footage from the fights. discuss what is appropriate / inappropriate for posting on youtube. make sure to mention that your school name should never be tagged or mentioned. we are thrilled to announce that the middle school collected 112 jeans to be donated to homeless teens for the dosomething / aeropostale teens for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47375036195195486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.415061"} {"text": "msp : middleschoolportal / energy transfers and transformations : sparking student interest from middle school portal energy transfers & transformations : sparking student interest - introduction as we each move through our day, we are constantly witnessing and experiencing changes in energy. most of us just don \u2019 t notice. it starts when the alarm clock goes off and continues as we power up with breakfast, do our morning workout, and drive to school. even the leaves on plants are quietly converting solar energy into chemical energy! it is easy to get hung up with the concept of energy. even nobel laureate richard feynman ( 1995, pgs. 71 - 72 ) found it an abstract topic. it is important to realize that in physics today, we have no knowledge of what energy is. we do not have a picture that energy comes in little blobs of a definite amount. it is not that way. however, there are formulas for calculating some numerical quantity and when we add it together it gives \" 28 \" \u2014 always the same number. it is an abstract thing in that it does not tell us the mechanisms or the reasons for the various formulas. the purpose of energy transfers & transformations is to provide you with resources that help your students understand how energy moves and changes. we followed the recommendations of the national science education standards ( nrc, 1996 ) that middle school students experience energy moving from place to place and changing forms. students should see how energy can cause objects to move. when we raise students \u2019 awareness of the energy movements and conversions around them in their daily lives, energy becomes more real. the terms energy transfer and energy transformation are often used interchangeably. here we will refer to the movement of one form of energy from place to place as energy transfer and the conversion of energy from one form to another as energy transformation. if we are talking about heat being conducted from a warm to cool area, that would be energy transfer. when we refer to electrical energy being converted to light, we use the term energy transformation. we ' ve selected resources that give you an idea of middle school energy concepts and activities. they are not meant to meet all of your teaching needs, but will perhaps spark some ideas for you and your students to convert the abstract to the concrete. references : feynman, richard p. ( 1995 ). six easy pieces : essentials of physics explained by its most brilliant teacher. cambridge, ma : perseus books. national research council. ( 1996 ). national science education standards. washington, dc : author. background information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6198774593552925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.425832"} {"text": ". ( 1995 ). six easy pieces : essentials of physics explained by its most brilliant teacher. cambridge, ma : perseus books. national research council. ( 1996 ). national science education standards. washington, dc : author. background information for teachers if you didn \u2019 t read the quote by richard feynman in the introduction, take a second to do that. done? now, breathe a sigh of relief. even physicists of the nobel laureate type don \u2019 t completely understand energy. that said, we encourage you and your students to dig into this topic with gusto. for guidance on how to sequence your lessons, consider the relationships among energy transfer concepts. this tool - - nsdl strand map service - - maps a sequence of learning goals from grades k - 12 and lists resources related to specific science and math concepts. the maps illustrate connections between concepts as well as how concepts build upon one another across grade levels. an image of the grade 6 - 8 section of the energy transformations map appears below. the energy transformations map is one of sixteen maps under the physical setting heading. clicking on a concept ( aka learning goal within a gray box ) will show nsdl resources relevant to the concept, as well as information about related aaas project 2061 benchmarks and national science education standards. move the pink box in the lower right hand corner of the page to see the grades 6 - 8 learning goals. below is a handful of informational resources that you and your students can consult to help underpin your exploration of energy transformations. use them to supplement the materials you already have. for each resource, we \u2019 ve indicated if it is appropriate for student use, teacher use, or for use by both groups. you \u2019 ll find resources about potential and kinetic energy and other forms of energy, including one resource focused just on light. introduction to energy are you a little confused about types of energy and their transformations? teachers and students can learn how different types of energy are categorized into potential and kinetic forms. each brief paragraph explains how the form of energy is stored or released. small icons are used to show how energy is transformed from one form to another. for example, readers can see that the chemical energy in gasoline is transformed into energy of motion in a car. at the bottom of the document you will find additional information about renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy. types of energy here \u2019 s a reading that can introduce students to a variety of energy forms and to some of the energy transformations that humans use to meet our energy needs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6437542766667876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.426901"} {"text": "you will find additional information about renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy. types of energy here \u2019 s a reading that can introduce students to a variety of energy forms and to some of the energy transformations that humans use to meet our energy needs. paragraph - long overviews of each of nine different energy types are provided. gravitational, mechanical, nuclear, and sound energy are among the featured types. these overviews touch on what the energy form is, where it can be found ( for example, chemical energy in a match ), and ways that humans can or might be able to convert the energy form into a more usable type. the reading is from a site about the future of energy. energy tutorial although most of this teacher - level tutorial is afield from our focus ( but quite nice if you \u2019 re interested in energy use ), two sections of it \u2014 energy and energy conversion \u2014 are worth dipping into for background information presented from a perspective other than that of your textbook. since the tutorial is the handiwork of the national fuel cell research center, you can probably guess that it deals with energy issues like supply and efficiency from a practical viewpoint. no contrived real - world connections here! energy transfers and transformations are more than the stuff of textbooks. here \u2019 s a crop of hands - on activities that will have your students observing, experiencing, and building an understanding of how energy moves and changes forms. the activities take from one to two class periods to complete. potential and kinetic energy : spool racer this teaching aid provides multiple parts that support students learning about potential and kinetic energy. one part is a segment of the television program zoom, in which two young children build and demonstrate a spool racer. a goal of the video is to illustrate how the potential energy of a stretched rubber band is released as kinetic energy when the racer careens across the table. since the words potential and kinetic energy are never mentioned, you may decide to hold off introducing the terms until the students answer the question \" what makes the spool racer go? \" because the segment is just under 2. 5 minutes and can be viewed separately, you have a lot of flexibility in how you use this resource. if your students are going to build spool racers, they can view the video to see how to make them. if the students are not going to construct the racers, they can consider what happens in the video to answer the discussion questions. the second part is three paragraphs of background information that are appropriate for either you or your students.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5859152184656461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.427982"} {"text": "how to make them. if the students are not going to construct the racers, they can consider what happens in the video to answer the discussion questions. the second part is three paragraphs of background information that are appropriate for either you or your students. the information contains real - world examples of potential and kinetic energy. if the students are doing this as a discovery activity, you will want to have them read this section after they are done with the spool racer. even though the children in the video look to be in elementary school, the discussion questions and the activity are very appropriate for middle school students. a link to the related standards is provided. energy at play students learn about potential and kinetic energy firsthand in this design challenge. the challenge is two - tiered : students design a toy that can propel a ball first a short and then a longer distance. ( consider converting the distances so that they are both in the metric system. ) in between the two tasks, the teacher demonstrates and facilitates a discussion about the conservation of energy. the packet offers substantial teacher support material, including materials lists, teaching points and related questions to ask students about the energy concepts involved in their designs, and lists of design constraints to share with students. although grades 3 - 6 are the target audience, the challenge \u2019 s content aligns well with the national physical science standards for grades 5 - 8. note that gravitational and elastic potential energy \u2014 the forms of potential energy addressed here \u2014 are not the only kinds of potential energy. atmospheric processes : radiation need some experience doing quantitative science experiments? in these activities, students take measurements, graph the results, and draw conclusions. they even generalize their results to real - world applications! after explaining the differences between conduction, convection, and radiation, this teacher guide offers activities in which the students learn first - hand the relationship between the color or texture of an object and its ability to absorb energy. students first measure, at one - minute intervals for ten minutes, the temperature of three materials ( water, light soil, and dark soil, or materials chosen by the teacher or students ) heated by a reflector lamp. the students also measure the temperature of the three materials as they cool for ten minutes. students consider that the earth is made of a variety of materials that absorb heat unevenly. what impact do you think this has on the earth \u2019 s atmosphere? good way to link energy transfer to weather and climate, isn \u2019 t it? testing materials for thermal conductivity we didn \u2019 t select this heat conduction activity because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5804990415323156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.429149"} {"text": "unevenly. what impact do you think this has on the earth \u2019 s atmosphere? good way to link energy transfer to weather and climate, isn \u2019 t it? testing materials for thermal conductivity we didn \u2019 t select this heat conduction activity because it is new and different. that said, this version did catch our eye for a number of reasons : ( 1 ) the student activity sheet is written clearly, and the activity is well - designed ; ( 2 ) short answer and multiple choice assessment questions and answers are included ; and ( 3 ) the producers of the lesson plan, the texas state energy conservation office, have set the activity in a real - world context - - that of home insulation. a required reading from the same site is the basis for some of the assessment questions, a few of which are specific to texas. the teacher instructions come first in the packet, so don \u2019 t be confused if you see assessment answers before spotting the questions. dancing penny with the most basic of equipment ( a coin, a bottle, and water or oil ) and this demonstration, you can get students thinking about the transfer of heat and the cascading effects of that transfer. the activity, part of the well - known whelmers set, comes with all the teacher supports you \u2019 d expect, including presentation notes, standards correlations, an explanation of the demonstration \u2019 s science content, and an assessment idea. the demo calls on students to consider the conduction of heat, the chain of energy conversions leading up to the heat transfer, and the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas. smartr : virtual learning experiences for students visit our student site smartr to find related virtual learning experiences for your students! the smartr learning experiences were designed both for and by middle school aged students. students from around the country participated in every stage of smartr \u2019 s development and each of the learning experiences includes multimedia content including videos, simulations, games and virtual activities. visit the virtual learning experience on energy. the funworks visit the funworks stem career website to learn more about a variety of science - related careers ( click on the science link at the bottom of the home page ). national science education standards these excerpts from the national science education standards ( nses ) relate to the study of energy in middle school. physical science as a result of activities in grades 5 - 8, all students should develop an understanding of : transfer of energy - energy is a property of many substances and is associated with heat, light, electricity, mechanical motion, sound, nuclei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6079822887834512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.430244"} {"text": "school. physical science as a result of activities in grades 5 - 8, all students should develop an understanding of : transfer of energy - energy is a property of many substances and is associated with heat, light, electricity, mechanical motion, sound, nuclei, and the nature of a chemical. energy is transferred in many ways. - heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from warmer objects to cooler ones, until both reach the same temperature. - light interacts with matter by transmission ( including refraction ), absorption, or scattering ( including reflection ). to see an object, light from that object - - emitted by or scattered from it - - must enter the eye. - electrical circuits provide a means of transferring electrical energy when heat, light, sound, and chemical changes are produced. - in most chemical and nuclear reactions, energy is transferred into or out of a system. heat, light, mechanical motion, or electricity might all be involved in such transfers. - the sun is a major source of energy for changes on the earth ' s surface. the sun loses energy by emitting light. a tiny fraction of that light reaches the earth, transferring energy from the sun to the earth. the sun ' s energy arrives as light with a range of wavelengths, consisting of visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet radiation. author and copyright carolee barber and judy ridgway, formerly of eisenhower national clearinghouse for science and mathematics education, instructional resources. carolee barber was a science education resource specialist at enc. she has taught a variety of science courses and worked for a conservation organization. judy ridgway was enc ' s assistant director of instructional resources. she is a veteran educator in the biological sciences. please email any comments to firstname. lastname @ example. org. connect with colleagues at our social network for middle school math and science teachers at http : / / msteacher2. org. copyright march 2005 - the ohio state university. last updated september 19, 2010. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no. 0424671 and since september 1, 2009 grant no. 0840824. any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6321922321921475, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.431229"} {"text": "experimental targeted therapy shows early promise against medulloblastomas \u2013 a type of childhood brain cancer chicago, june 5, 2010 / prnewswire / \u2014 researchers from st. jude children \u2019 s research hospital and the pediatric brain tumor consortium ( pbtc ) presented today at the american society of clinical oncology the findings of a pediatric brain tumor study using an experimental drug that targets the underlying genetic makeup of the tumor. the research focused on a new way to attack the tumors by blocking the hedgehog pathway that is linked to approximately 20 percent of medulloblastomas. the study is the first to report that the drug can be safely administered to children. the study also suggested that the drug is showing early signs of efficacy in this patient population, with some children still on treatment almost a year with no progression of disease. all the children on this study had medulloblastomas that persisted or returned despite standard treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. recurrent medulloblastoma currently has a cure rate of less than 5 percent. the researchers found that patients whose tumors had the hedgehog molecular pathway activated appear to be some of the same patients who have responded to treatment in this trial, based on length of time on study. investigators have observed tumor responses in similar young adult patients whose tumors had the hedgehog molecular pathway activated. these early findings have given the green light for pediatric research to advance to a larger phase ii study scheduled to open later this year, and to increase the number of patients on the young adult study. the phase i study ( pbtc - 025 ) included 13 patients, 12 of them evaluable, ranging in age from 4 to 21 years. all received one of two different doses of gdc - 0449 daily for a minimum of 28 days and continued on treatment for as long as their disease remained stable. in addition to determining the safety and dosing of this experimental drug for children, the trial also conducted extensive research into pathologic and genomic methods for better identifying tumors that have the hedgehog pathway activated. \u201c medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors in children, \u201d said amar gajjar, m. d., co - chair of the st. jude department of oncology and principal investigator of the pbtc trial. \u201c the trend in treating children with these cancers is toward targeted therapies like this one, which block key signaling pathways and disable the cancer \u2019 s ability to function or reproduce. we know that this hedgehog", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48785589659047884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.438226"} {"text": "of the pbtc trial. \u201c the trend in treating children with these cancers is toward targeted therapies like this one, which block key signaling pathways and disable the cancer \u2019 s ability to function or reproduce. we know that this hedgehog pathway is important in the growth of these especially hard - to - treat tumors. \u201d the pbtc has an ongoing phase ii trial in recurrent medulloblastomas in young adults ( age 22 and older ), with this same agent, which has recently been expanded to include more patients. a phase ii trial of gdc - 0449 \u2019 s effectiveness against recurrent medulloblastomas in children ( up to age 21 ) will start later this year based on the results of today \u2019 s reported phase i trial. all of the pbtc trials are being sponsored by the division of cancer treatment and diagnosis, national cancer institute ( nci ) under a cooperative research and development agreement letter of intent between nci and genentech, inc. st. jude is home to the nation \u2019 s largest research - based pediatric brain tumor program. st. jude investigators have played a pivotal role in advancing understanding of the molecular missteps that give rise to medulloblastomas as well as seeking new, more targeted therapies to combat the tumors. st. jude investigators have published evidence that targeting the hedgehog pathway eradicated medulloblastomas in laboratory models. during fetal development the hedgehog pathway plays a central role in normal growth of the cerebellum. the cerebellum is located at the base of the skull and is the structure that helps coordinate movement and plays a role in mastering balance and other motor skills. medulloblastomas begin in the cerebellum, and uncontrolled activity along this pathway is linked to several cancers, including basal cell skin cancer. the pediatric brain tumor consortium ( pbtc ) is a federally - funded collaborative clinical trial group based at st. jude children \u2019 s research hospital that also includes children \u2019 s memorial hospital, chicago ; duke university medical center, durham, n. c. ; texas children \u2019 s cancer center, houston ; children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia ; children \u2019 s hospital of pittsburgh ; university of california at san francisco ; children \u2019 s national medical center, washington d. c. ; and the national cancer institute \u2019 s pediatric oncology branch. the consortium is dedicated to developing new treatments against the brain and central nervous system tumors that strike about 3, 000 children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49006038900348886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.439151"} {"text": "francisco ; children \u2019 s national medical center, washington d. c. ; and the national cancer institute \u2019 s pediatric oncology branch. the consortium is dedicated to developing new treatments against the brain and central nervous system tumors that strike about 3, 000 children and adolescents annually in the united states. st. jude children \u2019 s research hospital st. jude children \u2019 s research hospital is internationally recognized for its pioneering research and treatment of children with cancer and other catastrophic diseases. ranked the no. 1 pediatric cancer hospital by parents magazine and the no. 1 children \u2019 s cancer hospital by u. s. news & world report, st. jude is the first and only national cancer institute - designated comprehensive cancer center devoted solely to children. st. jude has treated children from all 50 states and from around the world, serving as a trusted resource for physicians and researchers. st. jude has developed research protocols that helped push overall survival rates for childhood cancer from less than 20 percent when the hospital opened to almost 80 percent today. st. jude is the national coordinating center for the pediatric brain tumor consortium and the childhood cancer survivor study. in addition to pediatric cancer research, st. jude is also a leader in sickle cell disease research and is a globally prominent research center for influenza. founded in 1962 by the late entertainer danny thomas, st. jude freely shares its discoveries with scientific and medical communities around the world, publishing more research articles than any other pediatric cancer research center in the united states. st. jude treats more than 5, 700 patients each year and is the only pediatric cancer research center where families never pay for treatment not covered by insurance. st. jude is financially supported by thousands of individual donors, organizations and corporations without which the hospital \u2019 s work would not be possible. in 2010, st. jude was ranked the most trusted charity in the nation in a public survey conducted by harris interactive, a highly respected international polling and research firm. for more information, go to www. stjude. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4278902000625854, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.440304"} {"text": "terminological issues of islamic architecture summarised extracts from a full article, see resources below, where end notes, references and bibliography are given. by : foundation for science technology and civilisation. info @ fstc. co. uk the terminological issues are connected with the use of \" muslim \" and \" islamic \" architecture. the two words are theoretically interconnected but conceptually different. muslim is a general word referring to religious and geographical setting of islam. muslim architecture is the building style of the countries of muslim religion, a term which may include modern or old architecture practised in these countries and which may not be necessarily islamic nor display any known features of islamic architecture such as the arch, the dome, stucco decoration... etc. similarly, we say today muslim city to refer to its location in a muslim country rather than to its islamic morphological features. the other disadvantage of using this concept is related to buildings of muslim origin but not in the muslim world as the case of spain, sicily, old ussr and other countries. more positively, one can define it as including the architecture that was accomplished by muslim masons, architects, for or under muslim patronage ( government ), or in a muslim country. islamic architecture can also be misleading as one may understand that it refers to the architecture of a particular religious ( islamist ) group or that of a religious function while in reality it refers to the islamic way of building as prescribed by the sharia law. in this definition, we are not concerned with the location and actual function of the building but rather with its islamic character in terms of design, form and decor, a definition which includes all types of building rather than only monuments. the main rule of this is apparent in the quran, which emphasises the building of robust structures for the sake of god, see for example the verse : \" is he, therefore, better who lays his foundation on fear of allah and ( his ) good pleasure, or he who lays his foundation on the edge of a cracking hollowed bank, so it broke down with him into the fire of hell ; and allah does not guide the unjust people. \" ( endnote 2 ) ( 9 : 109 ) this is practical for the ordinary house as well as the mosque, the palace and other major architectural monuments. however, one can analytically categorise muslim architectural achievement in two main areas involving religious and secular. the centre of the first is the mosque which was invented in early years ( the first year of hijra ) to serve a prestigious role providing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5268703775628225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.447484"} {"text": "however, one can analytically categorise muslim architectural achievement in two main areas involving religious and secular. the centre of the first is the mosque which was invented in early years ( the first year of hijra ) to serve a prestigious role providing shelter and refuge for the believer from the turbulent life and a world of evil. the faithful gather there five times a day and every friday on a weekly basis. the articulation of elements such as arches, domes and columns, calligraphic illustrations and geometrical decorating patterns create a continuous sense of peace and contemplation reflecting the quranic verse : \" o ye who believe! enter into islam whole - heartedly ; and follow not the footsteps of the evil one ; for he is to you an avowed enemy. \" ( 2 : 208 ) ( see separate article, the mosque ) architecturally, the second most important religious building is the madrassa, a university ( or college ) which evolved from the mosque and was finally established at a time when europe was in its early dark ages. the form of madrassa progressively evolved starting from the simple form of houses of the teachers and reaching the monumental character of kuttubia in morocco. here, the building incorporated lecture theatres, library, residential rooms for students and facilities such as bathes, fountains and a courtyard ( endnote 3 ). although, a handful of madrassas still exist today in the muslim world, most of its religious teaching is undertaken by modern universities which do not structurally differ from their western counterparts. other religious buildings include monastic mosques ( zawiya ) and mausoleums which can also be very elaborate, reaching sometimes a monumental position like the taj mahal in india. muslim secular buildings consist largely of domestic structures ; palaces and ordinary houses. here, one cannot stop appreciating the successful adaptation of space to religious values and teachings especially those relating to private and public domains. from early palaces of the ummayyad and abbassid caliphate to modern houses, there was much observance of segregation between the female and male territories. the first was designed for family and domestic life, reserved for children and women. in the palace, the public space was for conducting public affairs such as reception halls, meeting rooms, ceremonial courts ( maidaan ) and mosques for princial entourage. their setting, organisation and decor had worldwide reputation that they were made settings for many western sagas and tales. other buildings that form part of muslim secular architecture include military structures such as castles, ribats and towers and walls. these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4605516773134157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.448793"} {"text": "##ncial entourage. their setting, organisation and decor had worldwide reputation that they were made settings for many western sagas and tales. other buildings that form part of muslim secular architecture include military structures such as castles, ribats and towers and walls. these were erected to provide protection for cities especially in areas where external threat was menacing as in palestine and its bordering countries ( syria and jordan ), in cairo and north african coast. giant gates forming part of the defensive system as well as elements of ceremonial furniture ( victory ) were also erected along these ramparts. the oldest of these is bab raqqa in baghdad of al - mansur ( in 772 ) ( creswell, 1958 ), and bab alfutuh in cairo ( 11th century ). muslim keen interest in trade produced highly developed architecture in the form of numerous caravanserais, warehouses ( qaysariya or khan ) and suqs ( bazaars ) which formed the economic heart of the muslim city. in engineering architecture, muslims managed to create ensembles of structures combining high degree of engineering, functionality and outstanding beauty. their bridges, fountains and reservoirs also form fascinating elements showing sense of purpose and professional excellence. a feature that was instructed and nurtured by the prophet ( pbuh ) himself who declared that : \" allah loves that when one accomplishes a task, to perfect it. \" by : fstc limited, thu 17 january, 2002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4651483506921187, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.449753"} {"text": "( also called ' blood pressure - high ', ' bp ( high blood pressure ) ', ' high blood pressure ' ) what is high blood pressure? blood pressure is the measurement of the pressure or force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls. the heart pumps blood into the arteries ( blood vessels ), which carry the blood throughout the body. high blood pressure, also called hypertension, means the pressure in your arteries is above the normal range. in most cases, no one knows what causes high blood pressure. how is blood pressure recorded? blood pressure is written as two numbers, such as 118 / 72. the first number is the systolic pressure. this is the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and fills them with blood. the second number is the diastolic pressure. this is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. what is a normal blood pressure reading? | type of blood pressure reading | | normal blood pressure | | stage 1 hypertension | | stage 2 hypertension | | less than 120 mmhg | | 160 mmhg and above | | less than 80 mmhg | | 100 mmhg and above | mmhg = millimeters of mercury \u2013 the unit of measure for blood pressure how will i know if i have high blood pressure? your health care provider can tell you if you have high blood pressure by checking your blood pressure with a special meter. you usually cannot feel high blood pressure. many people who have high blood pressure don ' t know they have it. you should have your blood pressure checked once a year to make sure you don \u2019 t have high blood pressure. do not rely on drug store measurements, as they may not be accurate. what can happen if high blood pressure is not treated? - enlarged heart - heart failure - peripheral vascular disease - heart attack - kidney disease / failure who is more likely to have high blood pressure? - people with family members who have high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes - african americans - women who are pregnant - women who take birth control pills - people over 35 - people who are overweight - people who are not active - people who drink a lot of alcohol - people who eat too many fatty foods or foods with too much salt - people who smoke what should i do if i have high blood pressure? - if you have been diagnosed with high blood pressure, you should aim to lower your blood pressure to less than 140 / 90, or to less than 130 / 80 if you have diabetes or kidney disease. - check your own blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5202915617559025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.454953"} {"text": "high blood pressure? - if you have been diagnosed with high blood pressure, you should aim to lower your blood pressure to less than 140 / 90, or to less than 130 / 80 if you have diabetes or kidney disease. - check your own blood pressure at home as recommended. - eat healthy foods that are low in salt and fat. - achieve and maintain your ideal body weight. - limit alcohol to no more than two drinks each day. one drink is defined as 1 oz of alcohol, 5 oz of wine, or 12 oz of beer. - be more physically active. - quit smoking. - work on controlling anger and managing stress. - take high blood pressure medicine if your health care provider prescribes it, and follow the health care provider \u2019 s directions carefully. - have regular blood pressure checks by your health care provider. what should i include in my diet to control high blood pressure? - eat foods that are lower in fat, salt, and calories such as skim or 1 % milk, fresh vegetables and fruit, and plain rice and pasta. ( ask your doctor or health care provider for a more detailed list of salt - free foods to eat. ) - use flavorings, spices, and herbs to make foods tasty without using salt. - avoid or cut down on butter and margarine, regular salad dressings, fatty meats, whole milk dairy products, fried foods, and salted snacks. - ask your health care provider if you should increase potassium in your diet or if you need to take a potassium supplement. how can i be more active? - check first with your health care provider before increasing your physical activity. ask your provider what type and amount of exercise is right for you. - choose aerobic activities such as walking, biking, or swimming. - start slowly and increase activity gradually. aim for a regular routine of activity three to five times a week for 30 to 45 minutes each session. what should i know about blood pressure medicine? there are many different medicines to treat high blood pressure, and you might need to take medicine from now on. if you are told by your health care provider to take high blood pressure medicine, be sure to follow the exact directions. also ask what side effects can happen with your medicine, and talk to your health care provider about any problems or side effects you might have with your medicine. lastly, do not stop taking the medicine on your own. how can i learn more about high blood pressure? talk to your health care provider or visit your local library. you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.409765168883421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.456043"} {"text": "9 principles of safe - fail probes in a fail - safe environment, the key objective is to prevent things going wrong. it is a system that has been structured such that it cannot fail ( or that the probability of such failure is extremely low ) to accomplish its assigned mission. high levels of planning and predictability accompany any such initiatives. indeed, some contexts demand this kind of rigour - take for example the recent serious of \" could - have - been - worse \" incidents in the south african civil aviation arena. every eventuality must be covered, and when there is the slightest doubt, get the plane onto the ground, even if it is only the backup system that has given a warning. however, not all environments are as predictable the engineering surrounding an aircraft.. ; ( not that all of civil aviation is predictable - just consider the number of planes, people, airports, weather phenomena, passenger behaviour patterns, and the like - i refer here mainly to the technical safety of an aircraft ). some contexts require a different approach completely. this is is the realm, not of the complicated but predictable, but of the complex and unpredictable. in the complex world ( now we can talk about all those other things in civil aviation ), we rather need to create ways that allow unpredictable things to happen, and then to have a plan to deal with them, and learn from them. moreover, we can even create situations that will test the stability ( or lack thereof ) of a complex system, and then observe the results. if it goes wrong, that is ok - it is allowed to. we can call these types of interventions or events, safe - fail. i would like to suggest that when we are deliberately setting about to the test the patterns that exist in complex systems by means of these experiments, or probes, we should consider the following 9 principles : - don ' t be afraid to experiment - some will fail. - every experiment will be different - don ' t use the cookie - cutter approach when designing interventions. - don ' t learn the same lesson twice - or maybe i should say, don ' t make the same mistake twice. - start with a low - risk area when you begin to experiment with a system. - design an experiment that can be measured. that is, know what the success and failure indicators of each experiment are. - don ' t be afraid - did i mention that already? - try doing multiple experiments on the same system - even at the same time. some will work, some will fail - good. shut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5360415153598422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.460013"} {"text": "you are here review : the creation controversy & the science classroom one of the greatest needs for biology instruction is an understanding of why many students consider a fundamental theory of science to be faulty and what to do about it pedagogically. a deeper understanding of students ' underpinning religious beliefs concerning evolution, the age of the earth, and science in general benefits biology instructors ( and other science instructors as well ) in helping to comprehend students ' learning roadblocks, why the roadblocks exist, the history of the roadblocks, and why everyone does not share such roadblocks. naturally such an understanding is helpful, but also important is how instructors can nevertheless increase student understanding of such a publicly controversial topic as evolution. appropriately, the national science teachers association published a 56 - page booklet containing two chapters responding to these two needs of understanding and strategies : the creation controversy & the science classroom. the work is divided into two chapters, each addressing one of these needs : \" modern science and the book of genesis \" by james skehan and \" effective strategies for teaching evolution and other controversial topics \" by craig nelson. in his chapter, skehan \u2014 an ncse supporter \u2014 starts by taking readers through why people believed in a young earth in the past and why some still do today. he explains that both scientific education and religious education are important in a civilized society. he personally believes that the god of the bible created the universe and the physical processes driving physical and biological evolution \u2014 identifying himself as a theistic evolutionist. in explaining the genesis of genesis, skehan succinctly recounts st augustine ' s reasoning, the external evidence for the biblical authors, the evidence from the genesis document itself, varying traditions of scripture scholars, and how creationists differ from those in the mainstream of scriptural studies. the significant difference between creationists and most biblical scholars is the creationist belief that the bible is to be taken literally and must not be interpreted by techniques used on other literary works. a transition is then made to creationist attempts to determine the age of the earth from the bible. skehan explains how and why biblical scholarship and science have changed over the years, including sections on the age of the earth as calculated from the bible, and the physical and biological data concerning the age and evolution of the earth. the chapter ends by summarizing the creationists ' ultimate position : if there is a conflict between science and a literal interpretation of the bible, then science is wrong. skehan explains how religious and scientific endeavors are two different kinds of knowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5291872486542004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.474586"} {"text": "earth. the chapter ends by summarizing the creationists ' ultimate position : if there is a conflict between science and a literal interpretation of the bible, then science is wrong. skehan explains how religious and scientific endeavors are two different kinds of knowledge, explaining that those who misrepresent the bible as science, rather than a theological document, are damaging religion. the reader quickly comes to understand that the reasons why creationist students believe what they do about evolution often has as much ( or more ) to do with biblical illiteracy or marginal literalist traditions than with misconceptions in science. because of this problem, skehan goes as far as to state : the education of every science teacher who is likely to face the creation science mindset should include something about the premises and procedures of modern biblical scholarship ( p 16 - 7 ). class = \" rncse \" > probably everyone would wholeheartedly agree that it would benefit science teachers better to understand the reasons for their students ' learning roadblocks, but encouraging future teachers to take biblical scholarship training to become public high school science teachers will be suspect by some \u2014 including many practicing science teachers. yet it could be plausibly argued that because the history and philosophy of science has included brushes and entanglements ( to say the least ) with biblical scholarship, and because the history and philosophy of science should be integrated in science courses, the education of science teachers should therefore include some biblical scholarship. however, skehan goes further and states that : teachers must be able to help students from varied backgrounds... realize that there is no necessary conflict between interpretations of data from scientific studies and religious beliefs based on the bible ( p 2 ). class = \" rncse \" > this is a stimulating statement. most people would probably have no problem with students ' coming to an understanding that no conflict exists between science and the bible as a by - product of public school education. however, many more people might take issue with preparing public school science teachers to be able to help students to realize that their religious tradition is erroneous ( or at least part of their religious tradition is erroneous ). it is a subtle distinction that can be an intriguing point of discussion for educators. this first chapter is a concise, detail - rich history of some of the relevant issues concerning science and biblical scholarship, with a good relevant criticism of creationism woven throughout for instructors wanting better to understand the biblical beliefs that may underpin their students ' concluding that the science of evolution is unsound \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5611698227045809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.475884"} {"text": "history of some of the relevant issues concerning science and biblical scholarship, with a good relevant criticism of creationism woven throughout for instructors wanting better to understand the biblical beliefs that may underpin their students ' concluding that the science of evolution is unsound \u2014 all in only 18 pages! nelson ' s chapter on effective strategies for teaching evolution is also to the point, with a great number of useful ideas and strategies packed in a short read. his recommendations are useful not only for teaching evolution to a variety of students but also for teaching many other controversial issues. he believes that most other major scientific theories, which may be less well understood by the public than evolution is, would be rejected even more widely if the public understood these theories well. the chapter begins with a discussion of key pedagogical strategies with corresponding problems, emphasizing the fundamental role of \" active learning \". the results of empirical studies supporting the use of these strategies in college - level education are given to show the significant positive effects of active learning compared to using only traditional didactic pedagogy and passive learning practices. nelson then turns his attention to problems that arise from traditional content and curricula, emphasizing that instructors can make considerable changes here also. some problems addressed are : ( a ) in the rush to cover the material, teachers often present just the conclusions, leaving out the importance of science ' s evidence - based critical thinking ; ( b ) too often teachers appear to present all topics in science as equally well supported ( even though evolution is far more supported than many other accepted scientific concepts ) ; and ( c ) words are often used in science education in a way contradictory to students ' common usage. not all pedagogical problems arise from using traditional pedagogy and content ; many arise from outside traditional pedagogy and content. nelson addresses some of these problems, such as public controversies that usually rest on disagreements about consequences of the science. employing a \" rusty hand - grenade \" as his key metaphor, nelson effectively illustrates risk analysis in a manner understandable to virtually all students. the intended result is that students can rationally disagree on how strong the evidence must be to justify various decisions based on the trade - offs \u2014 as recognized by students. this examination of trade - offs and consequences is then considered in light of teaching evolution. students who perceive they have much more to risk ( for example, eternal salvation ) may require a great deal more evidence of the soundness of evolution than those students who feel they have little to risk. before nelson proceeds to more explicit juxt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5732360366591847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.477031"} {"text": "evolution. students who perceive they have much more to risk ( for example, eternal salvation ) may require a great deal more evidence of the soundness of evolution than those students who feel they have little to risk. before nelson proceeds to more explicit juxtaposing of evolution and types of creation, he effectively cautions his science - teacher readers not to incorporate the religious consequence approaches if they feel uncomfortable. the tools that he gives for bridging false creation / evolution dichotomies are certainly useful in post - secondary education, but some may be problematic to implement in public high school science courses due to their religious nature. however, even if some teachers are uncomfortable with personally implementing such approaches, the material is important for all teachers to understand. more strategies are given for matters arising from outside traditional pedagogy and content. the ubiquitous problem of students ' wanting teachers just to tell them what to memorize is countered with three separate strategies : ( a ) teaching the \" game \" of science \u2014 and explaining why evolution is good science, ( b ) drawing a clear distinction between what science does and what religion does, and ( c ) focusing on humans \u2014 because most students are quite interested in the details of the evidence for human evolution, they will be more motivated to do the necessary work for higher - level understanding. the chapter ends with a table of 21 evolution questions with brief answers from \" quick creation \" ( sometimes including \" gradual creation \" ) and basic science, including lines of evidence and applications. the information from the table is to be used in a very understandable \" big mac \" metaphor for helping students to learn the wide variation in strength of support among different statements about evolution. nelson claims the strategies in the chapter make teaching more inclusive, effective, and fun. i certainly agree.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5636074186826299, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.477812"} {"text": "media briefing : influenza a ( h1n1 ) ( conducted by dr. jon k. andrus, pan american health organization, may 11, 2009 ) good afternoon. welcome again to members of the press corps on the line, and thank you for taking the time to listen to today \u2019 s briefing by the pan american health organization on the influenza a ( h1n1 ) epidemic. - today, i will focus on two issues : firstly, an update on the influenza a ( h1n1 ) candidate vaccines, and then secondly, implications of public health disease surveillance. - as expected, the h1n1 virus is spreading south to more countries of central and south america. we estimate that in the americas > 4700 cases have been reported. a total of 54 deaths have been reported : mexico 48, usa 4, canada 1, and costa rica 1. - we are dealing with a new disease caused by a new virus that no one has ever seen before. therefore, humans have no prior protective immunity and we just don ' t know what is going to happen. - one very positive development is the number of institutions advancing rapidly on the vaccine front. who collaborating centers at the cdc in atlanta, and the national institute for biological standards and control in the uk are among a half - dozen laboratories that are developing candidate vaccine viruses using reverse genetics technology, and two of these expect to have their candidate viruses ready by the end of the month. - at least 3 other laboratories are working on vaccine virus candidates using the classical reassortant technology, and four others are developing vaccine potency reagents. - in addition, wild virus samples have been sent directly to at least 10 vaccine manufacturers for use in developing the necessary vaccines. - as i have said before, this rapid progress means that we may have h1n1 vaccines available within the next 6 months. meanwhile, we need to remain focused on what we can do as individuals, and what our society as a whole can do to support our individual actions. - from an individual standpoint, i need to ask myself : what can i do to protect myself and my family from catching influenza a ( h1n1 )? - the main route of transmission of the new influenza a ( h1n1 ) virus seems to be similar to seasonal influenza, via droplets that can be expelled by speaking, sneezing or coughing. - you can prevent getting infected : by avoiding close contact with people who show influenza - like symptoms by trying to maintain a distance of about 1 metre if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4503300394757721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.481939"} {"text": "similar to seasonal influenza, via droplets that can be expelled by speaking, sneezing or coughing. - you can prevent getting infected : by avoiding close contact with people who show influenza - like symptoms by trying to maintain a distance of about 1 metre if possible, and by taking the following measures : - avoid touching your mouth and nose ; - clean hands thoroughly and frequently with soap and water ; you can also use an alcohol - based hand rub on a regular basis ; - reduce the time spent in crowded settings if possible ; - improve airflow in your living space by opening windows ; - practice good health habits including adequate sleep, eating nutritious food, and keeping physically active. - so what can society and the public health infra - structure do to control this outbreak? with a new disease, we need the best information to be able to understand it and therefore take the measures that will ensure the most effective outbreak response. - in the early phase of the epidemic, when countries try to combat the first cases, they try containment strategies, such as school closure and restricting attendance to public events. these strategies may help slow down the outbreak, which is good. we want to avoid overwhelming the health system. - we are learning that these measures may be helpful during the initial phases, particularly if the first cases in a country are from a smaller village or school. - eventually, though, transmission spreads, and such measures are much less effective, if at all, during the later phases of the outbreak. - by far, one of the most important things we can do is implement effective surveillance so we can monitor trends and better understand risk factors. - effective disease surveillance will help us identify people who have a more severe form of the disease so they can receive life - saving attention and treatments in a more timely fashion. - we have learned that the deaths in mexico have occurred generally in two groups : one group includes people with chronic disease and the other includes young, healthy adults aged 20 - 40 years. the first group makes sense : they have chronic diseases which pose well - known risk factors for complications when stressed with acute infection. what we have learned about the second group is that these folks tended to reach the health facilities late, and therefore received the necessary medical attention and treatments late. - so, enhanced, more effective surveillance should help us prevent unnecessary deaths in countries newly reporting cases, particularly in the southern hemisphere. - paho and cdc are working to ensure as many of the accurate test kits as possible are getting to the countries. we are also discussing plans to ensure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4588480691946457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.486348"} {"text": "children of immigrants often have trouble fitting into north american culture. language is at the heart of the problem. some children of immigrants reject their native language and culture in hopes of fitting in. parents are concerned that different generations in the family may not be able to speak to each other. they are left with a balancing act of preserving language, while joining the american melting pot. about 20 children bubbling with energy gather in a brightly decorated classroom at the end of the school day. spanish and english words fly around the room. a couple adult volunteers try to give instructions in spanish. this is owatonna ' s club latino, an after school program for children in grades 1 - 8. it ' s a place where children gather once a week to be reminded of their roots. they make pinatas and other crafts, eat mexican food and play games that help them practice their spanish. consuelo contreras, who helps organize the group, has a 10 - year old daughter. speaking through a translator, she says her daughter did not want to speak spanish with her in school. \" she felt embarrassed that other people could hear her speaking another language. it ' s really difficult to bring a child to another country speaking a foreign language. \" contreras says many times when immigrant children first arrive in the united states, their self esteem suffers along with their grades. she ' s seen a positive change in her daughter since club latino started. claudia silva rodriguez, 17, is a teen leader with club latino. she moved to owatonna two years ago from mexico with her immediate family. she says life was really difficult here initially. speaking through a translator, she says at school she met a few teenagers who have forgotten or rejected their first language. \" i say ' hola. ' they say ' hi. ' i ask, ' do you speak spanish? ' they say, ' no. ' they speak only english but they ' re latinos. it ' s bad, \" says rodriguez. rodriguez says she ' s proud to be mexican - american. judy auger, esol program coordinator for rochester public schools, says it ' s more difficult for immigrants who come to the u. s. as teenagers. \" they want desperately to fit into this culture, \" auger says. \" and fitting into this culture means wearing what other students wear. perhaps that means participating in activities. if they want to fit in, sometimes that means rejecting everything about their own culture. \" she says last year there were 58 different languages spoken in the rochester", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4430200166431476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.492004"} {"text": "and fitting into this culture means wearing what other students wear. perhaps that means participating in activities. if they want to fit in, sometimes that means rejecting everything about their own culture. \" she says last year there were 58 different languages spoken in the rochester schools - - too many for the schools to offer bilingual programs. auger encourages parents to speak the first language to their children at home. this issue is nothing new. every immigrant group throughout u. s. history has had to struggle to find a balance between maintaining culture and fitting in. in the late 1800s, it was the norwegians. kathleen stokker, norwegian professor at luther college in decorah, says when norwegians first started coming to minnesota, norway was overpopulated and norwegians wanted to give their children a better life. but the generation gap between children and parents became a cultural gap as well. \" children view the customs and world view and values of the parent generation - which they identify as very old country - as something to almost be ashamed of because it doesn ' t fit in, \" stokker says. she says her parents never taught her norwegian because it was important to be a part of the melting pot. \" teddy roosevelt said, ' there is no room in america for hyphenated americans. we are all either americans or we are not americans, ' \" stokker says. \" and this put just a terrible chill into the continuation of any kind of ethnic identification. parents came to feel very strongly that they would be doing their children a disservice by continuing to teach them the language. \" stokker says history has repeated itself. getting in touch with roots has become a popular pastime. but she says the recent flag - waving in the united states has been reminiscent of the nationalism felt during world war i. tensions introduced by sept. 11 led to intolerance of minorities. for many immigrants, fitting in has been more challenging than ever. some of the recent waves of immigrants - latino, hmong, somali, bosnian and thai - have succeeded in protecting their cultural identity through groups like club latino. but for smaller communities, it ' s up to the parents. sarun prum, a cambodian refugee, moved to rochester and started a family several years ago. his three children speak english at home, but prum speaks to them in khmer. it ' s important for prum that his children communicate with their grandparents in cambodia. prum ' s oldest daughter is 15. he says it wasn ' t until her junior high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43761647800276066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.492952"} {"text": "speak english at home, but prum speaks to them in khmer. it ' s important for prum that his children communicate with their grandparents in cambodia. prum ' s oldest daughter is 15. he says it wasn ' t until her junior high teacher showed her class the movie the killing fields that she became interested in her heritage. \" she asked me, ' is it where you come from? ' \" prum recalls. \" it was a very good tool. her teacher ask her to interview me so she had to learn from me. she must do her homework. if sitting at the table and i was telling story of cambodia ( sic ), maybe she doesn ' t want to listen. \" prum told her about what life was like when he was her age. \" the war started 1968 in our hometown, so we started running from place to place from war at the age of 9, \" he says. \" so i lost that age. i told them that. i say you have a lot. i miss a lot of what you have right now. \" the cambodian government is still unstable, but prum says the killing has stopped. he says once his children are fine on their own he ' ll return to cambodia. some youngsters see advantages to being bilingual. in owatonna, 9 - year - old stephanie ortiz looks forward to club latino each week. ortiz was born in the united states but her parents are from mexico. she speaks spanish at home and english at school. \" people say its a very good thing when you know two languages, \" ortiz says. \" and you ' ll get a good job when you grow up. you ' re lucky and stuff. and people ask me, ' how do you say this? ' ' how do you say that? ' it ' s pretty cool. \" ortiz says she ' s been translating for some of her classmates since the first grade. and she says that ' s pretty cool, too. more from mpr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43410794735974534, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.493629"} {"text": "earth absorbs more of our co2 emissions : science even as man ' s output of earth - warming co2 has risen, so has the capacity of plants and the oceans to absorb it, scientists said wednesday, but warned this may not last forever. carbon storage by land and sea, known as carbon sinks, has more than doubled in the past 50 years from about 2. 4 billion tonnes in 1960 to some five billion tonnes in 2010, said a study in nature. at the same time, fossil - fuel co2 emissions rose almost four - fold. \" the growth rate of atmospheric co2 continues to rise because fossil fuel emissions are accelerating not because sinks are diminishing, \" researcher ashley ballantyne of the university of colorado ' s geology department told afp. the finding was contrary to widespread expectations that carbon sinks were slowing their co2 uptake. \" we were somewhat surprised by this result because several recent studies have been published showing that the land and oceans have been taking up less co2, \" said ballantyne. \" we discovered that the earth continues to take up more co2 every year and there is no indication that this uptake has weakened. \" ballantyne and colleagues used reported annual changes in atmospheric co2 levels, from which they subtracted annual total man - made emissions to quantify earth ' s uptake. about half of man - made co2 emissions caused by burning fossil fuels and land - use changes such as deforestation, are taken up by plants and the oceans. co2 can be stored away deep in the oceans for centuries. plants and trees also use co2 but later return it to the atmosphere through respiration or the burning of forests, for example. \" we don ' t expect this uptake to continue to increase indefinitely because increased temperature as a result of rising co2 may limit the net uptake of co2 by land and oceans, \" said ballantyne. in fact, carbon sinks may become new sources of co2 within the next century. \" obviously if the earth suddenly stopped taking up as much co2 this would have potentially catastrophic consequences for earth ' s climate system. \" better understanding of these processes is crucial for climate change planning. \" it makes a big difference whether the extra carbon emitted is stored in reservoirs such as the deep oceans, where it could stay for hundreds or thousands of years, or whether it is taken up by the growth of new forests where it would stay for only a few years or decades, \" german scientist ingeborg levin said in a comment that accompanied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4526913710853483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.496112"} {"text": "michael idvorsky pupin was american physicist who devised a means of greatly extending the range of long - distance telephone communication by placing loading coils of wire at predetermined intervals along the transmitting wire. he invented the tuned oscillating circuit, which made possible the simultaneous transmission of several messages. pupin \u2019 s house in idvory michael ( mihailo ) idvarsky pupin was born in idvor, little serbian village, in province of banat near belgrade, on october 9, 1854. he watched at night with other village boys to keep the oxes from straying beyond their pasture into the fields of tall corn and falling prey to the cattle - thieves who lay there in hiding. later he wrote : \u201c my life as a scientist began with the questions i asked myself in the blackness of midnight when i lay with my ear pressed to the ground listening to the secret code of our little band of village boys. \u201d the young herdsmen were trained by their leader to send signals through the ground to each other in time of danger. with their long wooden - handled knives plunged deep in the earth, they made a sound by rapping on the stout handles. this, their comrades, listening with ears pressed close to the ground, could hear at a considerable distance. the boys discovered that the rap - rap of their signals could not be carried through the air, nor could it be heard over the soft plowed land of the corn - fields. but they became expert in sending warnings to each other through the hard earth of the open fields, knowing that the rumanian thieves who might be lurking among the corn could not overheard the sound and locate the watchers. when he asked his teacher why the sound was lost in the air, he shook his head in a puzzled faction \u201c there are many things we can not explain. \u201d through many years he never stopped trying to find an answer to that question, pressing on through many adventures with science which brought that best reward of hard work in which all people have a share. pupin was a son of illiterate parents who encouraged his education. in his early formation most important was the influence of his mother, a religious woman who knew the old and new testaments and the lives of the popular saints. after attending the local school in idvor, his education progressed in panchevo, and then prague. in 1874, after the sudden death of his father, pupin emigrated to new york. he was a penniless immigrant, a boy sixteen years of age, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5529296004769847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.507220"} {"text": "in idvor, his education progressed in panchevo, and then prague. in 1874, after the sudden death of his father, pupin emigrated to new york. he was a penniless immigrant, a boy sixteen years of age, but eager to learn. to earn a living he worked on a farm, carried coal for vapour machines, painted walls, but at the same time he was studying, first the english language, later history, greek and latin, and natural sciences. in 1879 after the entrance examination in columbia university, new york city, he was awarded a scholarship. he became popular among his fellow students for his friendliness and sporting achievements ( e. g. he won an inter - class wrestling match in 1880 ), and was graduated with honors in 1883. michael pupin wins inter - class wrestling match, 1880 pupin became a u. s. citizen the day before graduation. after his graduation, at columbia in 1883, pupin spent two years at cambridgeuniversity, england, studying mathematics. he continued his education in 1885, as john tyndall fellow of columbia university, at the university of berlin, studying and conducting research in experimental physics under hermann von helmholtz. he obtained his ph. d. in berlin in 1889. his earliest interest, when still as a student in berlin, was in physical chemistry, and his doctor \u2019 s dissertation \u201c osmotic pressure and its relation to free energy \u201d related to this subject. michael pupin returned to new york in 1889 to assume the position of teacher of mathematical physics at columbia ; he and francis bacon crocker comprised the faculty of the newly - created department of electrical engineering there. though the department could make no claims to having the most modern or even sufficient equipment \u2013 the laboratory building was known as \u201c the cowshed \u201d \u2013 pupin completed some of his most important work during these early years at columbia. he remained with columbia for life, progressing through the ranks to instructor in 1890, adjunct professor in 1892, professor in 1901 and professor emeritus in 1931. during his long career, he numbered gano dunn, robert millikan, edwin armstrong and irving langmuir among his students. his position gradually directed his interest to the study of electromagnetic phenomena. the subject of electrical resonance engaged his attention between 1892 and 1895, and resulted in the electrical tuning which is now universally applied in all radio work. the patents for electrical tuning he sold to the marconi co. at the same time the marconi co. acquired his invention of the recti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47178139615454023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.508477"} {"text": "between 1892 and 1895, and resulted in the electrical tuning which is now universally applied in all radio work. the patents for electrical tuning he sold to the marconi co. at the same time the marconi co. acquired his invention of the rectification of high frequency electrical waves. this invention is considered the basis of rectification now universally applied in radio. in april, 1896, he discovered the secondary x - ray radiation and is today credited with this discovery. considering that secondary x - ray radiation is universally employed in the study of x - ray spectra, it is obvious that pupin \u2019 s discovery is a very important contribution to electron physics. in february, 1896, he discovered a rapid method of x - ray photography which consisted in the interposition of a fluorescent screen between the object to be photographed and the photographic plate. thomas edison gave pupin a fluorescent screen which pupin placed on top of the photographic plate, the x - ray acted on the fluorescent screen, which radiates secondary x - rays, those rays act on the photographic plate. this shortened the time of exposure from about an hour to a few seconds. this method of x - ray photography, originated by pupin, is now in universal use. in 1896 pupin made in chicago the first therapeuticapplication of x - rays to a lady with breast cancer. seeking recovery from a very serious attack of pneumonia and a general breakdown from overwork, professor michael idvorsky pupin first came to norfolk in 1896. his health was so much benefited that he came again in 1897, staying at the curtis house. he then bought the old eggleston farm and erected his residence in the winter of 1898. professor pupin was among the first of the summer visitors to call attention to the beauties of tobey pond in norfolk, and gave expression to his belief in these beauties by buying a large portion of land and building a boathouse there. he is also very fond of horseback riding and on his favorite irish hunter, clipper, has explored almost every inch of ground within twenty miles of norfolk. pupin riding irish hunter clipper pupin was compelled in 1896 to give up x - ray work and he then devoted himself to the theory of telegraphic and telephonic transmission over conducting wires, and particularly over telephone cables. transmission over telephone cables became a very important problem thirty years ago, because american cities had passed an ordinance demanding that all telephone conductors within city limits be placed underground. pupin solved this problem completely by proving mathematically and experimentally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5753247160420183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.509506"} {"text": "particularly over telephone cables. transmission over telephone cables became a very important problem thirty years ago, because american cities had passed an ordinance demanding that all telephone conductors within city limits be placed underground. pupin solved this problem completely by proving mathematically and experimentally, that inductance coils placed in a cable at definite intervals, determined by the wave lengths which were to be transmitted, made the cable equivalent to overhead conductors of high inductance, and this diminished both distortion and attenuation. in this connection pupin developed the toroidal form of inductance coil without which the theoretical results would have had small practical value, because otherwise coils belonging to different telephonic circuits would have mutual inductance, and this would result in cross - talk. a toroidal inductance coil has no external circuits. this type of telephone cable was developed by the western electric co., in new york, and by siemens - halske of berlin, and it revolutionised telephonic transmission. it was estimated that in first twenty two years this invention had saved over a hundred million dollars. \u201d where are those one hundred million dollars which the invention has saved? \u201d pupin asked. \u201c i know that not even a microscopic part of them is in the pockets of the inventor. i have figured out also, with the same accuracy with which i once figured out the invention, that those hundred million dollars are not in the pockets of the telephone company. they must be, therefore, in the pockets of the american public. the invention made it possible to provide the telephone service, which is now being given, at a lower rate than would otherwise have been possible. \u201d it should be mentioned here that in his essay of 1899, entitled \u201c transmission over non - uniform conductors \u201d, pupin gave the first mathematical treatment of electrical transmission over the so - called artificial lines and this theory is the foundation of the modern electrical filters used so much in telephonic, telegraphic and radio transmission. pupin painting by paje jovanovica during the world war i pupin and his scientific committee were doing research work for the purpose of developing a system of submarine detection and a system of telephonic communication between aeroplanes. pupin has been studying theoretically, as well as experimentally, electrical transmission over submarine cables, and has succeeded to extend lord kelvin \u2019 s mathematical treatment of this subject. the result of this study is a new type of artificial line to be used in duplex working of submarine cables. pupin discovered sonar,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5615894085609718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.510474"} {"text": ", electrical transmission over submarine cables, and has succeeded to extend lord kelvin \u2019 s mathematical treatment of this subject. the result of this study is a new type of artificial line to be used in duplex working of submarine cables. pupin discovered sonar, a method of detecting enemy u - boats in the atlantic during wwi, which harassed allied ships on sea. the sonar discovery was a request from president wilson. his principle publications are \u201c on electrical resonance, \u201d \u201c on long electrical waves, \u201d and \u201c wave transmission over cables. \u201d in total pupin acquired 24 patents and these made him a wealthy man. the first one in 1894 and the last in 1923. inventions are in the fields of telephony, telegraphy and radio. he became world famous inventing the process of pupinisation, which made very long distance transmission of text and speech possible. so, this process was given his name. michael pupin in his laboratory professor m. i. pupin of columbia university ( center of the front row ), and david sarnoff, general manager of the radio corporation of america, went to greenwich to visit the 1bcg radio station made by howard armstrong, and as professor pupin put it, in his inimitable way, \u201c to see what you boys are doing \u201d. being a broad - minded person he made many donations, mostly for his country of origin. after world war i, at the time of the creation of yugoslavia, he played an influential role in the diplomatic arrangements through his connection with president woodrow wilson. in the united states he was active in establishing the american physical society. his warm personality inspired many of his students, among them two nobel prize winners, millikan and langmuir. the famous physicist isidor rabi described the sensation felt by many that \u201c when pupin leaves the room there is a feeling that the lights have gone out \u201d. pupin and einstein pupin was elected to the national academy of sciences and contributed much to funding of the american mathematical society and the american physical society and to the formation of the national research council. professor pupin was president of the new york electrical society ; vice president of the american institute of electrical engineers ; chairman of the section of astronomy, physics, and chemsitry of the new york academy of sciences ; member of the council of the american physical society ; member of the american mathematical society ; member of the american philosophical society ; fellow of the american association for advancement of science. pupin was advisor to the yugoslavian delegation to the paris", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5823059282355095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.511513"} {"text": "academy of sciences ; member of the council of the american physical society ; member of the american mathematical society ; member of the american philosophical society ; fellow of the american association for advancement of science. pupin was advisor to the yugoslavian delegation to the paris peace conference in 1919, which contributed significantly to the formation of former yugoslavia. pupin was an eloquent speaker with a poetic imagination and an extraordinary personality. his scientific addresses always carried the basic theme of idealism in science, and he never failed to stress idealism in life. a painting of michael pupin by carle blenner in pupin hall, columbia university, new york. the personal thoughts of pupin on his life are vividly described in his autobiography \u201c from immigrant to inventor \u201d which won the pulitzer prize in 1924 as the best autobiography in america, because \u2018 your work stimulates patriotic and unselfish support for the people \u2019. there is a film about michael idvorsky pupin, a serbian - american inventor, a great educator, professor of columbia university, an applied physicist, an important social figure in america at his time. he was one of the great shining stars in the history of american science. the film was produced after his famous book \u201c from immigrant to inventor \u201d. columbia university collaborated in the production of this film. pupin was married to sarah catherine jackson, who gave him daughter varvava ( barbara ). pupin received many awards and decorations for his service to science ; these included five medals and 18 honorary degrees including : the elliot cresson medal of the franklin institute ( 1902 ) ; the hobort prize of the french academy ( 1916 ) ; the edison medal of the american institute of electrical engineers ( 1920 ) ; the medal of honor of the radio institute of america ; the gold medal of the american institute of social sciences ; the washington award of the western society of engineers ( 1928 ) ; john fritz medal ( 1932 ). michail pupin died of kidney failure on march 12, 1935, in new york city. this is a photo from pupin \u2019 s funeral which was held in the cathedral of saint jones the divine on new york city. pupin \u2019 s grave is at woodlawn cemetery, bronx, new york pupin \u2019 s laboratory was in this building erected in 1925. after his death in 1935 columbia university named his laboratory \u201c pupin physics laboratory \u201d. twenty - eight american scientists researching in pupin physics laboratory received the nobel prize. the preliminary scientific investigations for the first atomic bomb in america, took place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4904054438277149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.512494"} {"text": "autocross is a form of motorsports that emphasizes safe, low - cost competition and active participation. an autocross is a timed competition where drivers navigate one at a time through a temporary course marked by traffic cones, rather than racing on a track with multiple other cars, as in road racing or oval racing. autocross tends to place more emphasis on car handling and driver skill than on sheer horsepower, and events typically have many classes which allow almost any vehicle, from economy sedans to purpose - built vehicles, to compete. autocross events are usually held in large paved areas like parking lots or airfields. typically, new courses are created for each event so drivers must learn a new course each time they compete. a one - day course on the fundamentals of performance driving. appropriate for novices and experienced drivers alike, driver skills provides all participants with lots of seat time and personalized 1 : 1 instruction. types of driving include : slalom, wet skidpad, threshold braking and accident avoidance. advanced slalom, handling oval, autocross. auto / car shows that occur on a more frequent basis, like weekly. it ' s not known if there is a regularly accepted term for these more frequent, informal \" car rallies \" or \" car enthusiasts events \". some meeting events have themes, such as classic cars, hot rods, etc. in any case, these car gathering events are more localized, typically consisting of car enthusiasts who meet to socialize and enjoy their enthusiasm with other car owners. drag racing is a competition in which vehicles compete to be the first to cross a set finish line, usually from a standing start, and in a straight line. first gaining popularity in the usa after world war ii, the sport steadily grew in popularity and spread across the globe. most drag races begin with a standing start and are just 1 / 4 mile long ( 1, 320 ft ( 400 m ) ). races last between 3. 9 and 17 seconds, with finishing speeds ranging from 80 to over 330 mph ( 530 km / h ), depending upon the type of vehicle being used. lapping days are an untimed, non - competition event where experienced drivers can take their cars to their limits in a safe environment. motocross is a form of motorcycle sport or all - terrain vehicle racing held on enclosed off road circuits. motocross is derived from the french, and traces its origins to british scrambling competitions. the name \" motocross \" is a portmanteau derived from the words \" motorcycle \" and \" cross country \". motorcycle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5325906593485699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.516796"} {"text": "fannie lou hamer ( 1917 - 1977 ) fannie lou hamer was born in montgomery county, mississippi in 1917. forty - seven years earlier, the 15th amendment had given african - americans the right to vote. in 1920, three years after her birth, the 19th amendment granted suffrage to american women. yet, because of oppressive social circumstances, it wasn \u2019 t until 1962, when she was 45, that hamer learned that she had a right to vote as an american citizen. from that day, hamer became a leader in the struggle for civil rights, social equality, and economic improvement for the african - american community. fannie lou townshend was born into poverty, the youngest of 20 children, to sharecroppers lou ella and jim townshend. she joined her family members in the cotton fields at age six and was forced to leave school at age 12 because she could no longer afford to attend. in 1944, she married perry hamer, and the couple worked in the fields of mississippi plantation owner b. d. marlowe. fannie also took on the responsibilities of house cleaner and plantation timekeeper because she was the only worker who could read and write. the couple toiled under terrible conditions for marlowe until 1962, when tragedy, injustice, and courage led fannie lou down a new path. in 1962, fannie lou hamer underwent surgery to remove a small uterine tumor. she discovered afterward that the surgeon had performed a hysterectomy without her consent. enraged over this treatment, hamer attended a meeting that summer to hear civil rights activists james forman of the student non - violent coordinating committee ( sncc ) and james bevel of the southern christian leadership conference ( sclc ). the two men spoke out against those who denied southern african - americans their legal right to vote. hamer was inspired. when bevel and forman asked for volunteers to register to vote at the indianola ( mississippi ) courthouse, hamer was one of 18 to jump at the opportunity. these courageous 18 men and women marched into the courthouse but were refused the right to register when they failed an unreasonable literacy test. on their way home, the group \u2019 s bus was stopped by the police and fined $ 100 for the \u201c crime \u201d of driving a bus of the \u201c wrong color. \u201d that night, hamer was forced off the marlow plantation because she had attempted to register to vote ( her husband was required to stay until the harvest ), and was shot at 17 times upon being discovered in hiding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37824493029453465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.523767"} {"text": "of the \u201c wrong color. \u201d that night, hamer was forced off the marlow plantation because she had attempted to register to vote ( her husband was required to stay until the harvest ), and was shot at 17 times upon being discovered in hiding. in the fall of 1962, robert moses of sncc invited hamer to a convention at fisk university, thus launching her career as a leader of the civil rights movement. in 1963, she again tried to register to vote, this time succeeding. in june of the same year, hamer and several other black women were arrested for sitting in a \u201c whites - only \u201d bus station restaurant in charleston, south carolina. that night, the group was brutally beaten at the jailhouse. hamer suffered a blood clot in her eye, kidney damage, and permanent injury to her leg. after three days in jail she was released, immediately resuming her work as an activist with renewed commitment to the movement. for the next several years, fannie lou hamer worked to secure the social, economic, and political rights of the african - american community. in 1964, she co - founded the mississippi freedom democratic party ( mfdp ) and spoke at the democratic national convention at which she called for mandatory integrated state delegations. in 1968, hamer became a member of mississippi \u2019 s first integrated delegation. at the zenith of the civil rights movement, hamer pioneered numerous political and humanitarian efforts. in 1964, she announced her candidacy for the mississippi house of representatives but was barred from the ballot. in response, the mfdp introduced freedom ballots that included all candidates, black and white. though it was unofficial, hamer won the freedom ballot. a year later, hamer, victoria gray, and annie devine became the first black women to stand in the u. s. congress when they unsuccessfully protested the mississippi house election of 1964. in 1965, hamer helped organize a strike of black cotton pickers. in 1969, she established a farm cooperative, \u201c the freedom farm cooperative of sunflower county, \u201d and a \u201c pig bank \u201d to provide free pigs for blacks to breed, raise, and slaughter. she also founded \u201c head start in the delta \u201d and acquired federal funding for housing projects. in 1971, hamer helped to found the national women \u2019 s political caucus. in 1976, hamer developed breast cancer and underwent a mastectomy. she continued her civil rights activism until her death at age 59 on march 14, 1977. her tombstone reads, \u201c i am sick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4142909887533899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.524848"} {"text": "timeline of church history ( post - imperial era ( 1453 - 1821 ) ) | timeline of church history | | this article forms part of the series | | holy scripture | the symbol of faith | the holy trinity | | god the father | the holy spirit | edit this box | the history of the church is a vital part of the orthodox christian faith. orthodox christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of jesus christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever - dynamic holy tradition of the orthodox church. post - imperial era ( 1453 - 1821 ) - 1455 gutenberg makes first printed bible. - 1455 - 56 confession of faith by patr. gennadius of constantinople. - 1456 - 1587 byzantine church of theotokos pammakaristos became the seat of the ecumenical patriarchate. - 1461 death of jonah, metropolitan of moscow ; commemoration of the apparition of the pillar with the robe of the lord under it at mtskheta in georgia, october 1 ; the trebizond empire, last pocket of the byzantine empire, falls to the ottoman turks. - 1462 wonderworking icon of archangel michael of mantamados created. - 1463 greek scholar and pro - unionist basilios bessarion, formerly an orthodox metropolitan, later becoming a roman catholic cardinal, is given the purely ceremonial title of latin patriarch of constantinople by pope pius ii ; bosnia becomes province of ottoman empire, with an estimated 36, 000 families voluntarily accepting islam, followed by a sustained process of assimilation to islam. - 1472 ivan iii grand duke of moscow marries sophia palaiologina, niece of the last byzantine emperor constantine xi palaiologos, beginning russia ' s claims to be the \" third rome \" ; through sophia palaiologina ' s influence the ceremonious etiquette of constantinople along with the imperial double - headed eagle and all that it implied was adopted by the court of moscow. - 1478 spanish inquisition. - 1480 meeting of the theotokos of vladimir icon in memory of saving moscow from the invasion of khan ahmed. - 1484 synod of constantinople with all four patriarchs in attendance, calling itself \" ecumenical \", officially repudiated the union of the greek and latin churches discussed at florence in 1439, and determined that latin converts to orthodoxy should be received into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4343673817569274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.546314"} {"text": "1484 synod of constantinople with all four patriarchs in attendance, calling itself \" ecumenical \", officially repudiated the union of the greek and latin churches discussed at florence in 1439, and determined that latin converts to orthodoxy should be received into the church by chrismation. - 1486 emergence of the philosophy of christian humanism in the renaissance, as giovanni pico della mirandola writes his oration on the dignity of man, which stressed that men had the free will to travel up and down a moral scale, with god and angels being at the top, and satan being at the bottom. - 1492 millennialist movements in moscow, due to end of church calendar ( year 7, 000, according to the byzantine date of creation ). - 1497 martyrdom of macarius, metropolitan of kiev, by invading tatars. - ca. 1500 - 1505 the eton choirbook is compiled, showing the development of early renaissance polyphony in england, and being one of the very few collections of latin liturgical music to survive the reformation. - 1503 possessor and non - possessor controversy. - 1508 death of patr. nephon ii of constantinople. - 1510 russian monk philotheus of pskov proclaims in a panegyric letter to the grand prince of moscow that \" two romes have fallen, the third stands, and there will be no fourth, \", identifying the third rome with russia. - 1512 first christian church erected in americas in santo domingo by spanish. - 1516 desiderius erasmus publishes \" textus receptus \" of new testament on the basis of six late manuscripts of the byzantine text - type. - 1517 maximus the greek invited to russia to translate greek service books and correct russian ones ; martin luther nails ninety - five theses to door at wittenburg, sparking protestant reformation ; ottomans conquer jerusalem, antioch and alexandria. - 1522 martin luther translates new testament into german and reformation principle of sola scriptura becomes formalized. - 1526 non - possessors attack tsar vassily iii for divorcing his wife and are driven underground. - 1529 first ottoman siege of vienna, marking ottoman empire ' s apex and end of ottoman expansion in central europe. - 1534 king henry viii declares himself supreme head of the church of england. - 1536 publication of john calvin ' s institutes of the christian religion. - 1536 - 41 dissolution of the monasteries in england, wales and ireland. - 1537 - 41 sultan sul", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4292340640430109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.547364"} {"text": "henry viii declares himself supreme head of the church of england. - 1536 publication of john calvin ' s institutes of the christian religion. - 1536 - 41 dissolution of the monasteries in england, wales and ireland. - 1537 - 41 sultan suleiman the magnificent rebuilds the city walls of jerusalem ( the current walls of the old city of jerusalem ), including sealing off the golden gate in 1541 to prevent the messiah ' s entrance. - 1540 death of emperor lebna dengel of ethiopia ; formal founding of jesuits. - 1541 portuguese expeditionary force arrives in ethiopia. - 1542 ethiopians and portuguese defeat ahmad ibn ibrahim gran of adal, neutralizing adal threat to ethiopia. - 1545 - 63 council of trent held to answer the protestant reformation. - 1551 council of the hundred chapters in russia. - 1555 abp. gurian begins mission to kazan. - 1557 death of basil the blessed. - 1563 anglican church ' s thirty - nine articles of religion published. - 1564 jesuits arrive in poland. - 1568 pope pius v recognizes four great doctors of the eastern church, john chrysostom, basil the great, gregory of nazianzus, and athanasius. - 1569 martyrdom of philip of moscow, at the hands of ivan iv grozny. - 1569 union of lublin unites kingdom of poland and grand duchy of lithuania into a single state, the polish - lithuanian commonwealth, placing the ruthenian orthodox lands of belarus, and modern ukraine under direct roman catholic rule. - 1571 restoration of church of cyprus to orthodox rule, as cyprus is conquered by the ottoman empire ; ottomans are defeated at the battle of lepanto, preventing them from advancing further into europe. - 1573 pope gregory xiii establishes congregation for the greeks, a committee of cardinals who addressed issues relating to the greeks in southern italy and sicily in the hope of resolving tensions between greeks and latins. - 1573 - 81 correspondence of patr. jeremias ii of constantinople with lutherans. - 1575 church of constantinople grants autonomy to church of sinai. - 1576 pope gregory xiii establishes pontifical greek college of st. athanasius ( popularly known as the ' greek college ' ) in rome, which he charged with educating italo - byzantine clerics. - 1579 death of gerasimus the new, ascetic of cephalonia ; discovery of our lady of kazan, holiest russian icon ; on holy saturday at the church of the holy sep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4344361042609731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.548352"} {"text": "educating italo - byzantine clerics. - 1579 death of gerasimus the new, ascetic of cephalonia ; discovery of our lady of kazan, holiest russian icon ; on holy saturday at the church of the holy sepulchre the armenian patriarch prayed day and night in order to obtain the holy fire, but the fire miraculously struck a column near the entrance of the church, and lit a candle held by the orthodox patriarch standing nearby. - 1581 ostrozhsky bible printed by prince kurbsky and ivan fedorov. - 1582 institution of the gregorian calendar by pope gregory xiii ; death of teresa of avila, prominent spanish mystic. - 1583 sigillion of 1583 issued against gregorian calendar by council convened in constantinople. - 1587 - present. the relatively modest church of st george in the phanar district of istanbul becomes the seat of the ecumenical patriarchate. - 1589 autocephaly and canonical territory of church of russia recognized, as patr. jeremias ii of constantinople raises metr. job of moscow to the rank of patriarch of moscow and of all russia. - 1593 council of constantinople held, where the patriarchs of antioch, alexandria, and jerusalem confirmed the appointment of patr. job of moscow and the erection of the russian patriarchate, placing it fifth in the hierarchy of patriarchates. - 1596 union of brest - litovsk, several million ukrainian and byelorussian orthodox christians, living under polish rule, leave the church of constantinople and recognize the pope of rome, without giving up their byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the uniate church. - ca. 1600 - 1700 conversion of albania to islam mainly through discriminatory tax system, the djize. - 1604 death of juliana of lazarevo. - 1607 death of patr. job of moscow. - 1609 - 10 douay - rheims bible printed, first complete english roman catholic bible, translated from vulgate. - 1611 authorized king james version of the bible printed ; gallican french theologian edmund richer ( 1559 - 1631 ) held the view that ecclesiastical councils, not the papacy, was the method by which doctrinal truth was established, but his work was censured at the council of aix - en - provence in 1612. - 1612 martyrdom of patr. hermogenes of moscow ; our lady of kazan icon commemorates the deliverance from poles. - 1620 council of moscow presided over by patr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39581599046372273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.549672"} {"text": "at the council of aix - en - provence in 1612. - 1612 martyrdom of patr. hermogenes of moscow ; our lady of kazan icon commemorates the deliverance from poles. - 1620 council of moscow presided over by patr. philaret of moscow insisted that only orthodox baptism by triple immersion was valid, and that all ( latin ) converts had to be rebaptized. - 1625 confession of faith by metrophanes kritopoulos written. - 1627 pope cyril lucaris of alexandria presents codex alexandrinus to king charles i of england for safe keeping. - 1633 ethiopian emperor fasilides expels jesuits and other roman catholic missionaries from ethiopia. - 1642 council of jassy ( iasi ) revises peter mogila ' s confession to remove overtly roman catholic theology and confirms canonicity of certain deuterocanonical books. - 1645 - 69 cretan war between the ottoman empire and venice. - 1646 union of uzhhorod joins 63 ruthenian orthodox priests from the carpathian mountains to roman catholic church on terms similar to union of brest. - 1647 orthodox church erected in tunisia. - 1649 martyrdom of athanasius of brest - litovsk by the latins. - 1650 - 1700 ottoman constantinople is largest city in the world by population. - 1652 school and hospital established in old cairo by patr. joannikios. - 1652 - 1658 patriarch nikon of moscow revises liturgical books to bring them into conformity with the greek liturgical customs, leading to mass excommunication and schism of dissenters, who become known as old believers. - 1654 appearance of icon of theotokos of the kievan brotherhood. - 1656 voskresensky monastery founded by patr. nikon at istra near moscow, intended to represent the heavenly jerusalem. - 1665 greek jewish kabbalist sabbatai sevi hailed by jews of palestine as the messiah, but then converts to islam before the ottoman sultan to save his life. - 1666 - 1667 council of moscow. - 1667 annexation of most of kievan rus ' by tsar of muscovite kingdom. - 1669 greek island of crete taken by ottoman empire from venetians. - 1672 synod of jerusalem convened by patr. dositheos notaras, refuting article by article the calvinistic confession of cyril lucaris, defining orthodoxy relative to roman catholicism and protestantism, and defining the orthodox biblical canon ; acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41956759313563774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.551018"} {"text": "dositheos notaras, refuting article by article the calvinistic confession of cyril lucaris, defining orthodoxy relative to roman catholicism and protestantism, and defining the orthodox biblical canon ; acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates ( including russia ). - 1675 appearance of icon of theotokos of pochaiv. - 1682 the sabaite typikon was published in its final form in russia ; from 1682 to 1888 the greek and russian churches shared this common typikon. - 1683 second ottoman siege of vienna, capital of the holy roman empire. - 1685 orthodoxy introduced in beijing by church of russia. - 1686 the ottomans, acting on the behalf of the regent of russia sophia alekseyevna, pressured the patr. of constantinople into transferring the orthodox church of kiev and all rus ' ( church of ukraine ) from the jurisdiction of constantinople to the patr. of moscow, established a century prior to that. - 1688 appearance of joy of all who sorrow icon. - 1689 great serb migrations of hundreds of thousands of serbian refugees from kosovo and serbia proper, leaving a vacuum filled by flood of albanian immigrants. - 1698 consecration of the first orthodox church in china, in the name of sophia ( divine wisdom ), when emperor kangxi ordered a buddhist temple to be cleared for russian inhabitants in beijing. - 1700 the creation era calendar in russia, in use since ad 988 was changed to the julian calendar by peter the great ; peter the great published an ukase on june 18th that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in siberia and china. - 1700 - 02 submission of the dioceses of lemberg ( lviv ) and luzk ( lutsk ) in the galician area of ukraine to roman catholic church completes union of brest - litovsk, so that two - thirds of the orthodox in western ukraine had become greek catholic. - 1707 - 20 grabbe ' s edition of the septuagint published at oxford, reproducing ( imperfectly ) the codex alexandrinus of london. - 1709 death of dimitri of rostov. - 1710 spectacular miracle occurred at the holy mount of grabarka, the holiest location in poland for orthodox christians, where a deadly outbreak of cholera in the region ended almost instantly. - 1715 metr. arsenios of thebaid sent to england by pope samuel of alexandria to negotiate with non - juror anglican bishops. - 1715 - 1956 russian ecclesiastical mission in china. - 1716 - 25 correspondence of ecumenical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4532423122741165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.552625"} {"text": "almost instantly. - 1715 metr. arsenios of thebaid sent to england by pope samuel of alexandria to negotiate with non - juror anglican bishops. - 1715 - 1956 russian ecclesiastical mission in china. - 1716 - 25 correspondence of ecumenical patriarch and russian czar with english non - jurors. - 1721 czar peter i of russia replaces russian patriarchate with a ruling holy synod. - 1723 schism in the roman catholic church, as the church of holland, ( or church of utrecht ) broke with rome under its own archbishop and hierarchy, becoming the mother church of the old catholic churches. - 1724 melkite schism, in which many faithful from the church of antioch become uniates. - 1728 the ecumenical patriarchate formally replaced the creation era ( am ) calendar with the christian era ( ad ). - 1731 death of innocent of irkutsk. - 1741 synodal reform initiated, when metr. gerasimos of heraclia obtains a firman ( decree ) from ottoman officials, regulating and subordinating the election of the patriarch of constantinople to the five metropolitans of heraclia, kyzikos, nicomedia, nicaea, and chalcedon, creating the so - called system of the elders ( \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 ), established gradually, in place until the late 19th century. - 1754 hesychast renaissance begins with the kollyvades movement ; discovery of the holy relics of the four martyrs of megara : polyeuctos, george, adrianos and platon, the \" newly - revealed \". - 1755 synod of constantinople ( 1755 ) declares roman catholic baptism invalid and ordered baptism of converts from roman catholicism. - 1756 sigillion of 1756 issued against the gregorian calendar by patr. cyril v of constantinople ; - 1756 after tsar peter the great had ordered in 1712 the printed slavonic text of the bible to be carefully compared with the greek of the septuagint and to be made in every respect conformable to it, the second edition of the queen \" elizabeth \" slavonic bible ( qeb ), ( lxx ) is issued in 1756 ; all later reprints of the russian church bible are based upon this second edition, which is the authorized version of the russian orthodox church. - 1760 holy trinity st. seraphim - diveyevo convent founded in russia. - 1763 the jansenist provincial council of utrecht, seed of the future old catholic movements, affirmed every roman catholic dog", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4403695028047055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.553651"} {"text": "authorized version of the russian orthodox church. - 1760 holy trinity st. seraphim - diveyevo convent founded in russia. - 1763 the jansenist provincial council of utrecht, seed of the future old catholic movements, affirmed every roman catholic dogma and pronounced the orthodox faith to be schismatic and false, signalling not so much a rapprochement with orthodoxy, but rather a refusal to drift yet further from her, as much of the roman fold was doing. - 1767 community of orthodox greeks establishes itself in new smyrna, florida ; ottoman empire legally divides church of the holy sepulchre among claimants. - 1767 - 1815 suppression of the jesuits in roman catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in orthodox nations, particularly in russia. - 1768 jews are massacred during riots in russia - occupied poland. - ca. 1770 about 1, 200 kiev region uniate churches return to orthodoxy under political pressure from russia. - 1774 russia and ottoman empire sign treaty of kuchuk - kainarji, bringing russia for the first time into the mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of orthodox christians. - 1779 death of kosmas aitolos. - 1782 first publication of philokalia ; autonomy of church of sinai confirmed by church of constantinople. - 1789 the french revolution of 1789 catapulted atheistic thought into political notability, and opened the way for the 19th century movements of rationalism, freethought, and liberalism in the west. - 1793 - 95 over 2, 300 uniate churches became orthodox under tsarina catherine the great. - 1794 missionaries, including herman of alaska, arrive at kodiak island, bringing orthodoxy to russian alaska ; death of paisius velichkovsky of moldova and mt. athos. - 1796 nicodemus the hagiorite publishes unseen warfare in venice. - 1798 patriarch anthimus of jerusalem contended that the ottoman empire was part of the divine dispensation granted by god to protect orthodoxy from the taint of roman catholicism and of western secularism and irreligion. - 1800 the rudder published and printed in athens. - 1803 death of xenia of st. petersburg. - 1804 british and foreign bible society founded. - 1805 death of makarios of corinth, a central figure in the kollyvades movement. - 1808 death of hieromartyr nikita the slav, of mount athos. - 1809 - 10 rotunda and edicule exterior of church of the holy sepulchre rebuilt after fire in ottoman baroque", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42523800064933753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.554674"} {"text": "kollyvades movement. - 1808 death of hieromartyr nikita the slav, of mount athos. - 1809 - 10 rotunda and edicule exterior of church of the holy sepulchre rebuilt after fire in ottoman baroque style. - 1811 autocephaly of the church of georgia revoked by the russian imperial state after georgia ' s annexation, making it subject to the church of russia. - 1814 martyrdom of euthymius and ignatius of mount athos. - 1815 peter the aleut tortured and martyred in san francisco, california. - 1816 american bible society founded ; martyrdom of acacius of athos. - 1819 council at constantinople endorses views of kollyvades fathers. - some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately. - the division of church history into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events. - this timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the orthodox church, though a number of non - orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to orthodoxy or for reference. - timeline of orthodoxy in america - timeline of orthodoxy in australia - timeline of orthodoxy in china - timeline of orthodoxy in greece - timeline of orthodoxy in new zealand - timeline of orthodoxy in japan - timeline of orthodox church and roman catholic relations the following are published writings that provide an overview of church history : from an orthodox perspective - schmemann, alexander. the historical road of eastern orthodoxy. - ware, timothy. the orthodox church : new edition. ( isbn 0140146563 ) from a heterodox perspective - cairns, earle e. christianity through the centuries : a history of the christian church. ( isbn 0310208122 ) - collins, michael, ed. ; price, matthew arlen. story of christianity : a celebration of 2000 years of faith. ( isbn 0789446057 ) - gonzalez, justo l. a history of christian thought, volume 3 : from the protestant reformation to the twentieth century. ( isbn 0687171849 ) - gonzalez, justo l. the story of christianity, volume 2 : reformation to the present day. ( isbn 0060633166 ) - hastings, adrian, ed. a world history of christianity. ( isbn 0802848753 ) - jones, timothy p. christian history made easy. ( isbn 1890", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41179489945457093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.555663"} {"text": "to the present day. ( isbn 0060633166 ) - hastings, adrian, ed. a world history of christianity. ( isbn 0802848753 ) - jones, timothy p. christian history made easy. ( isbn 1890947105 ) - noll, mark a. turning points : decisive moments in the history of christianity. ( isbn 080106211x ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 2 : the spirit of eastern christendom ( 600 - 1700 ). ( isbn 0226653730 ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 4 : reformation of church and dogma ( 1300 - 1700 ). ( isbn 0226653773 ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 5 : christian doctrine and modern culture ( since 1700 ). ( isbn 0226653803 ) - peri, oded ( the hebrew university of jerusalem ). islamic law and christian holy sites : jerusalem and its vicinity in early ottoman times. islamic law and society. vol. 6, no. 1. 1999. pp. 97 - 111. - schaff, philip. history of the christian church. ( isbn 156563196x ) - history of orthodox christianity ( quicktime movies ) - timeline of patriarchal history. order of st. andrew the apostle. archons of the ecumenical patriarchate. ( pop - up video presentation, in sections )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4466453984434887, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.556289"} {"text": "three set of test procedures are used : the first only inserts n random integers into the tree / hash table. the second test first inserts n random integers, then performs n lookups for those integers and finally erases all n integers. the last test only performs n lookups on a tree pre - filled with n integers. all lookups are successful. these three test sequences are preformed for n from 125 to 4, 096, 000 where n is doubled after each test run. for each n the test cycles are run until in total 8, 192, 000 items were inserted / lookuped. this way the measured speed for small n is averaged over up to 65, 536 sample runs. lastly it is purpose of the test to determine a good node size for the b + tree. therefore the test runs are performed on different slot sizes ; both inner and leaf nodes hold the same number of items. the number of slots tested ranges from 4 to 256 slots and therefore yields node sizes from about 50 to 2, 048 bytes. this requires that the b + tree template is instantiated for each of the probed node sizes! the speed test source code is compiled with g + + 4. 1. 2 - o3 - fomit - frame - pointer the results are be displayed below using gnuplot. all tests were run on a pentium4 3. 2 ghz with 2 gb ram. a high - resolution pdf plot of the following images can be found in the package at speedtest / speedtest. pdf the first two plots above show the absolute time measured for inserting n items into seven different tree variants. for small n ( the first plot ) the speed of red - black tree and b + tree are very similar. for large n the red - black tree slows down, and for n > 1, 024, 000 items the red - black tree requires almost twice as much time as a b + tree with 32 slots. the stl hash table performs better than the stl map but not as good as the b + tree implementations with higher slot counts. the next plot shows the insertion time per item, which is calculated by dividing the absolute time by the number of inserted items. notice that insertion time is now in microseconds. the plot shows that the red - black tree reaches some limitation at about n = 16, 000 items. beyond this item count the b + tree ( with 32 slots ) performs much better than the stl multiset. the stl hash table", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5137854654641738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.559841"} {"text": ". the plot shows that the red - black tree reaches some limitation at about n = 16, 000 items. beyond this item count the b + tree ( with 32 slots ) performs much better than the stl multiset. the stl hash table resizes itself in defined intervals, which leads to non - linearly increasing insert times. the last plots goal is to find the best node size for the b + tree. it displays the total measured time of the insertion test depending on the number of slots in inner and leaf nodes. only runs with more than 1 million inserted items are plotted. one can see that the minimum is around 65 slots for each of the curves. however to reduce unused memory in the nodes the most practical slot size is around 35. this amounts to total node sizes of about 280 bytes. thus in the implementation a target size of 256 bytes was chosen. the following two plots show the same aspects as above, except that not only insertion time was measured. instead in the first plot a whole insert / find / delete cycle was performed and measured. the second plot is restricted to the lookup / find part. the results for the trees are in general accordance to those of only insertion. however the hash table implementation performs much faster in both tests. this is expected, because hash table lookup ( and deletion ) requires fewer memory accesses than tree traversal. thus a hash table implementation will always be faster than trees. but of course hash tables do not store items in sorted order. interestingly the hash table ' s performance is not linear in the number of items : it ' s peak performance is not with small number of items, but with around 10, 000 items. and for item counts larger than 100, 000 the hash table slows down : lookup time more than doubles. however, after doubling, the lookup time does not change much : lookup on tables with 1 million items takes approximately the same time as with 4 million items.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.530597312422985, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.560684"} {"text": "an unintended consequence of landfilling garbage is the emission of greenhouse gases, yuck! a modern landfill, however, can capture nasty methane gas and turn it into electricity. presently, about one - quarter of the municipal solid waste ( msw ) landfills in the united states are capable of capturing methane gas and turning it into energy, making it available for homes and local industry. it is estimated that at least as many more also have the potential to capture energy. imagine this ; maybe one day garbage will become a commodity. holly fretwell is a research fellow at perc and an adjunct instructor at montana state university where she has taught introductory economics, macroeconomics, natural resources and environmental economics. she works with the foundation for teaching economics, giving workshops for high school teachers to improve their skills in teaching and... founded 30 years ago in bozeman, montana, perc \u2014 the property and environment research center \u2014 is the nation \u2019 s oldest and largest institute dedicated to improving environmental quality through property rights and markets. the goal of perc \u2019 s programs is to fully realize the vision of establishing \u201c perc university, \u201d where scholars, students, policy makers, and others convene to expand the applications of free market environmentalism. perc ' s fellowships share a common goal of exposing new scholars, students, journalists, and policy makers to free market environmentalism, as well as enable scholars already familiar with fme to explore new applications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49087712555102697, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.564406"} {"text": "animal fossils are usually the remains of hard structures \u2013 bones and shells that have been petrified through enormous pressures acting over millions of years. but not all of them had such hard beginnings. some chinese fossils were once the embryos of animals that lived in the early cambrian period, some 550 million years ago. despite having the consistency and strength of jelly, the embryos have been exceptionally well preserved and the structure of their individual cells, and even the compartments within them, have been conserved in all their beautiful, minute detail. they are a boon to biologists. ever since the work of ernst haeckel in the 19th century, comparing the development of animal embryos has been an important part of evolutionary biology. usually, scientists have to piece together the development of ancient animals by comparing their living descendants. but the preserved embryos give the field of embryology its very own fossil record, allowing scientists to peer back in time at the earliest days of some of the earliest living things. but how did these delicate structures survive the pressures of the ages? elizabeth raff from indiana university has a plausible answer. her experiments suggest that fossil embryos are the work of colonies of ancient bacteria, which grew over the dead clumps of cells and eventually replaced their organic matter with minerals. they are mere casts of the original embryos. under a range of different conditions, raff watched decaying sea urchin embryos ( which are roughly similar to the fossil ones in both size and shape. under normal conditions, she saw that dead embryonic cells destroy themselves within a matter of hours, through the actions of their own enzymes. to produce fossil embryos, this self - destruction is the first hurdle to clear and raff found that it can be done quite simply by placing the embryos in oxygen - less environments. when the fossilised embryos first died several million years ago, they must have sank into oxygen - deprived mud, which staved off the embryos \u2019 destruction long enough for bacteria living on their surface to take hold. raff found that dead sea urchin embryos are rapidly colonised by bacteria that form three - dimensional communities called biofilms. they construct these communities using the embryo \u2019 s own structures as scaffolding and the bacteria replicate the structures of the cells they consume, right down to the smallest feature. indeed, the fossil embryos still bear traces of these ancient bacteria. they have long, thread - like imprints that strongly resemble the shapes made by bacterial groups growing over sea urchin embryos in oxygen - less water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4768700826940503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.570572"} {"text": "down to the smallest feature. indeed, the fossil embryos still bear traces of these ancient bacteria. they have long, thread - like imprints that strongly resemble the shapes made by bacterial groups growing over sea urchin embryos in oxygen - less water. these biofilms stimulated the growth of minerals and raff saw that needle - shaped crystals start forming around the bacteria within a week after the embryo \u2019 s death. the crystals are mainly made of aragonite, a type of calcium carbonate typically found in the shells of molluscs and hard enough to withstand the pressures of time. by decaying the embryos, the bacteria lower the ph of the surrounding water, which creates the right conditions for the growth of these crystals. raff \u2019 s experiments with living embryos don \u2019 t by any means give certain answers about the origins of the fossil embryos, but they do at least provide a plausible origin story. indeed, the degree of degradation in her sea urchin embryos mirrors that seen in the fossils \u2013 in some, little but the outer layer was preserved but in others, even the inner workings were sealed in glorious detail ( even though the multiple steps put a question mark over the accuracy of the final structures ). the study suggests that the beautiful fossil embryos are not in fact preserved versions of the original cells, but uncanny facsimiles created by bacteria. they may have been created through a two - step process, where each layer acted as a base for sculpting the next one \u2013 animal to bacterial, and bacterial to mineral. reference : e. c. raff, k. l. schollaert, d. e. nelson, p. c. j. donoghue, c. - w. thomas, f. r. turner, b. d. stein, x. dong, s. bengtson, t. huldtgren, m. stampanoni, y. chongyu, r. a. raff ( 2008 ). embryo fossilization is a biological process mediated by microbial biofilms proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 105 ( 49 ), 19360 - 19365 doi : 10. 1073 / pnas. 0810106105", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49493760532239695, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.571418"} {"text": "how search engines work search engines have one objective \u2013 to provide you with the most relevant results possible in relation to your search query. if the search engine is successful in providing you with information that meets your needs, then you are a happy searcher. and happy searchers are more likely to come back to the same search engine time and time again because they are getting the results they need. in order for a search engine to be able to display results when a user types in a query, they need to have an archive of available information to choose from. every search engine has proprietary methods for gathering and prioritizing website content. regardless of the specific tactics or methods used, this process is called indexing. search engines actually attempt to scan the entire online universe and index all the information so they can show it to you when you enter a search query. how do they do it? every search engine has what are referred to as bots, or crawlers, that constantly scan the web, indexing websites for content and following links on each webpage to other webpages. if your website has not been indexed, it is impossible for your website to appear in the search results. unless you are running a shady online business or trying to cheat your way to the top of the search engine results page ( serp ), chances are your website has already been indexed. so, big search engines like google, bing, and yahoo are constantly indexing hundreds of millions, if not billions, of webpages. how do they know what to show when you enter a search query? the search engines consider two main areas when determining what your website is about and how to prioritize it. - content on your website : when indexing pages, the search engine bots scan each page of your website, looking for clues about what topics your website covers and scanning your website \u2019 s back - end code for certain tags, descriptions, and instructions. - who \u2019 s linking to you : as the search engine bots scan webpages for indexing, they also look for links from other websites. the more inbound links a website has, the more influence or authority it has. essentially, every inbound link counts as a vote for that website \u2019 s content. also, each inbound link holds different weight. for instance, a link from a highly authoritative website like the new york times ( nytimes. com ) will give a website a bigger boost than a link from a small blog site. this boost is sometimes referred to as link", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47078489406528934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.575637"} {"text": "holds different weight. for instance, a link from a highly authoritative website like the new york times ( nytimes. com ) will give a website a bigger boost than a link from a small blog site. this boost is sometimes referred to as link juice. the best links are links that coming to your site, ( one way back links ) versus links that are exchanged between sites ( reciprocal links ) when a search query is entered, the search engine looks in its index for the most relevant information and displays the results on the serp. the results are then listed in order of most relevant and authoritative. if you conduct the same search on different search engines, chances are you will see different results on the serp. this is because each search engine uses a proprietary algorithm that considers multiple factors in order to determine what results to show in the serp when a search query is entered. a few factors that a search engine algorithm may consider when deciding what information to show in the serp include : - geographic location of the searcher - historical performance of a listing ( clicks, bounce rates, etc. ) - link quality ( reciprocal vs. one - wayback link ) - webpage content ( keywords, tags, pictures ) - back end code or html of webpage - link type ( social media sharing, link from media outlet, blog, etc. ) google dominates the search engine market. google became the leader by fundamentally revolutionizing the way search engines work and giving searchers better results with their advanced algorithm. with 64 % market share, according to compete, inc., google is still viewed as the primary innovator and master in the space. before the days of google ( circa 1997 ), search engines relied solely on indexing web page content and considering factors like keyword density in order to determine what results to put at the top of the serp. this approach gave way to what are referred to as black - hat seo tactics, as website engineers began intentionally stuffing their webpages with keywords so they would rank at the top of the search engines, even if their webpages were completely irrelevant to the search result. tip : seomoz historical pagerank reports the pagerank of a url and shows a historical view of previous pr scores. you can also check the site of your competition! read more about seo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4888864722930957, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.576653"} {"text": "released july 25, 2004on this image you can see two infrared frames of the same area on mars. one of the images ( in black and white ) represents a single wavelength or band of the themis ir instrument, while the other image ( in false color ) represents 3 different bands. the image with the various colors was created with a technique called decorrelation stretch ( dcs ). in this technique individual bands of the themis ir instrument are stretched to better show compositional variations throughout the whole range. after the bands are stretched they are overlayed on one another and colors are assigned to each band. this makes up the colors in the image. as you can see, there is a difference in what is noticable in the single band ir image versus the false - colored one. on the color image the pink / magenta colors usually represent basaltic content, cyan often indicates the presence of water ice clouds, while green can represent dust. the bright purple and pink colors associated with the valley are due to basalt. there may be a thin veneer of dust present in the region ( it was a dark colored region during the viking mission in the 1970 ' s ) through which the basaltic material pokes out along the edges of the valley and the nearby knobby terrain. image information : ir instrument. latitude 10. 7, longitude 163 east ( 197 west ). 100 meter / pixel resolution. note : this themis visual image has not been radiometrically nor geometrically calibrated for this preliminary release. an empirical correction has been performed to remove instrumental effects. a linear shift has been applied in the cross - track and down - track direction to approximate spacecraft and planetary motion. fully calibrated and geometrically projected images will be released through the planetary data system in accordance with project policies at a later time. nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory manages the 2001 mars odyssey mission for nasa ' s office of space science, washington, d. c. the thermal emission imaging system ( themis ) was developed by arizona state university, tempe, in collaboration with raytheon santa barbara remote sensing. the themis investigation is led by dr. philip christensen at arizona state university. lockheed martin astronautics, denver, is the prime contractor for the odyssey project, and developed and built the orbiter. mission operations are conducted jointly from lockheed martin and from jpl, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5259963584476688, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.579116"} {"text": "surviving your puppy ' s adolescence by tehani mosconi i was curious to see how webster would define adolescence, and found \" youthful, exuberant, immature, unsettled. \" that pretty much says it all! i always take a deep breath before i announce to my puppy classes that they shouldn ' t think their work is done just because their puppy is five or six months old. quite the opposite : adolescence is a challenge, both for puppies and their people, and the real work is just beginning. like most animal behaviorists, i consider the period from seven to 12 months as being adolescence for most dogs. ( the larger breeds mature slower so their adolescence falls later. ) as in humans, adolescence is a bridge or transition between youth and adulthood. because all dogs have their own personality and breed - specific traits, adolescence manifests somewhat differently in each. nonetheless, most dogs exhibit at least some of these common adolescent traits : selective hearing ; refusal to do previously learned commands ; reversion to puppy behaviors such as mouthiness, destructive chewing, jumping and barking ; lapses in housebreaking and just about anything else to drive their guardian insane. the good news is that this period in a dog ' s life doesn ' t last long ; the bad news is that it isn ' t short enough. there are many things you can do to make adolescence easier. spaying or neutering your companion prior to adolescence will help a great deal : the last thing a \" teenage \" dog needs is raging hormones. obviously, sterilization will not keep a dog from going through adolescence, but it will spare them the additional physical and emotional changes of becoming sexually mature. taking a young dog to a puppy kindergarten or pre - school will teach you how to get your puppy ' s attention, handle the puppy and do some basic commands ; you ' ll graduate the class with increased control of your dog. at the same time, your puppy will learn the rewards for \" doing the right thing \" whether these are treats, verbal praise or petting. sometimes it helps to enroll a \" teenage \" dog in a more advanced class. while dogs are harder to train during this period, the help of an instructor and the support of other people with adolescent dogs can be valuable. because many dogs become antisocial with other pooches during adolescence, it is important to start socialization early and continue it through the dog ' s young adulthood. key to the program is regular off - leash recreation with other dogs ; a fenced - in dog", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4589389579819735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.585944"} {"text": "antisocial with other pooches during adolescence, it is important to start socialization early and continue it through the dog ' s young adulthood. key to the program is regular off - leash recreation with other dogs ; a fenced - in dog park or other designated off - leash area are ideal locations. if antisocial behavior continues and becomes serious, you may need to seek the help of a private trainer who can work with you and your dog with other dogs around. young dogs need a constructive outlet for their seemingly boundless energy. regular aerobic exercise such as speed walking your dog, running with them on a soft surface ( like sand, grass or dirt ) and playing fetch are all good options, as are allowing your pooch to run and play with other dogs. remember : a tired dog just wants to find a spot for a good snooze instead of eating the remote control to the big screen television. when i counsel people about crating their puppy for housebreaking, i always tell them to buy a crate that will accommodate the dog when grown to full size. if your dog has some inappropriate urination or defecation episodes during adolescence, reintroduced them to the crate before the problem becomes chronic. the crate is also the safest place for your dog when no one is able to supervise them. when you are available to watch your canine companion, use the time to establish rules and define what is acceptable and what is not. for example, playing with a chew toy is great, but jumping up on the sofa may not be, and the behavior needs to be corrected with a quick \" no! \" or a squirt of water. the six or so months of adolescence can seem much longer for a dog who has no guidelines or direction. bringing it home one of the things that i love about lenny is her desire to please. over the last few months this has changed in one very important way. she will still do things for me, but i have to make it worth her while. i did some extensive research into exactly what motivates my dog, and found that - - luckily - - lenny is driven by food. she will eat almost anything, but i wanted to find treats that she really liked. after much sampling i came up with her favorites : freeze - dried liver, jerky treats, pup - peroni and vegetarian hot dogs. these days i always have treats in my pockets so i can reward her when she does something i ' ve asked her to do. for example, lenny has a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44589825720553966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.586935"} {"text": "freeze - dried liver, jerky treats, pup - peroni and vegetarian hot dogs. these days i always have treats in my pockets so i can reward her when she does something i ' ve asked her to do. for example, lenny has a crate in my car. when i open the door and say \" kennel \" i want her to jump in her kennel. lately she has refused to jump in the car unless she knows she will get a treat. i will continue this little game for a few more months and then gradually wean her off the treats. food as a motivator is not a bad thing ; dogs do not get addicted to it. eventually lenny will only occasionally get a treat for jumping in her kennel. the rest of the time she will just receive verbal praise, a scratch behind the ears or a pet. lenny ' s adolescence has brought other behavioral changes as well. she now gets very excited when visitors stop by our office. she has started jumping on people and barking when someone arrives. lenny jumped as a puppy ; i was able to get this under control by telling her to sit when she came up to me or anyone else. in return for the sit she was rewarded with a treat. the barking is a new behavior. it ' s almost as though she just discovered her voice and now wants to use it. she especially enjoys barking while she has something in her mouth. lenny also gets very mouthy when she gets overly excited. this whole greeting ritual is really cute but totally out of control. i ' ve asked visitors not to enter the office unless lenny has all four paws on the ground and is not barking. if she starts getting mouthy visitors have to leave or else completely ignore her ( not easy to do! ). as lenny grew out of puppyhood she also changed her night - time sleeping spot. when she was about four months old i started letting lenny sleep out of her crate in a dog bed next to mine. she never left the room even though the door was open, and never had any housebreaking problems. all was well until one night about 4 am when lenny jumped in bed with me. i thought it was cute so i let her stay. well, every night thereafter the jumping on the bed happened earlier and earlier. one morning i woke up at 3 am clutching the edge of my bed while lenny sprawled diagonally across it. clearly this could not continue! the next day i put lenny ' s crate together and took it to the bedroom, and since then she has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4722617964663339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.587882"} {"text": "( physorg. com ) - - were dinosaurs slow and lumbering, or quick and agile? it depends largely on whether they were cold or warm blooded. when dinosaurs were first discovered in the mid - 19th century, paleontologists thought they were plodding beasts that had to rely on their environments to keep warm, like modern - day reptiles. but research during the last few decades suggests that they were faster creatures, nimble like the velociraptors or t. rex depicted in the movie jurassic park, requiring warmer, regulated body temperatures like in mammals. now, a team of researchers led by the california institute of technology ( caltech ) has developed a new approach to take body temperatures of dinosaurs for the first time, providing new insights into whether dinosaurs were cold or warm blooded. by analyzing isotopic concentrations in teeth of sauropods, the long - tailed, long - necked dinosaurs that were the biggest land animals to have ever livedthink apatosaurus ( also known as brontosaurus ) the team found that the dinosaurs were about as warm as most modern mammals. \" this is like being able to stick a thermometer in an animal that has been extinct for 150 million years, \" says robert eagle, a postdoctoral scholar at caltech and lead author on the paper to be published online in the june 23 issue of science express. \" the consensus was that no one would ever measure dinosaur body temperatures, that it ' s impossible to do, \" says john eiler, a coauthor and the robert p. sharp professor of geology and professor of geochemistry. and yet, using a technique pioneered in eiler ' s lab, the team did just that. the researchers analyzed 11 teeth, dug up in tanzania, wyoming, and oklahoma, that belonged to brachiosaurus brancai and camarasaurus. they found that the brachiosaurus had a temperature of about 38. 2 degrees celsius ( 100. 8 degrees fahrenheit ) and the camarasaurus had one of about 35. 7 degrees celsius ( 96. 3 degrees fahrenheit ), warmer than modern and extinct crocodiles and alligators but cooler than birds. the measurements are accurate to within one or two degrees, celsius. \" nobody has used this approach to look at dinosaur body temperatures before, so our study provides a completely different angle on the longstanding debate about dinosaur physiology, \" eagle says. the fact that the temperatures were similar to those of most modern mammals might", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5013017429138324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.593156"} {"text": ". \" nobody has used this approach to look at dinosaur body temperatures before, so our study provides a completely different angle on the longstanding debate about dinosaur physiology, \" eagle says. the fact that the temperatures were similar to those of most modern mammals might seem to imply that dinosaurs had a warm - blooded metabolism. but, the researchers say, the issue is more complex. because large sauropod dinosaurs were so huge, they could retain their body heat much more efficiently than smaller mammals like humans. \" if you ' re an animal that you can approximate as a sphere of meat the size of a room, you can ' t be cold unless you ' re dead, \" eiler explains. so even if dinosaurs were \" cold blooded \" in the sense that they depended on their environments for heat, they would still have warm body temperatures. \" the body temperatures we ' ve estimated now provide a key piece of data that any model of dinosaur physiology has to be able to explain, \" says aradhna tripati, a coauthor who ' s an assistant professor at ucla and visiting researcher in geochemistry at caltech. \" as a result, the data can help scientists test physiological models to explain how these organisms lived. \" the measured temperatures are lower than what ' s predicted by some models of body temperatures, suggesting there is something missing in scientists ' understanding of dinosaur physiology. these models imply dinosaurs were so - called gigantotherms, that they maintained warm temperatures by their sheer size. to explain the lower temperatures, the researchers suggest that the dinosaurs could have had some physiological or behavioral adaptations that allowed them to avoid getting too hot. the dinosaurs could have had lower metabolic rates to reduce the amount of internal heat, particularly as large adults. they could also have had something like an air - sac system to dissipate heat. alternatively, they could have dispelled heat through their long necks and tails. previously, researchers have only been able to use indirect ways to gauge dinosaur metabolism or body temperatures. for example, they infer dinosaur behavior and physiology by figuring out how fast they ran based on the spacing of dinosaur tracks, studying the ratio of predators to prey in the fossil record, or measuring the growth rates of bone. but these various lines of evidence were often in conflict. \" for any position you take, you can easily find counterexamples, \" eiler says. \" how an organism budgets the energy supply that it gets from food and creates and stores the energy in its musclesthere are no fossil remains for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.502064469065348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.594221"} {"text": "for any position you take, you can easily find counterexamples, \" eiler says. \" how an organism budgets the energy supply that it gets from food and creates and stores the energy in its musclesthere are no fossil remains for that, \" he says. \" so you just sort of have to make your best guess based on indirect arguments. \" but eagle, eiler, and their colleagues have developed a so - called clumped - isotope technique that shows that it is possible to take body temperatures of dinosaursand there ' s no guessing involved. \" we ' re getting at body temperature through a line of reasoning that i think is relatively bullet proof, provided you can find well - preserved samples, \" eiler says. in this method, the researchers measure the concentrations of the rare isotopes carbon - 13 and oxygen - 18 in bioapatite, a mineral found in teeth and bone. how often these isotopes bond with each otheror \" clump \" depends on temperature. the lower the temperature, the more carbon - 13 and oxygen - 18 tend to bond in bioapatite. so measuring the clumping of these isotopes is a direct way to determine the temperature of the environment in which the mineral formedin this case, inside the dinosaur. \" what we ' re doing is special in that it ' s thermodynamically based, \" eiler explains. \" thermodynamics, like the laws of gravity, is independent of setting, time, and context. \" because thermodynamics worked the same way 150 million years ago as it does today, measuring isotope clumping is a robust technique. identifying the most well - preserved samples of dinosaur teeth was one of the major challenges of the analysis, the researchers say, and they used several ways to find the best samples. for example, they compared the isotopic compositions of resistant parts of teeththe enamelwith easily altered materialsdentin and fossil bones of related animals. well - preserved enamel would preserve both physiologically possible temperatures and be isotopically distinct from dentin and bone. the next step is to take temperatures of more dinosaur samples and extend the study to other species of extinct vertebrates, the researchers say. in particular, taking the temperature of unusually small and young dinosaurs would help test whether dinosaurs were indeed gigantotherms. knowing the body temperatures of more dinosaurs and other extinct animals would also allow scientists to learn more about how the physiology of modern mammals and birds evolved. explore further :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5342440180582876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.595256"} {"text": "research by usda forest service southern research station biometrician bernie parresol takes center stage in a special issue of the journal forest ecology and management due out in june. parresol is lead author of two of the five articlesand co - author of two morein an issue that focuses on methods that incorporate fine - scale data into the tools southeastern forest managers use to assess wildfire potential and plan mitigation treatments. most fire behavior analyses rely on sparse plot inventories and data from satellites, and often do not address the complexity found at the ground level where managers operate. parresol and fellow researchers demonstrated a statistical approach that can incorporate hundreds to thousands of fuel observations into models that managers can easily use to prioritize areas to treat to reduce the wildfire hazard. fire is an important part of forest ecosystems in the southeastern united states, especially in the coastal plain. european settlers cleared most of the native longleaf pine forests of the region ; industry later planted many of the same acres in loblolly pine plantations. meanwhile, fire suppression policies broke the cycle of frequent low - intensity fires in the remaining natural forests, causing the buildup of fuels that leads to wildfires. over the last decades, southeastern land managers added prescribed fire to other forest treatments to reduce wildland fires, promote forest restoration, and improve wildlife habitat. because of budget constraints and public concerns about fire and smoke, managers need to prioritize the areas where they will use prescribed fire. to do this, they use wildfire hazard assessments such as landfire and the southern wildfire risk assessment ( swra ), both of which use satellite images and other supporting data to represent fuels across a landscape. although these tools work well enough at the state and regional levels, they don ' t offer enough detail to land managers trying to decide which of their hundreds or thousands of acres should be burned first. the special issue of forest ecology and management focuses on a study conducted on the 200, 000 - acre savannah river site as representative of an actively managed forest landscape in the southeast. researchers used studies on the site to assess wildland fuels, potential fire behavior and treatments to reduce fire hazard. in his first article, parresol and fellow researchers develop equations to describe fuel loads for both dead and alive materials on the site based on vegetation type, stand age, recent fire history and other aspects. these equations were then used to create custom landscape models based on the actual data from the site, then compared with results from landfire and swra to assess the effectiveness of those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4666767585319629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.598229"} {"text": "obsessive - compulsive disorder ( ocd ) is an anxiety disorder. the person suffers from unwanted repetitive thoughts and behaviors. these obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors are very difficult to overcome. if severe and untreated, ocd can harm the ability to function at work, school, or home. the cause is unknown. ocd may be due to neurobiological, environmental, genetic, and psychological factors. an imbalance of serotonin ( a brain chemical ) may play a major role. factors that may increase the risk of ocd include : obsessions \u2014 unwanted, repetitive, and intrusive ideas, impulses, or images ; common obsessions include : - persistent fears that harm may come to self or a loved one - unreasonable concern with being contaminated - unacceptable religious, violent, or sexual thoughts - excessive need to do things correctly or perfectly - persistent worries about a tragic event compulsions \u2014 repetitive behaviors or mental acts to reduce the distress associated with obsessions ; common compulsions include : - excessive checking of door locks, stoves, water faucets, and light switches - repeatedly making lists, counting, arranging, or aligning things - collecting and hoarding useless objects - repeating routine actions a certain number of times until it feels right - unnecessary rereading and rewriting - mentally repeating phrases - repeatedly washing hands if you have ocd, you may know that your thoughts and compulsions do not make sense, but you are unable to stop them. ocd is usually diagnosed through a psychiatric assessment. ocd is diagnosed when obsessions and / or compulsions either : - cause significant distress - interfere with your ability to properly perform at work, school, or in relationships treatment reduces ocd thoughts and compulsions, but does not completely eliminate them. common treatment approaches include a combination of medicine and therapy. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) reduce ocd symptoms by affecting serotonin levels. ssris include : - fluoxetine ( prozac ) - fluvoxamine ( luvox ) - paroxetine ( paxil ) - sertraline ( zoloft ) clomipramine ( anafranil ) is a tricyclic antidepressant drug that can also help treat symptoms. your doctor may try using other psychiatric medicines to help control your condition. behavioral therapy addresses the actions associated with ocd. cognitive - behavioral therapy ( cbt ) addresses both the thought processes and the actions associated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5200744084697855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.603540"} {"text": "conducted by marty mulvihill, uc berkeley center for green chemistry and the american chemical society, green chemistry institute. this half - day workshop will introduce the concepts of green chemistry, show real - world examples, and make the business case for green chemistry. learn about safer chemical alternatives, metrics for comparing the \u201c greenness \u201d of chemicals and processes ; and resources available from acs gci and wa state department of ecology. the course will provide examples of practical tools for implementing green chemistry practices. this presentation will explore how the principles of green chemistry can be applied to the development of sustainable nanotechnology. both nanotechnology and green chemistry have promised to do more with less and have been driven by innovation. proponents of both technologies promise to address the needs of a growing global population. nanotechnology has promised advances in catalysis, energy production, and human health by harnessing the novel properties of materials that occur at the nanoscale. green chemistry has promised to address many of the same challenges by minimizing the adverse health effects of chemicals while maximizing the efficiency of their production. my presentation aims to highlight an approach to nanotechnology that integrates the principles of green chemistry. examples will include the design and synthesis of nanomaterials, the development of an arsenic sensor, and studies examining the environmental fate of engineered nanoparticles. these case studies exemplify an approach to nanotechnology that promotes innovative solutions and collaborative approaches to problem solving. conducted by marty mulvihill, uc berkeley center for green chemistry and the acs green chemistry institute. this half - day advanced workshop will delve more deeply into case studies and tools of green chemistry. this course will be interactive and steered by dialogue among attendees. attendees should have a basic understanding of green chemistry, the principles of green chemistry, industrial applications and metrics for determining the greenness of chemicals or attendance at green chemistry 101. diane barton : treaty rights and toxics in fish ( view presentation ) at the time of the 1855 treaties when the tribes and bands that are now the yakama nation, the confederated tribes of warm springs, the confederated tribes of the umatilla indian reservation and the nez perce tribe, ceded millions of acres in return for promises that included the right to take fish at all usual and accustomed place, the tribes did not anticipate the industrial development that would pollute their waters and consequently their food sources with toxic substances. tribes today are working together to protect their rights to clean and healthy traditional food sources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5611802680909692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.636869"} {"text": "take fish at all usual and accustomed place, the tribes did not anticipate the industrial development that would pollute their waters and consequently their food sources with toxic substances. tribes today are working together to protect their rights to clean and healthy traditional food sources. tribes are combining modern science, traditional ecologic knowledge, and advocacy to work for water quality standards that are protective of traditional lifestyles, to restore habitat that is free from toxic pollutants, and to implement pollution control measures and green chemistry alternatives in tribal enterprises and communities to prevent the release of chemicals of concern into the environment. michael cox : columbia river toxics reduction working group ( view presentation ) epa joined with other federal, state, tribal, local, and nonprofit partners to form the columbia river toxics reduction working group in 2005. the purpose of the working group was to better coordinate toxics work across the columbia river basin and share information. the overall goal was to reduce toxics in the basin and prevent further contamination. this goal includes reducing toxics in the plants and animals that people eat and ensuring the survival, reproduction, and growth of fish and wildlife in the basin. one of the first actions of the working group was the development of the \u201c state of the columbia river report for toxics \u201d that was published in january 2009. the working group then published the \u201c columbia river basin toxics reduction action plan \u201d in september 2012. the action plan provides more detail on the specific actions that are needed to prevent and reduce toxics from entering the basin \u2019 s waters. this presentation will provide the background on actions leading up to the formation of the working group along with a description of the working group and its major work products. it will also discuss work that is on - going in the columbia river basin to prevent and reduce toxics. finally, it will discuss the direction for further actions and next steps to achieve those actions. jim west : contaminants of concern in puget sound \u2019 s food web ( view presentation ) as a member of the puget sound ecosystem monitoring program ( psemp ), the washington department of fish and wildlife has tracked toxic contaminants in puget sound \u2019 s food web since 1989. this toxics in biota group has reported on the status and trends of a wide range of contaminants, in a broad group of species including pacific salmon, pacific herring, rockfish, english sole, dungeness crab, plankton, blue mussels, and herring embryos. the psemp toxic in biota team has worked in partnership", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45156159322330564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.638100"} {"text": "in a broad group of species including pacific salmon, pacific herring, rockfish, english sole, dungeness crab, plankton, blue mussels, and herring embryos. the psemp toxic in biota team has worked in partnership with noaa \u2019 s northwest fisheries science center ecotoxicology program to develop a toolbox for monitoring the exposure of species to toxic contaminants, and also the harmful effects of such exposure. this talk focuses on contaminants of greatest concern and provides three examples of their extent and magnitude in puget sound \u2019 s food web. status and trends metrics are compared with thresholds of deleterious effects to inform the development of recovery goals for puget sound. marjorie martzemerson : california safer consumer product proposed regulations ( view presentation ) the california safer consumer product ( green chemistry ) regulations were formally proposed in july 2012 to implement the requirements of assembly bill 1897 ( september 29, 2008 ). the regulations specify an iterative process to identify and implement safer alternatives to listed chemicals of concern in consumer products. the department of toxic substances control will identify chemicals of concern and designate priority products for further evaluation. manufacturers of priority products will be required to notify the department and conduct a life - cycle alternatives analysis to determine how best to limit the exposures to and adverse impacts on public health and the environment. following the analysis, the department, through regulatory action, will require implementation of feasible alternatives that maximize protection. the scope of these regulations is very broad and the requirements are expected to have a major impact on businesses that manufacture or import products offered for sale in california. kevin masterson : oregon toxics reduction strategy ( view presentation ) scott butner : what happens to the whales? a case study of anticipating the environmental consequences of emerging green technologies ( view presentation ) environmental lifecycle analysis ( lca ) is often touted as a robust approach to insuring that sustainability considerations are taken into account while making business, policy or design decisions that could potentially impact the environment. but lca often proves to be insufficient or inconclusive as a tool when dealing with emerging or pre - commercial technologies. emerging technologies often present significant uncertainties regarding the relevant parameters including technical operating conditions, consumer use patterns for the new technology, or other consequential impacts that may result from the disruptive nature of the technology being studied. in these cases, new approaches to lca ( often called \u201c consequential lca \u201d ) must be brought to bear on the problem, along with other means for insuring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039151505799072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.639211"} {"text": "may result from the disruptive nature of the technology being studied. in these cases, new approaches to lca ( often called \u201c consequential lca \u201d ) must be brought to bear on the problem, along with other means for insuring that well - informed decisions are made. this presentation will examine the case of marine hydrokinetic technology, a set of promising emerging technologies for producing renewable energy from wave and tidal forces. despite their enormous promise for producing renewable electricity, the pre - commercial status of these technologies present some unique challenges in siting, permitting, and understanding the potential environmental consequences of their widespread adoption. the efforts to site a tidal power project in admiralty inlet will be used to illustrate the problems of making informed decisions under scientific uncertainty. washington toxics reduction strategy \u2013 holly davies ( view presentation ) buy viagra in australia tadalafil long term vardenafil hcl generic cialis pills viagra how it works generic viagra names sildenafil trade names levitra cheap cialis lisinopril tadalafil generic 5mg generic viagra for sale vardenafil tablets order viagra online uk viagra price at walmart sildenafil for sale viagra cialis levitra generic where to buy viagra in pattaya cialis soft tabs cialis next day delivery generic cialis dangers levitra ingredients generic viagra india does generic viagra exist buy viagra with paypal cialis price uk levitra online no prescription cialis gel cialis viagra buy levitra online cialis viagra levitra which is better tadalafil effectiveness buy cialis in mexico viagra for sale philippines brand viagra without prescription levitra retail price cialis questions sildenafil revatio viagra knock offs cialis generic generic cialis for sale brand cialis no prescription generic viagra dosage cialis professional uk cialis mexico cialis walmart vardenafil without prescription buy viagra in new york tadalafil citrate dosage tadalafil reviews cialis price in mexico sildenafil generic india where to buy viagra in nigeria does generic cialis exist sildenafil dosage forms viagra ketoconazole cialis price comparison levitra effects buy viagra online no prescription cialis vs viagra which is better vardenafil reviews how does tadalafil work generic viagra paypal can i buy viagra in china generic cialis pharmacy where to buy viagra yahoo levitra better than viagra viagra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.562855446301047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.640234"} {"text": "cialis vs viagra which is better vardenafil reviews how does tadalafil work generic viagra paypal can i buy viagra in china generic cialis pharmacy where to buy viagra yahoo levitra better than viagra viagra for sale over counter can i buy viagra in mexico 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activities story pyramid story pyramid name a main character. give two words to describe him / her. microsoft word - notetaking. doc. name : _ _ _ _ _ date : _ _ _ _ _ \u00a9havefunteaching. com note taking note taking note taking note taking notes pictures notes pictures notes pictures notes pictures summary : summary : summary :... graphic organizers are not worksheets!... and responding - visualizing - using ' text features ' to locate information - using graphic organizers to record information - summarizing and synthesizing select and use strategies after reading and viewing to confirm and extend meaning,... summarizing if paraphrasing is just restating ideas, and a retelling is completely oral, what is a summary? this question has plagued researchers \u2014 and students \u2014 for years.... landmark school, inc. chapter 4 summarizing and paraphrasing summarizing and paraphrasing are skills that require students to reprocess information and express it in their own words. other sites you could try : find videos related to summarizing worksheets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48420053539445296, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.685738"} {"text": "research paper topics, free example research papers you are welcome to search thousands of free research papers and essays. search for your research paper topic now! research paper topic : teen social issues - 1385 words note : the research paper or essay you see on this page is a free essay, available to anyone. you can use any paper as a sample on how to write research papers or as a source of information. we strongly discourage you to directly copy / paste any essay and turn it in for credit. if your school uses any plagiarism detecting software, you might be caught and accused of plagiarism. if you need a custom term paper, research paper or essay, written from scratch exclusively for you, please, use our paid research papers writing service! teen social issues there are many social problems that teenagers go threw. i think the two most recognized problems are teenage drinking and driving, and teen suicide. these two social behaviors teenagers go threw are two of the leading causes of teenage death in the state of new mexico. alcohol, the most widely used and abused drug among youth, causes serious and potentially life - threatening problems for this population. new mexico holds one of the nation ' s highest dwi ( driving while intoxicated ) rates ( ulibarri, 1999 ). motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for teenagers in new mexico. society must now face several questions, why do teens drink, what are the results of teen drinking and driving, and how can society change this pattern. every year hundreds of teens die in the state new mexico. teen suicide is the fastest growing killer of youth in america and if left unaddressed it will affect are future generations. why do teenagers drink alcohol? peers play the major role in shaping attitudes about alcohol use. prior to this time, television and movies played the most influential role. the attitudes of parents toward alcohol correlated strongly with the attitudes of their children. there are several reasons why teenagers give to drinking alcohol which include recreation, rebellion, relieve depression, fatigue, and boredom. also because they have personal problems at home that make them turn to alcohol. other reasons are a loved one passing away, fighting with parents, divorce, and separation of family. the main factor of teenage drinking is influence from their peers. teenagers in our society are pressured into trying out alcohol for the first time to see how it tastes like. if they give in to their peers they become part of the group, but if they do not they are not accepted into the group. as a result of teens being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49855750388796255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.698372"} {"text": "are pressured into trying out alcohol for the first time to see how it tastes like. if they give in to their peers they become part of the group, but if they do not they are not accepted into the group. as a result of teens being under the influence of alcohol, they are not aware that once they get behind the wheel they are risking their lives and the lives of other innocent people on the road. teenagers think it ' s cool to drink and drive. they feel nothing will happen to them. a survey concluded, males having higher rates of daily drinking and binge drinking than females, but these difference are diminishing. while white students report the highest levels of drinking, blacks report the lowest, and hispanics fall between the two ( alcohol alert, 1999 ). the causes that lead them to automobile accidents are driver inexperience, driving late at night, having consumed alcohol, speeding, youthful risk, and driving during emotional stress. many programs are being offered to educate teenagers and people on how to prevent alcohol - related accidents. the gentleman that came to talk to us on dwi related accidents had very interesting facts on rio arriba county. i found it vary informative. in rio arriba county there is a dwi course being offered to anyone interested in developing strategies to prevent dwi from occurring by informing teens the dwi penalties, and laws in new mexico, what happens in a dwi arrest and trial, and what the blood alcohol concentration level is. education can help teens become aware of the consequences of drinking and driving. yet effective ways of dealing with teen drinking and driving are formal treatment. teens can be taken to visit a rehabilitation center, which is a process of putting the treatment plan into action. it consist of ( 1 ) education, ( 2 ) group therapy, ( 3 ) life story, ( 4 ) individual therapy, ( 5 ) peer assessment, ( 6 ) recreational therapy, ( 7 ) coping skills and relaxation therapy, ( 8 ) support group attendance, and ( 9 ) spiritually. rio arriba county is one of six communities across the nation to participate in the rapid responses team pilot project, which is designed to study whether a team of experts can work with community members to develop effective ways of reducing underage drinking. the teams are comprised of one expert from each of the following profession : law enforcement, education, prevention, public policy, and strategic planning. every year thousands of teens die in the united states, not from cancer or car accidents, but by their own hand ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4548264061601174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.704924"} {"text": "are comprised of one expert from each of the following profession : law enforcement, education, prevention, public policy, and strategic planning. every year thousands of teens die in the united states, not from cancer or car accidents, but by their own hand ; they make the choice that they want to die, and they take their life. suicide is the fastest growing killer of youth in america ( www. yellowribbon. org ), and if left unaddressed, it will help bring about disastrous consequences for the united states. teenage suicide is indeed a great plight in the united states. it is the eighth leading cause of all deaths in the country ; third for persons aged 15 to 24 ( waters and ingressia ). statistics show that more than 13 of every 1000, 000 teenager took their life in 1998, and that number is rising every year. in fact suicide kills teens 3 to 6 times more than homicide. although suicide rates over the past 40 years are relatively stable, the incidence of suicide among 15 - 24 years olds has tripled, while the rate among 15 - 19 year olds has quadrupled ( garner and rosenberg ). the numbers of deaths by teen suicide are rising quickly, and it must be stopped. why is it? those teenagers are committing suicide? there are many factors which lead teenagers today to take their own life. there is the social environmental factor, which suggest that the greater access to firearms has caused a rise in the death of teens. teenagers can easily kill themselves with such deadly weapons as guns. suicide is genetically influenced. it may be the result of an underlying personality or predisposition to mental illness that is inherited. one other cause is the imitative thinking of our youth ( garner and rosenberg ). the two major causes of teen suicide are the homophobic sentiments of the people and struggles within the family unit. struggles and problems within the family are also a big factor of teen suicide. youngsters who commit suicide are somewhat more likely to come from a broken home than are youngsters of the same ethnic group but about half lived with both biological parents at the time of the death. ( www. spanusa. org ). the absence of a strong relationship to parent - child friction and a significant excess of poor parent - child communication also lead to teen suicide. what can be done to cripple the rise in teen suicide? according to the national strategy for prevention of suicide there are three steps in the fight against the problem access, illumination, and methodology. they suggest that access to services and programs dealing with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45882655855901866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.714235"} {"text": "can be done to cripple the rise in teen suicide? according to the national strategy for prevention of suicide there are three steps in the fight against the problem access, illumination, and methodology. they suggest that access to services and programs dealing with the issue must be enhanced, the public ' s awareness be broadened or illuminated, and the scientific approach to the problem be continued ( www. afsp. org ). i think that the problem is still not being addressed as it should be. many teenagers are still dying. at least, the government has now recognized that teen suicide is a national problem and measures for it are now in the works. teen suicide is a grave national problem indeed. it has taken the lives of many american youth already. in conclusion society is coming to understand that there is a major social problem with teenagers drinking and driving and teen suicide. in regards to teens drinking and driving, society can change the behavior of teenagers who drink and drive by using community involvement and educating our youth about dire consequences of drinking and driving. we must look towards igniting and mobilizing the passion, energy, imagination, and idealism of our youth to make a real difference. i do hope with future changes in society, the issues of teenage drinking and driving will be addressed and community solutions will be found for our youth. it is our role and responsibility to become involved in our youth because they are our future. teen suicide is a grave national problem indeed. it has taken the lives of many americans youth already. the future of america ' s next generation is at stake. let us take action now before it is too late, before the teen suicide epidemic devours the whole nation. in other words, let ' s deal with the problem. first, let ' s recognize it. then let ' s become aware about it. after that, let ' s take action to diminish it. bibliography bibliograpy american foundation for suicide prevention. www. afsp. org. child and adolescent behavior. letter june 1998. 1 - 2. gardner, sandra and gary b. rosenberg. light for life foundation international. www. yellowribbon. org. today magazine. dec 98, vol. 123 issue 2595, pl, 1 / 9p. waters, henry f. and ingrassia, michele. www. spanusa. org. april 10, 2000 17. lena h. sun, alcohol alert. new york times, march 1999. andrew ulibarri, out of control teens. taos news, 20,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4121894359075708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.727118"} {"text": "in response to the demonstrated health hazards of tobacco smoking, health care facilities are increasingly implementing policies that ban smoking on their premises. persons with psychiatric illnesses are about twice as likely to smoke cigarettes as the general population ( 1 ), and the prevalence of smoking among persons with schizophrenia is reported to be three or four times higher than in the general population ( 2, 3 ). alcohol and drug abuse are also strongly associated with a high rate of smoking, with prevalence estimates ranging from 71 percent to 100 percent ( 4, 5, 6 ). thus persons with psychiatric or substance use disorders are particularly affected by smoking bans. a concern has been raised that policies that address the risks of smoking in the general population may deter smokers who are mentally ill or substance dependent from obtaining services. we conducted a critical review of the literature to assess the strength of the empirical evidence supporting this concern about smoking bans in psychiatric populations. we reviewed the literature on the association between smoking and psychiatric disorders. we then focused on the studies of the impact of smoking bans and attempted to draw policy implications. we used major health care databases to conduct the search : medline ( 1997 to 2001 ), cinahl ( 1990 to 2001 ), psycinfo ( 1990 to 2001 ), best evidence / ebm reviews ( 1991 to 2002 ), healthstar ( 1996 to 2001 ), the cochrane database of systematic reviews ( 2001 ), and embase ( 1990 to 2002 ). in addition, legal trac ( 1990 to 2002 ), bioethicsline ( 1973 to 2001 ), philosopher ' s index ( 1980 to 2002 ), and dissertation abstracts ( 1990 to 2002 ) were searched. some articles were drawn from the reference lists of previous articles, and unpublished empirical studies were located through a web search. major search terms included smoking, smoking cessation, nicotine, health policy, hospital policy, smoke - free policy, psychiatric disorders, mental disorders, and substance use disorders. several of the articles on the impact of nonsmoking policies in psychiatric settings and the treatment of smoking in this population were reviews or discussion papers or were based on anecdotal evidence. these papers ( a total of 17 ) were excluded. smoking and psychiatric disorders investigations of the association between tobacco smoking and psychiatric disorders can be categorized into four areas of interest : smoking as self - medication, nicotine and vulnerability to mental illness, smoking and medication, and the impact of forced nicotine withdrawal. smoking as self - medication both neurobiological and psychosocial factors reinforce the use of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48532910948529917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.765869"} {"text": "areas of interest : smoking as self - medication, nicotine and vulnerability to mental illness, smoking and medication, and the impact of forced nicotine withdrawal. smoking as self - medication both neurobiological and psychosocial factors reinforce the use of nicotine in psychiatric populations. nicotine is thought to interact with a number of neurotransmitter systems : serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine ( 3, 7 ). there is growing evidence that nicotine functions to normalize two different physiological dysfunctions in schizophrenia, auditory sensory gating ( 8, 9 ) and abnormal smooth - pursuit eye movements ( 7 ). in addition, the dopaminergic and glutaminic alterations created by nicotine are thought to improve negative symptoms ( 10 ). the link between smoking and depression has been attributed to the use of nicotine for alleviating dysphoric moods ( 11, 12 ). smokers who have a history of depression are more vulnerable to developing depression during nicotine withdrawal, and the withdrawal syndrome is more severe among these persons ( 7, 13 ). a strong correlation between nicotine use and other substance abuse also exists. among all persons with a psychiatric diagnosis, those who abuse alcohol have the highest rates of smoking, in terms of having ever smoked ( 13 ). in a study of nicotine dependence and abstinence in schizophrenia, ziedonis and colleagues ( 10 ) found that smokers had significantly higher rates of alcohol and drug abuse than nonsmokers and that heavy smokers had the highest rates of both alcohol and drug use disorders. the subjective calming effect of nicotine is also thought to be particularly reinforcing for persons with psychiatric illness ( 14 ). it has been suggested that smoking reduces social inhibition and isolation and that it may provide an outlet for the expression of dependency needs among persons with schizophrenia ( 10, 14 ). van dongen ( 14 ) found that for many people with persistent mental illness, smoking is a major part of their daily routine and is considered to provide some structure to a day with few activities. moreover, smoking has long been considered an integral part of the psychiatric culture, and there exists an ingrained belief that persons with mental illness are not able or willing to quit smoking. as a result, this population has been largely excluded from the greater societal movement toward minimizing smoking, and health professionals who work with persons who have mental illness have taken a passive stance in talking to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5034508234185341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.770479"} {"text": "illness are not able or willing to quit smoking. as a result, this population has been largely excluded from the greater societal movement toward minimizing smoking, and health professionals who work with persons who have mental illness have taken a passive stance in talking to their patients about quitting smoking. nicotine and vulnerability to mental illness a few studies suggest that nicotine may increase one ' s vulnerability to mental illness. ziedonis and colleagues ( 10 ) found that the onset of schizophrenia is significantly earlier among those who smoke. another study reported that persons who smoke daily have an elevated risk of first - time occurrence of panic attack ( 15 ). smoking has also been found to increase the risk of certain anxiety disorders during late adolescence and early adulthood ( 16 ). other evidence suggests that smoking is associated with an elevated risk of depression ( 1, 17, 18 ). finally, there is evidence that smokers are more vulnerable to other forms of substance abuse, with nicotine acting as a \" gateway \" drug ( 4, 19 ). smoking cigarettes can reduce the blood concentrations of a number of psychiatric medications ( 3, 20, 21, 22 ). plasma neuroleptic concentrations can be up to 50 percent lower among heavy smokers, because smoking induces higher enzymatic activity, which accelerates the metabolism of these medications ( 3, 21, 22 ). thus patients who smoke tend to receive significantly higher doses of neuroleptics ( 10, 23, 24, 25 ). there is no evidence that specifically links the metabolism of neuroleptic medications to nicotine ; rather, it is believed that the effect is produced by the tar in cigarettes ( 10 ). it is interesting that patients who are taking conventional antipsychotics are likely to smoke more, whereas patients who are taking atypical antipsychotics, such as clozapine, tend to smoke less ( 3 ). some studies have found that patients with schizophrenia who smoke have fewer parkinsonian symptoms than those who do not smoke ( 23, 26 ), which suggests that smoking has a protective effect on dopamine systems ( 25 ). other research has shown higher rates of tardive dyskinesia among patients with schizophrenia who smoke ( 1, 27 ). however, the findings related to both parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia are mixed and inconclusive. in a study by linnoila and associates ( 20 ), smoking was associated with low plasma amitriptyline and nortriptyline concentrations, although there have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4895846500541487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.774727"} {"text": "and tardive dyskinesia are mixed and inconclusive. in a study by linnoila and associates ( 20 ), smoking was associated with low plasma amitriptyline and nortriptyline concentrations, although there have been contradictory findings. impact of forced nicotine withdrawal forced nicotine withdrawal is associated with significant risks for psychiatric patients. nicotine withdrawal produces physiological, behavioral, and subjective changes that present similarly to positive and negative psychiatric symptoms, side effects of medications, and alcohol or drug withdrawal ( 28 ). thus there is a risk of misinterpretation and exacerbation of symptoms when psychiatric patients cease smoking ( 25, 29, 30 ). people with schizophrenia or a history of depression or anxiety report more severe withdrawal symptoms than do persons without these disorders ( 31 ). smoking cessation can also precipitate a relapse of depression among smokers who have a history of depression and can increase anxiety for some patients ( 28 ). because smoking increases the metabolism of neuroleptic medications, forced smoking cessation may alter the blood concentrations of various psychiatric medications and may result in dangerously high drug concentrations and problematic side effects ( 32 ). empirical studies of smoking ban policies policies that ban smoking in inpatient psychiatric or addiction settings are either \" total, \" which means that no smoking is allowed within the facility or on passes, or \" partial, \" which means that smoking is allowed in the facility or on passes. our literature search yielded seven investigations of the impact of total bans in inpatient psychiatric settings, listed in t1, and seven on the impact of partial bans, which are listed in t2 ( 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 ). in addition, three investigations examined the impact of bans in outpatient waiting rooms or day hospital programs ; these studies are also listed in t2. we retrieved two studies of total bans and three of partial bans in addiction settings. the impact was assessed either through chart reviews or through structured questionnaires, and the behavioral indicators included the use of restraints or seclusion, the occurrence of assault or injury, the number of calls to security, discharges against medical advice or elopements, medication changes, and records of illicit smoking in patients ' rooms. the ward atmosphere scale and the overt aggression scale were the most common instruments used. however, published studies have not been consistent in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5057574141069546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.778334"} {"text": "discharges against medical advice or elopements, medication changes, and records of illicit smoking in patients ' rooms. the ward atmosphere scale and the overt aggression scale were the most common instruments used. however, published studies have not been consistent in the use of behavioral indicators, and some studies collected no objective data. thus the use of meta - analytic methods was precluded by the lack of uniform dependent variables across studies. the number of studies that used similar outcome measures was too small for their effect sizes to be reliably estimated. in contrast with studies in psychiatric settings, the five studies on the impact of smoking bans in addiction settings focused mostly on the smokers ' interest in quitting before and after the ban rather than on behavioral disorders and management issues arising from the policy. joseph and colleagues ( 50 ), in two consecutive studies of total bans in residential programs, found an increase in the proportion of smokers who were interested in quitting after the ban ( from 24 percent to 61 percent ) and in the proportion of those who actually abstained from smoking ( 41 percent after the ban compared with 9 percent before the ban ). no adverse effect on drug or alcohol treatment was noted ( 51 ). regarding partial bans, a survey of 19 program directors reported fewer complaints than anticipated, but nicotine treatment was not fully integrated into most programs ( 52 ). in another study, staff support for an emphasis on smoking cessation declined after the policy was implemented ( 53 ). kempf and stanley ( 54 ) compared two adolescent residential units, one with a total ban on smoking and one with a partial ban, and found no difference between the two units in rates of in initial rejection of the program or in dropout rates, with heavy smokers more likely to drop out from either unit. the preponderance of evidence from the reviewed literature suggests that policies that ban smoking have no major long - standing untoward effects in terms of the behavioral indicators of unrest or noncompliance. one study found no association between scores on the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire ( ftq ) or the nicotine withdrawal checklist ( nwc ) and subjective anxiety ( 33 ), whereas another study found a negative association between ftq scores and compliance with a nonsmoking policy ( 34 ). indeed, the amount of support for the policies among patients and staff may actually be higher after the ban. however, these self - reports contrast with the results of three studies that showed that smoking resumed immediately after discharge or that motivation to quit was lower", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48331585426749674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.780174"} {"text": ". indeed, the amount of support for the policies among patients and staff may actually be higher after the ban. however, these self - reports contrast with the results of three studies that showed that smoking resumed immediately after discharge or that motivation to quit was lower among patients whose smoking was restricted. we found a discrepancy between studies that showed a significant interaction between smoking and psychiatric disorders and the fact that only four of the 17 studies reported behavioral consequences of smoking bans. explanations may be found in the relatively crude indicators of behavioral unrest or noncompliance that have been used to study the impact of nonsmoking policies. forced nicotine withdrawal may not always translate into aggressive behavior, need for restraint, or other forms of noncompliance. also, administrative bias in favor of a nonsmoking policy may mean that fewer untoward effects are reported. although policies that ban smoking satisfy a public health agenda during residential treatment, they appear to have little or no effect on the goal of smoking cessation. despite self - reported increases in support for smoking bans after implementation of the policy, resumption of smoking after discharge is highly prevalent and immediate. motivation for quitting smoking may even decline if a restrictive smoking policy is insensitive to the progression of the stages of change that are required before a person can quit smoking. a growing body of literature shows that, in general, smoking cessation strategies result in outcomes among psychiatric patients that are not very different from those in the general population ( 55, 56 ). relatively brief interventions can increase the number of persons who quit smoking. minimal training that can encourage health professionals to be sensitive and to be prepared to address patients ' concerns about quitting is a cost - effective investment. smoking cessation strategies, which can range from supportive counseling to pharmacotherapy, should be an inherent component of nonsmoking policies. total bans and outdoor bans raise ethical issues in terms of balancing the rights of nonsmokers against those of smokers. arguments center around the extent of the threat presented by outdoor, second - hand smoke. although chronic and cumulative exposure to indoor smoking \u2014 for example, living with a smoker or working in a smoking environment \u2014 creates a definite hazard, the risk associated with fleeting outdoor exposure is much more controversial and does not justify a lack of flexibility. the support for outdoor bans may be based more on the demand for an aesthetically pleasing environment for nonsmokers and the need for health care facilities to model healthier lifestyle practices for their clients ( 57,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4757327025103184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.782581"} {"text": "does not justify a lack of flexibility. the support for outdoor bans may be based more on the demand for an aesthetically pleasing environment for nonsmokers and the need for health care facilities to model healthier lifestyle practices for their clients ( 57, 58 ). this study was limited in that a meta - analysis could not be conducted. our conclusions about the impact of smoking bans on patients ' behavior are largely qualitative given that a majority of studies did not show large untoward reactions. the lack of uniform measures of outcome is not surprising given that most studies used retrospective designs. more studies with prospective designs are needed to verify our conclusions. as nonsmoking policies evolve with changes in social awareness and acceptance of tobacco smoking, flexibility is recommended in order to protect nonsmokers while promoting a therapeutic agenda for smokers. the significant interactive effects between smoking and psychiatric disorders pose particular challenges to smoking cessation that must be addressed. the authors are affiliated with the foothills hospital addiction centre, calgary regional health authority, 1403 twenty - ninth street, n. w., calgary, alberta t2n 2t9 canada ( e - mail, email @ example. com ). dr. el - guebaly and dr. currie are also affiliated with the department of psychiatry at the university of calgary. studies on the effects of total nonsmoking policies in psychiatric and addiction treatment settings studies on the effects of partial nonsmoking policies in psychiatric and addiction treatment settings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48439216769166843, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.784310"} {"text": "american college of sports medicine honors brett wong ' s research as nation ' s best eugene, ore. - - brett wong is on a mission to help uncover the mechanism that regulates our ability to withstand heat stress. the goal is to help improve survival rates among those who suffer the most during heat waves : the elderly and people with conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. the award - winning university of oregon doctoral degree student ' s research is the first to identify histamine receptors as contributing to increased blood flow during heat stress. skin blood flow is a key factor in compensating for exposure to prolonged heat waves. \" these are the same receptors that are involved in seasonal allergies for which people take antihistamines, \" says wong, who is the lead author on an article describing his findings in the november issue of the journal of physiology. co - authors are brad w. wilkins, research associate, and christopher minson, assistant professor of human physiology and co - director of the uo exercise and environmental physiology laboratories. theirs is the first study designed to examine a potential role for histamine receptors in skin blood flow in humans. they tested the h1 and h2 histamine receptors and found that only the h1 receptor was involved in skin blood flow changes. the national institutes of health ( heart, lung and blood institute ) funded the study. \" many deaths in the midwest have been associated with an inability to increase skin blood flow and regulate body temperature, \" wong says. \" if we can understand the basic science behind increasing skin blood flow in healthy young individuals, we ' ll be able to help at - risk populations. \" led by wong, the uo research team outfitted 11 human subjects in water - perfused suits and increased their core body temperature to about 100 degrees fahrenheit. he threaded four hollow microfibers into the skin on their forearms and used microdialysis to target doses of nitric oxide or two types of antihistamines. laser - doppler flowmetry ( ldf ) was used to monitor changes in skin blood flow during heat stress. \" i personally don ' t like needles but it ' s a very powerful technique to study skin blood flow, \" says wong, who knows firsthand what the subjects will experience, having tested the technique on himself. a water - perfused suit is designed to tightly control skin temperature. the subjects wore a plastic coverall over the water - perfused suit, and the feet were wrapped in towels and plastic bags to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5075238945957439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.798308"} {"text": ", having tested the technique on himself. a water - perfused suit is designed to tightly control skin temperature. the subjects wore a plastic coverall over the water - perfused suit, and the feet were wrapped in towels and plastic bags to minimize heat loss. current evidence suggests that sweating and increased skin blood flow ( cutaneous active vasodilation ) is mediated by the co - release of a neurotransmitter with acetylcholine from cholinergic nerves in the skin. however, the precise mechanism of action, and even the neurotransmitter itself, is unknown. earlier this year, wong ' s previous work in this area won the top national award for student research from the american college of sports medicine. the prize is given annually to only one student in the united states whose research is considered to be the most outstanding in the country. originally from sierra madre, calif., wong earned a bachelor ' s degree from the university of california at davis. his master ' s degree is from the uo, and he expects to complete his doctoral degree in summer 2005. he plans to continue his research and eventually to teach in a university setting. source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved. i do not think there is any other quality so essential to success of any kind as the quality of perseverance. it overcomes almost everything, even nature. - - john d. rockefeller", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5427376234261748, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.798970"} {"text": "the basics of game development \u2013 for programmers this talk is an overview of what exactly is involved in game development \u2013 from the point of view of a programmer. these are the major components of game development. a game platform is the hardware - software combination on which a game runs. these are the major game platforms : - console ( e. g. xbox 360, wii, ps2 / ps3 ). - pc ( windows, mac ) - mobile ( iphone, others ) - web browser based - arcade machines ( i. e. the dedicated game play machines you see in video - games parlours in malls ) the platform makes a big difference to the kind of games you can build. for example, consider the consoles. here the hardware is fixed. this is good because a game is a very optimized piece of software. so the more you know about the hardware, the more you can optimize, and the better will be your gameplay. ( compare with a pc game where it can be played on pcs with vastly different hardware capabilities. then you end up programming to the minimum requirements, which is sub - optimal for the higher end pcs. ) game development team a game development team consists of the following roles : - artists \u2013 2d / 3d artists and animators - game designers \u2013 level designers, gameplay designers, ui designers - programmers \u2013 graphics, gameplay, ai engine, physics, networking, ui, tools - audio \u2013 sound effects creators, music composers - testers ( pune has a lot of game testing companies ) - special mention : the crossovers \u2013 technical artists, team leads, tester - producer, etc. not all kinds of games require all these roles. a \u201c big \u201d game is a huge production, pretty much like a movie, and will hence need all these roles. smaller games can do with fewer. interesting points : the physics engine in a game is a piece of software in a game which essentially enforces the laws of physics ( as they exist in the game world ). when you throw an object, how it flies through space is determined by the physics engine. when you fall, what happens to you, how much you get hurt ; if you kick a door, will it break. such things are determined by the physics engine. networking is needed in online games. specially, an mmorpg ( massively multiplayer online role - playing game ) has hundreds of thousands of people playing simultaneously, and the various players are interacting with the game system, and with each other. all of this networking has to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4660237575968358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.827188"} {"text": "games. specially, an mmorpg ( massively multiplayer online role - playing game ) has hundreds of thousands of people playing simultaneously, and the various players are interacting with the game system, and with each other. all of this networking has to be managed at the game servers ( which are in the cloud ) and the game clients ( which are installed on the users pc / console ). there are two broad phases of game development. first there is \u201c content creation \u201d. this includes things like creating the characters, animations, levels etc. this happens offline, before the game is \u201c released \u201d. the tools used are maya / max, photoshop, sound creation tools, and game design tools. the other big chunk of program in a game software is the \u201c runtime \u201d. this is the server and the engine which interacts with the user and renders each frame of the game, and controls the game play. the fundamental difference between animation and graphics in games and anywhere else is the \u201c realtime \u201d nature of the rendering. when doing animation / graphics for a movie, everything is computed beforehand, and it is simply displayed / rendered at runtime. however, with a game, this is not true. you need to keep gathering input from the user ( for example, the current position of the user ), and change the animation appropriately. so, the animation needs to be auto - created at runtime based on the inputs, and this needs to happen at 30 + frames per second. going below 30 + frames per second is just not permissible \u2013 the game will not feel smooth. hence, the only thing you can compromise on is the quality / resolution of the graphics. hence, in terms of pure graphical output, a pre - rendered video is always going to have better possibilities than what is possible in a game. in any case, in most games, lots and lots of optimization happens to be able to render high quality graphics at 30 + fps, using the best possible software and hardware combination. thus, most games will try to use the graphics cards of the hardware to the fullest extent possible. all modern graphics cards are programmable in the sense that common graphics operations ( like shaders ) can be offloaded to the graphics card. the game engine will have sophisticated software that pushes as much work as possible to the graphics card. the game runtime is broken up into two big parts. first there is the basic engine, which can be thought of as a framework for building games, and has building blocks like rendering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49695230635760196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.844239"} {"text": "software that pushes as much work as possible to the graphics card. the game runtime is broken up into two big parts. first there is the basic engine, which can be thought of as a framework for building games, and has building blocks like rendering, animation, physics, networking, sound. another major feature of an engine is that it allows easy creation of different kinds of games, characters, levels, and general purpose scripting. thus, the idea is that there is a generic game engine which is not necessarily tied to any specific game, and on top of this, various different games can be built by the game designers. typically, the same game engine will be re - used by a company to build and release many different games. a game engine will typically come with \u201c game creation tools \u201d which are separate pieces of software which allow you to \u201c author \u201d games. typical workflow : an artist uses tools like maya / photoshop to create the basic content, and the level designer of a game will use the game engine tools to import the basic content into the game. you might create a character in maya, examples of game engines : cryengine ( crysis, far cry, aion : tower of eternity ), unreal engine ( unreal tournament, unreal3, gears of war. http : / / udk. com is available free for non - commercial use ), source engine ( half life, counter strike source ), unity, torque ( casual / web - based gaming ). components of a game engine - graphics renderer : all the computer graphics calculations ( including ray tracing, lighting, refraction, reflection, etc ). crysis ( the game ) looks very good because the cryengine graphics engine is very good. - animation system : define how your characters move. this includes defining the walk cycle ( i. e. one full step of the character walking, which is looped to show a walking character ). - scene graph : a level in a game is a huge 3d ( or 2d ) space, with lots of things \u2013 characters, objects, lights. all of these need to be defined and instantiated. these need to be held in memory while the game is playing. knowing what objects are where, and keeping track of them in memory is the job of a scene graph. the renderer shows you the view of what is currently visible to you, while the scene graph keeps track of everything that is \u201c nearby \u201d, and is the one who calculates what is and is not visible (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5424201610004993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.845285"} {"text": "the job of a scene graph. the renderer shows you the view of what is currently visible to you, while the scene graph keeps track of everything that is \u201c nearby \u201d, and is the one who calculates what is and is not visible ( and should hence be sent to the renderer ). - physics : as described earlier, the physics of the game world. when things are thrown, what is their trajectory. if something hits something else, how much doe it bounce. compute the mass, the force, the acceleration, and apply the newton \u2019 s laws ( or another set of laws, if the game world has different physics than our own ). - networking : this most programmers should be familiar with. - ai : this is what actually defines how different characters ( the computer controlled ones ) behave and react. note that you \u2019 re not always trying to create reality, or \u201c human \u201d behavior. all you want is a fun experience \u2013 not necessarily realistic. - audio : sound effects, and voice - overs. - ui : the interface for the game. including inputs, options, etc. - scripting : while the basic engine is programmed in c + +, for defining what happens in a game, a low - level programming language like c + + or java is not an ideal language to define the \u201c gameplay. \u201d for this, a scripting language like lua, or python is used. or, like unreal engine, the engine might have its own scripting language. compiling a game takes a long time ( more than half an hour for a big game ), so you definitely don \u2019 t want to write your game logic in a compiled language and require a full compilation every time you make a minor change. who would be interested in game development if you want to make a career in game development, these are some things to think about : - you need to be interested in games, and should have some knowledge of games. that will make work more interesting - you should have played, and analyzed a variety of games \u2013 that way you know and understand what are the different possibilities out there - you should like working in a team. a game development team can be 100s of people, all working together to produce a single game. and if you \u2019 re not really a team player, you will not be able to function properly. - good communication skills. a game development team has people from many different teams, with different backgrounds, and if you \u2019 re not good at communication, especially written communication, you might run into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5273011919940565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.891942"} {"text": "team player, you will not be able to function properly. - good communication skills. a game development team has people from many different teams, with different backgrounds, and if you \u2019 re not good at communication, especially written communication, you might run into problems. once you \u2019 ve become a game programmer, you \u2019 ll find yourself using these skills a lot : - linear algebra : matrix operators, vectors, quaternions - co - ordinate systems ( remember your geometry? ) - trigonometry \u2013 basics, like 10th / 12th std. level - laws of physics ( laws of motion, angular velocity / momentum etc ). - c / c + +.. net, c # for tools. scripting languages ( python, lua ). - object - oriented programming. - writing optimized code but here is the biggest reason why you should get into game development : - game development is at the cutting edge of technology. all the latest and best technology is used in games first, and only slowly and later does it trickle down into other fields of programming. game development is the f1 - racing of programming. lookup these links for some further interesting reading for games. - xna : http : / / rbwhitaker. wikidot. com / xna - tutorials /, http : / / riemers. net / eng / tutorials / xnacsharp. php - for c + + : directx : http : / / directxtutorial. com, ogl : http : / / nene. gamedev. net - pygame \u2013 http : / / pygame. org / - gamedev : http : / / gamedev. net / reference / - gamasutra : http : / / gamasutra. com / category / programming /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44625292159558794, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.928241"} {"text": "it for radio engineers ipv6 is coming based on current usage levels, it is anticipated that the current blocks of available addresses under the current system, also called ipv4, will be exhausted in approximately three years. to head this off, a new proposal is in the final stages of approval. known as ipv6, it will probably provide the most benefit to broadcasters and multicasters, due to enhancements to how ip handles audio and video streams. the major improvement ipv6 provides is its ability to serve 3. 4 \u00d7 1038 addresses using 128 - bit addressing contrasted to the measly 4 billion currently supported by ipv4 using 32 - bit addressing. in theory, ipv6 will provide enough addresses for every person on the planet and still have room to grow almost infinitely. routing ipv6 data will be made simpler due to the elimination of the nat protocol since each device will have a unique address and address translation will no longer be necessary. the virtually limitless availability of unique ip addresses opens up the possibility of a wide variety of devices, not just pcs or printers. it is expected that even common items, such as appliances or automobiles, can now have their own ip addresses. there are interesting possibilities for our industry as well. imagine transmitters, processing equipment and other peripheral equipment all having ip addresses that could be interconnected from anywhere in the world. take this a step further and consider a transmitter that takes all of its control and audio streaming information through an ethernet connection connected to a remote control and audio processor in a different state. do you see where this could go? ipv6 addresses are 128 bits long. there are 64 bits for the network address and 64 bits for the host address. the host address is derived from the unique mac address given to the network interface device. optionally, they can also be generated sequentially. in practice, the ipv6 address is written in a hexadecimal formal consisting of eight groups with four hex digits. ipv6 is ideal for streaming because the protocol defines three specific types of addresses : unicast \u2014 basically point - to - point, typical of most applications. multicast \u2014 one - to - many recipients. anycast \u2014 a variation of multicast, only delivered to a single node than routed to other nodes until it reaches the recipient ( s ). a detailed discussion of ipv6 would fill volumes, but you need to be aware that many governments and large organizations are starting the transition process. newer equipment might be software upgradeable but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4803154908028404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.946956"} {"text": "routed to other nodes until it reaches the recipient ( s ). a detailed discussion of ipv6 would fill volumes, but you need to be aware that many governments and large organizations are starting the transition process. newer equipment might be software upgradeable but some will need to be changed. start identifying compatibility issues now. many manufacturers have information on their websites. be aware that only windows vista and mac os x 10. 3 and above have native support for ipv6. when it comes to establishing a hard connection between one or more points, ip tunneling is the ultimate tool. why should you care about tunneling? consider for example that you are trying to set up a remote broadcast in another county, state or country. using a dedicated ip address might create problems with latency or possible loss of connection. utilizing an ip tunnel would establish a dedicated virtual connection between the remote user and host, similar to any local device and typically with improved performance. the concept of tunneling is based on a process that packages the primary ip packet inside another packet. the purpose of the outer packet is to create a virtual physical connection between two networks that encapsulates the real data packet. like everything in the it world, there is a protocol ( or set of protocols ) that make implementation possible. there are two primary protocols that can be used to create an ip tunnel : point - to - point tunneling protocol ( pptp ) may seem familiar from back in the days of dial - up connections. originally developed by cisco and later licensed to microsoft, this became a standard communications protocol to be included standard with later versions of ms windows and as such, became a popular protocol with dial - up hosting providers. pptp requires two separate connections \u2014 one connection maintains the data path using another protocol called generic routing encapsulation ( gre ). gre manages the encapsulation process and subsequently strips the encapsulation at the other end. the second connection is used to initiate and maintain the gre session. layer 2 tunneling protocol ( l2tp ) is a newer and more feature - packed version created from a combination of pptp and another old protocol called layer 2 forwarding ( l2f ). the use of layer 2 here is deceiving in that it actually operates at the application layer ( layer 5 ). it works by encapsulating the packet, payload ( original data ) and header within a udp ( universal data protocol ) datagram. datagrams are basically a package containing a short message. for example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5839489084061538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.948246"} {"text": "application layer ( layer 5 ). it works by encapsulating the packet, payload ( original data ) and header within a udp ( universal data protocol ) datagram. datagrams are basically a package containing a short message. for example, a series of datagrams form the basis for streaming audio and video technologies. the current version is l2tpv3 which provides improved performance and compatibly with other transport services. one more protocol you should know is called ipsec, which is short for ip security. this is typically used in conjunction with a tunneling protocol, particularly l2tp as a means to provide secure authentication and encryption services. when the two protocols are used together the protocol is called l2tp / ipsec. in practice, the tunneling process begins by establishing the virtual connection between the client and host systems. the implementation of creating the vpn is typically done through software and / or hardware applications. a popular example of ip tunneling is the virtual private network ( vpn ), which provides remote users the ability to gain access to their internal network ( intranet ) and network resources ( printers, etc. ) as if they were connected in their offices. the remote user initiates a typical vpn session with a software client that requires you log in with your username, password, etc. the host end of the vpn manages the task of accepting requests to establish the connection and verifying the user login and security information. once the user information has been accepted the tunneled connected is established and remains connected until either the user ( or administrator ) chooses to stop it or the host system has provisions to drop the connection when not in use for a preset amount of time. while tunneling provides a better experience for the remote user, it also offers a much higher level of security for the host network since the connection can ' t be established without going through some level of security check. creating a tunneled connection is easy or cheap ( even free ) with the use of software applications easily downloaded from the web. some of the more popular ones include zebedee, nest and barracuda. a web search for \u201c ip tunneling software \u201d will direct you to these and a host of other solutions you can use to create your own custom ip tunnel. most of these also have detailed user guides to help you achieve your goal and make a handy addition to your new toolbox. mcnamara is president of applied wireless, cape coral, fl. acceptable use policy blog comments powered by dis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6187492361638849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.950437"} {"text": "tweet of the day : information density and selecting planks for story scaffolding at some point in the creation of your speculative fiction universe you have to decide what are the outer limits of the powers, abilities or magic that make or are used in the universe. some common limits are ( following last week talk on checklists ) are as follows : - no teleportation / instant communications - no bringing people back from the dead - no rearranging of matter at will ( including creating food / water out of thin air ) - no time travel ( unless your story calls for such a thing ) the reason for these limitations is simple : once introduced into the universe they derail any story. lets take time travel for example. if you can travel in time at will, you can prevent almost anything from happening based on your fore knowledge or create more problems in a series of time loops / paradoxes that never end. if you can bring people back from the dead, then a major source of tension in any story is removed and life is cheapened accordingly. there is also the matter of consistency. many times an author will rely on one of these \u201c limit breaks \u201d ( very common on long runners and comic books ) when they find themselves stuck and just as quickly never use it again. it happened in star trek : the next generation with distressing regularity. the crew found themselves with a life and death situation and only five minutes in the episode to solve it. somebody pulled a brilliant piece of technobabble with some sort of countdown to add to the tension and voila, the problem, she is solved and never again in the seven year of the show will the same solution be used, even if came to the same problem. why? because that would remove the tension. so out goes continuity and in comes massive writer \u2019 s amnesia. on a television show. recorded on video / film cameras. or, the opposite happens ( as it also happened in the same show ). any problem that the crew came across they would, i don \u2019 t know, use the transporter to solve it. which led the audience to smack themselves in the face with the question, \u201c why didn \u2019 t they do that in the first five minutes of the episode? \u201d say goodbye to suspension of disbelief. it was nice knowing you. in order to avoid this sort of problem, i suggest you set these limits first, before you do anything else, if for no other reason than if you find yourself pushing against them, you will tread carefully near the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5580695809725792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.953449"} {"text": "study shows pollution levels in some kitchens are higher than city centre hotspots a study by the university of sheffield has found that the air we breathe inside our own homes can have pollutant levels three times higher than the outdoor environment, in city centres and along busy roads. researchers from the university \u2019 s faculty of engineering measured air quality inside and outside three residential buildings with different types of energy use ( gas vs. electric cookers ). they found that nitrogen dioxide ( no2 ) levels in the kitchen of the city centre flat with a gas cooker were three times higher than the concentrations measured outside the property and well above those recommended in uk indoor air quality guidance1. these findings are published in the journal of indoor and built environment. \" we spend 90 per cent of our time indoors and work hard to make our homes warm, secure and comfortable, but we rarely think about the pollution we might be breathing in, \" said professor vida sharifi, who led the research. \" energy is just one source of indoor pollution, but it is a significant one. and as we make our homes more airtight to reduce heating costs, we are likely to be exposed to higher levels of indoor pollution, with potential impacts on our health. \" the study, funded by the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc intrawise consortium ), compared a rural house with two flats, one in sheffield city centre and the other in an urban location next to a busy road. the rural house had an electric cooker while both flats used gas appliances. samples were taken outside and inside the properties, from each kitchen, over a four week period. the researchers, professor sharifi, professor jim swithenbank and dr karen finney, focused on pollutants known to have a detrimental health impact, particularly on the elderly and people with respiratory or cardiovascular problems. these included carbon monoxide ( co ), nitrogen dioxide ( no2 ), volatile organic compounds ( vocs ) and solid particles small enough to penetrate into the lungs ( 2. 5 microns in size or smaller, known as pm2. 5 ). the average particle concentrations measured by the research team in the kitchens of both flats with gas cookers were higher than the levels set by the government as its objective for outdoor air quality in both london and england2. there are currently no set guidelines for safe levels of particles in the home. professor sharifi said : \" concerns about air quality tend to focus on what we breathe in outdoors, but as we spend most of our time indoors, we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4787983514783188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.959977"} {"text": "and england2. there are currently no set guidelines for safe levels of particles in the home. professor sharifi said : \" concerns about air quality tend to focus on what we breathe in outdoors, but as we spend most of our time indoors, we need to understand more about air pollution in our homes. there is very little data on emission rates from different appliances or acceptable standards on indoor pollutants. \" although ours was just a small study, it highlights the need for more research to determine the impact of changing housing and lifestyles on our indoor air quality. \" 1guidance on the effects on health of indoor air pollutants, december 2004, committee on the medical effects of air pollutants, department of health department of health guidance ( p43 ) 2uk outdoor air quality standard for particles measured as pm10 is 50 \u03bcg / m3 ( 24 - hour average concentration ) and air quality objectives are 23 and 20 \u03bcg / m3 ( annual average concentration ) for london and other locations in england respectively. ( comeap guidance as above, point 43 on p19 ) c. tan, k. n. finney, q. chen, n. v. russell, v. n. sharifi and swithenbank, j. ( 2012 ) experimental investigation of indoor air pollutants in residential buildings, is published by indoor and built environment. professor vida sharifi is head of the energy and environmental engineering research group in the university of sheffield \u2019 s faculty of engineering and the director of the sheffield university waste incineration centre for research ( suwic ). the university of sheffield \u2019 s faculty of engineering the faculty of engineering at the university of sheffield - the 2011 times higher education \u2019 s university of the year - is one of the largest in the uk. its seven departments include over 4, 000 students and 900 staff and have research - related income worth more than \u00a350m per annum from government, industry and charity sources. the 2008 research assessment exercise ( rae ) confirmed that two thirds of the research carried out was either internationally excellent or internationally leading. the faculty of engineering has a long tradition of working with industry including rolls - royce, network rail and siemens. its industrial successes are exemplified by the award - winning advanced manufacturing research centre ( amrc ) and the new \u00a325 million nuclear advanced manufacturing research centre ( namrc ). the faculty of engineering is set to ensure students continue to benefit from world - class labs and teaching space through the provision of the university ' s new engineering graduate school. this brand new building", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.505593678824604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.962100"} {"text": "\u00a325 million nuclear advanced manufacturing research centre ( namrc ). the faculty of engineering is set to ensure students continue to benefit from world - class labs and teaching space through the provision of the university ' s new engineering graduate school. this brand new building, which will become the centre of the faculty\u00b4s postgraduate research and postgraduate teaching activities, will be sited on the corner of broad lane and newcastle street. it will form the first stage in a 15 year plan to improve and extend the existing estate in a bid to provide students with the best possible facilities while improving their student experience. the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) is the uk \u2019 s main agency for funding research in engineering and physical sciences. epsrc invests around \u00a3800m a year in research and postgraduate training, to help the nation handle the next generation of technological change. the areas covered range from information technology to structural engineering, and mathematics to materials science. this research forms the basis for future economic development in the uk and improvements for everyone \u2019 s health, lifestyle and culture. epsrc works alongside other research councils with responsibility for other areas of research. the research councils work collectively on issues of common concern via research councils uk. for further information please contact : acting media relations manager the university of sheffield 0114 222 5339", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5015853952037785, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:50.963342"} {"text": "here is a sixteenth - century spanish description : the people of this land are well made, rather tall than short. they are swarthy as leopards ( see below ), of good manners and gestures, for the greater part very skillful, robust, and tireless, and at the same time the most moderate men known. they are very warlike and face death with the greatest resolution. both leopards and jaguars are not usually dark ( swarthy ), the writer must therefore be referring to those that are melanistic ( completely black or very dark ), they are known as black panthers. alonso de zorita wrote of the mexicans : these people are by nature very long - suffering, and nothing will excite or anger them. they are very obedient and teachable. the more noble they are, the more humility they display. this description suggests a meek and spineless people, very different from the aztecs of popular imagination who are forever shedding blood on either the altar or the battlefield. the contradiction, however, is more apparent than real. on the one hand the mexicans showed what parry has called ' a very high degree of social docility - the willing submergence of the individual in the personality of the tribe ', but against this must be set a streak of personal individualism with a tendency towards violence and extremism. in a military state like tennochtitlan physical bravery was taken for granted, and death in battle was something to look forward to. as a mexican poet put it : there is nothing like death in war, nothing like the flowery death so precious to him who gives life : far off i see it : my heart yearns for it! the aztec were a nahuatl - speaking people who in the 15th and early 16th centuries ruled a large empire in what is now central and southern mexico. the aztec are so called from aztlan ( \u201c white land \u201d ), an allusion to their place of origin, probably in northern mexico. they were also called the tenochca, from an eponymous ancestor, tenoch, and the mexica, probably from metzliapan ( moon lake ), the mystical name for lake texcoco. from \u201c tenochca \u201d was derived the name of their great city, tenochtitlan ; and from \u201c mexica \u201d came the name for the city that superseded the aztec capital and the surrounding valley. this name was applied later to the whole mexican nation. the aztec referred to themselves as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45006370019767644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.011427"} {"text": "of their great city, tenochtitlan ; and from \u201c mexica \u201d came the name for the city that superseded the aztec capital and the surrounding valley. this name was applied later to the whole mexican nation. the aztec referred to themselves as culhua - mexica, to link themselves with colhuacan, the sacred city of the toltec, and in their belief, the center of the most civilized people of the valley of mexico. the origin of the aztec people is uncertain, but elements of their own tradition suggest that they were a tribe of hunters and gatherers on the northern mexican plateau before their appearance in mesoamerica in perhaps the 12th century. aztlan, however, may be legendary. it is possible that their migration southward was part of a general movement of peoples that followed, or perhaps helped trigger, the collapse of the toltec civilization. aztec culture is generally grouped with the cultural complex known as the nahuas, because of the common language they shared. according to legend, the various groups who were to become the aztecs came from the north into the anahuac valley around lake texcoco. | the nahua peoples are supposed to have originated in what is now the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico. they split off from the other uto - aztecan peoples and migrated into central mexico at some point around 500 a. d. they settled in and around the basin of mexico and spread to become the dominant people in central mexico. some important mesoamerican civilizations were of nahua ethnicity, for example, the toltec and aztec cultures, as well as the tepaneca, acolhua, tlaxcaltec, xochimilca, and many more. | in the legend, the ancestors of the aztec came from a place in the north called aztlan, the last of seven nahuatlacas ( nahuatl speaking tribes from tlaca ( man ), to make the journey southward. the aztec were said to be guided by their god huitzilopochtli, meaning \" left - handed hummingbird \". when they arrived at an island in lake texcoco, they saw an eagle eating a snake while perched on a nopal cactus, a vision that fulfilled a prophecy telling them that they should found their new home on that spot. the aztec built their city of tenochtitlan on that site, building a great artificial island, which today is the center of mexico city. this legendary vision is pictured on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43617473130343787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.012394"} {"text": "prophecy telling them that they should found their new home on that spot. the aztec built their city of tenochtitlan on that site, building a great artificial island, which today is the center of mexico city. this legendary vision is pictured on the mexican flag. according to legend, when the aztec arrived in the anahuac valley around lake texcoco, they were considered by the other groups as the least civilized of all, but the aztec decided to learn, and they took all that they could from other peoples, especially from the ancient toltec ( whom they seem to have partially confused with the more ancient civilization of teotihuacan ). to the aztec, the toltecs were the originators of all culture ; \" toltecayotl \" was a synonym for culture. aztec legends identify the toltecs and the cult of quetzalcoatl with the mythical city of tolan, which they also seem to have miss - identified ; it too was also of the more ancient teotihuacan. quetzalcoatl is derived from the olmec feathered serpent because the aztec adopted and combined several traditions with their own earlier traditions, they had several creation myths ; one of these describes four great ages preceding the present world, each of which ended in a catastrophe. our age \u2013 nahui - ollin, the fifth age, or fifth creation \u2013 escaped destruction due to the sacrifice of a god ( nanahuatl, \" full of sores \", the smallest and humblest of the gods ) who was transformed into the sun. this myth is associated with the ancient city of teotihuacan, which was already abandoned and destroyed when the aztec arrived. another myth describes the earth as a creation of the twin gods tezcatlipoca and quetzalcoatl. tezcatlipoca lost his foot in the process of creating the world and all representations of this god show him without a foot and with a bone exposed. quetzalcoatl is also called \" white tezcatlipoca \". after the fall of tula ( toltec city ), in the 12th century a. d., in the valley of mexico and surrounding area, there were several city states of nahua - speaking people : cholula, huexotzingo, tlaxcala, atzcapotzalco, chalco, culhuacan, xochimilco, tlacopan, etc. none of them was powerful enough to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45970361790378644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.013322"} {"text": ": cholula, huexotzingo, tlaxcala, atzcapotzalco, chalco, culhuacan, xochimilco, tlacopan, etc. none of them was powerful enough to dominate the other cities, all of them were proud of their toltec heritage. aztec chronicles describe this time as a golden age, when music was established, people learned arts and craft from surviving toltecs, and rulers held poetry contests in place of wars. in the 13th and 14th centuries, around the lake texcoco area in the anahuac valley, the most powerful of these city - states were culhuacan to the south, and azcapotzalco to the west. their rule extended over all the area around lake texcoco. as a result, when the mexica ( aztecs ) arrived in the anahuac valley as a semi - nomadic tribe, they had nowhere to go. they established themselves temporarily in chapultepec, but this was under the rule of azcapotzalco, the city of the \" tepaneca \", and they were soon expelled. they then went to the zone dominated by culhuacan and, in 1299, the ruler cocoxtli gave them permission to settle in tizapan, a rocky place where no one wanted to live. they began to acquire as much culture as they could from culhuacan : they took and married culhuacan women, so that those women could teach their children. | the anahuac valley = the valley of mexico : it is a highlands plateau in central mexico roughly coterminous with the present - day distrito federal and the eastern half of the state of mexico. surrounded by mountains and volcanoes, the valley of mexico was a centre for several pre - columbian civilizations, including teotihuacan, the toltec, and the aztec. the ancient aztec term anahuac ( land between the waters ) and the phrase basin of mexico are both used at times to refer to the valley of mexico. | in 1323, they asked the new ruler of culhuacan \u201c achicometl \u201d, for his daughter in order to make her the goddess yaocihuatl. achicometl unknowingly complied with their request : the mexica sacrificed her. the people of culhuacan were horrified and expelled the mexica. forced to flee culhuacan : in 1325 they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4550572126812733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.014295"} {"text": "azcapotzalco. at the time the armies met again, nezahualcoyotl reclaimed texcoco and decided to conquer acolhuacan, enteering from the north while the tenochca and tlacopan allies coming from azcapotzalco attacked from the south. the two armies simultaneously attacked the north and south of acolhuacan until they gained dominance of the city ' s main square. after their victory, the coalition began a series of attacks to isolated tepanec posts throughout the territory of texcoco. the defeat of the tepanecs, and the end of the kingdom of azcapotzalco, gave rise to the aztec \" triple alliance \" between texcoco, tenochtitlan and tlacopan, that came to dominate the valley of mexico, and then extended its power beyond. tenochtitlan gradually became the dominant power in the alliance. nezahualcoyotl, was finally crowned tlatoani of texcoco in 1431. | texcoco, not to be confused with the lake : was a major acolhua city - state in the central mexican plateau. it was situated on the eastern bank of lake texcoco in the valley of mexico, to the northeast of the aztec capital, tenochtitlan. pre - columbian texcoco is most noted for its membership in the aztec triple alliance. at the time of the spanish conquest of mexico, it was one of the largest and most prestigious cities in central mexico, second only to the aztec capital, tenochtitlan. | itzcoatl ' s nephew motecuhzoma i inherited the throne in 1449 a. d, and expanded the realm. his son axayacatl ( 1469 ) added the surrounding kingdom of tlatelolco. his sister was married to the tlatoani of tlatelolco, but as a pretext for war, he declared that she was mistreated. he went on to conquer matlazinca and the cities of tollocan, ocuillan, and mallinalco. he was defeated by the tarascans in tzintzuntzan ( the first great defeat the aztecs had ever suffered ), but recovered and took control of the huasteca region, conquering the mixtecs and zapotecs. in 1481 a. d, axayacatl ' s son tizoc ruled briefly, but he was considered weak, so possibly he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39569272722296545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.018033"} {"text": "took control of the huasteca region, conquering the mixtecs and zapotecs. in 1481 a. d, axayacatl ' s son tizoc ruled briefly, but he was considered weak, so possibly he was poisoned, and he was replaced by his younger brother ahuitzol who had reorganized the army. the empire was at its largest during his reign. his successor was motecuhzoma xocoyotzin ( better known as moctezuma ii ), who was tlatoani when the spaniards arrived in 1519. the society traditionally was divided into two social classes ; the macehualli ( people ) or peasantry and the pilli or nobility. nobility was not originally hereditary, although the sons of pillis had access to better resources and education, so it was easier for them to become pillis. eventually though, this class system took on the aspects of a hereditary system. the aztec military had a core of full time professional warriors. an aztec became a pilli through his abilities in war. only those that had taken prisoners could become full - time warriors, and eventually the honors and spoils of war would make them pillis. once an aztec warrior had captured 4 or 5 captives, he would be called tequiua and could attain a rank of eagle or jaguar knight, sometimes translated as \" captain \", eventually he could reach the rank of tlacateccatl or tlachochcalli. to be elected as tlatoani, one was required to have taken about 17 captives in war. when aztec boys attained adult age, they stopped cutting their hair until they took their first captive ; sometimes two or three youths united to get their first captive ; then they would be called iyac. if after a certain time, usually three combats, they could not gain a captive, they became macehualli ( common folk ) ; it was shameful to be a warrior with long hair, indicating lack of captives ; one would prefer to be a macehualli. the abundance of tributes led to the emergence and rise of a third class that was not part of the traditional aztec society : pochtecas or traders. their activities were not only commercial : they also were an effective intelligence gathering force. they were scorned by the warriors, who nonetheless sent to them their spoils of war in exchange for blankets, feathers, slaves, and other presents. the aztec empire is not completely like the empires of european history. like most european", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42187339289954773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.019005"} {"text": "force. they were scorned by the warriors, who nonetheless sent to them their spoils of war in exchange for blankets, feathers, slaves, and other presents. the aztec empire is not completely like the empires of european history. like most european empires, it was ethnically very diverse, but unlike most european empires, it was more a system of tribute than a single system of government. arnold toynbee in war and civilization analogizes it to the assyrian empire in this respect. although cities under aztec rule seem to have paid heavy tributes, excavations in the aztec - ruled provinces show a steady increase in the welfare of common people after they were conquered. this was probably due to an increase of trade, thanks to better roads and communications. only the upper classes seem to have suffered economically, and only at first. there appears to have been trade even in things that could be produced locally : love of novelty may have been a factor. the most important official of tenochtitlan government is often called the aztec emperor. the nahuatl title, huey tlatoani ( plural huey tlatoque ), translates roughly as \" great speaker \" ; the tlatoque ( \" speakers \" ) were an upper class. this office gradually took on more power with the rise of tenochtitlan. by the time of auitzotl \" emperor \" is an appropriate analogy, although as in the holy roman empire, the title was not hereditary. most of the aztec empire was forged by one man, tlacaelel ( nahuatl for \" manly heart \" ), who lived from 1397 to 1487. although he was offered the opportunity to be tlatoani, he preferred to stay behind the throne. nephew of tlatoani itzcoatl, and brother of chimalpopoca and motecuhzoma ilhuicamina, his title was \" cihuacoatl \" ( in honor of the goddess, roughly equivalent to \" counselor \" ), but as reported in the ramirez codex, \" what tlacaellel ordered, was as soon done \". he gave the aztec government a new structure, he ordered the burning of most aztec books ( his explanation being that they were full of lies ) and he rewrote their history. tlacaelel thus created a new history for the aztecs. he also created the institution of ritual war ( flowery war ) as a way to maintain trained warriors, and supply the necessary people for sacrifices to keep the sun moving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4305989263849007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.020122"} {"text": "history. tlacaelel thus created a new history for the aztecs. he also created the institution of ritual war ( flowery war ) as a way to maintain trained warriors, and supply the necessary people for sacrifices to keep the sun moving. a flower war ( or more correctly, flowery war ) from the nahuatl xochiyaoyotl ; was among the aztec, a planned war in which the objective was not to kill enemies or conquer territory, but rather to capture as many prisoners as possible, who would then be sacrificed in religious ceremonies and maybe eaten. on account of this institution, aztec warriors were trained to prefer capturing their enemies in battle, rather than killing. for the aztec warriors, providing blood for the gods was a sacred duty and it was a noble occupation. in the aztec world, flowers and feathers were the most precious things, so the word \" flower \" means \" precious \" and it was used as an descriptor for the activity of sacred war. the blood flowing from a wound was described as a flower of war. these sacred wars were planned for both sides involved, though not necessarily willingly, and the participants had to be nahuas. sometimes the rulers of the cities at war were invited to the sacrifice of their own people. after the aztecs conquered most of the nahuatl speaking cities, the cities states of tlaxcala and huexotzingo were spared, but with the obligation of participating in the flowery wars. in all the mesoamerican cultures, blood had a very important place. blood was provided not only by human sacrifice, but also by self - sacrifice. tlacaelel made changes so that it became a constant necessity to offer blood to restore the blood the sun lost in his daily battle against the darkness. every 52 years there was the possibility the world would end. they did not believe it was necessarily a daily sacrifice, but they did believe human sacrifice would postpone indefinitely the defeat of the sun. in a way the aztecs considered it their duty to maintain the world. and so stood the aztec empire when montezuma ii at the age of 36 ( in 1502 ), succeeded his uncle ahuitzotl, as the ninth aztec emperor of mexico. by now the aztec empire had reached its greatest extent, stretching to what is now honduras and nicaragua. but below the surface, the aztec empire was fragile. the aztecs bloodlust and ever - increasing demands for tribute had to eventually have consequences. and so it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44959226629625865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.021167"} {"text": "as his interpetor with the aztec, her story is at the end of this section ). the totonacs joined forces with cortes, and moving inland, there they encountered the second power of the region, the tlaxcalans, who briefly engaged them in battle, but suffering heavy losses, soon decided to ally with them against their traditional enemy, the aztec. both the totonacs and the tlaxcalans probably after consideration, saw the spanish as a god - sent. the aztec \u201c flowery wars \u201d had claimed thousands of their people, and their hatred of the aztec ran deep, as was evidenced by their reported savagery in their subsequent battles against the aztec. as the army moved on toward tenochtitlan, many of the local subordinate states also came to terms. cortes moved his force a short distance northward and established what became the port of vera cruz, as he made plans to advance against the aztecs. to prevent his own force of less than six hundred men from deserting, because many feared venturing inland, cortes burned his ships, leaving no means of escape. in tenochtitlan montezuma hears of the pale invaders ( in all non - white cultures, whiteness or paleness is associated with loss of blood, sickness, death : so it is consistent that montezuma would view these strange new creatures with pale skin, as dead gods returned to life ). he considers cortes to be quetzacoatl, the great god who left mexico many years before, on a raft of snakes, vowing to return. and who, according to legend, had taught them about agriculture and government, and whose return they were to welcome with great ceremony. also knowing of this aztec myth ( probably from malinche ) cortes exploits the aztec myth of a pale skinned, bearded god - king named quetzalcoatl, as he approaches tenochtitlan. montezuma made a feeble attempt to stop cortes, but his defenses lacked unity and tenacity, both because of the quetzalcoatl legend, which dictated that his people should welcome the return of the \" white god, \" and the fear generated by the sight of spanish horses and firearms, which the aztecs had never seen before. there are contradictory reports of what happened at cholula. moctezuma had apparently tried to stop the advance of cortes and his troops, and it seems that he ordered the leaders of cholula to try to stop him. cholula had a very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44363730109297095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.024120"} {"text": "reports of what happened at cholula. moctezuma had apparently tried to stop the advance of cortes and his troops, and it seems that he ordered the leaders of cholula to try to stop him. cholula had a very small army, since as a sacred city, they put their confidence in their prestige and their gods. la malinche told cortes, after talking to the wife of one of the lords of cholula, that the locals planned to murder the spaniards in their sleep and although he did not know if the rumor was true or not, cortes ordered a pre - emptive strike. after cortes arrived in cholula he seized their leaders tlaquiach and tlalchiac and then ordered the city set fire. the troops started in the palace of xacayatzin, and then on to chialinco and yetzcoloc. in his letters, cortes claimed that in three hours time his troops ( helped by the tlaxcalans ) killed 3, 000 people and burned the city. another witness, vazquez de tapia, claimed the death toll was as high as 30, 000. the massacre had a chilling effect on the other mesoamerican cultures and on the mexica themselves. the tale of the massacre inclined the other cultures in the aztec empire to submit to cortes ' demands rather than risk the same fate. cortes then sent emissaries to moctezuma with the message that the people of cholula had treated him with disrespect and had therefore been punished. cortes ' message continued that the aztecs need not fear his wrath if moctezuma treated him with respect and gifts of gold. according to the aztec chronicles recorded by sahagun, the aztec ruler moctezuma ii welcomed him with great pomp. sahagun reports that moctezuma welcomed cortes to tenochtitlan on the great causeway into the \" venice of the west \" according to sahagun ' s manuscript, moctezuma personally dressed cortes with flowers from his own gardens, the highest honour he could give, although probably cortes did not understand the significance of the gesture. moctezuma had the palace of his father axayacatl prepared to house the spanish and their 3000 native allies. cortes asked moctezuma to provide more gifts of gold to demonstrate his fealty as a vassal of charles v. cortes also demanded that the two large idols be removed from the main temple pyramid in the city, the human blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.35430099265276993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.025572"} {"text": "native allies. cortes asked moctezuma to provide more gifts of gold to demonstrate his fealty as a vassal of charles v. cortes also demanded that the two large idols be removed from the main temple pyramid in the city, the human blood scrubbed off, and shrines to the virgin mary and st. christopher be set up in their place. all his demands were met. cortes then seized moctezuma in his own palace and made him his prisoner as insurance against aztec revolt, and demanded an enormous ransom of gold, which was duly delivered. pizarro sent an embassy to the inca, led by hernando de soto with 15 horsemen and an interpreter ; shortly thereafter he sent 20 more horsemen led by his brother hernando pizarro as reinforcements in case of an inca attack. during the interview, the spaniards invited atahualpa to visit cajamarca to meet francisco pizarro ; the inca promised to go the following day. in the town, pizarro prepared an ambush to trap the inca : the spanish cavalry and infantry occupied three long buildings around the plaza, while some musketeers and four pieces of artillery were located in a stone structure in the middle of the square. the plan was to persuade atahualpa to submit to the authority of the spaniards and, if this failed, there were two options : a surprise attack if success seemed possible or to keep a friendly stand if the inca forces appeared too powerful. the following day, atahualpa left his camp at midday preceded by a large number of men in ceremonial attire ; as the procession advanced slowly, pizarro sent his brother hernando to invite the inca to enter cajamarca before nightfall. atahualpa entered the town late in the afternoon in a litter carried by eighty lords ; with him were four other lords in litters and hammocks and 5 - 6, 000 men carrying small battle axes, slings and pouches of stones underneath their clothes. the inca found no spaniards in the plaza, as they were all inside the buildings ; the only one to come out was the dominican friar vicente de valverde with an interpreter. although there are different accounts as to what valverde said, most agree that he invited the inca to come inside to talk and dine with pizarro. atahualpa instead demanded the return of every single thing the spaniards had taken since they landed. according to eyewitness accounts, valverde then spoke about the catholic religion but did not deliver the requerim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3827913363741955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.026716"} {"text": "dine with pizarro. atahualpa instead demanded the return of every single thing the spaniards had taken since they landed. according to eyewitness accounts, valverde then spoke about the catholic religion but did not deliver the requerimiento, a speech requiring the listener to submit to the authority of the spanish crown and accept the christian faith. at atahualpa ' s request, valverde gave him his breviary but after a brief examination, the inca threw it to the ground ; valverde hurried back toward pizzarro, calling on the spaniards to attack. at that moment, pizarro gave the signal ; the spanish infantry and cavalry came out of their hiding places and charged the unsuspecting inca retinue, killing a great number while the rest fled in panic. pizarro led the charge on atahualpa but managed to capture him only after killing all those carrying him and turning over his litter. not a single spanish soldier was killed on november 17 the spaniards sacked the inca army camp in which they found great quantities of gold, silver and emeralds. noticing their lust for precious metals, atahualpa offered to fill a large room about 22 feet ( 6. 7 m ) long and 17 feet ( 5. 2 m ) wide up to a height of 8 feet ( 2. 4 m ) once with gold and twice with silver within two months. it is commonly believed that the inca offered this ransom to regain his freedom ; however, it seems likelier that he did so to avoid being killed, as none of the early chroniclers mention any commitment by the spaniards to free atahualpa once the metals were delivered. one of the main events in the conquest of the incan empire was the death of atahualpa, the last sapa inca on 26 july 1533 ( a painting by luis montero ) outnumbered and fearing an imminent attack from the inca general ruminahui, after several months the spanish saw atahualpa as too much of a liability and decided to execute him. pizarro staged a mock trial and found atahualpa guilty of revolting against the spanish, practicing idolatry and murdering huascar, his brother. atahualpa was sentenced to execution by burning. he was horrified, since the inca believed that the soul would not be able to go on to the afterlife if the body were burned. friar vicente de valverde, who had earlier offered his breviary to atahualpa, intervened, telling ata", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4042396894769669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.027624"} {"text": "was horrified, since the inca believed that the soul would not be able to go on to the afterlife if the body were burned. friar vicente de valverde, who had earlier offered his breviary to atahualpa, intervened, telling atahualpa that if he agreed to convert to catholicism, he would convince pizarro to commute the sentence. atahualpa agreed to be baptized into the catholic faith. he was given the name juan santos atahualpa. in accordance with his request, he was strangled with a garrote instead of being burned on july 26, 1533. following his execution, his clothes and some of his skin were burned, and his remains were given a christian burial. obviously, there is no point in going on : clearly, as is typical with whites and their \" made - up \" histories, the above is not history, it is a canned recording of a few whites, defeating thousands of non - whites, brought out as the historical situation requires. in both cases, other sources indicate that the native allies of the spanish numbered in the many tens - of - thousands, and it was they who conquered the aztec and the inca. in south america, some of these tribes were foolish enough to actually sue the spanish in spanish courts, for the rights and benefits that they were promised, but never received. see below : litigation over the rights of \u201c natural lords \u201d in early colonial courts in the andes by john v. murra. by john v. murra institute of andean research in the earliest days of the european invasion, when inka resistance, potentially so threatening, turned out to be virtually absent ( lockhart 1972 ), the pizarros acquired a steadfast ally, the wanka / canaris lords. it was in their territory, xauxa, that the europeans established their first capital. along with thousands of soldiers and bearers, the canaris provided the newcomers with strategic information, plus the food and weapons stored in hundreds of warehouses built by the inka and filled locally ( polo de ondegardo 1940 ). in one region where the inka had managed to cobble together some resistance, as at huanuco, the europeans had to call on canaris troops to help them put down \u201c the rebellion. \u201d all this assistance provided the europeans was recorded with care on a khipu kept by the canaris lords. this record was first described by cieza de leon, some fifteen years after the invasion. such bookkeeping later became the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37429657312335896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.028503"} {"text": "the rebellion. \u201d all this assistance provided the europeans was recorded with care on a khipu kept by the canaris lords. this record was first described by cieza de leon, some fifteen years after the invasion. such bookkeeping later became the subject of litigation initiated at the viceregal court, at lima, by one of the lords who in 1532 had opened the country to the troops of charles v ( murra 1975 ). this man, don francisco cusichac, felt betrayed by the ill treatment of his people and the neglect of his own privileges. the notion that his canaris, and he along with them, were to be granted in encomienda to some european newcomer was shocking ; cusichac reasoned that if there were to be any encomenderos about, he cusichac, was the most appropriate candidate ( espinoza soriano 1972 ). by 1560 the canaris had made many adjustments to european rule. the most notable was the intensive training of their sons in the new language and beliefs. several of these bilingual young men, accompanied by their own, european - style notaries, traveled to spain to petition at court for reward of past services from the emperor or his son ( espinoza soriano 1972 ). some of these \u201c natural lords \u201d were received by the monarch ; some were granted coats of arms spanish style. one of the petitioners requested that the crown grant him the right to sell and buy land, a privilege unknown in the andes. by 1570, when the new viceroy, francisco de toledo, decided to conduct an inspection of the crown \u2019 s highland provinces, don francisco cusichac and his whole generation was dead. their sons were now in charge, some of them very young men who some fifteen years earlier had met charles v or his son, philip, in europe. the new viceroy called on all native authorities to display their european credentials and many did. toledo ordered that the assembled parchments be burned. this was the beginning of a campaign against those lineages in the andean elite that had collaborated with the invaders, an effort to destroy the european evidence of what the spanish crown had once bestowed. the only other group to be treated so harshly by toledo were the descendants of another wing of the andean elite who also sided from the earliest days with the invaders. these were the \u201c sons \u201d and heirs of pawllu thupa, the one inka \u201c prince \u201d to make peace, early and openly, with the europeans. paw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40764066584442205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.029481"} {"text": "andean elite who also sided from the earliest days with the invaders. these were the \u201c sons \u201d and heirs of pawllu thupa, the one inka \u201c prince \u201d to make peace, early and openly, with the europeans. pawllu had helped them through extreme difficulties, particularly almagro \u2019 s invasion of chile. the efficiency of that thrust south was attributed by many to pawllu thupa \u2019 s ability to mobilize the lords of charcas, the region known today as bolivia. for his services, pawllu had been allowed to keep \u201c his indians, \u201d coca - leaf terraces, food - producing fields, and much other inka wealth. a test came in 1550 at pawllu \u2019 s death : various europeans attempted to deprive the \u201c indian \u2019 s \u201d heirs of these lands and people, but the emperor \u2019 s representative, bishop lagasca, resisted such claims. for the next two decades, pawllu \u2019 s many sons were a distinguished and rich lineage in cuzco. they spoke spanish, invested in the long - distance coca - leaf trade to the mines at potosi, and employed europeans in their various enterprises. the main heir, don carlos, was married to a european woman. thirty - five years after the invasion, pawllu thupa \u2019 s heirs were the one group of inkas at cuzco who had managed to hang on to both status and wealth ( glave 1991 ). when toledo reached cuzco on his way to the mines at potosi, he selected pawllu \u2019 s lineage for special attention. as at xauxa, the lords were ordered to these grants are transcribed from the originals in the archivo general de indias, seville : section lima, legajo 567, lib. 8, fols. 107v \u2013 108r ; see also other grants cited by espinoza soriano ( 1972 ). letters from francisco de toledo to philip ii, found in the biblioteca nacional, madrid. see pawllu thupa \u2019 s testament published in revista del archivo historico del cuzco ( 1950 : 275, 286 ). litigation over the rights of \u201c natural lords \u201d display the credentials testifying to their services to the spanish crown. the papers were publicly burned. don carlos and his kin were accused of maintaining illicit contacts with those inka who had taken refuge at vilcabamba, in the eastern lowlands ( kubler 1946 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4130046164968878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.030615"} {"text": "confess his perjury and to apologize for the harm done to don carlos. ximenez is alleged to have recorded this wish in writing. this confession has not been located in the audiencia of charcas papers ; dr. barros de san millan, a judge at that royal court, is said to have expressed a lively, if suspect, interest in locating this document, without success. barros deserves the attention of anthropologists interested in andean history. trained at salamanca, as were our two other lawyers, his american career spans close to thirty years, serving at the royal courts of guatemala, panama, charcas, and quito. our first notice of him in andean scholarship reached us a few decades ago, when waldemar espinoza, a peruvian colleague, published an aviso, author unknown. it was a petition, signed by a dozen or so ethnic lords of charcas ( today bolivia ) ( espinoza soriano 1969 ) ; addressed to the king, it seemed to be dated from a moment late in toledo \u2019 s reign. in it the andean lords trace their lineages four or five generations back, when the inka were alleged to have granted their ancestors lavish textiles and wives from court : \u201c we were the dukes and the marquesses of this realm. \u201d they offered to assume additional duties at the potosi mines but did not care to be assigned only labor - recruiting duties. the argument that they were \u201c natural lords \u201d was now restated away from cuzco and under new colonial circumstances. the author of the memorandum remained unidentified for decades. it was clear that he was familiar with both administrative procedures at the mines and with the ethnic map of the southern andes ; he plainly enjoyed the trust of the aymara lords. the memorandum has recently been the object of detailed study by a franco - british team preparing a documentary collection to honor don gunnar mendoza, director of the national archive of bolivia. ( the woman depicted is obviously not an aztec woman : but in that it depicts a woman of mongol extraction, it more likely reflects \" la malinche ' s \" true identity ). \" la malinche. \" slave, interpreter, secretary, mistress, and mother of the first \" mexican. \" her very name still stirs up controversy. many mexicans continue to revile the woman called dona marina by the spaniards and la malinche by the aztecs, labeling her a traitor and harlot for her role as the alter ego of hernando cortes as he conquered mexico. her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4257550311644697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.036583"} {"text": "many mexicans continue to revile the woman called dona marina by the spaniards and la malinche by the aztecs, labeling her a traitor and harlot for her role as the alter ego of hernando cortes as he conquered mexico. her ability to communicate also enabled the spaniards to introduce christianity. herself a convert, baptized marina, she was an eloquent advocate for her new faith. all historians agree that she was the daughter of a noble aztec family. upon the death of her father, a chief, her mother remarried and gave birth to a son. deciding that the son rather than marina should inherit, the mother turned her young daughter over to some passing traders and thereafter proclaimed her dead. eventually, the girl wound up as a slave of the cacique ( the military chief ) of tabasco. by the time cortes arrived, she had learned the mayan dialects used in the yucatan while still understanding nahuatl, the language of the aztecs and most non - mayan indians. la malinche was offered to cortes as a slave by the cacique of tabasco, along with 19 other young women. up till then, cortes had relied on a spanish priest, jeronimo de aguilar, as his interpreter. aguilar had been shipwrecked off cozumel, while waiting for rescue he had learned the mayan language. but when the expedition left the mayan - speaking area, cortes discovered that he could not communicate with the indians. that night he was advised that one of the women given to him in tabasco spoke \" mexican. \" dona marina now enters mexican history. it was she who served as the interpreter at the first meetings between cortes and the representatives of moctezuma. at that time marina spoke no spanish. she translated what the aztecs said into the mayan dialect understood by de aguilar and he relayed it to cortes in spanish. the process was then reversed, spanish to mayan and mayan to nahuatl. bernal diaz, author of \" the conquest of new spain \" authenticated her pedigree. an eyewitness to the events, he did not describe her physically, but related that after the conquest he attended a reunion of dona marina, her mother and the half - brother who had usurped her rightful place. diaz marveled at her kindness in forgiving them for the injustice she had suffered. the author referred to her only as marina or dona marina. the name \" la malinche \" came about because marina was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39310990947324953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.038629"} {"text": "who had usurped her rightful place. diaz marveled at her kindness in forgiving them for the injustice she had suffered. the author referred to her only as marina or dona marina. the name \" la malinche \" came about because marina was always with cortes, he was called \" malinche \" - - which is translated to mean \" marina ' s captain. \" prescott, in the \" conquest of mexico, \" ( perhaps the best known book on the subject ) confirms that cortes was always addressed as \" malinche \" which he translated as captain and defined \" la malinche \" as \" the captain ' s woman. \" both definitions confirm that the indians saw cortes and his spokesperson as a single unit. they recognized that what they heard were the words of \" malinche, \" not \" la malinche. \" it is very possible that without her, cortes would have failed. he himself, in a letter preserved in the spanish archives, said \" after god we owe this conquest of new spain to dona marina. \" after the conquest, cortes, with a wife in spain, arranged to have marina married to a castilian knight, don juan xamarillo. soon thereafter she disappeared from history. she had borne cortes a son, don mahin cortes. if modern - day mexicans are a blend of spanish and indian blood, dona marina ' s son \u201c mahin \u201d was the first \" mexican \". he rose to high government position and was a \" comendador \" of the order of st. jago. in 1548, after being accused of conspiring against the viceroy, he was tortured and executed. in mexico city - there is no museum at 57 higuera st., not even a plaque. when foreign tourists ring the doorbell of the stone house, they are shooed away by the owners. mexicans just walk right by, shunning the place because of its historical associations and popular fears of the ghosts that supposedly stalk any visitors who dare to go inside. but the house, which is one of the most graceful in the colonial neighborhood of coyoacan, receives a modest mention in tourist guidebooks as \" la malinche ' s house, \" named after hernan cortes ' beautiful and reputedly treacherous indian translator and mistress. not only did la malinche live in the house almost 500 years ago. this was also the place where cortes wrote the chronicles of his brutal conquests for king charles v, and where historians believe he strangled his wife for reasons that are still the stuff of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40853041271116575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.039692"} {"text": "only did la malinche live in the house almost 500 years ago. this was also the place where cortes wrote the chronicles of his brutal conquests for king charles v, and where historians believe he strangled his wife for reasons that are still the stuff of popular rumor and historical speculation. mexico city has museums that commemorate its modern art, its indian heritage, stamps, and even the house where leon trotsky lived and was assassinated. but the only commemorative to the woman who helped cortes forge alliances with various indian nations against the aztecs is an insult. to be called a malinchista is to be called a lover of foreigners, a traitor. for mexico to make this house a museum, would be like the people of hiroshima creating a monument for the man who dropped the atomic bomb, \" said rina lazo, a prominent mexican muralist who lives at 57 higuera street with her family. \" we ' re not malinchistas, but we want to conserve mexican history. \" la malinche, who took part in the spanish conquest and gave birth to one of cortes ' children, has become a symbol of a nation that is still not entirely comfortable with either its european or its indian roots. some mexican feminists say she is even at the root of much of the disdain mexican men display toward mexican women, expressed in the country ' s high rates of infidelity and domestic violence. la malinche is present in the murals of diego rivera and jose clemente orozco. she has been described and analyzed in the writings of most of mexico ' s great authors, from the essays of carlos fuentes to the plays of salvador novo and rodolfo usigli. but even though mexican and mexican - american intellectuals have begun to rethink her meaning, la malinche is for the most part portrayed as the perpetrator of mexico ' s original sin and as a cultural metaphor for all that is wrong with mexico. for octavio paz, la malinche was \" the cruel incarnation of the feminine condition. \" in his book \" the labyrinth of solitude, \" paz wrote, \" the strange permanence of cortes and la malinche in the mexican ' s imagination and sensibilities reveals that they are something more than historical figures : they are symbols of a secret conflict that we have still not resolved. \" but while cortes and la malinche are still on the minds of mexicans, they are kept in the closet. when coyoacan officials constructed a fountain and statue depicting cortes, la malinche and their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4038034770726729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.040700"} {"text": "that we have still not resolved. \" but while cortes and la malinche are still on the minds of mexicans, they are kept in the closet. when coyoacan officials constructed a fountain and statue depicting cortes, la malinche and their son about 15 years ago, street demonstrations became so fierce that the monument was destroyed. visitors who are lucky enough to gain entrance to 57 higuera street are treated to an array of riches. ms. lazo and her husband, arturo garcia bustos, who is also a prominent painter, use the ample two - story house as their studio. amid their own work and that of their teachers, diego rivera and frida kahlo, are aztec jade jewelry and other artifacts they found in the garden. the house sustained a rich history between the time la malinche lived there and when ms. lazo and garcia bustos moved in 35 years ago. it has been restored and rebuilt several times, but the foundation and several walls remain from the original house, and stone rings to tie idle horses still grace the facade. in colonial times, indians wove blankets and clothing in the house for their spanish masters. it was left in ruins in the 17th century. but a group of catholic monks clandestinely converted the house into a convent in the middle of the 19th century, resisting the anti - clerical policies of president benito juarez. some peasants betrayed the monks, and the house was confiscated and turned into a prison. jose vasconcelos, the mexican philosopher and unsuccessful presidential candidate, bought the house in the ' 30s and rented it to various people, including lupe rivera marin, diego rivera ' s daughter. she used the house as headquarters when she successfully ran for congress. \" it will take another century before this house could become a museum, \" ms. lazo said. \" the gringos and spaniards will keep knocking on the door, but the mexicans will only knock when they no longer hold grudges and feel resentments, and that will take time. \" success in war had given the aztecs more than a fair share of national pride, and the arrogance of mexican officials and tax - gatherers was notorious. the structure and values of society were designed to foster competition and pride in achievement, and the aztecs were clearly not lacking in ambition and self esteem, nor apparently in passion, for the severe penalties for adultery and drunkenness - both of which are crimes of excess suggest that these were two evils which could only be kept down by repression. a well - bred aztec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4385802492865028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.041763"} {"text": "lacking in ambition and self esteem, nor apparently in passion, for the severe penalties for adultery and drunkenness - both of which are crimes of excess suggest that these were two evils which could only be kept down by repression. a well - bred aztec was, however, expected to exercise selfcontrol and to behave with dignity. sahagun has left a word - portrait of the perfect nobleman, a person who is serious and modest, who ' wishes no praise ', who is ' solicitous of others ', chaste and devout, eloquent but discreet in his conversation, diligent, wise, polite, ' a follower in the ways of his parents ', and an example to other people. this, of course, is an idealized picture, and the high standard of behavior may have been more often sought after than achieved. the same emphasis on moderation, responsibility, and selfrestraint is found in the precepts of the elders, a class of literature written in a high - flown and wordy style to instruct young people in behavior and manners. here is one aztec father talking to his son : revere and greet your elders ; console the poor and the afflicted with good works and words.... follow not the madmen who honor neither father nor mother ; for they are like animals, for they neither take nor hear advice.... do not mock the old, the sick, the maimed, or one who has sinned. do not insult or abhor them, but abase yourself before god and fear lest the same befall you.... do not set a bad example, or speak indiscreetly, or interrupt the speech of another. if someone does not speak well or coherently, see that you do not the same ; if it is not your business to speak, be silent. if you are asked something, reply soberly and without affectation or flattery or prejudice to others, and your speech will be well regarded.... wherever you go, walk with a peaceful air, and do not make wry faces or improper gestures. ( zorita ) there is much more in the same vein, and near the end inevitably comes the sentence which every young man has heard at some time or other : ' son, if you do not heed your father ' s advice, you will come to a bad end, and the fault will be yours. ' the mexicans were addicted to making speeches and giving advice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.463547201600326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.042719"} {"text": "has heard at some time or other : ' son, if you do not heed your father ' s advice, you will come to a bad end, and the fault will be yours. ' the mexicans were addicted to making speeches and giving advice, often at great length, and many of their songs and poems have a philosophical theme which gives further insight into the 8 pectoral ornament in the shape of a double - headed serpent. turquoise mosaic on a wooden base aztec temperament. one obsession is with the transitory nature of life and the difficulty of finding anything permanent on earth : it is not true, it is not true that we come on this earth to live. we come only to sleep, only to dream. our body is a flower. as grass becomes green in the springtime, so our hearts will open and give forth buds and then they wither. even the search for philosophical truth ends only in failure and doubt. how many can truthfully say that truth is or is not there? some people found a solution in epicureanism, the enjoyment of life while it lasts, but even their pleasure was tinged with melancholy : only in passing are we here on earth. in peace and pleasure let us spend our lives ; come let us enjoy ourselves... would that one lived forever ; would that one were not to die! the same fatalistic acceptance can be seen in man ' s relationship with the gods, when the love of pageantry and ceremony which affected every part of aztec life reached its climax in the ritual of worship. generalizations about national character are always dangerous and likely to be misleading, but the typical aztec ( who must have been as rare as the typical englishman ) seems to have been a good citizen, rather conservative and tied to tradition, with his competitive and aggressive instincts held in check by good manners and self - control, ceremonious in his dealings with other people, sensitive to beauty and to the symbolism which underlies philosophy and religion, inclined to be pompous and perhaps a bit humorless, honest and hard - working, proud of his position in society, superstitious and fatalistic in his attitude towards life. aztec personal cleanliness andres de tapia comments ( with some astonishment ) that montezuma washed his body twice a day, but this love of personal cleanliness was general among the aztecs, and everybody bathed frequently in the rivers and lakes. true soap was unknown. but among the substitutes available were the fruit of the soap - tree and the roots of certain plants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.500930037087616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.043659"} {"text": "day, but this love of personal cleanliness was general among the aztecs, and everybody bathed frequently in the rivers and lakes. true soap was unknown. but among the substitutes available were the fruit of the soap - tree and the roots of certain plants which could produce a lather. besides these cold - water baths, a kind of sauna or steam bath was in use everywhere in the valley of mexico. almost every dwelling had its bath - house, a little hemispherical building shaped rather like an igloo with a low doorway. against it was constructed a fire - place, and the blaze warmed the adjacent wall of the bath - house until it glowed red - hot. at this stage, the bather crept into the house and threw water onto the hot wall until the interior was filled with steam. to increase the flow of perspiration and to gain full benefit from the treatment, the bather switched himself with twigs or bundles of grass. ' soap ' was used for washing, and the process might be completed with a massage, followed by a period of relaxation, lying stretched out on a mat. both men and women used the steam baths, not only for ritual purifications and the treatment of certain diseases but as a normal part of everyday hygiene. the aztec ' s cosmetics the aztec skin was naturally brown or bronze - colored, but the fashionable shade for a woman ' s complexion was yellow. to achieve this effect the cheeks were either rubbed with a yellow earth or anointed with a cream containing axin, a waxy yellowish substance obtained by cooking and crushing the bodies of fat - producing insects. travelers also used axin ointment as a salve to prevent the lips from cracking in frosty weather, and to protect the skin from the effect of cold. sahagun has left a description of the kind of make - up worn by fashion - conscious women, in particular by the courtesans who were the companions of the young warriors : their faces were painted with dry, colored powder ; faces were colored with yellow ochre, or with bitumen. feet were anointed with an unguent of burned copal incense and dye.... some cut their hair short, so that their hair reached their noses. it was cut and dyed with black mud so did they place importance upon their heads ; it was dyed with indigo, so that their hair shone. the teeth were stained with cochineal ( a red dye ) ; the hands and neck were painted with designs. perfumes, rose water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5090087099791867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.044665"} {"text": "black mud so did they place importance upon their heads ; it was dyed with indigo, so that their hair shone. the teeth were stained with cochineal ( a red dye ) ; the hands and neck were painted with designs. perfumes, rose water and incense were popular, and a kind of chewing gum ( made of chicle \u2013 tree gum - mixed with axin and bitumen ) was used to sweeten the breath. as always, the appearance and manners of the young people did not meet with the approval of the older generation, and this father ' s admonition to his daughter has a familiar ring : ' never make up your face nor paint it ; never put red on your mouth to look beautiful. makeup and paint are things that light women use shamelessly. if you want your husband to love you, dress well, wash yourself and wash your clothes. ' men painted their faces and bodies on ceremonial occasions, but it is not certain whether the aztecs followed the example of their otomi neighbors who covered their arms and chests with tattooed designs. sahagun reports, however, that the fifth month of the year was the time when incisions were made on the chests of children as a mark of citizenship or tribal identification. mirrors were made from pieces of burnished iron pyrites or from obsidian, a kind of black volcanic glass, which was cut and polished into discs up to a foot in diameter. these were provided with wooden frames or with loops of cord so that they could be hung on the wall. all of the aztec codices and stele depicting human sacrifice that we see today - were made after the aztec had been conquered!!! even at the cenotes of sacrifice at chichen itza, where there are so many stories of people being thrown in as sacrifices to the gods. modern day dredging has recovered many items of gold and jade as well as pottery \u2013 \u201c but \u201d no human remains. the explanation for this is that the spanish destroyed all of the original aztec books and stele. which seems pretty strange, when you consider that the spanish were very keen to study the aztec. why then too, allow such a great abundance of it to be re - created after the fact. if it wasn \u2019 t right for them to exist before, why was it right afterward? the likely answer is the \u201c vile hypocrisy \u201d of the europeans. remembering that the spanish monarchy considered itself to be model and devote christians. it wouldn \u2019 t \u201c do \u201d for them to murder and enslave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3966009118128281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.045634"} {"text": "overall goal & objectives of the wgwap the overall goal of the wgwap is the conservation and recovery of the western gray whale population. its specific objectives are : - to provide independent scientific and technical advice to decision makers in industry, government and civil society with respect to the potential effects of human activities, particularly oil and gas development activities, on the western gray whale population - co - ordinate research to : achieve synergies between various field programmes ; minimise disturbance to western gray whales ( e. g. by avoiding overlap and redundancy of field research programmes ) ; identify and mitigate potential risks associated with scientific research activities ; and maximise the contributions of research to understanding the status and conservation needs of the western gray whale population. the wgwap has been established to provide an independent review process and advice regarding the management of risks to the western gray whales. its main roles and responsibilities are : - to focus on the conservation of western gray whales and related biodiversity - to assess the status of the western gray whale population - to provide advice and recommendations regarding research for the conservation of the whales - to independently review sakhalin energy \u2019 s plans and assessments, and the effectiveness of the mitigation measures implemented - to provide independent scientific and technical advice to decision makers, governments and civil society concerning whales and related biodiversity conservation - to coordinate research efforts on western gray whales and their habitat - to increase global knowledge and understanding of western gray whale population and their habitat the iucn convened meetings between the wgwap, sakhalin energy and other stakeholders provide an important mechanism of cooperation and collaboration between various stakeholders. moreover, it provides a useful model of how business, scientists and the conservation community can work collectively to address environmental threats. who are the wgwap? the panel includes 11 prominent international scientists from a broad range of scientific disciplines. panel members come from canada, russia, the united kingdom, germany and the united states ( see panel member bios ) the panel is under the chairmanship of dr randall r. reeves, chairman of the iucn species survival commission \u2019 s specialist group on cetaceans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4759691025112577, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.047949"} {"text": "definitions of ring : - noun : jewelry consisting of a circlet of precious metal ( often set with jewels ) worn on the finger example : \" she had rings on every finger \" - noun : a square platform marked off by ropes in which contestants box or wrestle - noun : a characteristic sound example : \" it has the ring of sincerity \" - noun : the sound of a bell ringing example : \" the distinctive ring of the church bell \" - noun : a toroidal shape example : \" a ring of ships in the harbor \" - noun : a strip of material attached to the leg of a bird to identify it ( as in studies of bird migration ) - noun : a rigid circular band of metal or wood or other material used for holding or fastening or hanging or pulling - noun : ( chemistry ) a chain of atoms in a molecule that forms a closed loop - noun : an association of criminals - verb : sound loudly and sonorously - verb : make ( bells ) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification example : \" ring the bells \" - verb : attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify example : \" ring birds \" - verb : ring or echo with sound - verb : get or try to get into communication ( with someone ) by telephone - verb : be around - name : a surname ( common : 1 in 16666 families ; popularity rank in the u. s. : # 2137 ) search for ring at other dictionaries : onelook, answers. com, merriam - webster \" works flawlessly! \" : rhymezone apps for iphone / ipad and android! help, feedback, customize, android app, iphone / ipad app copyright \u00a9 2013 datamuse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6157402196450943, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.051689"} {"text": "legend tells that the original work was a portrait of the mother of god painted by st luke during her lifetime. the virgin gazes either into the distance or at the viewer holding the child christ seated on her left arm while she gestures towards him with her right hand. the historical origins are obscure but the type was known in the period before iconoclasm. the tuesday procession of the hodegetria icon kept in the hodegon monastery in constantinople was one of the memorable events of the city recorded by medieval visitors and pilgrims. in the eleventh century a copy made in constantinople of the hodegetria virgin came to the slavs in the retinue of the byzantine imperial princess anna who married prince vsevelod of chernigov in 1046. in 1101 it was installed in the cathedral of smolensk by prince vladimir monomakh. the icon was brought to moscow in 1308 and returned to smolensk again in 1456. many miracles are attributed to the work of the icon, among them the defeat of napoleon at borodino after it was paraded before the russian army in 1812, a scene vividly depicted in the 1968 russian film of war and peace where the soviet army provided 120, 000 thousand soldiers as extras. many copies made in the nineteenth century abound.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4091397422935287, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.053256"} {"text": "water temperature plays such an important part in fishing that every angler needs to pay attention and react to even subtle variances. fish are no different than a lot of animals when it comes to heat and cold. they want to stay comfortable. consequently, even a small change or break will cause fish to move from one location to another. fishing offshore presents particular problems. temperatures can and do change from the surface to the bottom. i have fished in water that was 80\u00b0f on the surface and below 60\u00b0f on the bottom. what appeared to be ideal water was virtually void of fish at least those that were in a feeding mood. be aware of temperatures at varying depths and be prepared to react. with surface temperatures, fish will often move along temperature breaks where warm and cold water meet. these breaks draw baitfish and feeding fish are close behind. inshore waters are not as susceptible to temperature breaks, but they do exhibit changes according to the weather. summer water temperatures as high as 90\u00b0f absolutely turn the fish off. winter temperatures below 50\u00b0f do the same. sometimes in summer, daytime fishing can be fruitless when the water is that hot. pay attention to the noaa weather maps online. surface water temperatures are plotted and when cold thermoclines invade a coastline during the summer as they often do, you can see where you need to be fishing. remember find the breaks. finding the fish look for surface temperature breaks offshore. pelagics like mahi mahi, king mackerel, wahoo and tuna will run these breaks. look for median bottom temperatures in deeper water. the fish will be in a comfort zone. if its too hot or too cold, they will move to that comfort zone. inshore, stay with morning and evening fishing in the hot summer, and rely on mid - day fishing in the winter. stay away from the extremes of hot and cold. there are numerous warm water discharges from power plants on almost every coast. winter fishing around this warm water can be excellent. conversely, summer fishing there can be the pits. remember look for the comfort zones and you will find the fish.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4474210403433123, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.056327"} {"text": "like many parasites, a species of bacteria called wolbachia takes charge of its own fate. wolbachia can only survive inside the cells of its hosts \u2013 invertebrates such as this lovely common eggfly. this way of life limits wolbachia \u2019 s opportunities for long - term survival. if wolbachia lives inside a female insect, it can infect her eggs. when those eggs hatch and mature into adult insects, they will be infected by wolbachia as well. but if wolbachia should find itself in a male, it has reached a dead end. it cannot infect sperm cells, and thus it has no escape from a male host. when a male host dies, wolbachia dies as well. wolbachia \u2019 s solution : kill the males before they kill you. in many species, wolbachia is lethal to male embryos. as a result, wolbachia - carrying females only give birth to wolbachia - infected females. male killing boosts wolbachia \u2019 s population in two ways. with fewer wolbachia - free males around, the proportion of eggflies carrying the bacteria goes up. and without males to compete for food, wolbachia - infected females may be able to increase their odds of surviving until they can reproduce \u2013 and produce more wolbachia. male - killing is not the only weapon wolbachia uses on its hosts. when some strains infect wasps, they alter the females so that their eggs start spontaneously turning into embryos without any need of sperm. all of these sperm - free embryos become females, which can also produce female offspring without the help of males. in other species, wolbachia allow males to be born but alters their hormones to feminize them and make them produce eggs. and in other cases, wolbachia decides which males and females may mate with one another. if a healthy female mates with a male carrying wolbachia, some or all of her fertilized eggs will die. but a female carrying wolbachia can mate with either infected or uninfected males and produce viable eggs \u2013 all of which have wolbachia in them. with all these different ways of manipulating their hosts, wolbachia has become perhaps the most successful species of infectious bacteria on the planet, infecting millions of species of invertebrates. scientists have long wondered if the hosts of wolbachia have any way of defending", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4490566577781428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.061303"} {"text": "ways of manipulating their hosts, wolbachia has become perhaps the most successful species of infectious bacteria on the planet, infecting millions of species of invertebrates. scientists have long wondered if the hosts of wolbachia have any way of defending themselves against the assaults of the bacteria. in a wolbachia - infected population, a few males get to mate with a lot of females. any mutation that can allow eggflies to have sons despite the presence of male - killing should be strongly favored by natural selection. while this explanation makes sense on paper, scientists have until now found little evidence of the suppression of male - killing. there are two possible explanations for this state of affairs. one is that for some reason the suppression of male killers evolves only rarely. the other is that it actually evolves very quickly. it spreads so quickly through populations that there is little outward sign that the hosts have silenced a male - killer. today in the journal plos biology, scientists report that the latter is true : male - killer defenses evolve very fast. over the past few years the scientists have studied eggflies from southeast asia and the pacific. they \u2019 ve found that on some polynesian islands, male - killing wolbachia is a common pathogen. but in other parts of its range, the eggfly is infected by the same strain of wolbachia, but it produces a normal fifty - fifty split of males and females. to compare these populations, the scientists bred eggflies from the island of moorea, where wolbachia is a male - killer, with eggflies from thailand and the philippines, where it is not. they found that female moorea eggflies produced a normal fraction of males if they could mate with male eggflies from thailand and the philippines. but if the hybrid females then mated with eggflies from moorea, they produced fewer and fewer males over the generations. experiments such as these demonstrated that eggflies from thailand and the philippines have a hereditary ability to stop wolbachia from killing their sons. they may use only one gene to shut the parasite down. the authors conclude from their experiments that wolbachia jumped into the eggflies some time in the past and began killing males as it spread through much of the eggfly \u2019 s range. the eggflies then evolved a defense against the bacteria. females that could produce more males were favored by natural selection, until the ratio of the sexes evened out again at fifty - fifty. they continued to carry the bacteria, but wolbachia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4699742573497598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.062322"} {"text": "the eggflies then evolved a defense against the bacteria. females that could produce more males were favored by natural selection, until the ratio of the sexes evened out again at fifty - fifty. they continued to carry the bacteria, but wolbachia was rendered impotent. the dramatic changes the scientists saw in their breeding experiments, suggest that the gene for suppressing male - killing could have spread very quickly through an eggfly population \u2013 perhaps in less than 100 generations ( about 25 years ). historical records agree. scientists in the 1960s found all - female populations of eggflies in borneo, but they \u2019 re gone now, 160 generations later. the scientists predict that as eggflies flit about the pacific, females carrying the suppressor gene will outcompete the females vulnerable to male - killing. soon male - killing will become a thing of the past \u2013 at least until some strain of wolbachia hits on a new way to take control of its eggfly hosts. if the scientists are right, then the history of wolbachia is even more turbulent than once thought. it is infecting a vast number of invertebrates despite their rapid evolution of defenses against them. as it is muzzled in one population, it finds new ways to manipulate another. wolbachia is not alone in distorting the ratio of the sexes. an organism \u2019 s own genes may sometimes tip the balance. sex - distorting genes sit on the chromosomes that determine an animal or plant \u2019 s sex. in humans, two x chromosomes produce a female, and an x and a y produce a male. if a gene on an x chromosome can raise the odds that its chromosome will be passed down to an offspring, that gene will become more common. and it will increase the number of females in a population. sometimes called meiotic drive, this evolutionary force is often countered by another : genes that suppress the tilt towards one sex over the other. plenty of examples of meiotic drive have been documented in flies and other species. a few clues have emerged from studies on humans, but just a few. if the new study on wolbachia is right, i wonder if some scientists will look more closely at our own selfish genes. there might be some hidden tugs - of - war waiting for someone to discover. update 822 1 : 20 pm : josh at thoughts from kansas knows about the strange ways of wolbachia first hand.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4710732621712982, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.063213"} {"text": "in a relatively short period of time, distance education has been transformed from a quaint irrelevancy to a lightning rod for change on many university campuses. the web might prove most valuable as a standardized platform from which various technological solutions can be launched and not as a stand alone technology for instructional delivery. nevertheless, those who think the web is the ultimate solution to all instructional problems should review the research literature of the 1950 ' s stating the same thing... about the overhead projector! understanding the reality of distance education can be accelerated by thoughtfully considering what could be labeled as \" distance education ' s best kept secrets \" : 1. distance education is about increasing access, not making money. those who look to distance education as a revenue - generating machine resulting in financial windfalls are typically disappointed when they factor in the true costs of this endeavor. these costs include hardware / software, system maintenance / upgrading, telecommunication charges, technical support, faculty / program development and evaluation, student support... and a myriad of personnel and infrastructure costs associated with these vital components and services. even today, it is not unusual for faculty to drive 200 to 300 miles a week to meet with students located far from campus. the costs of such enterprises in terms of time, energy, and faculty goodwill are excessive. this is not to say that distance education is without its financial benefits. many land grant institutions, for example, provide statewide educational programs and services. a few years ago, this could entail chartering aircraft to fly faculty to remote outreach or extension centers in various locations served by the land grant institution. 2. there is no technological \" silver bullet. \" every new technology is accompanied by its share of advocates proclaiming it to be the ultimate delivery tool promising to solve all instructional problems, even those yet to be identified. even those at the forefront of technological innovation candidly admit that they are unsure where the future of technology will lead their companies. for institutions that cannot invest in every potentially instructional delivery innovation that emerges ( unlike companies that can afford to invest heavily ), my best advice is to avoid technological solutions in search of instructional problems. instead, focus on the requirements of the content being delivered, learner needs, tangible instructional opportunities ( e. g., the need to provide computer training for teachers ), and potential obstacles ( e. g., limited bandwidth to the locations you serve ). attend to these requirements and the most appropriate technological solutions will become apparent. 3. the only constant in the world of instructional technology is change. anticipating change and technological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5045460742617771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.070961"} {"text": "and potential obstacles ( e. g., limited bandwidth to the locations you serve ). attend to these requirements and the most appropriate technological solutions will become apparent. 3. the only constant in the world of instructional technology is change. anticipating change and technological directions is always challenging and filled with uncertainty. move too fast and your technological upgrade will be obsolete before it is fully implemented. move too slowly and your programmatic market share could slip before you can catch up. just as damaging, failure to innovate will signal to your competition and potential markets that your program is no longer viable. in a world of technological change, timing is everything. those who learn to embrace technological innovation when the timing is right will be the big winners. the rest will be left to fight over the crumbs. 4. lasting technological change is typically the result of evolution not revolution. over the past 30 years, technological innovation has evolved in a fairly consistent manner. over time, the once proclaimed technological cure - all takes its place among other teaching tools and fades from the forefront of technological innovation and into the hands of those who can put the benefits of the technology to best use. 5. the emphasis of distance education should be in the quality of the academic program, not in the use of technology. selecting technology is easy compared to the focused attention and subtle insights needed to design, develop, and implement a truly effective academic program. instructional delivery experiences that rely almost solely on technology ( e. g., first - generation web - based courses ) with little apparent influence and day - to - day involvement of a thoughtful and skilled teacher may generate initial student interest. but without adequate course design, focused faculty attention, and student readiness, there may be little hope for the overall instructional program, or the promise it originally offered. 6. there is no glory in managing instructional technology. you ' d think there would be, but there isn ' t. keeping up with technology is a never - ending battle filled with unmet expectations, too few resources, and the need to constantly plan ahead realizing that the technology that you are implementing today is likely already dated and on the road to obsolescence. without exceptional management skills and a thick skin, those involved are at the mercy of technological innovations that don ' t exist today, but will be demanded tomorrow. 7. learning is enhanced when technology is used to directly link students to other students. the lack of effective and personalized student - student interaction and feedback is the potential \" achilles heel \" of distance education. conversely, the need for effective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4880958745181063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.072110"} {"text": "demanded tomorrow. 7. learning is enhanced when technology is used to directly link students to other students. the lack of effective and personalized student - student interaction and feedback is the potential \" achilles heel \" of distance education. conversely, the need for effective distant student - student interaction provides a great opportunity to creatively use technology. in my experience, effective instruction almost always requires that a fully engaged teacher establish the learning framework, even when the target audience consists of highly motivated adults. in fact, whether it is teacher - to - student or student - to - student interaction, learning is enhanced when technology is used to improve communication. 8. face - to - face instruction is still a valid delivery method in support of distance delivered courses... when possible. many assume that there is no need for face - to - face instruction in distance - delivered courses. nevertheless, it is better to rule out personal contact as impractical or instructionally irrelevant than it is to fail considering it in the first place. some of the best distance - delivered courses have well integrated components in which teachers meet directly with students, either individually, in small groups, or with the entire class. experienced distance education faculty report that the student comfort level in using technology increases significantly if the students and instructor meet early in the course and develop a personal working relationship. 9. many faculty are comfortable when distant students from other institutions take their classes, but don ' t like their students taking classes from faculty at other institutions. this is a major stumbling block to cooperative distance education ventures and has limited the success of strategic partnerships. the best partnerships are forged when specific academic needs are identified and on - campus expertise is absent. in these cases, competition is not a factor and both sending and receiving institutions benefit. despite being a major institutional and political motivator for the initial start - up of distance education efforts, true academic alliances have proven elusive and are the exception, not the rule. at its core, distance education is a changing process, not a delivery system, and higher education culture has historically proven resistant to change. perhaps the greatest benefit of distance education is its potential role as a catalyst for adapting the way educational institutions do business. for institutions that are up to the challenge, the current interest and growth in distance learning presents a new opportunity. although the dangers of competing and failing in this new world of educational access may pose significant problems, the refusal to look ahead, take calculated risks, and move forward may be the greatest risk of all.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49226669642520626, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.073231"} {"text": "what makes you, you? who am i? investigates everyone \u2019 s favourite subject \u2013 themselves. step into a whole new world and explore the science of our changing climate... feel the impact of a saturn v rocket launch, ride the lunar rover and discover the smell of space. learn how mechanical power replaced animal power in this history of farming. the antenna gallery brings you science news from every angle \u2013 from headline grabbing gadgets to hot topics. explore the world of materials, from the leading edge of scientific innovation to new insights into everyday objects. watch the video on babbage ' s ingenious machine, or learn about the mathematical instruments used before the invention of computers. will your ideas today change the world tomorrow? discover the importance of energy in this fascinating gallery. the ingenious use of steam to generate power helped britain become the world \u2019 s first industrial nation. ernie was the first machine to generate random numbers for the premium bonds. find out how he captured the public \u2019 s imagination and provides a link to colossus, the first digital electronic computer. share the dreams of the flight pioneers : see the development of aviation from its tentative beginnings to the modern era of mass air travel. have you ever watched the red arrows and been itching to get you hand on the controls? find out how it felt to be a doctor or patient at different times in history, or in different cultures. unravel the connection between apricot tins and kidney machines, in this provocative exhibition on developments in twentieth century medicine. decide whether new technological developments - such as space tourism to male pregnancy - should or should not go ahead. launchpad - the science museum ' s most popular gallery. explore science and technology first - hand with 50 hands - on exhibits and shows. this unique, breathtaking gallery chronologically presents 150 of the most significant items from the science museum ' s collections from 1750 to 2000. the mathematics gallery exhibits mathematical instruments and models from the seventeenth century to present day. small exhibition exploring some of the stories, tools and puzzles that have engaged british psychologists during the twentieth century. fly in the cockpit of a red arrows jet in our 3d flight simulation theatre. see more than 5000 objects from around the world illustrating the history of medicine in western and non - western cultures. see king george iii ' s unrivalled and beautiful collection of contemporary scientific apparatus. see the extraordinary range of labour - saving devices in this intriguing technological guide to the development of the modern home. trace the story of the space rocket. find out how we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5790783436384362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.076133"} {"text": "to understand the workings and anatomy of the heart and to learn about new medical techniques that help people live longer, healthier lives. this lesson is the first of a two - part series that explores different aspects of the human heart and the various changing conditions that have affected the health of billions of people from prehistoric to modern times. this first lesson, heart 1 : transplant, focuses on the state of medical care of the human heart today and on modern medical advances \u2014 such as heart transplants \u2014 that \" give today ' s human beings a better chance of staying healthy than their forebears had, \" as noted in the first part of the benchmark for this lesson. the second lesson, heart 2 : changing lifestyles and health, examines the history of human diet and trends in care of the heart, comparing it with today ' s eating habits and lifestyles, many of which \" may not be good for human health. \" few students walk around in the hustle and bustle of modern life being fully aware of themselves as human organisms that are made up of a plethora of body parts and systems that require certain types and amounts of food and exercise to optimize and prolong their performance and life. however, by the end of elementary school, students should know that good health involves a healthy diet, regular exercise, and the avoidance or limitation of certain substances that negatively impact healthy body operation \u2014 like tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and pollution. by high school, students should also be aware that physical health continues to be threatened by outside organisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and infectious disease, many of which are rejected by the body ' s own natural defenses, like the skin, various body secretions, and the immune system. however, certain types of viral diseases \u2014 like aids \u2014 can break down these natural barriers and leave a person rattled with life - threatening infections. in addition to infectious disease, students should also have an understanding that their health can be threatened by internal malfunctions in their body parts or systems. these may be caused by \" deviant genes, \" which are either inherited or formed through mutation and which can leave the body more susceptible to developing certain diseases, like heart disease or depression. changing physical environments, social settings, and living habits \u2014 as compared to habits during prehistoric times \u2014 can also negatively impact a person ' s physical health, though medical science continues to develop new techniques to identify, diagnose, treat, prevent, and monitor disease. ( science for all americans, pp. 80 \u2013 82,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5197833309557673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.087712"} {"text": "during prehistoric times \u2014 can also negatively impact a person ' s physical health, though medical science continues to develop new techniques to identify, diagnose, treat, prevent, and monitor disease. ( science for all americans, pp. 80 \u2013 82, 143 \u2013 146. ) these and other related factors will be explored and emphasized in this two - part lesson series on the heart. research has shown a number of misconceptions students have about physical health that are worth addressing and alleviating in the course of these lessons. for example, studies indicate that a sizeable proportion of adults have little knowledge of internal organs or their location. regarding the heart, researchers have discovered that upper elementary school students realize that the heart is a pump, but they are not aware that the blood returns to the heart. also, researchers found that students of all ages hold wrong ideas about the structure and function of blood, the structure and function of the heart, the circulatory pattern, the circulatory / respiratory relationships, and the closed system of circulation ( and that these misconceptions are difficult to change ). and, while many students associate health primarily with food and fitness, it has been shown that middle - school and high - school students ' wrong ideas about the causes of health and illness may derive from cultural knowledge. further, students tend to believe that they have very little personal control over their health and life spans. they also are often unable to explain their knowledge about nutrition and fitness in scientific terms. ( benchmarks for science literacy, pp. 344 \u2013 346. ) the student esheet will guide students to all of the web resources used in this lesson. before students begin their online journey into the the heart, pique their interest by asking warm - up questions like those suggested below. note : allow 5 to 7 minutes for this activity. encourage short, fast answers. accept all responses and do not provide explanations. the purpose of this exercise is simply to draw out what students know about and how they perceive the heart. after this discussion, convey to students that these and other questions will probably be addressed by the end of this lesson series. - what can you tell me about the human heart? - what does it do? what is its purpose? - where is it located in the body? - what different parts make up the heart? - what foods or lifestyles are bad for the heart? good for the heart? - what do you know about heart disease? - what kinds of modern medical advances have helped to make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5400811881299189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.088657"} {"text": "in the body? - what different parts make up the heart? - what foods or lifestyles are bad for the heart? good for the heart? - what do you know about heart disease? - what kinds of modern medical advances have helped to make hearts healthier? ( accept all answers and opinions. ) next, direct students ' attention to pbs ' s affairs of the heart online heart stats game and quiz activity, which is found under web features in the grey, center box on the page. ( shockwave is necessary for this activity. ) have students work through this short, fun, and interesting activity to provide them with answers on the heart ' s actual anatomy and some of the basic workings and vital statistics of the heart. the game is like an anatomy puzzle asking for students to put together the different parts of the heart, while answering interesting factual and statistical questions about the heart as they progress. as they play through, have students jot down some of the things that surprised them about the heart. use these points as a basis for discussion ( before leading them into the main part of the lesson ). affairs of the heart once students are well oriented and motivated, have them read searching for a substitute, the feature article from pbs ' s affairs of the heart. this article recounts the history and evolution of the american medical and science establishment ' s attempts to address and resolve the great chasm between those dying of heart disease each year ( 45, 000 ) and donor hearts that are available to them ( 3, 000 ). since 1964, each attempt to provide a substitute heart to meet the demand \u2014 whether with an artificial heart or an animal heart transplant \u2014 has resulted in considerable difficulties and controversies. these continue to accompany any improvements that are made. for this reason, it is recommended that you conduct a two - part discussion of the material. first, after students finish reading and taking notes, ask them simple review and comprehension questions on the key points and events of the article. second, expand the discussion into an \" open forum \" activity so students can better ingest, relate to, and debate the highly controversial aspects of heart transplantation since its origins. use the following questions to guide your first - part, fact - based review of the material after students finish reading. use the class discussion teacher sheet for this activity. - why is there an interest in substitute heart transplants? - when was the first attempt at finding a substitute heart? what happened? - twenty years later, how was barney clark ' s experience any different? - why do you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4914304615353121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.089671"} {"text": "for this activity. - why is there an interest in substitute heart transplants? - when was the first attempt at finding a substitute heart? what happened? - twenty years later, how was barney clark ' s experience any different? - why do you think the government and public remained averse to artificial hearts after clark ' s death? - what is the life expectancy of donated human heart transplant patients today? - what are lvads? why are they important? remarkable? - what kinds of roles is modern science playing in the realm of substitute heart transplantation? - what sorts of complications or issues have surfaced from the use of primate and pig organ transplants? open forum discussion quickly divide the class into three groups : ( 1 ) those representing the doctors and scientists involved in transplantation, ( 2 ) those patients who are waiting for donor hearts and dying of heart disease, and ( 3 ) the general public. begin by addressing each student at random with debatable discussion questions like the ones below. encourage each group to respond to each other ' s views, claims, and assertions, since the purpose of this activity is to spark debate and get students into the thick of this ongoing public concern with great moral and ethical dilemmas. ask members of the medical and science community : - in considering animal heart transplants, is the life of one person worth risking the lives of thousands of others through the risk of disease? - do you think it is right to design and alter animal genes for human purposes or to play god? - what kinds of measures or programs can be proposed to help prevent heart disease in the first place? ask members representing waiting heart disease patients : - how do you feel about substitute heart transplantation? - if you had to choose, which would you prefer, an artificial or animal heart transplant? why? - what do you think the government and medical and science establishment should do now to improve this situation in the future? ask members of the public : - do you support the pursuit and development of substitute heart transplants? why or why not? - which field of development do you think should be pursued, artificial or animal transplantation? why? - consider the dangers of animal transplants. what other avenues should be considered to meet the need for heart transplants? ( accept all responses and encourage students to support their feelings and views. ) teachers note : if you are dividing this lesson into two classes, this would be a good place to end the first part of the lesson. if appropriate, briefly review what students learned and discussed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5088536003818533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.090734"} {"text": "responses and encourage students to support their feelings and views. ) teachers note : if you are dividing this lesson into two classes, this would be a good place to end the first part of the lesson. if appropriate, briefly review what students learned and discussed in the first part of this lesson. then, have them read through and participate in the following areas of nova online \u2019 s electric heart site. amazing heart facts after reading this list, have students activate the \" see the valves in action \" link at the end of the page, which will lead them to the animated map of the human heart, highlighting the anatomy and how blood flows through the heart. ask these and other questions about the reading. note : depending on your teaching goals and the level of your students, you may ask harder and more specific technical questions about the anatomy and operations of the heart than the ones suggested below. answers to the questions can be found on your class discussion teacher sheet. - what kinds of things did you learn from the amazing heart facts reading? - which facts did you find most interesting or enlightening? why? - what is the first step in how the heart moves blood? second? third? etc. - what are the benefits of knowing these facts about the heart and how it works? treating a sick heart this book excerpt explores the nature and causes of heart disease and current medical techniques to alleviate them ( which is consistent with the benchmark focus of this lesson ). encourage students to take notes as they read about how sick hearts are treated today. after they finish, use the general review questions below as a guide in gauging student comprehension. as usual, adjust your questions to meet your broader teaching goals and the levels of your students. for answers to the questions, see the class discussion teacher sheet. - what is the primary function of the heart? - what determines the rate at which the heart beats? - what is meant by \" heart failure \"? - what are the causes of heart disease? - in what ways is heart disease treated? operation heart transplant have students first read the introduction of this activity, making sure they realize that : ( 1 ) hundreds of people die each year waiting for donor hearts and ( 2 ) a few thousand highly intricate transplant operations are done each year, often lasting over seven hours. next, have students perform an animated heart transplant operation on a 42 - year - old male patient in nova online ' s operation : heart transplant. this exciting and insightful 19 - step operation will give them a more realistic idea of what is involved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5403564015848383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.091784"} {"text": ". next, have students perform an animated heart transplant operation on a 42 - year - old male patient in nova online ' s operation : heart transplant. this exciting and insightful 19 - step operation will give them a more realistic idea of what is involved in heart transplant operations ( and how far medicine, science, and technology have come to prolong life and aid humanity ). when students are finished, elicit their feelings and reactions about the operation by asking questions like the ones below. general comprehension questions can range from the kinds of tools, procedures, and mindset needed to perform such a delicate, challenging, and often stomach - turning procedure. - how did your operations go? what did you think? - what was your impression of the level of medicine, science, and technology involved in the operation? - if you could, would you observe or take part in such an operation in real life? why or why not? - which of the steps or instruments did you find most interesting? challenging? troubling? why? - what would be your reaction if your patient died? - how did performing this operation affect how you feel about heart transplantation or the use of artificial, animal substitutes for human hearts? ( accept all responses and encourage students to support their feelings and views. ) using the student esheet as a guide, have students write a short essay on the following topic : briefly describe the function of the heart, how it can be impaired, and what solutions we have for this. discuss the instances in which a transplant would be a suitable solution for heart disease. student responses should reflect an understanding of the heart as the organ that pumps blood to all parts of the body, bringing nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and removing waste products. students should describe as causes of heart disease such things as coronary heart disease, drug and alcohol abuse, heart valve abnormalities, and heart muscle disease. they should also recognize that prevention, including a good diet, regular exercise, regular medical checkups, limiting alcohol use, and avoiding the use of tobacco or illegal substances is the best way to guard against heart disease. in addition, there are drugs and other therapies and / or surgeries available to help alleviate heart disease, but a transplant is an option only to remedy the most serious of heart conditions. follow this lesson with the second lesson in the heart series : heart 2 : changing lifestyles and health. the artificial human direct students to this fascinating resource that highlights current developments in the area of artificial organs, skin, and body parts. by clicking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5224262120107518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.092846"} {"text": ". follow this lesson with the second lesson in the heart series : heart 2 : changing lifestyles and health. the artificial human direct students to this fascinating resource that highlights current developments in the area of artificial organs, skin, and body parts. by clicking on the different parts of this artificial \" $ 6 million dollar man, \" they ' ll learn just some of the ways in which artificial devices have enhanced and prolonged human life. the information and developments presented on this site reflect advances only up to 1999. students could perform research to update or add new anatomical developments to the map. they could also choose one of the existing artificial parts \u2014 besides the heart \u2014 and report to the class any current advances in that area, using web research. pioneers of heart surgery is an article recounting how surgeons in world war i pioneered advances that ushered in the age of modern surgery. this article will complement well student ' s previous experiences in the online operating theater. congenital heart information network is dedicated to providing information, support services, and resources to families of children with congenital and acquired heart disease, adults with congenital heart defects, and the professionals who work with them. the national heart, lung, and blood institute website is part of and maintained by the national institutes of health. it presents generally accepted health information for the public and healthcare professionals. materials include articles, surveys, studies, recipes for preventing heart disease, and other forms of material relating to varied types of health conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4985379728308472, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.093466"} {"text": "teaching energy workshop : field trip photo gallery click any photo to enlarge. information about this field trip photos by karin kirk a row of wind turbines at the seven mile hill wind farm near medicine bow, wy. this wind farm has 73, 1. 5 mw turbines, manufactured by ge. turbine construction is complete, but some land reclamation work still remains to be done. group photo of field trip participants. it was hard to stop taking pictures of the turbines and the scenery. group discussions about wind power. it ' s most efficient to align the turbines in rows. if topography and the wind regime allow it, the side - to - side spacing is 4 rotor diameters between each turbine, with a front - to - back spacing of 12 rotor diameters. the blades spin up to 14 - 20 rpm, and the tips of the blades can travel up to 200 mph. the surrounding geology was noteworthy too. there were many impromptu discussions about wind energy and the construction of the wind farm. machinery used to operate a drag line at a coal mine near hanna, wy. the drag line is used to remove the overburden and expose the coal. workshop leaders at the coal mine. mark lyford from the university of wyoming describes reclamation efforts at the coal mine. the reclaimed areas were hard to distinguish from the undisturbed area. photos by sarah schulmeyer, university of wyoming opening dinner at the workshop photos by mohamad - ali hasan, university of north carolina, charlotte wind turbines at the happy jack wind farm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5127469030898166, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.095022"} {"text": "statistical graphs : aids cases and deaths by year and historical poverty in the us this assignment asks students in a quantitative literacy foundations course to summarize data by using graphs they create in an excel spreadsheet. working in pairs, students are to work on part i of the assignment by completing the following : 1 ) create an aids chart from the given data, 2 ) determine the mean and median of the data, and 3 ) summarize the information by identifying statistical trends. once each pair of students completes part i they have to complete part ii by doing the following : 1 ) create a poverty by race chart from given data, 2 ) determine statistical trends from the data, 3 ) find percent increase / decrease the data represents, and 4 ) determine what type of graph they could use to display percent data and explain their choice. - students will be able to take excel data and create a line graph with title, axis labels, and legend, - use excel to determine the mean and median of the data and be able to check the mean and median by hand, - summarize information by identifying statistical trends, and - determine percent of increase and decrease. context for use description and teaching materials teaching notes and tips - check to be sure students compute the median correctly when completing it by hand. - check that hard copies have names, date and lab assignment # on them. ( students submitting via drop box should also check this. ) - check all work \u2014 mathematical and written. math should be taken seriously as well as the writing of the information being relayed to the reader. rubric for grading lab : graphs ( 20 ) - title ( 4 ) - labels ( 4 ) - legend ( 4 ) - name, lab, date ( 4 ) - appropriate scale ( both axes ) ( 4 ) - accurate reading of graph ( s ) to answer questions ( 20 ) - computations done correctly for : mean, median, percent increase / decrease ( 20 ) - answers in desired format ( 10 ) - answers and conclusions justified ( 15 ) - valid argument ( s ) ( 15 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5179527386699718, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.097141"} {"text": "a lot of what nasa does isn ' t just looking out at space, but looking back at earth * from * space. for instance, how ' bout them forests? a map released in 2010 showed forest heights around the world, with a particular focus on the continental united states. using readings from reflected laser pulses ( \" lidar \" ) collected by three satellites - - nasa ' s icesat, terra, and aqua - - the agency was able to determine the heights of trees in forest, and compile that into a detailed map. the highest forests were found in the pacific northwest ( yay! : ) and parts of southeast asia. here ' s the map of forest heights in the united states : image by nasa earth observatory / image by jesse allen and robert simmon / based on data from michael lefsky ( source ) they went one better in 2011, putting together even more detailed maps, collaborating \" with the u. s. forest service and the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ) to assemble a national forest map from space - based radar and optical sensors, computer modeling, and a massive amount of ground - based data. \" an estimated 5 million trees were measured! the \" space - based radar \" data came \" from the shuttle radar topography mission, which was flown on the space shuttle endeavour in 2000. \" wikipedia says endeavour was outfitted with two radar antennae for the mission : \" one antenna was located in the shuttle ' s payload bay, the other \u2013 a critical change from the sir - c / x - sar, allowing single - pass interferometry \u2013 on the end of a 60 - meter ( 200 - foot ) mast that extended from the payload bay once the shuttle was in space. the technique employed is known as interferometric synthetic aperture radar, \" which uses \" differences in the phase of the [ reflected radar ] waves \" to determine heights in great detail. they combined that data with landsat satellite images and on - the - ground measurements by the u. s. forest service to come up with a very detailed map of biomass across the country - - not just how high the trees are, but how dense they are, so they were also able to map the overall carbon content of the forests. here ' s the us biomass map : image by nasa earth observatory ; map by robert simmon, based on multiple data sets compiled and analyzed by the woods hole research center. data inputs include the shuttle radar topography mission, the national land cover database ( based on landsat ) and the forest inventory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4836442166791704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.194723"} {"text": "by nasa earth observatory ; map by robert simmon, based on multiple data sets compiled and analyzed by the woods hole research center. data inputs include the shuttle radar topography mission, the national land cover database ( based on landsat ) and the forest inventory and analysis of the u. s. forest service. caption by michael carlowicz. ( source ) here ' s a zoomed - in view of the pacific northwest : image by robert simmon, based on data from woods hole research center ( source ) those grid patterns in the center ( just below seattle, which is on the mid - east side of that big inlet, which is puget sound ) are from logging! the coastal pacific northwest of the united states has the tallest trees in north america, averaging as much as 40 meters ( 131 feet ) in height. it has the densest biomass \u2014 the total mass of organisms living within a given area \u2014 in the country. a rule of thumb for ecologists is that the amount of carbon stored in a tree equals 50 percent of its dry biomass. so if you can estimate the biomass of all the trees in the forest, you can estimate how much carbon is being stored. if you keep tracking it over time, you can know something about how much carbon is being absorbed from the atmosphere or lost to it. in a recent report by the u. s. forest service, researchers noted that while the federal government owns slightly less than 50 percent of the forest land in the pacific northwest, it controls more then 67 percent of the old - growth in the region. that percentage is rising not because of new federal acquisitions, but because harvesting removed about 13 percent ( 491, 000 acres ) of old - and \u201c late - sucessional \u201d forest on non - federal lands. ( the main reason for old - growth loss on federal lands is forest fire. ) here ' s the seattle area at the released map ' s highest detail level ; my biomass is just to the left of that biggish lake in the north central area! a while back i posted a video of \" robojelly, \" a us - produced mechanical jellyfish. well, german pneumatic and electric transducer manufacturer festo has something much, much more impressive - - the airjelly : and that flying robot jellyfish ( they ' ve got an aquatic one, naturally ) isn ' t even the most impressive of festo ' s robot creations ; that would probably be smartbird, a flight - capable robot bird. but they ' ve got whole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48318445095872103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.195915"} {"text": "flying robot jellyfish ( they ' ve got an aquatic one, naturally ) isn ' t even the most impressive of festo ' s robot creations ; that would probably be smartbird, a flight - capable robot bird. but they ' ve got whole flocks of other amazing lighter - than - air robots, like these blimpy, self - navigating airpenguins, their airray, which looks like a really creepy flat metallic balloon, and their smartinversion, a flying... m. c. escher - ish geometric thing that twists upon itself to generate propulsion - - all constructed from ultralight materials, propelled with festo ' s new line of pneumatic actuators, and mostly buoyed with helium. here ' s a video in which they describe how some of their \" bionic \" creations work : the hubble space telescope got a pretty good view of aurorae on the planet uranus recently : image by nasa, esa, and l. lamy ( observatory of paris, cnrs, cnes ) ( source ) not exactly where you ' d think they ' d be ( at poles perpendicular to the ring ), are they? nasa ' s caption says : these are among the first clear images, taken from the distance of earth, to show aurorae on the planet uranus. aurorae are produced when high - energy particles from the sun cascade along magnetic field lines into a planet ' s upper atmosphere. this causes the planet ' s atmospheric gasses to fluoresce. the ultraviolet images were taken at the time of heightened solar activity in november 2011 that successively buffeted the earth, jupiter, and uranus with a gusher of charged particles from the sun. because uranus ' magnetic field is inclined 59 degrees to its spin axis, the auroral spots appear far from the planet ' s north and south poles. this composite image combines 2011 hubble observations of the aurorae in visible and ultraviolet light, 1986 voyager 2 photos of the cyan disk of uranus as seen in visible light, and 2011 gemini observatory observations of the faint ring system as seen in infrared light. uranus ' magnetic field is not only at a funny angle, it ' s also offset \" from the center of the planet towards the south rotational pole by as much as one third of the planetary radius \" : weird! wikipedia says \" neptune has a similarly displaced and tilted magnetic field, suggesting that this may be a common feature of ice giants. one hypothesis is that, unlike the magnetic fields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49736904052552844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.196896"} {"text": "rotational pole by as much as one third of the planetary radius \" : weird! wikipedia says \" neptune has a similarly displaced and tilted magnetic field, suggesting that this may be a common feature of ice giants. one hypothesis is that, unlike the magnetic fields of the terrestrial and gas giant planets, which are generated within their cores, the ice giants ' magnetic fields are generated by motion at relatively shallow depths, for instance, in the water \u2013 ammonia ocean. \" i came across a webcomic with really nice art! it ' s called astray3, and it ' s a sorta science - fiction fantasy adventure type of thing, i think. anyway, in the last four or so pages, which were coming out about once a month ( and then stopped entirely, but a recent blog post by the author says new developments are in store, so we can hope ), the inking and coloring really reached an awesome level of gorgeousness, almost getting semi - abstract in parts if you look carefully, but always coming together into a perfectly intelligible image. nice. i ' m still working away at a * ' s upcoming subscription mode on the weekends ; this past weekend i got the thingy done that will let subscribers change their password. woo. next i have to do a thingy to let them change their email address, oh and also a thing so you can reset your password if you ' ve forgotten it - - that one ' s kind of tricky because you have to send them an email with a special limited - use url that resets it when clicked or something, i guess... anyway yeah that ' s the kind of fun stuff i ' m weekending on! and just to be clear, the comic will always be free - - subscribers just get access to the extra - large comic size, and get the ads removed. also one nice thing the real subscription mode will do that the current preview mode doesn ' t ( that link in the lower right corner of the comics ) is that as long as you don ' t log out or clear your browser ' s cookies, every time you come to the site it will come right up with your previously selected comic size, so if you ' ve been reading in the hd - size, you ' ll see that right away when visiting the site, without having to click something to embiggen them. are you ready for a supermassive black pen round - up? well tough luck, because you ' ve just landed on one! starting at the end of the last", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5401693618951253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.197830"} {"text": "visiting the site, without having to click something to embiggen them. are you ready for a supermassive black pen round - up? well tough luck, because you ' ve just landed on one! starting at the end of the last episode and running a good way through this one, i was a bit obsessed with finding pens i could use to do the art for a *, either in tandem with a brush, or on their own. i ' m pretty much back to all brush now, but i ' ve got all these pens laying around, and some test sketches i did with some of them, so i might as well say a word or two about them. for the most part, the exotic ones can be found at jetpens, and the rest at dick blick. also for the most part, their ink isn ' t as black as say the inks i covered in my recent supermassive black ink round - up ; all of them ( unless noted otherwise ) are quite adequately waterproof. here was the assortment i was thinking i might use for a * at one point ( except the last one : p ) ( these photos are angled away a bit, so the upper pens appear slightly smaller by comparison to the lower ones than they actually are ) : and here are the test sketches ( on canson illustration paper, with finger smudge to test their waterproofness ) : kuretake disposable pocket brush i found out about these fancy - looking yet disposable japanese markers by asking comic book artist mike mayhew what he had used to draw this nifty sketch of aquaman - - he ' d used these! most disposable japanese art markers, and especially brush markers, are not waterproof, but these are, and they ' re quite reasonably priced as well. the ef and f sizes have hard little conical tips that lay down very fine, even lines. high quality stuff, no doubt, and their solid plastic construction with gold embossed calligraphic lettering and gold sparkles only adds to that impression - - the caps click on and off with a very satisfying firmness. there ' s a bit more resistance when moving the tip over paper than i would like - - almost a rubbery stickiness, but not quite - - but that ' s the only nit i can pick with these, although it is rather equivalent to a nails - on - chalkboard sensation for me compared with, say, a brush. hm, i suppose you could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4858192546840573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.198714"} {"text": ", but not quite - - but that ' s the only nit i can pick with these, although it is rather equivalent to a nails - on - chalkboard sensation for me compared with, say, a brush. hm, i suppose you could say that they run a little dry, but i would find later that that ' s necessary for doing non - damaging work on paper. the tip of the larger m size is different - - much bigger, and softer - - and i found it much less pleasant to work with than the two smaller sizes ; it ' s just an awkward balance between hard and soft, big and small - - if i were gonna use these i ' d use the two smaller sizes, and probably a copic multiliner m brush instead of the kuretake one. platinum carbon desk pen this is a pretty neat pen. it ' s actually a fountain pen! rated ef ( extra - fine ), but apparently japanese fountain pens are pretty much a size smaller than their western equivalents, so it ' s more like a \" super - fine \" nib ; normally, i hear, a nib this fine would feel pretty scratchy, but this pen is actually pretty smooth, and quite pleasant to write with. if i wanted to feel fancy while writing something, i would use this. even so it isn ' t very expensive at all ; in fact, the reason i got it was really just to try platinum ' s \" carbon \" ink that it comes with in a couple disposable refill cartridges, because this pen was cheaper than a small bottle of the ink alone. and it does lay down a very fine, smooth line, but i couldn ' t use it for a * because, like dip pen nibs, it tends to chew up the surface of the paper, especially if you ' re going over ink wash or something. the \" carbon \" ink, which is apparently a super - fine india ink ( even so, this pen supposedly needs its special wide feed to avoid being clogged by it ), is quite waterproof, but not really very black. being a \" desk \" pen, it ' s meant to sit holstered in a swivel cap attached to a fancy base sitting on your fancy desk, so it has a long, tapered body ( with a hole at the end, it should be mentioned, so it can ' t be converted to an \" eyedropper \" pen by filling the body with ink ) that doesn ' t allow \" posting \" of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4624620931647737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.200102"} {"text": "a long, tapered body ( with a hole at the end, it should be mentioned, so it can ' t be converted to an \" eyedropper \" pen by filling the body with ink ) that doesn ' t allow \" posting \" of the cap. it ' s pretty light and comfortable to hold, though. j. herbin glass pen - large i didn ' t even know these existed until i saw and heard ( they make this great glass fluting sound as their tip moves across paper ) them in this video ; glass pens like this, apparently, are used for testing inks, since you get a good view of the ink as it sits and flows in the twisting channels on the large glass tip - - so it works like a dip pen, ie you dip the tip into your jar of ink ( i was using yasutomo waterproof black sumi ), and then write with it until all the ink has been sucked off the fluted tip and onto the paper. pretty neat! this french glass pen didn ' t seem to hold as much ink in its flutes as a standard dip pen nib does in its reservoir, and like a dip pen nib it did tend to scratch up the paper ' s surface. i tried rounding the tip - - which came with a definite point - - using some fine sandpaper, as suggested on the box, but didn ' t really manage to tone down the paper damage much. unlike a dip pen, the glass tip isn ' t flexible at all, so you get no line width variation whatsoever ; this does make them handy if what you really want is an even line, though. and they just look ( and sound ) darn cool. copic multiliner 0. 1 multiliners come in a variety of somewhat odd, small sizes ( like 0. 03, 0. 05, 0. 1, 0. 3, 0. 5, 0. 8, 1. 0 mm ), but of the various types of similar technical or whatever you call ' em markers that i tried ( the others were sakura pigma microns, staedtler whatevers, and faber - castells pitts ), the multiliners had the finest size ( the others were 0. 05 mm at the smallest ), and possibly fractionally the darkest ink and most even lines. i used multiliners on a good number of the pages earlier in this chapter. you don ' t really get width variation out of their hard conical tips, but they ' re actually pretty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47542297778210457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.201165"} {"text": "and possibly fractionally the darkest ink and most even lines. i used multiliners on a good number of the pages earlier in this chapter. you don ' t really get width variation out of their hard conical tips, but they ' re actually pretty good at feathering, if you flick them just right. they may feel a little dry if you ' re used to regular markers, but - - as i found with wetter technical markers ( see the tikky graphic, below ) - - they ' re pretty much as wet as you can get without risking real damage to the paper surface due to saturation weakening the fibers of the paper, which would then yield too easily to the hard marker tip. i like the narrow, round bodies of these markers, and their dark gray, silvery sparkled surface, but it ' s a light plastic that feels a bit cheap, particularly with the cap, which just sort of snugs on and off rather than clicking, and which posts very fudgily on the end ; i had a few dry out on me between uses, and i think that might have been because the cap wasn ' t really on as tightly as it needed to be. i also had a few just die on me rather quickly ; these have no cartridge or visible reservoir, so you don ' t have any warning as to when one might expire. i also killed a bunch of them by getting the tips clogged with white ink, it must be said - - even though no white ink might be visible on the tip, the marker would just never regain its full ink flow. a few of the mystery dead ones did manage to revive, however, after i left them standing upside - down for a day or two. when they work, they work well, but they aren ' t the most reliable pens around, and you can ' t do * really * fast lines with them without skipping, due to the carefully measured ink flow. copic multiliner sp 0. 7 these are the refillable, metal - bodied versions of the multiliner, and are in theory the more economical ( and ecological? ) option in the long run since you can replace the tips and ink cartridges. i don ' t really like the metallic chill you feel when first picking one up that you haven ' t handled in a while, but they warm to the touch pretty quickly, and unlike the disposables, their small caps click into place with satisfying security - - although they don ' t post as securely as one might like.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4414426860020465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.202093"} {"text": "you haven ' t handled in a while, but they warm to the touch pretty quickly, and unlike the disposables, their small caps click into place with satisfying security - - although they don ' t post as securely as one might like. rather confusingly, the sizes they come in are slightly different than the disposables, in some cases. faber - castell pitt calligraphy pen for a while i thought this was the pen i was going to use - - you can get a lot of line variation by using different edges or corners of the 2 mm, fairly hard sloped chisel tip, and it puts out a satisfying amount of ink - - or more than the multiliners, anyway. very fun to play with a fresh one of these. but! i found that the tips are rather unreliable, and can lose their ink flow without warning ; the one in the photo actually has a bit of masking tape around the far side, just below the tip, to remind me that that corner is pretty dead. frustrating! they also sometimes shed a fiber or two - - you have to go and pluck it off with tweezers or something - - at the beginning. these may be even less reliable than the disposable multiliners. also, even the caps can be a bit flakey ; the button at the end is a separate piece, for some reason, and it sometimes gets a bit loose, which somehow makes it so that the cap, which usually clicks firmly into place, doesn ' t click closed anymore unless you press the end of the cap down as you slide the cap into place ; very surprising given how solid the rest of the body feels. faber - castell pitt small brush has a harder tip than japanese \" brush \" markers, but it ' s so narrow that it tends to feel a bit woggley, whatever that means. just didn ' t like the feel or the sort of intermediate size. has the same flukey button cap as the pitt calligraphy pens. rotring tikky graphic 0. 1 another line of technical markers like the multiliners, etc. i like that these come in regular, tenth - of - a - mm sizes, though. though disposable, they feel extremely solid, and the large caps even have metal clips. they also have an ink reservoir view window so you can tell when you ' re running low ; rotring ' s marketing claims that the reservoir and feed design ensures they use every last drop of their pretty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4178429443007766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.203009"} {"text": ", and the large caps even have metal clips. they also have an ink reservoir view window so you can tell when you ' re running low ; rotring ' s marketing claims that the reservoir and feed design ensures they use every last drop of their pretty generous ink supply, but i haven ' t used enough to verify that. they also give out by far the most ink of any of the technical marker lines i tried ; this is great if you ' re just doodlin ', as you get nice even, wet lines even when moving quickly, but if you ' re really trying to go into some detail, or if you ' re going over paper that ' s been wet previously by a wash or something, the paper surface will tend to get oversaturated and then get chewed up by the marker ' s hard conical tip pretty easily. also, they cannot do feathering at all ; as soon as you touch the tip to paper to any degree, you get the full ink flow. rotring rapidograph 0. 25 i included this since i had it laying around, although i knew from when i covered it previously that its hard metal tube tip can ' t draw lines very quickly without skipping, and chews up the paper like nobody ' s business. it can ' t really be beat for fine, even lines, though. i don ' t think i ' ll ever get used to the screw - off cap on this thing - - i keep trying to yank it off. : p alvin penstix no. 3013 - eef 0. 3mm saw this in a local art store ; it is shockingly awful. the ink is brown! i had to double - check that the pen body said \" black \" ; it does ( although i notice now that the \" india ink quality \" after that is in quotes ; p ), but man that ain ' t no black. the small cap with sharp fluting doesn ' t snap into place, and the narrow body with fixed plastic clip at the end and 90 - degree edges toward the tip doesn ' t feel engineered for any kind of pleasant user experience. the tip is of the small, hard, conical ( and spongey ) variety. do not get this unless you really need a brown, uncomfortable small marker. so of those i felt the kuretake ef and f, pitt calligraphy pen, multiliners, and j. herbin glass pen were the best with an eye toward a * work, so i did another, slightly larger set of sketches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41536034009839295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.204096"} {"text": "of those i felt the kuretake ef and f, pitt calligraphy pen, multiliners, and j. herbin glass pen were the best with an eye toward a * work, so i did another, slightly larger set of sketches with those finalists : the pitt calligraphy pen was by far the most fun to use, and you can see there that i was getting the most solid lines out of it. here ' s another crop of pens i have laying around from my pen - speriments : copic multiliner brush m i felt this was worth mentioning on its own, because the large, somewhat soft \" brush \" ( it isn ' t really like a brush at all, mind you ) felt or whatever tip has a kind of pleasing squishiness and wetness to it. i don ' t really like it for doing big line work, because it doesn ' t feel firm enough to me for a really reliable line, but it ' s very good at filling in large areas. these only come in the disposables - - the metal \" sp \" line just has the small brush, which isn ' t nearly as satisfying. the soft tip * does * tend to fluff out and lose its shape fairly quickly - - well before it ran out of ink, for me - - which is a shame, but i haven ' t found a soft marker tip that has found a way to avoid that problem. staedtler calligraphy duo 3002 there aren ' t really many waterproof black pigment ink chisel tip markers out there, so when i saw this i figured it was worth a shot even though dual - tip pens drive me buggy for some reason. the clear plastic caps can post to each other, so * that * isn ' t a problem, at least. the 3. 5 mm and 2. 0 mm chisel tips are harder than the tip of the pitt calligraphy pen ; i ' m not sure if that means that they ' re more reliable, but they * are * more prone to chewing up the surface of the paper. other than that it seems like a very solid pen. uni - ball signo broad white i was turned onto this white gel pen - - which i thought might be useful for touch - ups - - by a couple white pen reviews i found after i got the sunburst ( see below ) and wanted to see how it stacked up. the signo seems to be the most highly recommended white gel option, and it is indeed much more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4394323541014321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.205035"} {"text": "- - by a couple white pen reviews i found after i got the sunburst ( see below ) and wanted to see how it stacked up. the signo seems to be the most highly recommended white gel option, and it is indeed much more generous and opaque than the sunburst. it is not ( and doesn ' t claim to be ) waterproof at all and, being a ball point, runs into the problem where the generous line of somewhat thick ink is divided by the metal tip laying it down, so you get a kind of two - line effect, which probably isn ' t desired in most cases. pentel sunburst med picked this up on a whim at a supply store ; does offer some non - waterproof white gel ink coverage, but the ink isn ' t quite as thick or as opaque as could be ; also seems to dry up slightly more easily than the signo, and shares the two - line problem with the ball point tip. faber - castell pitt big brush of all the pens here, this is the sole one that i ' m really still using, if just for sketching ( i did do a page or two of this episode with it almost exclusively, though ). the large brush tip is quite firm, which doesn ' t seem nice at first if you ' re used to softer japanese large \" brush \" pens, but it holds up very well with use, taking much longer to lose its shape. faber - castell claims these carry something like four times the ink of their regular - sized pitt markers ; i ' m not sure about that, but i can say i haven ' t \" hit bottom \" on one yet - - they seem to run into a diminished ink flow some time before that, at which point i don ' t like them anymore and have to go get a new one. until that point, though, they put out a very nice, even wet line. the ink is not of course quite as dark as brush inks, but if you layer it up - - which is easy to do thanks to the large tip and generous ink flow - - it can achieve this kind of nifty, velvety black gloss, which is nice to look at even if it doesn ' t scan well due to being somewhat reflective. i was a bit wary at first of the large, firm tip, fearing it would be clumsy, but while it can ' t make a * very * thin line, you can get a reasonable amount of width variation by holding it at different angles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40516834881752783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.205952"} {"text": ". i was a bit wary at first of the large, firm tip, fearing it would be clumsy, but while it can ' t make a * very * thin line, you can get a reasonable amount of width variation by holding it at different angles, and it is by far the best of any of the markers i tried at laying down big, fast, long, solid lines, and it is of course great at filling in large areas - - this is really the only marker i ' ve found that can keep up with my frenetic, heavy sketching. the hard plastic body feels very solid, the thick cap clicks into place definitively, and i haven ' t had one have the loose - button - cap problem the smaller pitts sometimes have. very reliable and quite affordable for how much pen you get. pentel pocket brush this brush pen actually has individual brush hairs at its tip like a real brush, although they ' re nylon or something, and actually cut and angled inward to form a sharply tapered point ; this seems to mean they always keep a very sharp tip, but at the cost of overall brush strength : there ' s no real snap or flex here - - they ' re either dragging a loose line, or squooshing into the paper. they ' re very popular for their portability, though - - no having to carry ink and rinse jars around with you - - and some webcomics get good results with them. their ink is waterproof and surprisingly dark - - i wish pentel sold the stuff in bottles! alas, it only comes in small disposable cartridge refills. the pen body, though plastic, feels very solid indeed, but with a graceful, rounded, stylish exterior - - top marks there. in theory these could be converted into eyedropper pens, i think, and i * have * read of some people using platinum carbon ink with them, although in theory that risks clogging issues. the small, black selenis sketch above the other pen test sketches earlier in this post was done with this pen ; as you can see, it is pretty handy at big black fill, and feathering, but i at least am pretty much unable to get hard, even lines out of the weak tip. ( the big face next to that sketch was done with pitt big brush and calligraphy pens ; it was an early attempt at i think page 26. ) update 5 / 29 : since i ' ve mostly moved away from regular pens now,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4317805683839465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.206878"} {"text": "tip. ( the big face next to that sketch was done with pitt big brush and calligraphy pens ; it was an early attempt at i think page 26. ) update 5 / 29 : since i ' ve mostly moved away from regular pens now, i ' ve found myself going to the pocket brush lately when i want to do a quick sketch, or even just for when i need something brushy and fast, like for signing paintings. it is quite a handy thing! i should note that although the ink is darker than most of the marker - type pens, it isn ' t nearly as dark as a good stand - alone ink such as you would use with a regular brush. pentel color brush - black larger, uglier cousin of the pocket brush. the color brushes are not waterproof, but come in a variety of colors, and i guess they ' re meant to be used as portable watercolors, sort of. should be able to hold much more ink, too, because the large, squeezable body is a single large refill cartridge. you ' re suppose to squeeze it to get ink to flow - - unlike the pocket brush, which just flows at a set rate automatically - - and in theory this offers much more control and variety, as you could use it for dry brush, spatter, and so forth ; when i tried it, though, instead of saturating the tapered nylon bristles all the way to their tips, the ink just gushed out the sides and dripped in a big slash right onto the page below. : o and again, the weak tip isn ' t my thing, but some people get pretty darn fine black and white sketches out of them. yasutomo yc permawriter ii fs - 0. 05 saw this at some local store and figured it was with a shot since i was using yasutomo ' s sumi ink anyway. the design of the pen body is uncomfortably severe, and the line its fine conical tip puts out is a bit squishy, and not up to par with other technical marker lines in that respect. it was, however, the most waterproof of any of the pens i tried - - supposedly they ' re even permanent on cds and so forth. that ends the supermassive black pen round - up! i will probably not bother you with pen talk for a while as i ' m back pretty happily with the brush these days, but i suppose you never know what the future holds! the egg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42898707574065975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.208007"} {"text": "that ends the supermassive black pen round - up! i will probably not bother you with pen talk for a while as i ' m back pretty happily with the brush these days, but i suppose you never know what the future holds! the egg is a star in the \" preplanetary or protoplanetary nebula stage, \" and that is actually an awful name for it because it makes it sound like a young star with a protoplanetary disc, whereas it is actually an old, dying star, perhaps once around the size of the sun, which exhausted most of its hydrogen fuel, shrunk to a small, hot, helium - burning core that blew the outer hydrogen layers far out to form a huge red giant, possibly with a radius as large as the distance from the sun to earth, used up its helium, resumed burning of the remaining parts of the large hydrogen outer shell, and now, having lost maybe 50 - 70 % of its mass, has a very disrupted outer shell which alternates with the inner helium shell in burning, every 10, 000 to 100, 000 years - - this is called \" helium shell flash \" or \" thermal pulse. \" as part of all these goings on in the dying star, jets and material are being ejected pretty frequently, forming this agitated nebula around the star. in the case of the egg, the cloud of ejected material around it is so thick we can ' t see the star itself, but we can see \" searchlight \" beams from it, perhaps shining through holes in the clouds poked by jets from flashes or pulses. the name \" preplanetary / protoplanetary \" comes from this being the precursor to the \" planetary nebula \" stage, where a very extended, ring - like cloud has been pushed far out and heated to a glow by the very hot exposed core of the star that remains. what with the dying and the cloud of material around them, preplanetary nebulae are quite dim ; unlike the later planetary nebula stage, the cooler clouds around the star in the preplanetary stage do not glow on their own, but only reflect light coming out from the central star ; the egg may be within 3, 000 light years of earth - - although its exact size and distance is by no means certain, maybe at least partly because so little is known of this phase of stellar life that there isn ' t much in the way of a \" standard candle \" with which to compare its luminosity and size, from which you could estimate distance - - but it wasn '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5544753911227626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.209094"} {"text": "partly because so little is known of this phase of stellar life that there isn ' t much in the way of a \" standard candle \" with which to compare its luminosity and size, from which you could estimate distance - - but it wasn ' t discovered until 1996 ( although the nasa post says \" was first spotted less than 40 years ago, \" so i ' m not sure if that means it was spotted in old photos but not identified, or if their number is just a typo ) because it ' s so hard to see. more preplanetary nebula photos, swiped from wikipedia : a hubble photo of the egg from 2002, with color filters tinting light vibrating at different angles ; the caption notes the material from which it is reflecting is mostly carbon : image by nasa and the hubble heritage team ( stsci / aura ) ( source ) orange and infrared false color hubble photo of preplanetary nebula iras 13208 - 6020, released in 2011 : this space. com article describes an interesting observational experiment that will be run with hubble next month, when venus will pass between earth and the sun : sunlight coming to us through the clouds around the rim of venus will carry spectral data revealing elements of the venusian atmosphere ; hubble is far too light - sensitive to survive being aimed directly at the sun, though, so instead it will be aimed at a fixed point on the moon for the full seven hours of venus ' solar transit, and will be trying to pick out the tiny, tiny venusian light components among the regular sunlight reflecting off the bright lunar surface : \"... they ' re looking for extremely faint spectral signatures. only 0. 001 percent of the sun ' s light will filter through venus ' s thick atmosphere and be reflected off the moon... \" pretty wild. and this isn ' t even being done really to learn about venus ' atmosphere, which is already pretty well known - - the us and especially the soviets have landed unmanned spacecraft on the planet, after all ( interesting note : 1982 ' s soviet \" venera 14 \" venus lander missed its chance at a soil sample because its probe, striking for the soil, was blocked by its own ejected camera lens cap, which happened to lay exactly where the probe tried to strike ). so this elaborate lunar mirror experiment is being done as a test of the quality of data gathered from sunlight filtered through planetary atmospheres - - they ' ll compare the results with what ' s already known about venus ' atmosphere to see if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5096140523190577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.210067"} {"text": "to strike ). so this elaborate lunar mirror experiment is being done as a test of the quality of data gathered from sunlight filtered through planetary atmospheres - - they ' ll compare the results with what ' s already known about venus ' atmosphere to see if the readings are good - - in the hopes that it can later be applied to detect the atmospheric content of planets around other stars : one main method of detecting planets around other stars is to spot a regular periodic dimming of the star ' s light caused - - in theory - - by one of its planets moving between it and us, so i guess the idea is that maybe we could also get useful spectral data about the atmosphere of the planet from that dimmed light. i came across another comic with interesting art! this one is ( warning : mature language and themes ) the ballad of frank sartre, and the best description i can come up with is that it ' s kind of like an ultra - noir \" who framed roger rabbit \" with intensely brushy black and white artwork. the group art show i ' m in opens tomorrow - - er, tonight... friday may 11th from 6 - 9 pm, at any rate! i will be milling around trying to look like i know what i ' m talking about with the other artists, probably, so i will be ripe for the plucking if you want to stop by and bend my ear for a while. : ) there will be lots of artists and art to see in this \" portrait \" - themed group show ( my dad has a couple photos there! ), so it should be a lot of fun! this is all at the chocolat vitale fancy chocolate drink shop in seattle ' s phinney neighborhood : my contribution is a signed and framed print from my digital a * days, as well as one from \" the princess and the giant. \" so probably nothing you haven ' t seen before, but there will be lots to see from other artists, and probably loads to talk about. probably also free tasty snacks of some sort, if you get there before the starving artists snarfle them all! : d also keep in mind i ' m going to be having a solo show at this same location a month from now - - yep, i ' ll have the place all to myself then! that ' s when i ' ll have a bunch of stuff on show, particularly original a * ink wash paintings, yay. = ) there is a little more info about these shows here. private company spacex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5106478829825147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.211082"} {"text": "the place all to myself then! that ' s when i ' ll have a bunch of stuff on show, particularly original a * ink wash paintings, yay. = ) there is a little more info about these shows here. private company spacex just showed off their \" dragon \" space capsule at the \" first annual spacecraft technology expo \" ( hm convenient! : d ) at the la convention center. there ' s a photo in that linked article, but eh it just kinda looks like a rounded - off and smoothed - out apollo capsule, really. but the interesting parts start soon : on may 19th, one is flying up to the international space station on a spacex falcon 9 rocket. this trial flight will just be carrying cargo to the station, but it will ( if successful ) mark the first time a commercial spacecraft has docked with the iss. and of course the dragon ( man it would be way cooler if they painted it with scales or something : | ) is really intended for manned spaceflight, so the idea is for it to go on to bigger and bolder things, providing it passes little tests like this one. a workshop apparently used by ancient mayan astronomers has just been found among \" a large complex of mayan ruins in the rain forest at xultun in northeastern guatemala. \" the walls of the 6 - foot square room are covered with 1, 200 - year - old astronomical tables and figures in the mayans ' complicated calendar and numbering system, and include calculations of dates spanning about 6000 years ; these newly discovered astronomical tables are by far the oldest found so far - - 600 years older than the previously oldest known ones. the article has some photos! a * forum poster andtobeloved just pointed out a surprisingly a * - esque comic series that ran from 1984 to 1986 in the british \" 2000 ad \" comic magazine : writer alan moore and artist ian gibson ' s the ballad of halo jones. looks pretty neat! it ' s new to me but the resemblance probably isn ' t all that coincidental, as glimpses i ' ve been getting over the past couple years of other, older british adventure serials - - jeff hawke, primarily, and also tiny bits of things like dan dare and garth - - have increasingly been inspiring my work on a *. those old strips really had something special about them - - zest, spirit, and wonder combined with absolutely superb and even daring artwork - - and they certainly seemed to have inspired a good deal of this latter - day \" halo jones \" as well. (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5066174485555408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.212159"} {"text": "old strips really had something special about them - - zest, spirit, and wonder combined with absolutely superb and even daring artwork - - and they certainly seemed to have inspired a good deal of this latter - day \" halo jones \" as well. ( let me not forget to mention that andtobeloved happens to be the writer of a couple fine webcomics : the eponymous young adult tale ( some mature language ) and to be loved, and the classic newspaper strip format humor comic, my girlfriend ' s dog. ) i do think we should always be a little skeptical when men undertake to write women. since i would be the last person to claim any particular insight into this endeavor, i just have to settle for trying to make my female characters interesting people ( shock! ). there is one way in which i try to leverage my ignorance when it comes to writing selenis, however, and that is to rely on the smoke and mirrors of mystery and distance - - which is where a good deal of the whole femme fatale archetype has come from in our cultural output, i would guess. so we don ' t tend to hear her thoughts directly, unlike vero ' s case with his frequent self - narration. this often forces long periods of silence on the comic, which worried me at first but which i have actually grown to enjoy, as it gives lots of opportunities to play at guessing what she ' s thinking. we have learned at least one thing about her, though : she is fiercely independent and determined to be second to nobody - - not even the grim reaper! the group art show opening tonight was a whole lot of fun! and one of my two pieces even got bought on the spot - - okay so it was a very generous friend of my mother, but hey. : d also they had some really nice refreshments and they gave me a free cup of their delicious hot chocolate. and there was hob - nobbing and art materials talking ( one guy used to run an art supply store! ) with the other artists, not to mention getting to hang out with the shop owners and their visitors. oh and they had a constant custom soundtrack spinning from a multitude of old vinyl albums, like oh say, this one from this. ha! we are talking some good times! i also scored some stuff i can actually share with you! the theme of the group show was \" portraits, \" and among the exhibits were piles and piles of old film studio publicity shots - - mostly from the early ' 50 '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45225085661093467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.213291"} {"text": "some good times! i also scored some stuff i can actually share with you! the theme of the group show was \" portraits, \" and among the exhibits were piles and piles of old film studio publicity shots - - mostly from the early ' 50 ' s, but some going back into the ' 30 ' s ( and a few from the ' 70s but the less said about those the better ; p ). after i ' d almost poured through all of them, one of the owners mentioned they were for sale ( and placed the price tag among them : p - - $ 5 a piece or i think it was $ 20 for six ), so of course i had to root back through them to dig out my favorites to claim as my own - - and now i ' m scanning them and showing them to you! the first one that really struck me was this one, because it was one of the few in which i actually recognized the person : yes it ' s nova pilbeam! i ' ve seen her an early alfred hitchcock movie - - back when he was still in england, you know : the 1937 film young and innocent. she did a bang - up job in a starring role in that, and although i ' m pretty terrible with names i think i remembered hers because it ' s so unusual. heck it ' s almost super - sci - fi at that : just change it to oh nova drillbeam for instance and away you go. what i found especially amusing was what someone - - at some time - - had written on the back : well * i * think it ' s a super name, and she ' s a good actress. she was just 17 at the time young and innocent was made, and i realize now i ' d seen her - - but hadn ' t known anything about her, or realized it was her later - - a bit earlier, as she has a smaller role in hitchcock ' s 1934 film the man who knew too much. mrs. pilbeam, who is still with us at the sterling age of 92, left acting in 1949, before she ' d even reached 30, so her body of work is pretty brief! and the only clue as to what year this photo might have been taken was that it was from \" gb pictures, \" which a little searching turned up must have been the british studio gainsborough pictures ( closed in 1951 ).... okay so the other clue was the actual \" nov 29 1936 \" stamped on the back, but i ' d forgotten about that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43165015145170066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.214374"} {"text": "\" which a little searching turned up must have been the british studio gainsborough pictures ( closed in 1951 ).... okay so the other clue was the actual \" nov 29 1936 \" stamped on the back, but i ' d forgotten about that. > _ > so i compared the list of mrs. pilbeam ' s movies with the movies produced by gainsborough, and the only overlap was the 1936 film tudor rose ( called nine days a queen when it came to the states, since obviously we can ' t be expected to know what a \" tudor \" is : p ), in which she played lady jane grey. that publicity shot isn ' t exactly period clothing, so i guess it was just a general shot around that time for their \" junior star \" lineup or something. as a bit of a personal aside, gainsborough was widely known in england - - apparently - - for their \" series of morally ambivalent costume melodramas \" that ran from 1942 to ' 46 ( including 1945 ' s flamboyantly ambivalent the wicked lady, which queen mary surprised everyone in thoroughly enjoying despite the scandalously low necklines of its period dresses, which were hugely censored in the us release and i guess maybe that still accounts for it being pretty impossible to find in a modern region 1 release ; _ ; ) largely sharing a concentrated cast of stars, one of whom was the marvelously wicked lady margaret lockwood who, as it happens, beat out nova pilbeam for the leading role in hitchcock ' s ( and gainsborough ' s ) 1938 the lady vanishes, which very well could be my favorite movie of all time. would it have been as good or even gooder if mrs. pilbeam had been the star? it ' s hard to imagine but i ' ll try! ~ ~ edit 2 : the lady vanishes is claimed by archive. org to be in the public domain, and you can watch it there. i wonder if this means the other gainsborough pictures films are public domain as well... tudor rose / nine days a queen and the wicked lady have been released on vhs, and region 2 dvd in the latter ' s case, but all by different companies - - so maybe they * are *! but they aren ' t on archive. org at any rate, alas. ~ ~ ~ ~ edit 3 : ah, although a federal register notice of 1997 ordered us copyrights restored on the lady vanishes and tudor rose based on an overseas copyright", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40690370640716256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.215607"} {"text": "but they aren ' t on archive. org at any rate, alas. ~ ~ ~ ~ edit 3 : ah, although a federal register notice of 1997 ordered us copyrights restored on the lady vanishes and tudor rose based on an overseas copyright claim by carlton film distributors, ltd ( producers of the wicked lady region 2 dvd ). so technically it probably shouldn ' t still be on archive. org. = p and i wonder if this means carlton also has the rights to gainsborough production photos from the time? well if you are from carlton lemme see the paperwork and i can take the photos down. : d ~ ~ the other photo that really struck me was much more mysterious because i had no idea who it was, but it sure was a nice photo : well i guess i might be in trouble with loew ' s incorporated since i ' m not quite a newspaper or magazine - - except that loew ' s incorporated hasn ' t existed since i think 1959, when the 1948 supreme court ruling in the film - studio - system - busting united states v. paramount pictures, inc. case finally resulted in splitting it from its film production arm, metro - goldwyn - mayer ( \" mgm \" ), which marcus loew had formed in 1924 by merging metro pictures, goldwyn pictures and louis b. mayer productions with his line of theaters, loew ' s theatres incorporated. the remaining loew ' s corporation was otherwise just a holding corporation for various non - film business activities when tri - star pictures ( jointly coca - cola, cbs, and time ) \" acquired \" their theater chain in 1985. in ' 88, tri - star ( now just coca - cola ) merged with columbia pictures ( which coca - cola had let go the previous year ) to form columbia pictures entertainment. sony bought columbia from coca - cola in ' 89 and merged it with cineplex odeon corporation in 1998, resulting in loews cineplex entertainment... which declared bankruptcy in 2001 due to cineplex ' s inherited financial problems. it was bought by several corporations in 2002, who then sold it to \" investors \" in 2004... who succeeded in merging it into amc theatres in 2005. so amc theatres, if you need me to take this image down, let me know. ~ ~ edit : oh wait! i was probably looking at the wrong side of that - - maybe it would be the mgm side that has the rights. their lineage up ' til now is * slightly * less convoluted - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3836207438341944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.217484"} {"text": "know. ~ ~ edit : oh wait! i was probably looking at the wrong side of that - - maybe it would be the mgm side that has the rights. their lineage up ' til now is * slightly * less convoluted - - in the hands of various moguls in the late ' 60 ' s, acquired united artists in 1981, owned by ted turner for 74 days in 1986 ( he had financial troubles : p ) - - oh! except he held onto their film and television library. okay, so ted turner, let me know if you need me to take the photo down. : ) ~ ~ one other interesting thing about these old publicity photos was that \" exploitation \" seemed to have a different meaning back then ; some of them had labels with wording along the lines of \" for exploitation only. \" oh yeah, and they would also touch up the photos with white or black ink to make highlights, shadows, or profiles pop a little more, or to adjust the cropping, for when the photo would be reproduced in shrunk - down form in newspaper articles - - the actual original ink touch - ups were on a few of them! it seems like at least partially a marvel comics - produced effort as it focuses on jack kirby ' s time at marvel, and isn ' t reluctant to pile both him and marvel to the ceiling with praise, but there are still some interesting things to be found in there. i hadn ' t known kirby worked in animation and strips early on, for instance, and you get to hear about how he worked, what his peers thought of him, and so forth, oh and they have some interesting insights from other marvel artists, including some whose work i like a lot - - people like walt simonson and neal adams. although his \" blocky \" style certainly looked as though it followed the geometric construction techniques described in stan lee and john buscema ' s well - known 1978 guide, how to draw comics the marvel way, to hear the eyewitnesses in this video tell it, kirby, legendary for churning out five or whatever full comic pages in a single day when necessary, appears to have drawn with little or no preliminary layout phase - - just going straight from blank page to final pencils, and not necessarily doing those in any sort of structured order, but maybe putting in a hand here, a head here, and so on until they all connected. that explains why his proportions were sometimes a bit loosey - goosey, and eh well it sounds kind of like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44739959661800954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.218419"} {"text": "in any sort of structured order, but maybe putting in a hand here, a head here, and so on until they all connected. that explains why his proportions were sometimes a bit loosey - goosey, and eh well it sounds kind of like how i ' m drawing a * now, frighteningly enough. come to think of it in fact, on today ' s page i drew the shoulders, then the hands, then the arms in between them - - all directly in ink with no preliminary sketching, of course. > _ > i can ' t say i recommend drawing this way ( and i ' m unbelievably worse / slower at it than kirby, certainly! )... but it is kind of fun. ; ) kirby, mind you, mostly worked in pencil, leaving the inking part to be completed by others as he churned away on more and more pages - - which, from the looks of the many penciled pages they show in this video, is in some ways a real shame, because his pencil work has a really gorgeous, subtle range of tone in it that was entirely lost in the flat and minimalistic inking that was usually laid over it ; just look at his pencil renderings of the thing ( the orange rocky guy in the fantastic four ) in there, for instance : almost every little flat facet of his body is carefully shaded in a slightly different tone of gray, yielding a really great volumetric effect - - pretty much reduced to black and white by whoever would come along and ink it, no doubt. jeepers. oh, and all those times in the video that people say kirby invented that \" kirby krackle \" bubbly energy effect - - well, he very well could have come up with it on his own, but similar patterns had been used by others to illustrate space energy in comics well before kirby popularized it in the states. i have some other artists i ' ve been wanting to talk about for a while so i may as well do it now! i ' ve mentioned travis charest ' s \" spacegirl \" before - - a single wide black and white panel science fiction comic : o - - and some time after that i found his blog, which is conveniently called travis charest ' s spacegirl. there you ' ll find links to semi - recent continuations he ' s made in his spacegirl story, new stuff about what he ' s working on these days, and links to other slideshows of his work, including a fascinating compilation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5347849668862436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.219766"} {"text": ". there you ' ll find links to semi - recent continuations he ' s made in his spacegirl story, new stuff about what he ' s working on these days, and links to other slideshows of his work, including a fascinating compilation of his art from the weapons of the metabaron graphic novel, as well as some of his older work on jim lee ' s wildstorm comics series, wildc. a. t. s. but not... a whole lot else. see, charest ' s career took an unusual twist when, in 2000, just as his hyper - detailed, bold pencil and ink work had been getting him noticed in american comics, charest... moved to france. from what little i know of european comics, they emphasize a rather more fantastic artistry than one finds in the typical american superhero comic style, and i suspect that ' s what attracted charest, whose style was starting to go beyond the norm over here. so he went to france, started work on the latest graphic novel in this \" metabarons \" series... and seven years or so later, he had about thirty pages done. that ' s about a page every three months - - not exactly a kirby - esque page rate. : p if you look at the metabaron art in his slideshow, you ' ll see that it is incredibly detailed, but still, that isn ' t going to keep a publisher satisfied at the rate of one of those pages every ninety days. so the second half of the book was finished by someone else ( the difference in art was explained away - - apparently somewhat awkwardly - - as a flashback sequence or something ), and charest came back to the states, where he ' s finally started working on a few comic pieces here and there. charest ' s weapon of choice is the rapidograph technical pen, and finding that out was what got me interested in the things, as i thought gee it would be super if i could get so detailed and cross - hatchy like he does. and his ink wash, like he did with metabaron, is done with \" rapidograph \" ink, which i * think * is probably ultradraw like i tested recently. even so, the slow, patient movements the rapidograph requires are not for me, as i discovered, so i have to admire what he can do with it all the more. hopefully he ' ll keep spacegirl going too! in my ink device investigations i had someone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4692094452494502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.220830"} {"text": "would you find information about drongos and todies? the 520 - page book, \" birds of the world \" ( 2006, johns hopkins university press ) by les beletsky, is a well - structured, thorough coverage of every group of birds on the planet. each chapter has superb illustrations of selected species and focuses on a basic overview of a major group, such as \" hummingbirds \" or \" pigeons and doves. \" for example, the hummingbird chapter explains that the more than 300 nectar - eating species are found only in the new world, from elevations of 13, 000 feet to sea level. the largest are eight inches long ; the smallest weighs \" no more than a large paper clip. \" included among the 22 illustrations in the chapter are bizarre yet exquisite members of the hummingbird family such as the long - tailed sylph, crimson topaz, and red - billed streamertail. as for motmots, i can now state categorically that eight of the 10 species of these absolutely gorgeous long - tailed birds occur in central america. one illustration shows a 15 - inch - long turquoise - browed motmot with red, green, and blue coloring and a blue and black tuft at the end of its tail. i agree with the author ' s assessment that the motmot is \" saddled with a ridiculous name. \" todies consist of a family of five look - alike species of the west indies, including cuba, jamaica, and puerto rico. these short, fat little birds are described as \" emerald green above, with ruby red throats, and whitish underparts tinged with yellow or pink. \" clearly a tody would be a great bird to add to your life list. and finally, kites versus falcons? my short answer was correct, though far from complete. both are indeed raptors, predatory birds of prey, but technically they belong in separate families. kites are classified with the more than 200 species of hawks and eagles in a family group known as the accipiters. i like the author ' s description of accipiters : \" fierce - looking birds with hooked, pointed bills, and powerful feet with hooked, sharp claws ( talons ). \" falcons are a smaller group of 61 species that have the same arsenal but generally have more pointed wings, a sleeker appearance, and greater speed. a source of confusion about the two families is that the graceful mississippi kite of the southeast is often described as \" falcon - shaped, \" whereas the american ke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47194925486547684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.224379"} {"text": "tenderness, a lot of patience, plenty of time, and an open mind and willingness to listen to anything - - these things are the best that we can offer our children to help them sustain themselves in a moment of anxiety or stress. but that ' s not quite enough : the most difficult part, perhaps, is learning to stay quiet, to choose with our words with precision and economy, to wait for every new phrase in welcoming silence, and to lock away our own emotions. above all, the most essential part is being capable of seeing our children how they are, not how we wish they were. as difficult as it is, to truly listen to them, we have to separate ourselves from our desires, aspirations or wishes that we have placed on them. in all empathetic communication the majority of specialists usually identify four stages. however, every encounter between parent and child is unique and we have to learn to navigate them from the point of our experiences. observation : all the experts agree that empathy requires being capable of realizing the state of being of a person without saying a word. prioritize the emotional state of your child, looking out for such things as an unusual greeting when she gets home from shool or an abnormal expression on her face. in this instant, and in the most natural way possible, we should say the most open phrase possible. say something that doesn \u2019 t confuse them, but rather that gets right to the point : \u201c was it a really intense soccer practice? \u201d \u201c does the new teacher give a lot of homework? \u201d forget the customary question, \u201c how was your day at school? \u201d while avoiding its accompanying sighs and groans. it doesn \u2019 t open any doors to conversation. be natural and spontaneous above all else. interest : take note of whether you ' re child seems interested to want to talk. \u201c would you like to talk? here i am. \u201d immediately afterword, in front of your child, turn of your cell phone, the television, or the computer. close the book. let your pen drop to the table. your child will notice these real gestures and will realize that she ' s being listened to, that her emotions are important to you. holding back : as we listen to our child ' s story, we have to maintain our silence ; we have to be almost invisible, only very occasionally affirming the things that we ' re hearing by saying things like, \u201c the story doesn ' t sound so good, \u201d or \u201c i see you ' re pretty angry or sad or remorseful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4764709027851466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.228048"} {"text": "we have to be almost invisible, only very occasionally affirming the things that we ' re hearing by saying things like, \u201c the story doesn ' t sound so good, \u201d or \u201c i see you ' re pretty angry or sad or remorseful, \u201d or \u201c you look upset. \u201d your child doesn \u2019 t need to hear more than that, but she should understand that you understand how she feels and that intense emotions don \u2019 t scare you or upset you too much. remain silent, seated, without moving a lot, accompanying them until their emotion has taken its course. don \u2019 t change the subject. don \u2019 t say you love her or that you ' re proud of her, because that isn ' t and never was in doubt. don \u2019 t say that the issue or story is not a big deal, because for your child it is a big deal. don \u2019 t say that everything will be ok, because that is for calming empathizing. what your child wants to feel is that you ' re capable of seeing her be upset for a moment without taking ownership of her story. the truth is, it isn \u2019 t easy to be calm or quiet because we feel assaulted by our own emotions : \u201c if i see that child that did this to you, i \u2019 ll show him / her who i am. \" saying something to this effect isn ' t empathetic. closing : when we have listened to everything that our child has to say, then there ' s not much else to do besides tenderly determining whether there ' s anything more they want to say or tell you. keep in mind that there is still space for them to share, that this is their space. if a solution didn \u2019 t appear spontaneously, we can extend a hand by offering up what we ' d probably do if we were in their shoes. or, even better, we can dig around in our memory and pull out a similar episode from our own lives which we can share. translated from spanish by marisol slater.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44864968106221936, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.228752"} {"text": "| c - b3 cortosis battle droid | c - b3 cortosis battle droid high - intensity double laser cannons ( 2 ) | chronological and political information | their outer shell was made out of cortosis, a substance that could block lightsaber attacks. the black outer shell was clamped to the droids ' frame in formfitting plates. the droids also had the same intelligence matrix as the similar b2 battle droid, however, they lacked the gripping hands of the b2 battle droid, since their arms ended in double high - intensity laser cannons. the ball joint of the wrist allowed the cannons to swivel in almost any direction. the droids could also use their arms to block lightsaber blades. there was one weakness to lightsabers in the droids ' armor, discovered by anakin skywalker. a very precise overhead slash with a lightsaber targeting the small gap between the two breastplates would slice a cortosis droid ' s torso in half. production began when wat tambor put two internal teams against each other for the upcoming separatist b3 unit. although the avatar - 7 was eventually chosen, the cortosis battle droid was manufactured as the c - b3. c - b3 droids were first deployed in limited numbers on tatooine, but were used more extensively in the attack on coruscant and the defense of the techno union foundries on metalorn. their deployment showed that they were extremely effective \u2014 too effective in the eyes of darth sidious. believing that they could tip the balance of the war, supreme chancellor palpatine allowed information about the droids ' location on metalorn to reach the jedi. - star wars : the new droid army ( first appearance ) - star wars : agent of the empire 1 : iron eclipse, part 1 - the new essential guide to droids - the new essential chronology - the clone wars campaign guide - the complete star wars encyclopedia - the essential guide to warfare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4774869580812664, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.231921"} {"text": "| usage and history | survival capsules were emergency escape devices for ships that either were not equipped with standard escape pods or for last second ejection from a ship. survival capsules were large enough to encompass a single occupant and the chair the capsule was attached to. they were made of a tough, yet flexible, material that allowed them to fall from great heights and come to a bouncing landing all while maintaining their structural integrity and protecting the occupant. they were yellow in color with \" caution - explosive extrusion \" written in red on the sides. once the capsules safely came to rest on a solid surface, the sides of the capsule would burst open to allow the passenger to exit the pod. during the clone wars, anakin skywalker, obi - wan kenobi and ahsoka tano to the felucia system to investigate the lack of communication from the republic medical center stationed there. when they arrived at felucia, they were attacked by vulture droids who succeeded in damaging the jedi ' s unarmed t - 6 shuttle, forcing it to crash on the planet ' s surface. just before the shuttle slammed into a rocky outcropping, they ejected, deploying their survival capsules and bouncing down the huge foliage that covered the surface of the planet. all three jedi ' s capsules came to rest relatively close to each other and the three safely exited the pods. - ( first identified as survival capsule )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4335118192942838, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.233813"} {"text": "kentucky is home to 242, 400 horses and the total value of the state \u2019 s equine and equine - related assets is estimated at $ 23. 4 billion, according to the 2012 kentucky equine survey. the comprehensive statewide survey of all breeds of horses, ponies, donkeys and mules was the first such study since 1977. conducted between june and october 2012 by the kentucky field office of the national agricultural statistics service, with support and assistance by the university of kentucky college of agriculture and the kentucky horse council, the survey \u2019 s results identified 35, 000 equine operations and 1. 1 million acres devoted to equine use. the results are a snapshot of the 2011 calendar year. \u201c the value of kentucky \u2019 s equine and equine - related assets, such as land and buildings, is significantly larger than other states for which we have data, and it serves to underscore that kentucky is the horse capital of the world, \u201d said jill stowe, uk associate professor in agricultural economics and project lead. \u201c upcoming economic impact analysis results will provide even more details regarding the importance of the industry to the state \u2019 s economy. \u201d phase 1 of the study was a statewide survey of equine operations that included an inventory of all breeds of equine, including horses, ponies, donkeys and mules. it included a look at sales, income, expenses and assets of those operations. county - level results from phase 1 are expected soon. phase 2 of the project will entail an economic impact analysis of kentucky \u2019 s equine industry. phase 2 information will be available mid - 2013. with regard to the inventory of kentucky \u2019 s equine operations, the study determined that 56 percent are farms or ranches and 30 percent are for personal use, while 3 percent are boarding, training or riding facilities. breeding operations accounted for 2 percent. the vast majority of horses inventoried were light horses ( 216, 300 ), followed by donkeys and mules ( 14, 000 ), ponies ( 7, 000 ) and draft horses ( 5, 100 ). thoroughbreds are the most prevalent breed in the state ( 54, 000 ), followed by quarter horses ( 42, 000 ), tennessee walking horses ( 36, 000 ), saddlebreds ( 14, 000 ), donkeys, mules and burros, mountain horse breeds ( 12, 500 ) and standardbreds ( 9, 500 ). \u201c the university of kentucky study objectively and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39436544266424073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.240410"} {"text": "36, 000 ), saddlebreds ( 14, 000 ), donkeys, mules and burros, mountain horse breeds ( 12, 500 ) and standardbreds ( 9, 500 ). \u201c the university of kentucky study objectively and scientifically validates the importance of the horse industry to our state. this may well be the most significant body of work ever undertaken to estimate the economic significance of horses to kentucky, \u201d said norman k. luba, executive director of the north american equine ranching information council. \u201c as horse industry enthusiasts, we are indebted to the university of kentucky, the kentucky agricultural development fund and the kentucky horse council. \u201d the primary use of the majority of kentucky \u2019 s equines is trail riding / pleasure ( 79, 500 ), followed by broodmares ( 38, 000 ), horses currently idle / not working ( 33, 000 ), competition / show ( 24, 500 ), horses currently growing, including yearlings, weanlings and foals ( 23, 000 ), racing ( 15, 000 ), work / transportation ( 12, 500 ), breeding stallions ( 3, 900 ) and other activities ( 13, 000 ). \u201c kentucky ' s horse industry is important to a diverse set of people across the commonwealth, from the 9 - year - old 4 - h member with her pony to the retired school teacher who just took up trail riding, \u201d said anna zinkhon, kentucky horse council board president. \u201c it is the kentucky horse council ' s goal to keep this industry alive and growing. the kentucky equine survey provides us with the numbers, so we \u2019 ll know how to develop programs to emphasize strengths as well as work on improving areas of need. it is an important window into the future. \u201d according to the study, the estimated value of the 242, 400 equines in kentucky is about $ 6. 3 billion. in addition, the estimated value of equine - related assets, including land and buildings, vehicles and equipment, feed and supplies and tack and equestrian clothing, is $ 17. 1 billion, bringing the total value of kentucky \u2019 s equine and equine - related assets to $ 23. 4 billion. the total of all equine - related sales and income for equine operations in 2011 was about $ 1. 1 billion. that total came from sales of all equines, estimated to be $ 521. 1 million, and $ 491 million in income from services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4023550635966015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.241412"} {"text": "for 192 palm species, madagascar is the only place on earth - and most probably in the universe - where you can see them growing in the wild. if we don ' t get our act together, the remote possibility of parallel evolution occurring on another planet may be your only option. dr jane smart, global director of the international union for conservation of nature biodiversity conservation group says \" the figures on madagascar ' s palms are truly terrifying, especially as the loss of palms impacts the unique biodiversity of the island and its people. this situation cannot be ignored. \" dr smart is referring to the latest assessment of rare and threatened species in the world, the red list, which concludes that 83 % of madagascar ' s palms are likely to become extinct if we do nothing about it. all 192 species of palm in madagascar grow there and nowhere else. the vast majority of them, it seems, will be soon be found nowhere ( on earth ). all up, around the world, 65, 518 rare species are included in this latest version of the red list, with 20, 219 of them threatened with extinction. steve bachman from royal botanic gardens, kew has estimated that of the 1325 new plants added, 90 % were provided by kew scientists. these new additions from kew include palms from madagascar and elsewhere, 951 legumes, 14 species from the falklands and others from east africa to peru! the palms in madagascar produced the biggest headline, and with good reason. not only are the statistics shocking in there own right but palms are used to build houses and as food by some of the poorest communities in madagascar. bill baker, our palm expert at kew and leader of the group that reviewed the palm data for this new red list, said that most of madagascar ' s palms grow in rapidly shrinking rain forests on the east of the island. the rainforests are shrinking because they are being cleared for agriculture and logging. back in early 2011 i posted a story on the newly discovered suicide palm. that species is now included in the list for the first time. kew ' s millennium seed bank has already collected and germinated seedlings for reintroduction and to create an ex situ conservation collection. another species, dypsis brittiana, is known from a single location but thought to be relatively well protected in the makira national park. however a survey in 2007 found no remaining plants. it gets classified as critically endangered. a close relative, dypsis tokoravina, is being targeted by seed collectors who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42538827004097246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.246872"} {"text": "i love this stuff, and while a little weak in evidence, it \u2019 s a fascinating new look into historical events that many may not have been aware of. and in this case, highlights the influence of two women ( with cleo being very, very, bad ) in major political and military events. a viennese archaeologist lecturing in north carolina this week claims to have identified the bones of cleopatra \u2019 s murdered sister or half - sister. but not everyone is convinced. that \u2019 s because the evidence linking the bones, discovered in an ancient greek city, to cleopatra \u2019 s sibling arsinoe iv is largely circumstantial. a dna test was attempted, said hilke thur, an archaeologist at the austrian academy of sciences and a former director of excavations at the site where the bones were found. however, the 2, 000 - year - old bones had been moved and handled too many times to get uncontaminated results. \u201c it didn \u2019 t bring the results we hoped to find, \u201d thur told the charlotte news - observer. arsinoe iv was cleopatra \u2019 s younger half - sister or sister, both of them fathered by ptolemy xii auletes, though whether they shared a mother is not clear. ptolemic family politics were tough : when ptolemy xii died, he made cleopatra and her brother ptolemy xiii joint rulers, but ptolemy soon ousted cleopatra. julius caesar took cleopatra \u2019 s side in the family fight for power, while arsinoe joined the egyptian army resisting caesar and the roman forces. rome won out, however, and arsinoe was taken captive. she was allowed to live in exile in ephesus, an ancient greek city in what is now turkey. however, cleopatra saw her half - sister as a threat and had her murdered in 41 b. c. fast forward to 1904. that year, archaeologists began excavating a ruined structure in ephesus known as the octagon for its shape. in 1926, they revealed a burial chamber in the octagon, holding the bones of a young woman. thur argues that the date of the tomb ( sometime in the second half of the first century b. c. ) and the illustrious within - city location of the grave, points to the occupant being arsinoe iv herself. thur also believes the octagonal shape may echo that of the great lighthouse of alexandria, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. that would make the tomb an homage to arsinoe \u2019 s hometown, egypt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43210692004676926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.250071"} {"text": "native americans and the environment this site, created by cultural anthropologist alx v. dark, offers more than 2, 500 links to documents, lesson plans, and websites relating to native american land rights and environmentalism. the site ' s goals are to educate the public on environmental problems in native american communities, to explore values and historical experiences that native americans bring to environmental issues, and to promote conservation measures that respect native american land and resource rights. the site is divided into five sections. the \" introduction to the issues \" consists of a 2, 500 - word essay by anthropologist david r. lewis on north american indians and the environment in the 20th century. the \" bibliography and search \" offers a keyword - searchable database of more than 2, 200 print and online sources covering topics like environmental justice, conservation, traditional environmental knowledge, traditional foods, natural resource utilization, land and treaty rights. \" internet resources \" includes educational resources and an annotated directory of more than 100 sites arranged by north american region and by subject, such as agriculture, horticulture, ranching, cultural and historical issues, fishing, sacred lands and graves, and water rights and dams. the \" case studies \" section includes only one study, that of the makah whaling conflict in washington state, in which the makah tribe is fighting to return to whale hunting. nine other case studies may be added in the future. though most of this site is geared toward very recent history and contemporary american indian and environmental issues, the \" cultural and historical issues \" section has links to other sites dealing with american indian history, transcripts of famous speeches from 19th - and 20th - century indian chiefs and prominent american indians, and oral histories from 20th - century american indian environmental activists. this site is a good resource for researching recent american indian history and environmental issues.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45666153796924963, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.253460"} {"text": "preview : the storm that swept mexico examines the mexican revolution on sunday, may 15, 2011, at 10 : 00 p. m. ( check local listings ), pbs presents the storm that swept mexico, a two - part special shown in one evening. made by producer / director raymond telles and producer / archivist kenn rabin, it is an in - depth look at the mexican revolution and its repercussions. it was the first major political and social revolution of the twentieth century, and two major figures emerged from the revolution : zapata ( emiliano zapata ) and pancho villa ( francisco \u201c pancho \u201d villa ). an elitist government was one of the many causes of the revolution. what did the revolutionaries want? simple things, like the establishment of long - term democracy, mexico \u2019 s right to its own natural resources, and a redefinition of mexico itself. since this was the first revolution to be filmed, the storm that swept mexico features archival motion pictures and photographs, as it offers insight into the events that led to the revolution and the influences upon it, such as united states and european foreign policy. the first part of the storm that swept mexico, the tiger is unleashed, documents the fight by francisco i. madero and his followers to end porfirio diaz \u2019 s dictatorship, and the rise of zapata and villa. the second part, the legacy looks at world influences on the revolution and the positive changes ( art, culture ) that resulted from it. at the time of filming the storm that swept mexico, several veterans were interviewed ; each over 100 years old. also contributing are historians, economists, politicians, journalists, and scholars in the fields of literature, political science, women \u2019 s studies, and art history, as well as zapata \u2019 s grandson, emiliano zapata.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3939245221719033, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.255401"} {"text": "professional development resources 2 jan 2013 cover image \u00a9 2012 istockphoto. com / contentworks. all rights reserved. used under license. the common core state standards ( ccss ) are changing curriculum planning and classroom instruction in many ways. one significant change involves the difficulty levels of text. in the past, standards documents have referred to proficiency with grade - level texts. however, grade level was not defined. the ccss represents a departure from this practice. standard 10 of the ccss specifically calls for increasing levels of text complexity across the grades to ensure students \u2019 proficiency with the texts of college and career. this standard affects all students, but it represents a special challenge to english learners. many educators ask what increases in text complexity mean for english learners, many of whom struggle with their current texts. what, then, is text complexity, and how can english learners achieve success with this standard? first, an understanding of what makes texts complex is in order. archaic language, lengthy sentences, new topics, unusual writing styles, unique text structures \u2014 these features and many others affect the complexity, and hence the comprehensibility, of text. however, the foremost challenge for english learners is a text \u2019 s vocabulary ( pasquarella, gottardo, & grant, 2012 ). the syntax of a new language does present obstacles to comprehension ; however, vocabulary is the most significant hurdle when learning a second language. two issues of text matters are devoted to the topic of complex text and english learners. this first issue describes support for english learners in developing strategies and knowledge about the vocabulary of complex texts. the second issue of text matters presents guidelines for selecting appropriate texts that move english learners up the staircase of text complexity. both topics depend on teachers \u2019 understanding of how english words work. a small group of words \u2014 4, 000 simple word families ( e. g., help, helps, helping, helped, helper ) \u2014 accounts for about 90 % of the words in most texts. this vocabulary forms the core of any text, even complex ones. in the exemplars of complex texts listed in appendix b of the ccss, the core vocabulary accounts for 93 % of the grades 2 \u2013 3 exemplars, 92 % of those in grades 4 \u2013 5, 90 % of those in grades 6 \u2013 8 and in grades 9 \u2013 10, and 88 % of those in grade 11 \u2013 college and career ready. this text matters focuses on the extended vocabulary \u2014 the 300, 000 or more words that account for approximately 10 % of the words", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5215928685647068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.269237"} {"text": "grades 6 \u2013 8 and in grades 9 \u2013 10, and 88 % of those in grade 11 \u2013 college and career ready. this text matters focuses on the extended vocabulary \u2014 the 300, 000 or more words that account for approximately 10 % of the words in texts. [ readers who are interested in learning more about the core vocabulary can read hiebert ( 2012, 2013 ). ] unlike the words in the core vocabulary, many words in the extended vocabulary appear less than once per every million words of text. consequently, they are often described as rare. when rare words do appear in text, they often are essential to the content and quality of texts. in narrative texts, words in the extended vocabulary often describe the traits of characters and the nuances of plots. in informational texts, they convey specialized terms in chemistry, entomology, and many other topics. the percentage of rare words in a text can vary considerably, even among complex texts ( see table 1 ). an increase of only one or two percent in rare vocabulary can make texts considerably more complex. when viewed from the vantage point of a thousand - word text, a rate of 8 % means the text has about 80 rare words, while a rate of 10 % means that a text has about 100 rare words. an additional two rare words in every 100 words can increase the challenge of a text. the next text matters gives guidelines on appropriate rates of rare words for english learners at different developmental levels. in this issue, the focus is on the extended vocabulary and ways teachers can support english learners in understanding this vocabulary. to help english learners build strong vocabularies, teachers need to focus on general principles and strategies of word learning. they also need to conduct short lessons and discussions about the vocabularies of specific texts. this text matters focuses on the rare vocabulary of literary texts, not that of content - area texts. content - area standards are explicit about the topics and the concepts underlying those topics ( marzano, 2004 ). in that concepts are represented by vocabulary, the critical words in a physics unit are clear within standards and curricula ( e. g., magnetic attraction, repel, polarity ). this vocabulary becomes part and parcel of activities and discussion. words such as magnetic attraction, for example, are used repeatedly as students engage in inquiry with magnets. such clarity is not evident in english / language arts standards where literary texts are the focus ( marzano, 2004 ). literary texts often present rare words that are unique to a particular story. each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5725949209926824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.270268"} {"text": "used repeatedly as students engage in inquiry with magnets. such clarity is not evident in english / language arts standards where literary texts are the focus ( marzano, 2004 ). literary texts often present rare words that are unique to a particular story. each text has its own rare words. thus, students cannot become proficient in the meaning of these words through repetition. these rare words, however, represent specific elements of stories. an author of a literary text chooses a word intentionally from the extended vocabulary to communicate an action, a social relationship, the feature of a place or event, and the feelings and attitudes of characters. in geeks, for example, katz ( 2000 ) could have used numerous words to describe the condition of the furniture within the apartment of his protagonists. however, by describing the beanbag chair as moldering, readers get a clear idea of the condition of the apartment. just as in mathematics where lessons build understanding for future problem solving, considerable time needs to be spent in developing the linguistic foundation of english vocabulary for the future reading of complex literary texts. this pattern of single - appearing, rare vocabulary does not only appear in narratives, though. it also appears in magazine articles on topics of science, history, and civics to describe traits, features, interactions, and contexts. this style also extends to full - length texts with a literary stance about technology and science ( e. g., geeks ) and history and political science ( e. g., a night to remember ). english learners need to become adept with such vocabulary for a variety of reasons, including the heavy presence of literary texts on assessments. analyses of two grade 6 \u2013 8 texts from the ccss \u2019 s appendix b exemplar list \u2014 geeks and a night to remember ( ntr ) \u2014 demonstrate the two types of vocabulary instruction needed for proficient reading of literary texts : ( a ) general principles / strategies and ( b ) lessons with specific texts. both texts typify the literary texts offered as ccss exemplars. both have higher levels of extended vocabulary than other grade 6 \u2013 8 exemplars ( see table 1 ), which is why these texts were selected for illustration in this text matters. analyses of these two texts show that, even in these vocabulary - dense texts, most words fall into particular groups \u2014 groups that share underlying features. | content area | | text | | core vocabulary ( % ) | | extended vocabulary ( % ) | | social studies | | a night to remember | | 92. 5 | | 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5721254842588281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.271305"} {"text": "words fall into particular groups \u2014 groups that share underlying features. | content area | | text | | core vocabulary ( % ) | | extended vocabulary ( % ) | | social studies | | a night to remember | | 92. 5 | | 7. 5 | | narrative of the life of frederick douglass | | 93 | | 7 | | literature | | adventures of tom sawyer | | 90 | | 10 | | dark is rising | | 95 | | 5 | table 2 shows the types of words in these two texts. although there are numerous monosyllabic words, students typically recognize these less - complex words more readily than they do multisyllabic words. without instruction on multisyllabic words, however, students can develop dysfunctional word - recognition strategies. this is why, beginning in the late primary grades, multisyllabic words should receive the lion \u2019 s share of vocabulary instruction. | a night to remember | | geeks | | total rare words | | 180 ( 11 words per 100 ) | | 157 ( 17 words per 100 ) | | multisyllabic words : proper names | | 23 % | | 8 % | | multisyllabic : compound words | | 16 % | | 16 % | | multisyllabic : remaining | | 8 % of rare words ( 1 word per 100 of entire text ) | | 12 % of rare words ( 2 words per 100 of entire text ) | the multisyllabic words in texts such as geeks or ntr are grist for lessons on four types of words in literary texts. these types of vocabulary contribute to the meaning of the text, but they are not necessarily complex in content. students who are not prepared to deal with this vocabulary will find literary texts difficult. following are the four types of words in literary texts and strategies for helping students understand them. proper names. stories and magazine articles are typically replete with proper names, many of which are difficult to pronounce ( e. g., boise in geeks ). students need to learn that capitalized words within sentences often are proper names and that accurate pronunciation of these words is not a priority. picturable words. research has shown that concrete words that can be represented in pictures are learned more easily than abstract words ( strain, patterson, & seidenberg, 2002 ). using pictures to create a context for a new concrete word ( e. g., smelting ) or to support english learners in relating a known concept with the english label ( e.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5268900243748745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.272247"} {"text": "strain, patterson, & seidenberg, 2002 ). using pictures to create a context for a new concrete word ( e. g., smelting ) or to support english learners in relating a known concept with the english label ( e. g., necklace ) are especially effective ways to support the vocabulary development of english learners. pictures that illustrate these words will support students \u2019 recognition much more effectively than extended discussions. sources for images ( with certain copyright restrictions but free and downloadable ) include flickr and wikimedia commons. compound words. compounding of two root words is a primary way in which many new words are added to english. some compound words in geeks illustrate how new words are generated, especially with inventions in fields such as digital technology : software, motherboard, network, upgrade, and playlist. compound words typically have a connection to the root words within them, but they often have idiomatic meanings. as a consequence, compound words with the same headword ( e. g., up in upgrade, uproar, uptown, uptight, upkeep ) cannot be taught in the same way as words from the same morphological family ( e. g., suspicion, suspiciously, unsuspicious ). the upside of compound words is that most headwords ( and often the second word as well ) belong to the core vocabulary. once students learn to use the headword to predict meanings of compound words, their word - recognition vocabularies expand considerably. morphological families. becoming facile with inflected endings and affixes is also a critical part of preparing students for reading complex text. among the 300, 000 words of the extended vocabulary, most belong to morphological word families with an average of approximately four members. lessons on the relationships among members of a morphological family are essential to developing the expectation that words are connected to one another structurally ( e. g., formality, formal, formalize, informal, informally ). such lessons provide students with opportunities to use words in meaningful ways, not simply to memorize the meanings of suffixes and prefixes. even when students have been taught strategies to recognize a high percentage of the words in complex texts, a group of words remains to be learned ( see table 2 ). these words need individual study. lessons on the vocabulary of specific texts have two dimensions : ( a ) an overview of the task and ( b ) instruction on specific words. an overview of the task. the ccss refers to the scaffolding of complex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5741199511919699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.274434"} {"text": "words need individual study. lessons on the vocabulary of specific texts have two dimensions : ( a ) an overview of the task and ( b ) instruction on specific words. an overview of the task. the ccss refers to the scaffolding of complex texts for challenged readers, but the forms of this scaffolding are not described. frequently, scaffolding has been interpreted as reading a text for students or leading students through a guided reading of the text. however, students need to take responsibility for reading, including initial reads of texts, if they are to improve their comprehension. but teachers also need to give students a realistic view of the challenges of texts by identifying core ( in black ) and extended ( in gray ) vocabulary in samples of text, such as the following : he wasn \u2019 t just a kid at a computer, but something more, something new, an impresario and an information age ceo, transfixed and concentrated, almost part of the machinery, conducting the digital ensemble that controlled his life. ( katz, 2000, p. 19 ) four days before, she had playfully teased him for putting a life belt in her stateroom, if the ship was meant to be so unsinkable. at the time he had laughed and assured her it was a formality \u2026 she would never have to wear it. ( lord, 1955, p. 22 ) one of several text analysis schemes can be used to distinguish between core and extended vocabulary ( e. g., laurence anthony \u2019 s antwordprofiler software ). next, teachers should address the words for which previously taught strategies should be applicable : proper names, picturable words, compound words, and morphological families. teachers can \u2019 t review all of the words in these categories, but they can give students examples of words of different types within the text. instruction of specific words in extended clusters. the remaining words become the grist for instruction. in ntr, these remaining words account for approximately one rare multisyllabic word per 100 words of text, including words such as adamant, formality, solicitous, and suspiciously. in geeks, the number of rare multisyllabic words per 100 is two, including words such as alumnus, ensemble, impresario, transfixed, and contemplated. a handful of the most critical words \u2014 those that are fundamental to the meaning of the text \u2014 can be introduced before students read the text. for example, the unsinkable reputation of the titanic led to particular stances on the part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.540532421390518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.275459"} {"text": ". a handful of the most critical words \u2014 those that are fundamental to the meaning of the text \u2014 can be introduced before students read the text. for example, the unsinkable reputation of the titanic led to particular stances on the part of passengers ( e. g., bewildered, protested, suspicious ) as well as on the part of the crew ( e. g., solicitous, reassuring, adamant ). short lessons on critical vocabulary should also follow the initial reading of a text. in addition, discussions of critical vocabulary are an essential part of the close reading of text. for example, in the segment from geeks above, the author \u2019 s use of the phrase \u201c conducting the digital ensemble \u201d merits discussion, as do words such as dispensable. would the use of disposable, superfluous, unnecessary, or useless have served the same function as dispensable? a final post - reading vocabulary activity asks students to record critical words and their semantic connections ( e. g., the above - mentioned synonyms of dispensable ) and morphological derivatives. for english learners, such records are important as references for writing and as records of what they have learned. a rich vocabulary and strategies that permit students to read texts with new words are essential to comprehending complex text. for english learners, a rich vocabulary and strong strategies result from intentional instruction on the part of their teachers. this intentional instruction is not a one - shot occurrence but rather a sustained effort that focuses on categories of words ( e. g., compound words, picturable words ) and also on words within specific texts, especially words which are part of extended networks of words. common core state standards initiative ( 2010 ). common core state standards for english language arts & literacy in history / social studies, science, and technical subjects. washington, dc : ccsso & national governors association. hiebert, e. h. ( 2013 ). core vocabulary and the challenge of complex text. in s. neuman & l. gambrell ( eds. ), reading research in the age of the common core state standards. newark, de : ira. [ pre - publication version of the chapter is available at http : / / textproject. org / library / articles / core - vocabulary - and - the - challenge - of - complex - text / ] hiebert, e. h. ( 2012 ). core vocabulary : the foundation for successful reading of complex text, text matters 1. 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5365063927704545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.276400"} {"text": "exploring creation with astronomy, the first book in apologia ' s young explorers series, is a complete, easy - to - use science course developed for elementary students between the ages of six and twelve. this full - color, hardback volume contains 14 lessons that can be divided into two - week segments, some taking just a little longer to finish. lessons will need to be read to very young children, but fourth graders and above should be able to read them on their own. if you ' re like me, you might find yourself reading right along with them anyway! each child will need his own notebook ( such as a 3 - ring binder ), blank paper, lined paper, and colored pencils to complete each lesson. additional supplies may need to be purchased for the projects and experiments, but most of the supplies are common household items. a complete list of the supplies needed for each lesson can be found at the beginning of the book, which is very helpful for planning ahead. a separate supply kit designed to go with this course can be purchased through a company called \" creation sensation, \" but it is not necessary. author jeannie k. fulbright writes directly to the students, making the material very appealing to young children. she also uses the immersion approach, which means your children will be spending an entire year on astronomy, giving them in - depth exposure to just one subject. instead of workbooks and tests, exploring creation with astronomy focuses on narratives, notebook work, at least one activity, a fun project, and / or a simple experiment at the end of each lesson. even though it can be tempting to skip time - consuming projects and experiments, they are important for a child ' s understanding of the subject. fortunately, jeannie k. fulbright makes them very parent - friendly by providing clear instructions astronomy comes to life as ms. fulbright sheds light on the many different aspects of god ' s amazing creation. in just one year, you and your children will thoroughly explore the sun, moon, each planet, space rocks, stars and galaxies, and space travel. an informative course website is also provided for further study ; it gives specific links that tell you how to find things in the night sky in your area. science quickly became the family ' s favorite subject, and we all loved trying to find certain constellations and even planets in the sky! i highly recommend exploring creation with astronomy, as it fostered not only the desire in my children to learn about and love science but also the desire in me as well! we liked it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.486122010217383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.281180"} {"text": "trying to find certain constellations and even planets in the sky! i highly recommend exploring creation with astronomy, as it fostered not only the desire in my children to learn about and love science but also the desire in me as well! we liked it so much that we have continued with the other books in apologia ' s young explorers series. i have searched high and low for a science curriculum that fit our family. we didn ' t want just any old science curriculum ; we wanted a \" creation \" curriculum! after all, what is science? it is the study of the masterful works of our creator, of course! jeannie fulbright along with apologia has answered prayer with the young explorer series. the volume entitled exploring creation with astronomy dives deep into astronomy. it is a full - color, hardback book that has over 175 pages and includes photos, graphics, an index, and even answers in the back to the posed narrative questions in each lesson. exploring creation with astronomy starts off with an introduction that explains the book, what it ' s about, and the author ' s goals in writing the book. jeannie has a very down - to - earth, simple approach to teaching, making it fun for the whole family. i love the easy - to - read style of her writing. i also so appreciated her explanation of how each chapter is laid out, the purpose of the notebook, explanations of the use of latin words in creation, etc. - - the complete overview was a huge help to me. there is even a website that gives additional helps and tons of extras related to the book! there are 14 lessons in this book. to complete them you will need a notebook, blank paper, lined paper, and some colored pencils. each lesson is broken down into smaller sections, assignments, and \" hands on \" projects. the projects are really neat, and they actually use things normal folks have in their home on a regular basis. imagine that! i ' ve seen many a science curriculum that assumes you have all kinds of oddball things on hand. it is such a bummer when you get all geared up to do a project with the children and then you realize you don ' t have what it takes to actually complete it! you won ' t find that here. jeannie even includes a supplies list that is broken down by lesson. i love that! the lessons cover such things as the planets, the moon, stars and galaxies, and space travel. each lesson dives deep - - no scratching the surface", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5110127620923067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.282159"} {"text": ". jeannie even includes a supplies list that is broken down by lesson. i love that! the lessons cover such things as the planets, the moon, stars and galaxies, and space travel. each lesson dives deep - - no scratching the surface here! for example, here are just a few of the sections included in lesson 2 : \" the star of stars, \" \" don ' t stare! \" \" revolve and rotate, \" \" god ' s love shines brighter, \" and \" solar eclipse. \" the children enjoyed the assignment of writing a speech on why you should not look directly at the sun. i enjoyed the sit - down \" read and discuss \" aspect. there was an activity involving the use of a magnifying glass and chocolate ( you know they loved that! ). \" making a solar eclipse \" and \" making a pinhole viewing box \" were big hits as well. this is just one of the lessons in the book, and i merely described a portion of it. we have really enjoyed using exploring creation with astronomy. as is usually the case with home educating, we ' ve all learned a lot. if you are looking for a rigid textbook approach, this will not be for you. exploring creation with astronomy is well - rounded and fun, and it involves the whole family. we love it! i absolutely recommend the young explorers series from jeannie fulbright and apologia. look for more upcoming reviews on this series!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46257969537238686, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.282973"} {"text": "powered by wind turbines, solar panels, and a biodiesel generator, the ny sunworks science barge ( now in yonkers, new york ) is a model for energy - efficient, sustainable urban farming. using a hydroponic system that requires no dirt, the floating greenhouse uses less water and space than traditional farming in fields. and their state - of - the - art computer technology creates an optimized environment for nourishing tomatoes, cucumbers, strawberries, basil, lettuce and more, \u201c with zero net carbon emissions, zero chemical pesticides, and zero runoff. \u201d it \u2019 s not only a great educational field trip for school kids from all over the region, but continues to be an example of how growing local food in cities can be fresh, healthy, and sustainable, all while cutting down on transportation costs and fuel needs. from nytimes. com : \u201c it \u2019 s a living science lab that on its first level is a demonstration of how we can grow food with fewer resources and that we can produce what we need without damaging the world around us. \u201d if you want to make your own hydroponic plant - growing experiments, there are kits for kids here and here. or instructables has written out steps for making your own hydroponic system using stuff around the house. if you \u2019 re in the new york area, visit the science barge!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49187708745899184, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.285325"} {"text": "the bbc was present at the convention doing some great work with archives. george wright, head of prototyping, bbc research and development and his team are working with sixty years worth of world service archives, that \u2019 s around 500 terrabytes of audio. the aim of the work is to help users find what they need more easily. the historical importance of the collection is considerable and it will become far more useful once it has been properly tagged with data that is searchable. the archives have almost no metadata, so the team has created a speech recognition system which goes through the archive and adds tags so that users can navigate. along with the machine recognition, listeners are volunteering to correct and add tags to ensure that it is all correct. the r & d team at the bbc built its speech recognition system on top of existing open source software. the audio from bbc world service has its own idiosyncracies that make speech recognition a tricky prospect for accuracy. if you have heard past broadcasts from the global radio network, you \u2019 ll spot that people spoke english in a quite different way in the 50s in comparison with the language used today. add this to the difficulties in recognising proper nouns and foreign words and you can see what the software is up against. once the material is tagged properly, it can be used in a number of ways for re - broadcasting, primary source research and to add value to future broadcasts. the archive material is mostly programming and features rather than news reports, but the standard of interviews and the historical value of the archive is unquestionable. check out the video where wright describes the process of tagging audio and how the bbc \u2019 s history and future has a strong tradition of collaboration and engineering. you can find more of our video coverage and catch up with the future of broadcasting from ibc here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48792598591599623, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.287581"} {"text": "| born | | 1 / 8 / 1821 in edgefield district, south carolina | | died | | 1 / 2 / 1904 in gainesville, georgia | james longstreet ( january 8, 1821 \u2013 january 2, 1904 ) was one of the foremost confederate generals of the american civil war and the principal subordinate to general robert e. lee, who called him his \" old war horse. \" he served under lee as a corps commander for many of the famous battles fought by the army of northern virginia in the eastern theater, but also with gen. braxton bragg in the army of tennessee in the western theater. biographer and historian jeffry d. wert wrote that \" longstreet... was the finest corps commander in the army of northern virginia ; in fact, he was arguably the best corps commander in the conflict on either side. \" longstreet ' s talents as a general made significant contributions to the confederate victories at second bull run, fredericksburg, and chickamauga, in both offensive and defensive roles. he also performed strongly during the seven days battles, the battle of antietam, and until he was seriously wounded, at the battle of the wilderness. his performance in semiautonomous command at knoxville, tennessee, resulted in a confederate defeat. his most controversial service was at the battle of gettysburg, where he disagreed with general lee on the tactics to be employed and reluctantly supervised the disastrous infantry assault known as pickett ' s charge. he enjoyed a successful post - war career working for the u. s. government as a diplomat, civil servant, and administrator. however, his conversion to the republican party and his cooperation with his old friend, president ulysses s. grant, as well as critical comments he wrote in his memoirs about general lee ' s wartime performance, made him anathema to many of his former confederate colleagues. authors of the lost cause movement focused on longstreet ' s actions at gettysburg as a primary reason for the confederacy ' s loss of the war. his reputation in the south was damaged for over a century and has only recently begun a slow reassessment. born on january 8, 1821, in the edgefield district of south carolina, not far from augusta, longstreet always considered himself a georgian. his parents, mary anna dent and james l. longstreet, owned a cotton plantation in northeast georgia, where as a boy he thrived in the rough frontierlike conditions. at the age of nine, longstreet moved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3522737936130561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.294288"} {"text": "georgian. his parents, mary anna dent and james l. longstreet, owned a cotton plantation in northeast georgia, where as a boy he thrived in the rough frontierlike conditions. at the age of nine, longstreet moved to richmond county to live with his uncle augustus baldwin longstreet and to attend the prestigious richmond county academy. the death of longstreet ' s father in 1833 and his mother ' s subsequent move to north alabama intensified augustus longstreet ' s influence over the young man. when the time came to choose a career, longstreet gained an appointment to the u. s. military academy in west point, new york, with the help of his uncle and other influential politicians, including john c. calhoun. strong, independent, and gruff in speech and manners, longstreet dreamed of a soldier ' s life. after graduation from the academy in 1842, he served in the mexican war and on the frontier. but secession and the confederacy ultimately defined longstreet ' s military career, as he rose to the rank of general and second - in - command of robert e. lee ' s army of northern virginia. he later became the scapegoat for that army ' s most costly defeat. confederate \" war horse \" the civil war defined longstreet ' s life. although he played but a minor role in the first battle of manassas, fought in virginia in july 1861, he won the admiration of his superiors. under joseph e. johnston, longstreet turned in one of his worst performances at the battle of seven pines in virginia on may 31, 1862. johnston ' s wounding during that battle required longstreet to prove himself anew to johnston ' s successor, robert e. lee. his solid performance during the seven days battles on virginia ' s peninsula earned him lee ' s trust, as evidenced by his appointment as lee ' s senior lieutenant in command of the army of northern virginia ' s i corps. a few months after assuming army command, lee referred to his senior subordinate as his \" old war - horse. \" longstreet performed admirably in his new role. his i corps delivered a crushing flank attack at second manassas ; fought desperately along the bloody lane in antietam, maryland ; and bloodily repulsed the union assaults against the heights of fredericksburg, virginia, in 1862. it was his actions at the battle of gettysburg, fought in pennsylvania in july 1863, that haunted longst", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38792539026937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.295242"} {"text": "the bloody lane in antietam, maryland ; and bloodily repulsed the union assaults against the heights of fredericksburg, virginia, in 1862. it was his actions at the battle of gettysburg, fought in pennsylvania in july 1863, that haunted longstreet after the war. for most of lee ' s first year in command, the army of northern virginia possessed a highly effective command structure. thomas \" stonewall \" jackson commanded the army ' s ii corps and executed orders without much question. longstreet ' s role was often that of devil ' s advocate, as he promoted caution and identified potential flaws in his aggressive commander ' s plans. gettysburg marked the first major campaign for the army without jackson, who died in may 1863, and the beginning of problems within the army ' s high command. lee ' s refusal to fight defensively in pennsylvania rankled longstreet, who barely concealed his displeasure. longstreet strongly disagreed with his superior ' s tactics and behaved truculently at gettysburg. still, his assault in the afternoon on july 2 virtually destroyed the union army of the potomac ' s iii corps but failed to capture the prominent round tops that dominated the union position. lee refused to relinquish the initiative, however, and issued plans for a massive frontal assault on the union center the following day. his apathetic subordinate so adamantly opposed the july 3 attack that he could only nod when asked if his men should advance. the abject failure of \" pickett ' s charge \" was felt keenly throughout the army of northern virginia and the confederacy. in the fall of 1863 longstreet transferred to the west, where he played a decisive role in the confederate victory at the battle of chickamauga in north georgia. upon his return to the eastern theater, his troops ' timely arrival on may 6, 1864, prevented lee ' s destruction in virginia ' s wilderness. amid the confusion of the battle, longstreet was mistakenly wounded by his own men and lost to the army for several months. when he returned, the army was already entrenched near petersburg, virginia. lee ' s surrender on april 9, 1865, ended longstreet ' s military career. republican politician and southern pariah business, politics, and controversy marked longstreet ' s postwar career. with peace restored he moved to louisiana, where he engaged in various business ventures, including the lucrative insurance and railroad industries. controversy first swirled around longstreet when he published a letter in a new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3800662102253094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.296242"} {"text": "marked longstreet ' s postwar career. with peace restored he moved to louisiana, where he engaged in various business ventures, including the lucrative insurance and railroad industries. controversy first swirled around longstreet when he published a letter in a new orleans newspaper advising acceptance of northern terms for reconstruction in 1867. although the letter advocated cooperation with the republican party in order to facilitate the restoration of the south ' s traditional ruling class and to control african american voters, most of his southern peers flatly rejected any collaboration with the \" black \" republicans. his letter also laid the foundation for a campaign vilifying longstreet after lee ' s death in 1870. a group of virginians, led by jubal a. early, fabricated charges that longstreet failed to execute lee ' s alleged order to attack at dawn on july 2, 1863, thereby costing the confederates the victory at gettysburg. longstreet ' s displeasure with lee at gettysburg became the basis for which early and his cohorts attacked him, and the campaign also served to absolve lee of any responsibility for the defeat. such criticism chafed longstreet, but he was unable to defend himself well in writing. his continued republican service only accentuated his image as the southern traitor. a warm friendship with u. s. president ulysses s. grant, however, helped longstreet attain numerous patronage positions in new orleans. after a local newspaper invited the general to move his family to gainesville, georgia, longstreet shifted his political support to his home state in 1875. he purchased the piedmont hotel in gainesville, as well as a farm outside town \u2014 which his neighbors derisively called gettysburg. once back in georgia he continued to hold minor political offices granted as thanks for his work on behalf of the republican party ' s southern wing. following a short stint as u. s. ambassador to turkey that ended in 1881, longstreet returned to georgia and assumed the duties of u. s. marshal in atlanta. evidence of widespread corruption involving his deputies, however, led to his removal from that office in 1884. longstreet spent his final decades managing his farm and hotel, writing about the war, enjoying the camaraderie of civil war reunions in spite of his tainted image, and spending time with his family. in 1889 his beloved wife of forty - one years, maria louisa garland longstreet, with whom he had several children, died. in 1897 he married helen dortch of nearby car", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3858563638859467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.297301"} {"text": "| version 5 ( modified by nicklas, 13 months ago ) | explanation of distance - calculation, overview the distance - calculation of today ( before postgis 1. 5 ) is investigating every combination of vertexes and every combination of vertex against edge in the two geometries inputed. if there is many vertexes this procedure is very heavy and slow. i have tried to find a way to narrow the distances calculated. the idea is only applicable on geometries not intersecting. hopefully there will come up some good idea how to solve that. until then the easiest is to check for intersecting bounding boxes ( of subgeoms ) and if thats the case pass it back to the old calculation. here i will try to explain the idea in a good way. here is two polygons that we want to calculate the smallest distance between. we start by finding an appropriate line between the polygons. the best one is the line between the center of the bounding boxes. now we want to find how every vertex is placed along this line. we illustrate this with two perpendicular lines describing p5 in polygon1 and p12 in polygon2. where those lines cross the x - axis gives us a value of where the points is situated along the line. we store that value for each vertex and order the vertexes by this value. p5 in polygon1 has the highest value of polygon1 and p12 has the lowest of polygon2. the first distance we calculate is between those two points. because we not will calculate the points in ring order we have to also check the edge before and after, so we are testing polygon1 p4, p5, p6 against p11, p12, p13. that calculation will give us a shortest distance between p6 in polygon 1 and p13 in polygon2. we now know that the distance we are searching is somewhere between the distance between the two parallel lines and the distance that we we have found between the points p6 and p13. now we take p5 from polygon1 and measure that to the points in polygon2 in order from closest to the line to more far away. we continue til we have reached the point that is that far from the left line like the shortest distance we have found that far. then we take the next point in polygon1, p8 that is the point next closest to the line and do the same procedure, measuring against each point in polygon2 until we are \u00ab out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5208372599676259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.302051"} {"text": "the shortest distance we have found that far. then we take the next point in polygon1, p8 that is the point next closest to the line and do the same procedure, measuring against each point in polygon2 until we are \u00ab out of reach \u00bb for the already found shortest distance. this way we continue until the next point in polygon1 we are picking up is more far away from the right of the parallel lines than the shortest distance we have found. then there can be no shorter distances to find. as mentioned earlier every check between two points include checking the point before and the point after including the edges in between. the result is a distance calculated like described by this line from st _ shortestline. the gain from this process is that we don ' t have to iterate through all point. but as shown every point we actually investigate needs more calculations than todays functions because we have to search both forward and backward for each calculated point. maybe, because of this it is wise to just use this method if the number of vertexes is more than 20 or something like that. how this is done this calculation is implanted instead of the array _ array function when there is no intersection. i don \u2019 t know if the letters used is international but to describe a function of a line i here use y = k * x + z the steps are : - find bounding box for the two point arrays - check if bounding boxes intersecting. if so, send to old function - find center of bounding boxes and calculate deltax and deltay from the two points - calculate the \u201c z \u201d value from y = kx + z for each vertex with k - value from the slope between the two bbox - center points. to eliminate problems with dividing with zero and other limitations when getting closer to dividing with zero we instead change the x - axes with the y - axes by \u201c mirroring \u201d the coordinate system. in that way the \u201c z \u201d - value represents a lines crosspoint to the x - axes instead of the usual y - axes crossing. hope it is understandable since i don \u2019 t know the terminology, but it works : - ) - now we have a list with all vertexes with this calculated \u201c z \u201d - values together with the ordering - value from the geometry - array. - we order this list by the calculated \u201c z \u201d - value - now we take the two points from our list that is most close to each other according to this \u201c z \u201d - value and calculate the distance between them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5132199113236652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.303219"} {"text": "this section is designed to provide you with all the resources you \u2019 ll need to present clean air issues to all age groups \u2013 from kindergarten to high school. browse our links to find government and corporate sources of environmental information, streaming video, and web cams, and lesson plans from other teachers. links for teachers \u2026 united states environmental protection agency : project aire this site contains dozens of warm - up exercises, activities, and reading materials formatted as pdf files. adaptable for all grade levels. epa office of air quality planning and standards education and outreach group timely and accurate information delivered via satellite conferencing allowing participants to interact with the nation \u2019 s leading authorities on air pollution control findings. over 100 governmental and university broadcast affiliates located across the united states are listed where seminars are available. plain english guide to the clean air act tired of interpreting legalese for your students? this collection of pages explains what the clean air act really means. history of the clean air act ever wondered why the clean air act was created in the first place? do you need to know the history of the clean air act for a school project? this site is the place to find out. texas natural resource conservation commission a good resource containing dozens of specific lesson plans for students in grades k through 12 on topics including air quality, pollution control, acid rain, and ozone concerns. epa environmental education center a valuable resource for teachers covering curriculum ideas and activities, community service projects, workshops and conferences, plus much, much more. virginia department of environmental quality a list of agencies, institutions, and organizations offering environmental education packages. while aimed at virginia, the information lists materials of use to educators in any state. air pollution : what \u2019 s the solution? an educational project for students, grades 6 \u2013 12, that uses online real time data to guide student discovery of the science behind the causes and effects of ground level ozone. epa student center aimed at junior and senior high school students, this site offers a multitude of ideas, resources, and games, even help for homework. clean coal technology america \u2019 s electric power industry is implementing clean coal technology to reduce emissions and meet the nation \u2019 s growing demand for affordable electricity. the know zone the air resources board \u2019 s ( arb ) teachers \u2019 knowzone is the place to find information and teaching materials on air quality and environmental issues. spare the air a wide variety of information related to cleaner air from the sacramento metropolitan air quality management district. american lung association loads of information about air quality and lung disease, including indoor air quality.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.457461117238692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.306432"} {"text": "the brazilian supreme court ' s recognition of same - sex unions in early may marks the latest victory for gay rights in latin america. the court ' s ruling grants equal legal rights to same - sex civil unions as those enjoyed by married heterosexuals, including retirement benefits, joint tax declarations, inheritance rights, and child adoption. an unlikely victory as the world ' s largest roman catholic country, brazil was an unlikely venue for such a promising gay rights victory. the roman catholic church has actively fought proposals for same - sex unions in brazil, arguing that the brazilian constitution defines a \" family entity \" as \" a stable union between a man and a woman. \" 2 the catholic church responded to the recent ruling with outrage. as archbishop anuar battisti put it, the supreme court ' s decision marked a \" frontal assault \" on the sanctity of the family. 3 the catholic church is losing its power in brazil, which helped pave the way for the supreme court ' s recent decision in favor of homosexuals. nevertheless, homophobia retains a tenacious grip on brazilian society. despite the fact that the nation boasts the world ' s largest gay pride parade, the lgbt movement has been unable to achieve fundamental progress and quell discrimination at a societal level. for instance, marcelo cerqueira, the head of the gay group of bahia, claims the country is \" number one when it comes to assassination, discrimination and violence against homosexuals. \" 4 additionally, in a disconcerting report, the gay group of bahia found that 260 brazilian gay people were murdered in 2010, exemplifying the level of hostility towards homosexuals. 5 because of this discriminating environment, gay rights activists traditionally have had little success in brazil. most notably, congress disregarded proposals for gay rights legislation for nearly ten years. the supreme court \u2019 s recent ruling was therefore a major turning point after a history of protracted, unsuccessful struggles. the judicial decision was made in response to two lawsuits, one of which was filed by rio de janeiro governor sergio cabral and the other by the office of the attorney general. while congress repeatedly ignored requests for equal rights for gay brazilian citizens, the supreme court argued that \" those who opt for a homosexual union cannot be treated less than equally as citizens. \" 6 in this way, by appealing to the judicial system, the lgbt movement was able to achieve success despite deep - seated hostility throughout brazilian society and in other branches of the government. latin america ' s gay rights revolution professor omar encarnacion of bard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47507332633848576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.311327"} {"text": "in this way, by appealing to the judicial system, the lgbt movement was able to achieve success despite deep - seated hostility throughout brazilian society and in other branches of the government. latin america ' s gay rights revolution professor omar encarnacion of bard college calls the recent string of gay rights legislation in latin america a \" gay rights revolution. \" 7 brazil ' s ruling came on the heels of several other noteworthy gay rights victories in latin america, such as uruguay \u2019 s legalization of same - sex civil unions in 2007. shortly thereafter, in 2010, argentina became the first latin american nation and eighth nation worldwide to legalize gay marriage. other landmark decisions in the past few years include uruguay ' s decision to allow all men and women, regardless of sexual orientation, to serve in the military and mexico city ' s legalization of same - sex civil unions. the recent surge in gay rights victories throughout latin america is altogether stunning, considering the region has generally been regarded as very homophobic. the catholic church has traditionally been a formidable enemy to gay rights movements in the region, but the secularization of much of latin america has led to the impressive expansion of opportunities for gay rights movements. yet this success of gay rights movements throughout latin america cannot be attributed solely to the declining importance of religion in the region. it is equally important, if not more so, to recognize the vital roles played by gay activist groups and the dynamic strategies these groups employ. for instance, gay rights groups in brazil were able to reverse legislation banning gays from the workplace by forming partnerships with progressive businesses. in recent years, the use of social media has provided much of the gay movement ' s momentum by enhancing activist groups ' ability to communicate and spread information. for instance, as javier corrales notes, by simply posting a video of a hate crime in san juan or of a gay wedding in argentina on youtube, gay rights groups have been able to reach thousands of people and garner support. 8 these innovative strategies have brought success despite a notably hostile environment towards homosexuals. through a comparison with the united states, we can see how remarkable the success of gay rights in latin america has been. latin america is marked by a much more homophobic environment than the us, according to a survey conducted by mitchell seligson and daniel moreno morales. 9 however, although the us has lower levels of societal discrimination towards gays, it is hard to imagine that the united states would completely legalize same - sex civil unions or gay marriage on a national scale. the fact that this legalization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44351425441531656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.312456"} {"text": "morales. 9 however, although the us has lower levels of societal discrimination towards gays, it is hard to imagine that the united states would completely legalize same - sex civil unions or gay marriage on a national scale. the fact that this legalization occurred in several latin american nations, despite the formidable opposition there, makes these recent rulings even more significant. furthermore, the recent victories for gay rights exemplify the considerable progress toward the region ' s consolidation of democracy. the three latin american countries that have now legalized same - sex unions \u2014 brazil, argentina, and uruguay \u2014 were each ruled by repressive military regimes just over two decades ago. even colombia, which is one of the region ' s worst human rights violators, granted same - sex unions equal rights regarding social security benefits and inheritance rights in 2007. the fact that gay liberation movements have been successful in these unlikely places is a testament to how far these countries have progressed in recent years. marilia brocchetto and luciani gomes. \" same - sex unions recognized by brazil ' s high court. \" 5 may 2011. yana marull. \" brazil top court recognizes same - sex civil unions. \" american free press. 5 may 2011. omar encarnacion. \" a gay rights revolution in latin america. \" americas quarterly. 17 may 2011. javier corrales. \" latin american gays : the post - left leftists. \" americas quarterly. 19 march 2010. mitchell a. seligson and daniel e. moreno morales, \" gay in the americas, \" americas quarterly, winter 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4458219014613085, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.313123"} {"text": "from john robb i love the idea of participatory food. in fact, participatory food may be the way we achieve better and more abundant food in the future. what is participatory food? it \u2019 s when an entire community participates in the growing, preparing, and eating of food. participatory food isn \u2019 t new. we enjoy many the benefits of participatory food at home when we cook, eat, and clean up meals as a family ( intentional communities that share meals are an attempt to replicate this experience across a larger \u201c tribal \u201d group ). however, the big question remains. how does participatory food work in a larger community? i \u2019 ve identified three ways this may work. all three are based more on the production ( growing and raising ) of food than on the consumption of it. however, all three include celebrations of preparing and eating great food. celebrations that turn eating into the social experience it has been since time immemorial. ad hoc food this is an open approach to participatory food formulated by the incredible edible in todmorden ( the uk ). this approach doesn \u2019 t have a leadership cadre or a formal plan. it doesn \u2019 t focus on the negative. it merely encourages community groups to innovate on ways to increase food production. so far, this ad hoc approach has led to food gardens popping up all over town. from a garden outside of the police department to raised beds for each class at the local school. people were encouraged to participate in the care of the gardens, on and off public land. there was even a campaign to increase local egg production that taught people how to raise chickens and helped them sell the excess. gardens were even put near bus stops so that commuters could harvest fresh vegetables for dinner on their way home, or do some weeding while waiting for the bus in the morning. since so much food is being produced, even some of the private gardens put up signs encouraging neighbors to help themselves. to tie it all together, todmorden has an annual harvest festival that celebrates the preparation of foods grown in local gardens and the skills of local chefs / cooks. this approach is still in its early phases since it requires new development to be fully realized. however, bits of it are being pursued in many communities already. in this approach, every apartment and stand alone home has a garden allotment. by community charter, in the very same way community dues are assessed for golf course maintenance in retirement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.462320304422438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.319082"} {"text": "however, bits of it are being pursued in many communities already. in this approach, every apartment and stand alone home has a garden allotment. by community charter, in the very same way community dues are assessed for golf course maintenance in retirement \u201c communities, \u201d every owner is required to grow food on the allotment. they can either do it themselves or contract with the community to do it. instead of a golf course, the community would feature a community kitchen ( with professional grade equipment ) and services to help people prepare, can, preserve, or slaughter ( per health code ) their food. the community kitchen would also serve as the kitchen for a community restaurant featuring locally grown foods prepared to the highest quality. finally, the community center square would feature a permanent facility, able to support regular farmers / artisans markets. the place where food could be routinely sold, showcased and celebrated. the final approach is one that is popping up all over. it integrates professional food production into the community. so far, the majority of this integration has been done through csa ( community supported agriculture ) programs. these farms make weekly deliveries to their members ( and in some cases owners ), invite members to participate in the harvesting process, and often hold feasts to celebrate a successful year. increasingly, we are seeing these farms move closer to the communities they serve. in built up areas and as a way to provide year round production, this is likely to take the form of aquaponics csas ( see the effort by portland purple water as an example ). another form is foodscaping lawns into farms. in this situation, a professional gardener that helps you plant and maintain your food garden on what was formerly your yard. they help you select the vegetables you want to grow, help you maintain them properly to get maximum yield, and give you ideas on how to best to prepare the food you grow. as you can see, there isn \u2019 t a lack of innovation out there. it \u2019 s really only a question of finding a model that works for your community and moving forward with it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48250035347009745, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.320015"} {"text": "- an historic washington landmark - the past - first protestant agency in the nation ' s capital - the people - the present - the future - building use controversy the methodist episcopal church ought to have a worthy building at the nation ' s capital, \" bishop william f. mcdowell stated in 1920. \" the board of temperance, prohibition and public morals has the perfect site and the perfect plans... the new building will make our church visible and multiply its power at this world ' s center. \" a building creates an image ; it is a symbol. the united methodist building, for 75 years, has been a symbol of justice and peace not only for the united methodist church, but for denominations worldwide. its message has been communicated through the people who work and live there, the offices that they operate, and the meetings and discussions that they conduct. for 75 years the united methodist building in washington, d. c., has served as a witness at the center of government power to the church ' s beliefs - - a reminder that the church is concerned for people and all that affects them. through its halls and in its offices have begun some of the most widespread justice movements of the 20th century. this is the story of that building, the people, the movements, the decisions - - past, present, and future. a historic washington landmark the united methodist building is the only non - government building on capitol hill. it is designed in italian renaissance style and constructed of indiana limestone with a craftsmanship that would be difficult to duplicate today. in addition to its architectural beauty, the building is significant for the role it has played at turning - points in the nation ' s history. these include the 1963 march on washington led by dr. martin luther king, jr. ; the 1968 poor people ' s march, the farmworkers ' boycott ; years of protest against the vietnam war ; era marches, the 1978 longest walk of native americans ; and the 1989 housing now! march. it ' s adjacent apartment complex, constructed in 1931, has been home to scores of congressional representatives ' methodist bishops and supreme court justices men and women in leadership roles who have shaped the fabric of american society. the building ' s beautiful simpson memorial chapel, named for a close personal friend of president abraham lincoln, has served as a place of sanctuary and prayer for those who live and work within the shadow of the capitol. within these walls, leaders from both parties and all religious persuasions have found the strength and courage to act on their convictions. on washington ' s capitol hill, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45326586835586097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.329967"} {"text": "of sanctuary and prayer for those who live and work within the shadow of the capitol. within these walls, leaders from both parties and all religious persuasions have found the strength and courage to act on their convictions. on washington ' s capitol hill, a muddy, billboard - cluttered corner lot was spotted in 1917 as the perfect site for methodism ' s social reform presence in the nation ' s capital. after its purchase, construction began on nov. 17, 1922. a five - story building, located at 100 maryland avenue, was completed in 1923 at a cost of $ 650, 000 to house the methodist episcopal church offices, especially the board of temperance, prohibition and public morals. money for the project was raised through individual and church gifts, some as small as 15 cents. at the building ' s dedication on jan. 16, 1924, its purpose was emphasized as being that of a \" sentinel \" and a supporter for social reform in the capital ; a voice for the religious community, a visible witness. speakers for the dedication were the famed orator william jennings bryan and pennsylvania governor gifford pinchot, who emphasized the need for reform efforts to be working all the time, not spasmodically. newspapers of the time noted the loyalty of methodists to the nation ' s political form and social tradition with \" civic righteousness as the true foundation of sane progress. \" the board added on the 110 building in 1931. money derived from the renting of its apartments made possible further expansion of the social witness and action of the church. it ' s 55 apartments were rented in less than 30 days, despite the competition of the depression. soon after that, the 110 building became a financial burden, and it was only through generous friends of the 100 building ' s founder, dr. clarence true wilson, that the 110 side survived the depression in methodist hands. from the beginning, ecumenical concerns were prominent in the methodist building. the board of temperance was moved by the denomination from topeka, kansas, to the nation ' s capital to fight for prohibition on an ecumenical front. when prohibition was voted into effect before the building was finished, the board faced the dilemma of what to do next. since its mandate already included gambling and public morals, broader fronts were opened up for work on issues such as obscenity in publications and films. the board also worked on stalling the repeal of prohibition. during the 1960s, groups and agencies against the war in vietnam coordinated their efforts for international peace from the building and protesters found refuge there during anti - war demonstrations. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4428111880203734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.331092"} {"text": "in publications and films. the board also worked on stalling the repeal of prohibition. during the 1960s, groups and agencies against the war in vietnam coordinated their efforts for international peace from the building and protesters found refuge there during anti - war demonstrations. the location also lead to the building being a focal point for other protests, demonstrations, and marches, such as the 1968 poor people ' s campaign, farm workers ' boycotts, the 1979 farmer ' s tractorcade, and the native american ' s longest walk. one of the major movements to come through the building was the women ' s movement. early on, women ' s equal rights supporters coalesced with some of the women from the prohibition and earlier anti - slavery movements to begin a new women ' s movement. supporters of the equal rights amendment used the building as a center for organization and activities during the 70 ' s and early 80 ' s. since the 1970 ' s the building has been the center of the ecumenical community ' s work on energy and environmental issues. it was the ecumenical center for the 1980 and 1990 earth day celebrations. human rights, a foundation of the gospel and cornerstone of the building, found expression in many agencies working on issues related to latin america, the middle east, haiti, africa, south africa, korea, taiwan and east timor, just to name a few. the americans with disabilities act ( ada ) had its genesis in the united methodist building. when george h. w. bush took office, he undertook a major effort to write and pass the ada. a representative was sent from the president ' s office to the building where a coalition of over 100 different organizations met weekly. it was there that the ada was written, edited, and perfected. children have long been a concern of the united methodist church, from its social creed in 1908 including reform measures for child labor, to the current work of the bishop ' s initiative on children and poverty. the united methodist building served as a launching pad for many movements on children ' s issues, including the stand for children march in the mid - 90 ' s that included almost every bishop in the denomination. the witness of the methodist building has not been restricted to the often - controversial \" social \" realm. the building ' s chapel, opened in 1929 and refurbished in 1954, 1971 and 1984, has experienced not only great preaching and worship, but also religious \" rallies \" for many causes. for example, the night congress adopted the law making martin luther king, jr. ' s birthday a national holiday, a celebration took place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46012358295897343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.332251"} {"text": "1971 and 1984, has experienced not only great preaching and worship, but also religious \" rallies \" for many causes. for example, the night congress adopted the law making martin luther king, jr. ' s birthday a national holiday, a celebration took place in simpson memorial chapel with coretta scott king during which 150 candles were lighted to express thanks. first protestant agency in the nation ' s capital the united methodist building has not gone without threats to its existence. in the early days, the board ' s publication noted that \" those people who would like to publish that we are here to dominate the thoughts of all residents, and everybody on capitol hill would find it difficult to reconcile this notion with the position recently taken by several occupants ( legislators ) of our building... we do not busy ourselves with their politics or their religion. \" this was the first national protestant agency to locate in washington, d. c., and early promotion within the church more than hinted at a major catholic presence as a motivating factor. this prime property - - the only non - governmental site adjacent to the capitol - - was often the target for government expansion. one of these occasions led the owner - board to develop its own plans, later abandoned, for moving to a new site across town. at one point planners for the new supreme court building had proposals in congress to take over the neighboring methodist site. there have been, of course, those who complained about the church ' s presence adjacent to seats of political power. over the years, there have been a hand - full of bomb threats and evacuations as people sought to change, through violence, the social policies developed by the church. then, as now, the board follows the directions and mandates of the general conference. for at least one point in its history, the building provided evidence of other legitimate relationships to the centers of government. in 1976, the nation ' s bicentennial year, the building provided regular public worship services, displays, expanded briefings and visitor information. some people remember, in another generation, watching parades and fireworks from the roof of the building, and now find it is off limits, windows closed and locked, during such events as parades and presidential inaugurations. through 75 years, the exterior of the building hardly has changed ; there was no major renovation until 1998. interior change has been constant as the issues change and office space shifts to meet that need. people have been at the heart of the united methodist building since its inception. they include : the rev. clarence true wilson, executive director", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45586310704141464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.334311"} {"text": "major renovation until 1998. interior change has been constant as the issues change and office space shifts to meet that need. people have been at the heart of the united methodist building since its inception. they include : the rev. clarence true wilson, executive director of the board of prohibition, who saw the need for the building, recognized the right property, planned the development and raised its financing. mrs. wilson who, while her husband was raising building money, served as financial officer, property manager and director of operations. she also drew the original plans, which were approved by the board and given to the architect for development. members of the boards who maintained the vision, kept the building afloat through the depression and other adversity, recognizing the changes around them and adapting the building to meet them. staff members who supported the boards, carried on extensive research, developed policies, and worked to implement them. volunteers whose efforts supplemented staff work and extended the outreach of the agencies. individuals of all ages from across the globe who often got their first, more - than - superficial view of the us capital as seminars participants, interns, and visitors, where they learned about the church, the government, people ' s needs and ways to help. apartment residents, including a supreme court justice, several senators and representatives, and a presidential candidate. to think that this \" sacred space \" exists within steps of the seat of united states power is nothing short of a miracle. the united methodist building today continues to draw the best of the brightest to work on issues of concern to all people. the emphases related to the building are based on a series of documents, dating back to 1907, when a group of methodist episcopal church leaders developed, in washington, d. c., a social creed. that statement, adopted by general conference in 1908, became the pattern for similar declarations by other methodist denominations and the national council of churches. through the years the social creed was revised, expanded and perfected to meet the perceived new needs, largely under the ministry of the board of church and society. since 1972, the board has been considered the \" trustee \" of the social principles, a direct out - growth of the social creed. the wide array of religious and other agencies housed in the united methodist building is involved in research, seeking answers, proposing legislation ( to their denominations ), informing their constituents and lawmakers about church policy and practice, answering questions, and performing a host of other tasks on a long list of inter - related social issues. the list varies year by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48936623026390136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.335323"} {"text": ", seeking answers, proposing legislation ( to their denominations ), informing their constituents and lawmakers about church policy and practice, answering questions, and performing a host of other tasks on a long list of inter - related social issues. the list varies year by year, but over time, these issues have been at the forefront : as the building ' s 75th anniversary approached, the general board of church and society responded to the pressing need not only for refurbishing the structure but for adapting it to the needs of current users. the 100 maryland avenue building was evacuated for 12 months in 1998 - 99. entire floors of the structure were gutted, walls moved, stairs and doors removed or moved, utilities updated, computer cabling installed, efficient heating and cooling units installed, all during a multi - million dollar renovation. nearly all the office tenants returned to the 100 side, which today is all conference rooms and non - profit church agency space. the renovation of the united methodist building, financed like the original campaign by church and individual donations, is not complete. already in the thinking, if not the planning, is the eventual rehabilitation of the 110 building as well. but the original structure, the 100 building, is now in condition to house and sustain the patterns of social reform for which it was created, for generations to come. the story of the united methodist building tells of the movements of god ' s spirit and god ' s people to advocate for international human rights and justice. the building will be there in the future, to continue to share the messages developed within its walls, to house the meetings and talks needed to research and meet needs, to witness to the churches ' beliefs in social reform, and to continue to express concerns for people, supported by religious principles founded on the gospel of jesus christ, across a hurting, hungry, and hope - filled world. building use controversy the general board of church and society ( gbcs ) trustees seek to resolve as quickly as possible the questions that have recurred in the last several years concerning the proper use of the united methodist building and the income it generates. trust case information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4564981247318398, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.336128"} {"text": "the western region of the state is more advanced in terms of agriculture. majority of the population depends upon farming as its main occupation. wheat, rice, sugar cane, pulses, oil seeds and potatoes are its main products. sugar cane is an important cash crop almost through out the state and sugar mills and other cane crushers who produce gur and khandsari are common throughout the state. uttar pradesh is an important state in so far as horticulture is concerned. apples and mangoes are produced in the state. there are different types of minerals and several industries have came up based on the minerals. there are cement plants in the mirzapur area in the vindhya region, a bauxite based aluminium plant in the banda area and copper in pithora garh, almora chamboli and tehri garhwal. in the hills a number of minerals are to be found, mainly non - metallic minerals which are used as industrial raw materials. coal deposits are found in the singrauli area. the industries include a large printing establishment units engaged in manufacturing of scales, locks, letter boxes, furniture, badges and belts, leather goods, scissors etc. handloom, carpet, glass, electrical goods, electro plating, building material industries are also found in the city. the state is poor in mineral resources. the only considerable deposits are of limestone in mirzapur, dehra dun and almora districts. these are being quarried and are used largely in cement manufacture. dolomite occurs in small quantities in bandal and varanasi districts, gypsum in tehri garhwal, nainital and dehra dun districts, andalusite in mirzapur district, magnetite in almora and pithoragarh districts, pyrophyllite and diaspore in jhansi and hamirpur districts, phosphorite in the musoorie area and bauxite in karvi tehsil of banda district and in southern part of varanasi district. the occurrence of stibnite, a source of antimony has been reported from chamoli district. at singrauli in mirzapur district coalfield is located. livestock and fishery uttar pradesh supports about 15 % of the country ' s total livestock population. of its livestock in 1961, 15 % were cattle, 21 % buffaloes, 13 % goats and 8 % other livestock. between 1951 and 1956 there was an overall increase of 14 % in the livestock population. there are nearly eight lakh hectares of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4254280584067581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.338489"} {"text": "hepatitis is swelling and inflammation of the liver. the term is often used to refer to a viral infection of the liver. causes, incidence, and risk factors hepatitis can be caused by : liver disease can also be caused by inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis, a condition that involves having too much iron in your body ( the excess iron deposits in the liver ). other causes include wilson ' s disease ( excess copper deposits in the body ). hepatitis may start and get better quickly ( acute hepatitis ), or cause long - term disease ( chronic hepatitis ). in some instances, it may lead to liver damage, liver failure, or even liver cancer. how severe hepatitis is depends on many factors, including the cause of the liver damage and any illnesses you have. hepatitis a, for example, is usually short - term and does not lead to chronic liver problems. the symptoms of hepatitis include : you may not have symptoms when first infected with hepatitis b or c. you can still develop liver failure later. if you have any risk factors for either type of hepatitis, you should be tested regularly. signs and tests you will have a physical exam to look for : your doctor may order laboratory tests to diagnose and monitor the hepatitis, including : your doctor will talk to you about treatment options. treatments will vary depending on the cause of your liver disease. your doctor may recommend a high - calorie diet if you are losing weight. there are support groups for people with all types of hepatitis. these groups can help you learn about the latest treatments and how to cope with having the disease. the outlook for hepatitis will depend on what is causing the liver damage. other complications include : calling your health care provider seek care immediately if you : have symptoms from too much acetaminophen or other medicines - - you may need to have your stomach pumped have bloody or tarry stools are confused or delirious call your doctor if : - you have any symptoms of hepatitis or believe that you have been exposed to hepatitis a, b, or c. - you cannot keep food down due to excessive vomiting. you may need to receive nutrition through a vein ( intravenously ). - you feel sick and have travelled to asia, africa, south america, or central america. talk to your doctor about vaccination for hepatitis a and hepatitis b lifestyle measures for preventing spread of hepatitis b and c from one person to another include : \u2022 avoid sharing personal items, such as razors or toothbrushes. \u2022 do not share drug needles or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46375126155168983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.342209"} {"text": "doctor about vaccination for hepatitis a and hepatitis b lifestyle measures for preventing spread of hepatitis b and c from one person to another include : \u2022 avoid sharing personal items, such as razors or toothbrushes. \u2022 do not share drug needles or other drug equipment ( such as straws for snorting drugs ). \u2022 clean blood spills with a solution containing 1 part household bleach to 9 parts water. \u2022 be careful when getting tattoos and body piercings. to reduce your risk of spreading or catching hepatitis a \u2022 always wash your hands thoroughly after using the restroom and when you come in contact with an infected person ' s blood, stools, or other bodily fluid. \u2022 avoid unclean food and water. dienstag jl. hepatitis b virus infection. n engl j med. 2008 ; 359 : 1486 - 1500. jou jh, muir aj. in the clinic. hepatitis c. ann intern med. 2008 ; 148 : itc6 - 1 - itc6 - 16. sjogren mh, cheatham jg. hepatitis a. in : feldman m, friedman ls, brandt lj, eds. sleisenger & fordtran ' s gastrointestinal and liver disease. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2010 : chap 77. pawlotsky jm, mchutchison j. chronic viral and autoimmune hepatitis. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 151. david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine ; and george f. longstreth, md, department of gastroenterology, kaiser permanente medical care program, san diego, california. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4274844618461857, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.342993"} {"text": "the u. s. defense advanced research projects agency ( darpa ) wants to refurbish older satellites that are still in orbit. satellites that cannot be upgraded would be harvested for recycling rather than letting them burn up in reentry. even though a satellite may have outlived its usefulness it may still contain usable parts, such as solar panels, transmitters and other items that can be retrofitted onto newer satellites. now darpa says they have a plan that entails creating or fixing older satellites while still in orbit by means of a ground - controlled, robotic mechanic that will remain in orbit indefinitely. very soon darpa will be testing some robotic devices to be launched in space that can be commanded to disassemble or refurbish older satellites. they are calling it the ' phoenix program ', and the proposal will cost u. s. taxpayers around 180 million dollars, and that is just to test it all. \" we ' re attempting to essentially increase the return on investment, \u201d said darpa program manager, david barnhart. barnhart stressed that the government is seeking ways in which to \u201c change the economics \u201d of satellites so that manufacturing costs will be far less expensive. the agency says that they will be looking at any proposals from interested technologies in february of this year as well. the first test of the project will come in 2016 when they will retrieve a non - working or decommissioned satellite while still in orbit. currently, there are approximately 140 retired u. s. satellites still in orbit with usable electronics and solar technologies that darpa has their eye on. the final project phase, if approved, would be to launch a robotic mechanic that will disassemble the satellites for their parts or make needed upgrades or repairs. darpa also wants to launch a string of mini - satellites in orbit where the robot would assemble them together, with the older retrieved parts, to create a new working satellite. darpa is well known for their strange ideas that draw a lot of attention, such as creating mind controlled artificial limbs ; laser guided bullets or even a flying \u201c submarine. \u201d in 2011 they helped kick start the 100 - year starship program, which is a means of making interstellar travel possible in the next 100 years. image source : darpa phoenix program ' s youtube channel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4998560779529328, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.347374"} {"text": "the earth has one moon, but it \u2019 s not the only rocky thing orbiting us \u2026.. posted : december 21, 2011 i spend far too much time at pub quizzes. perhaps it \u2019 s because i \u2019 m an irritating know - it - all or i just like a vaguely intellectual pretense for going to the pub. one of the more geeky parts of it is correcting the quiz - master when they are wrong ( reykjavik is north of helsinki and blazin squad did not do the original of crossroads etc. ). one such wrong answer was a week or two back when it was claimed the earth has four moons. additional moons of the earth have long been claimed and were popularised a few years back when qi claimed that a co - orbital body called cruithne was a second moon. as far as the definition of stable, natural bodies orbiting the earth goes there is only one, although it would be entertaining if schoolchildren were taught about the wonderfully named wahrhafter wetter - und magnet mond ( or veritable weather and magnetic moon ). however there are sometimes other bodies that briefly orbit the earth. the solar system is a crowded place. besides the eight planets and numerous dwarf planets there are millions of asteroids. some of these have orbits that bring them close to the earth. while most of these whizz by us, some are in orbits which mean that they can gravitationally interact with the earth and the moon and go in to orbit around it. these orbits are not stable and the objects will eventually be kicked out of the earth - moon system. to date only one known object has been discovered to have undergone such a process. known as 2006 _ rh120 it is a small body, only 3 - 5m across. in 2007 - 2008 it undertook four orbits of the earth at a distance more than twice as far away as the moon. but how often do objects like this perform their temporary dance with the earth? well a new paper of has been looking in to the rate of capture and when such events happen. the authors use a simulation of the how asteroids will pass through the earth - moon system. they select a series of objects with orbital elements in the range where they could possibly be captured and then examine how they would be affected by coming close to the earth and moon. previously it was thought that a close encounter with the moon gave objects a gravitational tug allowing them to be captured by the earth. however the new model finds that while the moon does play a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5171961500215807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.352982"} {"text": "they would be affected by coming close to the earth and moon. previously it was thought that a close encounter with the moon gave objects a gravitational tug allowing them to be captured by the earth. however the new model finds that while the moon does play a role in the capture, none of their simulated near - earth objects came close enough to the moon to get a sufficient enough tug for capture. the model also found that capture most likely at aphelion and perihelion ( when the earth is furthest and closest to the sun during its orbit ). the same capture probability peaks were previously noted for temporary satellites of jupiter. it \u2019 s also possible that the moon itself could capture asteroids and get its own temporary satellites. however no objects in the simulation managed to complete an orbit of the moon. objects in unstable orbits around the earth will of course have the possibility entering the atmosphere and becoming meteors. about 1 % of objects in the simulation impacted on the earth, none on the moon. this means that a temporarily captured object is 3. 5 times more likely to strike the earth than an near - earth object in a similar orbit. in total the authors estimate that a tenth of one percent of objects striking the earth were in temporary orbit around us. in all the authors estimate based on their model and the fact there aren \u2019 t a large population of observable temporary satellites that at any one time there is one object of approximately one metre in size temporarily orbiting the earth along with potentially other smaller bodies. so the earth only has one moon, but it \u2019 s not the only natural object orbiting us. granvik, m., vaubaillon, j., & jedicke, r. ( 2011 ). the population of natural earth satellites icarus doi : 10. 1016 / j. icarus. 2011. 12. 003", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4605681487102582, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.353967"} {"text": "this report describes the typical weather at the s\u00f8rkjosen airport ( nordreisa, norway ) weather station over the course of an average year. it is based on the historical records from 2007 to 2012. earlier records are either unavailable or unreliable. nordreisa has a humid subarctic continental climate with cool summers and no dry season. the area within 25 mi of this station is covered by tundra ( 56 % ), oceans and seas ( 30 % ), forests ( 10 % ), and grasslands ( 3 % ). over the course of a year, the temperature typically varies from 13\u00b0f to 61\u00b0f and is rarely below 1\u00b0f or above 69\u00b0f. the warm season lasts from june 15 to september 14 with an average daily high temperature above 53\u00b0f. the hottest day of the year is august 3, with an average high of 61\u00b0f and low of 50\u00b0f. the cold season lasts from december 25 to march 4 with an average daily high temperature below 30\u00b0f. the coldest day of the year is february 14, with an average low of 13\u00b0f and high of 22\u00b0f. the length of the day varies significantly over the course of the year. the shortest day is december 21 with 0 : 00 hours of daylight ; the longest day is june 20 with 24 : 00 hours of daylight. due to its extreme latitude, nordreisa experiences polar day ( also known as the midnight sun ) during summer and polar night during winter. the precise start and end dates of polar day and night vary from year to year and depend on the precise location and elevation of the observer, and the local topography. in summer, the sun is continuously above the horizon for 68 days, from may 18 to july 25. in winter, the sun is continuously below the horizon for 49 days, from november 27 to january 15. daylight saving time ( dst ) is observed in this location during 2012, starting in the spring on march 25 and ending in the fall on october 28. the median cloud cover ranges from 70 % ( partly cloudy ) to 81 % ( mostly cloudy ). the sky is cloudiest on july 18 and clearest on january 30. the clearer part of the year begins around december 8. the cloudier part of the year begins around april 1. on january 30, the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 22 % of the time, and overcast or mostly cloudy 22 % of the time. on july 18", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4255769665176019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.360843"} {"text": "year begins around april 1. on january 30, the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 22 % of the time, and overcast or mostly cloudy 22 % of the time. on july 18, the cloudiest day of the year, the sky is overcast, mostly cloudy, or partly cloudy 42 % of the time, and clear or mostly clear 7 % of the time. the probability that precipitation will be observed at this location varies throughout the year. precipitation is most likely around september 30, occurring in 57 % of days. precipitation is least likely around january 24, occurring in 34 % of days. over the entire year, the most common forms of precipitation are light rain, light snow, moderate rain, and moderate snow. light rain is the most severe precipitation observed during 37 % of those days with precipitation. it is most likely around september 25, when it is observed during 31 % of all days. light snow is the most severe precipitation observed during 20 % of those days with precipitation. it is most likely around march 24, when it is observed during 21 % of all days. moderate rain is the most severe precipitation observed during 19 % of those days with precipitation. it is most likely around july 15, when it is observed during 17 % of all days. moderate snow is the most severe precipitation observed during 15 % of those days with precipitation. it is most likely around february 24, when it is observed during 16 % of all days. during the warm season, which lasts from june 15 to september 14, there is a 48 % average chance that precipitation will be observed at some point during a given day. when precipitation does occur it is most often in the form of light rain ( 56 % of days with precipitation have at worst light rain ), moderate rain ( 30 % ), and drizzle ( 11 % ). during the cold season, which lasts from december 25 to march 4, there is a 36 % average chance that precipitation will be observed at some point during a given day. when precipitation does occur it is most often in the form of light snow ( 44 % of days with precipitation have at worst light snow ), moderate snow ( 32 % ), light rain ( 12 % ), and moderate rain ( 7 % ). the likelihood of snow falling is highest around march 24, occurring in 35 % of days. the season in which it is relatively likely for snow to fall spans from october 13 to may 14. during peak snow season, accumulation at this location on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4860224073181715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.362238"} {"text": "). the likelihood of snow falling is highest around march 24, occurring in 35 % of days. the season in which it is relatively likely for snow to fall spans from october 13 to may 14. during peak snow season, accumulation at this location on a given day is very likely. the chances of there being snow on the ground are highest around january 19, occurring 91 % of the time. the season in which snow is relatively likely to be on the ground spans from november 4 to may 6. the snow is typically at its deepest on april 1, with a median depth of 17. 2 \" ; the depth exceeds 29. 5 \" only one year out of ten. the relative humidity typically ranges from 50 % ( comfortable ) to 91 % ( very humid ) over the course of the year, rarely dropping below 38 % ( comfortable ) and reaching as high as 95 % ( very humid ). the air is driest around april 16, at which time the relative humidity drops below 55 % ( mildly humid ) three days out of four ; it is most humid around august 4, exceeding 89 % ( very humid ) three days out of four. dew point is often a better measure of how comfortable a person will find the weather than relative humidity because it more directly relates to whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. over the course of a year, the dew point typically varies from 4\u00b0f ( dry ) to 51\u00b0f ( very comfortable ) and is rarely below - 8\u00b0f ( dry ) or above 55\u00b0f ( very comfortable ). over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0 mph to 23 mph ( calm to fresh breeze ), rarely exceeding 30 mph ( strong breeze ). the highest average wind speed of 14 mph ( moderate breeze ) occurs around january 26, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 23 mph ( fresh breeze ). the lowest average wind speed of 6 mph ( light breeze ) occurs around august 4, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 13 mph ( moderate breeze ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46997867055948483, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.363266"} {"text": "extension educator, horticulture beaten, eaten, poked, smoked, scorned, but rarely mourned. at some time in our lives a weed will be on our hit list. however some weeds are more than just a \" plant out of place \". weeds at their worst can degrade natural areas and take over home landscapes to produce an unwanted one - plant show. garlic mustard, alliaria petiolata, has been the scourge of forested areas for years but now has moved into gardens. garlic mustard is native to europe where it hangs out in hedgerows, fencerows and open canopy woods. here in the midwest it loves the partial shade of our deciduous forests and backyard gardens where it can literally blanket the ground and choke out other plants in its path. as a cool season biennial, garlic mustard seeds germinate in early spring to form a rosette ( bouquet ) of kidney bean shaped leaves. in spring, usually starting the first of may, the mature plant sends up a 2. 5 - 3 foot tall flower stalk with numerous small four - petaled white flowers. it ' s actually kind of pretty. plants set seed and the original plant dies. one plant can produce thousands of seeds. just one year of seed production can produce a reoccurring nightmare of too much garlic. the leaves of garlic mustard resemble violets, however, garlic mustard leaves have more obvious veins and more deeply scalloped edges. the crushed leaves also have a distinct smell of garlic except in late fall and winter. because of its ability to dominate relatively undisturbed forests it has lead to the decline of populations of native plants and the insects and animals that rely on them. not only does garlic mustard shade out other plants, but it also produces chemicals that can keep other plants from growing around it. it ' s definitely a bully biennial in the forest or the garden. as with most exotic invasive weeds garlic mustard has no natural control here, even deer won ' t eat it. research continues on finding a biological control. so what can you do to halt the spread of garlic mustard? control garlic mustard in your garden or woodland now before it sets seed. early detection and eradication before plants set seed is the key to garlic mustard management. if you are not sure if what you have is garlic mustard, check out pictures at http : / / www. nps. gov / plants / alien / fact / pdf / alpe1. pdf. you are also welcome to send me pictures or bring a sample plant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42630431182414885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.366336"} {"text": "the central amazon conservation complex makes up the largest protected area in the amazon basin ( over 6 million hectares ) and is one of the planet \u2019 s richest regions in terms of biodiversity. it also includes an important sample of varzea ecosystems, igapo forests, lakes and channels which take the form of a constantly evolving aquatic mosaic that is home to the largest array of electric fish in the world. the site protects key threatened species, including giant arapaima fish, the amazonian manatee, the black caiman and two species of river dolphin. the land to the left of the river is the eastern edge of the jau national park. the park is the largest forest reserve in south america and covers an area greater than 5. 6 million acres. \u00a9 public domain justification for inscription criterion ( ix ) : the varzea and igapo forests, lakes, rivers, and islands of the proposed site together constitute physical and biological formations and demonstrate ongoing ecological processes in the development of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. they include a constantly changing and evolving mosaic of river channels, lakes, and landforms. the floating ( and constantly moving and changing ) mats of vegetation typical of the varzea watercourses include a significant number of endemic species, including the largest array of electric fishes in the world. anavilhanas contains the second largest archipelago of river islands in the brazilian amazon. criterion ( x ) : the expanded property substantially increases the already impressive protection offered by jau national park to the biological diversity, habitats, and endangered species found in the central amazon region. the area is one of the endemic bird areas of the world, is considered as one of the world wildlife fund \u2019 s 200 priority ecoregion for conservation, and it is also a centre of plant diversity. the expansion of jau national park to include an important sample of varzea ecosystems, igapo forests, lakes and channels significantly increases the representation of the aquatic biodiversity of the central amazon region. expansion of the site also enhance the protection of key threatened species including giant arapaima fish, the amazonian manatee, the black caiman, and two species of river dolphin. the central amazon conservation complex makes up the largest protected area in the amazon basin ( over 6 million hectares ) and is one of the planet ' s richest regions in terms of biodiversity. the site is made up of jau national park, demonstration area of mamairaua sustainable development reserve, amana sustainable development reserve and the anavilhanas ecological station located in amazonas state the site includes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42916764684823394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.373362"} {"text": "s richest regions in terms of biodiversity. the site is made up of jau national park, demonstration area of mamairaua sustainable development reserve, amana sustainable development reserve and the anavilhanas ecological station located in amazonas state the site includes an important sample of annually flooded ( varzea ) ecosystems, igapo forests, lakes and channels which take the form of a constantly evolving aquatic mosaic that is home to the largest array of electric fish in the world. the rivers provide a landscape of white - sand beaches during the dry season and flooded forest during the wet season, as well as secondary stream beds of distinct sizes, channels, paranas and an important fluvial phenomenon, the ria lake, which is typical of all large rivers in the amazon region. the site contains the nine - tier waterfall of the carabinani river, and also includes a significant proportion of the black - water drainage system, the headwaters of which are located primarily in the guiane shield. its dark colour results from organic acids released into the water through the decomposition of organic matter and the lack of terrestrial sediments. the forest cover is linked to the extensive and continuous forests of the amazon central plain. it encompasses a landscape, which is characteristic of the lower negro river and was typified as follows : dense tropical forest, located primarily on terra firme, thereby free from inundation in the flooding season ; open tropical forest, apparently associated with the physiognomy of tropical forests and areas of ecological tension, such as wide soil and climatic transitions between two distinct geobotanical zones ; and campinarana, a vegetation mosaic restricted to the negro river watershed, occupying primarily upland regions and drained by tabular watercourses. the park protects an impressive sample of fauna, with many species associated to black - water river systems. there is a high diversity of vertebrates with 120 species of mammals, 411 birds, 15 reptiles and 320 fishes. numerous species of conservation concern live within the park, including jaguar, giant otter, amazonian manatee, south american river turtle and black caiman. the importance of the site for amazon fauna is reflected in the fact that it contains approximately 60 % of the species of fish reported to exist in the negro river watershed, and also 60 % of the birds recorded from the central amazon. the site is home to relics of past human occupation of the amazon region. a recent survey identified 17 archaeological sites at the mouth of the negro river, with collected material as of yet undated, suggesting that the area may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42874543841059826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.375493"} {"text": "using numbers for sensible policy optimizing use of limited resources is one of the biggest challenges facing any decision - maker. economic assessment is therefore a vital tool. it can enumerate the potential costs and value the anticipated benefits of a proposed programme, policy or regulatory initiative, and reflect trade - offs inherent in alternatives. there is increasing recognition that environment and health impacts often require valuation in economic terms in order to receive adequate consideration in policy. an integrated economic analysis of such impacts can capture the hidden costs and benefits of policy options, as well as the synergies and institutional economies of scale that may be achieved through complementary policies that support sustainable development. for instance, the economic benefits to be derived from sustainable forestry practices may be considerable when impacts are analysed as part of a comprehensive policy package ; this would relate not only to issues of employment and poverty reduction, but also to the long - term environmental and economic impacts of forest maintenance or depletion, as well as to the health costs of diseases associated with deforestation. a key element of the heli tool kit, therefore, is a review of issues related to the economic assessment of linked environment and health impacts, as well as guidance for conducting such assessments. the heli exercise builds upon unep and who \u2019 s ongoing work on methods for quantifying the environmental impacts of a particular policy, on the one hand, and population health impacts ( burden of disease ) on the other. guidance for estimating the burden of disease from environmental risks such as air pollution, poor water and sanitation, etc. is available here through the section on scientific assessment tools. linking impact assessment and economic valuation some impacts of a policy on environment, health and human well - being cannot, however, be quantified or valued in terms of money or numbers. in many developing countries basic environment and health data may be missing or incomplete, making quantitative assessment a difficult task from the outset. social values and perceptions of risk and well - being also influence the manner in which many stakeholders assess the potential impacts of a policy. along with the review of economic valuation methods, as such, guidance is provided on the linked use of tools for impact assessment and economic analysis. - briefing on economic valuation of environment and health impacts - who guidance on cost - effectiveness assessment - economic instruments as a lever for policy \" the political agenda in our country is called the \u2018 economic catching up process. \u2019 this causes a significant bias towards short - term economic interests rather than long - term development. in this situation, the only successful way to promote healthy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4823828358553237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.378579"} {"text": "we know that a single electron doesn ' t travel down the length of a wire, it ' s passed from atom to atom. true. that ' s why the light speed in a wire is lower than the light speed in a vacuum. i have not seen any evidence that there are a such thing as photons or that they travel through space. light is emitted by sources and exists in the form of electromagnetic waves, or photons. even though the latter is the name for the quantitzed elements that we measure when absorbed. it doesn ' t matter. what matters is, light somehow bridges the gap in a vacuum between object a and measurement device b. this exactly coincidences with our definition of travel. somehow denying this, and coming with some absurd philosophical point of view that this doesn ' t include traveling is absurd. what you can doubt, which is even part of relativity, is that any time passes from the frame of reference of the ' photon '. because there doesn ' t. but that ' s not the discussion right now, the one thing that is clear is that light travels. how else, could light be bended by a gravitational field? as far as i can tell, it could just as easily be atoms detecting and imitating one another in an orderly fashion, rather than massless intangible particle - waves transacting in a vacuum. in a vacuum there are no atoms. and if i follow you in your ridiculous standpoint, what you call \" detecting one another \" is called light, and this needs to bridge an amount of space, which is what we call travel. denying obvious real world results is a serious symptom of crankyness. not that you will ever admit this, even to yourself. does light look like it travels to you or does it look like you are seeing it right where it is? measurements show it starts and point a and can detected at point b. we call this phenomenon \" movement \". as living members of the cosmos, are we not obligated to consider our own direct experience of phenomena as a factor in explaining that experience? no. our experience is a separate phenomenon. not to say that everything actually how it seems to us, but i would say that quite a bit can be explained better though first hand observation. it should not be disqualified. human observation or experience isn ' t disqualified. it is a separate phenomenon that is studied in a separate field, called psychology. there is no need whatsoever to connect two totally unrelated phenomena. our bodily detection and interpretation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6694961336887212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.382583"} {"text": "observation. it should not be disqualified. human observation or experience isn ' t disqualified. it is a separate phenomenon that is studied in a separate field, called psychology. there is no need whatsoever to connect two totally unrelated phenomena. our bodily detection and interpretation devices are not fundamentally different from the mechanical ones that we created. we measure the behavior of the materials which we are using to do the experiment and their interactions with each other. light doesn ' t have to physically leave the atom doesn ' t mean it can ' t be measured, understood, and predicted as if it did. maybe nothing happens or exist at all, and we are connected to some sort of super computer that just make it ' as if ' things are happening while physically they are not. might be true, probably isn ' t. it ' s just another unprovable crackpot theory. yes. i probably know most of the same things that you know about photons, i ' m just interpreting that knowledge a different way. yes, in a totally nonsensical way, not related to science nor reality. i see photons as quantum events within matter here you prove you don ' t know that photons are matter and both are forms of energy. blablabla. wild, senseless speculation, not based on research, nor measurement. your observations are again scientifically meaningless. sorry, yet some more discussion, because i just can ' t stand your never ending stupidity. striping it doesn ' t make it any less true. not my problem if you don ' t like those observations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.699061341579966, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.383620"} {"text": "milwaukee is the largest city in the state of wisconsin, united states. the city ' s population is 605, 013 with an estimated total of 1, 741, 316 in the milwaukee metropolitan area ( 2009 ). it is the 22nd largest city in the u. s. and is in the southeastern portion of the state on the western shore of lake michigan. milwaukee ' s human history begins with american indian people who lived near the confluence of milwaukee ' s three rivers into lake michigan for centuries. tribes who inhabited the area that is now milwaukee included menominee, fox, mascouten, sauk, and potawatomi. with the arrival of europeans and an increasing population, large and often violent divides become more prominent. these settlers built three dueling settlements ( juneautown, kilbourntown, and walker ' s point ) around what is now downtown. the two former communities were extremely competitive and created two non - aligning street grids. this is why 1st street is west of the milwaukee river and the reason that many of the city ' s bridges cross the river diagonally ( connecting the two grids ). milwaukee has historically been a major immigrant city. during the early 20th century, german and polish immigrants tended to dominate, and the city still strongly identifies with its german and, to a slightly lesser extent, polish heritage. for part of the early 20th century german was even the main language of the city, and german names are still very common. as waves of immigrants arrived in milwaukee they tended ( and tend ) to form communities in specific areas. the different areas of the city are still identified with the ethnic groups that originally populated them. the near north and northwest sides were originally german, but are now mainly african american with hmong enclaves. the near south side was originally polish but is now mainly hispanic. juneautown was originally mainly populated by english immigrants as well as people from the eastern united states. the city experienced ' white flight ' during the 1960 ' s and 70 ' s, creating a large socio - economic divide between the inner city and suburbs. today the city remains highly segregated with low rates of social and economic mobility within the inner city. milwaukee is home to some instantly recognized corporations such as miller brewing and harley davidson. harley holds an enormous celebration on every fifth anniversary attracting riders ( and celebrity riders such as jay leno ) by the millions to milwaukee each time. the 110th anniversary will be held in 2013. milwaukee was once the home to four of the world ' s largest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4543667492781316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.530000"} {"text": "an enormous celebration on every fifth anniversary attracting riders ( and celebrity riders such as jay leno ) by the millions to milwaukee each time. the 110th anniversary will be held in 2013. milwaukee was once the home to four of the world ' s largest breweries ( schlitz, blatz, pabst, and miller ), making it the number one beer producing city in the world for many years. despite the decline in its position as the world ' s leading beer producer through the loss of three of those breweries, its one remaining major brewery, miller brewing company is a key employer. miller employs over 2, 200 people on milwaukee ' s west side. all this beer brewing has earned the city the nickname \" brew city \" and its identification with and fondness for beer remains strong as ever. milwaukee has advertised itself as the \" city of festivals, \" especially emphasizing an annual summer party along the lakefront called summerfest. listed in the guinness book of world records as \" the largest music festival in the world \", summerfest attracts about a million visitors a year to its twelve stages. smaller ethnic festivals throughout the summer celebrate many of milwaukee ' s ethnic groups. milwaukee is probably best known from tv as the settings of the 1970 ' s sitcoms \" laverne and shirley \" and \" happy days \". it has also served as the backdrop for numerous hollywood films. the recent films bridesmaids, transformers 3, mr. 3000 and milwaukee, minnesota are both set in the area. milwaukee, minnesota gives a good winter portrait of the city and was largely filmed in the bay view neighborhood. weather patterns in milwaukee can fluctuate daily, often with little consistency in temperature or conditions. in general six months of the year are cold, overcast, and wet. milwaukee is the second coldest major city in the country ; winter is very long and cold! spring is often very wet and sometimes cold and miserable. it is not unheard of to get snowfall in early april. winter visitor may quickly get an idea why there are so many bars, bowling alleys and festivals in milwaukee. the best time to visit is by far in the summer or the early fall during indian summer when the whole place comes to life and everybody is outside. there is an array of almost every transportation mode thinkable to get to milwaukee. the cheapest way is by bus, but many travelers prefer the comfort and convenience of air, boat, car, or train travel. chicago, a masive transportation hub, is less than 100 miles (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4770225290551814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.534070"} {"text": "transportation mode thinkable to get to milwaukee. the cheapest way is by bus, but many travelers prefer the comfort and convenience of air, boat, car, or train travel. chicago, a masive transportation hub, is less than 100 miles ( 161 km ) away. direct international flights are offered a few times daily from canada, and seasonally from mexico, the dominican republic and jamaica. other international travelers will have to connect or fly to chicago and take ground transportation. milwaukee county transit system ( mcts ) buses run frequent airport service from roughly 4am to 2am. the fare is $ 2. 25 ( exact change required ). the new greenline express bus goes from mitchell airport to the north shore via bay view, the third ward, the eastern edge of downtown and the east side. route 80 goes from mitchell through the south side into the the middle of downtown and continues north to villard ave. ( both lines cross the main wisconsin ave. transit corridor, and have stops a couple blocks from the intermodal station. ) go airport shuttle shared taxi - van shuttle. approximately $ 12 to downtown. taxi approximately $ 30 to downtown. coach bus or train is an alternative, but only faster if you are lucky with timing and need to go to or near the intermodal station. several bus lines ( badger, wisconsin coach usa, lamers ) and the amtrak hiawatha train go downtown en - route as part of incoming or outbound onward services. buses ( and the shuttle to the airport rail station ) all leave from just outside the baggage claim, if you ' re lucky there ' ll be one waiting ( on average there are 1 - 2 per hour ). $ 4 - 6. chicago ' s main airports \u2014 o ' hare international airport ( iata : ord ) or midway airport ( iata : mdw ) \u2014 can be cheaper or easier alternatives, especially for destinations not served from milwaukee. there is an hourly direct shuttle from chicago o ' hare airport to milwaukee intermodal station run by wisconsin coach lines. $ 26. it is possible take a cta ' l ' train from either of the chicago airports to chicago union station ( $ 2. 25 ) and then go on to milwaukee with either bus or amtrak saving time or money in some cases. with ideal timing you can make it from midway to downtown milwaukee via rail in under 3 hours from landing. however, many flights arrive at chicago after or near the time that shuttle or rail service end for the day. greyhound does offer late runs to milwaukee from their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4197430206223923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.535459"} {"text": "timing you can make it from midway to downtown milwaukee via rail in under 3 hours from landing. however, many flights arrive at chicago after or near the time that shuttle or rail service end for the day. greyhound does offer late runs to milwaukee from their downtown depot, in case of a late arrival in chicago, but is not for the faint of heart. greyhound also has a few buses each day from the cumberland cta blue line station, just two stops outside of o ' hare on the cta blue line ' l '. amtrak serves downtown and an airport station. the newly remodeled milwaukee intermodal station offers connectivity to inter - city bus services and is located downtown a short distance from many attractions and hotels. the hiawatha has 7 daily round trips to chicago. it offers the quickest travel time to chicago, power outlets at your seat, a quiet car, and snack & beverage service. it runs between milwaukee downtown intermodal station, stops at milwaukee mitchell airport, sturtevant ( racine ) wi, glenview il, and arrives downtown chicago union station. $ 23. the empire builder has 1 daily round trip from chicago through milwaukee to seattle / portland, via central wisconsin, minneapolis, fargo, spokane and many other smaller cities. the empire builder only stops at the milwaukee intermodal station. passengers wishing to reach mitchell airport must change trains to the hiawatha at milwaukee intermodal station. ' weekly special ' internet fares can be found for $ 120 to portland and $ 40 from the twin cities. milwaukee is served by several interstate bus lines daily, there is competiton on most routes as well as onward connections. book a few weeks ahead online for the best prices. most buses stop at or across the street from the milwaukee intermodal station ( where all trains stop as well ) on st paul street on the south edge of downtown milwaukee. chartered tours of milwaukee are also arranged from cities in the region, and there are casino charters from across the midwest. badger coaches, 635 n james lovell st ( between wisconsin and michigan aves. this service does not depart from the intermodal station ),. operates six scheduled services from madison daily and 4x weekly from minneapolis, with a few local stops in between. madison $ 19, minneapolis $ 53. edit greyhound, ( at the intermodal station ), + 1 414 272 - 2156,. open 24h / day. greyhound makes additional stops on request at 84 and o ' connor, milwaukee mitchell airport, and some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3774286884481565, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.536814"} {"text": "53. edit greyhound, ( at the intermodal station ), + 1 414 272 - 2156,. open 24h / day. greyhound makes additional stops on request at 84 and o ' connor, milwaukee mitchell airport, and some suburban locations. greyhound mostly operates \" express \" branded services to milwaukee, featuring wifi, extra legroom, and 110v outlets. tickets from $ 1 online. 11 of 15 daily buses from chicago offer \" express \" amenities. chicago $ 1 - 16 / madison $ 1 - 23 / minneapolis $ 1 - 61. edit indian trails, ( at the intermodal station ),. daily service from milwaukee to michigan ' s upper peninsula. onward connections are available. buses have wifi and power outlets. edit jefferson lines, ( at the intermodal station ),. operates daytime scheduled service between milwaukee and minneapolis ( via green bay ), with interim stops across wisconsin. jefferson prides itself on its ' eco - friendly ' new coaches. connections are available at minneapolis. minneapolis $ 34 - 53. edit lamers, ( at the intermodal station ),. operates daytime scheduled service between milwaukee and wausau, with interim stops across wisconsin. also stops at the badger bus depot and at the airport. $ 4 - 46 depending upon destination. edit megabus, on 5th st just n of st paul ave ( opposite the intermodal station downtown ),. megabus offers four times daily round trip service to chicago and minneapolis. buses have wifi and often 110v power outlets. no walk - up tickets sold, only via internet or phone, same - day prices vary. chicago $ 1 - 20 / minneapolis $ 1 - 52. edit tornado, 1017 s 16th st. ( this service does not depart from the intermodal station ),. twice daily service from dallas via west memphis and chicago. dallas $ 140. edit wisconsin coach, 5th st just n of st paul ave ( opposite the intermodal station downtown ), ( toll free : + 1 877 - 324 - 7767, email @ example. com ),. wisconsin coach offers 14 buses daily, departing every hour to o ' hare airport starting at around 4am. there are several pickup points including the intermodal station, 4960 s 13th st, and mitchell airport. $ 26. edit a summary of bus fares, frequencies and services including the lowest internet fare, the walk - up ticket price and how often the buses run : 15x day ( 11 express ) 6x day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42841454465598916, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.537895"} {"text": "s 13th st, and mitchell airport. $ 26. edit a summary of bus fares, frequencies and services including the lowest internet fare, the walk - up ticket price and how often the buses run : 15x day ( 11 express ) 6x day ( 3 express ) \u00b2train. aaa, isic, sa, senior discounts : chicago $ 18, minneapolis from $ 44. \u00b3tickets must be purchased via internet or telephone ( $ 3 fee ). getting around in milwaukee is easy. block numbers are consistent across the city, including most of the suburbs, starting roughly where the milwaukee and menominee rivers meet. all numbered streets run north - south, increasing in number as you head west from 1st street. most named streets go east - west, with the notable exception of streets east of 1st st. standard blocks are 1 / 8th of a mile long north to south, and 1 / 12th of a mile east to west. milwaukee ' s bus system, mcts, has an extensive coverage area ( 85 % of milwaukee county ) and core routes with very frequent service. outlying suburbs have shorter hours, slower and less - frequent service. express buses called \" freeway flyers \" provide excellent service from park and ride lots across the county to downtown as well as to brewers games and festivals saving you the hassle of traffic, parking and worries of drunk driving. express buses called \" ubuses \" offer service to the university of wisconsin - milwaukee. mcts also serves mitchell international airport with both a local bus and a new, more express route ; see get in for details. most routes run from about 5am until at least midnight. monthly pass : $ 64 ( valid from the 1st of the month until the last day of the month. ) 10 tickets : $ 17. 50 ( no expiration ) reduced fare : $ 1. 10 ( children 6 - 11, seniors 65 + with medicare card, passengers with disabilities. ) premium fare : applicable fare plus $ 1. ( express services, denoted in green on a bus stop sign. ) festival shuttles : $ 6 round trip. ( paid in cash on inbound trip. ) drivers only accept exact cash fare. if you do not have exact change, you will not have any choice but to pay extra ( although you can get a refund later, it ' s not worth the effort ). drivers do not sell passes or tickets. passes and ten ride ticket packs are only available from outlets displaying an mcts sticker. ( mostly grocery stores. ) cash or ticket fare includes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41079213005067705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.538865"} {"text": "refund later, it ' s not worth the effort ). drivers do not sell passes or tickets. passes and ten ride ticket packs are only available from outlets displaying an mcts sticker. ( mostly grocery stores. ) cash or ticket fare includes a one hour transfer, get a transfer slip from the driver while paying. showing this transfer will allow you to board as many buses as you wish before the time runs out. there are currently no audio - visual stop announcements. if you need any information don ' t hesitate to ask the bus operator for help. most drivers know the city well and will be happy to give you directions or call your stop. ozaukee county is served by the ozaukee county express from downtown milwaukee ( some service also to milwaukee ' s south side ) via the i - 43 corridor. ozaukee county transit also offers shared - ride taxi services. wisconsin coach lines offer service from racine and kenosha in the south to downtown milwaukee, and from waukesha and mukwonago in the west to downtown milwaukee and to the university of wisconsin - milwaukee. milwaukee was awarded bronze status from the league of american bicyclists in 2004 and again in 2009. a bike map is available from the city or for sale at local shops. weather permitting, milwaukee is a very pleasant place to bicycle. there are several separated bike lanes and network of leisurely trails called the oak leaf trail. some are even limited access paths ( think : bike freeway ) as well as 65 mi ( 105 km ) of on - street bike lanes and 75 mi ( 121 km ) of signed bike routes ( the city aims to raise that number to several hundred miles of on - street bike lanes as streets are re - paved ). bicycle rentals and tours milwaukee bike and skate rental a kiosk in veterans park on the lake michigan shore, just north of the art museum. brew city bike tours offer rental as well as tours including pub spin, bite ' n bike and history 101. while there are plenty of taxis to meet demand, do not expect to simply flag one down. with the notable exceptions of queues at larger hotels, the airport, train - and bus stations, largely attended events and most of the downtown area, you should call for one. even going from the upper east side to downtown can cost $ 20. the number one company is yellow cab ( + 1 414 271 - 1800 ), with phone numbers of other taxi companies available here :. in the warmer ( and occasionally the colder ) months there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3979299956633081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.540000"} {"text": "the upper east side to downtown can cost $ 20. the number one company is yellow cab ( + 1 414 271 - 1800 ), with phone numbers of other taxi companies available here :. in the warmer ( and occasionally the colder ) months there are alternative ways of getting point to point. horse - drawn carriages are available downtown and sometimes on the east side, and often outside public events. cream city rickshaw available for private events, bike - taxi services. while it is possible to use the bus to go to many suburbs, some tourists prefer driving. parking outside the downtown / east side is overall a non - issue. traffic conditions vary. parking downtown and in some business districts ( on the east side, in some suburbs ) costs money. keep an eye out for electronic meters : there will be a number on a post at each space, and you need it to pay at a machine down the block ( cards accepted ). visitors parking overnight on city streets should call the city at + 1 414 286 - 8300 by 1am to request parking permission. overnight parking can also be registered for free ( up to 3 nights ) online at the dpw ' s night parking site. us bank center, 777 e wisconsin ave. built in 1973, is the tallest building in the state at 42 stories. bud selig, the commissioner of major league baseball and former owner of the brewers has an office inside. edit hoan bridge, i - 794. the hoan bridge is one of the most recognizable milwaukee landmarks. it is a tied arch bridge suspended over the port of milwaukee on the milwaukee river. it ' s part of i - 794 that leads into downtown. edit pabst brewery complex, ( southwest of winnebago and 9th ),. the former brewery sits on the north east side of downtown, adjacent to the milwaukee county courthouse and overlooking i - 43. it contains many wonderful \" old world \" style buildings. though the brewery is no longer in operation it still remains an icon of the city. it is currently under renovation and is being re - developed for condos, offices, and restaurants. edit pabst mansion, 2000 w wisconsin ave ( just w of the marquette campus, bus 10 and 30 from downtown ), + 1 414 931 - 0808,. m - sa 10am - 4pm, su noon - 4pm ( closed m mid - jan - feb ). in 1892, the flemish renaissance revival mansion of captain frederick pabst, world famous beer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4144785677353965, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.540999"} {"text": "931 - 0808,. m - sa 10am - 4pm, su noon - 4pm ( closed m mid - jan - feb ). in 1892, the flemish renaissance revival mansion of captain frederick pabst, world famous beer baron, accomplished sea captain, real estate developer, philanthropist and patron of the arts, was completed. from the day the house was inhabited, it was considered the jewel of milwaukee ' s famous avenue of mansions called grand avenue and represented the epitome of america ' s gilded age splendor in milwaukee. $ 9. edit the domes, mitchell park ( s layton blvd and w pierce st, buses 19 and 27 ),. one of the city ' s most recognizable landmarks. the three huge glass domes serve as the city ' s horticultural gardens, and house a desert habitat, rainforest, and varying themed exhibits. edit milwaukee art museum, lincoln memorial dr. santiago calatrava - designed addition is another of milwaukee ' s most recognizable landmark, and the bird - like wings of the building ' s quadracci pavilion open and close several times each day, depending on the weather. the war memorial which the museum is connected to was designed by the architect eero saarinen. edit city hall, ( n water and e wells sts ). was the possibly city ' s most important landmark before the completion of the calatrava addition to the museum. the architecture is heavily german influenced, and is a symbol of milwaukee ' s large german immigrant population at the turn of the century. edit st. josaphat basilica, lincoln and 6th ( bus 80 from downtown ). on the city ' s south side, it was built by the city ' s polish community from the dismantled materials of the old chicago customs house and post office. each block was carefully measured and numbered for a best fit in the new design so that hardly any stone was re - cut or went to waste. in the end, even the original ornamental bronze railings, lighting fixtures, and doorknobs of the customs house were used for furnishings. opulently decorated and designed, it is perhaps one of the finest examples of the so called \" polish cathedral \" style of church architecture in north america. edit allen - bradley clocktower, s 2nd and greenfield ( bus 15 from downtown ). underneath it sits the home of rockwell automation. it is instantly recognizable from i - 43 between downtown and the south side of milwaukee. it was the largest four - sided clock in the world, until saudi arabia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40710404984200826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.542117"} {"text": "and greenfield ( bus 15 from downtown ). underneath it sits the home of rockwell automation. it is instantly recognizable from i - 43 between downtown and the south side of milwaukee. it was the largest four - sided clock in the world, until saudi arabia built the largest in 2010, al bait towers, a. k. a. mecca royal clock hotel tower. these clocks are about about 140 feet in diameter. allen bradley ' s are 40. 2 feet. milwaukee ' s clock is nicknamed the \" polish moon. \" edit milwaukee public museum, 800 w wells. on downtown ' s west side, it ' s excellent for children and adults alike, containing exhibits on numerous topics including large historical dioramas, an imax theater, and the largest planetarium in the state. well - known permanent exhibits include a \" butterflies alive \" garden and the streets of old milwaukee which feature the world ' s oldest continually functioning gas streetlight system. edit discovery world museum at pier wisconsin,. features in depth interactive exibits about the great lakes and local natural science. edit betty brinn children ' s museum, 929 e wisconsin,. large children ' s museum connected to the mam via a pedestrian bridge. edit charles allis art museum ( 1801 n prospect ) and villa terrace decorative arts museum ( 2220 n terrace ) are located in re - purposed, east side mansions. they are great stops as you explore the east side neighborhood. milwaukee county zoo, 103rd and w bluemound ( bus 10 from downtown ). one of the best zoos in the us. features 2500 animals representing 300 species on 200 acres ( 81 ha ). besides animal showcases, the zoo also features train tours, sea lion shows, and a dairy farm. check with zoo schedules for fun special events like sleepovers at the zoo or trick - or - treating at the zoo on halloween. edit harley - davidson museum, 400 canal st ( just south of the amtrak station on s 6th, bus 80 from downtown ), ( toll free : 1 - 877 - hd museum ),. walk through a variety of exhibits that tell the stories of the extraordinary people, products, history and culture of harley - davidson. in addition to the fantastic motorcycle collection, stories are told through a variety of media - including photographs, videos, apparel, rare documents and other fascinating artifacts. peek into a portion of the archives, never before open to the public, and home base to more than 450 motorcycles, and hundreds of thousands of artifacts that the archives team can pull from for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4000525959845009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.543165"} {"text": ", videos, apparel, rare documents and other fascinating artifacts. peek into a portion of the archives, never before open to the public, and home base to more than 450 motorcycles, and hundreds of thousands of artifacts that the archives team can pull from for museum exhibits. $ 16, children $ 10, seniors $ 12. edit oriental theatre, 2230 n farwell ave ( farwell & north ), + 1 414 276 - 5140,. a very beautiful theatre on the east side that maintains a lot of character unlike modern cinemas. the amazing artwork and decoration within the theatre will take your breath away once you see this gem. most of the films shown here cater to the independent / arthouse / foreign crowd ( a reflection of the neighborhood the theatre is located in ), however, they do bring in a few of the hollywood hits. they also show rocky horror picture show the second saturday of every month at midnight. edit forest home cemetery, 2405 forest home. take a historical walking tour and see where many famous milwaukeeans have been laid to rest ; inlcluding the graves of jacob best, fredrick pabst, general william mitchell, valentin blatz, george walker, byron kilbourn, the davidsons, and many more! edit prohibition and al capone the brew city was hit hard by prohibition, a huge section of the local economy was shut down and thirsty milwaukeans couldn ' t drink their sorrows away. in the 1920s chicago gangster activity came north to milwaukee during the prohibition era. al capone, noted chicago mobster, owned a home in the milwaukee suburb brookfield, where moonshine was made. the house still stands on a street named after capone. breweries are integral to milwaukee ' s image. although the number of large scale operations has dwindled in the last decade, the nickname \" the brew city \" still rings true, and microbreweries are booming. in several spots around the city, the smell of yeast from the beer factories is quite strong. milwaukee was once the home to four of the world ' s largest breweries : schlitz, blatz, pabst, and miller. for many years it was the number one beer producing city in the world. of those four only miller remains. miller - coors brewing company offers excellent tours and also has a visitor ' s center at its gigantic brewing complex on milwaukee ' s west side. recently merged miller and coors now operate the brewery jointly but the tour is still based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4005113579629679, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.544202"} {"text": "only miller remains. miller - coors brewing company offers excellent tours and also has a visitor ' s center at its gigantic brewing complex on milwaukee ' s west side. recently merged miller and coors now operate the brewery jointly but the tour is still based around the historic miller operation. the tour begins with a short video of famous miller commercials, continues to the original brewery to demonstrate the growth and progress of the company, and finishes at a pub for a little beer - tasting. to set up a tour call + 1 800 - 944 - lite or go to. best place at the historic pabst brewery while the company itself is now long gone, a new tavern, reserveable hall, and a giftshop have recenlty been opened on the site. best place at the historic pabst brewery, the former pabst corporate offices & visitor \u2019 s center, is a certified historic structure on the national register of historic places. gift shop : th - su noon - 6pm. tours : f - su 1pm & 3pm, $ 7 ( $ 2 discount for military personnel ) sprecher brewery ( maker of beer, root beer, and sodas ) is a well - respected local brewery on the north side. known for making the largest variety of beers of any local brewery. they also offer tours, tastings included. the sodas are popular as well, the kids and non - alcoholics will get plenty out of this tour as well. make sure to look for their root beer at local businesses. lakefront brewery is another small, locally - owned microbrewery specializing in handmade beers in the tradition of early milwaukee brewers. located along the milwaukee river just north of downtown, at the foot of brewers ' hill. offers tours on friday nights along with a fish fry milwaukee brewing company offers tours ( on friday and saturday ) of their growing operation in the fifth ward. buffalo water brewing co. makers of bison blonde located at the intersection its named after, buffalo & water streets, adjacent to downtown milwaukee. great lakes distillery its not a brewery, but they make premium \" rehorst \" vodkas and gin. it is currently wisconsin ' s only distillery. they also brew a seasonal pumpkin ale, and are currently working on developing a type of absinthe. they offer tours on fridays, and saturdays. located near the walker ' s point neighborhood just south of downtown. stonefly brewing co. a brew - pub / restaurant located on center street in riverwest. won the 2010 firkin award, they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38106139430684627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.545235"} {"text": ". they offer tours on fridays, and saturdays. located near the walker ' s point neighborhood just south of downtown. stonefly brewing co. a brew - pub / restaurant located on center street in riverwest. won the 2010 firkin award, they make good stuff. have an eclectic food menu as well. milwaukee ale house is a brew - pub / restaurant founded by local home brewers on 17 october 1997, serves up live music, fresh beer and great food to the good people of wisconsin and travelers from all over the world. located in a brick and timber warehouse building downtown in the historic third ward, they offer indoor and outdoor dining, six or more hand crafted beers, lunch and dinner everyday with late night food on the weekends. water street brewerylocated on milwaukee ' s infamous water street, it is both a brew - pub / restaurant with a second location in delafield, west of the city. horny goat brewing company beautiful building and great outdoor seating during the warmer months. popular with the college crowd. rock bottom brewery although it ' s not a milwaukee original, but rather a national chain based out of colorado, they couldn ' t resist opening a location among the beer elite with some great local options only found here. milwaukee riverwalk, 740 n plankinton ave. delafield brewhouse is another microbrewery and restaurant, located 20 mi ( 32 km ) west of milwaukee. saint francis brewery brewmaster scott hettig has built upon a foundation of five beers : kolsch, amber ale, nut brown ale, weiss and oatmeal stout to feature a bohemian pilsner, double red ale, belgian triple and many more. located on milwaukee ' s south side, near the airport. henry maier festival park often referred to as \" the summerfest grounds \" is an enclosed park just south of the milwaukee art museum and downtown, along the lakefront. milwaukee used to be promoted as \" the city of festivals. \" to this day, there is a festival almost every weekend during the summer at the henry maier festival park, including various ethnic festivals and summerfest. since 1999, summerfest holds the guinness world records title as the \" world ' s biggest music festival \" attracting over 700 bands each year. the fest started in milwaukee in 1968. summerfest is held for 11 days every summer beginning at the end of june continuing into july. african world festival celebrating africa and african - american culture. arab world fest a smaller fest celebrating milwaukee ' s arab and south - asian heritage. verge is an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3976067458947342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.546339"} {"text": "summerfest is held for 11 days every summer beginning at the end of june continuing into july. african world festival celebrating africa and african - american culture. arab world fest a smaller fest celebrating milwaukee ' s arab and south - asian heritage. verge is an alternative music fest held in june. firkin craft beer festival held in cathedral square park in july, all - you - can - sample - goodness with milwaukee, wisconsin, and midwest brewers offering up their best. milwaukee brewfest held at the coast guard pavillion in mckinley park in late july, has unlimited sampling of hundreds of craft beers, micro brews, and ciders from around the world. a ticket to brewfest usually comes with free entrance to german fest, which is held a short walking distance away at the summerfest grounds. milwaukee highland games is a full - fledged scottish celebration. early june. lakefront kite festivals a series of several events put together by a kite shop ( gift of wings ) on the lake just north of the milwaukee art museum in vetrans park, and by kite society of wisconsin & illinois. jazz in the park held in cathedral square park every thursday evening june - september, its a great free event to sit and have a drink on the lawn with friends at. locust street festival is a neighborhood festival featering games, live music, a beer run, and all sorts of vendors. on locust street in riverwest. juneteenth day celebrates the anniversary of the end of slavery. held every year on june 19th, the event is very popular, and draws a huge police presence due to violence at past events. bastille days held in cathedral square park on or around july 14, celebrates the storming of the bastille and all things french. wisconsin state fair west allis, a milwaukee suburb, is home to the state fair grounds. held in early august. milwaukee riverwalk,. the milwaukee riverwalk covers 3 miles along the milwaukee river through the city ' s downtown and the historic third ward. because of its creation, the milwaukee river has become a prominent downtown development area with a mix of high - end residential, commercial and recreational uses. also visit the \" bronze fonz \" a statue dedicated to happy days character, fonzie. free. edit milwaukee ' s water street, water st ( downtown ),. head over to the library and dig up any old city directory. if you flip to the page listing businesses on water street, you ' ll find that this main downtown artery has always been home to dozens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40700742050504657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.547345"} {"text": "water street, water st ( downtown ),. head over to the library and dig up any old city directory. if you flip to the page listing businesses on water street, you ' ll find that this main downtown artery has always been home to dozens on taverns and, often, rowdy and raucous nightlife. if you think water street is crazy these days, you should have seen it under the administration of mayor ( all the time rosey ) rose. edit petit national ice center. a renowned olympic training center. it has a full ice - racing track and two hockey rinks. public skate hours vary, but are usually in the evening. skate rentals are available for a good price. edit bucketworks, 706 s 5th st ( downtown ),. check out the world ' s first health club for the brain. one of the first co - working spaces that weaves together an art gallery, hacker collective, theater rehearsal space and just a cool place to visit. tours are free, by appointment. edit comedy sportz fun for all ages. began in milwaukee and has spread across the nation. a comedysportz match features two teams of comedy actletes competing for laughs and points, with a referee keeping things moving and calling fouls. an average of seven to twelve games are played during a match, drawn from a repertoire of over a hundred improv games. in \" shakespeare \" a team will improvise a scene inspired by an audience suggestion in shakespearian style. in \" forward / reverse \" the referee sends the scene back and forth at will, as though scanning a scene in a dvd, sending the actletes into a frenzy. every show is different, with different players, different games, and different audiences supplying new suggestions. the fans judge the scenes and games and ultimately decide the winners and losers. located by walker ' s point. milwaukee has memorable moments in sports history, with the brewers and bucks most likely to interest travelers. home run slugger hank aaron hit most of his home runs in milwaukee ( mostly as a member of the braves, who have since moved to atlanta, though he finished his career with the brewers ). additionally, the bucks are the youngest team to ever win an nba title. milwaukee brewers - milwaukee ' s mlb franchise, plays at miller park just outside downtown. the brewers were formerly owned by bud selig, current commissioner of mlb. milwaukee bucks - nba member, with games at the bmo harris bradley center. milwaukee admirals - ahl hockey franchise, formally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43668759685103714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.548481"} {"text": ", plays at miller park just outside downtown. the brewers were formerly owned by bud selig, current commissioner of mlb. milwaukee bucks - nba member, with games at the bmo harris bradley center. milwaukee admirals - ahl hockey franchise, formally a member of the ihl. this team shares the bmo harris bradley center with the bucks. milwaukee wave - north america ' s longest continuously operating professional soccer club. they complete in the major indoor soccer league and play home games at the u. s. cellular arena. ] the milwaukee mile its premier distinction is as the oldest operating motor speedway in the world, hosting at least one auto race every year since 1903. the track is located at the grounds for the wisconsin state fair. the track has held events sanctioned by major sanctioning bodies, such as the american automobile association, usac, cart / champ car world series, nascar, and the indycar series. there have also been many races in regional series such as artgo. college basketball - the city has two ncaa division i college basketball teams \u2014 the marquette golden eagles of the big east conference, and the milwaukee panthers of the horizon league. marquette ' s men ' s team plays at the bmo harris bradley center, while milwaukee ' s men play at u. s. cellular arena ( the women ' s teams of both schools play on their respective campuses ). downtown - downtown milwaukee consists of two neighborhoods which sit across the milwaukee river from each other. juneautown, between the lake and the river, is the financial heart of the city, as well as the place where milwaukee was born. the city ' s tallest building, the 601 - foot usbank tower, is located here along the lake, as are a number of the other architecturally significant buildings, including the cathedral of st. john and milwaukee ' s city hall. there are a number of coffee shops and restaurants, but except for around cathedral square and milwaukee street area mostly closes down after business hours. across the river, kilbourntown ( or westown ) serves as the city ' s entertainment center. here you will find attractions such as the midwest airlines center, milwaukee ' s primary convention center. nearby are the grand avenue mall, the milwaukee theater, and the bradley center. many of the city ' s hotels are located here as well, as are a number of excellent restaurants and clubs. further to the west is milwaukee ' s gigantic neo - classical courthouse, the milwaukee public museum, and the ornate milwaukee central library. while none of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42845257318721175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.550259"} {"text": "city ' s hotels are located here as well, as are a number of excellent restaurants and clubs. further to the west is milwaukee ' s gigantic neo - classical courthouse, the milwaukee public museum, and the ornate milwaukee central library. while none of the city ' s tall buildings have public observatories, you can get a fantastic view from polaris, the revolving restaurant perched atop the hyatt regency in the heart of kilbourntown. the riverwalk lines both sides of the milwaukee river through the downtown area, and is home to a number of pieces of public art, as well as some of the city ' s most popular restaurants. historic third ward - this small district, located directly to the south of juneautown, is milwaukee ' s version of the trendy urban \" warehouse district. \" the streets of the third ward are lined with 19th and early 20th - century warehouse buildings which have been converted into lofts and offices. at street level, chic shops and restaurants are commonplace. the area is also an entertainment hub. the eisner museum of advertising and design is located at 208 n water st, just blocks from the broadway theater center, home of the skylight opera. on the ward ' s southern boundary - the milwaukee river - one can find the milwaukee institute of art and design ( or just miad ), which is the centerpiece of the city ' s art scene. on gallery night, which occurs once every three months, the third ward hums with activity, as it is home to the city ' s largest collection of art galleries. the third ward is also home to the newest section of the riverwalk, which offers some fantastic views of the downtown skyline. the third ward is within walking distance of downtown. fifth ward / walker ' s point founded by george walker in june of 1835 as a fur trading post, walker ' s settlement was combined with juneautown and kilbourntown to become the city of milwaukee in 1846. walker also contributed to the building of the city ' s first streetcar line in 1859. walker ' s point is located just south of the third ward, and is served by the # 18, 15, and 19 buses from downtown. the northern part of the neighborhood ( especially north of national avenue ) is a rapidly re - developing warehouse district, home to many popular restaurants, cafes, clubs, and bars, while the southern and western parts are mainly hispanic. the neighborhood is also the center of milwaukee ' s gay scene. avenues west / marquette is the neighborhood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42980934445092944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.551813"} {"text": "rapidly re - developing warehouse district, home to many popular restaurants, cafes, clubs, and bars, while the southern and western parts are mainly hispanic. the neighborhood is also the center of milwaukee ' s gay scene. avenues west / marquette is the neighborhood immediately west of downtown. home to marquette university, the area has a large student population, and consists mainly of mid - rise apartments and walk - ups as well as many of the city ' s social services institutions. the neighboorhood is relatively seedy the further away you get from the university, although its not particularily dangerous. the pabst mansion and rave / eagle ' s ballroom ( music venue ) are both located in the neighborhood along wisconsin avenue. martin luther king drive - a period of urban renewal has revitalized this neighborhood with brand new restaurants, coffee houses and jazz, blues and neo - soul lounges. it is known as the epicenter of african - american commerce in wisconsin. from downtown, simply continue north on old world 3rd street which turns into martin luther king drive. the # 19 bus runs the entire lenght of the street. the east side. this neighborhood stretches from downtown to the university of wisconsin - milwaukee. sandwiched between the milwaukee river and lake michigan, it is home to hih - rises, elegant mansions, college students, and everything in between. the areas around brady street and north avenue are particularily lively, with many different local shops, restaurants and bars. the number 30 bus runs from downtown down farwell / prospect every few minutes during the day, and the # 15 runs down water, brady, and oakland. at brady, ogden, and lafayette there are steps down to the parks and beaches along the lake. riverwest - an older working class neighborhood bordered by the milwaukee river or the south and east and holton street on the west. riverwest is one of the most racially integrated in the city. as the east side and downtown have gentrified, riverwest has become an increasingly diverse neighborhood, and is also home to much of the hipster and alternative scenes in milwaukee. amongst the many hipsters, one still find plenty of puerto rican families and grandmothers. center street and clarke street are the main commercial ares of the neighborhood. the buses 10 ( humboldt ave ) and 14 ( holton st ) stop at both streets on their way north from downtown. bay view - an historic and vibrant middle - class neighborhood settled along lake michigan on milwaukee ' s southeast side. kinnickinnic avenue is the neighborhood '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43821589219924423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.552877"} {"text": ") and 14 ( holton st ) stop at both streets on their way north from downtown. bay view - an historic and vibrant middle - class neighborhood settled along lake michigan on milwaukee ' s southeast side. kinnickinnic avenue is the neighborhood ' s main street, curving through the heart of bay view, and is lined with shops, bars, restaurants, and cafes. a reflection of its early history, bay view is very dense with neighborhood bars and restaurants, seldom separated by more than a few blocks. bay view ' s south shore park also offers the best view of milwaukee ' s skyline, as well as some of the city ' s most scenic lakefront. the 15 bus runs southbound from downtown to bay view, as does the greenline, which also runs through bay view from general mitchell international airport. historic mitchell street - this once polish center is now home to some of milwaukee ' s most vibrant hispanic culture. the busiest area of the street is between 6th and 13th streets. the # 54 bus runs down mitchell, and the 80, 19, and 14 connect the neighborhood to downtown. milwaukee has one of the best public parks systems in the country. the area of parkland and beaches along the lake is the crown jewel of the system, and gets very busy during good weather. cathedral square park - this park is a square in the center of the city, bordered by kilbourn on the north, wells on the south, jackson on the the east and jefferson on the west. it is most notable for jazz in the park, free outdoor jazz concerts on thursday evenings during the summer. veteran ' s park - this park is located by the lakefront, just north of the art museum and war memorial. veteran ' s park includes a lagoon where you can rent a paddle boat, a kite store, and bike rentals. mckinley marina and beach - mckinley park is a great place for people who want to fish or relax on the beach. many people also love to stroll out on the giant breakwater that goes out into lake michigan. during the summer, there are plenty of fishermen here as well. an easy way to get to mckinley park is to take the brady street pedestrian bridge over lincoln memorial drive ( from the brady street area ), or just walk north from veteran ' s park. bradford beach - this is one of the larger beaches in the milwaukee area, and has recently seen an influx of money which has led to significant improvements, including the renovation of the beautiful art deco beach house. lake park - lake park was designed and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40100934813923694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.553903"} {"text": ". bradford beach - this is one of the larger beaches in the milwaukee area, and has recently seen an influx of money which has led to significant improvements, including the renovation of the beautiful art deco beach house. lake park - lake park was designed and built by frederick law olmsted, the same man who built central park in new york. it is one of milwaukee ' s most beautiful parks and can be found by going up the hill ( west ) on the north end of bradford beach. oak leaf trail - a treasure of the milwaukee county park system and best of milwaukee 2012 winner, this 114 mile trail loops through the county ' s major parks and parkways, with a long stretch following the lake michigan shoreline. it is composed of off - road paved paths, parkway drives, and municipal streets where necessary to ensure continuity. there are several lake michigan and milwaukee river tourboat operators. the edelweiss i and iioffer elegant dinner cruises, as well as late night party cruises on the milwaukee river, departing from the 3rd st and highland intersection. milwaukee boat line offer frequent cruises during the summer aboard vista king. these sightseeing tours are narrated and travel through milwaukee river, harbor and lake michigan. daily at 12pm, 2pm and 4pm. in addition to their historical cruises they offer happy hour cruises tues - sat and concert cruises every friday. sea dog sailing offers sailing trips out of mckinley marina. wally ' s charter service charter with captain wally, and enjoy some of lake michigan ' s salmon and trout fishing. a january 2000 study from mcgill university in montreal ranked milwaukee 6th in a list of u. s. and canadian cities with the highest number of college students per 100 residents. the largest universities are the university of wisconsin \u2013 milwaukee and marquette university. other schools include alverno college, cardinal stritch university, medical college of wisconsin, milwaukee area technical college, milwaukee institute of art and design, milwaukee school of engineering, mount mary college, wisconsin lutheran college, concordia university wisconsin, lakeland college, and wisconsin school of professional psychology. milwaukee is home to several fortune 500 companies ; in fact, the metropolitan region ( defined as the milwaukee - west allis - waukesha area ) was \" ranked number five in the nation when measuring the number of fortune 500 companies as a share of the population - just behind the number four minneapolis - st. paul region in minnesota \". the area has a wide employment base, with companies ranging from high - tech and specialty manufacturing firms ( ge medical, harley davidson ) to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42370533223837514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.555075"} {"text": "companies as a share of the population - just behind the number four minneapolis - st. paul region in minnesota \". the area has a wide employment base, with companies ranging from high - tech and specialty manufacturing firms ( ge medical, harley davidson ) to retail and finance corporations ( kohl ' s, northwestern mutual ). milwaukee area fortune 1000 companies ( as of 2004 ranking ) the cream city had a socialist city governement for several decades, the only city in the united states to have had this political leaning. the city has a strong labor union network, organized due to poor treatment of the massive amount of industry workers. today, unions remain very controversial and are constantly given as a reason businesses outsource or move production out of state. recently collectivism has gained some new steam. collectives include the artists of borg ward, designers at sparrow collective, brewing grounds for change coffee, as well as several food - coops like the riverwest coop. milwaukee is one of the best places to get products made in wisconsin. from fine food to harley davidson motorcycles, milwaukee offers amazing variety and quality for very reasonable prices. several shopping malls are located outside of the city. there are a few shopping areas including the third ward and the east side around prospect and north or brady st as well as other shops of assorted types across the city. grand avenue mall, ( on wisconsin ave ). this downtown mall is worth a visit. it features and eclectic array of shops that sell clothing and handy trinkets that easily fit in your luggage. there is also plenty of milwaukee - related stuff for sale, especially at brew city. edit george watt ' s, 761 n jefferson st, 1 800 747 - 9288,. one of milwaukee ' s remaining elitist stores. fine enough for the capitans of industry, its a very interesting place to stop in for tea. edit renaissance books, 834 n plankinton ave, + 1 414 271 - 6850. this store is legendary, a huge warehouse with 5 floors filled with half - a - million used books. the place is a dingy, it might look closed even if its not. the sections are clearly marked, though, and prices are reasonable. edit sky high, 2501 howell ave, + 1 414 483 - 2585,. is a skateshop in bayview with a changing selection of milwaukee - related gear and attire. edit sparrow collective, 2224 s kinnickinnic ave, + 1 414 747 - 9229.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4318819430730995, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.556084"} {"text": "483 - 2585,. is a skateshop in bayview with a changing selection of milwaukee - related gear and attire. edit sparrow collective, 2224 s kinnickinnic ave, + 1 414 747 - 9229. formerly fasten collective offered local designers an outlet for their work, now its been remade and is called sparrow collective, but still offers up milwaukee - and mid - west - made jewelry and clothing. edit rushmor records, 2635 s kinnickinnic ave, + 1 414 481 - 6040,. one of the best remaining record stores in the city, located in bayview. the folks there know their stuff and know what \u2019 s going on in milwaukee, as well. edit shag, 2218 n farwell ave, + 1 414 273 - 7424. design your own shirt or let them fix you up with a milwaukee design. edit boswell books, 2559 n downer ave, + 1 414 332 - 1181,. a professional independent bookshop with a great selection and especially good reccomendations. edit the tool shed, 2427 n murray ave, + 1 414 906 - 5304,. is a sleaze - free sex shop that is all about everyone being comfortable and well understood. edit woodland pattern, 720 e locust, + 1 414 263 - 5001,. a nice bookstore specializing in poetry and local authors. edit lotus land records, 832 e clarke st, + 1 414 372 - 8317. specialize in crazy rare and exciting black music. edit fischberger variety, 2445 n holton st, + 1 414 263 - 1991. a nice variety of useful and gift items. edit many visitors enjoying taking some food or other consumables with them when they leave. wisconsin cheese, locally roasted coffee especially from alterra or anodyne, and micro - brews are the most popular treasures. ginseng and even el rey mexican products are common souvenirs. milwaukee public market, located in the third ward, is an indoor market selling produce, seafood, meats, cheeses, vegetables, candies, and flowers from local businesses. farmers ' markets are located throughout the city in summer and fall. sendik ' s is the name used by three separate local chains of grocery stores. they all feature a decent selection of local and imported fine foods. check out the neighborhood store at 2643 n down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42178672921994254, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.557010"} {"text": "are located throughout the city in summer and fall. sendik ' s is the name used by three separate local chains of grocery stores. they all feature a decent selection of local and imported fine foods. check out the neighborhood store at 2643 n downer ave. usinger \u2019 s 1030 n old world 3rd st, + 1 414 276 - 9105. m - sa 9am - 5pm. a famous sausage butcher located downtown on old world third street. the shop is decorated with murals featuring a rhyming german ferry tale and the products are high - quality. harley davidson motorcycles of course have several plants in and around milwaukee, and many more retail stores. notables include the house of harley on layton ave in greenfield, hal ' s harley in new berlin, wisconsin harley in oconomowoc, and many other dealers. bicycles from milwaukee bicycle, trek, schwinn, and other local builders are available in huge selection and often cheaper than elsewhere. koss sterophones, 4129 n port washington rd, + 1 414 964 - 5000. although they aren ' t actually made in milwaukee anymore, koss is still headquartered here. they have an odd little outlet store and customer service center ( bring in your broken koss headphones for a free replacement, they ' re all under lifetime warranty ). edit delind gallery of fine art, 450 e mason ( at the corner of mason and jefferson ), + 1 414 271 - 8525,. m - f 10am - 5 : 30pm, sa 10 : 30am - 4pm. at delind gallery of fine art you \u2019 ll find a continually changing collection of outstanding art, from the best local and regional talents to the internationally and historically known greats. on occasion, you may find original drawings by henri toulouse - lautrec, paintings and drawings by the pissarro family, a pastel by childe hassam, lithographs and etchings by pablo picasso and james a. m. whistler, drawings and posters by jules cheret and a large collection of vintage posters, barbizon, plein air and post impressionist paintings, lithographs and etchings by matisse, cezanne, rembrandt, bonnard and renoir and sculpture by frederick hart, dennis heimbach and the ever popular \" beasties \" by dennis pearson. edit with its immigrant heritage, milwaukee is a major restaurant city. good local restaurants serve almost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3955892957571463, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.558075"} {"text": "rembrandt, bonnard and renoir and sculpture by frederick hart, dennis heimbach and the ever popular \" beasties \" by dennis pearson. edit with its immigrant heritage, milwaukee is a major restaurant city. good local restaurants serve almost every kind of food imaginable, usually quite cheaply. different neighborhoods have different specialities when it comes to food. list of locations that milwaukeans selected as their favorites viewed here. old world third st along ( and just west of ) the milwaukee river provides a richer variety of restaurants and also many of the more upscale restaurants ( and clubs ) in town. traditional germanic and mediterranean foods are the highlights. milwaukee st, between wisconsin and wells sts., offers many trendy and top rated restaurants in the city as well as an upscale nightlife for the after dinner drink. the east side also has many nice restaurants, bakeries, and cafes. most places are clustered on farwell, north, or brady streets. the fifth ward and south side contain many different authentic and cheap mexican and latin american restaurants. bay view has a variety of different kinds of places, especially with regards to \" hip \" comfort food. apollo cafe, ( on brady st ). serves authentic greek food the whole family can enjoy. a variety of healthy yet tasty food, it ' ll make you wonder why these sorts of food aren ' t more popular. edit conejito ' s place, ( on 6th st just n of national ave ). the best place to eat mexican food on a budget in milwaukee is here. food and drinks are cheap and the atmosphere is one of the best in the city as far as mexican restaurants go. under $ 10. edit zaffiro ' s, 1724 n farwell. great old - fashioned pizza place that hasn ' t been changed in decades. has a bar, too. under $ 10. edit george webb ' s, ( a number of different places, including old world 3rd st, and the east side ). most 24 hrs. a scuzzy, cheap local diner chain, known for the two clocks next to each other in each restaurant ( usually unsynchronized ). the food isn ' t great, but its unbelieveably cheap and the mix of people is usually an experience in itself. the greenish chicken - flavored soup is strangely popular. under $ 10. edit the majority of mid - range, non - chain places within downtown are located on milwaukee street or near cathedral square east of the river. on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42152336899237636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.559112"} {"text": "an experience in itself. the greenish chicken - flavored soup is strangely popular. under $ 10. edit the majority of mid - range, non - chain places within downtown are located on milwaukee street or near cathedral square east of the river. on the east side, you can head over to the intersection of north and farwell avenues, where you ' ll find local favorites like beans & barley ( healthy / organic ), pizza man ( burned to the ground in early 2010 ), von trier ' s ( german ), the bbc ( bar & grill ), and the twisted fork ( pasta ). louisa ' s is also a great italian restaurant. comet cafe, ( n of brady st on farwell ). try the cheesy tomato sandwich. edit a bit farther up oakland ave near locust street ( near the uw - milwaukee campus ), you ' ll find an exciting variety of restaurants including the oakland trattoria ( mediterranean ), sharazad ( middle eastern ), lula ' s cafe ( east african ), thai kitchen, and oakland gyros ( greek ). the third ward has a number of different places, some with river - side seating in the summer ( such as the milwaukee ale house on water street ). coquette cafe on milwaukee street is the owned by the same chef as the critically acclaimed sanford. kinnickinnic avenue in bay view is also lined with different places, including local favorite lulu ( at howell ), and honeypie ( midwestern comfort food with locally sourced ingredients ). national avenue around 6th street has a number of different mexican restaurants, although they can also be found throughout the entire south side. the safe house, 779 n front st ( just s of 150 e wells st ), + 1 414 271 - 2007,. an elaborate spy themed restaurant that is infamous for requiring a password to enter. you enter through an alley, and can gain access even without the password, but you will be required to act silly to convince them to allow entrance. once inside you will find a great spy museum including numerous gadgets and displays. as you eat you will be able to watch video monitors of other patrons acting silly to gain entrance, just as you did. edit mader ' s restaurant, 1041 n old world 3rd st ( on old - world third ), + 1 414 271 - 3377,. m - th 11 : 30am - 9pm, f sa 11 : 30am - 10pm, su 11am - 9pm. provides traditional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.434478576061826, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.560114"} {"text": "st ( on old - world third ), + 1 414 271 - 3377,. m - th 11 : 30am - 9pm, f sa 11 : 30am - 10pm, su 11am - 9pm. provides traditional german cuisine in a fancy, historic atmosphere. edit mimma ' s cafe, 1307 e brady st ( on brady st ), + 1 414 271 - 7337 ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ),. serves a sometimes americanized version of italian cuisine alongside authentic recipes. the atmosphere is lovely - a bit formal, yet warm. in addition to every pasta you can imagine it comes with an excellent array of wines, albeit expensive. edit mo ' s a place for steaks, 720 n plankinton ave, + 1 414 272 - 0720 ( fax : + 1 414 272 - 2714 ),. m - f 5pm - 11pm, sa 5pm - midnight, su special appt ( lounge until 1am ). one of three national locations, the others being in houston and indianapolis. edit sanford, 1547 n jackson st ( on jackson st ), + 1 414 276 - 9608 ( fax : + 1 414 278 - 8509 ),. m - th 5 : 30pm - 9pm, f sa 5pm - 10pm, closed su. zagat - rated in the top 11 restaurants in the u. s. with a near perfect score of 29. it is the only restaurant in the state to achieve that honor and is widely considered to be the top restaurant in milwaukee. edit part of milwaukee \u2019 s food culture is high expectations and hard - set habits when it comes to bread and sweets. eat your way through milwaukee immigrant history, without even having a meal. peter sciortino ' s bakery, 1101 e brady ( brady at humboldt, bus 10 or 15 ), + 1 414 272 - 4623. a milwaukee classic for italian bread and macaroons. also check out the italian grocery glorioso \u2019 s, kitty - corner. edit bella bakery, 960 w oklahoma ave. the best polish place, seems closed for now. there are a couple polish delis in the neighborhood with stuff from chicago, though. edit canfora, 1100 e oklahoma ave, + 1 414 486 - 7747. a relic of one of milwaukee \u2019 s original italian neighborhoods. this was the sort of place the italian communists and anarchists probably", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40245801224282474, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.560959"} {"text": "chicago, though. edit canfora, 1100 e oklahoma ave, + 1 414 486 - 7747. a relic of one of milwaukee \u2019 s original italian neighborhoods. this was the sort of place the italian communists and anarchists probably fought over, back in the day. edit lopez, 1601 w lincoln ave, 1100 w mitchell st, 624 w national ave. there are three south side locations of this popular local mexican chain. good stuff. edit mekato \u2019 s, 3500 w national ave, + 1 414 383 - 2233. columbian bakery? of course, this is milwaukee. it \u2019 s also a cafe - restaurant. edit of course the largest city in america \u2019 s dairyland has perfected its own style of turning milk into frozen enjoyment. custard is not - your - daddy \u2019 s soft - serve. its thick - made fresh with egg yolks and lots of cream so there are only a few flavor choices : vanilla, flavor of the day, and maybe chocolate. oh, and don \u2019 t call it ice cream. leon \u2019 s, 3131 s 27th st, + 1 414 383 - 1784. a great neon - covered drive - up. its not chain, they keep things focused on the custard, shakes and malts. a cone is only $ 1. 25! edit northpoint, 2272 n lincoln memorial dr. right at bradford beach. it \u2019 s a relative newcomer, but has made a name for itself. edit kitt \u2019 s, 7000 w capitol dr, + 1 414 461 - 1400. a nice retro drive - in on the westside. edit milwaukee has a strong culture with a large number of unique local places despite the onslaught of starbucks. some are open late, until midnight or so. fuel, 818 e center st, + 1 414 374 - 3835,. m - f 7am - 10pm, sa - su 8am - 10pm. a riverwest hipster - biker cafe that used to be a homeless hangout, gone artsy. decent simple food ( vegan friendly ) and good coffee. edit comet, 1947 n farwell ave, + 1 414 273 - 7677,. m - th 10 : 30am - 2am, f 10 : 30am - 2 : 30am, sa 9am - 2 : 30am, su 9am - 2am ( food service ends at 10pm nightly ). another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40395924888924584, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.562747"} {"text": ",. m - th 10 : 30am - 2am, f 10 : 30am - 2 : 30am, sa 9am - 2 : 30am, su 9am - 2am ( food service ends at 10pm nightly ). another cafe that used to be a homeless friendly, gone artsy and grown into a full bar and restaurant. the menu is very vegan - friendly. on the east side between brady and north. edit brewing grounds for change, 2008 n farwell ave, + 1 414 273 - 9777. 11am - 11 : 30pm daily. an non - pretentious collectively run cafe just down the street from comet. good service and lots of local knowledge and events. edit rochambo, 1317 e brady st, + 1 414 291 - 0095,. m - f 7am - midnight, sa 8am - midnight, su 9am - midnight. a popular down - to - earth teahouse in a great old house. spills out onto busy brady street during the summer. full drink selection as well. edit brewed cafe, 1208 e brady st, + 1 414 276 - 2739,. su - th 6 : 30am - 9pm, f - sa 7am - 9pm. another popular brady street cafe in an old storefront that had changed names a few times the past years. edit hifi, 2640 s kinnickinnic ave ( bus 15 ), + 1 414 486 - 0504,. m - f 7am - 10pm, sa 8am - 10pm, su 9am - 10pm. a great retro coffee shop in bayview. its cheap and they have beer and basic meals, too. edit anodyne, 2929 s kinnickinnic ave ( bus 15 ), + 1 414 489 - 0765,. m - f 6 : 30am - 9pm, sa - su 7 : 30am - 9pm. a great small local roaster in bayview, enjoy the coffee on - site. their coffee is also used at brewed on brady st. edit alterra, several cafes.,. the local roaster. huge variety and creativity, normally very fresh and carefully roasted. cafes in the 5th ward, downtown, east side and riverwest. also at the airport before security or in concourse c or d. edit stone creek, several cafes.,. the other roaster. also very good and with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3996591938752026, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.564779"} {"text": "carefully roasted. cafes in the 5th ward, downtown, east side and riverwest. also at the airport before security or in concourse c or d. edit stone creek, several cafes.,. the other roaster. also very good and with a wide variety of coffees and cafe locations including bay view and downtown. edit there ' s no shortage of night life in the brew city. milwaukeeans spend more ( per capita ) on entertainment than the citizenry of any other major american city, and you can bet that a good percentage of that entertainment is served in liquid form. despite the amount of money spent on it, drinking is still very cheap. expect to pay $ 4 for a decent local beer or import, $ 2 for a pabst, hamm ' s, old style or schlitz. read the specials boards, there are often great deals, for instance, a pint of a dark local micro - brew for $ 2 several places on thursday and many places have $ 1 pbr or old style. cover is only charged at some places with live music, bigger clubs, or if there is a special very cheap drink night. every bar can serve you mixed drinks, but wine is less popular. closing time is an early 2am during the week and 2 : 30am on friday and saturday. all retail alcohol sales stop at 9pm. with 957 licensed taverns its hard to go thirsty. there is a corner bar at least every few blocks, no matter where you are in milwaukee. plus there are several handfulls of licensed dance halls ( what kids call clubs and venues these days ), if you want to get your groove on. other popular nighttime activities include bowling ( black - light bowling at midnight ), movies, concerts, and theater. many of the main places to go out in milwaukee are concentrated in a few different areas, which are easy to walk around and bar - hop within. cabs are also easy to hail downtown and on the east side. downtown the biggest bar street is water st with a heavy drinking scene. across the river to the west is old world 3rd st with some german - inspired taverns and sports bars ( it ' s near the bradley center arena ). back across the river and up the hill to the east is milwaukee street, hosting a wide range of classier, more upscale small bars. the east side has two of the city ' s main bar areas : on brady street and on north ave between oakland and prospect. brady street is full of people outside during the summer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42066493216492373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.568084"} {"text": ", hosting a wide range of classier, more upscale small bars. the east side has two of the city ' s main bar areas : on brady street and on north ave between oakland and prospect. brady street is full of people outside during the summer and has a mix of different bars, cafes, and restaurants. wolski ' s, 1836 n pulaski,. from 2pm, sa - su from noon. famous neighborhood tavern in the historic district just north of brady. their \" i closed wolski ' s \" bumper stickers can be seen all over town. cheap. edit nomad, 1401 e brady,. small but very popular place. has big windows overlooking brady street. edit hi hat, 1701 n arlington,. from 3pm, sa - su from 10. popular bar / restaurant / lounge on the corner of brady and arlington. edit north avenue is a few blocks north of brady and is a very popular bar street, especially with the college crowd. there are a number of bars within a few blocks of each other on north and side streets. cans, 1815 e kenilworth,. busy can - themed bar popular with college kids. edit von trier, 2235 n farwell,. old german - themed milwaukee institution. has an outdoor beer garden facing onto north ave, and very cheesy german - themed exterior from the 40 ' s. edit the library club, 1905 e north,. fancy mainstream club and lounge under bean ' s and barley restaurant. edit riverwest houses several bars and venues reaching across the neighborhood. its a mix of diyers, hippies, and hipsters. a great place to easily experience the milwaukee neighborhood atmosphere. art bar, 722 e burleigh,. from 3pm, sa - su from 10am. happening local bar that attracts varied crowds. outside seating, fine to stop by in the afternoon for coffee or a drink. queer freindly. $ 2 + beers, $ 5 cocktails. edit bremen cafe, 901 e clarke,. daily. an old school corner bar that often has live music. $ 2 + beers, $ 5 cocktails. edit the polish falcon, 801 e clarke. a legendary law - less little bowling alley and bar. its real old milwaukee. $ 2 beers. edit the third ward has a number of places in old warehouses right on the river, several blocks south on water street from the main bar area, as well as on broadway one block east. places here tend to be a little", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4083276201728176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.570849"} {"text": ". $ 2 beers. edit the third ward has a number of places in old warehouses right on the river, several blocks south on water street from the main bar area, as well as on broadway one block east. places here tend to be a little more upscale and draw a yuppie / middle aged clientele. milwaukee ale house, 233 n water st, ( 414 ) 276 - 2337. 11am - close. milwaukee brewing company ' s brew pub serves their own selection of self - brewed beers. interior sports a bar and restaurant with high vaulted ceilings, in summer there ' s an expansive patio on the river walk with views of the city. edit the irish pub, 124 n water st, ( 414 ) 225 - 9400. 11am - close. this generically named pub is a staple of the third ward. it ' s the neighborhood bar for art students buying $ 2 pbr, but also a common destination for yuppies. lively bar on any night, and a busy patio in back - - weather permitting. edit the fifth ward / walker ' s point, just across the river and a few more blocks south, is the hub of gay nightlife but has some straight bars and latin - themed places too. there are a number of places, mainly along s 2nd st and national ave. there are also a few places south of the allen bradley plant ( with the huge clocktower ) on 2nd and 1st streets. la cage, 801 s 2nd. from 10pm. milwaukee ' s largest gay club. multiple floors. edit bay view to the south has many bars scattered throughout the neighborhood. kinnickinnic ave is lined with bars between bay and the lake parkway, and there ' s another cluster near the lake at russell and superior. there are lots of really old - school places here. if you ' re not staying here and are drinking, plan how to get back, as the last buses run at 2am and taxis are expensive if you are going further than downtown. palomino bar, 2941 s superior. great bay view hipster retro corner bar hangout. serves great fried vegan food. edit sugar maple, 441 e lincoln ave, ( 414 ) 481 - 2393,. 4pm to 2am. 60 american craft beers on tap. rated # 1 beer selection in milwaukee by the shepherd express. edit cactus club, 2496 s wentworth. live music venue and bar, mainly indie and punk. edit visitors to milwaukee find it easiest to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3968992365572468, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.573461"} {"text": "2am. 60 american craft beers on tap. rated # 1 beer selection in milwaukee by the shepherd express. edit cactus club, 2496 s wentworth. live music venue and bar, mainly indie and punk. edit visitors to milwaukee find it easiest to stay in or near downtown, where most of the city ' s hotels are located. milwaukee doesn ' t have any youth hostels, but the city has an array of hotels to meet most budgets. there is a small bed and breakfast district on the westside. cheap hotels can be found on the near south side as well as as the north side, the quality of these tends to reflect the average quality of life in the areas these are in, hence may not be up to the standards of relatively affluent travelers. more generic cheaper hotels are located outside the urban city. for instance, there is a strip of budget hotels on college ave near mitchell international airport. near most interstates you can also find chain hotels. there are several b & bs located in the concordia historic district on milwaukee ' s west side and near marquette university. these are great and historic late 19th century mansions that have been converted to outstanding bed and breakfast inns : manderley, 3026 w wells st, + 1 414 931 - 7597 ( email @ example. com ),. on the westside next to downtown in the bed and breakfast district. from $ 129. edit schuster mansion, 3209 w wells st, + 1 414 342 - 3210,. on the westside next to downtown in the bed and breakfast district. from $ 100. edit the brumder mansion, 3046 w wisconsin ave, + 1 414 342 - 9767 ( toll free : + 1 866 793 - 3676, brumder @ yahoo. com, fax : + 1 414 342 - 4772 ),. on the westside next to downtown in the bed and breakfast district. from $ 100. edit there are also some b & bs located elsewhere : crane house, 346 e wilson st, + 1 414 483 - 1512,. in bayview near the lake to the south. from $ 64. edit best western, 710 n old world 3rd,. in the heart of downtown. edit biller hotel, 725 n 22nd st, + 1 414 933 - 6000,. west of downtown. known to be far less than perfect in security, cleanliness, etc. edit days", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36535261870595215, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.576377"} {"text": ". in the heart of downtown. edit biller hotel, 725 n 22nd st, + 1 414 933 - 6000,. west of downtown. known to be far less than perfect in security, cleanliness, etc. edit days inn hotel of the arts, 1840 n 6th st, + 1 414 265 - 5629,. checkin : 3pm ; checkout : noon. north of downtown surrounded by transitional neighborhoods and well - established and intriguing public housing projects. discover concierge service and high speed internet. $ 65 - 95. edit econo lodge milwaukee airport hotel, 6541 s 13th st ( exit 319 off i - 94, e to 13th st, s on 13th ), + 1 414 764 - 2510,. checkin : 3pm ; checkout : 11am. one mile from the airport. free 24 - hour shuttle, long - term parking. $ 39 - 109. edit aloft milwaukee downtown,. on the milwaukee river. sleek new hotel. edit ambassador hotel milwaukee, 2308 w wisconsin ave,. on the westside, just west of marquette university and downtown on wisconsin ave. once infamous as the temporary residence of the serial killer jeffery dahmer, the ambassador was recently and painstakingly renovated to its former art deco glamor. milwaukee ' s most grand affordable hotel. premium cable, refrigerator, microwave and wi - fi included. edit amerisuites, airport - 200 w grange ave, west - 11777 w silver spring dr, + 1 414 744 - 3600 ( + 1 414 462 - 3500 ),. edit doubletree by hilton milwaukee downtown, 611 w. wisconsin avenue, 414 - 273 - 2950,. checkin : 3 : 00pm ; checkout : 12 : 00pm. downtown full - service hotel with complimentary wifi and laundry facilities, fitness center, business center, and seasonal sundeck. on - site dining : avenue bar & grilledit executive inn milwaukee, 2301 w wisconsin ave, + 1 414 342 - 8400 ( toll free : + 1 800 - 325 - 3535 ),. free internet. edit four points sheraton milwaukee airport, 8900 n kildeer ct, brown deer, + 1 414 355 - 8585,. edit hampton inn milwaukee, 176 w wisconsin ave, + 1 414 271 - 4656 ( toll free : + 1 888 271 - 4656 ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3536973259437267, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.579084"} {"text": "##er ct, brown deer, + 1 414 355 - 8585,. edit hampton inn milwaukee, 176 w wisconsin ave, + 1 414 271 - 4656 ( toll free : + 1 888 271 - 4656 ),. right on wisconsin ave in the heart of downtown. free internet, newspaper, breakfast. edit hilton milwaukee river, 4700 north port washington road, 414 - 962 - 6040,. checkin : 3 : 00pm ; checkout : 12 : 00pm. located approximately 10 minutes north of downtown milwaukee along i - 43 and the milwaukee river. free parking, free wifi, indoor pool, fitness center. on - site dining : the anchorage restaurantedit knickerbocker on the lake, 1028 e juneau ave, + 1 414 276 - 8500 ( firstname. lastname @ example. org, fax : + 1 414 276 - 3668 ),. checkin : 3pm ; checkout : noon. $ 100 - 200. edit wisco hotel group ' s milwaukee airport hospitality park, ( toll free : + 1 888 - 522 - wisc ),. four hotels ( candlewood suites, comfort suites milwaukee airport, fairfield inn & suites, and holiday inn express hotel & suites ) within 2 mi of the airport. park and fly packages. 24 - hr free shuttle. free wifi. edit hilton milwaukee city center, 509 w wisconsin ave, + 1 414 271 - 7250 ( toll free : + 1 800 - hiltons ),. an art deco tour - de - force built in 1927, a grand hotel of legendary proportions. it has ballrooms with vaulted ceilings, city views, and period fabrics. fully restored, with modern amenities. with 730 rooms in the heart of milwaukee ' s westown, the hilton is adjacent to the midwest express convention center. edit intercontinental milwaukee, 139 e kilbourn ave, + 1 414 276 - 8686 ( toll free : + 1 888 - ichotels, fax : + 1 414 276 - 8007 ),. in the heart of downtown. newly remodeled lobby with modern accents, guest rooms, restaurants, meeting and banquet rooms. great views of the milwaukee river, the bustling theater district, or nearby city hall. edit iron horse hotel, 500 w florida st, + 1 414 374 - iron ( toll free : + 1 888 - 543 - iron, email @ example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3865477957716289, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.581560"} {"text": "milwaukee river, the bustling theater district, or nearby city hall. edit iron horse hotel, 500 w florida st, + 1 414 374 - iron ( toll free : + 1 888 - 543 - iron, email @ example. com, fax : + 1 414 755 - 0084 ),. 100 - year - old warehouse in one of the last intact warehouse districts, transformed into a modern boutique hotel. between downtown, the vibrant restraunts and bars of the near south side and the happening fifth ward. across the impressive 6th street viaduct from the new harley - davidson museum. a one of a kind upscale hotel geared for business travelers and motorcycle enthusiasts alike. edit hotel metro, 411 e mason st, + 1 414 272 - 1937 ( toll free : + 1 877 - 638 - 7620 ),. a boutique hotel with deco accents. they offer a variety of different room types ( including luxury spa suites, pet - friendly suites, and meeting suites ), as well as amenities such as 24 - hr concierge and room service. a very central yet quiet location just blocks from the milwaukee and water street entertainment areas, downtown museums, the theater district, and the riverwalk. green certified. great rooftop garden / bar in summer. edit pfister hotel, 424 e wisconsin ave, + 1 414 273 - 8222 ( toll free : + 1 800 - 472 - 4403, firstname. lastname @ example. org ),. milwaukee ' s most famous and luxurious hotel, which has been serving visiting vips since 1893. blocks from all of downtown ' s most exciting attractions, including the art museum and the third ward. even if you can ' t afford to stay, it ' s worth your time to take a walk through the building and explore the spectacular lobby, or check out the museum ' s impressive art collection. edit milwaukee like all major american cities has a relatively high crime rate, but since most crime is concentrated in specific poorer areas the majority of the city is perfectly safe. though virtually all tourist destinations in and around milwaukee are safe and accessible during the day and night, common sense should always apply. like anywhere, it helps to be aware of your surroundings. like in most american cities, dangerous neighborhoods tend to be very run down. the areas of milwaukee along the lakeshore ( where most attractions are ) tend to be the safest. crime can happen anywhere ; don ' t let geographic stereotypes dictate your travels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4235446540088941, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.584166"} {"text": "most american cities, dangerous neighborhoods tend to be very run down. the areas of milwaukee along the lakeshore ( where most attractions are ) tend to be the safest. crime can happen anywhere ; don ' t let geographic stereotypes dictate your travels. the area bounded by i - 43 on the east, capitol dr on the north, north ave on the south and sherman blvd on the west contains some of the poorest areas of the city and is especially dangerous. the near south side also has serious gang - related crime problems but is fine during the day, especially along the main commercial streets. also, the suburbs of ozaukee, waukesha, and racine counties have a reputation for being politically and socially conservative. it ' s your best bet just to go with the flow here. if you are a lgbt visitor, displays of affection will turn heads in these areas. some suburbs are even more conservative than the rural parts of the state! milwaukee is not as socially liberal as madison, although people in milwaukee are overall tolerant of each other, even if many of the assorted social and ethnic groups tend to avoid each other. clique culture is big in the region and many people grew up together so don ' t be surprised to get an unfriendly reception from some people you meet being an outsider. dressing in a non - conservative manner here ( keeping up with fashion trends, v - necks, high fashion, etc. ) is generally frowned upon in southeast wisconsin and will get you some funny looks from locals so if this kind of attention bothers you then pack accordingly. the city is becoming more and more laid back. ten chimneys, s43 w31575 depot rd, genesee depot ( 30 mi w of milwaukee ), + 1 262 968 - 4110,. ten chimneys is the estate lovingly created by broadway legends alfred lunt and lynn fontanne. with no ropes and nothing under glass, guests are treated to a vip guided tour of a national historic landmark replete with original furnishings and overflowing with the romance of the 1930s and \u2019 40s. edit cedarburg is a well - known small town located 20 miles north of downtown milwaukee in ozaukee county. it ' s downtown is listed on the national register of historic places and is the spot of many popular festivals throughout the year. take i - 43 to well - marked cedarburg exits. this is a usable article. it has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. an adventurous person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4227399896533958, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.585847"} {"text": "difference between revisions of \" almora \" revision as of 06 : 29, 12 december 2008 almora is a hill station in uttarakhand state. almora was the seat of power of the chand dynasty who ruled the land of kumaon for almost one thousand years. an interesting fact about the discovery of almora is that unlike other hill stations, it was not discovered and developed by the british. the katyuri dynasty ruled the region around almora from the 9th century ad, till it made way for the chand dynasty. raja balo kalyan chand made almora as his new capital in 1560 ad, when he transferred his capital from champawat to almora. the chands occupied almora till the 19th century ad. the rivers kosi and suyal flow around almora providing a natural barrier. there is an interesting local legend about the discovery of almora. raja kalyan chand, the ruler of the chand dynasty was riding on the horseshoe shaped ridge in the pursuit of a prey. the hunted quarry protected its life by taking refuge behind the thick bushes of kilmora, a local wild barberry bush and revealed the place to the king. the story might not be corroborated by any literary or archaeological evidences but continues to be told by the locals. the gorkhas captured almora in 1790 ad and finally british took it over from the gorkhas after the gorkha wars of 1814 - 1815. jawaharlal nehru served a term of imprisonment in the jail at almora during the british rule. he had left behind an elaborate account of the pleasures of solitude and the varied moods of nature in his various letters written from this place to his daughter. almora, a town of about 60, 000, is situated in the kumaon mountains of the himalayas in eastern uttarakhand. most of the town is situated on a crescent shaped mountain ridge about 5 km long, and most of it is above 6, 000 feet. unlike shimla, ranikhet and nainital which were developed by the english, almora is a hill station totally developed by the kumaoni indians. the town itself is your usual crowded hilltown in northern india, but the natural beauty around is astounding. almora is also called a town of temples. situated in the centre of the town is the temple of goddess nanda devi. the mountain is visible from the nearby areas as well. almora is an agricultural base and also a trade centre. by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43528561334642135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.591166"} {"text": "almora is also called a town of temples. situated in the centre of the town is the temple of goddess nanda devi. the mountain is visible from the nearby areas as well. almora is an agricultural base and also a trade centre. by train the town is served by the kathgodam station, which is located 35 km away from the town. taxis charge rs 600 to almora. you can also share a cab at rs 125 per person. most hotels will arrange for a pick up on prior request, rs 700 - 1000. the station handles 46 express trains per week. bagh exp ( daily ) - dep. howrah 2145 arr. 0935 - 2 nights sampark kranti exp ( daily ) - dep. delhi jn 1600 arr. 2245 - 7 hours ranikhet exp ( daily ) - dep. delhi jn 2245 arr. 0500 - 1 night dehradun kathgodam exp ( wed, sun ) - dep. 2230 arr. 0725 - 1 night there are daily bus services from delhi. the buses leave from isbt anand vihar and are run by uttarakhand roadways. driving to almora takes 10 to 12 hours. from delhi, it ' s highway driving throughout. nh 24 connects delhi to rampur via hapur. at rampur, turn and head north on nh 87 all the way upto almora. en - route halts include the wonderland, rwy crossing, moradabad and the kaichi temple, kaichi. contrary to popular belief, flying into almora is the fastest way to reach the hill station. almora is served by pantnagar airport, located about 4 hours away. it is served only by jagson airlines. it is one of the least busy airports in the country, handling only 6 scheduled flights a week. ja 101 - dep. delhi 1315 arr. pantnagar 1415 ( mon, wed, fri ) ja 102 - dep. delhi 1445 arr. pantnagar 1545 ( mon, wed, fri ) fare - rs 2250 / $ 90 for adults, rs 1400 / $ 55 for children. taxi fare is around rs 1200 - 1500. chitai temple just 8 km from city, kasar devi to have a great look of city - a must visit place. walk the famous bazaar - still with glimpses of the old kumaouni culture woolen garments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3902835865015575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.592870"} {"text": "most active stories shots - health blog thu september 27, 2012 when doctors tell patients they shouldn ' t drive originally published on fri september 28, 2012 2 : 49 pm in ontario, doctors get paid $ 36. 25 each time they warn patients who might be unfit to drive and report them to the provincial transportation department. which conditions might pose hazards behind the wheel? there ' s a checklist on the ontario report form that offers some of the more common conditions, including alcohol dependence, seizures, dementia and uncontrolled narcolepsy. so does telling people they ' re not fit to drive help prevent accidents? it looks plausible, according to results of a study in the latest new england journal of medicine. researchers at sunnybrook health sciences centre found a 45 percent drop in the annual rate of accidents for patients after doctors warned them. the accident rate fell to about 2. 73 accidents annually per 1, 000 patients from 4. 76 annually during a three - year period before the warnings. there was a downside. the researchers found a significant uptick in treatment for depression in emergency rooms for patients after the warnings. patients ' visits to the doctors who warned them also fell off, suggesting the warning hurt the therapeutic relationship. the researchers were able to match medical and driving records and follow the patients for years. but the researchers didn ' t arrange for doctors to randomly give some people warnings and others none. that meant the researchers can ' t absolutely prove the warnings were responsible for the drop in accidents. still, the study concludes that \" the reduction in risk was immediate, substantial, and sustained.... \" and the observed decline in accidents was hard to explain otherwise. \" together, these data suggest that warning patients who are medically unfit to drive may reduce the risk of road crashes, \" they wrote. payment of doctors to warn and report unfit drivers increases the likelihood that will happen. but the study suggests the warnings were linked to a real increase in depression and harm to the doctor \u2013 patient relationship, the researchers concluded, while still not reducing driving risks to the same level as the population at large.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38657963504933585, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.599596"} {"text": "washington - if you ' re avoiding cozily snuggling up this valentine ' s day because of the flu, there may be bad news. keeping your distance may not be enough. scientists at the wake forest school of medicine found that someone sick with the flu can send infected particles flying as far as 6 feet. this is farther than previously thought. the new york times reports that researchers at the school looked at 94 sick people with flulike symptoms. as part of their research, they collected air samples after patients had coughed or sneezed. sixty - one of the six individuals tested positive for the flu and nearly half, 26 people, sent those particles into the air. the sickest fifth of patients released 32 times more of the virus than the rest. researchers found anyone within 6 feet was exposed. the results of the study were published in the journal of infestious diseases. wtop ' s del walters contributed to this report. follow @ wtop on twitter. \u00a9 2013 wtop. all rights reserved. meet the newest liligers - mom ' s a liger and dad ' s a lion. ( photos ) the pope invited a teen with down syndrome up to his car for a spin. what can happen to you when you don ' t get enough sleep. sage moonblood, pilot inspektor, diva thin muffin. the list goes on.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48249444095480376, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.608530"} {"text": "nanotech raises ' toxic sock ' alert the smell from your socks might not be the only toxic thing around, a us chemistry conference has heard. silver nanoparticles, used for years to kill bacteria and eliminate odours in socks, food containers, medical dressings and even teddy bears, might be a threat to the environment, according to new research. \" people might not even be aware they are buying these things, \" says troy benn, an environmental engineer at arizona state university. benn and his colleagues presented their findings this week at a meeting of the american chemical society. among an estimated 600 consumer products that contain nanomaterials, at least 20 % contain silver nanoparticles, the researchers say. the treated products can be effective as silver has odour - fighting and antibacterial properties. but little is known about how these particles affect waterways once they pass through laundry drains. to find out, the researchers bought six pairs of commercially available silver nanoparticle - treated socks. they soaked them in water and put them in a washing machine. after as little as one washing, virtually all the nanoparticles from two brands of the socks washed out. after four washings, two other brands lost just 1 % of the silver nanoparticles. that suggests to researchers that it is the manufacturing process of the socks, not the nanoparticles themselves, that cause the silver to disappear down the drain. the researchers tested waterways for two types of silver : nanoparticle silver, whose safety profile is unknown, and harmful ionic silver. they found both. ionic silver in waterways kills fish and other aquatic creates when it enters their gills, but is harmless to humans unless at high concentrations. the scientists raised concern about the overall level of silver, noting that the sludge and wastewater from the manufacturing plants is often sold to farms as fertiliser or dumped into waterways. increased silver concentrations could render bacteria used in water treatment plants less effective. silver concentrations could also pose its own risks. \" with increased silver in waste water it could become so concentrated with silver that it could be classified as a hazardous waste, \" says benn. a hazardous level would be as much as 20 times what their results suggest. the findings will be published in the journal environmental science and technology. like any other chemical? nanoparticles, silver or otherwise, should be treated like any other chemical, according to dr challa kumar, a nanotechnology researcher at louisiana state university. \" they could be dangerous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5008347550658256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.614439"} {"text": "by elliot mamet on june 23rd, 1972, president nixon signed title ix into law. nearly 40 years later, the passage of title ix is viewed as an unequivocal milestone in the struggle to protect, defend and expand civil liberties. as we celebrate title ix \u2019 s 40th birthday, it is worth reflecting on its significance, as well as on the challenges that lie ahead. title ix mandates that federally funded institutions may not exclude or discriminate from an educational program or activity on the basis of sex. the law leverages federal funds in order to require equal opportunity for men and women. there are exceptions to title ix ( like sororities or the boy scouts ), although in general, title ix has applied quite broadly and unilaterally to different institutions. through title ix, the doors have opened a little wider for equal opportunity in the united states. title ix shattered the stereotype that women are too \u201c fragile \u201d or \u201c weak \u201d to play sports, but title ix goes so much further than sports. by prohibiting discrimination based on non - conformity with gender stereotypes, title ix has been used as an effective tool for defending the civil rights and civil liberties of lgbt students. additionally, title ix prohibits discrimination and harassment based on students \u2019 gender identity, change of sex, and / or transgender status. yet even with these successes, enforcing title ix still has its challenges. one important concern for policymakers is applying title ix in a way that is conscious of the diversity of gender expression. in a society where gender and sexual orientation mean different things to different people, self - identifying as the normative \u201c male \u201d or \u201c female \u201d can be difficult. a sound approach to title ix regulation would prioritize meeting the needs of participants in a particular sport or program. federally funded institutions should allow students to participate in programs and sports based on the gender with which they identify, in a way that is conscious to individual needs. in this way, programs and activities could act as a safe space where program leaders are more sensitive to the diversity of gender expression. looking back at the past 40 years under title ix, it is clear that title ix has grown to reflect a fundamental mindset \u2014 that human institutions, whether the soccer team or a phd program \u2014 shouldn \u2019 t shut out certain categories of people a priori. if the declaration of independence and the emancipation proclamation mean anything at all to us today, surely they must be interpreted as another step on our quest to \u201c make declarations of freedom real, \u201d as martin luther king jr. said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48268588564501397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.620187"} {"text": "acute lymphocytic leukemia ( all ) is a fast - growing cancer of a type of white blood cells called lymphocytes. these cells are found in the bone marrow and other parts of the body. acute lymphocytic leukemia ( all ) occurs when the body produces a large number of immature lymphocytes. the cancer cells grow quickly and replace normal cells in the bone marrow. bone marrow is the soft tissue in the center of bones that helps form all blood cells. all prevents healthy blood cells from being made. life - threatening symptoms can occur. lumbar puncture ( spinal tap ) to check for leukemia cells in the spinal fluid tests are also done to look for changes in the dna inside the abnormal white cells. certain dna changes may determine what kind of treatment the person receives and the outlook. the first goal of treatment is to get blood counts back to normal. if this occurs and the bone marrow looks healthy under the microscope, the cancer is said to be in remission. chemotherapy is the first treatment tried with the goal of achieving complete remission. the person may need to stay in the hospital for chemotherapy. or it can be given at a clinic and the patient goes home afterward. chemotherapy is given into the veins ( by iv ) and sometimes next to the spine and brain. after remission, more treatment is needed to be cured. this treatment can include more chemotherapy or radiation to the brain. stem cell transplant from another person may also be done. further treatment depends on : age and health of the person type of leukemia cells, including the dna changes found how many courses of chemotherapy it took to achieve remission availability of donors for stem cell transplant you can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you not feel alone. those who respond to treatment right away tend to do better. most children with all can be cured. children often have a better outcome than adults. both leukemia itself and the treatment can lead to many problems such as bleeding, weight loss, and infections. calling your health care provider call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of all. you may reduce your risk of all by avoiding contact with certain toxins, radiation, and chemicals. jeha s, pui ch. clinical manifestations and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. in : hoffman r, benz ej jr, silberstein le, et al., eds. hematology : basic principles and practice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504833127002039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.623858"} {"text": "##i ch. clinical manifestations and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. in : hoffman r, benz ej jr, silberstein le, et al., eds. hematology : basic principles and practice. 6th ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier saunders ; 2012 : chap 64. national cancer institute : pdq adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment. bethesda, md : national cancer institute. date last modified 07 / 10 / 2012. available at http : / / www. cancer. gov / cancertopics / pdq / treatment / adultall / healthprofessional. accessed 01 / 03 / 2013. national cancer institute : pdq childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment. bethesda, md : national cancer institute. date last modified 11 / 01 / 2012. available at http : / / cancer. gov / cancertopics / pdq / treatment / childall / healthprofessional. accessed 01 / 03 / 2013. national comprehensive cancer network. nccn clinical practice guidelines in oncology : acute lymphoblastic leukemia. version 2. 2012. available at http : / / www. nccn. org / professionals / physician _ gls / pdf / all. pdf. accessed 01 / 03 / 2013. yi - bin chen, md, leukemia / bone marrow transplant program, massachusetts general hospital. also reviewed by a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., editorial team : david zieve, md, mha, bethanne blackman, stephanie slon, and nissi wang.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45268522146286405, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.624580"} {"text": "a better delivery system for chemotherapy drugs wednesday, may 30, 2012 tau researcher develops new antibodies to target and destroy cancer cells because cancer cells grow very quickly, chemotherapy is designed to target cells whose numbers grow rapidly. but this treatment comes with a heavy price \u2014 many healthy cells essential for body functions are also targeted and killed by the toxin. this dangerous side - effect has prompted researchers to seek better and more selective ways to kill cancer cells inside the body. prof. daniel wreschner of tel aviv university ' s department of cell research and immunology is now developing new antibodies \u2014 proteins produced by the immune system to fight infection \u2014 that bind to and kill off cancer cells exclusively. these antibodies, which target the cancer cells by binding to a protein called muc1, can be used as an efficient drug delivery method, depositing a parcel of toxins directly into the belly of the diseased cells. prof. wreschner ' s goal is to improve current methods of using antibodies to induce cancer cell death by utilizing different sub - regions in the muc1 protein itself, which he believes are a superior target. his method has been shown to produce antibodies with a better ability to bind to cancer cells, which may heighten the efficacy of the antibodies and the toxins attached to them in treating cancer. recently reported in the journal cancer research, this research was carried out in collaboration with ph. d. student edward pichinuk and undergraduate student lotem weiss in prof. wreschner ' s lab ; dr. nechama i. smorodinsky and prof. itai benhar of the department of molecular microbiology and biotechnology ; and dr. daniel b. rubinstein of the national institutes of health in the us. producing a stronger bond in the transition from normal to cancerous, cells go through specific changes, including differences in make - up of the proteins on the cell surface or membrane. muc1 is one of the proteins that are overproduced in many types of cancer, including breast and pancreatic cancers and leukemia. labs around the world are working on methods to use this protein in order to accurately identify, access, and destroy cancer cells. currently, researchers are developing antibodies that target the \" tandem repeat \" of the protein, a section that repeats itself many times and therefore acts as a large bull ' s eye for antibodies. but targeting this section has a crucial flaw. \" the tandem repeat is in the alpha section of the protein, \" explains prof. wreschner. \" this alpha section can detach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49026269332631967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.628425"} {"text": "and therefore acts as a large bull ' s eye for antibodies. but targeting this section has a crucial flaw. \" the tandem repeat is in the alpha section of the protein, \" explains prof. wreschner. \" this alpha section can detach from the cell and be ejected into the bloodstream. at that point, the antibodies will bind to the alpha section in the blood, diminishing their ability to bind to the cancer cell. \" but prof. wreschner is looking at muc1 from a fresh perspective. his team ' s objective is to produce antibodies that have a much higher ability to bind to the proteins on the cell membrane. to do so, he is targeting the sea domain of the protein, the \" junction \" which attaches it to the cell membrane. in the lab, this antibody has proven to have a high ability to bind to, enter, and then kill the diseased cell with its attached parcel of chemotherapy toxins. it is superior to antibodies already in use. addressing more cancer varieties prof. wreschner says that there is much more research and development to be done before the antibody is available as a treatment option. he is looking for funding partners in order to bring it to a clinical stage. while there are other fda - approved medications on the market that use these principles, including herceptin, used to treat breast cancer, and erbitux, a treatment for colorectal and head and neck cancer, the advantage to the new antibody is that muc1 is produced in a higher percentage of cancers. \" people who are not eligible to be treated by antibodies already on the market could, following more research and development, likely be eligible for this one, \" prof. wreschner adds. for more cancer research news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4724114498109054, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.629145"} {"text": "question and answer q. we discovered fire blight on one of our apple trees this summer. we cut all the branches with symptoms ( withered leaves and the crook at the end ) and burned them. we have seen no sign of any further damage. do we still need to spray next spring as directed by the product we bought from our local nursery? a. fireblight is a bacterial disease that affects over 70 members of the rose family ( rosaceae ), including ornamental and fruiting apples and pears. cultural practices can help prevent further spread of the disease. when removing diseased limbs, you should prune only in dry weather and make cuts at least 12 inches below the infection so that the cut is made in healthy tissue. these cuts should be delayed late enough into summer that the new growth has completed for the season. be sure to sterilize your pruning tools between cuts. delay any major pruning jobs until late winter while trees are dormant. there are some helpful photos and description of the symptoms at http : / / www. ppdl. purdue. edu / ppdl / weeklypics / weekly _ picture5 - 14 - 01 - 3. html. since your tree has a history of infection, you may want to apply a copper - based fungicide, such as bordeaux mix, before bud break next spring. there is an anti - bacterial product called streptomycin that can be applied while plants are in bloom, but one must be very judicious in its use so that the bacteria do not develop resistance. additional fungicides can be applied to prevent spread after bud break, as listed in purdue extension bulletin bp - 30, available online at http : / / www. extension. purdue. edu / extmedia / bp / bp - 30 - w. pdf. q. i hope you can help us with a problem we have with our evergreens. we noticed a brown cone - shaped form about an inch long covering our arborvitae and various pine trees. there appears to be a worm inside of each cone. the cone seems to be made of the greenery of the tree. there are hundreds of them covering the entire arborvitae. the trees have masses on one side. the trees look like they are dying as a result of this infestation. we sprayed the trees with sevin garden spray but it is unclear whether or not this will have any impact. what can we do to save our trees? a. that sounds like a perfect description", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42076897827796034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.636230"} {"text": "are dying as a result of this infestation. we sprayed the trees with sevin garden spray but it is unclear whether or not this will have any impact. what can we do to save our trees? a. that sounds like a perfect description of the common insect pest known as bagworm. as you ' ve described, the pest is a caterpillar that lives inside a spindle - shaped bag that it forms from pieces of foliage from the host tree. so heavy populations can cause serious defoliation, especially on young trees. handpicking the bags is a very effective control strategy for small populations of the pest and for plants that are easily reached from the ground or a short ladder ( do you know any neighborhood kids looking for a summer job? ) you can drop the bags into a bucket of sudsy water. for larger pest populations, an insecticide might be helpful, but it is too late to apply this year. the best time is around mid - june, just after the eggs have hatched into caterpillars. sevin ( carbaryl ) insecticide can be effective then, but there are other products that are less harmful to bees and other beneficial insects that are a better choice. you ' ll find further information about this pest, courtesy of the purdue entomology extension folks at http : / / www. ppdl. purdue. edu / ppdl / weeklypics / 7 - 29 - 02 - 1. html and in purdue extension bulletin e - 27 http : / / extension. entm. purdue. edu / publications / e - 27. pdf. q. i ' m having a problem with japanese beetles. i ' ve combated them on my roses and other plants with great success in previous years with a product for roses. unfortunately, this year they have attacked my cherry tree - - and this product is much too expensive for this application. our tree is large, about 20 feet tall, and probably 20 - 25 years old. in the two weeks we were on vacation this july, these beetles have eaten almost all of its leaves. those that are left ( 20 % ) are a much lighter green than those on my neighbor ' s cherry tree - - and the beetles have moved to her tree now. our tree ' s trunk also seems to sway in place when my husband or kids climb on it. is there any hope in saving this tree? what can i do to treat an infestation in the future and / or prevent it in the first place? ironically,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4260666995667738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.637312"} {"text": "trunk also seems to sway in place when my husband or kids climb on it. is there any hope in saving this tree? what can i do to treat an infestation in the future and / or prevent it in the first place? ironically, the beetles are leaving our apple trees alone, but have gone after a plum tree near the cherry. a. japanese beetles are a problem every year to some extent, but some years seem to have higher outbreaks than others and vary among geographic areas. there are over 300 different species of plants known to fall prey to the japanese beetle, but they seem to most favor linden, grape, corn silks, smartweed, flowers of all kinds and foliage of plants in the rose family, which includes cherry, apple, plum and peach. adults lay eggs that develop into grubs in mid - summer in lawns, gardens and other cultivated land where they will feed primarily on roots of grasses. they overwinter as grubs, emerging as beetles in mid - june. the adults can fly long distances up to 2 miles to feed on leafy plants and lay eggs and the cycle begins again. control strategies depend on which plants are primarily being damaged. if trying to control grub damage in the lawn, products should be applied just after the eggs hatch into grubs. if adult feeding is the problem, as in your case, the applications should be made to the foliage of the plants when the adults are active, typically twice during the peak adult flight period. some years you might be able to just handpick the beetles to keep the damage to a minimum, so by waiting to spray until the damage is beginning to become intolerable, you can minimize the use of pesticides. more information on the life cycle and control of japanese beetles can be found in purdue extension bulletin e - 75 http : / / extension. entm. purdue. edu / publications / e - 75. pdf.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4029117746868541, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.638318"} {"text": "understanding the differences between killed and modified - live vaccines can provide better protection from disease. dr. brian miller, professional services veterinarian, boehringer ingelheim vetmedica, inc. vaccination plays an integral role in keeping dairy herds healthy and productive, but despite having such a fundamental role, the function of the vaccines we choose is quite complex. understanding the differences between modified - live virus ( mlv ) vaccines and killed vaccines allows veterinarians and producers to use them properly and at appropriate times. let \u2019 s look at the definitions of these two categories. a modified - live vaccine contains a small quantity of bacteria or virus that has been altered, so that it is no longer capable of causing clinical disease, but is still capable of mimicking natural infection by replicating within the animal, creating an immune response and subsequent immunity. a killed vaccine, however, has been altered so the virus or bacteria is dead and cannot replicate. typically, killed vaccines contain large amounts of antigen and utilize adjuvant ( s ) to enhance the immune response. both modified - live and killed vaccines have a place on the dairy, and their function can be summed up in two words : robustness combined with safety when used on label, and safety respectively. a simplified description, perhaps, but these two words carry heavy meaning for vaccines. for example, a modified - live vaccine generally provides a more robust, long - lasting response, because the animal \" sees \" all the different stages of the replicating ( multiplying ) virus or bacteria. modified - live vaccines like express\u00ae fp 10 are commonly used in a dairy herd because they provide greater and longer - lasting immunity. a common concern when using modified - live vaccines is safety. express fp 10, when used according to label directions, is safe to use in pregnant cows provided they were vaccinated, according to label directions, with any express fp vaccine within the past 12 months. if you choose not to use a modified - live vaccine during pregnancy, a killed vaccine is an alternative choice. consult with your veterinarian regarding this decision. with killed vaccines like triangle\u00ae, we typically think of safety. modified - live vaccines should not be used in pregnant animals with an unknown vaccination history. when dealing with this type of situation, killed vaccine products are a safer choice. disadvantages of killed versus modified - live vaccines include a slower onset of immunity, shorter duration of immunity, the need for multiple doses to stimulate initial immunity, and unresolved issues regarding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4919559782691103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.642198"} {"text": "this type of situation, killed vaccine products are a safer choice. disadvantages of killed versus modified - live vaccines include a slower onset of immunity, shorter duration of immunity, the need for multiple doses to stimulate initial immunity, and unresolved issues regarding the robustness of the immune response following their use. there are regional differences when it comes to vaccine usage but many dairies use a core vaccine protocol that includes a 10 - way ( five - way viral and five - way lepto ) and a seven - or eight - way clostridial. while these two vaccines often serve as the foundation of a vaccine protocol, additional vaccines used might include protection against respiratory bacteria, salmonella or pink eye. to develop the most effective vaccine protocol utilizing both modified - live and killed vaccine products, work closely with your herd veterinarian. take compliance seriously, and remember to always follow label directions to optimize immunity in each animal, and provide greater overall immunity and protection for your dairy herd. regardless of mlv or killed vaccination preferences, boehringer ingelheim vetmedica, inc has the broad vaccine portfolio with proven protection to satisfy the needs that are most important to you and the success of your herd. for more information, visit www. bi - vetmedica. com / cattle. express and triangle are registered trademarks of boehringer ingelheim vetmedica, inc. \u00a92013 boehringer ingelheim vetmedica, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5047684597283142, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.642766"} {"text": "| approach april with a positive attitude | \" whether you think you can or whether you think you can \u2019 t, you \u2019 re right. \" \u2014 henry ford spring is a time of new beginnings for the farm and the soul. newborn livestock, freshly germinated seeds, the smell of warm earth and a stirring sermon can contribute greatly to a positive attitude. we might not be able to control the government, the high cost of fuel or the weather, but we can control our attitude and how we face challenges coming to us each day. for instance, instead of saying, \" i hate my job, \" try, \" i \u2019 m thankful to be among the employed. \" instead of saying, \" i \u2019 d rather be whipped with a hydraulic hose than to listen to those politicians argue in washington on the tv, \" we could say, \" i \u2019 m glad i live in a country that continues to be free. \" instead of saying, \" i won \u2019 t ever get caught up with all the work to be done, \" say, \" i \u2019 m blessed to be physically able to do this work. \" a little positive thinking can go a long way when it is combined with ingenuity. when we view challenges in a positive light, it is much easier to solve problems. this approach works well, whether we are designing a catch pen for cattle or looking for an ideal site for a ground blind when turkey hunting. get into the gourd the gourd is considered one of the oldest cultivated plants known to mankind. it served a useful purpose even before clay and stone pottery came on the scene. the gourd, once hollowed out and dried would last indefinitely and could be used as a reliable bowl or drinking container. anthropologists have even unearthed remains showing parts of gourds were used in primitive brain surgeries. gourd skins covered with a thin sheet of gold were placed under the skin to cover holes made in the skull after surgery according to anthropologist edith durham in her book, high albania. this may be where the expression, \" hey, you gourd - head! \" came from. indians would often make use of the gourds as well. they would drill a small hole in the gourd, fill it with seeds they intended to store, plug the hole with a corn cob and bury the gourd upside down in the dirt to keep pests out of the seeds. finally, they \u2019 ve been used for primitive banjos, drums, birdhouses, flotation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4520408140050932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.647547"} {"text": "store, plug the hole with a corn cob and bury the gourd upside down in the dirt to keep pests out of the seeds. finally, they \u2019 ve been used for primitive banjos, drums, birdhouses, flotation devices and canteens. it can take months for a gourd to dry completely, but it is worth the wait. once a hole is cut into the gourd and the insides are removed, this makes an ideal feed scoop for farm animals. a smaller gourd is ideal for feeding chickens and ducks, and a larger gourd is handy for hunting dogs or larger livestock. plant a few gourd vines this spring, and you \u2019 ll have plenty of handy containers. we had two genuine eastern wild turkeys, a hen and tom, living on the farm where i grew up in cleburne county. they came from eggs from an abandoned nest incubated by forestry personnel working in the national forest. as a young boy, i had been flogged many times by the tom when he caught me off guard. it \u2019 s like accidentally backing into an industrial fan with spurs. nonetheless, i learned the habits, diet and patterns of turkeys at an early age while watching this pair work their way across the pastures and woodlands around our farm. i love to hear world champion turkey hunters talking about the ideal range at which to shoot a gobbler. some will say once the gobbler is within 25 yards, squeeze the trigger on the shotgun. based on my youthful experiences with these turkeys, i know why that is. any closer and he might flog you. i \u2019 m joking of course, so don \u2019 t tell that to kids who are considering turkey hunting with an adult this spring. that wouldn \u2019 t be a bad marketing idea for the hunting industry, however. we have snake boots, so why not flog suits? after reading this article, many may scramble out to design a line of camouflage \" flog gear \" for turkey hunting. this spring, avoid the temptation to call too loud and too often when trying to entice a gobbler within range. if after a few simple yelps or purrs, you notice a gobbler headed your way, stop calling, and remain motionless and ready. use the john wayne philosophy for calling. he once said, \" talk low, talk slow and don \u2019 t talk too much. \" when calling, call low, call slow and don \u2019 t call too much.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3965413257360382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.648658"} {"text": "the changing workforce the growth in inequality in the united states over the past few decades has many sources. a significant one is the changes in the labor market. first, movement from a manufacturing economy to a service economy eliminated many decent paying jobs that didn \u2019 t require much education. unions systematically lost ground in part because of this trend and because of government efforts to curb their influence. now more and more workers ( even in manufacturing ) are temps : during the 1990s, employers were developing an insatiable appetite for short - term labor to cut costs and respond to fluctuating demand. in the early 1980s, employment in the \u201c temporary help services \u201d industry \u2014 which covers both temp workers and employees of the firms that supply them \u2014 stood in the several hundreds of thousands. now it \u2019 s 2. 5 million, a seven - fold increase in less than four decades. by 2020, the bls foresees more than 440, 000 new jobs in the sector. in the meantime, the temp craze has expanded from air - conditioned offices to warehouses and construction sites. in 1990, a year after labor ready was founded, clerical workers made up 42 percent of the temp workforce, with blue - collar workers comprising about 25 percent. by 2000, the numbers were flipped, a phenomenon driven by the outsourcing of american manufacturing jobs. in 1989, according to a forthcoming article in the industrial and labor relations review, only 1 in 43 manufacturing jobs were temporary. by 2006, 1 in 11 were. temporary jobs, are less safe, pay less, and don \u2019 t provide health insurance. the workers in those jobs won \u2019 t be able to give their kids the chances, that working class parents could a generation ago. this defies easy solutions but unless we come up with some, a permanent underclass will be a reality.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4547492544007169, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.652876"} {"text": "situated with commanding view of the mouth of the niagara river, fort niagara has stood guard over the area for over three hundred years. it remains some of the oldest buildings in the upstate new york area. it has survived two wars, one siege, and has changed hands five times over its service. today the old fort sits on state lands with sports fields and picnic areas that once served as prison camps and training grounds. the french established their first fort on the site in 1678, known then as fort conti served as an armed trading post and terminus of the niagara portage road. however a winter decimated the fort \u2019 s population and was eventually abandoned. the french returned and reestablished themselves in the area in 1687, and by 1688 the fort became the centre of the fur trade for the region. extensive construction expanded the fort as tensions between the french and british empires threatened to spill into north america. the seven - years war, or french - indian war as it was known as in north america came to the fort in 1759 when british forces laid siege, eventually forcing the surrender of the fort in july 26, 1759. under british control, the renamed fort niagara was expanded yet again. the fort continued to be held by the british through the american revolution and remained a loyalist stronghold, throughout the conflict. it served as a base of operations for butler \u2019 s rangers. the british continued to hold onto the fort even after the treaty of paris was signed. it was not until 1796 that the jay treaty forced the british to turn over the forts on the american side of the boarder. the united states army took control of the fort. a relation between the troops and officers between fort niagara, and its opposite, fort george was amicable, and often commanding officers would have dinner with their counterparts. that of course all stopped when war was declared in 1812, fort niagara and fort george and their various batteries along the river exchanging artillery fire. the most intense exchange between the two occurred prior to the battle of fort george in 1813 which saw the british forces driven from the niagara region. but in december of 1813, following the burning of newark ( niagara - on - the - lake ) and york ; fort niagara found itself under british attack and through a clever surprise attack saw the union jack once again flying over the fort. after the treaty of ghent was ratified in february of 1815 the british once again turned fort niagara over to the united states. however the age of masonry forts was at an end, modern weapons, and advanced in technology discovered through the bloody american civil war saw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3626780708981283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.657406"} {"text": "after the treaty of ghent was ratified in february of 1815 the british once again turned fort niagara over to the united states. however the age of masonry forts was at an end, modern weapons, and advanced in technology discovered through the bloody american civil war saw a much larger camp based military base expand around the old fort through the latter half of the 19th century and into the 20th century. the old french fort slowly deteriorated under the military. camp niagara served the united states army through the first world war and even the second world war. during the second world war a prisoner of war camp was situated on the property also. however the locals were interested in the fate of the french fort, by 1931 the colonial fort was starting to be restored, and the grounds open to the public, and the fort was fully restored by 1934. the army continued to operate camp niagara through the korean conflict and in 1963 dismantled the camp and turned the grounds over the civilian government as public land, fort niagara state park was opened to the public in 1965. the us coast guard however maintains a detachment at the fort, giving fort niagara the title of longest continuously occupied military bases in north america. today the fort is a national historic site and musuem and is open to the public, they also host a reenactment of the capture of the fort on the labour day long weekend. written with files from : guidebook to the historic sites of the war of 1812 second edition by gilbert collins \u2013 2006 the dundurn group publishers photos : pentax 645 \u2013 smc pentax a 645 35mm 1 : 3. 5 \u2013 kodak tri - x 400 ( 400tx ) dev : kodak hc - 110 dilution b 7 : 30 @ 20c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.37205847925250624, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.658279"} {"text": "first published by harpercollinsus in 1964, this classic children ' s novel has sold over 4 million copies and was awarded the new york times... show synopsis first published by harpercollinsus in 1964, this classic children ' s novel has sold over 4 million copies and was awarded the new york times outstanding book award. sixth - grader harriet attends school on the new york ' s upper east side along with her two best pals, sport, the jock, and janie, the mad scientist. after school every day, she takes her notebook and proceeds through her spy route. climbing on milk crates and hoisting herself up dumbwaiters, harriet observes the rich lady who never gets out of bed ; the man with twenty - five cats and the italian family who runs a grocery store. she writes brutally warts - and - all notes on them all. harriet ' s downfall is that she also writes down her thoughts about people she actually knows. after a game in the park when her notebook is knocked out of her hands and read by her classmates, harriet ' s deepest thoughts are revealed and she is quickly ostracised by all her classmates - - even the boy with the purple socks - - who form the spycatcher ' s club to punish her. after her parents find out what ' s happened, harriet receives a final, crushing blow. she is no longer allowed to take notes - - her parents, her teacher and even the cook search her every day for a contraband notebook. harriet ' s only consolation is the love and the wise advice of her nanny who manages to get her through this difficult period in her life. a classic in the us where it was first published and a major motion film from paramount, harriet the spy is a beloved book throughout the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4431985187670347, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.660206"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia the riding pony was developed in the united kingdom, and was such a success that it is now bred all over the world. they are excellent show ponies, and are classes based on the height and type, hunter classes, side - saddle and in hand classes. the breed is an extremely elegant animal, more like a small horse than a pony. it has a small head and small, neat ears. they are compact, with sloping shoulders and a narrow front. their feet are tough and they possess strong limbs. they are well - propotioned with comfortable gaits and free - flowing movement. the ponies are very calm and willing, making them great ponies for children. they are docile and kind, with an affectionate nature. there are three types : - the show pony : super - elegant minature show hack with pony features - the show hunter : similar to the show pony, but with more substance - the working hunter : stockier, and more workmanlike children ' s ponies in britain were mainly of the native breeds, and were used for riding and hunting. when pony classes began in the early 1920s, breeders began crossing welsh and dartmoor ponies with small thoroughbreds and arabians. from the 1930s into the 1950s, arabian blood was again introduced to improve stamina and refinement, which included one of the most influential sires, naseel. the result was an elegant, but small, animal that is now seen in the show ring. in 1893, the polo pony stud book was formed, encouraging the breeding of fine riding and polo ponies. by 1899, there were over 100 stallions and 600 mares registered, almost half of which were native ponies. the society chaged its name in 1903 to polo pony and riding pony stud book, and again in 1913 to the national pony society. over the years, the native breeds formed their own societies, and the nps became dedicated to the british riding pony. since 1994, foreign - bred ponies were placed on a separate register. in america, the pony of the americas developed in the 1950s, while in france, the poney francais de selle ( which was bred similarily to the british riding pony ) developed in the 1970s. the french version is more of a useful all - around pony club type, and less refined. since the 1950s, the riding pony has been exproted across the world. in britain, the nps runs many classes for riding ponies, but it is the british show", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48998101255075777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.662960"} {"text": "description : the tyndale 1526 new testament william tyndale believed the bible should be available in the vernacular \u2014 the common people \u2019 s speech. he famously declared, \u201c the boy that driveth the plough shall know more of the scripture than [ an educated man ]. \u201d though forbidden by the church to translate the new testament into english, tyndale \u2019 s determination resulted in its finally being printed in germany in 1526. smuggled into england, the tyndale new testament was a monumental success. the simple, direct language of many of its verses has resonated down the centuries. william tyndale \u2019 s legacy stems from his having translated the scriptures in a way that made the most of the emerging english tongue. bible collectors and anyone interested in the history of the english bible will treasure this unique \u2022 co - publication with the renowned british library \u2022 facsimile of one of only two complete copies from peter schoeffer \u2019 s 1526 printing, held in the british library \u2019 s collection \u2022 features clear, legible type and original, color illustrations \u2022 authoritative new introduction by david daniell ( emeritus professor of english language and literature at university college london ; founder and first chairman of the tyndale society ) select the \" details \" tab above for additional information. | more in this series... p = page edge color, r = red - letter use the search box above to look for additional formats and similar items.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41012808711479937, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.664841"} {"text": "> > environmental issues > > air pollution air pollution can be defined as the presence in the outdoor or indoor atmosphere of one or more gaseous or particulate contaminants in quantities, characteristics and duration such as to be injurious to human, plant or animal life or to property, or which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property. air pollution problems may vary greatly with the geography, demography and the socio - economic profile of a region, which will determine the source and emission rate of the pollutant. the climate and topography a region will influence the distribution and atmospheric processes of the pollutant and ultimately its effect on the environment and human health. - carbon dioxide ( co2 ) : carbon dioxide is not by definition an air pollutant but a natural component of the atmosphere. increasing emissions of co2 in the atmosphere over the past 100 years resulted in global warming by the following process : co2 is transparent to short - wave solar radiation but absorbs infrared radiation and traps it in the lower atmosphere. this phenomenon is known as the \" green house effect \". - carbon monoxide ( co ) : carbon monoxide is one of the most common and widely distributed air pollutants. there is evidence to suggest that global emissions of co have risen in line with the massive growth of motor vehicle numbers and mileage. concentrations inside motor cars often exceed those in the surrounding atmosphere. forest clearance, savanna burning and the oxidation of methane are the other sources of co. - sulphur dioxide ( so2 ) : man - made emissions include fossil fuel combustion, power plants and industries. natural emissions form from soil, plants, the burning of biomass, marine biogenic sea spray and volcanoes. - particulate matter : on a global scale particulate matter is one of the most prevailing atmospheric pollutant. natural sources include wind blown dust, sea spray, pollen, forest fires and volcanoes. the following are some of the natural and man - made emissions for the different particulate matter : - fine particulate matter ( up to 2 m ) : combustion, gas particles condensation and conversions mainly from from so2 and nox. - large particles ( 2 - 100 m ) : they are usually natural particles or industrial dust. - black elemental carbon particles : diesel vehicle emissions and coal use. - toxic trace metals in the particulate fraction : potentially toxic trace metals such as as, pb, cd and hg from metals melting and coal combustion. - lead in the particulate fraction :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5375760048729452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.670487"} {"text": "carbon particles : diesel vehicle emissions and coal use. - toxic trace metals in the particulate fraction : potentially toxic trace metals such as as, pb, cd and hg from metals melting and coal combustion. - lead in the particulate fraction : forms from using lead ( pb ) as an anti - knock petrol additive, paint pigment and in the manufacturing of batteries. - polynuclear ( polycyclic ) aromatic hydrocarbons ( pah ) : a large group of organic compounds with two or more benzene rings formed by pyrolytic processes resulting from incomplete combustion and are very often absorbed on to particulate matter. shipping, heavy industry, biomass burning, heating with coal are the other sources of man - made emissions. carbonization is the principle natural source. - hydrocarbons : petrol and diesel fuel consists of a large number of hydrocarbons. aromatic hydrocarbons are added to petrol to aid refining. in some countries large quantities of alcohol or ethanol are added to petrol which give rise to large numbers of volatile organic compounds ( vocs ). - nitrogen oxides ( nox ) : they are significant pollutants on both local and regional scale. nox emissions result from fossil fuel combustion and half of these man - made emissions are from mobile sources. natural production is from bacterial action in soils, lightning and forest fires. - photochemical smog : nitrogen oxide and other primary pollutants react under certain climatic conditions to form secondary pollutants such as no2, o3 and peroxyacyl nitrates ( pans ). these photochemical oxidants in combination with various organic compounds are referred to as \" photochemical smog \". most atmospheric pollutants pose a risk to human health. health effects vary according to the intensity and duration of exposure and health status of the population exposed. in recent years, a growing body of scientific evidence has indicated that indoor air can be more seriously polluted than outdoor air, even in cities with relatively poor air quality. people spend approximately 90 % of their time indoors, therefore it is likely that the risk to the health may be greater due to air pollution indoors. the most susceptible members are the very young, the elderly and the chronically ill who spends the longest periods indoors. it is now generally accepted that the increase in atmospheric co2 together with other green house gases, ch4, n2o, o3 and cfcs leads to an increase in average global temperature. this will alter global weather patterns, ocean currents with an expected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5509276284726757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.671636"} {"text": "the weighted scales : the world of an aborted rome the weighted scales discussion thread the weighted scales : the world of an aborted rome prologue : a blip in history part one : the rise of the rasna precious little is known about the rasna in their early times. most modern archaeologists agree that they were the descendants of anatolian colonizers, possibly escaping greek expansion. they were closely related to the rhaetians to the northeast, who are believed to have branched off as they moved further inland towards the alps. both seem to be related to, if not directly descended from, the villanovan culture of central italia. but surely, by the 7th century b. e. the rasna had not only become unique from the villanovans, but dominant over their entire domain. contact with greek merchants led to the rasna adopting and eventually creating their own alphabet. the early rasna, judging by the sophisticated and elaborate burials of their aristocracy, developed a city - state structure similar to the greeks, but unlike the greeks in their worship and deification of each city \u2019 s respective ruler. during the 6th century b. e. the rasna expanded both north and south. with the adoption of greek - style hoplite soldiers, they were able to gain considerable clout, and brought under their direct control everything between the padus and the tiber. the breadth of their influence grew beyond the apennine mountains to the north, and campania to the south. in campania, the rasna subjugated the oscans present there. the oscans, an italic group caught between the rasna north of them and the greeks in the south, could do little but pay homage to the might of the rasna. the rasna attributed much of their wealth to mining. within their lands were vast veins of iron and copper, extremely valuable minerals, which they mined, refined, crafted into anything from pottery to weaponry, and sold. they built rich cities, solidifying the king - worship already present, and allowing said kings to maintain order within their domains. cities such as cisra, veii, perusia, fufluna, velch, parma, mantua, adria, and roma, among others, grew and prospered with either rasna foundation, or rasna rule. the cities ruled by rasna formed a loose organization or confederacy very similar to those of the greeks and other archaic groups in the east. but the growing rasna monopoly over trade in the tyrrhenian and li", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4167663434241267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.992062"} {"text": "foundation, or rasna rule. the cities ruled by rasna formed a loose organization or confederacy very similar to those of the greeks and other archaic groups in the east. but the growing rasna monopoly over trade in the tyrrhenian and ligurian seas led to direct conflict with the greeks settled in the south of italia, as well as liguria and southern gaul, and the eastern coast of iberia. the phoceans, ionian greek colonizers ( founders of cities like massalia, neapolis, cumae, alalia, rhegion, siris, and leontani, amongst others ) became a stalwart enemy of the rasna. skirmishes and small naval conflicts followed. at this time, another group, whose ancestry also resided in the east, the punics of carthage, were growing in influence. the carthaginians had for a long time been rivals with the greeks, desiring control of maritime commerce for themselves. and as the old saying goes : my enemy \u2019 s enemy is my friend. so the carthaginians formed an alliance with the rasna, and together they fought the greeks. these were commercial wars, fought solely for the sake of wealth and control over trade routes. at the battle of allalia in 533 b. e. ( 540 b. c. ) off the coast of corsica, the joint carthaginian - rasna alliance confronted the phoceans. the greek fleet consisted of sixty pentekonters ( ships with forty - eight oars and two rudders ). the allied armada was twice as large, also comprised of pentekonters. the greek fleet was able to drive off the aggressors, but lost over two thirds of their force, and all surviving ships were severely damaged. the greeks, realizing that should their aggressors attack again that they would be powerless to stop them, evacuated corsica and sought refuge in rhegion. corsica came under the influence of the rasna, while sardinia fell into carthaginian hands. this would be the height of the rasna \u2019 s influence and control over italia. they continued to assault greek ships, and pushed for more control further south. but they could not hold that which they had gained. it was the beginning of the end for the rasna. rasna - what the ancient etruscans referred to themselves as. the dor immanu \u2019 el calendar correlates to seven years earlier than our own. example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4331247106122319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.993109"} {"text": "had gained. it was the beginning of the end for the rasna. rasna - what the ancient etruscans referred to themselves as. the dor immanu \u2019 el calendar correlates to seven years earlier than our own. example : otl 7 b. c. ( b. c. e. ) is equal to atl 1 a. e. the po river the etruscan name for caere the etruscan name for vulci prologue : a blip in history part two : down from the mountains during this age, there was but one group that defeated the rasna. while the exact dates remain unclear, it is believed that around 600 b. e. a massive wave of celts crossed the alps and settled in northern italia under the leadership of a gallic prince named bellovesus. much of what is described about how or why this horde of men came to italia is veiled in legend, myth, and lore. but as it goes : a great king named ambicatus once ruled gaul, centered around the bituriges, but in confederacy with the arverni, senones, aedui, ambarri, carnutes, and aulerci. under his reign, the people of gaul grew strong and prosperous. but the rich lands of gaul were so fertile, that the great masses of men proved increasingly difficult to reign over. so, the king took his sister \u2019 s sons, sigovesus and bellovesus, and had them take as many men as they wanted from any tribe so that no people could resist their advance. the brothers drew lots to determine which will go where, believing these omens of the gods. the omens declared that sigovesus was to take his men to the hercynian forest across the rhine, and bellovesus was to take his men across the mountains to italia. bellovesus nearly lead his men to their deaths, but received help from the greeks who settled in massalia around the same time. after receiving an omen from the gods, bellovesus then led his men through the pass in the alps inhabited by the taurini, a celtic - ligurian group who occupied the upper valley of the padus river. once he and his gauls arrived in italia, they defeated the rasna at the ticino river and settled in northern italia. bellovesus then founded the city of medhlan. however, the presence of the celtic insubres suggests that celts had occupied northern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4187402969705019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.994015"} {"text": ", one cannot discredit the success of the celtic war - machine, and not understand how a correlation in tribal society might be made. celtic nobles armed themselves with long - swords, varying in size from three feet long to the length of a man. earlier swords had defined points at the end, allowing for piercing as well as slashing, but later models had blunted tips, which meant the focus was placed more on slashing attacks. occasionally, such swords had artistic handles, such as a pommel crafted to resemble a human head or in the shape of a horse. celtic nobles wore armor, usually made from leather, while the richer nobles would wear ornate helmets made from either bronze or iron with crests and horns and inlays of gold or coral. chainmail, a celtic invention, was worn by the wealthiest of nobles. a chainmail suite would cover a man from his knees to his neck, and would allow greater mobility of the arms. also typical of celtic warfare is the battle chariot. a celtic chariot typically was a lightweight, two wheeled cart led by two yoked war - horses. most of the chariot would be made from wood, except for the iron tires and iron fittings to strengthen the hubs of said chariot. sometimes, metal rings were used to strengthen the joints of a chariot. though the celtic chariot may sound and look primitive at face value, especially when compared to the chariots used further east by the great empires of old, they were quite innovative. unlike most chariots in other parts of the world which had the platform directly attached to the axel, celtic chariots were unique in that they suspended the platform that a man stood on by ropes, in no way attached to the axel. this suspension not only made the ride more comfortable but also was easier to fight from because the as the chariot wheels would bump, the platform a man stood upon would not. celtic chariots would be manned in pairs : the charioteer, who stood in the front directing the horses, and the warrior, who would throw his spears from the chariot, and eventually jump off the chariot to fight on foot. the charioteer would then drive away and return to pick up the warrior, whether the warrior is victorious, wounded, or dead. celtic warriors rarely fought in formation. while anywhere from one hundred to one hundred thousand warriors might participate in any given celtic battle, they almost never used formation. instead, they trusted their brute strength and individual capability on the battlefield to overrun their enemy, surging over them like a tidal wave of shouting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45444732161099577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.996258"} {"text": "from one hundred to one hundred thousand warriors might participate in any given celtic battle, they almost never used formation. instead, they trusted their brute strength and individual capability on the battlefield to overrun their enemy, surging over them like a tidal wave of shouting, painted, and often - naked men. any form of military organization used by celts in battle was more influenced by where the warrior ( s ) were from and what kind of weapons they carried. charioteers and cavalry were usually grouped together, but those using horses were different than those with swords, axes, or spears, and those were different than archers or slingers. more important than formation and tactics to the celts was psychological warfare. being able to instill fear into their enemy was of great importance. before charging into battle, the celts would shout and trash - talk their enemy, all while banging their weapons against their shields. horns called carnyx were blown before battle, and huge low drums were beat to create a hellish sound as the army approached. this combined with many of such men being naked and tattooed was a fierce sight to behold. adding to this, many put lemon juice in their hair, which would make it spike up and turn gold in color. gauls in particular are noted for dying their hair platinum blonde and for growing long mustaches as a sign of manhood, similar to a lion \u2019 s mane. and the celts were not easy to defeat. honor was based on a man \u2019 s feats performed in battle, and if you retreated or surrendered in battle, you had no honor. celtic warriors would likely have fought to the last man. many warriors would commit suicide, and even kill their close relatives and loved ones, rather than be captured and sold into slavery. modern day otl marseille ; m\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 prologue : a blip in history part three : the rise of the latins in 502 b. e. ( 509 b. c. ) the latins, an italic group living along the southern banks of the tiber river, threw off direct rasna rule. the city of roma in particular came to the forefront, throwing out their rasna king tarquin the proud and founded an oligarchic republic. these latins, many of whom called themselves romans, became the bane of the rasna. these romans quickly began waging wars with their neighbors as well as founding alliances, and proving worth as soldiers as well as diplomats. tarquin, however, was not going to let his thrown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.413773391359632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.997208"} {"text": "called themselves romans, became the bane of the rasna. these romans quickly began waging wars with their neighbors as well as founding alliances, and proving worth as soldiers as well as diplomats. tarquin, however, was not going to let his thrown simply go. gathering support from the rasna cities of tarquinii and veii, he met the romans at the battle of the arsian forest. the battle concluded with the veientes \u2019 line breaking to the romans, exposing the right flank of tarquin \u2019 s army. the rasna were forced to retreat, and the romans claimed victory. but still, tarquin would not give up. he then went to the city of cevsin, a very powerful rasna city, and sought aid from the king pursenas. king pursenas led his army to roma, and the romans feared him at his approach. it is said that the romans went so far as to destroy bridges their own men fought upon to halt the rasna surge across the river. pursenas then determined that the best course of action would be to blockade the city. he sent raiding parties to the surrounding countryside, and blocked all river commerce. an assassination attempt by the romans was made upon pursenas in the night, but instead the king \u2019 s secretary was slain. pursenas grew to admire the romans \u2019 bravery, and eventually offered peace. his request to restore tarquin onto his thrown was denied, but the romans returned the lands they took from the city of veii. the romans made war with the aequi and the volsci under the leadership of a man named cincinnatus. this expanded their influence along the tiber river. war with the rasna ignited again and again between the two forces. the disunified rasna usually were unable to work together in an effort to defeat the romans, but on occasion they would, and the romans feared such unified armies, for on several occasions roman armies had been shattered by unified rasna forces. the rasna city of veii, closest in proximity and a competitor for control of the tiber, became roma \u2019 s nemesis. the rasna of veii would raid almost constantly, but refuse open battle with roman legions. the romans now fought on two fronts, with veii in the north, and the aequi and volsci in the east. the roman fabii tribe attempted to rebuff the raids made by veii. three hundred and six fabii with their clients made camp along the river cremera near veii.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3982668600193627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.998272"} {"text": "the aequi and volsci in the east. the roman fabii tribe attempted to rebuff the raids made by veii. three hundred and six fabii with their clients made camp along the river cremera near veii. the fabii initially were successful in halting veientes raids, and won several battles against them. a truce was made between roma and veii, but the fabii broke the truce. the veientes continued to raid, but were time and again defeated, so much so, that fabii began to raid the countryside around veii. the veientes, frustrated with these hoplites, laid a trap, scattering a herd as bait. the fabii took the bait, and chased after the herd, but soon were surrounded by rasna. the fabii formed into a wedge and were able to push through and regrouped on a nearby hill, where they were able to repulse the rasna, until hoplites from veii came at them from behind, and slaughtered them. no roman survived the battle of cremera. while the romans slowly expanded through latin lands, the rasna remained the dominant force in the region. but everything changed in 467 b. e. ( 474 b. c. ) in the bay of neapolis. the etruscan name for clusium known by the romans as lars porsena prologue : a blip in history part four : the fall of the rasna historians generally agree that the undeniable turning point in rasna hegemony in northern italia occurred in 467 b. e. ( 474 b. c. ) at the battle of cumae. the rasna had for centuries been locked in a struggle with the greeks to the south. this struggle came to a head when the rasna sent a fleet to attack the euboan greek city of cumae near the city of neapolis. aristodemus, the tyrant ruler of cumae, allied with heiro i of syracuse met the rasna fleet in the bay of neapolis and defeated them. this battle brought to an end all southern expansion by the rasna, and ultimately brought about their demise. the rasna monopoly over the ligurian sea and tyrrhenian sea trade routes ended, but worse was still to come for the rasna. in 428 b. e. ( 435 b. c. ) the romans took the town of fidenes from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3815626141316776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:51.999588"} {"text": "the ligurian sea and tyrrhenian sea trade routes ended, but worse was still to come for the rasna. in 428 b. e. ( 435 b. c. ) the romans took the town of fidenes from the rasna at veii. they then colonized the town, and latinized it. in 389 b. e. ( 396 b. c. ) the city of veii fell to the romans and was sacked by them under their dictator camillus. the latins had been laying siege to the city for ten years, but to no avail. finally, they dug a tunnel beneath the city. when the moment was right, the romans camped outside the city assaulted the walls, seemingly recklessly. at that moment, the romans in the tunnel beneath the city emerged, apparently from beneath the temple of juno, and overran the city. camillus offered to spare all who surrendered their arms, and so the city of veii fell prostrate to the latins. but, unfortunately for camillus, this act of generosity earned him disfavor with the oligarchy in roma, and he was exiled shortly thereafter. alas, the rasna still lingered on, and remained powerful enough to be considered a threat to the romans regardless. but pressure was applied on their proverbial spine from another wave of invading gauls called senones around the year 393 b. e. ( 400 b. c. ) when they migrated into italia, through rasna lands, and finally settled along the adriatic coast of italia, ousting the umbrians living there as they did so. they made a small village known as sena, and made it their capital. indeed, when it broke in 384 b. e. ( 391 b. c. ) and the senones laid siege to the rasna city of clevsin, they had no one to turn to for help but the romans. naples. means literally in greek \u201c new city \u201d known today otl as senigallia the weighted scales : a world of an aborted rome apparently it ' s the best ancient tl of 2011. oh baby! the weighted scales : the world of an aborted rome chapter one : the reign of the senones part one : roman tension in 384 b. e. ( 391 b. c. ) brennos led the senones to lay siege to the mighty rasna city of clevsin, intending to negotiate land", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4246445361044344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.002146"} {"text": "fourth to last day of the karkinos in 380 b. e. ( 387 b. c. ) when the romans met the senones just north of the city of roma at a small tributary into the river tiber called allia. the romans, under quintus silpicius with approximately 24, 000 men in phalanx formation, were expecting to completely destroy the senones who approached their city with only half the number. it is uncertain exactly how the celts lead by brennos managed to not only come out of the battle victorious, but came out victorious after slaughtering the roman army and sustaining only minimal casualties. one popular theory is that the senone army comprised of veterans who had mostly been fighting their entire life, and who were larger, stronger, and completely superior to the romans in every way imaginable, instilled so much fear in the romans upon their charge, that the phalanx broke and the senones tore the roman army apart then and there. but this is inconsistent with fact. the romans army, too, was largely comprised of veterans who had fought not only the rasna to the north, but other italic and latin tribes to the east. the romans also were no cowards. one can assume based off their previous encounters with the senones in the mediation between the city of clevsin and brennos that the romans had some idea of what to expect. what is more likely to be the reason for the wholesale celtic victory can be found upon examination of most italic battle formations. the phalanx adopted by the italic tribes and the rasna certainly was not perfect. its main flaw was that the soldiers that comprised of it were not uniform. most italic armies that used the phalanx ( and the romans were no different ) required that each man be supplied with his own weapons. the wealthier, more heavily armored and well - armed hoplites made up the center, while the poorer and more poorly armed men made up the flanks. while this formation works well against others of its kind, it falls apart when matched against a more mobile army. what is most likely to have happened is that the senones rushed into the battle like any other celtic army of the time, but paid close attention to the weak points of the roman formation \u2014 the flanks. the senones likely fell upon the roman flanks like a hammer, beating them to the ground in pools of blood, and then surrounded the heavy hoplite center, where the wealthier romans were encircled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4052932017287134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.004528"} {"text": "the weak points of the roman formation \u2014 the flanks. the senones likely fell upon the roman flanks like a hammer, beating them to the ground in pools of blood, and then surrounded the heavy hoplite center, where the wealthier romans were encircled and butchered. unfortunately for the romans, most of their leaders and heads of their city would be found within the center, and so much of the roman leadership would be gone. this left the city practically defenseless. those who managed to escape were all from the flanks. those on the left ran for veii, while those on the right fled for roma. and the senones followed. upon arriving at the city, the senones ransacked everything. what was left of the roman military and leadership barricaded themselves in their acropolis. brennos laid siege to the city, now in a state of despair. the oligarchy met in the acropolis to discuss what to do. they decided to send a messenger to their former dictator marcus furius camillus, who had been in exile in a town over twenty miles away. the messenger climbed a cliff that the senones had neglected, and almost escaped with the message, but was caught just outside the city by a group of band of senones gathering a herd of roman cattle. the unnamed messenger was promptly killed, and his head brought to brennos with the note he bore. later, the senones discovered the cliff by which the man had climbed, and made a charge up it to the acropolis. the city was plundered, and brought to its knees. all but the capitol hill had been looted and sacked. but both sides needed the siege to end. while the romans were obviously being sacked and looted, the senones were having their own problems. not having buried the bodies in the streets, many of the senones began to come down with sickness and disease. also, brennos seems to be aware of the fact that his army was not fully prepared for siege, and could not sustain on much longer. so, both sides met to negotiate the terms of roman defeat. the romans agreed to pay one thousand pounds in gold to brennos and his celts as ransom for their city. but when the transaction was made, the romans objected, claiming that brennos \u2019 scales were weighed and not set to standard. at this, brennos took his sword, and placed it upon the scale, snarling : \u201c woe to the defeated! \u201d brennos demanded that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4126232162411409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.005449"} {"text": ", claiming that brennos \u2019 scales were weighed and not set to standard. at this, brennos took his sword, and placed it upon the scale, snarling : \u201c woe to the defeated! \u201d brennos demanded that the romans bring more gold, but they refused. one of the roman tribunes placed his sword on the scale and claimed : \u201c not gold, but steel! \u201d battle soon broke out in the streets. the senones, outnumbering the few armed romans left alive, overcame their adversaries, chasing them up the acropolis, until every man was slain, and every woman was handed out. only after taking all the wealth within the city did the senones leave roma, burning as a sign of fortunes to come for italia. the fourth to last day of cancer : july 18 \u201c the hilled city \u201d or as we would know it, capitoline hill here is the pod. otl, the messenger managed to sneak passed the senones, and inform camillus that he was assigned dictator of rom. camillus then rallied an army, and drove the senones out of latium after paying the ransom for the city. so that \u2019 s where the name of this tl came from! \u201c vae victis! \u201d this might very well have been the first recorded instance of sarcasm in the western mediterranean. camillus was reported to have said this upon his arrival to oust brennos from latium. however, ittl, some other fool says it, and it gets him killed. chapter one : reign of the senones part three : the foundations of sena located on the adriatic, the town the senones settled, which would later become a city to be known as sena had humble beginnings. originally the war encampment of brennos \u2019 senone horde on the mouth of the river misa, it would later become a major political center of italia in later decades. when brennos returned from his war with the romans, he came back to sena with all the riches of the burnt city. the women of the city were taken by the celtic soldiers and distributed as wives or servants. it is estimated that after the burning of roma, and the consequent rape of roman women, the senone population boomed into the next generation. roman workers and slaves had two options : enslavement under the senones, or sacrifice to the celtic gods. most chose slavery, and carried much of the rubble of roma across the ape", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40245106685637594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.006356"} {"text": ", the senone population boomed into the next generation. roman workers and slaves had two options : enslavement under the senones, or sacrifice to the celtic gods. most chose slavery, and carried much of the rubble of roma across the apennines to sena to help build the city. while brennos by no means had any plans of a grand city, he was pragmatic. from the stones of roman buildings, a defensive wall was built around sena. like many celtic cities of the period, sena was shaped in a fort - like foundation with the wealthiest parts of the city found at the center. but the city certainly had an italian flair with stone walls, and houses, though of celtic architecture, built from materials used in italian houses. in 378 b. e. ( 385 b. c. ) brennos officially declared himself the king of the sena. though the decision would seem obvious, several senone nobles challenged brennos for the right to the throne. two prominent contenders included the chieftains catugaesum and tarvos. rallying their men, the three chieftains quickly resorted to violence to validate their claim to the throne. catugaesum \u2019 s faction met brennos in battle that summer outside sena. the two forces, relatively small compared to the force sent to sack clevsin and roma, probably comprised of one thousand men on each side. catugaesum stood out in front of his army dressed in full celtic noble armor. his long mustache flowed in the wind as he shouted insults at brennos, called him a coward, the son of a swine and a whore, and insulted his masculinity. brennos responded by shouting back that catugaesum was the coward, not he, and that catugaesum could not pleasure a woman without having the shaft of a spear to assist him in penetrating. both sides beat their shields and blew their war - horns like wolves howling in the wind. battle quickly ensued. in the fray, brennos met catugaesum and the two fought. in the end, brennos came out victorious, hewing catagaesum in half with his sword. as was tradition, brennos claimed his enemy \u2019 s head and hung it from around the neck of his horse. while catugaesum \u2019 s doom is well documented, little is known about the fate of brennos \u2019 other rival for the throne, tarvos. sources are contradictory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3891081461189685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.007221"} {"text": "enemy \u2019 s head and hung it from around the neck of his horse. while catugaesum \u2019 s doom is well documented, little is known about the fate of brennos \u2019 other rival for the throne, tarvos. sources are contradictory, as some claim that brennos defeated him in a duel before both of their armies, while other sources claim that tarvos surrendered his claim to the throne in exchange for gold and land. regardless, it is certain that by the end of 377 b. e. ( 384 b. c. ) the senone chieftain brennos claimed the title of senonirix, king of sena. likely derived from the tribal name senone by other italic tribes names mean \u201c battle - spear \u201d and \u201c bull \u201d respectively. i must admit that both of these men are fictional, because so little is known about the senones of this period. not exactly classy or heroic, but the celts definitely knew how to make someone feel like shit before killing them. literally means king of the senones. at this period, the name the senones gave their city is unknown. the city would only later be known as sena. chapter one : reign of the senones part four : senonirix \u2019 s war after centralizing his command and officially claiming the title of senonirix brennos, the king brennos seemed to have recalled his reasons for settling down in italia to begin with. indeed, with the last major military power in northern italia laid low and out of the way, it appeared that the land was ripe for the taking. in the summer of 376 b. e. ( 383 b. c. ) the senone army marched into mexl rasnal and laid siege to perusia, a rasna city near the head of the tiber river. senonirix brennos demanded that perusia pay him tribute and give the senones its rich farmlands, or else see its doom. initially, the king of perusia refused, and attempted to fight off the senones. he led the rasna elite hoplites out to meet the senones, their armor glistening in the summer sun. the senones yelled and cried intimidating. senonirix brennos lead the charge, riding a chariot adorned with the heads of his fallen enemies. they bumped and pounded, dried hair twirling like flags of death, against the sides of his chariot. his long mustache blew in the wind as his driver brought him closer to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43128921407828547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.008379"} {"text": "charge, riding a chariot adorned with the heads of his fallen enemies. they bumped and pounded, dried hair twirling like flags of death, against the sides of his chariot. his long mustache blew in the wind as his driver brought him closer to the phalanx line. his grey eyes narrowed as he grabbed his javelin, and at just the last second, he launched the weapon into the rasna line. just as his chariot turned, he saw the spear meat its mark. behind him, two thousand champions on chariots did likewise, riding forward at full speed, and launching their javelins just at the last moment before pulling back. with the line weakened, the footmen, far behind the swift charioteers, cut through the perusians like a blade through tender flesh. the rasna were slow, cumbersome, and rigid. the senones were fast, agile, and fluid. like a tidal wave, the men painted blue bore down, rushing through the golden fields and pastures. said fields and pastures soon turned scarlet from the rage of battle borne. when the senone footmen broke through the perusian line, tearing through the phalanx like wolves amongst the flock, the senone champions dismounted from their chariots and rushed to join them. glory in war, amongst all things, was what the senones wanted. indeed, the rich lands and the wealthy city were excellent boons for such a war, but the average man who not only ran, but made a mad dash in nothing but his skin, hair standing on end in rigid lemon - dried spikes, body painted blue, heart pounding like the deep drums and voice shouting like the battle - horns in the distance \u2014 yes, it was all for glory that they ran into the fray and carnage. the perusian center crumbled, the phalanx falling in on itself like a demolished building. rasna fought as best as they could, but with their long spears, they could not fight effectively in such close combat. many men dropped their spears entirely in preference for knives as weapons. some perusians did without their arms entirely, and fought the senones with nothing more than their fists for weapons. however, nothing they could do would hold back the waves of senones, crashing down harder and harder. the rasna quickly fled back into the walls of their city and barricaded the gates. the senones camped outside perusia for a month until the perusian king conceded and paid the senones seven hundred pounds of gold, a hundred cows,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42867467745177423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.009372"} {"text": "the rasna quickly fled back into the walls of their city and barricaded the gates. the senones camped outside perusia for a month until the perusian king conceded and paid the senones seven hundred pounds of gold, a hundred cows, and three hundred sheep, and that was merely the compensation for the lost senone warriors. the farmlands around the city were handed over to senonirix brennos, and perusian itself was forced to pay an annual tribute of two hundred pounds of gold and four hundred pounds of silver, or else forfeit its sovereignty. the next year, senonirix brennos launched yet another campaign into rasna lands, this time for his old target of clevsin. the city was laid under siege once again, reminiscent of its ordeal with the senones in 384 b. e. ( 391 b. c. ). however, nine years later in 375 b. e. ( 382 b. c. ) the city had no romans to save it from its grim fate. the next spring, clevsin fell, and the senones not only sacked it, pouring through the gates and ransacking the city, but set it ablaze when they were done. it is unknown how or why. in fact, it seems counter - productive to the senones who had initially wished to make clevsin their new home and to replace sena as the capital of brennos \u2019 new kingdom. there are several stories about how the burning of clevsin occurred. the first, and most famous, is that the rasna king of clevsin lauxum insulted senonirix brennos by spitting in his face as brennos broke into his palace. brennos then took off lauxum \u2019 s head, claiming it as a trophy, and said : \u201c let his body be set afire with the rest of his palace, so that all shall know that senonirix has slain lauxum at last. \u201d however, when his servants set the palace on fire, a wind came in from the north, and blew the flames into the city. the senones quickly escaped while the fire grew out of control and devoured the city. another story is that lauxum himself set his palace on fire as brennos and his men approached. a rasna source claims he grabbed a lamp filled with oil and shouted to the gods : \u201c no barbarian shall have me or my city! clevsin will burn before being in the hands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.365929304670744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.010271"} {"text": "palace on fire as brennos and his men approached. a rasna source claims he grabbed a lamp filled with oil and shouted to the gods : \u201c no barbarian shall have me or my city! clevsin will burn before being in the hands of outsiders! but my city will rise again from ash like the phoenix, and rain down justice upon the senones! \u201d and with that, lauxum poured the oil onto his skin, and set himself, his family, and his servants on fire, sacrificing his city to spite senonirix brennos. both stories hold credence, but both resulted in the same end. clevsin burned to the ground, and the senones returned to sena with all the riches of the city in tow. it was the beginning of a new age for italia, one that would lead to more war, more bloodshed, and perhaps more myth than truth in the shadowy depths of the past. what the etruscans called etruria. according to later historians, senonirix brennos was described as having grey eyes, although it is unknown if this is true. some historians debate if this was little flair added by the greeks who later settled italia as a nod to athena and her legendary grey eyes. while realistically this image does not hold as true as the poets of old would like, there is some merit to it. the senones, and celtic warriors in general, were very driven by personal honor as well as the greed that drives all men to war. probably not his real name. lauxum is etruscan for king or prince, so it is likely that this was documented as his name when in fact it was his title. the story is discredited by most modern historians because of this phrase. it was just a tad to prophetic for most historians to take seriously. while the possibility that the city was set on fire by the king is just as possible that brennos did it, this quote is thought to have been added to the story later. chapter one : reign of the senones part five : the rotting corpse historians note the lack of rasna literature and documentation during this time period. almost all of what is known comes either from the greeks to the far south, or from histories written a century later by the latin peoples who would later don the name of the etruscans. while in previous centuries, rasna documentation was uncommonly complete, even during their spat with the latin romans, but suddenly with the rise of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4106548910235972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.011283"} {"text": "from histories written a century later by the latin peoples who would later don the name of the etruscans. while in previous centuries, rasna documentation was uncommonly complete, even during their spat with the latin romans, but suddenly with the rise of the senones to their direct east, and increasingly powerful hand in the affairs of mexl rasnal, the mysteriously rasna suddenly stopped writing. the most commonly accepted theory is that during this time where rasna cities were sacked ( and in the case of clevsin, burned ) almost yearly by this new and hyper - militant enemy, the educated classes of rasna suffered. either their fortunes were lost and less people could afford to buy or make materials to write with, or the senones slaughtered them upon reaching the more affluent parts of whichever city they sacked that year. the senones were not keen on burning script. in most celtic cultures, script was holy and only the druids could write ( both by law and ability ). it seems unlikely that the senones would intentionally burn any literature they found. this appears obvious when one looks at the historical record of events before the rise of sena as a power in italia left intact. but with the death of rasna literature, so it seemed the language itself was declining at a quickening speed. make no mistake ; it is easy for history books to discount the destructive force a raiding army can have upon a city and a civilization at large. it is estimated that the senones managed to cut rasna populations in half, while their population remained constant, if not increasing along the coast of the adriatic. the city of veii was already mostly latinized by the time the senones sacked and destroyed roma. in fact, after roma was left a burning rubble along the tiber, most of the survivors fled and settled in veii. this marked a growing trend of latins moving north into the devastated rasna cities and settling them. by 358 b. e. ( 365 b. c. ) it is believed that the population of native rasna speakers had dwindled down to as little as a quarter of what it once had in its heartland along the tiber with the continued senone military presence in the region and the latin population moving in. however, in the rasna cities further north, like mantua, felsina, spica, atria, and further west, like fufluna, felathri, and vetluna, rasna remained the majority language and ethnicity, mostly untouched by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3915689642499783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.012418"} {"text": "in and out of mexl rasnal without an utterance of contestation. the fortress stood at the top of a hill with two fortified stone walls surrounding it. the outer wall surrounded the city as well as the necropolis on usilpes, a hill adjacent to the city. the inner wall surrounded the acropolis, where the palace and public - square were. on the eastern side, the wall gave way to a steep cliff. outside the city, rasna farmers and peasants scurried about in their fields. senonirix brennos stood in his chariot, eyes fixed on the glimmering city in the distance. the sun had just come up behind him and his army. this would be the last massive battle his people would need to secure their territory in central italia. if arretium fell, the rest would crumble like dust. the senones would wash over the countryside like a great flood. behind him, he had assembled every man capable of bearing arms within his territory. senones, umbrii, piceni, and even some rasna filled his ranks, armed with whatever they had. he had hired five thousand insubre mercenaries, and two thousand latin hoplites. in all, the senonirix had mustered almost fifty thousand men, with a strong twenty thousand senone core. he thought to himself that any enemy would be a fool to dare contest such a horde. the senonirix placed his horned helmet atop his head. his body was draped in a coat of chainmail, and he was armed to the teeth. brennos said to his chariot driver : \u201c delgu marusego senoni pa dunum. eimu! \u201d the chariot driver nodded, and brought the horses to a run. brennos lifted his spear and let out a terrifying roar as his dyed hair whipped in the wind and his long mustache pulled back over his face. the heads of his enemies clanged against each other as the hung on the necks of his horses and the sides of his chariot. his war cry was followed by the booming sound of an entire army \u2019 s voices. the war - horns wailed balefully, and the low drums pounded, almost as loud as the thunderous pounding of hooves against the earth. the rasna peasants outside arretium, as if by instinct, dropped whatever they were doing, and made a mad dash for the city gates. some vainly attempted to hustle their herds of sheep and cattle into the city before the senones came", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42238274568368894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.014779"} {"text": "rasna peasants outside arretium, as if by instinct, dropped whatever they were doing, and made a mad dash for the city gates. some vainly attempted to hustle their herds of sheep and cattle into the city before the senones came down on them. brennos \u2019 chariot tore through the golden fields of wheat. without much thought, he lobbed off the head of peasant. the city of arretium would not have time to let in all of the farmers before the horde reached the gate. the gate shut closed, abandoning hundreds of rasna peasants outside. but brennos was clever like a hawk. instead of slaughtering the peasants, he had them rounded up and sold as slaves. the senone army began to ransack the countryside, burned down their houses, and took anything of value. brennos addressed the city of arretium, and gave them the choice to surrender to his mighty host, or fall beneath the feet of the mighty senone warriors. the siege took months. the senones cut off the water supply to arretium, and began to starve them out. by the fourth month of siege, the city smelled like sickness. if the wind blew the right way, the senone army could smell the dying inside the city, a death trap. by the seventh month of siege, the rasna force finally came out in an attempt to fight off the senone horde. the hoplites marched out of the gate in phalanx formation. the wealthy, upper class soldiers made the center, and the poorer, less equipped made the flanks. the rasna, short in comparison to the mighty senones, made themselves look taller by mounting huge crests of horsehair on their helmets. the invading army quickly rallied, and made a line. they beat their shields as the war drums boomed behind them and the war horns howled in the wind. the senones began to shout and roar. brennos came to the front and began to insult the rasna as was custom. he called them weaklings and cowards who hid behind walls, and fools for challenging his army. but the rasna continued to march closer. tired of the theatrics, and apparently just as ready for battle as the rasna, the senonirix took his spear, and bellowed as he launched it at the defending army. he saw one man fall, pinned to the ground, but the formation kept moving closer. brennos roared, and the senone army charged. the battle was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3796614873810798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.015709"} {"text": "lifetime. it is said that the senones mourned for a month. accounts by their neighbors the latins claim that a mass human sacrifice took place in which one thousand rasna prisoners of war were burned in wicker men. however, this claim has been disputed not only by historians, but also by archaeological evidence. but nonetheless, in 372 b. e. ( 379 b. c. ) the senone chieftains were left with their king dead, and no clear successor. brennos \u2019 son belartos claimed the title of senonirix, but he claimed it to not much support. belartos, still young and not battle tested, was barely considered a man, and was a bastard at that, conceived by a slave girl. the other chieftains were not keen on answering to his kind. before long, at least five claimed the title of senonirix. belartos, brennos \u2019 bastard son, was the first. he was brennos \u2019 only known son, and so had hereditary claims to the kingship, but was not the mighty warrior that his father was. it is estimated that he was only twelve when his father died. marucingetos, another contender, was one of brennos \u2019 most high ranking warriors, and had been present in the senone invasion of italia from the beginning. though old, he had proved his worth on the battlefield time and time again. he himself claimed the head of the roman leader who had dared challenge brennos and the senones to battle in the streets of the forgotten city of roma. the chieftain of one of the largest senone clans, uros claimed the title of senonirix as well. having been the head of one of the clans, he already had a large body of support. on top of this, he was a noted warrior who had been at the head of the ram that broke the city gates of clevsin. glastus, a relatively young contender, though not nearly as young as belartos, he was only a boy when the senones settled in italia and carved out a kingdom there. but after the death of his father in the battle of perusia, he was elevated to the head of his clan. over the years, he proved his mettle on the battlefield, like all but one of his rivals, and had gained the respect of his people after having reportedly been shot three times with rasna arrows in a raid into mexl rasnal, and still claiming the heads", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38884194755907237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.020225"} {"text": "proved his mettle on the battlefield, like all but one of his rivals, and had gained the respect of his people after having reportedly been shot three times with rasna arrows in a raid into mexl rasnal, and still claiming the heads of each man who shot him while returning home with the boons of victory. and the last contender for the title of senonirix was cingetocintus, brennos \u2019 second - in - command and the leader of the senone cavalry. although celtic armies usually divided their troops based on where they were from as opposed to how well they were armed or what they were armed with, they always made a distinction for cavalry and charioteers. in fact, the cavalry, those who rode on horseback, were always distinct even from the charioteers, who were usually infantry riding in cart. this fact gave cingetocintus distinction not only as a warrior of note, but a man who already knew how to command warriors and lead a charge. it is he who is quoted as saying : \u201c there can only be one senonirix, else we loose all we have gained. \u201d and so the five chieftains rallied their supporters and went about preparing for the trials they would have to undergo next spring when battle - season began. and when it began, only one man would remain who dared name himself senonirix. the year was 371 b. e. ( 378 b. c. ) when the equinox came and the year began anew, each contender assembled their supporters and mustered their armies, except one. marucingetos, the eldest of those hoping for the title of king, grew ill over the winter and died from sickness. his support was split, but many lent their allegiance to cingetocintus, who had been a comrade and friend of marucingetos. belartos and uros met in a pitched battle about a league inland from sena. uros, before the battle, challenged belartos, senonirix brennos \u2019 only son, to a duel, a battle of champions to spare the bloodshed of their own men. uros, who already had the larger army, saw reason in containing the bloodshed so that the senones could continue to hold a firm military grip in the region. he also knew that belartos had never seen combat, and that the barely - man pretender would hardly be a challenge in a duel. uros would maintain his honor, while keeping the bloodshed to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4300773951474202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.021166"} {"text": "firm military grip in the region. he also knew that belartos had never seen combat, and that the barely - man pretender would hardly be a challenge in a duel. uros would maintain his honor, while keeping the bloodshed to a minimum. but belartos knew this as well, and refused to meet uros alone. he shouted that he did not have faith in the might of his own army, and that the war god segomo would favor the son of the senonirix. unfortunately for belartos, he was sorely mistaken. his army was crushed under foot, and belartos himself was slain by uros, who claimed his rival \u2019 s head. when cingetocintus and glastus met, however, an unlikely event occurred. instead of breaking into battle, as was expected, glastus marched casually across the battlefield to cingetocintus, dropped his sword and shield before him, and exclaimed : \u201c a raven foretold your favor by the gods of war. i shall not displease the gods, and present to you my men, who will follow you to victory. \u201d the young glastus would later become a trusted friend of cingetocintus, whose army was now doubled. the final confrontation would be between him and uros, the chieftain who claimed belartos \u2019 head. cingetocintus dismounted his chariot, and strode to the field between the two armies. the two senone warriors were equally well equipped ; both wore chain mail, both wore helmets with horns and crests, both held mighty shields, both bore spears, swords, axes, clubs, and knives, any weapon they could use to kill the other. uros made the first move, and charged with his spear, which cingetocintus deflected expertly with his own. cingetocintus made a jab with his spear, which uros blocked with his shield and thrust his own at his adversary \u2019 s neck. the spear hit cingetocintus \u2019 shield head on, bending the leaf - shaped blade and breaking splintering the shaft. uros did not have time to even drop his useless weapon before he was beat over the head with the blunt power of a celtic shield. uros went wheeling, but cingetocintus grabbed him by the torque around his neck and threw his enemy to the ground. he placed a booted foot down on uros \u2019 back and brought his spear down, staking his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42896799305216143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.022241"} {"text": "shield. uros went wheeling, but cingetocintus grabbed him by the torque around his neck and threw his enemy to the ground. he placed a booted foot down on uros \u2019 back and brought his spear down, staking his rival to the earth. both armies roared and cheered : cingetocintus pulled his axe from his belt, and dispatched uros \u2019 head, his prize, his gift that gave him power. he took the head and held it up, blood and gore pouring out and running down the new senonirix \u2019 s arm. the armies shouted even louder than before, and beat their shields. they were his now. cingocintus become the senonirix. validated by an archaeological expedition on a hill outside sena purported to be the legendary king \u2019 s grave. the ancients started the new - year with the first day of spring, around march 21st the celts were extremely religious, and if there was one thing that would stop them from possibly gaining another victory to bolster their glory, it was an omen from the gods. ravens were often used as omens. also, could not find enough gaulish words to say that in their language, sorry all gaulish warriors wore a golden ring called a torque around their neck that supposedly protected them from harm in battle. chapter one : reign of the senones part eight : the first warrior cingetocintus is a figure of history shrouded in myth. we know he existed, he is well attested as a great military leader by the greeks in the south. his victories over the city - states in northern italia were of considerable note. but modern historians are quite critical of the man who would finish what brennos started. cingetocintus was certainly a brash and arrogant man, even compared to the stereotypical celtic warrior. when he moved in on curtun, the rasna city - state south of arretium, cingetocintus did not threaten the city, shouting and howling like a wild animal about how glorious his army was, but instead he approached the gate, and simply claimed the city as under the rule of the senonirix. the lands ruled by curtun were already completely surrounded by lands ruled over and slowly being settled by the senones. small raiding bands of senones had harassed their countryside for years already, stealing cattle and sheep, as well as ravaging the small villages that dotted the area. curtun was weak, and apparently it knew it. so the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37946002109846827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.023366"} {"text": "the senones. small raiding bands of senones had harassed their countryside for years already, stealing cattle and sheep, as well as ravaging the small villages that dotted the area. curtun was weak, and apparently it knew it. so the tale goes, cingetocintus simply stood in front of the gates of curtun with his army at his back for the rest of the day, until finally, as the sun began to set, and the people within the city opened the gates and threw out their king, like a lamb to sate the hunger of a pride of lions. the king shouted and protested as his own personal guard dragged him through the gate, and threw him to the ground before cingetocintus \u2019 booted feet. the rasna king looked up, quivering in his robes. his brown, curled hair fell over his eyes in a mess. clearly he had been quite pristine before his scuffle with his own people. cingetocintus could smell the perfume on him. dust and mud tainted the tails of his linen robes, and clotted the man \u2019 s beard. the senonirix drew his sword and brought it down, severing the king of curtun \u2019 s head from his body. cingetocintus casually picked up the bloody prize and handed it to his chariot - driver. the guards who had delivered the rasna king stepped aside, allowing the senones to enter their city peacefully, and exclaimed that the senonirix was indeed their king. the year was 369 b. e. ( 376 b. c. ) two years later, senonirix cengetocintus pulled the same maneuver in perusia. perusia had been reduced to little more than a vassal city with almost no land left for its people to farm, and even less fodder left to feed its own people after their annual tribute. the people of perusia grew increasingly unhappy with their king, who they blamed for their current disparity. the etruscan historian octabion wrote that a perusian princess purportedly wrote a letter to the senonirix and asked for her to take her and the kingship of her city, claiming her brother was an evil man who squandered the wealth of their city and left their people to starve in the streets. so, when cingetocintus arrived at the gates of perusia, so the story goes, and simply said that the he was the king of perusia, he was let in and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3791680105564825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.024347"} {"text": "and left their people to starve in the streets. so, when cingetocintus arrived at the gates of perusia, so the story goes, and simply said that the he was the king of perusia, he was let in and the actual perusian king delivered to him to be decapitated, his head added to cingetocintus \u2019 increasing collection of royal craniums. but this is not to assume cingetocintus, the great warrior who wont he title of senonirix had a peaceful reign. while two cities ( and apparently one princess ) gave into him without so much as a struggle, the same was not entirely true for the rest of the lands that would come under his yoke. having fully secured the head of the river tiber, the senonirix went about subjugating the piceni peoples directly south of sena, when he happened upon a fledgling greek colony ancona. ancona was founded in 380 b. e. ( 387 b. c. ) by a group of settlers from syracuse. they named their new colony so for the greek word, meaning elbow, to describe the way the land pointed out into the sea where they settled, protecting the harbor. here, these greeks built a tyrian purple dye factory. this wealthy and growing greek colony without doubt caught the eye of the senones living just to the north. in 364 b. e. cingetocintus amassed a horde of men measuring around forty - thousand men, many of whom were of rasna and latin origin as well as senone, and sacked the city of its gold, took the dye and sold it, massacred the population, and enslaved what was left. cingetocintus left the city standing only because on of his rasna advisors informed him of its strategic location on the adriatic sea. the hollowed skeleton of ancona was settled with senones as well as any rasna or latin man who served in his horde and wished to relocate there. the city would prove very prosperous in years to come, as well as very important in the history of the senones. year after year, the senone war - machine had humiliated and defeated the rasna confederacy, and finally the city - states remaining had decided they had had enough. in the old days, when need was great, the cities of mexl rasnal would work together and form a mighty army to defeat a foe. for a long time, they had been a squabbling and decaying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38514615498723015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.025297"} {"text": "had had enough. in the old days, when need was great, the cities of mexl rasnal would work together and form a mighty army to defeat a foe. for a long time, they had been a squabbling and decaying mess, but with the increasing pressure from the senones in the east, a ravenous wolf slowly eating away at their body, they decided to finally do something about it as a single force. this would be the great battle that would send senonirix cingetocintus into the legendary pantheon of mighty military leaders of antiquity, like alexandros megas, hasdrubal barca, burebista, and many more. the two armies met in the spring of 362 b. e. ( 369 b. c. ) in a field by a small rasna hill - town called saina. the rasna forces consisted of an estimated 30, 000 men marching in phalanx formation. against them, an army of equal size approached in standard celtic regalia, horns blaring, drums beating, and men shouting \u2014 singing even \u2014 about the glory and imminent victory of the senones. the battle was bloody, harsh, and costly for both sides. but as per usual, the rasna phalanx formation could not stand against the waves of celtic onslaught. but this is not the reason why this battle was remembered as the peak of cingetocintus \u2019 military might. when, his enemies broke into a retreat, senonirix cingetocintus moved to the head of his army, and bid them halt ( a task nigh impossible in the face of thousands of blood thirsty senones ). he regrouped his horde, and quickly followed through with his plan. he split his army between his cavalry and his infantry. the senonirix took personal command of the cavalry, and he had his former rival glastus take command of the footmen. the men on foot were to continue following the retreating rasna and keep them on the run, while the cavalry were to harry their foes, like a shepherd dog directing the sheep by nipping at their heels to wherever they so desired. unaware of the trap they were being cajoled into, the rasna army, still rather formidable in size, was chased into a forest, where suddenly the senones disappeared. the rasna took it as good luck, and continued their way into the woods, hoping that they could make it home alive. the rasna army made camp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3927016053399667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.026387"} {"text": "rather formidable in size, was chased into a forest, where suddenly the senones disappeared. the rasna took it as good luck, and continued their way into the woods, hoping that they could make it home alive. the rasna army made camp in the forest for the night, but just as the sun began to go down, they heard a cry in the brush. \u201c vers! \u201d came the cry, and they understood it. suddenly, balls of fire came at them from their flanks, and burned through the rasna army. scared and disoriented, they were unsure if the men attacking them were rasna or senone. they were darker than the senones, and shouted words they could understand, but many had mustaches and spiked hair like the senones. their weapons were both rasna and celtic, and their entire army was slaughtered before they even could put together that they were being killed by their own kind, rasna ruled under senones who had apparently adopted some of senone traditions to assimilate. some of the rasna who were being cut to pieces made a run for the fields, which lay a half - days march away back from where they had come, only to be met by the rest of the senonirix \u2019 s force, and dispatched. mexl rasnal suffered a major defeat, and was now ripe for the taking. you didn \u2019 t think they were just going to hole up in their crappy old city on the adriatic and just tax the hell out of the lands the conquered, did you? no, the main reason why the senones invaded italia in the first place was because they needed and wanted fertile lands for their exploding population. a name that bares an uncanny resemblance to the latin name octavian, don \u2019 t you think. while the hierarchy of the senones \u2019 growing kingdom was made up of a strong senone core, much of the population in their lands was still etruscan and latin. etruscan and latin men of value, especially those from cities that had surrendered peacefully to the senonirix, had a chance to become quite important in their own right. would later otl be known as siena \u201c vers \u201d is the etruscan word for red fire. chapter one : reign of the senones part nine : the final days of the rasna while the recent wars waged by the senones had wrought much destruction across northern italia, the city of sena surely profited. influxes of gold and loot filled its co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4478501221324474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.027307"} {"text": "the senones part nine : the final days of the rasna while the recent wars waged by the senones had wrought much destruction across northern italia, the city of sena surely profited. influxes of gold and loot filled its coffers with every raid, and almost every tribe along senone borders paid annual tribute. it is still unknown why cingetocintus continued to keep sena as his center of operations. he had taken cities much larger with more ancient foundations that were surrounded by better land no less, but the senonirix continued to house himself in sena. but at least once a year, the senonirix was required to visit and house in one of the other cities he claimed kingship over. interestingly enough, cingetocintus did not only claim the title of senonirix, but also corturix ( king of curtun ) and parosirix ( king of perusia ). this not only implied that cingetocintus was the ruler of the senones, but the ruler of rasna as well, an act of politics that the greeks would admire, take note of, and one day adopt. so, when cingetocintus called upon his chieftains and advisors in the autumn of 360 b. e. ( 367 b. c. ), two years after the battle of saina where he had completely broken the back of mexl rasnal, one can imagine quite the motley assortment of men gathered around his table. senones, of course, made the upper echelons and likely the majority in cingetocintus \u2019 court. but there were also rasna, latins, and even a few greeks present to offer their intellect and wisdom. the plan was made, and the next year, cingetocintus would finally secure his people a place in italia that no outside force could remove from their grasp. in the spring of 359 b. e. ( 366 b. c. ) cingetocintus \u2019 army rendezvoused at perusia, which was to be the staging point for his last invasion of mexl rasnal. they marched down the tiber, overwhelming velzna, and then seizing veii without much of a fight. interestingly enough, and as evidence for an ongoing trend in mexl rasnal, especially further south, rasna translators in veii proved to be practically useless upon securing the city, and instead latin translators were used. some of cinge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3800031950170575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.028238"} {"text": ". interestingly enough, and as evidence for an ongoing trend in mexl rasnal, especially further south, rasna translators in veii proved to be practically useless upon securing the city, and instead latin translators were used. some of cingetocintus \u2019 advisors suggested crossing the tiber and taking the region known as latium, the home of the latins, but cingetocintus replied that they needed to finish one war before they started another, or else victory would be prolonged. the senonirix \u2019 s army continued to march down the tiber, until they finally reached the tyrrhenian sea. along the way, cingetocintus had only minimal casualties, and the going seemed easy. but there were six rasna city - states that remained, half of the old confederacy. and they had been using the last two years to build up their defenses for just this occasion. the senone army moved north, following the coastline until they reached the rasna city of cisra. though heavily populated by latins, the city was by no means as latinized as veii. it was surrounded by two rivers, and controlled a major port, which brought the city great wealth. the city was known to trade with the carthaginians, greeks, fellow rasna, as well as the celts. but, like the rest of mexl rasnal, it was in fast decline. cingetocintus demanded that the city of cisra surrender, else suffer a terrible defeat. the king of cisra declined the senonirix \u2019 s offer, and instead ordered his men to shoot down at their enemies from their walls. one arrow nearly killed cingetocintus, striking him in the chest, just bellow his heart. perhaps had the arrow struck cingetocintus in the neck, he wouldn \u2019 t have been shouting threats and damnations upon the city of cisra as he was dragged back to camp, where the druids patched him up, and eventually brought him back to health. the senones quickly took action, and dammed up the two rivers, cutting of cisra \u2019 s water supply. they went about ravaging the farmlands and beheading any rasna who claimed allegiance to cisra outside the city walls. as was the senonirix \u2019 s order, they took each head, and stuck them on a stake in view of the city. each day, the number of heads presented increased, until ( according to octabi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39677679781391867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.029289"} {"text": "cisra outside the city walls. as was the senonirix \u2019 s order, they took each head, and stuck them on a stake in view of the city. each day, the number of heads presented increased, until ( according to octabion ) a ring of heads was made around the city. starving and dying of thirst, disease broke out within the city. those who attempted to escape the city were decapitated, and joined the ring of heads. then, the senones took the port, completely cutting off the city from the outside. after that, it was only a matter of weeks before the city fell, and a very vengeful ( and at this point still injured ) senonirix brought down the entire wrath he could upon cisra. women were raped, men were slaughtered, and every child old enough to speak ill of cingetocintus was thrown into the ocean to drown. cingetocintus personally slew the king of cisra. he had the king tied to a post outside the gates of his city, and shot him twelve times, until finally ending his life with a well - aimed arrow to the heart. again, it was cingetocintus \u2019 advisors who reminded him of the strategic importance of the city, and the wealth it could give, thus preventing him from tearing the city down brick by brick. the senones wintered inside cisra, and prepared for another year of conquest when 358 b. e. ( 365 b. c. ) came around. they continued to march north, until they reached tarchna. the inhabitants of tarchna had heard the horrible stories of the fate of cisra, but the king refused to yield. cingetocintus, in a stroke of genius, promised safety for themselves and their families and even rewards for anyone who renounced the king of tarchna and swore fealty to the senonirix. one would have expected the people of tarchna to throw open the gates and hailed their new king with open arms after such an offer, but unlike perusia and curtun, tarchna had been relatively unaffected by senone incursions into mexl rasnal, so the rasna within that city were not nearly as impoverished. added to this was the ancient tradition of god - kings in rasna society, where the reigning monarch was believed to be a deity, or at least connected to the gods, and maintained order. so, within tarchna, there was mixed sentiments about ci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38808884486389017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.030276"} {"text": "this was the ancient tradition of god - kings in rasna society, where the reigning monarch was believed to be a deity, or at least connected to the gods, and maintained order. so, within tarchna, there was mixed sentiments about cingetocintus \u2019 offer. but that was all he needed. when the king of tarchna prepared for the siege to come, cingetocintus apparently caught a break. a man from inside the city waved a flag at the army one night, and offered to help them enter the city. in one week, he was to gather those who had chosen the senonirix, and throw down ropes to help them scale the walls. in the meantime, their families were to place a bushel of wheat over their doorway. finally, when the day came, a group of men came to the wall and threw down ropes. a group of senones quietly scaled the walls, killed the sentries, and opened the gates. true to his word, cingetocintus did not harm anyone within the houses with a bushel of wheat above their doorways. tarchna was taken. by the end of the year, they had seized velch and vetluna as well without much struggle. it seemed even after three years, the great rasna cities could not muster any force strong enough to challenge the senone horde. 357 b. e. ( 364 b. c. ) proved to be a harder year. cingetocintus \u2019 forces marched to fufluna only to find a huge wall blocking their way. fufluna was a major port city, located on a small peninsula jutting out from mexl rasnal. the rasna living there, it seemed, had built this wall across the peninsula, halting the senone advance from even coming near their city. the senones attempted to breach the wall, but were unable to. though they had conquered many walled cities, siege had never been one of their strong points, the senones preferred open battle, which fufluna was actively denying them. so, cingetocintus decided to bypass fufluna for now, and attacked felathri to the north. felathri too proved difficult. the senones, after wintering outside the city, finally resorted to scaling the walls in 356 b. e. ( 363 b. c. ), a risky and rash decision which led to a fair amount of senone casualties by arrow and slingshot, but the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4470161095783411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.031405"} {"text": "water supply, and food, until the city was rotting from within with disease and starvation. a fire broke out from within the city, and the gates flew open as the people from within attempted to escape. instead they ran right into the wolf \u2019 s jaws, and were slaughtered. the senones and the ligurians entered the city and tore it apart. when the city was finally taken, and there was not a soul left within who had resisted the senones, the senones put out the fire, and allowed the ligurian pirates to live within the city as long as they swore fealty to the senonirix. they agreed. and so came to an end mexl rasnal. notice how he does not deny that the senones would achieve victory, only that it would take longer if they waged another war. this was quite the common mentality of the senones. this is separate from other celtic groups. we would know them as the gauls, a name that was given to them by the romans. the gauls referred to themselves as celtos. chapter one : reign of the senones part ten : examining impact with the fall of fufluna in 355 b. e. ( 362 b. c. ), the rasna were no longer the dominant cultural force in northern italia. in fact, the recent wars and pillaging are estimated to have cut the rasna population in half, and that is a conservative estimate. after almost thirty years of raiding, pillaging, and conquest, the senones had not only completely slaughtered the entire population of four major cities, but had burned two more to the ground entirely. the only centers that remained predominantly rasna after the conquests of brennos and cingetocintus were perusia and curtun within senone dominion, and felsina, mantua, spica, and atria. this caused huge demographic changes. it is estimated only 24 out of a hundred native residents of what was once mexl rasnal have a bloodline descended from the rasna. another 32 out of a hundred are traced to celtic or senone ancestry, and another 35 from latin lineage. indeed, the most unexpected change from the senone conquest of mexl rasnal was that the latins, not the senones, became the majority in the region. the senones are attributed to introducing soap ( sepa ) to the italian peninsula. made from lye, ash, and tallow, celtic soap was considered to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4262195102606784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.035173"} {"text": "the latins, not the senones, became the majority in the region. the senones are attributed to introducing soap ( sepa ) to the italian peninsula. made from lye, ash, and tallow, celtic soap was considered to be of great quality. this greatly improved the wellbeing and health of the region in the long run, and was a contributing factor in the population explosion that would occur a century later. to this day, there remains a celtic - speaking minority along the adriatic coast. they speak a language called senias. while the language has a great many influences from the other italian languages and even greek, the tongues of the italian peninsula, too, have a great many of their words derived from celtic origins. the senones catalyzed the introduction of the god cernunnos, the antlered god, to the italian pantheon, which previously had been almost all consisted of greek gods. the cult of cernunnos would later possess great power in the region, rivaling the cult of isis and the followers of immanu \u2019 el. the cult of cernunnos later gained particular prevalence in perusia and the surrounding area. the senones also are attributed to introducing the now common tradition of tattooing among the common man and aristocracy. previous to the senone invasions, tattooing was something reserved for marking slaves and convicts. but with the rise of a senone aristocracy in northern italia, the art of tattooing became acceptable, and actually became a mark of wealth and power, completely reversing the previous trend in the region. mustaches and long hair also became popularized and acceptable in the region for much the same reason. there are documented cases of ambitious latin and rasna under senone dominion dying their hair lighter and putting lemon juice in their mustaches in an attempt to look more celtic. ironically, however, the senones also gave the region their first military heroes. brennos and cingetocintus are both venerated as heroes who brought peace and stability to the region ( again, the irony ) plagued by the squabbling of local city - states. this is made especially ironic given the future of the region and the events leading to the break - up of the senonirix \u2019 s kingdom. the etruscan cities that were not involved in the etruscan league and stood further north along the po river. otl soap was not used by the romans until 300 b. c. and only then it was greatly restricted to washing clothes. to use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39898609292078835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.036168"} {"text": "the senonirix was indeed an old man. of his three sons, all had produced sons of their own. cingetocintus \u2019 eldest grandson, in fact, was to be wed soon. so you can imagine how his bones ached when word reached his ear that a small latin army had crossed the tiber and was laying siege to veii in the spring of 352 b. e. ( 359 b. c. ). the small army of latins, estimated to have been some 8, 000 strong, is believed to have been the cause of overpopulation in latium. unlike mexl rasnal, latium was relatively untouched by the senones, with the notable exception of the burning of roma in 380 b. e. ( 387 b. c. ). the latins were purportedly from the city of ardea, and had migrated north like many latins to fill the vacuum left by the now decimated rasna. but unlike most of the other latin migrants who had come peacefully and without any organization further than familiar bonds, but these ardeans were more interested in expanding their influence in latium and along the river tiber. senonirix cingetocintus quickly mustered a grand army, the first time he had done so since the taking of fufluna three years earlier. since then, glastus, cingetocintus \u2019 former rival for the title of senonirix, and his most trusted general, had been eagerly attempting to convince the senonirix to invade latium and expand the senone lands further. however, cingetocintus was older than glastus, and was tired of war. but when war with the latins did come, glastus was the first to gather his men and prepared for battle. by the cycle of karkinos that year the senonirix arrived to relieve veii from the ardeans. with an army of near 20, 000 men ( and that was not even half of what the senonirix was capable of mustering ), the ardeans were quickly routed, and fled back across the tiber. \u201c this is our chance, \u201d glastus said, riding up to cingetocintus \u2019 side. \u201c we can show the latins our might so that they will never again invade our lands. \u201d tired as cingetocintus was, he was not about to disappoint his men who were already thirsting for blood. the senones crossed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3780284832685411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.039588"} {"text": "can show the latins our might so that they will never again invade our lands. \u201d tired as cingetocintus was, he was not about to disappoint his men who were already thirsting for blood. the senones crossed the tiber once again, passing through the ruins of roma, and marched straight for ardea. the senones had a very stern point to make in latium that seemed to have been forgotten since last time they had been there. the message was simple yet powerful : if you spill senone blood, justice will be dealt. however, more than half of his army had never set foot on the southern shores of the tiber, and latium was a foreign land. many years had passed indeed. it took only a few weeks to march the senone horde to ardea, as medium sized city nestled between the fork where two small rivers met and flowed into the tyrrhenian sea. the ardeans were the descendants of the rutuli, an ancient latin tribe that was defeated by the romans under the reign of their last king. ironically, however, a sizeable amount of the ardeans \u2019 population was made up of romans ( called romi in the city ) who had escaped their doom twenty - eight years earlier. so when once again they saw a senone horde outside their city, they had good reason to panic. the senonirix demanded that those responsible for the attempted siege on veii be handed over, and if they were not, the city would fall. but when the gates opened, and the ardeans handed over the men responsible, something unexpected happened. excited by the prospect of plunder, many of cingetocintus \u2019 warriors charged, slaughtering the hostages ( who would have died anyway ), and leaving the city open for the sacking. there was little the senonirix could do to stop his horde from rushing into ardea, and there was probably little he wanted to do to stop it. ardea was sacked. women were taken, men were enslaved, and loot was divvied out. but on the way back, cingetocintus fell ill. his breathing became hard, and his inner circle feared the worst. etruscans had a long - standing tradition of king worship. mind you, he was probably fourteen. this would not be the first time the senones had to fight a latin host during the constellation of cancer. chapter one : reign of the senones part twelve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3960939631570004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.040601"} {"text": "had a long - standing tradition of king worship. mind you, he was probably fourteen. this would not be the first time the senones had to fight a latin host during the constellation of cancer. chapter one : reign of the senones part twelve : the sailors of fufluna entelakwa narrowed his eyes and scoured the blue horizon. one of his rowers babbled on in celt - ligure pidgin excitedly, pointing towards the dark shape moving across the horizon, but entelakwa hardly listened. the dark shape was barely visible, but to entelakwa \u2019 s keen vision, he knew exactly what it was : a ship. the ligure waved his hand, and his rower shut up, and went back to work, twice as fast as before. the ligure captain licked his lips, and prayed to the gods that whatever hapless men sailed on the horizon were foreign. entelakwa had left fufluna three weeks ago with a crew dead - set on raiding the small ligurian settlements to the north, but a strange wind was blowing, and their direme was forced south. though the storm was unfortunate, he partially blamed the senones on board. while they were not the majority on his ship, they were all incompetent enough to make a trip against the wind impossible. so, he planned to make a large circle in the tyrrhenian sea and hopefully wait out the foul winds. with only one ship, entelakwa knew it would be impossible to raid anything larger than a small coastal town, or perhaps prey upon a lone merchant ship. fortunately for him, as they neared the island of the shardi there seemed to be plenty of lone merchant ships for the taking. meanwhile, baalhanno had no clue a ligure - senone ship was stalking him. he had just made vast profits off a small raid himself off the greek colonies near the rhone, and was sailing back to carthage to get a profit off the slaves he had collected, not to mention the silver, gold, salt, and other such valuables. he sat quite contentedly in his small quarters, feasting on roasted mutton and grass - tea. he thought about the riches he would earn selling all that was on his ship, how he might even sacrifice a few captors to appease ba \u2019 al. he hoped to use this money to gain an early retirement, let his sons take over their father \u2019 s trade, and perhaps buy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4474230414649697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.041583"} {"text": "selling all that was on his ship, how he might even sacrifice a few captors to appease ba \u2019 al. he hoped to use this money to gain an early retirement, let his sons take over their father \u2019 s trade, and perhaps buy his way into the council of elders. yes, that would have been nice. that was when he heard screaming on deck. baalhanno quickly grabbed his whip and cutlass. no mutiny would go unpunished on his ship. but just as he opened the door, an arrow plunged through his neck, and jets of blood painted his doorway crimson. all was chaos on the carthaginian deck. strange men had boarded their ship without even making a sound until it was too late. the senones and ligures were swift, and had made battle over the open seas before the carthaginians could even grab their weapons. entelakwa drew his cutlass and lopped off the head of a punic rower. a large man ran at him with a knife drawn, but the ligure captain needed only to plunge his blade into the man \u2019 s unprotected chest. arrows whistled overhead from the other ship, and many of them met their marks. the deck was cleared of carthaginians. the fight had now moved to the ladders, where the men below had had enough time to gather their weapons and arm themselves. the fighting on the ladders was bloody, heated, and messy, and it was only then that entelakwa remembered why he had brought so many senones. the large men howled the names of their fathers as they struck down carthaginian after carthaginian with their massive swords and axes. once the fighting reached the deck below, there was no way the carthaginians could succeed, and they knew it. many dropped their weapons and hoped for captivity only to be fiercely cut down. only when entelakwa demanded they stop the fighting did they. he ordered that they take the survivors as prisoners and tie them up, while the ligures went about gathering all the goods stored in the hull. oh yes, he thought, he would certainly make a profit off of this venture. horses, cattle, sheep, exotic birds, slaves, silver, copper, gold, carthaginian coins, dye, spices, it seemed as if anything that could possibly be sold was on board. entelakwa smiled. he would have to prey on carthaginian ships more often \u2026 li", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4228655632943425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.042518"} {"text": ", copper, gold, carthaginian coins, dye, spices, it seemed as if anything that could possibly be sold was on board. entelakwa smiled. he would have to prey on carthaginian ships more often \u2026 ligurian name meaning \u201c between water \u201d possible ancient name for pre - roman sardinians marijuana has been found within sunken carthaginian ships, and they were known to make a mild tea - like beverage from it. the weighted scales : a world of an aborted rome apparently it ' s the best ancient tl of 2011. oh baby! the weighted scales : the world of an aborted rome chapter two : the wars of succession part one : those who followed even as the senonirix, breathing ( but barely ), laid on his bed in the other room at his palace in sena, his sons, generals, and chieftains argued riotously. they had all been forced to leave their weapons at the palace gates, something they had all agreed upon so that no one would be killed during this parlay, but with tensions running as high as they were in the room, weapons might not have been necessary. twenty or so men, all standing, and all shouting in angry celtic were gathered around a small oak table. they were, of course, debating who would succeed cingetocintus as the senonirix. no decision could be made ( obviously ), but a few forerunners seemed to be established in the struggle for power whose seeds were already being sown before even the senonirix was dead. glastus, who had once before vied for the title, threw his fist down on the table, and stated that no other man deserved to succeed cingetocintus more than he did. he had the support of much of the senone elite, and the loyalty of many soldiers. he had fought countless victories, and many would surely follow during his reign. marumarka, cingetocintus \u2019 eldest son, begged to differ. senonirix blood ran through his veins, and the gods would favor his rule as they had favored his father. his brother segoveco agreed, having always been content to live in his brother \u2019 s shadow with no personal ambition of his own. but the youngest of the senonirix \u2019 s sons, dubiepos made his own stand for power, claiming he was his father \u2019 s favorite anyway. three senone chieftains, adiat, gutus, and uxellosirom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4656998813464065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.043544"} {"text": "the youngest of the senonirix \u2019 s sons, dubiepos made his own stand for power, claiming he was his father \u2019 s favorite anyway. three senone chieftains, adiat, gutus, and uxellosirom, who had settle their each sizeable clans in various parts of the kingdom, and claimed that since their clans were the greatest, they should be the senonirix. of course, they then began to squabble about whose clan was greater. meanwhile, in the other room, senonirix cingetocintus clung to his woolen blankets and coughed. the druids around him were making herbal teas and medicines to ease the great king \u2019 s sickness. cingetocintus coughed again, this time into his blankets. when he pulled them away, there was blood upon them. the old man looked pleadingly at the nearest druid, and said solemnly : \u201c there can only be one. or else all our people have worked for, have fought and died for shall fall apart and become like many rocks chipped away from a great stone. \u201d senonirix cingetocintus died on an unknown day in the winter of 351 b. e. ( 358 b. c. ). when spring came, the senone elites who each claimed the title of senonirix gathered their forces and began consolidating their power. civil war broke out, and many peoples found themselves watching with anticipation. the carthaginians and greeks, whose ships were being pirated with increasing frequency these past few years, especially took interest in the war that was breaking out in northern italia, and each would back their own claimant to further their own interests. and so began the senone wars of succession, as they would be called later. gaulish or gallic. the gauls referred to themselves as celtos ( singular ) or celti ( plural ), so their language would be referred to as celtic. this particular dialect would later be known as old celtic as the ages passed. chapter two : the wars of succession part two : the dawn of blood let no one forget how brutal the world was in those long past ages. even the toughest of men now would not last a minute in the world people lived in over two thousand years ago. it is estimated that the average lifespan in 300 b. e. was around 50. only the wealthy and well off could manage to scrounge a living beyond those years, and to attain such an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42908961176431226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.044501"} {"text": "world people lived in over two thousand years ago. it is estimated that the average lifespan in 300 b. e. was around 50. only the wealthy and well off could manage to scrounge a living beyond those years, and to attain such an age was to be considered ancient, belonging to a dead age that passed with the decaying flesh of the slain. in what would be the bloodiest chapter in the italian wars until pyrros of epieros \u2019 famous invasion, the recently consolidated senone kingdom in the north broke asunder into several factions claiming kingship gave the carthaginians and the greeks yet another opportunity to wrestle for control the western mediterranean sea. it all started with the death of the senonirix cingetocintus who had led the senones in a conquest over the rasna city - states in the region. with his death, it seemed every warlord and chieftain with an ounce of ambition had gathered an army and was ready to fight for the title. the newly birthed senone state fractured like a windowpane once hit with a rock. the main contenders for the thrown, glastus, marumarka, dubiepos, adiat, gutus, uxellosirom, each took stronghold where they were most supported. glastus, the late senonirix \u2019 s second - in - command, quickly gathered the forces loyal to him and secured veii and the lower tiber. marumarka, cingetocintus \u2019 eldest son, made sena his base of operations, retaining control over the port city ancona to the south. dubiepos, his brother, who had always been popular in the city of perusia, declared himself senonirix as well as parosirix, in reminiscence of his father. adiat, a chieftain in the countryside secured a region in central mexl rasnal where his clan had settled. gutus seized quick control of fufluna, gaining the allegiance of the ligures who lived there, as well as taking control of felathri, and uxellosirom, having been of a clan with close ties to the boii along the padus river took control of the lands in the north, making curtun his base of operations. in the meantime, several other chieftains and warlords took control of small swaths of land. glastus of veii experienced in the ways of war, arguably more than any of his rivals, glastus did not consider", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45789683590105923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.045458"} {"text": "of operations. in the meantime, several other chieftains and warlords took control of small swaths of land. glastus of veii experienced in the ways of war, arguably more than any of his rivals, glastus did not consider which part of the kingdom was most symbolic. he would let the others squabble over sena, perusia, and curtun. in the meantime, he made sure to gather those loyal to him ( a large number, especially the cavalry ) and secure the lower tiber. from there he could not only defend, but attack with ease. the river tiber was in many ways an open door to the inland. with the mountains running down the spine of the kingdom, the tiber river was the only waterway that ran through them. if he could control the river, he was sure he would control the kingdom, as was his right! veii greeted him with open arms. the diverse population of latins, rasna, and senones hailed : \u201c glastus senonirix! glastus veorix! \u201d. a great celebration was made, and the finest bull in the city was sacrificed to cernunnos. but once the celebration was over, he wasted no time. if he was to win this war, he was going to need to make friends, and fast. messengers were sent to neapolis and syracuse for aid. in return, the senones under glastus would send men to assist in the war against carthage in sicily. in the meantime, he sent his generals to the coast, where they would ensure the loyalty of the towns there. a brief skirmish occurred at ostia, a latin town at the mouth of the tiber river that had not been under the senonirix \u2019 s control, but the senones quickly overtook it, and glastus insured that nothing would go in or out of the tiber river without his say - so. marumarka of sena everything seemed to be going wrong. not realizing sena was a shit - heap in comparison to the rasna cities his father had conquered, marumarka had set himself up for disaster. even his own younger brother dubiepos had betrayed him, and was vying for the same title as he. however, his other brother, segoveco remained loyal, and for this marumarka granted him control over the port of ancona ( only as long as he remained loyal ; marumarka could trust no one ). from there,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4006951215106326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.046341"} {"text": ". however, his other brother, segoveco remained loyal, and for this marumarka granted him control over the port of ancona ( only as long as he remained loyal ; marumarka could trust no one ). from there, marumarka attempted to retain control over the adriatic coast of his father \u2019 s now fragmented kingdom. attempted was the key word. sabines and samnites continually raided from the south, sensing this moment of weakness. not to mention that his rivals for the thrown were pressing in with forces much larger than his own. dubiepos of perusia \u201c parosirix! senonirix! parosirix! senonirix! \u201d so shouted dubiepos \u2019 forces as they marched down the misa river. once he controlled this river, he would march upon sena itself at the mouth of the river, and remove his brother marumarka from the contest. dubiepos controlled a strong army of 5000 senones and 6000 rasna from perusia and velzna. finally, two days away from sena, he met his brother \u2019 s army. it was puny, ragtag, and clearly following the wrong man. dubiepos shouted from the head of his grand army : \u201c the man you follow is a liar, an imposter! the gods clearly do not show him favor ; i only need to look at this army in shambles to tell that. i challenge my brother marumarka to the fight, for the title of our father! \u201d marumarka, not willing to look like a coward before his army, resolved to fight his brother. with the howl of his charioteer \u2019 s horn, he accepted the challenge. dubiepos put his iron helmet on his head and smiled. he drew his sword. the fatal weapon shown like the fury of the gods, and he approached the battlefield where he would surely slay his brother. marumarka yelled and shouted as he rushed toward dubiepos, a massive war hammer held in his hands. he looked fierce enough, but the calm with which dubiepos approached unnerved him. the younger son could see as much by the way marumarka could not bring himself to look dubiepos in the eye. finally, dubiepos broke into a trot. he remembered being a boy, how marumarka and he would spar. marumarka always won, he was bigger, older, and more experienced. but a lot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38761434330387357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.047201"} {"text": "the eye. finally, dubiepos broke into a trot. he remembered being a boy, how marumarka and he would spar. marumarka always won, he was bigger, older, and more experienced. but a lot had changed since those days. dubiepos had proved himself in battle, had killed many men, and he was in his prime, a fit and powerful adversary. marumarka, by contrast, was growing old. while still strong, his years had taken away the swiftness of his feet, the power of his arms, and the sharpness of his mind. marumarka brought his war - hammer down, allowing the weapon \u2019 s weight to do its job. dubiepos sidestepped his brother, and allowed the heavy weapon to make a small crater in the ground. dubiepos struck with his sword, but his brother blocked reflexively with the shaft of his war - hammer. dubiepos managed to pull loose his sword from the hardwood shaft only in time to duck. he felt the top of his helmet meet the hammer - strike. dubiepos \u2019 helmet went flying from his head, but dubiepos himself remained unharmed. now was the moment. with the swiftness of a raven \u2019 s wing, dubiepos lunged forward, and brought his sword up. marumarka was too slow to react, and his eyes could not relay to his head what he saw until it was too late, and dubiepos \u2019 blade had stuck him. the sword ran straight through marumarka \u2019 s head, entering from the soft place below the jaw, and puncturing the skull from its base. marumarka was dead instantaneously. dubiepos removed his bloodied sword, glistening with flecks of brain and bone, from his rival \u2019 s cadaver, as both armies shouted : adiat the bagaudas without any great cities to make his base of operation, adiat and his supporters were left to raid the countryside. while he carved out a decent sized swath of land for himself in the center of the kingdom, it was weak, and sparsely populated without any cities. for the time being, no one bothered to invade the lands held by his clan, so he went about raiding and skirmishing. but, as his followers grew unruly and annoyed with his lack of progress, small towns began breaking off and governing themselves autonomously. gutus of fufluna gutus of fufl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4680892254363983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.048150"} {"text": "clan, so he went about raiding and skirmishing. but, as his followers grew unruly and annoyed with his lack of progress, small towns began breaking off and governing themselves autonomously. gutus of fufluna gutus of fufluna found himself in a very precarious situation. his ligurian pirates allowed him naval superiority over his rivals, but as we all know, history does not happen in a vacuum, and now that cingetocintus was gone, fufluna was not only eyed by other chieftains with hopes of gaining the title of senonirix. in the spring 354 b. e. ( 361 b. c. ) the carthaginians sent an armada to fufluna to quell the center of piracy. a wall of ships surrounded the harbor, each bearing the punic horse on their sails. the expedition, led by none other than hanno i of carthage ( also known as hanno i the great ) who had six years earlier defended lilybaeum, a carthaginian held city in sicily, from dionysius i of syracuse. and everything was made worse by the fact that uxellosirom of curtun was marching his army west along the arno river to stake his claims there. he needed help, and he needed it fast. one night, under the cover of darkness, he sent a small ship out to seek assistance from the greeks. gutus prayed to the gods and sacrificed his own finest ram for some help. he needed it, and he needed it soon. uxellosirom of curtun uxellosirom was surprised with how quickly the carthaginians were able to assess the situation after cingetocintus \u2019 death. \u201c we promise assistance, \u201d the translator spoke for the punic emissary, \u201c in return for fealty to carthage, and that no senone ship will again attack one bearing the punic horse on its sails. \u201d uxellosirom considered this. surely there were enough seas in the ocean that the senone pirates could afford to do without attacking the carthaginians. so he said : \u201c i will be making my claims known along the arno river come spring. gutus has taken fufluna, and he too will be attempting to take the lands there. \u201d the emissary smiled a long, thin grin once the message was relayed to him. \u201c nihna xamm ken mniih xazar itta mal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38052326467837694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.049438"} {"text": ", and he too will be attempting to take the lands there. \u201d the emissary smiled a long, thin grin once the message was relayed to him. \u201c nihna xamm ken mniih xazar itta malhammit pomplon. \u201d \u201c my people will be happy to help you fight fufuluna. \u201d the sicilian wars of otl between carthage and the greeks would spread further north into italia, and so the term italian wars became an umbrella term for any conflict between carthage and the greeks either in sicily, sardinia, corsica, or italia. pyrrhus of epirus as he will be known ittl. don \u2019 t worry ; we will get to him later. \u201c glastus, king of the senones! glastus, king of veii! \u201d gaulish for \u201c guerilla fighter \u201d or \u201c brigand \u201d a rough translation, which does much to explain why poor gutus is getting the shaft. chapter two : the wars of succession part three : the pale man the city of veii had spent the winter preparing for a war that came surprisingly late for it. glastus had anticipated invasion as soon as the snow melted, perhaps even earlier. if his rivals for the throne would not invade, then surely the embittered latin tribes to the south, or the sabines to the east would. but no such invasion came. glastus had taken firm control over the mouth of the river tiber, had even seized lands not previously under senone control. aggression and attack were where glastus excelled. but, against his nature, glastus and his forces were still. they patrolled the tiber and the surrounding area under the control of glastus ( senonirix! veorix! ), or they trained and prepared for battle : battle they were begrudgingly ordered not to seek, not yet at least. but now glastus waited, watching from the hilltop of his walled city. two greek barges approached up river, slowly, flanked by senone escorts on each bank of the river. all the actors were in place to make the grand performance necessary to divert the syracusian and neapolitans of glastus \u2019 worth. glastus needed the greeks to see the might of the senones in battle. this would convince them that glastus and his men were a worthy ally, and with the syracusians \u2019 and neapolitans \u2019 assistance glastus would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4303397064178245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.051841"} {"text": "needed the greeks to see the might of the senones in battle. this would convince them that glastus and his men were a worthy ally, and with the syracusians \u2019 and neapolitans \u2019 assistance glastus would reign undisputedly as senonirix. that was the plan, at least. glastus rode down to the harbor to meat the emissaries as they arrived and were unloaded from their barges. unlike others of his rank, glastus was not one for the ostentatious attire put on by high - ranking senones. he was a man of action, and looked as much. he wore no jewels, but only a gold band around his brow, and his golden torque around his neck. his ring - mail shirt clinked with each gallop of his war - horse, and on his leather belt hung a long sword in its sheath. he met the greeks, dressed in fine linens and gold jewelry, just as they set their sandaled feet onto senone soil. they did not look so different than the rasna and latins who were unloading their goods from the barge, only clearly richer. glastus called a translator, and said to the greeks : \u201c you came just in time, my friends. the latini of gabii have sent an army to attack us. you will be able to see firsthand the might of my men! \u201d what the syracusian and neapolitan emissaries did not know what that glastus, though seemingly simple, never left anything up to chance. only two weeks ago, he had sent a small force of senone elites under his son tarvinos into latium. glastus \u2019 orders were simple : go to the town of gabii, and demand that they submit to the senonirix glastus. when they do not, take the city, and round up all of the men, and separate them from the women and children. kill as few as possible. now tarvinos waited in the hills on the other side of the tiber with his small army of senone elites. stripped of armor, and given blunt weapons, were what was left of the latins of gabii. tarvinos had managed to capture about five thousand of them with a force of less than one thousand. he was proud of that, and thought that it proved him a good commander. with the favor of the gods, he would one day become", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38833206413217525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.052878"} {"text": ". tarvinos had managed to capture about five thousand of them with a force of less than one thousand. he was proud of that, and thought that it proved him a good commander. with the favor of the gods, he would one day become senonirix after his father. \u201c now, \u201d tarvinos reminded his captives in their tongue, \u201c remember that if you do not run when we tell you to, we will kill your women and children without a single thought. \u201d he could feel the anger in his captives. it came off them like a heat. that was good, it would make their cries more convincing to greek ears. akakios watched in awe. he had never seen battle fought in such a way. indeed, a man from syracuse, he had seen many battles between the greeks of syracuse and the carthaginians, and even other greeks from other cities in the region, but this kind of frenzied fighting that he now witnessed outside the gates of veii was, for lack of a better word, amazing. the king of the city, glastus, had insisted that he and the emissary from neapolis, simonides, watch from the safety of the city walls, where should the unlikely event that the senones fail in battle occur, the emissaries would be safe. for all his barbaric pride, the senone king struck akakios as cunning, much like odysseus of old. but on the battlefield, the man turned into achilleus. he watched as the latins came from behind the hills, screaming and shouting with all manner of barbarism. they wore no armor, but they marched in a host of thousands with weapons glimmering in the sunlight. then glastus, barbarian yet civilized, rode from the gates of the city on a mighty war - horse and led his army to meat his enemy. the senones blared their horns and pounded drums as they approached closer and closer to their enemies, before finally breaking into a frenzied charge. the senones cut through the latins with ferocious ease, breaking their wicker shields just as easily as they broke their bones. akakios watched with particular amazement as glastus singlehandedly leveled three men with one swing of his great sword. the battle was quickly won by the senones, and akakios murmured to his fellow greek : \u201c after we exchange gifts, i am certain that out cities will make allies with this king. \u201d latin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41184828190577005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.054030"} {"text": "men with one swing of his great sword. the battle was quickly won by the senones, and akakios murmured to his fellow greek : \u201c after we exchange gifts, i am certain that out cities will make allies with this king. \u201d latins from a town called gabii in latium that was once under roman control. achilles ( non - latinized ) chapter two : the wars of succession part four : the man of great rage segoveco was not a natural leader. since he was young, he had always been in the shadow of greater men in his family : his father cingetocintus, his older brother marumarka, and even his younger brother dubiepos had proved a more formidable man. it was not that he wasn \u2019 t fierce in battle ; segoveco was feared for his prowess with the sword. it was not that he was dim of wit ; he had gone under the same learning as his brothers. and it was not that he was small of stature ; he towered over most men. the reason why segoveco was never handed a position of power, why he was never proclaimed a leader, was something a bit darker. the man was apparently mad. something about the look of his eye always had given his father fright, and he had done his best to reserve the boy \u2019 s insanity for the battlefield, where it might do some good. but beyond the many wars the senones had conducted, cingetocintus had held his second son back intentionally. but now, the only kith and kin to hold him back set clearly in opposition, the madness of segoveco was set loose. segoveco, having been granted control of ancona by his late brother, would not submit to his younger sibling. this much was evident by his swift sacking of sena from the sea only two weeks after dubiepos took the city. his pirate fleet, accompanied by liburnians, quickly stormed the city, seized its wealth, and made for their ships and returned to ancona. segoveco earned a lot of flack from his supporters for not taking the city when he had the chance, so segoveco challenged any who disagreed with him to a fight to the death \u2026 at once. segoveco reportedly fought seven of his own men at the same time, slaying all of them. he, however, did not escape unscathed. in the fray, his left hand was severed from his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.396803592652988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.054998"} {"text": "death \u2026 at once. segoveco reportedly fought seven of his own men at the same time, slaying all of them. he, however, did not escape unscathed. in the fray, his left hand was severed from his arm. segoveco then took his hand, and threw it in the face of his adversary, stunning his enemy in time to behead him. he then invited his liburnian allies into his city, tipping the proverbial scales to his favor within ancona. at this time, dubiepos retaliated, and launched an assault on ancona. at the siege, segoveco stood up on the walls of his city, and began urinating on the aggressors below. he did not seem to take any worry to the arrows flying up at him, and when he was finished excreting, he turned around and walked away, unharmed. with continued help from the liburnians, bringing in supplies from the sea and harassing any ship in alliance of friendship with dubiepos, the only way ancona would be taken would be if the walls were breached and the city stormed. to this end, segoveco seemed to show no care. five months into the siege, he opened the gate to the city, and, standing in the threshold, proclaimed himself the god of destruction, and challenged all of dubiepos \u2019 army to fight him. stunned, no man approached, so segoveco ran screaming at the assembled army, and began killing men. eventually he received the resistance he desired, but no man could manage to kill him. he lost his right eye, however, and received an arrow to the left buttock, but segoveco still managed to kill twelve men, and return the ancona alive. demoralized, dubiepos decided that his psychotic brother would be a thorn in his side to pluck another day. segoveco, the senone king of ancona, also known as segoveco the mad, would continue to reign in his port city, and with his newly found allies across the adriatic, would become a scourge. an illyrian tribe located in what is now croatia, used to be the most powerful hegemony in the adriatic until 384 b. c. when dionysius the elder of syracuse defeated them and began founding syracusian colonies along the adriatic ( including ancona, which was later taken by the senones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39210733941197473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.055895"} {"text": "the most powerful hegemony in the adriatic until 384 b. c. when dionysius the elder of syracuse defeated them and began founding syracusian colonies along the adriatic ( including ancona, which was later taken by the senones ittl, oh the irony ). chapter two : the war of succession part five : the black horse \u201c what can we do? \u201d dubiepos asked himself in his chamber. \u201c that bastard in ancona set the city of our people alight, and now he invites men from across the sea onto our shores. \u201d he slammed his fist down, making his thrown shake. he now lodged in perusia, the city that had first embraced him as senonirix. with sena burned, it was the only other royal city under his domain. work had already begun on rebuilding sena, slaves had been taken, and dubiepos \u2019 coffers were almost empty. but there were other matters to attend to, particularly the state of civil war that consumed his father \u2019 s kingdom. dubiepos needed to secure more territory, else his claim to the thrown would wither and die just as swiftly as his slain brother marumarka \u2019 s had. the closest royal city was curtun, which currently held allegiance to uxellosirom, who was occupied launching a massive siege on fufluna in the west with the help of the carthaginians. dubiepos, both cunning and brave, saw an excellent opportunity to boost his people \u2019 s confidence in him. after the humiliating defeat at ancona, dubiepos certainly needed it. in the spring of 353 b. e. ( 340 b. c. ), dubiepos launched a fresh campaign. his army amasses, refreshed after a winter of rest, and marched for the scarcely defended curtun. uxellosirom was a fool for devoting so much of his force to a siege so far from his city. what little resistance there was, dubiepos \u2019 chariots quickly ran over, trampled beneath the hard hooves of the parosirix, the true senonirix! curtun fell before uxellosirom even heard word that his city was being assaulted while he piddled his forces away on a siege that was taking him all of a year to even make progress. dubiepos took curtun in a week. the gods favored the black horse. this much was certain. the adriatic sea, to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38026282076943824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 55, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.056767"} {"text": "piddled his forces away on a siege that was taking him all of a year to even make progress. dubiepos took curtun in a week. the gods favored the black horse. this much was certain. the adriatic sea, to be precise. in case you hadn \u2019 t noticed, the past few update names are the english translations of the senonirix rivals \u2019 names. dubiepos means black horse. chapter two : the wars of succession part six : the second year in 353 b. e. ( 360 b. c. ) the war of senone succession was breaking out into a massive bloodbath. it seemed every power in the mediterranean sea who had invested in italia had some involvement. while the senone contenders fought amongst themselves, the carthaginians backed uxellosirom of curtun, the syracusians and neapolitans backed glastus of veii, the liburnians were re - colonizing the adriatic with the help of the mad king of ancona, and that was only within the first year of the conflict. taras, a greek city - state in magna graecia, threw in its lot with dubiepos of perusia after his assault on curtun. they hoped to hinder syracuse \u2019 s influence in the adriatic, as well as pissing off the carthaginians, who were pushing to further their influence in the region. fufluna, which had been assaulted by the curtun - carthage alliance made it out just by luck. when dubiepos took curtun, uxellosirom quickly forewent his siege on the port - city, turned his army around, and attempted to take back his city. unfortunately for him, he ran into a certain adiat baguadas along the way, and they met in battle. uxellosirom defeated his rival, who escaped into the hills, but the skirmish was enough to weaken his army just enough to loose against dubiepos. he managed to escape to felathri with a diminished force, but his claim to senonirix was effectively castrated. however, his carthaginian allies continued to blockade fufluna, disregarding the needs of their ally. it became apparent that the carthaginians had motives of their own other than putting uxellosirom up as the senonirix. gutus of fufluna, however, was fortunate enough to now only have one enemy assaulting his city. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4483958969743062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.057689"} {"text": "that the carthaginians had motives of their own other than putting uxellosirom up as the senonirix. gutus of fufluna, however, was fortunate enough to now only have one enemy assaulting his city. in the summer of that year, a band of sabines moved into senone territory, raiding along the tiber until they were stopped by glastus of veii. gutus of fufluna barely managed to get a ship through the hanno the great iii \u2019 s mighty carthaginian blockade in search of aid. such aid was found in massalia. a small fleet of fifty biremes and twenty pentakonters was sent, which, while initially ineffective, was enough to reprieve the city. with the help of neapolis and syracuse, glastus of veii took control of the coastline, including the cities of caisra, tarchna, velch, and vetluna, all of which had been ruled by local governors until someone took control. glastus was glad to oblige. his greek allies, meanwhile, began flooding these port cities with merchant vessels eager to sell and trade, a luxury that had been denied to them with the outbreak of such a violent war. this rapid expansion, however, was quickly checked by a samnite into his territory that winter. glastus just managed to rebuff the invasion outside veii, but at the price of his and his allies \u2019 men. all eyes were on the former senone kingdoms. and soon, the wars of senone succession would lead to international conflict beyond the small backwater borders of their italian region. oh, we will be seeing a lot of these old boys remember, italy, while of some importance, was not all that. chapter two : the wars of succession part seven : stale mate and a glimpse of the future \u201c okay, so what have we learned so far about early itiloian history? \u201d master merko asked to his flock of pupils sitting in the grass outside the akadamio do faio. birds chirped sweetly and the wind brushed through the olive trees that flanked them, giving shade. his pupils, a motley group of some fifteen men and women who had all been sent by their families to gain a classical education, looked up at their teacher blankly. \u201c come now, the fresh air is good for your minds. surely the summer sun can warm the ice off your brains! \u201d master merko sighed, and took", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4389222917794642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 57, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.058702"} {"text": "sent by their families to gain a classical education, looked up at their teacher blankly. \u201c come now, the fresh air is good for your minds. surely the summer sun can warm the ice off your brains! \u201d master merko sighed, and took off his turban - like hat and ran a hand through his blonde hair. \u201c well, \u201d paxitie, a local aristocrat \u2019 s snoody daughter, said, \u201c the senoians came in and conquered itiloia. \u201d \u201c an over - simplification, paxitie, that would skew all of history. the senoians only conquered and settled tuscoia and senoia, \u201d master merko said. \u201c imagine a world where they had swept over all of itiloia! everything would have changed! imagine, no quartoian wars, no tuscoian revolts, no sapinmoian expansion! \u201d his pupils returned his ramblings on alternate histories with more bank stares. master merko rolled his eyes. \u201c anyway, can anyone answer my question more fully? ah, aedono, you haven \u2019 t said a thing today. tell us about the rise and fall of the senoian kingdom. \u201d aedono looked up, shocked to be called upon so abruptly. his curly black hair and dark skin gave him away as an ellenean, but, lucky for him, he had inherited that famous ellenean logic which had earned him some acclaim amongst the teachers. usually he was always answering questions, but today he was oddly quiet. \u201c well? \u201d master merko prodded. the entire class looked at aedono, waiting for his answer. \u201c well, the senoian king brennos and his successor cingetocintus conquered the regions of tuscoia and senoia, defeating and destroying the ancient tuscoians. but after cingetocintus died, the kingdom broke up into three smaller kingdoms because of a war over who should be king. the quartoians and elleneans got involved. we still don \u2019 t know exactly what ended the war, but the senoian kingdom was never united again. \u201d \u201c good, then what happened? \u201d \u201c isn \u2019 t that when the sapinmoian wars began? \u201d \u201c about a decades later, yes. very good aedono. \u201d italian, as known by the tuscions of 1452 a. d. ( 1459 p. e. ), wherein this lecture takes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4742895063138493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 58, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.059573"} {"text": ". c. ) the battle of cumae raged between the rasna against an allied force of greeks from syracuse, cumae, and neapolis, in which the greeks achieved victory. little did they know that this battle would mark the beginning of the end for both cultures in the region. only a few decades later, capeva was overrun by the osci ( the tribe for which the oscan language branch is named ) who swept into the region from the hills and retook the region for their people. in 416 b. e. the osci breached the walls of cumae, and ousted the greeks from the region except for the city of neapolis, which remained strong against them. but after these conquests, the osci civilized and settled down from their pastoral ways. they quickly adopted the greek notion of polis, and formed the capevan league. while the senones were dismantling the rasna civilization further north, another nomadic group was causing trouble on the peninsula. a warlike tribe of shepherds closely related to the osci of capeva, the samnites, or safineis in their tongue, were pressing down on their relatives from the hills. the samnites were a people who occupied south - central italia composed of four tribes. the strongest tribe, the pentri, ruled from the city of bovaiamom, the caraceni who were centered in the city of cluviae, the caudini of caudium, and the hirpini, who ruled from maloenton. while these cities were nothing compared to the grandeur and wealth of the coastal cities, they were well populated and easily defensible, housing massive samnite populations. their federal league, was centered around the pentri capital. indeed, the samnites were something more than the rustic bumpkins their osci kin liked to portray. samnite raids into the unstable north after the collapse of the senone kingdom successfully checked glastus of veii from invading further inland as well as dubiepos. the amazing thing is, these were merely expeditionary forces by ambitious samnite warriors looking for loot. the samnite war - machine was something to be feared indeed. their unique battle formation situated their legions in small square phalanxes arranged in a checker - board pattern. this innovation allowed for incredible maneuverability in the rough hills of central and southern italia, as well as maintaining the structure and strength of a phalanx. so,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42420158496467925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 60, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.061577"} {"text": "legions in small square phalanxes arranged in a checker - board pattern. this innovation allowed for incredible maneuverability in the rough hills of central and southern italia, as well as maintaining the structure and strength of a phalanx. so, in 337 b. e. ( 344 b. c. ), when the samnites poured into the capevan plains demanding the grasslands for their herds, there was little that could be done. the greeks on the coast appealed to philip ii of makedonia, but he was two busy expanding his kingdom, and to epirus, who was too busy keeping the illyrians to their north in check. the capevans called on help from the senones in veii under their new king tarvos, but they were too busy suppressing latin and faliscan revolts within their kingdom. in 336 b. e. the samnites poured into the city of capeva, taking it for themselves and effectively absorbing the capevan league into their own. little is known about the samnites before this period of expansion, but the warrior shepherds would prove to be an extremely important and influential group in the southern half of italia, and whose wars would inadvertently shape the politics and wars of the mediterranean world. campania ( or capua ), which, if you recall, was founded by the etruscans capuan league as we would know it modern day otl bojano modern day otl benevento chapter three : the age of shepherds part two : the springtime cult with the expansion of the samnites in southern italia came the expansion of their culture. the samnites, a warlike culture centered around their sheep herds, had intertwined much of their religion with their livelihood. this religion, known as the cult of springtime, or the holy springtime, was based in large part around the migrations of shepherds through samnite territory. with ancient roots that certainly hold the intrigue of archaeology, the practice seemed to have started as a way for the ancient italic peoples to cope with overpopulation, famine, and plague. to prevent the death of their people, tribes would force members of their tribe into a migration ( not unlike what the ancient celts did, which, if you remember, lead to their settlement in northern italia ). the samnites, who were very much isolated in the limestone mountains of the interior of southern italia. the cult carried many traits of this ancient heritage. with every spring, any first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4514250391903871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 61, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.062496"} {"text": "if you remember, lead to their settlement in northern italia ). the samnites, who were very much isolated in the limestone mountains of the interior of southern italia. the cult carried many traits of this ancient heritage. with every spring, any firstborn birthed during the spring months was sacrificed to the god mamerte, the god of war. the peoples of each samnite village would predestine who would one day migrate and form a new village. the migrant samnites would choose an animal that pleased the gods ( a bull, a wolf, or an deer usually ), and would search for a place to settle until they found one that would please such an animal blessed by the gods. only shepherd - warriors would attend this migration. migrants were considered sacred, and would lead their herds along the central roads through the apennines. along these roads, dotting the landscape, were temples dedicated to the samnite gods. this ritual, related to the following of the herd, would as the samnite population continued to boom be the direct cause of much conflict in the region once they started to pour outside of the mountains. the samnites did not believe in a concept of land ownership. instead, they believed that all land was to be used by the group mutually to feed their herd of sheep. the shepherd - warriors, however, needed an outlet to prove their valor and strength. so, on the spring equinox, to celebrate the end of winter and the coming of a new year to feed their herds, men would partake in wrestling matches and other war - like games to showcase their strength and prowess as a warrior. when the samnites moved into campeva, their religion took on some greek influence, and it was not long before the greeks associated analogous gods of the samnites with their own. mamerte, for example, was quickly associated with ares, and castor with apollo. however, the greeks were not the only ones to influence samnite religion as it left the periphery and joined the rest on the world - stage. the celts to the north made special influence on samnite religion with their custom of druidic rites of sacrificing people and animals together. the samnites took on the celtic custom of building their centers of prayer, circular temples made from stone, away from populated areas. a clear throwback to a time of overpopulation and / or famine. interestingly, when the romans annexed samnium, this tradition was the basis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46220680691899907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 62, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.063421"} {"text": "custom of building their centers of prayer, circular temples made from stone, away from populated areas. a clear throwback to a time of overpopulation and / or famine. interestingly, when the romans annexed samnium, this tradition was the basis of the roman gladiatorial games, in which they added weapons and animals for entertainment. chapter three : the age of shepherds part three : expansion of the league the swift samnite takeover of campeva was by no means the last time neighboring tribes would have conflict with the samnites. with the rasna thoroughly destroyed by the senones, who were now dealing with internal issues of their own ( some theorize these internal issues to be a directly caused by samnite expansion to the south ), no one was strong enough to check their growing influence. in 335 b. e. ( 342 b. c. ) the samnites made a swift takeover of their neighbors to their northwest, the ausones, the volsci, and latins. the ausones, a tribe very close in relation to the samnites, as well as being the closest in proximity to the samnites, was also the strongest of the three, but their rigid phalanx formations were not flexible enough to out maneuver the checkerboard formation of the samnite hoplites. at an unknown site, the samnites defeated them. the ausones, sensing where the tide was going, then switched sides, and joined the samnite confederation. the samnites then marched into latium, where they met a combined volsci and latin force. the volsci and the latins were traditional enemies. the volsci spoke their own language, which was closely related to oscan, the language the samnites, ausones, and campevan oscans all spoke. they often warred with the latin league over the region of latium, and had actually a considerable amount of influence over the southern and eastern parts of the region. they quite often allied with the aequi, while the latins usually allied with the hernici. but of late, with increasing latin migration north of the tiber, the remaining latin tribes and city - states found themselves weak in the face of the samnite war - machine. after a brief battle, both the volsci and the latins were forced to flee the field. the samnites had already taken the volsci cities of atina, arpinum, and sora before the volsci and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42479503915344574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 63, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.064356"} {"text": "- machine. after a brief battle, both the volsci and the latins were forced to flee the field. the samnites had already taken the volsci cities of atina, arpinum, and sora before the volsci and latins finally called for aid from the aequi and hernici. another battle occurred with all four peoples against the samnites, believed to have taken place along the trerus river, near the tiber. this time, in the middle of the battle, the aequi suddenly switched sides, and began fighting along side the samnites. it is believed the aequi turned against their allies in hopes of reaping some revenge upon the hernici. the samnite forces then crushed what remained of their enemies. no force stood in their way to stop their expansion into latium. they raided and sacked the latin city of ardea, and outright destroyed the barely recovering city of gabii. it is believed that this caused a massive influx of latin refugees north of the tiber, however there is no definitive proof, and latins had already been trickling north to fill the emptied lands the senones had violently occupied. by 334 b. e. ( 341 b. c. ) the entire region was overrun. the hernici were forced to fight off the aequi, but they lost significant territory to both the aequi and the samnites, and were reduced to little more than a footnote in the area. during this period of expansion, the samnites made many friends and enemies. many of the tribes living in the mountainous regions of italia, who shared similar shepherd cultures and languages, allied themselves with the emerging power to the south. such tribes included the marsi, aequi, peligni, and sabines. these tribes would rely heavily on samnite support as chaos was ( once again ) beginning to erupt in the areas north of their borders. over time, the samnites would slowly absorb some of these tribes, while others would retain autonomy for quite some time. but, on the other hand, the samnites made enemies with the coastal city - states, who were very threatened by these barbarians from the hills and mountains inland. most of these city - states were greek, but some were rasna residuals, or hellenized tribes along the coastline. in the coming years, their fears would prove to be quite founded. this will be explained, no worries. the greeks who usually recorded the goings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.392300369197144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 64, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.065351"} {"text": "were greek, but some were rasna residuals, or hellenized tribes along the coastline. in the coming years, their fears would prove to be quite founded. this will be explained, no worries. the greeks who usually recorded the goings - ons in the peninsula were a tad preoccupied at the moment with troubles of their own. the samnite takeover of the ausones is barely a side note in most of their records. if you recall, this was the city glastus had sacked in order to force its inhabitants to fight against him to convince the greeks to fund him. this, too, will be explained! chapter three : the age of shepherds part four : meanwhile in the senone kingdoms veorix tarvos and what remained of his men looked back at the beach as they sailed away. on the beach, he could hear the cheers and applause of the rebels as they watched him flee. corpses bled out on the beach, turning the white sand red, and eventually being pulled out to sea by the tide. the rebels threw their hands into the air, some of them lobbing their helmets into the sky. \u201c libertas! \u201d they shouted, \u201c libertas etrusci! libertas veo! \u201d tarvos spat into the ocean and leered. the ocean wind now blew in the sails of his ship, and in his face. it tasted bitter. how did this happen? he thought to himself. i had it all. how did this happen? veorix glastus \u2019 reign was relatively peaceful once he secured his power along the tiber. as was promised, glastus sent senone warriors to fight for syracuse in their war against carthage on sicily. the senone kingdom of veii and syracuse maintained good relations, and trade between the two cities flourished. veii grew as a city with every year, the areas of the city that had been largely emptied ( a cost of the many wars fought in the region over the past few decades ) were starting to refill with not only senones and rasna, but also latins and greeks from the south, many of whom began to refer to themselves as etrusci, the term they once used to denote the rasna. in fact, because of the larger rasna population in his kingdom, most people actually referred to the senone kingdom of veii ( or veo, as the senones called it ) as a successor - state not to the kingdom of the senonirix, but to mex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4534784265611549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 65, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.069889"} {"text": "rasna population in his kingdom, most people actually referred to the senone kingdom of veii ( or veo, as the senones called it ) as a successor - state not to the kingdom of the senonirix, but to mexl rasnal. inside the city, neighborhoods that were in earlier years divided between senone, rasna, greek, and latin, the lines of ethnicity began to blur. pidgin languages were commonly spoken throughout glastus \u2019 realm. by the time of glastus \u2019 death in 345 b. e. ( 352 b. c. ), the cities he ruled were not only busy, but bustling! merchants sold goods from far off lands : amber from the lost regions of the far north, salt and gold from carthage, silver from iberia, fine wool from celtica, purple dye from tyre. in the palaces of ancient veii, archaeologist have, indeed, found goods from lands as far away as india. the countryside, which had taken the heaviest toll during the senone wars, was replenished and settled by senones and latins. vineyards, fields of wheat and rye, and orchards returned to the once black and ashen fields of mexl rasnal into the beautiful, lush green lands that they once were. though there was the occasional border skirmishing between the other senone kings, the kingdom of veo was relatively peaceful in his time. to avoid further fracturing of senone territory, glastus established a formal line of succession to the thrown which would be passed to the eldest male member of the royal family. this gave a real sense of stability in the kingdom, which previously had been waiting with anticipation and worry with every year glastus grew older for a new war to break out. in the court of veo, glastus took the provided historians with the first accounts of the senone wars from the senone perspective when he mandated that the histories be written down in greek, and also ( to the great chagrin of the druid priests ) that it be written in celtic, using the greek alphabet. this was the first known instance of old celtic being written down, providing valuable information about ancient celtic culture and history. apparently, glastus was quite the trend - setter amongst the senone kings, because the new senone alphabet was adopted in sena and fufluna quite quickly, who then went about writing their own versions of senone histories ( of course each account is littered with propaganda ). in 345", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4017136632600332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 66, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.071221"} {"text": "latin family, and was treated as one of their own on the farm. he married one of their daughters, and was officially one of their family. but while tarvos believed his line to be secure and his cousin to be dead, he proved to be an extremely poor leader. out of touch with his people, the senone aristocracy called him decadent, more greek than senone! but tarvos silenced his enemies with a harsh hand. on the road entering veo, political adversaries and dissidents were crucified. tarvos raised heavy taxes on his people, and demanded tribute from the latin tribes on the southern coast of the tiber. in 337 b. e. ( 344 b. c. ), the same year campeva asked for senone aid against the samnites, a rebellion broke out in the countryside. tarvos managed to subdue it, but it was only a warning of things to come : a warning veorix tarvos did not heed. tarvos had every rebel slaughtered, their carcasses thrown into a massive pyre. he then increased the taxes already laid upon his people. two years later in 335 b. e. ( 341 b. c. ), the motley inhabitants of tarvos \u2019 kingdom rose up. at first, tarvos tried to deal with this rebellion like the one he had but a couple of years earlier, and sent a senone army out to destroy the rabble. but instead of news of resounding victory, tarvos heard back something very different. a letter was given to him from his commanders, which read : leux rex etrusci leux rex senoni \u201d the note was written in both celtic and latin. apparently, this new rebellion was headed by tarvos \u2019 supposedly dead cousin. when the senone army, which was actually composed of mostly latins and rasna with a senone core, leux revealed himself, showing the torque of his father veorix tarvinos, and the army quickly joined him. tarvos gathered as large of an army as he could muster, but the kingdom was torn. while many joined the veorix, more joined leux. leux did something interesting, however. to appeal to the majority in the region, he proclaimed himself the king of the rasna, or the etrusci ( remember, many latins had begun to call themselves etrusci ) as well as king of the senones. leux was not fighting to gain the thrown of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37483614767814316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 68, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.073318"} {"text": "he proclaimed himself the king of the rasna, or the etrusci ( remember, many latins had begun to call themselves etrusci ) as well as king of the senones. leux was not fighting to gain the thrown of the senones in veo, he was aiming to start an entirely new kingdom. that summer, tarvos met leux in battle near ostia at the mouth of the tiber. there, he was crushed. his men were outnumbered two to one, and some even defected to leux \u2019 s side in the middle of the fray. fearing for his life, tarvos fled to the port city of ostia, where he and what was left of his army escaped by sea. they found refuge in syracuse. lo and behold, what would become known as the kingdom of etruscana was born with the rise of the leuxid dynasty. gaul. the gauls referred to themselves as celtos, so their region shall be known to us as celtica and their language as celtic. i will try to make this as clear as possible so as to avoid confusion later on. note that it is not from father to son. \u201c leux, king of the estrusci, leux, king of the senones \u201d chapter three : the age of shepherds part five : samnites, lucanians, and bruttians \u2014 oh my! by 336 b. e. ( 343 b. c. ), the greek colonies in the south of italia were in a heap of trouble. weakened by war with each other and with carthage, the leaders of these city - states looked to the north with increasing anticipation and worry. with each passing day, the tribes consolidated their power and pressed in on their borders, and it was not only the samnites who were giving them a headache. enter the lucanians and bruttians : two very large tribal confederations who shared the oscan language with the samnites ( and appeared to be allied with them ), as well as their warlike culture. for the past few decades, these native tribes had been pressing in on greek colonial borders from the hilly inland. the lucanians were settled to the direct south of the samnite league, occupying the mountainous territory to the interior of what was the heart of magna graecia, southern italia. they are believed to have originated as either a splinter group of an earlier oscan tribe further north, or to be one of the oldest peoples in the region, and that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4387884060679972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 69, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.074353"} {"text": "the interior of what was the heart of magna graecia, southern italia. they are believed to have originated as either a splinter group of an earlier oscan tribe further north, or to be one of the oldest peoples in the region, and that the other oscan - related tribes originated and splintered off from them. the former is more likely, considering the oscan languages \u2019 closeness to the languages spoken further north ( such as umbric and sabellic ). the bruttians lived farther south still, in the \u201c toe \u201d of italia. their origins were a little less unsure than those of the lucanians. their very name \u201c brutti \u201d came from the oscan word for \u201c rebel \u201d. so, it is believed, and this was the legend the bruttians and lucanians even used to describe their own origins : that the bruttians originated from a slave rebellion against the lucanians, and settled further south. but, old blood aside, the two proved to be a formidable force against the greek colonists, and with the added help of their relatives, the samnites, they transcended to a force to be reckoned with. taras and the cities under her influence were the prime targets. situated keenly at the center of all trade routes from the aegean to the adriatic and tyrrhenian seas, taras was the jewel of magna graecia at its height in the 360 \u2019 s and 350 \u2019 s b. e. under the rule of the mathematician, scientist, philosopher, strategist, commander - in - chief, and statesmen archytas, taras reached its peak, gaining the largest army and fleet of any greek colony at the time, racking in more wealth and trade than any other, and made significant advances against the messapian tribes along the \u201c heel \u201d of italia. he even gave his support to the kingdom of sena during the collapse of the senone kingdom, but did not officially lend any troops. it is largely believed the threat of taras \u2019 involvement prompted the opposing sides to vie for peace, however unstable that peace was. but in 340 b. e. ( 347 b. c. ) archytas died. though taras was still strong, it would be a fast decline for the city, whose opulence had appeared to bring about its own downfall. in 336 b. e. the tarantines called upon their mother - city, sparta, for assistance against the first in many wars to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4208758637486099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 70, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.075633"} {"text": "would be a fast decline for the city, whose opulence had appeared to bring about its own downfall. in 336 b. e. the tarantines called upon their mother - city, sparta, for assistance against the first in many wars to come against the bruttians and lucanians. what prompted this conflict is unclear, but one theory suggests that the italic tribes were used by the tarantines as mercenaries, and that they were either unsatisfied with their pay, or that they simply desired more than just a slice of the metaphoric pie. a year later, king archidamus iii of sparta arrived to aid taras with a spartan army and fleet to combat these \u201c barbarians \u201d, these lesser babbling people. but these lesser peoples would have the best of the greeks. after a long, four - year campaign to subdue the lucanians and bruttians, he was slain outside the walls of one of taras \u2019 satellite cities, a city called manduria, and the tarantine - spartan alliance was defeated. five years later, in 326 b. e. ( 333 b. c. ), taras called for assistance again against the bruttians, lucanians, and samnites, but this time, they called on epiros, currently ruled by alexandros i molossos, uncle to alexandros iii of makedonia. alexandros i made several successes against the tribes. he defeated the samnites and lucanians near poseidonia, a greek colony near campeva, which had been conquered by the lucanians sometime earlier in the 4th century b. e. at heraclea, a tarantine colony, he defeated the lucanians again, and retook the city of terina from the bruttians, who had taken the city in 358 b. e. in 324 b. e. ( 331 b. c. ) alexandros received aid from his makedonian nephew of the same name, and was reinforced with some makedonian hoplites. he used this refreshed army, and made his way to once and for all subdue the troublesome italic tribes. he marched his phalanxes deep into lucania, where he met the samnite, lucanian, and bruttian armies near a town called pandosia. the battle of pandosia was an absolute slaughter for the greeks, and king alexandros i molossos of epiros", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3965498340026534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 71, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.076503"} {"text": "he met the samnite, lucanian, and bruttian armies near a town called pandosia. the battle of pandosia was an absolute slaughter for the greeks, and king alexandros i molossos of epiros himself was killed by lucanian warriors. the battle of pandosia is considered to be a huge turning point in the history of ancient southern italia, because it marked the end of greek colonization in the region. though there would continue to be a greek presence in the area, and certainly more greek invasions, and even political influence in the area ; no more greek colonies were ever founded after this date. though little is known about the actual details of the battle, this much was for sure : the key to the italic success was their battle formation, which was far more maneuverable, and could easily outflank the rigid greek phalanx. the italic tribes were armed with short swords and small shields, and their checker - board pattern formations allowed considerably more movement in the hilly terrain which was unsuitable for phalanx. though left relatively defenseless, the city of taras was spared when the samnites were forced to avert their attention northwards. in 320 b. e. hostilities again broke out in the campevan plain, when the samnites captured and garrisoned the city of neapolis, asserting full dominance in the region. here is where the first samnite leader was ever recorded, a man named gavius pontius, meddix of the samnites. he, reportedly, commanded an army of nine thousand men, including one thousand cavalry. the greeks of neapolis were overrun, and forced to cede independence to the samnite league. they documented with more than minor interest this cunning man who would prove to be an integral part of samnite expansion. and as the greeks squabbled and fractured to the south, the samnites consolidated, and strengthened their alliances. however, little did anyone know, a freak accident across the sea would mean huge reverberations for all of them, and would change the face of the world. a conglomeration of tribes believed to be descendant from illyrian colonists, they were an old enemy to the greek colonists in the region. a position similar to the roman consul chapter three : the age of shepherds part six : what was in the paper aedono read like his life depended on it, his eyes pouring over the printed script. he sat on a bench", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35034584407540126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 72, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.077493"} {"text": "the region. a position similar to the roman consul chapter three : the age of shepherds part six : what was in the paper aedono read like his life depended on it, his eyes pouring over the printed script. he sat on a bench on a street corner near the academy. carts drove by, steam puffing out from the backs of those now drawn by horse. the city of faio was hustling and bustling in the early summer afternoon. all the pretty girls were out, and children ran through the streets, laughing loudly. but aedono was immersed in the pages he held in his hands. in huge black letters above the article, announced to every glancing eye, were the words : lacyedonian rebels take atena! elleneans lend support! each page brought on mounting excitement and anxiety. he could feel the pit in his neck. being an ellenean himself, aedono could feel pride for his people swelling in his chest, but at the same time, he doubted that the rebels could hold out against the royal gouthanian army in open battle. aedono feared the day the papers would inform him of another slaughter of his people. \u201c what do you have there, grico? \u201d suddenly the paper was snatched up from his hands. standing above him was favion, a local student surrounded by his cronies. \u201c well, would you look at that, boys ; the grico is pretending to read. isn \u2019 t that cute? \u201d \u201c give that back! \u201d aedono stood up, his dark, curly hair falling in front of his eyes momentarily. \u201c please, favion, i \u2019 m not in the mood. \u201d \u201c who the fuck do you think you are, talking to me like that? \u201d favion pushed aedono. \u201c fucking grico! \u201d \u201c don \u2019 t call me that! \u201d \u201c or what? \u201d favion pushed aedono again, \u201c what are you going to do? rape my father \u2019 s goat? oh yeah, that \u2019 ll show me. \u201d his comrades chuckled at that one. \u201c just give me the fucking paper, favion. \u201d \u201c my father says he gives these grico idiots in gouthania a month before they all get themselves killed. \u201d favion pretended to show interest in the paper, poking it and beating it with the back of his hand while he talked, \u201c i mean, what are a bunch of grico farmers and peasants going to do against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42238985234933657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 73, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.079505"} {"text": "all get themselves killed. \u201d favion pretended to show interest in the paper, poking it and beating it with the back of his hand while he talked, \u201c i mean, what are a bunch of grico farmers and peasants going to do against the rict, huh? they don \u2019 t have any fire - bombs, no blast - engines \u2026 ha! i \u2019 d be surprised if any of these fools will be left to be crucified after the rict blows them to hell with his blast - engines! \u201d \u201c i heard they were fighting with nothing but swords and spears they stole, \u201d one of favion \u2019 s friends chimed in. \u201c what is this, the fucking bronze age? \u201d favion went on. \u201c lacyedonians? i thought they were all put in their place after their last rebellion. \u201d \u201c i know it doesn \u2019 t mean anything to you, but most people don \u2019 t like being kept down by an oppressive ruler, \u201d aedono said. \u201c now will you please give me back my paper? \u201d \u201c fuck you, griko, and fuck your pretty fucking mother! \u201d \u201c favion geio igniatie! \u201d master merko approached them swiftly, his blue eyes piercing. \u201c master merko! \u201d for a moment, aedono saw fear in favion \u2019 s eyes. but he quickly reverted to his persona of the confident leader, and put on a broad smile. he put a thick arm around aedono, \u201c i was just sharing my paper with my friend aedono, here. it \u2019 s about the rebels in gauthania, because, you know, aedono is an ellenean, and you know \u2014 \u201c \u201c i know full - damn - well what you were doing mr. igniatie, \u201d master merko spoke sternly. \u201c if i ever see you harass mr. cocanes again, i will see to it that you are given charge of cleaning the chamber pots in the university for the rest of the year. do i make myself clear? \u201d \u201c yes, master merko. \u201d favion said, humbled. \u201c return mr. cocanes \u2019 paper now. \u201d favion pretty much shoved the paper into aedono \u2019 s hands, crinkling it in the process, but the article was safe in aedono \u2019 s hand once again. they did as he said. \u201c thank you, \u201d aedono said. \u201c not a problem, \u201d master", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3767025843659232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 74, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.080780"} {"text": "\u2019 s hands, crinkling it in the process, but the article was safe in aedono \u2019 s hand once again. they did as he said. \u201c thank you, \u201d aedono said. \u201c not a problem, \u201d master merko said. \u201c but you were not present for my lecture today on ancient macatonoia. that is very unlike you. \u201d \u201c it \u2019 s just, all this stuff going on in the world, \u201d aedono said. \u201c my father keeps sending me letters from seiracusa about how our neighbor \u2019 s sons just went on a ship to help the rebels, and everyone back home is getting all excited, and then i saw that they were selling an article about it, and well, i guess i just got caught up in it is all. \u201d \u201c i suppose you often think of how things could have turned out differently for your people, hm? \u201d \u201c well, studying history almost requires me to think such things. \u201d \u201c well, \u201d master merko laughed, \u201c that is certainly one way to look at it. \u201d \u201c can \u2019 t help but wonder what might have been, right? \u201d \u201c oh, the infinite worlds that might exist beyond our own mundane history, \u201d master merko put a hand over aedono \u2019 s shoulder. \u201c i believe there is a writer somewhere in the north writing a book of such kind about the unification of celtica. they are calling it an \u2018 alternate history \u2019. what an intriguing idea, don \u2019 t you think? \u201d remember this character? our boy from the year 1453 a. d. ( or 1460 a. e. ittl ). yeah, i think i \u2019 m going to make it convention to have a little future narrative with the end of every chapter. in case you forgot, the elleneans are the greeks, a name derived from hellenes. as you also might have guessed, \u201c grico \u201d is a very derogatory term for such people. and as for who the lacyadonians are, i almost want to leave it as a surprise. take a guess. hmmmm \u2026 sounds strangely like something about the goth \u2019 s, doesn \u2019 t it? from the germanic \u201c ric \u201d a word that meant \u201c king \u201d. syracuse, one of the last remaining places on earth with a greek - speaking majority. the weighted scales : a world of an aborted rome apparently it ' s the best ancient tl of 2011. oh baby! last edited by errnge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4894647586998002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 75, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.082212"} {"text": ". syracuse, one of the last remaining places on earth with a greek - speaking majority. the weighted scales : a world of an aborted rome apparently it ' s the best ancient tl of 2011. oh baby! last edited by errnge ; july 31st, 2012 at 06 : 58 pm.. the weighted scales : the world of an aborted rome chapter four : the early hellenistic period part one : the man who would have been great alexandros was hot with the blood of his enemies. his ornate armor gleamed crimson as he slew persian after persian. the field was littered with corpses. it was certainly a good day for the vultures. the battle was almost won, and with the taking of this small town in the south of anatolia ( issos, he thought it was called ), the makedonians, and more importantly alexandros, would gain access to the wealth of the orient. alexandros could see the cowardly persian emperor fleeing. alexandros almost had his glory, his chance to be immortal and slay the effeminate king of kings, but his mercenaries were in trouble. he turned his horse around and \u2014 what in olympius?! he saw a blur of a man, a barbarian no doubt, clothed in not but his skin, colored in blue, rush past his horse, but tripped over a persian carcass. alexandros \u2019 horse reared up, startled. alexandros barked, ready to slay the fool who got in his way, but was cut short. he could not speak, but felt an intense burning pain in his throat. suddenly, blood filled his mouth, his vision blurred, and alexandros fell off his steed with an arrow through the neck. though greatly successful, the first makedonian - persian war ended in disaster for the makedonians. their king, alexandros iii who had shown great prowess on the battlefield and much potential as a leader, was shot by a stray arrow and killed at the battle of issos in 326 b. e. ( 333 b. c. ) near the end of the battle. his body was quickly dragged off the field and valiantly protected by his soldiers. the battle had resulted in heavy persian casualties, and the makedonians managed to route them before word spread that their fearless leader was dead. parmenion, alexandros \u2019 highest ranking general on the field, managed to keep control of the army, and secured the victory swiftly. it is said that when the battle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4444451793658407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 76, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.084331"} {"text": "managed to route them before word spread that their fearless leader was dead. parmenion, alexandros \u2019 highest ranking general on the field, managed to keep control of the army, and secured the victory swiftly. it is said that when the battle was over, and the men were morning over the loss of alexandros, some twenty celtic mercenaries were brought before parmenion in chains. their leader, a man named tarvos had been hired with his men by alexandros to fight for him against the persians, but it seemed that this turned out to be alexandros \u2019 ultimate undoing. the blame was laid on the celtic mercenaries for startling the king \u2019 s horse, which put alexandros in the way of the arrow that killed him. parmenion had them all killed, beheaded, and their skins lined the inside of the makedonian kings sarcophagus. once the battle was through, parmenion was forced to withdraw his army from anatolia, knowing that a succession crisis was well underway. alexandros iii \u2019 s had no children, and the next in line for the throne was his mentally ill brother philip iii. though persia was spared from further destruction to be wrought by the superior makedonian army, this was the beginning of the end for the achaemenid empire. furthermore, persia \u2019 s own internal issues prevented darius iii from retaking much of the land in anatolia he had lost to alexandros iii of makedonia. when parmenion returned to pellas with alexandros \u2019 body, his brother philip iii had already been crowned the new king of makedonia. a massive funeral was conducted, and the makedonian king was buried in pellas with such ostentation, it gained some criticism from the hellenes to the south, calling it an \u201c asian funeral \u201d rather than a proper greek funeral. regardless, alexandros was buried, and many within his kingdom mourned his short reign. soon thereafter, olympias, alexandros iii \u2019 s mother ( and alexandros i of epiros \u2019 sister ) at first tried tried to have philip killed ( once again, her first failed poisoning was the reason for his feeble - mindedness ). unfortunately for olympias, one of her servants informed antipater ( who had been given military control of the european army of makedonia ) of her treachery, and she was arrested and imprisoned. three years later, in 323 b. e. ( 330 b. c. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39999899976111614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 77, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.089972"} {"text": "informed antipater ( who had been given military control of the european army of makedonia ) of her treachery, and she was arrested and imprisoned. three years later, in 323 b. e. ( 330 b. c. ) she was murdered. antipater and parmenion decided to continue the status quo, and parmenion took de facto control of all asian territories acquired through the war with persia, while anitpater took de facto control of all european territories. philip iii then affectively became antipater \u2019 s puppet. greatly successful according to ttl so that \u2019 s where the last king of senone veii ended up. chapter four : the early hellenistic period part two : with a whimper, so do the ancients die to ensure stability within the makedonian empire, antipater arranged for philip iii to marry in 324 b. e. ( 331 b. c. ) drypetis, darius iii \u2019 s daughter, creating a tentative peace with the persians. zopyrion, a makedonian general who had been made governor of thrace by alexandros iii, realized that year that if he continued to sit on his butt in thrace and not contribute the glory of makedonia like the many other far more competent generals of the empire, he would be \u201c stigmatized as indolent \u201d. he gathered a force of 30, 000 men, and marched up the coast of the inhospitable sea to take olbia, a greek colony of miletus ( which had been conquered three years earlier by alexandros during his invasion of anatolia ). zopyrion arrived with a superior force, and laid siege upon the city of olbia, as well as attempting a blockade with the makedonian navy, however, a massive tempest devastated the navy, allowing the city to continue to gather supplied by sea. this would only be the beginning of a series of tragedies that befell zopyrion during his excursion. the olbians realized that they lacked the numbers to defeat the makedonian army, even if their navy had been rendered useless. so, they set free all of the slaves within the city and granted them citizenship to fight the invaders. the siege went on, but the olbians were able to hold out long enough to establish an alliance with the scythians in the nearby steppes to the north. only then did zopyrion realize that he did not have the resources to continue this siege, which he initially had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39081362083386495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 78, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.091005"} {"text": "were able to hold out long enough to establish an alliance with the scythians in the nearby steppes to the north. only then did zopyrion realize that he did not have the resources to continue this siege, which he initially had thought would be a relatively easy excursion. he retreated, but his army was constantly harassed by scythian cavalry, who whittled away at the makedonians until only a fraction of the army was left when they reached the istros river. zopyrion surely thought he was safe within subdued territory once he crossed the river, but his army was then ambushed and slaughtered by getae and triballi, who saw this as an opportunity to gain revenge upon the makedonians, who had ravaged their lands four years earlier under alexandros iii. zopyrion himself was killed, and thrace went up in the fires of rebellion now that the local tribes smelled weakness within the empire. that same year, a large rebellion broke out in hellas when the corinthian league refused to acknowledge philip iii as hegemon. the city of athens, under the military leadership of their statesman leosthenes, headed the rebellion, with their allies from aetolia, locris, thessaly, and phocis. leosthenes, arrived in hellas shortly after the death of alexandros iii with a group of anti - makedonian mercenaries who had fought with the persians against makedonia. he quickly stirred up rebellion, which the boetians opposed, hoping to stop the athenians from meeting up with their allies to the north. however leosthenes \u2019 forces utterly defeated the boetians, and the rebellion was in full force. the hellenes lead their army, some 25, 000 strong, into thessaly. antipater quickly gathered his troops, many already garrisoned within the league of corinth, to crush the uprising. agis iii of sparta saw this as the perfect opportunity to wage war against makedonia, an opportunity he had been awaiting his entire reign. agis iii, through his reign of sparta, seemed to be hell - bent on the destruction of makedonian control in the aegean. during the reign of alexandros iii, agis had made plans with the persians to ally with them against makedonia. however, when the persians were soundly defeated at issus, agis took time to think. alexandros was dead, and the makedonians surely were not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4103635135094206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 79, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.092574"} {"text": "around, and took byblos, where a larger persian force had awaited him, but surrendered without a fight. philotas then moved to take tyre, but was unable to successfully lay siege to the city. realizing this, he moved around tyre, and invaded palestine, taking jerusalem in 320 b. e. ( 327 b. c. ). philotas was making plans to move north and invade armenia, when word reached him that antipater had died of an illness at the age of seventy - seven. philotas made sure to firmly secure syria and palestine for makedonia, garrisoning damascus, sidon, and gaza before returning to anatolia. the next year, philip iii of makedonia died from unknown causes. and he died without an heir. this was how the argead dynasty, who had ruled the makedonians for over four hundred years, ended. the black sea, as the greeks knew it. the danube river iotl, agis iii was severely wounded in this battle, and opted to stay behind and hold of the macedonians himself to buy his men time to escape. it is said that, on his knees, he killed several macedonians before being felled by a javelin. pretty badass guy. leosthenes, on the other hand, launched what was known as the hellenic war in 323 b. c. after alexander \u2019 s death, and was defeated by antipater. iotl, parmenion is often portrayed as being a cautious man in contrast to the daring alexander. however, one can discern this as poetic license when one takes into account the deeds parmenion accomplished otl. chapter four : the early hellenistic period part three : the theatre of war antipatros \u2019 son, he claimed the throne almost immediately after the death of philip iii died. there is considerable rumor that he personally killed the makedonian king, however there is no considerable evidence for this. maintaining his father \u2019 s resentment for the argeads, he lacked his father \u2019 s restraint and subtlety about it. well educated and ambitious, he was taught by aristoteles, who had also taught alexandros iii of makedonia. not wasting time in the wake of philip iii \u2019 s death, kassandros hastily took queen drypetis as his wife, forcing her into the marriage by sword - point. from there, he went about systematically securing ( usually by violent means ) the throne for himself. to top it all off, he made sure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3755766803954322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 82, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.097017"} {"text": "was a very vocal supporter of philotas. however, due to his location in pella, he was quickly arrested and executed by kassandros. kleopatra of epiros : another of the few remaining argeads, she was the queen of epiros after the death of her husband alexander i of epiros ( who was also her uncle ) in italia and the execution of her mother olympias. as was the epirote custom, she became the head of the household after her husband \u2019 s death while her sons were too young to take his place ( rather than what was done in the rest of greece, where the sons would take the place of the father regardless of age ). generally, she was much liked in hellas and makedonia, especially after a shortage of wheat in 327 b. e. ( 334 b. c. ) during which she ordered a massive shipment of grain from kyrene, a massive greek colony in libya, and had the surplus hereto sent to corinth. upon the death of her husband in battle against the samnites and lucanians, an embassy was sent from athens to give their condolences. she was the official welcomer of epiros, which allowed her to keep a close eye on the goings - ons in greece. she was the only full - blooded sibling to alexandros iii of makedonia, and many wanted her to claim the throne of makedonia, affectively uniting epiros and makedonia, however, she refused, fearing for the safety of her family after witnessing the violence that broke out for the makedonian throne. a close friend of alexandros iii of makedonia, and a bodyguard of philip iii, as well as a high ranking general, he quickly sided with kassandros. in many of the rumors about philip \u2019 s death, ptolemaios is mentioned as an accomplice, however, it is more likely that even if philip iii was murdered, any implication of ptolemaios would be purely fictional considering his previous devout loyalty to the dynasty beforehand. a makedonian nobleman of thessalian origins, he rose to prominence during the reign of alexandros iii, wherein he was appointed as one of the seven official bodyguards of the basileus, a position which he maintained during the reign of philip iii. in the succession crisis following the death of philip iii, he joined the side of kassandros, seeing him as the best", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3740460844416582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 84, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.104613"} {"text": ". c. ) he invaded bithynia to secure access to europe. one of alexandros iii \u2019 s greater generals who was distinguished for his valor at the battle of thebes in 328 b. e. ( 335 b. c. ) in which he was severely wounded. he lent his support to kynane of makedonia, and hoped to use her as a tool for his own political endeavors. however, his fate at the battle of byzantion in 317 b. e. ( 324 b. c. ) would cut them short. perdikkas \u2019 younger brother, and in many ways his dog, essentially went with whatever his brother did and said. he, like his brother, lent his support to kynane of makedonia, but attempted to murder her ( as part of his brother \u2019 s plan to take the reigns of makedonia ) just previous to the battle of byzantion as a reaction to the proposed marriage between euridike and philotas. he, too, would meet his end within the walls of byzantion, side by side with his brother perdikkas. eumenes of kardia : a supporter of kynane of makedonia, he was a general of thracian origin. he was the private secretary of philip ii and alexandros iii, and was firmly loyal to the argead house. he initially insisted that kleopatra of epiros take the crown, but after she refused both the makedonian throne and his hand in marriage, eumenes sought to fight for kynane \u2019 s right to rule. interestingly, at the battle of byzantion, not far from his home in kardia, he managed to narrowly escape death and escaped thanks to the help of the thracians living nearby. he would return to fight again on the behalf of kynane of makedonia and philotas. formerly one of the bodyguards of alexandros iii : upon the death of that basileus, parmenion gave him governorship of paphlagonia. he would side with parmenion \u2019 s son philotas against kassandros. he mustered an army of 15, 000 infantry and 2, 000 cavalry for a planned invasion of thrace, where he gained the support of the getae doubling the size of his army. he won several victories in thrace against lysimachos, but died from an unknown illness during his march to pella.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3860773821023201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 86, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.107017"} {"text": "a planned invasion of thrace, where he gained the support of the getae doubling the size of his army. he won several victories in thrace against lysimachos, but died from an unknown illness during his march to pella. subsequently, the getae announced independence from makedonia. a makedonian general who had served under both alexandros iii and philip iii, he both supported kynane and opposed perdikkas. it was under his command that perdikkas was defeated at the battle of byzantion with the help of eumenes after perdikkas attempted to have kynane killed. unfortunately, though, his valor and loyalty proved to be his own downfall. kassandros, smelling the weakness of eumenes \u2019 forces in the bloody aftermath of byzantion, defeated him at the battle of oisyme in 316 b. e. ( 323 b. c. ), where eumenes was captured and sentenced to death by crucifixion on the battle site. it was from there that kassandros gathered his generals, and made a final attempt to defeat his adversaries. he sent a massive fleet across the aegean, where he met his ally krateros at smyrna. a close friend of philotas, he was one of alexandros iii \u2019 s bodyguards at his death in 324 b. e. ( 333 b. c. ) at issos. he, naturally, supported philotas, and fought valiantly at the battle of smyrna in 315 b. e. ( 322 b. c. ), which would be the final battle of the war. he was present at the signing of the treaty of lesbos, which finally brought peace within the kingdom. the air was hot and smelled like death and shit. demetrios \u2019 arms were weary from holding the pike in his hand for so long, watching as man after man was skewered and fell to the ground dead in front of him. kassandros \u2019 forces were beginning to flee to their ships. perhaps victory was possible, perhaps these men would live to fight another day. the sandy beaches were red with blood, bodies were being washed out to sea. at the head of the army, riding her black stallion, kynane was almost singing. in many ways, she reminded demetrios of her half brother alexandros : brave to the point of insanity, yet admirable to the point of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40244568750818316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 87, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.108075"} {"text": "head of the army, riding her black stallion, kynane was almost singing. in many ways, she reminded demetrios of her half brother alexandros : brave to the point of insanity, yet admirable to the point of godliness. demetrios let out a cry of jubilation when he saw the dust cloud rising from the inland. it was philotas. his cavalry had successfully flanked the enemy and were driving them back. he was not sure, but he thought he saw the makedonian standard held by kassandros rush onto a ship. kassandros himself was the first to turn and run, the first to flee. the enemy was repulsed ; kassandros was defeated. \u201c what now, sir? \u201d one of demetrios \u2019 men asked him. \u201c now, we chase them to europa. \u201d \u201c and fight more? \u201d \u201c hey, what \u2019 s that?! \u201d a voice in the army cried out. all eyes went to the sea. while kassandros \u2019 forces were beginning to take to the water, green sails were seen on the horizon. they were fast approaching, and with every passing minute, they became more and more numerous. cleary headed this way, it became apparent that they were the green sails of a fleet of triremes. \u201c ships from epiros! \u201d a man shouted. \u201c the epirotes are coming. \u201d demetrios took off his helmet and gawked. he was not alone. on the shoreline, kynane atop her steed stared, her open mouth turning into a smile. the epirote ships quickly cut off kassandros \u2019 escape, rounding them up like wolves to the flock. \u201c the love of the gods be with kleopatra, \u201d demetrios whispered. a makedonian nobleman and general, one of alexandros iii \u2019 s bodyguards ( as well as his lover ), he fought very personally against kassandros, who was well known to despise the argeads, particularly philip ii and alexandros iii. hephaistion, who was a much better diplomat than a general, is attributed as the author of the treaty of lesbos, which affectively ended the conflict for the makedonian throne in 315 b. e. ( 322 b. c. ). hephaistion could not help but smirk. former friends and present enemies sat humbled at a table. hepha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41959683631827704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 88, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.109046"} {"text": "which affectively ended the conflict for the makedonian throne in 315 b. e. ( 322 b. c. ). hephaistion could not help but smirk. former friends and present enemies sat humbled at a table. hephaistion put the treaty before them. \u201c i think we all know what happens if you refuse to sign, \u201d seleukos said, his hand on his sheathed sword. ptolemaios, lysimachos, and krateros all sat with hunched heads. all of them were bruised and beaten, enduring the trials of imprisonment. kassandros was not present, however. hephaistion, having been the diplomat who had actually convinced kleopatra to assist, ( professing his great love for her brother, telling her that if kassandros continued hold power in makedonia that she too would be in danger because of her lineage, and of course promising assistance in later years against the illyrians all finally swayed her ) was among the epirote soldiers who boarded kassandros \u2019 ship. there, they found him, and all of his guards, dead, their wrists slit. \u201c submit to the rule of kynane as basilissa of makedonia and asia, \u201d philotas said, \u201c and philotas as regent and heir to the throne, turn over all your armies and all powers you hold over them, and you will be given a swift death. \u201d they each signed their name. hephaistion was very pleased indeed. chapter four : the early hellenistic period part four : the kassandrian war almost immediately after the death of philip iii in 319 b. e. ( 326 b. c. ), kassandros claimed the title of basileus ton basileion, king of kings, the official title of the ruler of makedonia. the army loyal to him burst into the halls of pella, seized the body, and kassandros himself, sword drawn, approached philip iii \u2019 s widow drypetis and informed her that she would be tortured and killed if she did not marry him immediately after the funeral and announce kassandros \u2019 rule of makedonia as king. the poor girl was left with little choice. kassandros saw personally to philip \u2019 s funeral and married drypetis within the same day. he made quick alliances with several of makedonia \u2019 s top generals, including ptolemaios and lysimacho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37748007247237964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 89, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.110032"} {"text": "with little choice. kassandros saw personally to philip \u2019 s funeral and married drypetis within the same day. he made quick alliances with several of makedonia \u2019 s top generals, including ptolemaios and lysimachos. but kassandros was not through yet. he soon went about killing dissenters and political rivals in pella, including aristonous, one of philip iii \u2019 s former bodyguards and a friend of philotas, and several of the remaining argeads, including thessalonike, and attempted to have kynane and her daughter euridike assassinated as well. fortunately for them, these plans were intercepted. kynane and her daughter escaped the wrath of kassandros, and found refuge in lydia, where they were met by the one person just as upset by all of this trouble in pella as kynane : philotas. upon hearing the news of kassandros \u2019 ascent to the throne, philotas quickly made it known that he would not support a usurper and a murderer ( thus sparking the rumors that kassandros played a hand in the death of philip iii ). now that a political rival was safely under his protection in makedonian held anatolia, philotas contested that kassandros was a false ruler and that kynane was the rightful ruler of makedonia. several generals flocked beneath her banner, many of whom had been friends with philotas beforehand and had fought with him and his father in syria, but kynane also gained the support of the very influential general perdikkas. perdikkas was perhaps kynane \u2019 s strongest ally in europe at the time. he wasted no time to assemble an army and challenge the young and very ambitious kassandros. however, kassandros \u2019 forces simply outnumbered those that perdikkas was able to muster in europe. when the two armies met at the battle of aegae ( the former capital of makedonia ), perdikkas was forced to retreat. however, there was a ray of light for perdikkas during the battle. a talented cavalry commander by the name of seleukos distinguished himself, saving the entire left flank with his quick thinking. perdikkas promoted him to the commander of the companion cavalry with just enough time to spare to escape into thrace, where the army made its way to the sea, and cross over to anatolia to join", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39523424726829515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 90, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.112391"} {"text": "entire left flank with his quick thinking. perdikkas promoted him to the commander of the companion cavalry with just enough time to spare to escape into thrace, where the army made its way to the sea, and cross over to anatolia to join philotas. kassandros wasted no time while the momentum was still his. in the fall of 319 b. e. ( 326 b. c. ) he split his army in four. lysimachos was to stay and consolidate europe, making sure the thracian tribes were well under the makedonian foot. peithon was sent with an army of 20, 000 infantry, 3, 000 cavalry, and 6, 000 celtic mercenaries to invade syria. he also sent an army under ptolemaios to cross the aegean sea. ptolemaios landed in rhodes with an army of 25, 000 infantry, 4, 000 cavalry, and 5, 000 dardanian mercenaries. then kassandros himself crossed the aegean with an army of 35, 000 infantry, 5, 000 cavalry, and 2, 000 illyrian mercenaries. kassandros landed his army in ephesos. his plan was to use this three - pronged attack to quickly and affectively defeat his opponents. peithon was very successful. landing in byblos, peithon worked his way down the coast in a not dissimilar was to philotas, taking city after city for kassandros. he actually managed to take the city of tyre for makedonia after a long siege in 318 b. e. ( 325 b. c. ). he was doing so well, in fact, that he was confident that he could invade egypt ( which had just secured independence from the persians ) in the name of makedonia. however, his motives were clearly not selfless. apparently, peithon planned to make himself the de facto ruler of egypt as a satrap, but doubted that kassandros would be able to exert much control over peithon from far away pella. word reached kassandros of this treachery, and fearing peithon \u2019 s success as well as his ambition, had him assassinated early in 317 b. e. ( 324 b. c. ). his army was subsequently handed over to krateros who kassandros had convinced to join him after marrying him to his sister phila the previous year. ptolemaios and kassandros,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39803668168486483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 91, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.114910"} {"text": "( 324 b. c. ). his army was subsequently handed over to krateros who kassandros had convinced to join him after marrying him to his sister phila the previous year. ptolemaios and kassandros, however, had much more trouble in their fighting. after taking rhodes, ptolemaios invaded lycia and made his way to the greek city of side. there perdikkas met him with a reinvigorated and rejuvenated army supported by meleagros \u2019 army. ptolemaios was beat back and forced to retreat. however, they were unable to capture ptolemaios, and he managed to sail back with the bulk of what was left of his army to rhodes, and then to ephesos where he was able to meat back up with kassandros. kassandros took ephesos, and then worked his way down the coast, taking miletos and halicarnassos before being pushed back to ephesos by philotas, who used his military experience and prowess to out maneuver kassandros with ease. however, after reuniting with ptolemaios, kassandros was able to defeat philotas at sardis and pushed inland along the old persian royal road. it is believed that this is around the time that he convinced krateros to jump ship. krateros wasted no time, and made fast allies with the newly independent babylonians, offering them control of kappadokia and pontos ( both areas the makedonians didn \u2019 t control at that time ) for their assistance. the babylonians, eager to revive their ancient glory, obliged, and in 318 b. e. ( 325 b. c. ) sent an army under their new king ekurzakir i into eastern anatolia where they laid siege to tarsos. the city was relieved the next year by an army under the leadership of philotas \u2019 younger brother nikanor. the babylonians were repelled, but they soon met up with krateros in phoenicia ( after peithon had been assassinated ). in the meantime, kassandros and ptolemaios fought philotas and kynane in phrygia. philotas was this time able to defeat them, and had the usurper on the run back to the sea. kassandros \u2019 army found refuge in bithynia, and crossed back over to europe by the beginning of 317", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.38782467656480557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 92, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.119656"} {"text": ". philotas was this time able to defeat them, and had the usurper on the run back to the sea. kassandros \u2019 army found refuge in bithynia, and crossed back over to europe by the beginning of 317 b. e. ( 324 b. e. ) where he was able to reinforce his troops. after ousting kassandros ( though not all of his allies ) from anatolia, philotas proposed to kynane \u2019 s beautiful young daughter euridike. the proposal was accepted, but much to the dismay of perdikkas. he would wait for the right moment to make his move. in the following months, kynane \u2019 s supporters made plans to invade europe and cross the hellespont. this, however, was not the first time this occurred. on the onset of the war, in early 318 b. e. ( 325 b. c. ) leonnatos, the governor of paphlagonia, mustered an army of 15, 000 infantry and 2, 000 cavalry to invade thrace. there he gained the support of the getae and doubled the size of his army. he defeated lysimachos as odessos, and worked his way through thrace, pushing lysimachos into a corner. but lysimachos got very lucky when leonnatos fell suddenly ill on their march to pella, and died. the getae disbanded from his army, claiming independence, and lysimachos soon defeated what was left of leonnatos \u2019 army. however, the plans for kynane to cross the hellespont were definitely more well supplied, well timed, and well planned than that of leonnatos. she, accompanied by perdikkas, his brother alketas and their army. they crossed into europe in the summer of 317 b. e. ( 324 b. c. ), and it was there and then that perdikkas \u2019 plan unfolded. pedikkas, upset over philotas marriage to euridike, claimed that kynane had been corrupted, and was no longer suitable to rule makedonia. he had his brother alketas attempt to murder her. however, kynane, skilled in the ways of combat, was able to escape with the forces loyal to her ( including the young leader of the companion cavalry, seleukos ) into the nearby city of byzantion. perdikkas promptly laid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3940220292900603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 93, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.122500"} {"text": "were finding out very fast that they could not depend on darius to protect them. egypt was the first to officially break bonds with persia in 321 b. e. ( 329 b. c. ). after seeing the makedonian army under philotas march through and conquer syria, phoenicia, and palestine in little more than a year, the egyptians had good reason to think that they were next. the satrap of egypt mazaces declared himself pharaoh of egypt, and established the short - lived 32nd dynasty of egypt. he rallied the egyptian army and was ready to fight off a makedonian invasion that never came. babylonia and armenia both broke off from persia two years later in 319 b. e. ( 326 b. c. ), but in very different ways. armenia took the more traditional route of the local satrap simply declaring himself king, and not paying taxes or tribute to the king of kings in parsa. orontes iii made armenia independent without much bloodshed. but along the river purattu, the banks and beaches of the god - river were red with blood. a rebellion broke out in babylon in which the city declared itself independent under the leadership of a nobleman named sin - nasir, who would later be crowned ekurzakir i. swiftly, he gathered an army, and marched on the satrapy of assyria, killing the satrap in assur and any imperial troops who would not surrender. made bold by the dream of restoring babylonia to its ancient glory, ekurzakir i became an ally of kassandros during the makedonian civil war, hoping to acquire lands in kappadokia and syria. his men fought fiercely by all accounts, but were defeated in 316 b. e. ( 323 b. c. ) and ousted from makedonian held lands. the war was not a complete loss for ekurzakir however. what syrian lands that had not been taken by the makedonians now were under babylonian control, and with a little propaganda, the third babylonian kingdom was born into the favor of the gods and achieved victory wherever they fought! medes under the tribal cadusii ( 317 b. e ), parthia under phrataphernes ( 317 b. e. ), and bactria under bessus ( 315 b. e. ) all broke off and created their own kingdoms, and left the once mighty and strong persian empire a weak and pathetic shell of its former self. darius iii was murdered in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4248159796582709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 96, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.154511"} {"text": "), and bactria under bessus ( 315 b. e. ) all broke off and created their own kingdoms, and left the once mighty and strong persian empire a weak and pathetic shell of its former self. darius iii was murdered in 320 b. e. ( 327 b. c. ), and ehran itself was thrown into turmoil as to who would rule. his brother oxyathres took control of what was left of the once mighty kingdom. persepolis, as it was known by the ancient persians the euphrates river \u2019 s name in akkadian chapter four : the early hellenistic period part six : pirates and corsairs with the fall of the argead dynasty and the rise of the philotid dynasty in makedonia came many changes in the world, not the least notable of which being the sudden increase of the \u201c barbaros \u201d and their ships in the adriatic. earlier in that century, syracuse had affectively snuffed out much of the liburnian power in the region, but the chaos and turmoil that followed the senone invasion of northern italia had drastically upset the balance. it would be naive to say that piracy had disappeared in the adriatic because of syracuse, but it was certainly lessened enough that when piracy suddenly made a comeback, it was worth writing about. what \u2019 s worse, these pirates weren \u2019 t just petty illyrians : the senones had taken to the sea. swarming the adriatic were lembos ships, a style of ship native to illyria that had no sails and a single bank of oars. these small, light ships were fast and maneuverable, capable of carrying fifty men in addition to rowers. they were low to the sea, thus, difficult to detect, adept at quickly approaching prey, then swiftly disappearing into shallow inlets where they could not be followed. the senones, who over the past few decades, through both peace and war with the liburnians, had learned the ways of navigation, adopted the ships. there is tell of the occasional veneti and lingoni pirates. the greeks, who for centuries had traversed the adriatic, holding a monopoly on trade with the tribes there, were suddenly in danger. by 300 b. e. ( 307 b. c. ), it was said that no honest merchant dared enter that sea without the protection of an army. while the description seems somewhat melodramatic, it isn \u2019 t entirely inaccurate. it should be noted that whenever a large greek army crossed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4092095858282503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 97, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.156762"} {"text": "c. ), it was said that no honest merchant dared enter that sea without the protection of an army. while the description seems somewhat melodramatic, it isn \u2019 t entirely inaccurate. it should be noted that whenever a large greek army crossed the adriatic into italia, or moved north into illyria ( both of which would happen on multiple occasions in the coming centuries ), merchants would be on their heels. but the greeks weren \u2019 t the only ones suffering a sudden increase of piracy in the once relatively calm seas. carthaginian ships were again targeted in the tyrrhenian sea. ligures, the latino - senone etrusci, celts from the north, and even the occasional greek ship ( which were becoming more and more rare in italia, with more and more greek settlements falling to samnite control every year ) made sailing in the western mediterranean treacherous. however, the problem evolved to the next stage of violence in 309 b. e. ( 316 b. c. ), when a small fleet of etrusci raided and sacked olbia, a carthaginian port - city in northern sardinia. some historians hypothesize that the increasingly dangerous sailing in the mediterranean contributed to cathage \u2019 s increased centralization in coming years. the need for stability and strength soon became an asset that carthage saw could lend them access to further trade and influence, a fact which the carthaginians surely saw proven by the relatively peaceful aegean sea, which was firmly under the centralized control of makedonia. it \u2019 s the seemingly unimportant events of history, after all, that really do change everything. think of a giant canoe filled with iron - age barbarians chapter four : the early hellenistic period part seven : my friends call me m. p. for short the battlefield smelled just as bad as the last, and gavius pontius could already see squawking buzzards descending on the glistening corpses ( both from the sheen of their armor and the brightness of their blood ). in the distance he could see a cloud of dust, the retreating tarantine army. pontius had, again, lost a small fraction of his samnite army, crushing the hellenes, and forcing, battle after bloody battle, closer to the walls of their city. \u201c if not for the rotting greek corpses, i could almost smell the salt of the sea in the air, \u201d lamponius, the lucanian meddix, grunted as he approached, and took off his feathered helmet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44108454067190384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 98, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.157799"} {"text": "of their city. \u201c if not for the rotting greek corpses, i could almost smell the salt of the sea in the air, \u201d lamponius, the lucanian meddix, grunted as he approached, and took off his feathered helmet. \u201c we are so close to the city. \u201d pontius \u2019 brown eyes scoured the field, and his nose curled with the stench. no matter how familiar the smell after a battle was, an unholy mix of rotting flesh, shit, sweat, and urine, and blood, he never did really get used to it. he gripped the pommel of his sword, knowing full - well that he would likely make the same scowl he donned now many more times before the end. \u201c we \u2019 ve been this close before, \u201d pontius said. \u201c the greeks are a clever folk, we should not wait for them to call on their friends across the sea. \u201d \u201c but the men are tired. \u201d \u201c it was my father \u2019 s advice that we run them down while we can, \u201d pontius gave lamponius a scathing look, \u201c and it is his advice that i will take. \u201d the lucanian meddix nodded. he knew very well to agree with pontius, the greatest military man in all of italia. the man fell back, and gave the order. the samnite, lucanian, and bruttian armies made ready to march. trumpets sounded, drums pounded, and a deep, earth - shaking chorus of male voices \u2014 they were in pursuit. pontius knelt down to the ground, and picked up a small stone. it was black and smooth, likely a river - stone shot by a slinger. he took out his knife, and quickly carved a small passage onto it : \u201c here at mateola was fought a great battle. victory to the safineis led by m. p. \u201d an example of oscan writing when word reached taras of their defeat at mateola in 312 b. e. ( 319 b. c. ), only a days march from their city, the city was in chaos, utter chaos. there was little in the way of defense, and after a brief siege, the samnites under meddix gavius pontius took the city, affectively ending greek political control of southern italia. the ramifications of this loss to the greek world were deeply felt in almost every way : economically, emotionally, psychologically, and politically. since the death of alexandros i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4003278606773827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 99, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.158934"} {"text": "the city, affectively ending greek political control of southern italia. the ramifications of this loss to the greek world were deeply felt in almost every way : economically, emotionally, psychologically, and politically. since the death of alexandros i of epiros, the samnites had carved out a strong foothold in central italia, pacifying and absorbing several of the tribes to their north, including the sabines, marci, and hernici. only a few small tribes were left ( some as buffers, some were simply lucky ) between the growing samnite federation and the senone kingdoms to the north. through increasingly intimate political bonds, the lucanians and bruttians, though independent, became even more influenced by the samnites to the point that they seemed to be simply an extension of the samnite body. and now the samnite body had its eyes set on the remaining greek city - states to the south, those that still existed. while the makedonians warred over who would be their ruler, the samnites and lucanians moved in on the messappian tribes in the southeast. they were quickly subdued, and in 314 b. e. ( 321 b. c. ) they moved in on the now surrounded city - states of magna graecia. metapontion asked for immediate aid from their neighbor, taras, which, upon further inspection, was not the wisest of decisions because of taras \u2019 current frailty. but taras responded with an army of mercenaries and hoplites ready to do battle with the invading tribes. one humiliating defeat later, and a massive army of samnites, lucanians, and bruttians were outside the city of taras, and this time, there would be no turning back. the swift, more mobile italian armies caught up to the retreating greeks, and as the greeks pushed their way through the gates of taras, desperately trying to escape their certain demise. the city was forced to close its gates on its own army, leaving hundreds, perhaps thousands of men to be slaughtered. as mentioned earlier, the siege was brief, and meddix gavius pontius personally lead the charge into the city, sweeping through the streets like a flood. it was around this point that the greek world went absolutely ape - shit. the oligarchy in syracuse quickly took firm control over rhegion in an attempt to ensure a halt to the swelling samnite menace and to prevent a possible invasion of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41888586483801354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 100, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.159981"} {"text": "was around this point that the greek world went absolutely ape - shit. the oligarchy in syracuse quickly took firm control over rhegion in an attempt to ensure a halt to the swelling samnite menace and to prevent a possible invasion of sicily ( a very real fear ). the tarantines, particularly a merchant and aristocrat named dionysius, in exile pleaded to the makedonian queen kynane and regent philotas to send aid and relieve their city from the clutched of these barbarians. the makedonians willingly agreed, but due to another war with sparta, led by agis iii, they were unable to send their entire force. instead, one of the queen \u2019 s favored generals, seleukos, was sent with an army of 30, 000 men and 2, 000 cavalry to oust the samnites and to place dionysius as the new king of taras. seleukos arrived in italia in 311 b. e. ( 318 b. c. ) at heraclea, which at the time was barely managing to keep its head above water ( metaphorically of course ). it was a show down the likes of which had not been seen in italia. meddix gavius pontius, hero of the samnite federation, versus seleukos, one of the greatest generals of makedonia. indeed, the bards would sing of this tale for ages to come. in otl during the 2nd samnite war, pontius reportedly asked his father for advice about the fate of a roman army he had captured. his father said either to kill the entire army, thus destroying the enemy, or to give them back their weapons and make friends with the romans. pontius did neither, choosing to disarm the roman army, thus humiliating them, and force them to march back to rome in shame. this resulted in an angered rome with all the same manpower. ittl pontius heeds the advice of his father with more enthusiasm. chapter four : the early hellenistic period part eight : you can \u2019 t win \u2018 em all seleukos landed with his army of thirty thousand in the spring of 311 b. e. ( 318 b. c. ) in the still independent city of heraklea. seleukos wasted no time and minced no words. heraklea was now under the protection of makedonia under the rule of the basilissa kynane and her regent philotas. there was little protest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3949442924628246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 101, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.161188"} {"text": "heraklea. seleukos wasted no time and minced no words. heraklea was now under the protection of makedonia under the rule of the basilissa kynane and her regent philotas. there was little protest, the victimized greek colonies were simply eager for an ounce of protection against the native tribes. seleukos \u2019 invasion of magna graecia was largely successful. with superior siege weapons and the support of the greeks living within each city he liberated, ousting his enemies from the coastal cities wasn \u2019 t altogether a difficult feat. thurii, siris, metapontion, croton, and taras were all abandoned by the lucani - brutti - samnite alliance by the end of the year, and without a fight. seleukos, perhaps, became overly confident due to this lack of resistance. he is quoted as having said, \u201c with [ italia ] inhabited so thickly with cowards, it \u2019 s a wonder that so many greeks have died upon it. \u201d in 310 b. e. ( 317 b. c. ) seleukos, having firmly secured the lands around the gulf of taras moved to directly remove the italian threat. he marched his army, with the addition of some 10, 000 greek colonists, into bruttium. the mountainous interior proved difficult for the makedonian phalanx to maneuver through, and when they finally met the bruttian army near cosentia, they took heavy losses, but still managed to overwhelm the enemy. seleukos spent the next few months pacifying the small area, which proved to almost be more trouble than it was worth. just when he thought he had finally put the bruttians beneath his boot, another army would appear from the hills, with increasing help from the lucanians and samnites. it was not until the scorpion had risen in the night sky that he actually met the full barbarian force he was supposed to be fighting. apparently, upon hearing news of the massive greek army, a certain meddix pontius had spent the past year rallying the support of all the tribes under samnite rule and influence. of course the lucanians and bruttians were game ( they had the most to lose, after all ), but it took some convincing to make ( for example ) the sabines or the ausones to march an army south to fight off the makedonians. seleukos was unaware of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3944161163254282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 102, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.162151"} {"text": "( they had the most to lose, after all ), but it took some convincing to make ( for example ) the sabines or the ausones to march an army south to fight off the makedonians. seleukos was unaware of the movements of the tribes to his north, however, and marched to capture the greek colony of pixunte, deep within lucanian territory. near the head of the siris river, seleukos could hear the approach of war - drums. deep and earth shaking, they were accompanied by the howls of trumpets. the ensuing battle was a bloody one. the samnite battle - formation, especially designed for the steep hills and mountains of the region, easily out maneuvered seleukos, but the makedonian still had numbers on his side, with an army almost double the size of his adversary. after loosing a reported 2, 000 men ( a conservative estimate ), the makedonians managed to push the italians into a retreat. the army disappeared into the hills just as swiftly as they had appeared. seleukos must have known that he was not chasing them, but rather, that they were chasing him, because he ordered that his veterans take the rear of the column as they made their way towards pixunte. upon reaching the colony, the shouts and screams of dying men rose from the rear of the greek column. seleukos, the talented general that he was, managed to take control in the chaos and rallied the greeks into phalanx formation. but by the time this was achieved, gavius pontius and the armies under his command had slipped away yet again. contemporary samnite literature does not speak much on the strategy and tactics of meddix pontius, but later sources claim that pontius, cunning as he was, knew that the \u201c burnt men \u201d were too many, and that meeting them outright in battle would not lead to victory, so instead he intended to harry and whittle away the makedonian force until it was small and weak enough to be crushed in battle. regardless, seleukos garrisoned the colony, and continued along, this time to retake poseidonia. the year was 309 b. e. ( 316 b. c. ), two years since seleukos landed in heraklea, and it appeared he had finally struck a nerve. poseidonia had been conquered by the lucanians generations ago, and it is known that within the city the lucan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40013054531622266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 103, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.163930"} {"text": "c. ), two years since seleukos landed in heraklea, and it appeared he had finally struck a nerve. poseidonia had been conquered by the lucanians generations ago, and it is known that within the city the lucanians and greeks were able to coexist quite well. according to samnite sources, one of the lucanian general \u2019 s family lived within the city. in the dead of night, he took his men and abandoned the rest of the army to defend the city from seleukos. the result was slaughter for the lucanians. seleukos could now say he had a solid victory beneath his belt in italia, and now gavius pontius was suddenly a few thousand men short. demanding revenge, pontius was unable to resist his generals and allies. much to pontius \u2019 chagrin, he met seleukos in battle. outside the lucanian town of tegianum, the italians and the greeks fought. little is known about the details of the battle. what is known is that seleukos took heavy losses, but was ultimately able to overwhelm the italian tribes. he surrounded the lucanian body, capturing their meddix. the entire bruttian force was killed save for sixteen men who escaped with the majority of the samnite army. in the aftermath, seleukos ensured the surrender of the lucanians and the bruttians. however, he had not defeated the samnites, nor would he ever. for another three months, his army chased after a ghost army that would attack at night and disappear into the shadows, an army that was simultaneously being chased and was on the chase. tired of it, seleukos turned his attention the messappia, a strip of coastline along the eastern side of the \u201c heel \u201d of italia. a few samnite settlements were in the region, and the messappian tribes ( believed to be descended from illyrian colonists ) were weak. by the end of the year, he had secured most of magna graecia \u2026 but there was still that whole samnite issue. well, it seams that the samnites were willing to solve that one for him. in 308 b. e. ( 315 b. c. ) a peace envoy reached seleukos. the terms were simple : no more war. there would be no transfer of wealth, no transfer of land, no hostages, nothing. while it was unorthodox,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39348210279190576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 104, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.170354"} {"text": "315 b. c. ) a peace envoy reached seleukos. the terms were simple : no more war. there would be no transfer of wealth, no transfer of land, no hostages, nothing. while it was unorthodox, there had been no clear victor between the makedonians and samnites, and seleukos didn \u2019 t exactly plan on spending the rest of his days patrolling the frontier to keep out samnite armies. a treaty was signed, and the war was over. to commemorate the military expedition, seleukos had the colony of callipolis renamed seleukia. kynane, pleased with the success he had with pacifying the region, named him viceroy of magna graecia. the first possibly recorded instance of a slur against the greeks, the samnites called them burnt men. why is unknown, but theories range from the sun being the emblem of makedonia, to that the greeks were slightly darker than the samnites, and thus looked like they were burned. judging by his exploits in the second samnite war, it is fair to say that pontius had some amount of capability in guerilla warfare. chapter four : the early hellenistic period part nine : the critic the hall of pellas fell silent, and all eyes landed on philotas, who stared with the kind of look that would make a wise man shrink away, perhaps into the shadow of on of the high marble columns that flanked the hall. the laughter and merry conversation of the court cut off and was replaced by a heavy quiet. the nobles clenched their robes and took quiet breaths. the air turned tense, but basilissa kynane seemed not to mind much as she continued to eat her dinner. she brushed her curled silver hair from her face and cheerily popped an olive into her mouth before taking a sip from dionysus \u2019 drink. \u201c i named him viceroy of magna graecia, \u201d she said, licking wine from her lips. her illyrian accent made her speech guttural and swift, yet she still had the grace to speak koine with ease. \u201c and why would you do that? \u201d philotas growled. \u201c we now control the italiote cities, we hold monopoly over all shipping in the ionian sea, and it is all thanks to seleukos, \u201d she said fondly. \u201c if anyone deserves the position, it is him. he fought many a - battle to win that territory, and i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4409983173440903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 105, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.172926"} {"text": "over all shipping in the ionian sea, and it is all thanks to seleukos, \u201d she said fondly. \u201c if anyone deserves the position, it is him. he fought many a - battle to win that territory, and i trust him to govern it well. \u201d \u201c with all due respect, queen of queens, \u201d philotas gritted his teeth, \u201c your brother, whom i served under against the persians, conquered five times that much territory in just as much time. we are at war with the hellenes to our south, pirates and corsairs lurk in every corner of poseidon \u2019 s realm, barbarians are at our doorstep, and you have rewarded seleukos for his squandering of men and incapable leadership?! \u201d though kynane certainly had aged since taking the thrown, she was still younger than her son - in - law. his beard had turned white, and his skin had begun to look like leather as he surpassed his sixtieth summer. his face shook when he spoke, and something about him came off like he thought he was something grand. though kynane was fond of her son - in - law ( he had always been a loyal ally ), philotas was never made of quite the right stuff to be a part of courtly life, and, what \u2019 s more, she thought he knew it. why else would he try so desperately to make it seem like he did. \u201c i hardly think that is fair, \u201d kynane looked up sternly. \u201c my brother - in - law, alexandros basileus of epiros was killed fighting the very people seleukos has conquered, and he did so with an army just as large and just as competent. \u201d \u201c if i may, \u201d euridike spoke up, her voice quiet yet strong. she cradled her pregnant belly, and stepped forward. this would be the third child she was expecting, and something about motherhood had made her wiser, more eager to play a part in the politics of makedonia. \u201c i have to agree with my husband. seleukos was sitting like a swine at the wallow for two years trying to subdue a single tribe whose territory is no greater than attica. \u201d \u201c and how long have we been trying to subdue attica, euridike? \u201d kynane shot back. euridike bowed her head, and kept silent. \u201c seleukos is viceroy of our it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4124604203250477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 106, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.175141"} {"text": "attica. \u201d \u201c and how long have we been trying to subdue attica, euridike? \u201d kynane shot back. euridike bowed her head, and kept silent. \u201c seleukos is viceroy of our italiote holdings, and that is that, \u201d kynane said with finality. begrudgingly, philotas held his tongue, but he also held his opinion. while we do not know exactly why illyrians would have sounded like, from what we do know, the language seemed to be quite guttural. if albanian is the supposed descendant of such languages, that would be only a hint as to how the illyrians would have sounded. eurydice and philotas have had a son and a daughter by now. the son, who is six years old, is named orestes, and the daughter is named europa. she is four years old. they are expecting another child in two months, who will be another boy. they will name him pausanias. chapter four : the early hellenistic period part ten : a very busy time the leuxid dynasty of etruscana was had a very busy thirty years. upon word that the former king of veo, tarvos, had been killed at the battle of issos, the seno - etruscans no longer had any possible political rivals \u2026 except for those bastards to the north who still claimed to be the one true senonirix. dubiepos, who had ruled sena and perusia for decades finally died in 327 b. e. ( 334 b. c. ), which left much of his territory vulnerable. leux i quickly gathered his army and marched up the tiber, even taking perusia. he then moved west, and defeated the senone kingdom of fufluna in battle. he then proceeded to take fufluna. leux \u2019 s so - called etruscans had finally taken all of the land once known as mexl rasnal. dubiepos \u2019 successor, isarnogutus was forced to abdicate his power in perusia to leux, but managed to make a treaty allowing him to retain control of sena and the senone territories held along the adriatic. this, along with continued influence from the liburnians and other illyrian tribes across the waters, is perhaps what isarnogutus made an official policy of piracy in the adriatic, and began building ships based off the illyrian model. celtic culture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4044795473494991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 107, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.176078"} {"text": "along with continued influence from the liburnians and other illyrian tribes across the waters, is perhaps what isarnogutus made an official policy of piracy in the adriatic, and began building ships based off the illyrian model. celtic culture continued to flourish in the region, however written histories are scarce. no major political shifts seemed to have occurred after this until the end of the century. with tensions running high on sicily as syracuse and carthage continue to vie for control of the island ( as they had for hundreds of years, now ), the syracusian polis elected a corinthian man named acestorides in 313 b. e. ( 320 b. c. ) and was able to banish the tyrant agathocles. this was the second time agathocles was exiled from the city, and it was the second time the oligarchy was restored. a year later, acestorides left, and was replaced by sostratus. sostratus, it seamed, was not nearly so strong a leader, and in 310 b. e. he was unable to resist the return of agathocles, who arrived in syracuse with a huge army of mercenaries. agathocles stormed syracuse, displacing some ten thousand people ( either through slaughter or exile ). when agathocles returned, however, he swore to follow the democratic constitution of syracuse which had been set up for governance of the city. over the following five years, agathocles consolidated his hold over syracuse and remade the syracusian army and navy into a force to be reckoned with. he subdued most of the island of sicily. using fear to drive his political power, agathocles continuously warned of the forces looking to seize syracusian control of sicily : carthage, makedonia, and safinim, each looking to take away the democratic life that the greeks of syracuse enjoyed. but agathocles \u2019 expansion and conquest of sicily, the western tip of which was firmly under carthaginian control, could not continue to go unchecked. syracuse declared war on carthage in 304 b. e. ( 311 b. c. ) when agathocles attacked and laid siege to the carthage - controlled city of akragas, officially breaching the treaty after the second sicilian war. in response, the carthaginian council of elders sent hamilcar, son of gisco to lead the counter - offensive with an army of 40, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41152183133677966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 108, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.178422"} {"text": "city of akragas, officially breaching the treaty after the second sicilian war. in response, the carthaginian council of elders sent hamilcar, son of gisco to lead the counter - offensive with an army of 40, 000 infantry, 1, 000 slingers, and 5, 000 cavalrymen to defeat agathocles. so started the third sicilian war. hamilcar, son of gisco, quickly relieved the city of akragas, and forced agathocles \u2019 forces to retreat. the carthaginians soon had the syracusians on the ropes, defeating agathocles at the battle of himera, and a year later in 303 b. e. ( 310 b. c. ), hamilcar had seized control of almost the entire island and laid siege to syracuse itself, with a distraught agathocles stuck inside. but agathocles would not be captured, nor would his city. he had a plan : a wild, insane plan. it was a gamble, but if the gods were on his side, it would work. hellas and makedonia : war broke out again between makedonia and the hellenes in 313 b. e. ( 320 b. c. ) when sparta, under the leadership of agis iii sent an armada to \u201c liberate \u201d the island of rhodes. other hellenic cities quickly joined the band - wagon, and began sending armies and fleets to take nearby makedonian held territory that they clamed did not belong to makedonia ( that land of barbarians ruled by their illyrian queen!!! ), but to their polis instead. athens was quick to seize euboea, and the cyclades. the aetolian league built a fleet with the purpose of taking the ionian islands ( specifically ithaka, lefkada, kefallonia, and zakynthos ) from the makedonians. in the meantime, thessalians, phocians, and locrians all sent armies north to push back the makedonian border. the war that followed was long and bloody. makedonia was still recovering from its civil war, and with so many enemies at its farthest frontiers, the kingdom could only really gather troops from makedonia, thrace, and the aegean. an army led by the makedonian general demetrios was sent south to relieve the makedonian city of phila from the thessalian army laying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.385698288404104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 109, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.181649"} {"text": "could only really gather troops from makedonia, thrace, and the aegean. an army led by the makedonian general demetrios was sent south to relieve the makedonian city of phila from the thessalian army laying siege to it. his army, some 30, 000 strong, managed to push back the thessalians, but demetrios himself was killed in the battle. the makedonians could do almost nothing about losing their holdings in the ionian islands. having lost their holdings along the adriatic to illyrians during their civil war ( what seemed like a minor detail in the grander scheme of things ), they were unable to send a fleet to retake the islands. what fleets they did have to spare were entangled in naval battles throughout the aegean. with athenian and spartan ships lurking behind every island, the makedonians could hardly do anything. sparta held firm control over crete, and now that athens controlled euboea and the cyclades, the makedonian navy, under the leadership of eumenes, was in disarray. finally, in 311 b. e ( 318 b. c. ), the spartans and athenians defeated the makedonian navy at the battle of astypalaia, between the cyclades and rhodes. agis iii annexed the island of rhodes to the growing spartan hegemony the following year. at this point, the makedonians decided that enough was enough. philotas, belakros, and nikanor ( makedonia \u2019 s best generals at the time ) each raised massive armies with the intent of finally subduing the hellene thorn in makedonia \u2019 s side. nikanor and belakros marched down the east and west coasts of hellas respectively. they planned to meet each other and philotas in corinth, that is, after philotas retook rhodes and dealt a crippling defeat to the spartan military. however, due to intense tempests, philotas was forced to delay his expedition. but when he left, the makedonian navy, in all its grandeur set out to squash its southern enemies. the three pronged attack had initial success. thessaly was subdued, and nikanor was able to defeat the aetolian league in battle. philotas was able to oust the spartans from rhodes. philotas then made way to seize crete, where he was resoundingly defeated. nikanor was defeated in doris", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37109405236601967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 110, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.187930"} {"text": "raids proved only to be the beginning of a long, arduous series of wars between the two nations which would mostly be fought over the seas. in the meantime, relations with seleukos and philotas withered into death. philotas, claiming that seleukos was negligent in his duties, tried to replace him with his brother nikanor. and so, when seleukos refused to step down, nikanor was sent over with an army in 304 b. e. ( 311 b. c. ), causing seleukos to title himself basileus of italion. that same year, nikanor was defeated, captured, and executed. a year later, in 303 b. e. ( 310 b. c. ) philotas died of old age. his brief, though eventful reign came to an end, and he was succeeded by his son, orestes ii of makedonia. eurydike would serve as regent for the next few years until her son matured to the age of a man. a treaty was signed between orestes ii and seleukos i, which solidified his control of the italiote kingdom. pharaoh mazaces i was, should we say, quite distraught when he heard that a series of rebellions had popped up across egypt, and, what \u2019 s worse, they had crowned a new pharaoh : some man from upper egypt by the name of nectanebo. the year was 315 b. e. ( 322 b. c. ), and mazaces had ruled egypt in some peace for a decade or so. well, at least he thought it was peaceful. on the contrary, libyan barbarians had been raiding from the west, and this nectanebo fellow, who claimed to be the son of nectanebo ii, the last egyptian pharaoh from, well, you know, egypt, had been gaining some real support in nubia and upper egypt. so what if he was actually able to defend the egyptian people from libyan raiders! mazaces could do that! couldn \u2019 t he? there was a light rapping on his door. \u201c come in, \u201d mazaces burped. it was then that the door busted open. men covered in strange armor stormed into the room, mazaces \u2019 servant dragged at the head of them, terror scrawled across his face. \u201c what is this? \u201d mazaces squealed. \u201c they \u2019 re greeks,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43064889908842446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 112, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.213747"} {"text": "busted open. men covered in strange armor stormed into the room, mazaces \u2019 servant dragged at the head of them, terror scrawled across his face. \u201c what is this? \u201d mazaces squealed. \u201c they \u2019 re greeks, your holiness, your brilliance, your \u2014 \u201c one of the soldiers dispatched the servant with a swift thrust of his spear. the greek leader, such a gallant fellow, mazaces thought, spoke in accented persian : \u201c in the name of nectanebo, son of the sun and holder of both lands, we claim the city of memphis. \u201d \u201c well, that \u2019 s nice, \u201d mazaces said stupidly just before being thrown out the window. and so, with the help of a few greek mercenaries, the 33rd dynasty came to power, and nectanebo iii began his reign. one could only imagine what hamilcar must have thought when he saw the syracusian ships cutting through the water at full speed towards his blockade. surely, agathocles had gone completely mad! the carthaginian ships outnumbered and out - manned anything that the tyrant of syracuse could possibly muster. now, the real question is : could one even attempt to imagine what hamilcar must have thought when agathocles \u2019 ships broke the blockade and continued their route south? madness, indeed. agathoclese landed in libya in 303 b. e. ( 310 b. c. ) with an army of some 14, 000 men. it was a small army, but a small army that would prove tough for the carthaginians to defeat. hamilcar was forced to end his siege of syracuse and send back most of his army to libya in order to defend his homeland, which was scrambling to figure out how to deal with this assault. hamilcar and his army arrived, and with the help of two other carthaginian generals, hanno and hamilcar \u2019 s brother bomilcar, marched to oust agathocles from their homeland. little is known of the details of the battle that followed, but somehow agathocles \u2019 forces managed to completely overwhelm the carthaginians. hanno was slain in the fray, and hamilcar was captured. seeing that his fellow commanders were dead and captured respectively, bomilcar called for a retreat to carthage. agathocles \u2019 army followed, and was soon in front of the high stone walls of carthage. try as he might,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41930537195064643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 113, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.221732"} {"text": "captured. seeing that his fellow commanders were dead and captured respectively, bomilcar called for a retreat to carthage. agathocles \u2019 army followed, and was soon in front of the high stone walls of carthage. try as he might, agathocles could not break into the city. on a hot summer day, trumpets sounded, and an ostentatious presentation made its way to the walls of carthage. the guards and sentries atop the ramparts averted their eyes, and prayed to ba \u2019 al when they saw who agathocles had dragged in chains in front of the city. bomilcar himself was quickly called to see his brother. beaten, naked, and bound, hamilcar, son of gisco, could barely stand. the greeks had shaved off his beard and had flayed much of the skin off his back. burns glistened in the hot sun, and the sand in the wind undoubtedly caused a great deal off pain to his already painful wounds. agathocles prowled around his prisoner like a fat lion, his silver mane billowing in the wind. he shouted up to the ramparts that carthage needed to learn humility, that the city had grown too big and that it needed to understand that agathocles, and agathocles alone would rule syracuse. as he said this, he took a flail from one of his entourage and began to beat hamilcar with it. hamilcar took the beating silently at first, but soon his pride gave out, and he began to scream in agony, agony that, according to legend, was heard even in by the council of elders that day, who did nothing in their capitol. agathocles continued to torture hamilcar in front of the carthaginians. he took a knife and began cutting off hamilcar \u2019 s fingers and toes, and then he castrated hamilcar and threw his bloody testicles into the dust with a demonic howl of anger. he gouged out hamilcar \u2019 s eyes with his bare hands, slashed his knife across hamilcar \u2019 s face. after an entire day of torture, hamilcar was barely alive when agathocles gave the command, and a burly greek stepped forward with a club and smashed hamilcar \u2019 s skull. agathocles may have meant to intimidate the carthaginians with this display, but it only stiffened the city \u2019 s resolve, and agathocles was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38953053686593786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 114, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.223802"} {"text": "stepped forward with a club and smashed hamilcar \u2019 s skull. agathocles may have meant to intimidate the carthaginians with this display, but it only stiffened the city \u2019 s resolve, and agathocles was unable to take the city. instead, his forces continued north, and seized control of the territories along the coast. for two years, agathocles harassed punic forces and raided the carthaginian coastline. bomilcar, the last surviving carthaginian commander, was elected malik by the council of elders, but was, however, still subservient to them. piracy, particularly greek piracy, made it difficult for reinforcements to arrive from sicily or i - shfania. it was in this turmoil that bomilcar, with the assistance of 500 citizens and an army of mercenaries marched on the capitol, planning to re - establish the carthaginian malikdom, and forced the council of elders to swear fealty to bomilcar ( the opposite of the current relationship ). in the night, they marched with torches and shimmering blades. the council of elders gathered a small army, themselves, and attempted to convince bomilcar \u2019 s allies to jump ship, that if they gave up bomilcar, they would be pardoned. this almost worked, but one citizen of carthage, mago, son of hanno, was quick to point out that it was bomilcar who fought agathocles, who saw his comrades die at the hands of the greeks, not the council of elders. fighting soon broke out and the city streets were filled with the sounds of battle. for hours, the fighting was caught in a brutal stalemate, but as the inhabitants of carthage came out on the streets to join bomilcar, who had their support as the lone savior of carthage, the tide began to turn against the council of elders. bomilcar, atop a grey horse, rode up the capitol and began lopping off the heads of any elder who would not bow before him. in the morning, the aristocratic council of elders were either dead or groveling at the feet of bomilcar i, malik and judge of carthage. a year later, in 300 b. e. ( 307 b. c. ) after consolidating and ensuring his control over carthage and all carthage - held lands, bomilcar i gathered a force to finally oust agathocles from libya. bo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37144276722736536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 115, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.225694"} {"text": "300 b. e. ( 307 b. c. ) after consolidating and ensuring his control over carthage and all carthage - held lands, bomilcar i gathered a force to finally oust agathocles from libya. bomilcar crushed agathocles, who fled back to syracuse with his tale between his legs. defeated, agathocles barely managed to negotiate peace and retained control of the city of syracuse ; however, he lost almost all political control of sicily to carthage. gaulish for \u201c voice of iron \u201d this is complete bullshit considering the fact that agathocles was a tyrant, and that carthage and safinim both at this time practiced government resembling republican democracy. the same name of the last pharaoh of the 30th dynasty, the last native dynasty, which was deposed by the persians about twenty years ago. the continent of africa in general was referred to as libya. spain : punic for land of the hare or possibly land of the hyrax the carthaginians were famous for the quality of their horses. suffet, the position often held by carthaginian military leaders, meant judge. this is a very similar position to the biblical judges of the israelites. chapter four : the early hellenistic period part eleven : the part that takes place later, silly aedono sighed as he turned yet another page. the air in the library was dusty and smelled like mold, and as much as he loved the place, he really didn \u2019 t want to be there right now. but what else was he going to do, he had to study for, you guessed it, history. but at this point, all of the names and dates were beginning to blurr together. there was something about a makedonian king getting his head cut off. at least that much stood out. \u201c ugh, \u201d he grunted, and slammed his forehead onto the oak desk. he then recoiled, which tends to happen when you slam your face onto a hard surface, with a hiss of pain. it was then that he heard it. a soft giggling danced into his ears. aedono looked up, and saw her : a beautiful girl with raven - black hair. she was looking up at him from a book entitled : the culinary traditions of winedovrikag. aedono smiled back at her, but them \u2014 oh no \u2026 oh no! she was walking towards him. aedono went about making sure his breath didn \u2019 t smell bad, that his hair", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45947452015800405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 116, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.227401"} {"text": "culinary traditions of winedovrikag. aedono smiled back at her, but them \u2014 oh no \u2026 oh no! she was walking towards him. aedono went about making sure his breath didn \u2019 t smell bad, that his hair had been washed, that \u2026 oh no, he forgot to put on cologne! fuck, she is going to think he is such a loser \u2026 \u201c what \u2019 re you reading there? \u201d she asked. she had an accent aedono could not quite place, but he was halfway certain she was isevanyan, and if that were true, aedono was either the luckiest or most unfortunate man on the face of the earth. \u201c i \u2019 m just studying for a class i \u2019 m taking on antiquity, \u201d aedono managed to say. \u201c that sounds interesting, \u201d she said, her tongue rolling off the tip of her lips every time she made a lambda sound. \u201c only after the first few hours of it. \u201d that made her laugh, and what a laugh it was. if sound could produce light, aedono was almost positive her laugh could : \u201c well i was just studying some, er, exotic cooking practices, \u201d she said, tapping the cover to the book now resting in her arms. \u201c my name is naomiash. \u201d she placed her well - manicured fingers delicately on aedono \u2019 s wrist. \u201c aedono, \u201d he said, reciprocating the action. \u201c that name, \u201d naomiash said, \u201c that is not a tuscoian name, is it? \u201d \u201c no, \u201d aedono said. he could feel his heart rate move faster. it was moments like this when he would silently curse the land of his fathers for birthing him. \u201c oh, \u201d she said, delighted, \u201c so you, too, are a student from afar. \u201d damn, it was cute to watch her struggle with the language, he couldn \u2019 t help but think. \u201c but you have no accent! your tuscoian is beautiful! \u201d \u201c thanks, \u201d he blushed a little bit. \u201c well, er, i have to go, but it was nice meeting you, \u201d naomiash said. \u201c i would like to see you again. \u201d \u201c yeah, me too. \u201d she began to walk away. aedono couldn \u2019 t help but stare at her, the way her purple and blue cotton dress flowed over her body, the way if he imagined just right, you could see her figure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44356769518238426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 117, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.228956"} {"text": "yeah, me too. \u201d she began to walk away. aedono couldn \u2019 t help but stare at her, the way her purple and blue cotton dress flowed over her body, the way if he imagined just right, you could see her figure unveiled and the shape of her plump \u2026 oh what the hell! \u201c hey, \u201d aedono said. she turned around, her black hair wafting the scent of her perfume his way. not fair, he thought. \u201c i have to finish my studies, but you want to have dinner tonight? \u201d she smiled in a crooked way that made her look a little mischievous, the smile one might see on a nymph. \u201c alright, sure. i am staying at the inn down the street, meet me there. \u201d \u201c great, \u201d aedono said, with maybe a bit too much of a sigh. his nerves were getting the best of him. \u201c i \u2019 ll see you tonight. \u201d then she was gone. aedono looked down. it was a damn good thing he had a desk in front of him the whole time \u2026 a girl reading a cookbook about a far off cuisine no one here could guess is from!?!? what is this tomfoolery! ( by the way, winedovrikag is a place located in what is otl maine and is inhabited by a people who are known as the winedo, which sounds like veneti. but which veneti?!?!?! ) derived from the punic ishfania, which was their name for hispania. lambda, for those who don \u2019 t know, is the greek letter l, and also, for those who noticed that she has yet to make that sound, remember, they aren \u2019 t really speaking english. the weighted scales : a world of an aborted rome apparently it ' s the best ancient tl of 2011. oh baby! last edited by errnge ; july 31st, 2012 at 06 : 59 pm.. the weighted scales : the world of an aborted rome chapter five : to live and die by fire part one : the not - makedonian greeks though things might have looked bad for agathocles and his realm in syracuse after his long and drawn out war with carthage, things actually weren \u2019 t that bad, all things considered. because of his daring and violent invasion of the carthaginian coast, he had not only caused political tumult across the sea, but he had also shown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40620808573388956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 118, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.232797"} {"text": "out war with carthage, things actually weren \u2019 t that bad, all things considered. because of his daring and violent invasion of the carthaginian coast, he had not only caused political tumult across the sea, but he had also shown the world that he, agathocles, who now took on the title of king of sicily ( although he ruled only a small area of the island ) was a man with whom to be reckoned. though times proved to be tough, agathocles was a respected ruler. the two sons he had from his first wife, archagathus and agathocles, were murdered in 300 b. e. ( 307 b. c. ). from his second wife, he had a single daughter named lanassa, his only surviving child. looking for allies, and as well as an heir to his throne, he married her to into the royal family of sicily \u2019 s closest greek neighbor, the seleukid dynasty of italion in 287 b. e. ( 294 b. c. ). seleukus \u2019 son and heir, antiochos was a strong military man born of makedonian stock. he was respected in his father \u2019 s kingdom for repelling multiple attacks from the barbarian samnites to the north. some speculate that it was by his behest that agathocles was poisoned four years later, while others insist it happened from a fever in 283 b. e ( 290 b. c. ). these rumors sparked a brief resistance to antiochos \u2019 rule there. for a few months, syracusian democracy was restored, but with the help of his father \u2019 s army, antiochos was able to enforce his rule of syracuse, officially joining the territories of syracuse with that of the basileus ton italion. antiochos was the king of sicily ( as styled by agathocles before him ), and would inherit the kingdom of italion after his father died. meanwhile, across the adriatic in the kingdom of epiros, the past thirty years had been relatively stable after the death of their great king alexandros i. for years, his wife kleopatra ruled as queen regent until their son neoptolemos came to age. but though epiros was stable, it was not without its complications during this period. while kleopatra ruled, she was in constant worry about the exiled king arybbas of epiros, who had co - ruled with her late", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37246953734134447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 119, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.234132"} {"text": "though epiros was stable, it was not without its complications during this period. while kleopatra ruled, she was in constant worry about the exiled king arybbas of epiros, who had co - ruled with her late husband until 336 b. e. ( 343 b. c. ) when philip ii of makedonia exiled him and made alexandros i the sole ruler. in the meantime, arybbas had been living in hellas. after alexandros i was slain in battle with the italian barbarians, to ease the dynastic tensions, the co - kingship was re - established, and arybbas \u2019 son aiakides ruled ( presumably alongside neoptolemos and kleopatra ). kleopatra was integral in bringing about the epirote assistance of kynane i of makedonia \u2019 s claim to the throne during the makedonian civil war. aiakides bore an heir named pyrros in 312 b. e. ( 319 b. c. ). pyrros has actually been a potential husband to agathocles \u2019 daughter larassa. the looming threat with arybbas was again completely snuffed out when arybbas got himself killed while fighting against the makedonians the first hellenic war in which he had been a commander in the thessalian army. speaking of the hellenes, the spartan king ariston ii sent a fleet to kyrene in 285 b. e. ( 292 b. c. ) after receiving a plead for assistance from the kryenian republic against an egyptian invasion ordered by the newly crowned nectanebo iii. well, upon his arrival, he did repel a somewhat small invasive force from egypt, but then asserted that kyrene was officially under the protection of sparta, and thus all but nominally made the region part of the revived spartan power. back in hellas, there was growing concern, even amongst sparta \u2019 s allies about this sudden upswing in spartan influence, but they dared not turn on their laconic brethren and expose a possible weakness for basileus ton basilion orestes ii of makedonia to exploit \u2026 well, that is, while he still had the power to do so. otl, agathocles had two more children from a third wife, who was of the ptolemy dynasty. with no such dynasty, there was no such marriage, and no such children. not the antiochus from otl. antiochus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40921209539109554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 120, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.236713"} {"text": ". otl, agathocles had two more children from a third wife, who was of the ptolemy dynasty. with no such dynasty, there was no such marriage, and no such children. not the antiochus from otl. antiochus of otl had a persian mother, whereas this one has a macedonian mother ( seleucus was never in persia ittl ). he would likely retain the same name because antiochus was, in turn, the name of seleucus \u2019 father. without cassander \u2019 s meddling in the nation, epirote dynastic succession is significantly less confusing that otl. aeacides isn \u2019 t driven out with his baby boy pyrrhus, who was also banished during his reign by cassander, during which time neoptolemus ii of epirus ruled as a macedonian puppet for five years until pyrrhus had him murdered. all the while, otl, random members of the molossian clan seem to have taken power, and have power taken away from them, only to show back up with an army and retake power again \u2026 yeah, all of that was avoided with an earlier death of cassander and even more so by an earlier death of alexander. otl, the two were actually briefly married. the greek political world just seems like such a small place sometimes. chapter five : to live and die by fire part two : the sons of war as we all should know, history does not occur in a vacuum. every cause has an affect, and with the rise and fall of king agathocles of sicily came a wildcard to the game being played over the island of sicily. hired as mercenaries by agathocles to fight against the carthaginians, a group of campevan samnite warriors sailed south to a new land filled with opportunity. these italian warriors, after having fought loyally in agathocles \u2019 war against carthage, were distinguished for their courage and ruthlessness in battle. when the war was over, like many of agathocles \u2019 mercenaries, they were recalled to sicily, where they opted to stay, as opposed to returning home. it seems they found something very appealing about staying on a new, warm, beautiful island filled with adventure and opportunity. it almost sounds novel - esque. well, after the war, carthage had gained control of most of the island, including the valuable port city of messana. sicily seemed at peace, and the sicilian peoples were certainly very welcoming to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43708783561992826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 121, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.237788"} {"text": "and opportunity. it almost sounds novel - esque. well, after the war, carthage had gained control of most of the island, including the valuable port city of messana. sicily seemed at peace, and the sicilian peoples were certainly very welcoming to the mercenaries. messana opened their gates to the mercenaries, who were aloud to live there peacefully in the houses of the city \u2019 s inhabitants. of course, for men who lived by the sword, this simply wasn \u2019 t enough. it was a warm night in 281 b. e. ( 288 b. c. ) when the mercenaries \u2019 plan unfolded. they all waited for their hosts to quietly fall to sleep in their beds, and killed them in their slumber. surely the screams and cries of women in the night alerted those men of the city still alive of the treachery within their walls. but by that point, the italians had taken to the streets, and set out killing every greek man they laid eyes on. bathing in the blood of men who had supposed their friendship, this rag - tag band of campevan samnite warriors named themselves the mamertines : the sons of mamers. securing the city, the mamertines then divided up the loot, land, and women between them. those men left alive were driven from the city. how the mamertines governed the city under their first generation of dominion, but whatever they did, they managed to transform the once peaceful merchant town into a haven for piracy. the mamertines scourged the island of sicily, raiding surrounding cities, and exacting tribute from cities as far away as gela on the other side of sicily. they came to directly control a dominion along the northern coastline, seizing several greek cities by 273 b. e. ( 280 b. c. ) when a group of related italian mercenaries revolted in rhegion. antiochus i of syracuse, basileus of sicily and italion, had quite enough, and attempted to quell these pesky italian mercenaries who were causing a particular amount of trouble for him ( much of the lands they raided were his dominions in either sicily or magna graecia ). he sent an army to squash them, like the spiders he doubtlessly saw them as, but twice his armies were defeated, first at naxos by the mamertines, and again outside rhegion. thus, the strait of messana, once the most prosperous trade route in the west mediterranean became the most dangerous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4390531949309299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 122, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.239194"} {"text": ", but twice his armies were defeated, first at naxos by the mamertines, and again outside rhegion. thus, the strait of messana, once the most prosperous trade route in the west mediterranean became the most dangerous stretch of water in the hellenic world. something needed to be done, that much was for sure \u2014 but things were only going to get worse over the next few years. in the past, sicily had mostly been a struggle between syracuse and her greek allies against carthage and the cities allied to her, but now in the north of sicily, a pirate nation had carved itself out in one of the most travelled trade routes in the ancient world. hard times, hard times \u2026 samnites who haled from their territory in campania. they were likely just a group of native oscan campanians, similar to otl, but with samnite domination of the region having been secured for about 50 years, they would likely have identified somewhat with the samnites, and surely some of their numbers were authentic samnites. the oscan version of the god mars, god of war in the italian pantheon. chapter five : to live and die by fire part three : the last achaemenid parsa : 292 b. e. ( 299 b. c. ) xerxes iii slammed his fist on the arm of his throne. his fingers were curled so tight, he could feel the skin in his palm give way, and red droplets of blood began to trickle from his hands. his brow was knit and his face was grim. \u201c king of kings! \u201d his body guard, a man named ezrezraspa said, \u201c you must leave! they are at our gates. if you do not leave, they will mount your head on a spike! \u201d \u201c i will not run from these rebels, \u201d xerxes iii snarled. \u201c i am the king of kings, descended from ahura mazda. i am the one true ruler of the world! \u201d ezrezraspa looked at his liege disbelievingly, \u201c my lord \u2014 \u201c the bodyguard fell silent. he could hear the shouts and screams grow closer as the invading army came closer towards the palace. these were no rebels as xerxes so blindly believed ; these were an invading army of medians, come to reclaim their ancient claim to power. ezrezraspa scratched his beard nervously. \u201c bring me my arms, \u201d xerxes growled. \u201c i will show them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3967799022620465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 123, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.240937"} {"text": "so blindly believed ; these were an invading army of medians, come to reclaim their ancient claim to power. ezrezraspa scratched his beard nervously. \u201c bring me my arms, \u201d xerxes growled. \u201c i will show them my glory and power. \u201d \u201c do not dare question me! \u201d xerxes shouted so loudly, ezrezraspa almost couldn \u2019 t hear the approaching medians. \u201c bring me my sword. \u201d it took ezrezraspa a moment to regain his composure. surely the king of kings had gone mad! but he did as he was told nonetheless. he brought a curved sword that had been hanging on the wall, and presented it to xerxes. its hilt was golden and covered in jewels, wrought in the shape of a lion \u2019 s head, the steel blade projected from its mouth like a tongue. the drums beat louder with each moment, and soon ezrezraspa could distinguish individual voices from the mob. the palace shook when they broke in. the trophies and riches hanging upon the walls made a clatter, some of them even fell from their hanging places. \u201c today, my friend, we will die together with honor and glory! \u201d xerxes stood up, his sword held in his bloodied hands and walked past the dumbfounded bodyguard. \u201c they will sing songs of us, of how many of the enemy we brought low! with the sheen of our steel, we will remind them of the divine power of the line of achaemenes! \u201d ezrezraspa gulped down the spit accumulating in his mouth. as poetic as all that sounded, he was not exactly a fan of dying. down the hall he could hear his comrades. some charged futilly before howling in agony as they were slaughtered. others could be heard screaming in fear, their footsteps echoing ever so louder as they ran before being felled like a fleeing gazelle from the hunter. xerxes looked back at his bodyguard, his green eyes shimmering. he was actually happy to be standing by his friend in his last moments. xerxes was young, but he felt at that moment that he had lived enough, that this would be a good death. that was when the door began to shutter, and hoots and hollars could be heard on the other side. the medians were breaking down the door. ezrezraspa really didn \u2019 t want to die : no, not today. he drew his sword", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43937047393566786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 124, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.242618"} {"text": "to shutter, and hoots and hollars could be heard on the other side. the medians were breaking down the door. ezrezraspa really didn \u2019 t want to die : no, not today. he drew his sword. \u201c that \u2019 s right, \u201d xerxes said, \u201c join me in battle once more, ezrezraspa. \u201d \u201c you \u2019 ve never seen a real day of battle in your life. \u201d \u201c what! we both know that isn \u2019 t true. \u201d \u201c maybe if you had, we wouldn \u2019 t be caught like a trapped fox while the hounds close in on us. \u201d \u201c you dare to \u2014 \u201c the door began to creak. they would break in any moment now. \u201c yes, i dare. \u201d xerxes could hardly react before ezrezraspa had pushed him to the floor and kicked his disgustingly ornate excuse for a weapon out of his hands. ezrezraspa pointed his blade at xerxes \u2019 neck, and said : \u201c one of us will survive this day. \u201d xerxes kicked out, and heard a crisp snap from his bodyguards ankle. he let out a yelp of pain. xerxes stood up quickly, and landed an elbow to his bodyguard \u2019 s nose. ezrezraspa dropped his sword, and grabbed his face in recoil. xerxes was quick to retrieve the weapon. he grabbed ezrezraspa by his collar, and threw the man to the ground. xerxes placed a foot over ezrezraspa \u2019 s chest and replied : \u201c if that is your wish. \u201d with that, he swept his blade across ezrezraspa \u2019 s neck, leaving a massive crevace which soon welled up with blood, and spilt out onto the marble floor like a spring. the blood came out in pulses, some even shot up and splattered the king \u2019 s face with his own fluids, but with each moment, less and less jetted out. ezrezraspa \u2019 s eyes glazed over, and he died choking on his own blood. the door burst open, and median spearmen flooded into the room, shouting and covered in gore, but they all halted at the sight before them. a median man dressed in fine steel armor stepped forward, and took off his helmet. his armor gave away his rank as an officer and as nobility, contrasting with the simple tunics most of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4545002978894494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 125, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.245185"} {"text": "gore, but they all halted at the sight before them. a median man dressed in fine steel armor stepped forward, and took off his helmet. his armor gave away his rank as an officer and as nobility, contrasting with the simple tunics most of his men wore. \u201c my name is ezrezraspa, \u201d xerxes said. \u201c the king of kings is dead. \u201d medes just took over persia. take that! chapter five : to live and die by fire part four : the king of kings, and the son of the gods men - nefer : 291 b. e. ( 298 b. c. ) there were a lot of things basileus ton basilion orestes ii did not like how things were panning out in the world at large. he could feel it in his bones. though he was still young ( only 24 years of age ), he was a competent leader, and his people respected him, which was more than could be said of his father. after receiving the throne, his mother eurydike managed to keep the peace, but things were beginning to get messy, and it was about time makedonia had a strong ruler again. orestes managed to placate, and even curb some of the power of the \u201c satraps \u201d in anatolia and syria by dividing up their lands into smaller administrative regions, but also by placing more garrisons on the frontier. he undid at least some of the damage his father did with the italiotes, still ruled by seleukus, and even won over a few of the hellene city - states through simple diplomacy no less. as it would turn out, trade agreements were often times more affective than battle. but things weren \u2019 t as great as they would seem. yes, orestes ii had managed to undo some of the damage done by his incompetent father, but there were some things well out of his control. that was why he had arrived in person to speak with the pharaoh of kemet nectanebo iii. kemet was indeed as wondrous as all the stories made it out to be, but there were some unnerving things about it. no, not the culture : orestes was well aware that exotic places did exotic things. what disturbed him, rather, were the more familiar things about kemet, specifically the members of the pharaoh \u2019 s guard who were sent to receive him. orestes ii was not the only one who was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42543813083529186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 126, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.246967"} {"text": "aware that exotic places did exotic things. what disturbed him, rather, were the more familiar things about kemet, specifically the members of the pharaoh \u2019 s guard who were sent to receive him. orestes ii was not the only one who was shocked at their arrival. his own guards stuttered in confusion, and orestes \u2019 younger brother pausanias blurted stupidly, \u201c those aren \u2019 t libyans at all! \u201d indeed, they weren \u2019 t. the six men sent to receive orestes ii and his entourage arrived bedecked in the finest hellenic armor seen outside makedonia, each man bearing massive round shields made of bronze and high - crested corinthian helmets. they were old - fashioned, yes, ( something orestes \u2019 grandfather would have worn, perhaps ) but of superb quality. but these were no mere costumes, for the men who wore them had fairer complexions that the people of kemet, wore thick beards, and spoke perfect, unaccented koine. these men were hellenes. while pausanias blathered on about how great he thought it was that even the pharaoh could recognize the skill and worth of the hellenes, orestes ii was disturbed. what was nectanebo doing by seemingly exclusively placing hellenic men in his personal guard? how did they get hear, and in what number? something strange was afoot. from the ship, they stepped onto the dock on the shores of the nile. they were escorted through, no doubt, the finest and most beautiful monuments of memphis. huge pillars rose into the sky with mysterious symbols engraved onto their faces. statues of gods towered over them with heads, both animal and human, larger than even some of the ships that sailed past along the river. bright, exotic trees lumbered over them. it took quite some effort for orestes to keep himself from continuously gazing upward. he was the king of kings, after all, and needed to act like it. while impressive, these ancient monuments could not intimidate him. in the halls of the pharaoh, incense and perfume filled the air sweetly. dark - skinned musicians played in the corner upon some strange stringed instrument and drums made from goatskins. the pharaoh sat upon his throne, watching them march closer. he was dressed in fine white linens, gold plates, and covered in jewels. some kind of pigment was put on his face to cover any imperfections, and a black past put around his eyes. it made him look how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.42538451922542436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 127, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.251141"} {"text": "them march closer. he was dressed in fine white linens, gold plates, and covered in jewels. some kind of pigment was put on his face to cover any imperfections, and a black past put around his eyes. it made him look how he wanted to look, like a god. orestes ii knew there would be some ritual accompanied by their approach, but he had to be patient. his meeting with nectanebo iii was of the utmost importance. as orestes predicted, there was indeed a ritual. oil was placed over the heads of the pharaoh \u2019 s visitors, the servants and priests sang some chant in their language, and still there was more. hours passed before orestes was aloud to approach nectanebo iii. finally, orestes was aloud to speak to the pharaoh. \u201c son of the sun and holder of both lands, pharaoh nectanebo, third of that name, i, basileus ton basilion orestes, second of that name, come to you from my home across the sea in peace to hold some converse with you. the peoples of this world are moving around us, and it is we, the holders of the light of civilization, who must be sure to keep peace. \u201d one of nectanebo \u2019 s guards translated flawlessly. nectanebo looked to be serene as his translator spoke, but something flashed in his eyes, and orestes knew it was concern. he knew of what orestes spoke. the pharaoh then spoke, and the guard translated it back to koine : \u201c may we withdraw to a more private enclosure of the pharaoh? his brilliance understands that this is a subject as sensitive as the surface of the water, and there are many ears about that might betray this conversation. \u201d orestes gave his approval, and they withdrew to a room behind the hall. as soon as they left the hall, nectanebo let out a sigh of exasperation, and handed his scepter to his guard, chattering something in his tongue. his guard nodded, and left the room, only to return shortly thereafter with some wine. nectanebo chirped something, and the guard poored the wine into some chalices wrought from gold. he sipped from each cup before handing one to the pharaoh and another to the basileus. nectanebo, after taking a gulp of wine, wiped his mouth, and looked at orestes as if seeing him truly for the first time. he began", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42511476524817854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 128, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.252899"} {"text": "from each cup before handing one to the pharaoh and another to the basileus. nectanebo, after taking a gulp of wine, wiped his mouth, and looked at orestes as if seeing him truly for the first time. he began to speek, and his guard translated : \u201c word has reached our ears of the end of xerxes iii, how his bodyguard betrayed him only just before the barbarians of medes burst into his chambers. while this does mean the end of an ancient enemy for the both of us, we fear this could be the birth of another. \u201d \u201c medes concerns me as well, \u201d orestes said, \u201c but not so much as what has been going on in babylon. their king has just died, and his son, their new king eiran, the first of his name, has begun to expand his realm already. his armies have been seen moving into armenia and arabia as well as elam. but more than this, barbarians have been on the move lately. to the north, keltoi have begun to raid further and further south towards our realm, and scythians have been seen amassing huge armies north of media. \u201d \u201c the barbarians south of our land have, too, been restless of late. we fear an invasion from all sides. \u201d \u201c i have a sister named europa, \u201d orestes said. \u201c she may be yours to marry, or marry one of your sons if you agree to my proposal. that should either of us face invasion or attack, that we shall receive the aid of 10, 000 soldiers and a formal alliance of kemet and makedonia. \u201d nectanebo thought, but orestes knew he would agree. if the babylonians or medians invaded makedonian held palestine, they would waste no time to invade egypt. but though orestes feared them, he didn \u2019 t expect their attack so much as he did from the shadowy cold wastelands to the north. and that was why he needed nectanebo iii to help him. memphis was called men - nefer in this period, a name that means \u201c enduring and beautiful \u201d. the city was also known as hut - ka - ptah, which means \u201c enclosure of ptah \u2019 s soul \u201d or \u201c enclosure of the ka of ptah \u201d. the greeks corrupted both into memphis and aigyptos respectively. kemet is what the egyptians referred to their own land as. an aramaic name, the common language of babylon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43120065078346814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 129, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.254020"} {"text": "\u2019 s soul \u201d or \u201c enclosure of the ka of ptah \u201d. the greeks corrupted both into memphis and aigyptos respectively. kemet is what the egyptians referred to their own land as. an aramaic name, the common language of babylonia, means \u201c vigilant \u201d. chapter five : to live and die by fire part five : on the edge of the world little is known of the ancient history of india. we know that the region had very complex civilizations, traditions, and cultures. we know that they once had a massive chronicle of their ancient past which is now lost to us, likely destroyed in the great burnings of the great nomad invasions. however, some lucky pieces have been discovered, surviving in caves and in the ruins of ancient fortresses. what can be gathered, before persian and hellene sources began commenting on the happenings of the region, comes from the histories of tamilgam to the south. what we know is that the massive region has a history of being divided and warlike, rich and ostentatious, and a great meeting place of cultures. the persians under darius i managed to conquer the indos river valley, however, they lost control of it before their downfall. from the eastern banks of the ganges river in a region called magadha rose the first empire the region would see under the leadership of the nanda dynasty. the nanda empire spread from the bay of bengal in the east to the indos river in the west, encompassing almost all of india by 322 b. e. ( 329b. c. ). the nanda empire, sometimes called the magadha empire, ruled with a massive army, the likes of which could not be mustered by any kingdom in the west. persian and median chroniclers claim that at full force, the nanda could gather a force of over 200, 000 men, with some claiming 100, 000 more. the nandas ruled for almost a century and a half before their massive kingdom crumbled beneath them. and how this happened was of great interest to the commentators to the west. when the persian empire crumbled after the makedonian war, a cruel king named dhana nanda ruled the magadha empire from 322 b. e. ( 329 b. c. ) to 309 b. e. ( 316 b. c. ). during his reign, several rebellions were put down brutally, especially in the western parts of his realm. taxation was heavy, and it was not uncommon under his rule", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4354282427869103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 130, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.255293"} {"text": "c. ) to 309 b. e. ( 316 b. c. ). during his reign, several rebellions were put down brutally, especially in the western parts of his realm. taxation was heavy, and it was not uncommon under his rule for entire regions to suffer famine despite being prosperous and lush. when he finally died, the people of india gasped a sigh of relief, and hoped that his successor would prove kinder. unfortunately, his son dashanaka nanda was even worse. uprising after uprising was put down viciously, often with entire villages slaughtered and killed down to the last infant. in 295 b. e. ( 302 b. c. ), dashanaka nanda made a move to expand his realm further west into the land of five waters, which resulted in a long, drawn - out, and bloody war. dashanaka managed to make some advances, but despite his superior forces, he was unable to conquer the entire region. among the peoples and kingdoms holding out against the nanda advance were the kingdoms of mourya, taksasila, paurava, and the asvakas. the war seemed to be caught in a stalemate, and then in 290 b. e. ( 297 b. c. ), a man from the west arrived in the court of the old king ambhik in taksasila with a host of asvaka horsemen. he was a persian, and he called himself xerxes. it would turn out that the former king of kings, after his escape from the medians, made his way east to the rich lands there at the edge of what used to be the great country ruled by his ancestors. word spread like wildfire of his escape and journey, how he lied to the medians as they broke into his chambers that he was but a guard, and had killed his guard to convince the medians that the king was dead, how he snuck out of the country in the night disguised as a merchant, and travelled through the rich lands of vaktrianistan and crossed the mountains into india and made friends with the chieftains of the asvakas. he was thus given 100 asvaka horsemen to accompany him even further east. to prove his royalty, he presented his ring, which had upon it the seal of the achaemenids, the standard of cyrus the great. he was thus received into the court of taksasila with open arms and as a guest. xerxes became an important figure in the resistance against the nan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4179642463424981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 131, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.256587"} {"text": "upon it the seal of the achaemenids, the standard of cyrus the great. he was thus received into the court of taksasila with open arms and as a guest. xerxes became an important figure in the resistance against the nanda, becoming a high - ranking general, and became friends with the mourya king chandragupta. the coalition of resisting kingdoms, however, was led by the king of paurava, parveteshwara, who was the oldest and wisest of the kings, as well as the leader of the largest army. but it was xerxes, apparently, who convinced parveteshwara to make this defensive war offensive, noting the poor moral and willingness to retreat that plagued the nanda armies. if they moved across the beas river, surely the nanda interior would crumble. it turned out xerxes was speaking from some experience, and he was correct. in 288 b. e. ( 295 b. c. ), parveteshwara and his coalition of kings along the indos river marched into nanda territory, and effectively defeated the nanda army ( after a nanda mutiny ) at the battle of avanti after the native king defected from the nanda and swore fealty to parveteshwara. it was after this battle that dashaka nanda was assassinated by his general bhadrasala, who then usurped the throne, and became the ruler of what was left of the magadha empire, founding a new dynasty after himself. it seemed that victory was in grasp for parveteshwara and his allies when it all fell apart. ambhi, who was almost as old as parveteshwara, made an attempt on his life. his ambitions are vague, and it is known that the two kings had an old rivalry from their youth, but little else is known as to why ambhi tried to kill his ally. regardless, ambhi \u2019 s assassination attempt backfired, and he was captured and killed. parveteshwara grew paranoid after this, and sent armies to invade not only taksasila, but also mourya, and tried to arrest xerxes, who he believed to be in conspiracy with ambhi. after all, it was ambhi who had introduced the persian to them all. chandragupta, a deeply religious king, knew paurava would overrun his small kingdom of mourya ; so, he instead offered exile in exchange for the safety and well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4432060031977737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 132, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.257597"} {"text": "it was ambhi who had introduced the persian to them all. chandragupta, a deeply religious king, knew paurava would overrun his small kingdom of mourya ; so, he instead offered exile in exchange for the safety and wellbeing of his people. mourya was thusly integrated into paurava, and chandragupta went south to live the rest of his days as a buddhist monk, where he disappeared into obscurity. but obscurity was not for xerxes. he and his one - hundred asvakas cavalrymen made for their homeland amongst the kamboja to the west, or at least that was their intention, but they were surrounded by parveteshwara \u2019 s forces on the west bank of the indos river, and a brief skirmish broke out. xerxes and seven of his horsemen escaped, while the rest fought to the last man to save their leader. xerxes returned to the mountainous homeland of his men in kamboja, just south of vaktrianistan in 287 b. e. ( 394 b. c. ). but this was not the last the world would hear of xerxes iii, the last king of persia. this was ensured when he and his men joined a caravan of merchants on their way to the mediterranean where their eastern goods were in high demand. xerxes was on his was to makedonia, the land that had ultimately brought about the demise of his lineage. otl, we actually know a lot about ancient india. as explained later, northern and southern india never unified ittl, so the tamil dynasties remained independent and uninfluenced by the peoples of northern india. ittl, the region they live in is known as tamilgam, derived from tamilakam ( tamil home - country ). india ittl is only what we know as northern india, or the area encompassing and between the indus and ganges rivers. without the mauryan empire to unify the whole sub - continent, there is a massive cultural divide between the dravidian south and the indian north, thus, what we know as southern india is not considered to be a part of india. this also resulted in the south never adopting buddhism. the punjab taxiles, one of the indian kings who allied himself with alexander the great on his conquest of the punjab. we know this king in the west as porus chapter five : to live and die by fire part six : playing catch - up war broke out between the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4306488039901235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 133, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.259203"} {"text": "left, that is ) for another pan - hellenic war against the barbarian makedonians who still had their foot placed over the neck of hellas! makedonians were even in control of italion and syracuse, surely this could not stand. it seemed another war was about to erupt in greece, but orestes ii managed to diffuse even this. after the satrap of lydia repelled areus from rhodes, orestes set on a campaign to win over the hellenes through gifts, marriages, treatises, and a little propaganda, portraying the babylonians as the true barbarians, who wish to attack greeks settled in the levant, to rape their women and enslave their children. orestes wisely forgot to mention that the levant was one of the least colonized areas of the makedonian realm with only a few thousand greeks living there. most hellenization had occurred further north in anatolia, where only in the hinterlands and mountainous inlands did people still speak phrygian, and possibly some remnants of the hittite languages. but orestes ii used a much harder hand on his relatives in epiros. the dual kings there, neoptolemos and pyrros had been waging a series of wars with the illyrians to their north, expanding their realm. orestes ii, disliking the prospect of bringing war to the region insisted ( and by insisted, i mean threatened to destroy their kingdom ) that the epirotes cease their northward expansion. begrudgingly, they obliged. it is believed to be around this time that pyrros began buying elephants from syria and egypt, bred them, and adding them into his army, becoming the first european nation to use elephants in its military. across the sea, on the carthaginian coastline, malik bomilcar i had made the wise decision to win over the allegiance of the numidian tribes at his back. the relationship thusfar between the numidians and the carthaginians had been mutually beneficial with carthage receiving some of the finest cavalry the world had seen, and the numidians becoming part of a very lucrative trade system in the western mediterrnean in which the carthaginian were central. however, bomilcar needed to be sure that they would recognize him, and not any senatorial sympathizers, as allies. in italia, leux ii, king of the kingdom of senonia ( not to be confused with sen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4332767298907907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 135, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.261218"} {"text": "however, bomilcar needed to be sure that they would recognize him, and not any senatorial sympathizers, as allies. in italia, leux ii, king of the kingdom of senonia ( not to be confused with sena along the adriatic ) began to feel the heat from the tribes to his north. the celts living in the padus river valley had grown restless, and with the leadership of the large boii and insubres, they began to raid the frontiers of the seno - etruscan heartland. it seems leux ii was able to hold them off with the help of some ligurian allies. little else is known about their war. however, the samnites began to undergo some internal changes. with the infiltration of more and more greek influence, the samnites began to build cities along their coastlines. prominent among these was hurz maimas, which they built along the campevan coastline, not far away from neapolis, and leiguss amvianud, which started out as a fortress in near the border with the italiotes, but due to its location in an important mountain pass in the appenines, became a thriving little city in the mountains. their current meddix pomptis egnatius began making preliminary raids from leiguss amvianud in 290 b. e. ( 297 b. c. ) into italiote lands, but there were no major conquests \u2026 yet. seleukos, growing tired of the increasingly powerful samnites to his north, sent an army of 10, 000 to face them. they marched into the appenines, aiming to capture the samnite capital of beneventum. three months later, ten greek slaves returned to taras. their backs were riddled with wounds from whips and flogs, but what they pulled in carts behind each of them was more horrifying. in each cart were one - hundred heads, their beards cut off and their eyes and tongues cut out. the slaves told a horrible story of an ambush, how all of the greeks and makedonians slaughtered, and that they were told to return to taras with a message that was clear as day : do not risk war with the samnites. it was in the midst of all of this, in 286 b. e. ( 293 b. c. ) that a man arrived in pellas seeking refuge in makedonia. he was accompanied by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3550984133308773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 136, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.262118"} {"text": "not risk war with the samnites. it was in the midst of all of this, in 286 b. e. ( 293 b. c. ) that a man arrived in pellas seeking refuge in makedonia. he was accompanied by a small contingent of exotic bodyguards, and clothed in riches from the orient, telling wild tales of his travels. he called himself xerxes, and he wished to hold audience with orestes ii. at the time, the only mediterranean power known to have used elephants in warfare was the persian empire. presumably, there were some in the macedonian empire ittl, but there is little evidence for it before this time. carthage did not adopt war - elephants until after 280 b. c. otl. the po river valley oscan for \u201c largest fenced in land \u201d oscan for \u201c border legion \u201d chapter five : to live and die by fire part seven : important people the cities of makedonia were grand, indeed, fattened by the wealth of the eastern mediterranean. xerxes and what was left of his bodyguard were by no means as impressed by them as they were by the massive wealth of india, but impressed they were nonetheless. the land, the people, and the cities : they were all too different to really compare. \u201c the people here dress very strangely, \u201d leippada, the captain of the asvaka, said, noting the vanity of the makedonians, how the men and women of great fitness wore next to nothing. \u201c they likely think the same thing about us, leippada. \u201d xerxes had to tread carefully here. in the court of pellas, with its riches and ostentation, was only a veneer of civilization. every guard, lined across the walls, had a sharp eye peering beneath the shade of their phrygian helmets on xerxes and his company. their hands were held firmly on their spears, and xerxes knew that one false move would result in an untimely death. at the head of the hall, sat basileus orestes ii, drinking wine and speaking loudly for all to hear. before him stood a woman with golden hair and bright eyes, something extremely rare in even this part of the world, and a cloaked man of slight stature. the woman, beneath her golden locks, wore a golden torque around her snow - white neck. the man, bearded and grey, had a bronze ring placed on his brow and around his head. they were accompanied by a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39067174263848936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 137, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.263323"} {"text": "this was a man of great wealth. \u201c this sword is not meant for you, \u201d xerxes said, trying to get past the man, but a muscular arm blocked his way. \u201c ah, so you and i have similar interests i see. \u201d \u201c get out of my way. \u201d \u201c there are much more affective ways of assassination, my friend, \u201d the man whispered. \u201c that i can assure you. \u201d xerxes froze. perhaps his sudden rigidity betrayed him. the man used the opportunity to close the door. \u201c my name is pyrros, basileus of epiros. \u201d the man said, \u201c and by morning, i will have already accomplished what you seem to have come this far to do. \u201d \u201c what do you mean. \u201d \u201c orestes has been throwing his weight around, trying to wrestle my people into doing his will. i suppose slaying illyrian barbarians is not his will, which is why it was in the best interests of both myself and my kingdom that orestes be romoved from his position of power. the man can \u2019 t very well be dethroned, his people love him, so it seems you resolved to the same end that i did. \u201d \u201c you \u2019 ve killed him? \u201d xerxes managed to garble out. \u201c he \u2019 d dying as we speek, at least if the poison does its work, \u201d pyrros said. \u201c i thought i would visit you before i leave. don \u2019 t want to be present when his body is found. i don \u2019 t recommend you be hear either. \u201d xerxes stared at this pyrros. he was clearly a military man. he looked to be near forty years old, had a round face, a nose that looked like it had been broken before, and an almost constant sneer upon his face. \u201c i should thank you for doing the work for me, \u201d xerxes said. \u201c orestes was a bastard anyway. i highly doubt at old philotas \u2019 age he would have really have been able to sire so many children. \u201d \u201c an interesting theory. \u201d \u201c hardly seems to matter now anyway, does it? \u201d pyrros smiled. \u201c they will suspect you of killing him. \u201d \u201c my men are ready to escape into the night. \u201d \u201c as are mine. you should join me in passaron. i could use a man like you. \u201d xerxes looked basileus pyr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44793629933411494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 140, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.268106"} {"text": "suspect you of killing him. \u201d \u201c my men are ready to escape into the night. \u201d \u201c as are mine. you should join me in passaron. i could use a man like you. \u201d xerxes looked basileus pyrros in the eye, and with a smile, he agreed. celts in macedon?!?! what on earth could this mean? i \u2019 d remember those names if i were you. this was the original capital of epirus, and ittl remained so because ambracia was never given to epirus by cassander. it still remains under makedonian rule. chapter five : to live and die by fire part eight : fallout 286 b. e. ( 293 b. c. ) saw the sudden death of orestes iii of makedonia. how he died is to this day uncertain, but contemporaries of the late basileus claim that he was poisoned, and died in his sleep. the finger was pointed at almost every political figure of the day : agents of nectanebo iii of egypt, eiran i of babylon, antiochos i of italion, pyrros of epiros, xerxes iii, ariston ii of sparta, tectosages emissaries, and not to mention a whole list of makedonian nobility. ultimately, however, no one knew : there were just too many people who wanted to see orestes dead. apparently, xerxes indikos, who had newly arrived in the courting pellas thought it unsafe to remain after orestes \u2019 death, and he found refuge in epiros under pyrros, who made him one of his generals. there, xerxes proved very useful for his already extensive experience with war elephants, and he became a close friend of pyrros. at the same time, neoptolemos ii, the co - king of epiros, saw xerxes as a threat, and claimed that he was orestes iii \u2019 s assassin, offering him to the makedonians. orestes iii died with no children, so the crown moved to his younger brother, pausanias ii buried his brother, legitimizing his right to rule. when agents of neoptolemos arrived in pellas to offer over xerxes indikos, pausanias jumped at the opportunity. but, as it turned out, xerxes was lucky to find a friend in pyrros, who saw to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39161786877266636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 141, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.270506"} {"text": "neoptolemos arrived in pellas to offer over xerxes indikos, pausanias jumped at the opportunity. but, as it turned out, xerxes was lucky to find a friend in pyrros, who saw to neoptolemos ii \u2019 s death, thus eliminating the co - king and becoming the sole ruler of epiros. in response, pausanias demanded that pyrros hand over xerxes, else risk an invasion by makedonia. while pyrros prepared for war with makedonia ( not only in defense of his new general, but possibly his own ), pausanias ii set about crucifying anyone suspected of assassinating his brother, including members of his own court, thus ostracizing much of the makedonian nobility. when war broke out between makedonia and epiros in 284 b. e. ( 291 b. c. ), pyrros assembled an army of 30, 000 men, half the size of the makedonian army. pausanias ii himself led the attack, meeting pyrros near orraon in molossia, the home territory of the epirote royal family. in the ensuing battle, pyrros masterfully out - maneuvered pausanias, flanking the makedonian line. pyrros \u2019 15 war elephants present at the battle caused disarray in the makedonian line, and by the end of the day, pausanias had lost more than half of his army, while pyrros \u2019 casualties were at a minimum, only an estimated 1, 500. none other than xerxes indikos and his asvaka horsemen captured pausanias himself. reportedly, xerxes forced pausanias to surrender at sword - point, humiliating the young king. considering how crushing the victory was, the terms pyrros set forth were relatively lenient. epiros was given freedom to wage war with its illyrian neighbors to the north without protest from makedonia ; makedonia ceded the city of passaron to epirote control, and pausanias \u2019 sister europa was to be married to pyrros, further connecting the two royal families. perhaps pyrros thought that by making the terms of makedonia \u2019 s defeat so slight, that he could achieve some kind of friendship between himself and the nobility, presenting himself as the forgiving ( and capable ) leader, thus undermining pausanias \u2019 power.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.365358833347879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 142, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.279067"} {"text": "by making the terms of makedonia \u2019 s defeat so slight, that he could achieve some kind of friendship between himself and the nobility, presenting himself as the forgiving ( and capable ) leader, thus undermining pausanias \u2019 power. regardless, when pausanias ii returned to makedonia, it was clear that the age of strongmen like philip ii, alexandros iii, and philotas was long gone. sensing makedonia \u2019 s weakness, king eiran i of babylonia marched on the makedonian frontier, overrunning phoenicia and the levant in 279 b. e. ( 286 b. c. ). the makedonian satraps in cilicia managed to turn the babylonians away from anatolia at issos, bolstered by the promised troops sent by nectanebo iii from egypt. while nectanebo \u2019 s contribution without doubt saved much makedonian territory from babylonian expansion, the fact that egyptians saved the day did not have exactly great results in the court in pellas. people were outraged, claiming that makedonia was becoming a puppet to nectanebo iii and that the egyptians were calling the shots. rebellions broke out throughout pausanias \u2019 territory, the most violent of which was in the ionian islands. these rebels were, unsurprisingly, backed by the hellenes of sparta and athens. the rebellion was violently put down, with thousands slaughtered. basileus pausanias ii, though incompetent, was learning quickly what it required to maintain his power, and he began to put down any sign of dissent within his realm, assassinating and replacing viceroys, satraps, generals, and nobility with people loyal to him, regardless of their merit. after his campaigns in india, xerxes iii is often referred to as \u201c indikos \u201d. macedonian tradition held that a succeeding king was required to burry his predecessor. otl pyrrhus had neoptolemus ii assassinated because he was merely a puppet of the seleucids. the result is similar to ttl. chapter five : to live and die by fire part nine : the third babylonian empire eiran i, otherwise known as eiran the scourge, may have been one of the greatest military minds of the fertile crescent since the fall of assyria. he succeeded his father to become the second ruler of the new babylonian kingdom, which propelled the fledgling successor - state into a multi - cultural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3844623246098353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 143, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.282062"} {"text": "nectanebo iii in egypt to discuss the repercussions of a war with babylonia, making an alliance with the pharaoh and promised his sister europa to him ( a marriage that never happened, as she was later married to pyrros of epiros. why nectanebo seemed to make no mind is unknown. ) eiran i spent the next decade subduing the various tribes to his south in arabia, vassalizing the qedarites, and exerted control over the copper mines in maqan and established a garrison in omana, as well as annexing the island of tilmun. these acts of aggression caused friction with the medians, who had just subsumed the last remnants of achaemenid persia and had nominal \u201c claim \u201d to the area. regardless, this fortified babylonia \u2019 s position in the mesopotamia - india trade system, which had previously been controlled by the persians. in 279 b. e. ( 286 b. c. ), eiran i rightly sensed makedonia \u2019 s growing weakness, and moved to take control of syria, phoenicia, and palestine. his army, some 30, 000 strong, overran the region that had been poorly garrisoned by the makedonians, and was in no shortage of what we might call \u201c helleno - phobes \u201d. marching down the coastline, the scourge sent one of his generals, a man named bar - talmai, to move into anatolia, hoping to deliver a crippling blow to the makedonians in asia. this was not meant to be. pharaoh nectanebo iii, following through with his agreement with the makedonian crown, sent some 15, 000 infantry ( well more than what had been promised to orestes ii ). they arrived by sea and with their help, the satrap of cilicia was able to repel the babylonians as issos and keep them from entering anatolia. enraged, eiran i marched his troops further down the coast, past gaza, and into the sinai peninsula. it was clear that his retribution for egyptian interference would be swift and brutal. nectanebo iii, however, had not seized egypt from the persian without his own military know - how. but the egyptian military was not as well equipped as the babylonians, though equally as numerous. but the pharaoh had a plan. it didn \u2019 t work. nectanebo iii intended to make a stand near the sea of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39626492567870875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 145, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.289084"} {"text": "know - how. but the egyptian military was not as well equipped as the babylonians, though equally as numerous. but the pharaoh had a plan. it didn \u2019 t work. nectanebo iii intended to make a stand near the sea of reeds, inspired by the tales of his hellenic personal guard of thermopylae. with his army there, he hoped to hold off the babylonians long enough for reinforcements. but, nectanebo forgot to take something into account : unlike thermopylae, the sea of reeds was very easy to get around. before he knew what had happened, his army was surrounded, slaughtered, and nectanebo iii met his end. eiran i continued to march onward into egypt, having only taken minimal casualties as the sea of reeds. nectanebo iii \u2019 s eldest living son ( three had been killed at the battle of the reed sea ), bakare necho took up the position of pharaoh, and took the name necho iii. he only had a few days to prepare before eiran would reach the delta. eiran i set about a rampage in egypt, burning villages, desecrating shrines, and causing general chaos in the countryside. necho iii \u2019 s army of 10, 000 marched north from memphis, but when he met the babylonians in battle, it was his own greek mercenaries who turned against him. apparently, eiran i had made a deal with them in the night : they surrender necho iii over to him, and their leader, isidoros would be crowned pharaoh with the backing of the babylonian army. it was a sweet deal, and only a fool wouldn \u2019 t accept. isidoros turned necho iii over without a second thought, and the land of egypt was ripe for the taking. eiran i instilled isidoros in memphis as the pharaoh, but only after slaughtering the entire royal family, deposing most of the nobility and replacing them with members of the greek cohort. in the autumn of 277 b. e. ( 284 b. c. ), the 34th dynasty ( also known as the mercenary dynasty ) of egypt rose under the firm hand of the third babylonian empire, and the scourge earned his name. the neo - babylonian empire, which lasted 626 - 539 b. c. is referred to ittl as the second babylonian empire. the neo - babylonian empire was pretty conservative, and used they dying akkadian language", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3946143685771984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 146, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.290754"} {"text": "makedonia and thessaly, plans that surely would have worked, when another opportunity arose that promised an ounce more excitement. while pyrros had been securing his adriatic border, someone else had been doing the same on the other side : the samnites. war broke out again between seluekid italion and the samnite league in 277 b. e. ( 284 b. c. ) when the latter instigated a rebellion in lucania. meddix pomptis egnatius took quick advantage of the anarchy, and marched his army of 30, 000 men down the messappian coastline, sacking and pillaging as he went with little resistance. basileus seleukos was old, and his son still governed in syracuse, dealing with an unruly bunch of mercenary rebels and pirates known as the mamertines along the northeast coast of sicily. seleukos was forced to meet the samnites head - on near kallipolis. seleukos expected a swift victory. he had hired a large army of mercenaries to bolster his italiote greeks, thus leading an army of approximately 40, 000 men, outnumbering the samnites. however, seleukos \u2019 scouts gave an incorrect location as to the samnite encampment. it was no mistake, as the scouts were bruttians, former allies of the samnites, and while the italiote army moved south along the tarantine coastline, they were ambushed, and seleukos was forced to retreat, abandoning kallipolis, seleukia, and all of the cities to the south of taras. a year later, as the walls seemed to be closing in around him, seleukos asked for help from pyrros of epiros, the up and coming military strongman. epiros already had a history of fighting in italia at the behest of magna graecia. seleukos offered to pay tribute to epiros for pyrros \u2019 help, and in 276 b. e. ( 283 b. c. ) pyrros of epiros arrived in taras with an army of 25, 000 infantry ( many of whom were mercenaries ), 3, 000 cavalry, and 20 elephants. with pyrros \u2019 help, the italiotes were able to subdue the ongoing lucanian rebellion. meanwhile, pyrros managed to cut off the samnite line", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38659112003243223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 148, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.294638"} {"text": "were mercenaries ), 3, 000 cavalry, and 20 elephants. with pyrros \u2019 help, the italiotes were able to subdue the ongoing lucanian rebellion. meanwhile, pyrros managed to cut off the samnite line of supply by sending his army north into apulia and messappia instead of south to face off against the samnite army there. later that year, the samnites marched north to face this new adversary, where they were defeated. the samnite army was completely unused to the kind of army pyrros led. they had never even seen elephants before, let alone in battle, and the state - of - the - art epirote forces were more heavily armed than their italiote counterparts. that isn \u2019 t to say that the samnites didn \u2019 t take a heavy toll on the epirote army, but by the end of the day the samnite army was scattered to the winds and forced to retreat to their homeland. meddix egnatius and his army regrouped in the north, and made for the mountains. pyrros followed them, and defeated them again at the samnite fortress of amvianud in 275 b. e. ( 282 b. c. ), but he took heavy casualties. the mountainous terrain surrounding the fortress made travel for pyrros \u2019 war elephants all but a liability, and his slowly approaching army was cumbersome on the uneven ground. while the victory kept the samnites at bay, pyrros reluctantly retreated only after his premier general xerxes indikos convinced him that to continue the invasion north would mean certain defeat. pyrros, upon his return to taras, learned that seleukos had died suddenly a few days earlier, probably from a heart attack. rulership of italion passed to seleukos \u2019 son, antiochos i of syracuse. antiochos paid pyrros tribute upon his coronation, and asked for his help in sicily to oust the carthaginians. pyrros did this, but left xerxes indikos in italion with an army of 10, 000 should the samnites invade, or, more sinisterly, should the new king become a nuisance to pyrros \u2019 plans. which he did. it only took pyrros two years to oust the carthaginians from almost the whole of sicily, and in that time antiochos had failed to quell a mercenary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35369334490950877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 149, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.295950"} {"text": "a nuisance to pyrros \u2019 plans. which he did. it only took pyrros two years to oust the carthaginians from almost the whole of sicily, and in that time antiochos had failed to quell a mercenary rebellion in rhegion as well as failed to defeat the mamertines at nexos. while pyrros was making plans for his final siege of lilybaeum, antiochos was affectively screwing everything up by not only being able to quell a gang of pirates, but by blocking pyrros \u2019 success in his campaign against the carthaginians. when asked for ships to blockade lilybaeum, antiochos refused, saying his kingdom was under enough strain already. pyrros gave the orders, and xerxes indikos used his army to launch a coup against antiochos, killing the basileus in 273 b. e. ( 280 b. c. ), and declared pyrros as the new basileus of italion and of sicily. with this position of power, pyrros was able to get the ships he needed, and completed his siege of lilybaeum in 272 b. e. ( 279 b. c. ), becoming the first non - punic invader to take the fortress. pyrros made plans for his newly acquired kingdoms to pass to his only son alexandros should pyrros die. peace negotiations between malik bomilcar and pyrros fell through, and pyrros made clear his intent to invade the carthaginian homeland when he ordered the construction of an even larger fleet and began to conscript soldiers from italion and sicily. pyrros \u2019 prepared to set sail to carthage from syracuse with his fleet of twenty penteres ( quinquerems ), sixty tetreres ( quadreremes ), and one hundred trireres ( triremes ), and one hepteres ( septireme ) as the flagship. each ship had green sails with the many symbols of epirus sewn on : the bull, the horseman, pegasus, the winged woman, and the warrior. as legend has it, he was boarding onto the flagship when one of his generals, a man named perdikkas, came shouting for the king. pyrros stopped what he was doing, and listened as his general relayed a message. perdikkas was sweating like rain, and panting like a dog, but he managed to gasp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40650891961546115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 150, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.297140"} {"text": "perdikkas, came shouting for the king. pyrros stopped what he was doing, and listened as his general relayed a message. perdikkas was sweating like rain, and panting like a dog, but he managed to gasp out the news. pyrros was needed in the east. \u201c a darkness christened in blood has befallen the homeland. a barbarism without name \u2026 \u201d the shkumbin river in albania see part 2 of this chapter \u201c the sons of war \u201d for more details on the mamertines otl seleucus was assassinated a year later, however, the stress of ruling a precarious nation on the edge of the \u201c civilized \u201d world undoubtedly had its toll on his health. also mentioned in part 2 of this chapter \u201c the sons of war \u201d otl, pyrros had two sons named helenus and ptolemy from two different wives. lanassa, who ittl was married to antiochos, and antigone, who was of the ptolemaic dynasty. ittl pyrrhus is married to europa of macedon. chapter five : to live and die by fire part eleven : barbarians at the gates ( depending on who you ask ) where to begin any conversation about the celtic invasions of 275 b. e. ( 282 b. c. ) is always a difficult task. historical bias has clouded much of the truth from historians for over two thousand years, and even if that were not enough, the ethnic tensions in the region, which continue to this very day, ( and could arguably have some roots in the events following the invasion ) electrify the issue. the following is an attempt to relate the events during, and leading up to the celtic invasions. archaeological evidence suggests that the region of pannonia was integrated into the celto - sphere around the same time that celtic tribes migrated into the padus river valley in northern italia. by the 3rd century b. e. the area was almost completely celticized with many of the native illyrian tribes, weakened by almost constant warring with the greeks, adopting celtic language, culture, and custom, even more of them being ruled by increasingly powerful celto - centric confederacies. the scordisci who seem to have come into existence some time before 303 b. e. ( 310 b. c. ), led by a general named molistomos, invaded and absorbed some of the illyrian tribes further south such as the autariatae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3994540689306376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 151, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.298257"} {"text": "have come into existence some time before 303 b. e. ( 310 b. c. ), led by a general named molistomos, invaded and absorbed some of the illyrian tribes further south such as the autariatae and vassalized some tribes such as the dardanians, triballi, and paeonians. further north, however, in noricum and pannonia, the two dominant tribal entities were the wolcae, near the head of the istros and the boii to their east. the wolcae and the boii each appear to have been large confederacies of several smaller tribes, prime examples being the tectosages ( wolcae ) and the tolistobogii ( boii ). the wolcae and boii seemed to have been allies, considering the coordination the two tribes exhibited in their invasion southward. sources vary as to why the wolcae and boii moved south. suggestions include over - population, economic incentive ( the region was rich in metals, slaves, and trade ), and the rise of the warrior cult. tension between the hellenic world and the keltoi to their north was relatively new, but still existent. in 328 b. e. ( 335 b. c. ), an envoy of representatives from several celtic tribes in the north were sent under the pretense of paying homage to the then ruler of makedonia, alexandros iii. this just so happened to occur during alexandros \u2019 invasion of thrace, the region previously buffering the two cultures, which both eyed hungrily. it is almost certain that these representatives were sent with the true purpose of assessing the military might of the makedonians and the prowess of their young king. apparently, they were impressed enough to cease their southward push during his reign. but when he died at the battle of issos two years later, the migration continued unabated. the relationship between the makedonians and their neighbors to the north had never been a great one, with almost constant small - scale raiding into thrace by celtic tribes. during the reign of philip iii, the celtic tribes supported rebellions in thrace and moesia. during the makedonian civil war, or kassandrian war, raids intensified, with brief moments of celtic occupation of makedonian lands that were often repelled. kynane managed to placate some of the tribes during her reign, using her connections with the illyrian tribes. but relations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3984403302616726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 152, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.299563"} {"text": "war, raids intensified, with brief moments of celtic occupation of makedonian lands that were often repelled. kynane managed to placate some of the tribes during her reign, using her connections with the illyrian tribes. but relations continued to spiral out of control during philotas \u2019 and orestes ii \u2019 s reign. but it was only after orestes ii was assassinated, and his brother pausanias ii came to power did the tribes see their golden opportunity. pausanias ii \u2019 s reputation as a feeble ruler was well known after his embarrassing defeat at the hands of pyrros of epiros and his incompetence in the wake of the babylonian invasion of syria. add in the fact that the wolcae tectosages had a real grudge against the makedonian basileus after orestes ii publicly insulted an envoy sent by them to pellas ( the night before his assassination, interestingly enough ) : an envoy which was led by the tectosages princess iouinaballa and a druid. a preliminary invasion led by cambaules was the spark that ignited the war. cambaules led an army of some 20, 000 men into thrace, and captured a large area, defeating a small makedonian army, but ousted by pausanias ii \u2019 s army. cambaules returned to his home among the boii, affirming that more warriors were necessary. and if there was one thing the celts had, it was warriors. the following year, a massive multi - pronged invasion marched down along the istros river and into makedonian held thrace. in all, over 250, 000 warriors invaded, possibly the largest army to ever march on the hellenistic world since the persian wars of the 5th century b. e. cambaules headed this massive army, but he was by no means the only military leader present in the army. leading the prausi, a tribe of the wolcae confederation, was brennos. leading the tectosages was acichorios. bolgios lead the men from the tocri and tolistobogii from the boii confederation. and cerenthios led an army of taurisci. it was between these generals that the army was divided when the celtic invaders decided to \u201c plunder the multitudes of nations, \u201d and the top nation on their hit list was makedonia. cerenthios moved eastward into the heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.395410469295784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 153, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.302102"} {"text": "them with the riches their city had to offer. they swore fealty to the ouolki and forsook their former loyalty to the mapedonnirix, whose head was possessed by iouinaballa acichorignos. since the mapedonnirix had no sons or daughters, there was no one to take his place as king in the mapedonni tradition. mapedonni generals began calling themselves kings in far off lands ruled by the mapedonnirix. fearing the coming might of the ouolki, the mapedonni living in the city they called pellas began to flee by way of the ocean, while others set to panic and began to riot within the walls of the city. when the ouolki arrived, half of the city was empty, and those who remained opened the gates to the ouolki without a struggle. the city paid the greatest tribute of all, and many of the houses left abandoned were filled with the wandering families of the ouolki. the ouolki then sent out two armies from pellas. one was led by brennos, and went west to defeat the botti and the paeoni, while another led by acichoros went east and exacted tribute and fealty from the cities there as far as philippi and the island of thasos. ouolki began to settle these cities and farm the lands abandoned by the craven mapedonni. \u201d from the ashes of the destructive end of the makedonian empire, the wolkae, or ouolkoi as the greeks later called them, began to settle and took quick control of the region. they ravaged the tribes along the strymonas river, decimating the maedi. they then cut east, and moved down the bardarios river, assaulting paeonian and thracian cities such as stobi, dober, and so on, until they marched into the heart of makedonia. the coming arrival of the celtic migration had caused such fear that many cities simply surrendered to the oncoming army, not even risking the violence. many of the makedonian nobles fled the city of pellas to anatolia ; however, for those who could not escape, it seemed that death drew nearer with everyday. all accounts agree that a few days before the wolkae arrived, a riot broke out in pellas. the remaining nobility in the city insisted that the city man a defense, and hope that they could survive a siege long enough for reinforcements from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3848600934378673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 157, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.308240"} {"text": ". all accounts agree that a few days before the wolkae arrived, a riot broke out in pellas. the remaining nobility in the city insisted that the city man a defense, and hope that they could survive a siege long enough for reinforcements from anatolia. but the fear within the city was too great, and the people within the city determined that if they gave up the city, their lives would be spared. chaos held over the city for two days as the opposing sides vied for control of the city gates, until finally the last of the nobility were had either been captured, died, or fled the city. the gates of pellas opened to the wolkae without a fight on the ninth day of scorpio, 274 b. e. ( 281 b. c. ). the wolkae determined to make pellas their new base of operations, settling the rest of their families there. brennos and acichoros each set out with armies of approximately 60, 000 men and began securing the surrounding area. in anatolia, the satraps and viceroys established independence, seeing that they could no longer rely on makedonia for protection. meanwhile, the boii, who had broken off from the wolkae army, set about ravaging thrace. they defeated and exacted tribute from the tribes along the hebros river, including the bessi, sapaei, and odrysians. here they settled the thracian city of aenus, or poltyobria, and set up a kingdom that the wolkae called bojikika. the boii attempted to take byzantion, but were turned back by an army from bithynia. the bithynian satrap pushed the boii advance long enough to secure the surrounding area, but was defeated near salmydessus by the boii under bolgios with the help of the asti, a thracian ally. to the south, the hellenes braced themselves for the coming onslaught of the galatoi. and they had good reason to. word soon spread that the wolkae chieftain brennos was leading an army of 100, 000 men south. almost half of this army was made of cavalry that used the trimarchisia system, where one cavalry man would be fighting in battle, while two others waited to retrieve his body, replace his horse, or replace him in battle. now, here is where historical bias becomes almost unbearable on both sides, because it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3936362474174583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 158, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.310315"} {"text": ". \u201c we march for dodona tomorrow. if the ouolkoi have already sacked delphi, dodona might be next. blood of aspetos! it is a surprise they haven \u2019 t already. molossians, chaonians, and thesprotians \u2014 epirotes! nigh is our hour of greatness! \u201d in 272 b. e. ( 279 b. c. ) pyrros returned to epiros with the majority of his mercenary army he had intended to use for an invasion of carthage. finding that greece was in complete and utter chaos, he first moved to secure his frontier, and sent an army to protect the temple at dodona. it did not take long for the remaining hellenic polities to call for his help. makedonia was shattered, the aetolian league was left to dust, and thessaly was not only demolished, but was being settled by wolcae. further south, athens and sparta were beginning to break under the pressure, and argos and corinth were on the brink as well. epiros was, it turned out, the only force left with enough strength to ward off the celts. the first thing pyrros did was expressed his claim to the makedonian throne. the argead and aeacid lineages were rather intertwined, and pyrros was the second cousin of alexandros iii, his aunt was kleopatra of epiros, and he was married to pausanias \u2019 sister europa. it turned out, the only other person with any claim to the vacant makedonian throne was the chieftain of the dardanians ( related to pausanias through his grandmother kynane ), but the dardanians were all but shattered by the celtic invasion, and now paid tribute to the wolcae. pyrros split his army into three prongs, hoping to regain as much ground as possible against the wolcae as possible. xerxes indikos was to take 10, 000 men north to rally the illyrian tribes and flank the wolcae from the northwest. perdikkas was to move south with 7000 infantry and secure acarnania before moving north through locris and to march up the aegean coast once he reached it. pyrros would move east through thessaly, intending to meat up with perdikkas at pagasae. from there they would meat up with xerxes at pellas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37647786393424165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 162, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.315404"} {"text": "and to march up the aegean coast once he reached it. pyrros would move east through thessaly, intending to meat up with perdikkas at pagasae. from there they would meat up with xerxes at pellas. at least that was the plan. xerxes indikos gathered 5000 men from the illyrians north of epiros, including the vassalized parthini and bryges before moving north into the land of the dardanians, who had allied with the wolcae after being spurned by the makedonians. he defeated them in battle, and continued to march north through their land, where he ran into a brief battle with the scordisci who had moved south and absorbed the autariatae about forty years earlier. the former persian king was able to rebuff them before turning his attention southward. xerxes actually refused to commit to a staged battle with any wolcae war bands he encountered, preferring to harass them and goad them into ambush. one such ambush was at the battle of axios where he drew a wolcae army of 20, 000 into a valley and rushed them from the hillside. the tactic worked, leaving the shocked celtic army in disarray with the river at their backs and nowhere to run. the battle gained xerxes a reputation amongst the wolcae as a courageous leader, a man to be respected and feared. everything seemed to go to plan with perdikkas. his army of 7000 infantry, and some 200 cavalry quickly seized control of acarnania, and even absorbed shattered aetolia, where the remnants of their famous cavalry joined his own. most greeks in the region saw the epirote army as a sign of security and safety, giving him little resistance as he passed through and swung north through locris and thessaly. pyrros had, perhaps knowingly, given himself the most difficult task. the land he marched his army through, the pindhos mountains, was largely tribal and difficult to pass through. it was made all the harder by the settling of celts in the region. unlike perdikkas, who ran into no real resistance, and xerxes who used cunning and some amount of trickery to defeat the enemies he ran into, pyrros did not shy from pitched battle in the least. with him were his best soldiers, veterans from across the adriatic some 15, 000 strong. pyrros met a wolc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3981157153132291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 163, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.319244"} {"text": "amount of trickery to defeat the enemies he ran into, pyrros did not shy from pitched battle in the least. with him were his best soldiers, veterans from across the adriatic some 15, 000 strong. pyrros met a wolcae war band at tricca and again at pharsalus where he defeated them both. in both battles, pyrros used his cavalry to protect his flanks and broke the celtic center. while he achieved victory in both encounters, he took heavy casualties to his infantry. he was glad, indeed, to receive the reinforcements from perdikkas at pagasae before sweeping north through thessaly. pyrros rightly assumed that if he could take larissa, the largest city in thessaly, the rest of the region would bow to him. his movement north toward the city was largely undisturbed by celtic war bands with only a rare skirmish here and there. larissa opened its gates to pyrros as a liberator and offered to him 1000 of their finest horsemen, who were famed as some of the best in all of greece. they named him tagus, or king, of thessaly, and swore fealty to pyrros. makedonia was only a short march north from larissa, and pellas was within his grasp \u2026 \u201c it \u2019 s almost too easy, \u201d xerxes whispered to himself. time and again, the ouolkoi not only announced their coming, bashing their drums loudly and braying like wolves as they sang into battle, but they were consistent as well. xerxes had yet to witness the full might of the galatoi horde, but it shocked him in a way that such a kingdom as makedonia could have crumbled so quickly to them. and here he was, again, riding quietly on his horse through the wooded backcountry, marching around the main ouolkoi force that seemed to know nothing in the way of stealth. even their scouts were loud and foolish, usually drunk even. at the tail of his army, twenty scouts were tied and gagged by the supply wagons, their eyes cut out and their ears chopped off. \u201c they are fierce warriors, nonetheless, \u201d leippada, the leader of his asvaka guard reminded. \u201c overly confident, yes, but fierce, too. \u201d \u201c i just don \u2019 t understand, \u201d xerxes stroked the short black hairs on his face. \u201c everything i have heard of their conquest of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4475206009799778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 164, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.320805"} {"text": "of his asvaka guard reminded. \u201c overly confident, yes, but fierce, too. \u201d \u201c i just don \u2019 t understand, \u201d xerxes stroked the short black hairs on his face. \u201c everything i have heard of their conquest of makedonia would imply that they are cunning as well as powerful \u2014 they would need be! how else could they have so swiftly brought this country to its knees? it was flawless. but these war bands we \u2019 ve run into, these formless rabble that stalk the countryside, they \u2019 re hardly a challenge. \u201d not far away, a grouse called out in the brush. the pine forest was quiet except for the sound of marching soldiers, and the distant noises of the ouolkoi raiding party. \u201c when we make it past them, we turn around and approach from their rear, \u201d xerxes said. \u201c put all of their heads on spikes and burn the bodies like the rest when we are through. inform the captains. \u201d leippada nodded, and turned his horse around. xerxes sighed and prodded his horse forward when he heard an all too familiar hiss and saw an arrow burry into the trunk of a tree not but a hair away from his face. he flinched backwards, and his horse reared up in terror. suddenly, the air was filled with the sound of arrows. xerxes looked back and saw leippada dying on the forest floor with an arrow sticking out of his neck. shouts rose up from his army as they realized they were under attack, taken by surprise, and as the ouolkoi appeared from the shadows of the forest and fell upon them like a hammer. xerxes cursed when he saw that he was beat by his own trick. several things to note right now : dodona is the home of an oracle and a huge center of hellenic religious affairs. it was second only to delphi. aspetos was what the epirotes called achilles, who they worshipped as a diety. also, the molossians, caonians, and thesprotians are the three tribes that make up the kingdom of epirus, which is currently dominated by the molossians. chapter five : to live and die by fire part fourteen : shards of glass with the fall of the makedonian empire in 274 b. e. ( 281 b. c. ) to the wolcae and the boii, the immediate response to what was left of pausanias ii \u2019 s realm did", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4064550733584846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 165, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.322475"} {"text": "of glass with the fall of the makedonian empire in 274 b. e. ( 281 b. c. ) to the wolcae and the boii, the immediate response to what was left of pausanias ii \u2019 s realm did what any self - respecting makedonian government official would do : made himself king! like a glass windowpane struck by a stone, the realm broke into a series of much smaller kingdoms. lydia : in northwestern anatolia, lydia was centered around the ancient city of sardis. the former satrap philip, a makedonian, founded the kingdom. the satrapy had an ancient history, once being an empire in its own right before the persians invaded. the last persian satrap of lydia was spithradates, who was killed at the battle of granicus in 327 b. e. ( 334 b. c. ). once the satrapy was taken over by alexandros iii, makedonians were put in place of the persian dynasty there. from said dynasty did philip i of lydia descend. philip \u2019 s realm not only included lydia proper, but also mysia, troad, and aeolis. he took great care during his rule to ensure that the greek city - states along his coastline in aeolis did not revolt or declare independence. to secure the cities, he moved native lydians as well as persian colonists into the aeolian dodecapolis ( kyme, larissae, neonteichnos, temnus, cilla, notion, aegiroessa, pitane, aegae, myrina, gryneion, and smyrna ). bithynia : a small kingdom whose rulers descended from the makedonian general balakros ( who invaded it during the kassandrian war ). the satrap who became king of bithynia was also named balakros. he, however, did not have his ancestors pension for gaining ground, and in fact lost it when the city of heraklea successfully revolted and established independence on the euxeinos pontos. byzantion : the last piece of former makedonian land in europe not overrun by barbarians, the city - state barely escaped a sacking from the boii during their invasion of thrace. heraklea : an independent democracy that rebelled against the bithynians early on. the city is located along the euxeinos pontos. paphlagonia : to the east of bithy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41576636946474077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 166, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.323379"} {"text": "not only did the increasing greek population of egypt strengthen his hold on the country, but also it by extension legitimized the mercenary dynasty to the hellenic world. the black sea, or \u201c hospitable sea \u201d all of these cities were built by isidoros, and are fictional otl. chapter five : to live and die by fire part fifteen : the tarnished age of epiros pyrros of epiros, sometimes called pyrros the great by contemporary scholars, is a figure both revered and reviled, a bright flame that leaves a dark shadow in the annals of history. his memoirs and his books on war are considered classic masterpieces and to this day are read in military academies. his philosophies on tactics and strategy influenced great military minds for generations to come. during his lifetime, pyrros was considered the greatest military mind on the face of the earth. but military glory can only take you so far. back home in epiros, the treasury was empty, and the kingdom bankrupt. the costly wars pyrros waged and the mercenaries he used to bolster his armies sapped away at the coffers until there was nothing left. morale was low, and what \u2019 s worse, pyrros seemed to have ignored these facts to achieve his ends. the destruction of the northern branch of his army in wolcae occupied paeonia was a crushing blow to his over arching strategy, and when word finally reached him and his men, morale plummeted all the more. but as pyrros says in his own memoir titled the struggle for makedon : \u201c we marched north from thessaly nonetheless, without hindrance. with the troops levied from my newest realm, i discerned i could make up for those lost with xerxes indikos, who i had come to love as a brother. though i mourned his loss, as should a great leader of men and a king such as he be mourned, i determined that the need of hellas was great in this hour of barbaric invasion. the [ ouolkoi ] had emptied the great city of pellas amongst others and settled it with their own. tales spread through out the camp of how the galatoi had dispatched my cousin. as we neared the territory occupied by the ouolkoi, there was some discontent in the troops, but the mutineers were quickly put down. we marched north still, to claim my throne in makedon and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3734996623050505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 169, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.327099"} {"text": "other than xerxes indikos. she forced them down onto their knees, water rushing up between their legs. iouinaballa shouted out across the river to pyrros. pyrros says simply : \u201c she spat insults in her barbaric tongue. \u201d however, later accounts written by the wolcae ( who refer to themselves as the ouolki ) give a much more eloquent and poetic account. they say that iouinaballa sang a long poem telling the story of the wolcae, and how they were forced from their homeland due to over population and famine, how they were repeatedly insulted by the greeks who were cowards that won wars not by courage and strength, but by deceit and trickery. while most of the poem is inconsequential, the ending was made famous by its inscription upon a monument built centuries later over iouinaballa \u2019 s tomb, and by its inclusion in the opera makedonia \u2019 s climax : \u201c a sore day! a red day! where the sun rises! death! death! death! \u201d the wolcae began to shout and howl. pyrros \u2019 remaining scouts were nowhere to be found, but he didn \u2019 t need them for him to know that he was out numbered. iouinaballa drew a sword as tall as she, and lifted it into the air, her voice joining the chorus of celts. she inspired such fear and awe that even some of the greeks in pyrros \u2019 army said she was no mere woman, but athena! one by one, the wolcae princess set about lopping off the heads of her prisoners, saving xerxes indikos for last. when she finally reached him, she bid him stand. xerxes did so. she told xerxes to return to his king, and to make him turn around and never come back. at this, his face turned sickly white, for, apparently, it was the first time someone had called pyrros xerxes \u2019 king. instead of doing as she bid him, xerxes iii indikos of persia threw himself into the river, and let the chains drag him to the depths. following this dramatic event, the battle of the halkiakmon river broke out. the greeks made camp and waited for the wolcae to cross. pyrros predicted correctly that the celts would be too impatient to simply wait for their victory. they crossed in rafts, which the greek army was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4000376444187994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 171, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.329366"} {"text": "had been largely depopulated by the great wolcae raid of 273 b. e. ), as well as adding orestis, traditionally a makedonian territory, to the epirote frontier. his rule of thessaly was styled much in the same way that he ruled sicily and italion. they were separate kingdoms ruled by the same king : a pyrric empire. but this would only be the start of pyrros \u2019 consolidation of power in hellas. with only a menagerie of crippled city - states to oppose him, pyrros slowly gnawed away at the lands to his south, adding one region to his empire at a time. sometimes he would simply vassalize a city - state, like he did with corinth, megara, and argos. other times, he would wage war, looting and pillaging as he went to pay for his costly mercenary army, and outright annex territory : examples being elis, locris, euboea, and achaea. he instigated a massive helot revolt in messenia, which further crippled sparta. in 264 b. e. ( 271 b. c. ) he waged a costly war against sparta with the intention of deposing the current kings ( areus i and archidamus iv ) in favor of one of his generals named agesilaus who claimed to be descended from agis iii. both spartan kings were old, but archidamus iv was only recently given kingship. his cousin, ariston ii, had died a year earlier. naturally, pyrros backed his general \u2019 s ( likely false ) claim to the throne, and so he marched on laconia. though the spartans were dealing with a serious population crisis ( it is estimated that only a few thousand spartans were still alive at the time ), they put up a stiff resistance that pyrros evidently did not expect. the spartans took up guerilla warfare in the hillside, attacking epirote camps in the dead of night, and disappearing without a trace. when finally pyrros arrived at sparta with an army of some 20, 000, he found trenches dug, barricades built, and not only men, but also women and children armed to the teeth. the siege of sparta lasted three months, when finally pyrros called for parlay. his terms were generous : give over the eurypontid king archidamus iv, place agesilaus on the throne, and allow pyr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3892757316785766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 173, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.333018"} {"text": ". the siege of sparta lasted three months, when finally pyrros called for parlay. his terms were generous : give over the eurypontid king archidamus iv, place agesilaus on the throne, and allow pyrros \u2019 son alexandros to learn the art of war from the spartans. the offer was refused, and the siege continued for another month, when pyrros was forced to call of the siege due to mutiny in his ranks. sparta remained. and sparta saw, perhaps truly for the first time, that it needed to adapt to the changing world around it. in 262 b. e. ( 269 b. c. ) word reached hellas that the wolcae princess iouinaballa was with child. pyrros quickly gathered his forces, and made plans to march once again on the wolcae. but when his army reached pieria, something unexpected happened. the flames licked the night sky like glowing tongues. pyrros cursed beneath his breath. it was those bastard mercenaries again, he knew. he could hear them shouting and screaming like fools. \u201c i \u2019 m getting too old for this, \u201d pyrros thought out loud. indeed, pyrros had just turned fifty this year. maybe it was time to retire to syracuse perhaps and live in the lap of luxury with serving girls feeding him olives as they danced, bear breasted and youthful. it was a nice thought. perhaps this could be his last war, after he rooted up that bitch and cut the vermin from her womb himself. \u201c agapos, get me my armor. \u201d there was no response. with a grunt and a curse, pyrros went into his tent, ready to abuse the stupid serving boy. but when he entered through the tent flaps, agapos was dead on the floor. blood glistened in the firelight, and standing over the corpse with sword in hand was \u2014 no! it couldn \u2019 t be! \u201c thought you were rid of me, didn \u2019 t you, \u201d xerxes snarled. in those forsaken woods where the screams of thousands of greek soldiers filled the mountain air, xerxes remembered a lesson he had almost forgotten : survive at any cost. his asvaka guardsmen were first to take action. they drew their single - edged swords, and rode like madmen into the fray. the gallant charge only made a minor dent in the oncoming wave of ouolkoi, and in a matter of minutes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44797956620520385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 174, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.336050"} {"text": "a thin bed of straw next to what was left of his army. he was glad to see that there were at least a few hundred still alive, but he knew that it wasn \u2019 t much to be glad for. if they weren \u2019 t killed outright, they would be sold into slavery. they were all chained by the neck, and bound. \u201c he \u2019 s awake! he \u2019 s awake! \u201d the survivor next to him said. \u201c someone get him some water! \u201d there were some murmurs throughout the army, or what was left of it. they were sitting outside in a field. ouolkoi on horses patrolled the mob. they had those monstrous hounds with them on leashes just long enough to nip at the corralled prisoners. to the south was the main encampment. it didn \u2019 t look all that different from a greek encampment from afar. \u201c here, indikos, \u201d one man gasped as he handed xerxes a small bowl filled with water. \u201c drink. \u201d \u201c we were worried you were going to die, \u201d another whispered. xerxes took the water and drank it slowly. it tasted foul, and he was certain that there was something solid in there, but it was better than nothing. xerxes looked around at his men. they were all chained, all stripped naked. the man who sat next to him was so covered in bruises he looked like he was from india \u2014 he was one of the luckier ones. many men were clutching where their manhood used to be, while others tenderly nursed their hands, still burning from the brand. \u201c what do we do? \u201d yet another prisoner asked, clutching at xerxes \u2019 feet like he was a god. \u201c what can we do? \u201d it didn \u2019 t take much longer for the ouolkoi to hear that xerxes was awake and alive. later that night, there was a commotion on the outskirts of the prisoner mob. three armed ouolkoi callously beat men out of their way, those who were not wise or strong enough to move. the sheer size of the ouolkoi never ceased to impress xerxes, even when they pulled him up by his neck like a pup, and dragged him off. there was some dessent amongst the prisoners, but xerxes reminded them before any more of them got killed to survive. xerxes was dragged through the ouolkoi camp in chains. he knew that he was being heckled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4455563534598796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 176, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.340412"} {"text": ". there was some dessent amongst the prisoners, but xerxes reminded them before any more of them got killed to survive. xerxes was dragged through the ouolkoi camp in chains. he knew that he was being heckled and laughed at, though he didn \u2019 t understand the ouolkoi language. xerxes reflected quietly about how remarkable it was that despite the superficial differences between people of different cultures and lands, they were all essentially the same. a harsh tug at his neck made him stumble. that gave his captors a good laugh. they seemed to be repeating the same word over and over : \u201c maruvassorix \u201d. xerxes had no idea what it meant specifically, but he knew that they were calling him it. with another tug, a shove, and one last muttered, \u201c maruvassorix, \u201d he was forced into a massive tent and brought to his knees. his captors forced him to stare at the floor. he did so, but they hit him anyway. an argument broke out. he couldn \u2019 t see who was saying what, let alone listen to what they were saying, but he could tell that the three men who brought him here were getting angry. somewhere before him were the voices of two elderly men, and a woman. the argument was getting heated. a sword was drawn. xerxes could feel the cold steal pressed against the back of his neck. \u201c sistat! \u201d he heard the woman command. xerxes closed his eyes, and waited for the blade to fall upon his neck, but it never came. the sword was sheethed, and with what sounded like some very nasty words, the three men left the tent. xerxes waited for something to happen. \u201c you may stand, \u201d the woman said in thickly accented koine. \u201c it is not fit for a king to be brought so low. \u201d xerxes stood, and looked up. the tent was lavishly decorated. a fire burned in its center, where some of those massive dogs laid. the ground was covered in skins : bear, wolf, deer, beever, and sheep. standing before him was the princess he had seen all those years ago in pellas. she was still as bright and fierce as he remembered her. behind her were two older men. they were frail, and had thick bronze bands placed above their brows. \u201c i am iouinaballa, the daughter of acichorios who is king of the ouolki", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47136021273266837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 177, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.341541"} {"text": "fierce as he remembered her. behind her were two older men. they were frail, and had thick bronze bands placed above their brows. \u201c i am iouinaballa, the daughter of acichorios who is king of the ouolki. \u201d \u201c i know who you are, \u201d xerxes croaked. the shackles around his neck made speech somewhat difficult. \u201c i was there the day orestes basileus of makedonia was murdered. \u201d \u201c we did not murder him, \u201d one of the men behind her intoned. \u201c i know, \u201d xerxes said. \u201c those men who brought you to me, \u201d iouinaballa said, \u201c they wanted the honor of presenting your head to me. but there is no honor in taking the head of a naked man who rules over a rabble of captured slaves. i know, too, who you are. you are the one they call kwerkez. you once ruled a land in the far east. \u201d xerxes ignored the fact that she couldn \u2019 t pronounce his name. he probably couldn \u2019 t pronounce hers either. \u201c i am he. \u201d \u201c uinom, \u201d she said over her shoulder. a moment later, a servant appeared carrying two chalices filled with wine. \u201c drink. it is good. \u201d xerxes did drink, and it was indeed quite good. \u201c the king whose other army you led, \u201d iouinaballa spoke slowly, as if she was taking great care to say the right words. \u201c perosh, he is marching from the south. \u201d \u201c pyrros leads an army from the south, yes. \u201d \u201c he does not come to save you, though, \u201d she said. \u201c he knows of your defeat, but he does not come to save you. \u201d \u201c he comes for makedonia. \u201d \u201c he comes for his own pride. \u201d \u201c perhaps, \u201d xerxes agreed. pyrros was somewhat egotistical. \u201c but if he knew that i lived, he would come for my recovery. \u201d \u201c no, he won \u2019 t. \u201d iouinaballa said. \u201c and i will prove it to you. \u201d the water was freezing cold. it felt like needles were stabbing at every inch of his skin. he hoped this would work. he squirmed and shifted as the river pulled him under. then he felt it ; the chains slipped off. iouinaballa had kept her word and spared", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43137259071812994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 178, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.342572"} {"text": "like needles were stabbing at every inch of his skin. he hoped this would work. he squirmed and shifted as the river pulled him under. then he felt it ; the chains slipped off. iouinaballa had kept her word and spared his life, but let \u2019 s see if pyrros held up his end of the bargain. desperate, xerxes swam downriver with the current. the violence was raging all around. everytime he came up for air, all he heard was battle, and all he saw was carnage \u2026 but no dispatches from the hellenic forces ever came after him. indeed, he saw the cavalry run right by the rivers edge, but they were giving chase, and not one of the horsemen stopped to search for xerxes. hours later, when xerxes finally gave up, he pulled himself onto a pebbled bank. he was shivering violently with the cold. he was well outside the battle, but he could smell the death in the water as human remains began to flow downstream. he heard soft footsteps, and a warm hand on his shoulder. \u201c i am sorry, \u201d iouinaballa whispered. \u201c i truly am. \u201d \u201c thought i was dead, didn \u2019 t you, \u201d xerxes snarled. \u201c thought you \u2019 d never have to worry about ordering a king of kings again, did you? \u201d \u201c xerxes, calm down, \u201d pyrros said. \u201c pick up your sword, \u201d xerxes said. \u201c if there is anything i have learned in my time with the ouolkoi, it is that a king deserves at least that much before he dies. \u201d \u201c they saw me, \u201d xerxes said. \u201c and now your fears have been realized, haven \u2019 t they? \u201d \u201c i don \u2019 t know what \u2014 \u201c \u201c pick up your sword! \u201d julius caesar described gallic hounds as something similar to what we would identify as an irish wolfhound. since there seems to be some evidence for the volcae having bred large hounds, i figured they would probably be of similar stock. roughly, \u201c high king of the slaves \u201d druids, contrary to modern imaginations, wore crowns instead of cloaks. chapter five : to live and die by fire part seventeen : the barfight \u201c so, long story short, we don \u2019 t know exactly how pyrros died, \u201d aedono said between sips of wine. \u201c i mean, it seems pretty likely that he was just killed by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4511463581038311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 179, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.343593"} {"text": "seventeen : the barfight \u201c so, long story short, we don \u2019 t know exactly how pyrros died, \u201d aedono said between sips of wine. \u201c i mean, it seems pretty likely that he was just killed by the mob in that last mutiny, but who knows! \u201d \u201c i thought xerxes indikos killed him? \u201d naomiash said. in the dim light of the bar, her face still looked intently interested. in the rear of the establishment, a crew of traveling musicians from muskokia blasted loud and excited rythms. the bar was filled with people who had come to see them, but also to drink and smoke. aedono was, frankly, really fucking surprised that he and his exotic date were even able to hold a conversation in this place, let alone one about ancient history. \u201c that \u2019 s just an old legend. \u201d aedono didn \u2019 t want to sound condescending, but he knew somehow, someway, he was going to end up sounding like it. \u201c about a hundred years after his death, some historian wrote that the army had mutinied because the ghost of xerxes was seen walking through the camp, and that he has murdered pyrros out of some twisted kind of revenge for not saving him, or something. but, the historian also said that the ouolki prince born about a year later was xerxes \u2019 son, and \u2026 come on! i mean it \u2019 s really cool sounding, and it makes for awesome books and drama and stuff, but \u2026 \u201d \u201c i know what you are saying, \u201d naomiash said. at that moment, one of the musicians stepped forward, and began to strum a strange stringed instrument slowly. it was a hard, yet lazy tune that repeated twice. then suddenly, as if out of no where, a fast, excited, beautiful roll of notes played, and suddenly quite possibly the best song aedono had ever heard began at full blast. the musicians fingers slid and plucked and moved up and down the neck of his intstument with a grace unseen by any in the venue before. the singer came forward, and with a drawling, lazy accent sang : \u201c clean as a whistle, smelling like a rose. she got no dirty little fingers, blood shot eyes are gone! tell me i \u2019 m wrong! twice as hard, as it was the first time i said goodbye! and no one ever want to know, love ain \u2019 t funny. crime", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39039635777690435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 180, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.344723"} {"text": ". she got no dirty little fingers, blood shot eyes are gone! tell me i \u2019 m wrong! twice as hard, as it was the first time i said goodbye! and no one ever want to know, love ain \u2019 t funny. crime in the wink of an eye! \u201d \u201c i really like these musicians! \u201d she said excitedly. \u201c where are they from again? \u201d \u201c i think they said they were from muskokia, \u201d aedono said, transfixed. \u201c that \u2026 that \u2019 s amazing. i \u2019 ve never heard anything like it! \u201d the band really was something different. the drummer was a massive man with skin the color of clay, his hair long and black. blue tattoos swirled up and down his muscled arms that beat drums with thin wooden sticks at a fast, excited pace. there were three men playing stringed instruments. one was clearly of libyan origin, and plucked at an instrument with three fingers. the other two must have been of celtican heritage, because they, like the drummer, had the blue tattoos swirling along their skin. the singer aedono couldn \u2019 t put his finger on where he was from, however ; he had the coloration of one of his celtican bandmates, but he lacked the tattoos and sang with a strange accent that drawled and dropped certain letters while drawing out others for no particular reason. his hair was long and wavy, and around his neck hung a gold necklace. when the song ended, the bar fell silent for a moment, but a moment only. then a roar of applause filled the room, and aedono was sure to join it. \u201c that was awesome! \u201d aedono shouted above the applause. the night went on, and more and more aedono felt like he and naomiash were connecting somehow. he wasn \u2019 t used to having a girl like her pay so much attention to him, but he by no means complained. he made his way over to the bar to get another round of drinks for them : this time he was thinking qanabos tea. he was feeling good, pretty damn buzzed, but all that went out the window when he heard the voice behind him : \u201c fuck, what \u2019 s the grico doing here? \u201d favion ignatie. that jackass. aedono felt someone grab his shoulder, and sure enough, it was favion. \u201c what the fuck are you doing here, grico? \u201d maybe it was the drinking, maybe it was the music, maybe it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4593454713686921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 181, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.345786"} {"text": "that jackass. aedono felt someone grab his shoulder, and sure enough, it was favion. \u201c what the fuck are you doing here, grico? \u201d maybe it was the drinking, maybe it was the music, maybe it was the fact that aedono was almost positive he was going to fuck the hottest woman he \u2019 d ever seen tonight, but somehow aedono said something he never thought he \u2019 d say : \u201c fuck off, favion, and let me drink! \u201d the fist came faster than he \u2019 d expected it to. he was reeling, he could see stars. \u201c the fuck did you just stay, grico! \u201d favion was on him fast. aedono was too busy getting beat up that he didn \u2019 t notice that the music stopped. he looked up, and saw someone grab favion \u2019 s arm. it was the singer, towering over favion. \u201c you don \u2019 t like gricos? \u201d \u201c fuck, who does? \u201d favion said, drunk. \u201c my wife \u2019 s a grico, \u201d the singer said. \u201c and as a matter of fact, my mother was one, too. \u201d and for the first time, aedono saw favion actually look scared. before aedono could even blink, the bar was a riot of violence. he couldn \u2019 t help but smile through his busted lip as he saw favion and some of his friends who had come to support him get their asses handed to them by the musicians. aedono rushed back to naomiash at their table. \u201c what is going on? ymanyel meziach! what happened to your lip? \u201d \u201c we need to get out of here now, \u201d aedono said, smiling despite the gravity of the situation. \u201c the city guard will be here soon. \u201d \u201c my place? \u201d she said, taking his hand. i refuse to believe that a universe can possibly exist where some genius did not write the song \u201c twice as hard \u201d. it is simply impossible, it \u2019 s so damn good. here ' s the song african, that is. before the roman general africanus took over africa, it was known as libya. essentially, this guy is black. marijuana tea, which was actually a drink favored by the carthaginians the weighted scales : a world of an aborted rome apparently it ' s the best ancient tl of 2011. oh baby!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4950687472715196, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 182, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.346722"} {"text": "our amazing new london parish records collection gives you a unique opportunity to see records going back further than 1837 \u2014 right back to the reign of henry viii, which is when formal birth, marriage and death certificates were introduced. anglican churches have kept records of all baptisms, marriages and deaths in their parishes since 1538. although some of the earliest records haven \u2019 t survived, those from the 17th century onwards are in remarkably good order. you \u2019 ll find the baptism records really helpful in your research, because they date back to before it became law to record a birth. so even without a birth certificate, if you discover when a child was baptised you can find out the parents ' names and where they lived. with these names you can start tracing their parents and the generations before them. by following the paper trail back over the centuries, you might be amazed to discover london roots deep into the past. for more information on parish records outside of london, click here. with over 15 million entries, the unique london parish records are part of the london historical records collection, presented in partnership with london metropolitan archives. only available online at ancestry. co. uk, you can now research registers for baptisms and burials from 1812 onwards, and marriages after 1754, by forename, surname, locality and type of event. the parish records for london being added to ancestry. co. uk include the bishops ' transcripts. these are duplicate copies of entries made in the baptism, marriage and burial registers in the parishes. they were copied from the original registers by churchwardens once a year and sent to the bishop ' s registry. the collection will include the bishops ' transcripts for the counties of surrey, middlesex, ( excluding the city of london ) and those parishes in kent that later became part of the county of london. bishops ' transcripts for marriages cease, on the whole, after civil registration was introduced in july 1837. bishops ' transcripts for baptisms and burials cease at various dates between the 1830s and 1900. the 19th century was often a tough time for the poorest in society. however, they had had access to some form of relief since elizabethan times with the aid of the poor laws. these individuals were eligible to receive help such as monetary relief and other daily necessities such as food, clothing and work \u2014 usually administered via the dreaded workhouses, which were governed by parish guardians. the records you \u2019 ll find include registers of creed, school, apprentices, servants, children, and inmates, among others. the collection spans more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4098973487966765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.352227"} {"text": "foot pain in the \" ball of your foot, \" that area between your arch and the toes, is generally called metatarsalgia ( met ' - a - tar - sal ' - gee - a ). the pain usually centers on one or more of the five bones ( metatarsals ) in this area under the toes. causes of foot pain sometimes, the foot pain is caused by a callus that forms on the bottom of your foot. a callus is a build - up of skin that forms in response to excessive pressure over the bone. normally, a callus is not painful, but the build - up of skin can increase the pressure and eventually make walking difficult. shoes that don ' t fit properly because they are too tight or too loose can cause foot pain. tight shoes squeeze the foot and increase pressure ; loose shoes let the foot slide and rub, creating friction. pain on the underside of the foot may indicate a torn ligament or inflammation of the joint. your orthopedic surgeon can do some simple tests to assess joint stability. treating foot pain most of the time, practical measures can help ease foot pain. your doctor may recommend that you use a shoe insert ( arch support ) as a kind of shock absorber, or that you wear a different kind of shoe. sometimes, simply buying shoes that fit properly can solve the problem. shoes should have a wide toe box that doesn ' t cramp your toes. heels should never be higher than 2 - 1 / 4 \" high. soaking your feet to soften calluses, then removing some of the dead skin with a pumice stone or callus file will also ease pressure. occasionally, surgery may be necessary to remove a bony prominence or correct a deformity. this material was codeveloped by the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43842323188166843, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.354341"} {"text": "lasers at stonehenge editor mike pitts from ms gwenda smith sir : how should i go about ordering a back copy of ba? here in rural vermont we have the remains of a copperas works ( ' the forgotten chemical revolution ', august 2002 ) that was started up in 1809 at the time of the trade embargo preceding the war of 1812. it became one of the country ' s leading producers and ran until 1882 or so, by which time copperas [ a chemical used as a dye fixative ] was available as a by - product of the steel industry. the site is in the process of being wiped out by the us environmental protection agency in the name of a cleanup, much to the distress of those of us who feel it is an important national historic site. us federal regulations evidently require that a certain amount of ferrous sulphate be added to flour at the mill as a way of combating anaemia. in meetings about our copperas, i used to ask the audience whether they had eaten their copperas for the day, which seemed to get their attention, given that it is currently associated with environmental ' pollution '. back issues of ' british archaeology ' ( though several are sold out ) can be obtained from the subscription address on page 3. from mr quentin hawkins sir : dr alex woolf ( letters, july ) argues that while britain ' s population has been increasing since late prehistory, the number of prehistoric people from whom we are descended is small, because in a traditional society one quarter of the population do not have children who survive to adulthood. if 25 per cent of each generation have no children, if we go back 20 generations to tudor times, just three people in every 1, 000 would be the ancestors of people alive today. from the time of the norman conquest, just two people in every 100, 000 could be our ancestors. could this be true? no, probably not. a simple formula of 0. 75 raised to the power of so many generations makes sense only if the 75 percent of people in each generation who have children have just one per couple. yet we know that large families were commonplace in times past. if we assume that the 25 per cent of people in each generation who do not have children have siblings who do have children, which may not be far from the truth, then we can infer that quite a high proportion of the prehistoric population of britain may have been our ancestors. from mr keith horsfield sir : the so - called plotting board shown in your photograph ( '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49606180695497093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.361553"} {"text": "may not be far from the truth, then we can infer that quite a high proportion of the prehistoric population of britain may have been our ancestors. from mr keith horsfield sir : the so - called plotting board shown in your photograph ( ' the mary rose ', july ) is a chess board. a grid of squares has been crudely scratched on the end of a wood plank. the size is right for a square board of 8x8, but it is not possible to be sure of this because of decay. alternate diagonals have been indented by a punch to make the classic chequerboard pattern. the associated navigation tools, dividers and protractor, are beautifully made precision instruments, and to suggest that these were used on such a crude board is at least an insult to the craftsmen who made them. that no chessmen were found is no surprise, as the board was obviously made in an emergency and would have been used with men made from whatever materials were available, perhaps paper or parchment. may i suggest the mary rose trust asks three archaeologists who play chess to review this interesting artefact, and convey their opinions to your excellent journal? perhaps a game between the two camps would settle this? challengers, chess - playing amateur or professional archaeologists or historians, should send their written case for the board ( maximum 300 words ) to the editor. he will make up the competition rules, and if there is sufficient interest will select the match venue and ' british archaeology ' will announce the result. from mr ron wilcox sir : the re - enactments at the end of the recent channel 5 film ' stonehenge ' were pure imaginative hokum. do the public not deserve better archaeology programmes than those currently on offer, almost all poorly researched and poorly put together, which present archaeology as a study in which common sense is not a necessary qualification? from mr brian robinson sir : as an interested layman, i should like to make some observations after reading james symonds ' excellent article ( ' beyond the industrial revolution ', september ). i have dabbled for some years in my family history, most of it centred on the bolton area in lancashire. parish registers generally exist back to tudor times, and whilst a valuable resource for family historians and genealogists are under - rated for more serious study. marriage registers in the 18th century generally bore the signatures of the happy couples. their grandchildren in the same parishes did not sign, but only made their mark. clearly in the simpler days children had time to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4916980641191047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.362574"} {"text": "are under - rated for more serious study. marriage registers in the 18th century generally bore the signatures of the happy couples. their grandchildren in the same parishes did not sign, but only made their mark. clearly in the simpler days children had time to be taught the basics of the three ' r ' s, no doubt by the parish clergy, but with the changes in society those children had to labour for the family. literacy only returned with the late 19th century education acts. in my family ' s case marriage registers and early censuses show ' miner ' was prevalent where before ' weaver ' had been. from mr mark ryan sir : the caption for the picture of the little london works in symonds ' excellent article states the depiction is 19th century. judging from the motor vehicles clearly shown i would perhaps place the drawing ' s date to nearer 1920? keep up the good work. anna badgcock, excavator of the little london works, comments that the illustration is from an undated promotional publication, in which the artist may have attempted a retrospective view : trains and cars seem from different eras. from mr chris harvey sir : reading symonds ' article reminded me of a conversation at a european aerospace bearing meeting in paris. i helped restore and run the crofton beam pumping engines on the kennet and avon canal, where we pointed out that watt ' s contribution to steam power was the separate condenser and the ( subsequent? ) application of steam rather than atmospheric pressure to the top of the piston. i explained this to the leader of the french delegation who had not heard of newcomen, but who said \" ah yes, like papa papin! \". i ' m ashamed to say i hadn ' t heard of papin! how quickly did the change in powering most ' industrial ' activities by water ( and wind ) to steam occur? just because steam - powered mills become possible doesn ' t mean they instantly take over. the premises of the 18th century frenchay iron company, for example, became a flock mill and latterly a sheet - metal ducting fabricators and a vehicle spraying enterprise. there were about 30 mill sites along the bristol frome and its tributaries. i ' ve heard the frome called ' a stroppy little river ', but even so the horsepower that could have been extracted by each mill must have been limited. ever larger steam engines, and presumably economies of scale, meant more machines and more people employed in any one mill. equally, i ' m sure the smaller ' old", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4911541868606216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.363851"} {"text": "even so the horsepower that could have been extracted by each mill must have been limited. ever larger steam engines, and presumably economies of scale, meant more machines and more people employed in any one mill. equally, i ' m sure the smaller ' old technology ' water mills in some industries would have tried to carry on by finding niche markets of more specialised products - stressing quality, for example. that the late victorian empire could be administered, raw materials used ( some would say exploited ) and goods sold back to colonies, must be bound up with the development of ways to turn heat ( fire ) into mechanical energy to power factories, ships, trains and later road vehicles and aeroplanes. the romans and other earlier empires seemed to reach a growth limit, and i wonder whether a lack of speed in communications ( in spite of good roman roads! ) and the inability to derive power from other than muscles, water and wind had anything to do with it. we now have a sort of global ' empire ' in that technology can penetrate to every corner ( not that everyone enjoys a fair share ). the many inventors of the external and internal combustion engines, from hero through christiaan huygens, papin, newcomen, watt, otto, diesel, parsons to frank whittle have a lot to do with that. several wrote to say that creswell crags ( east derbs / west notts ) are not, of course, in the peak district ( mainly north derbs ) ( ba september ). we welcome letters from readers. they may be emailed to mike pitts the editor at firstname. lastname @ example. org or faxed to 01904 671384. they may be edited. cba web : jan / feb 2005", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5260679855953025, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.364595"} {"text": "obesity is having too much body fat. children who are obese weigh more than what is healthy for their body type. obesity increases your child \u2019 s risk of poor health and major illness, including : being overweight can also cause your child to be self - conscious about his looks or be teased or bullied. overweight children are at increased risk for depression and substance abuse. sometimes the pressure from parents and other adults to lose weight causes children to react too strongly. they may think too much about weight and set the stage for an eating disorder. another problem is that overweight children often become overweight adults. there are several things that can cause obesity. putting on too much weight is the first sign that your child may be at risk for obesity. you may notice that your child ' s clothing is getting too tight. as your child gains weight, he or she may have symptoms caused by obesity. these symptoms include : obesity increases the risk that your child will have health problems as an adult, such as gallbladder, heart, or liver disease. your healthcare provider will ask about your child \u2019 s symptoms and examine your child. he will ask about your child \u2019 s medical history, eating habits, and exercise habits. your child may have blood tests to check for hormone problems. your healthcare provider will check your child ' s height and weight against the standard growth charts. the body mass index, or bmi, for children is used for ages 2 through 20. these growth charts, one for boys and one for girls, help to check weight through the growing years. bmi most accurately shows whether your child is underweight, normal, or overweight. your child ' s bmi is compared with that of thousands of children of the same age. this comparison will show what percentile of bmi your child is in. overweight is greater than the 85 % of bmi for your child ' s age. obese is usually defined as greater than 95 % of bmi for your child ' s age. your healthcare provider can tell you if your child has an increased risk of health problems because of weight. your provider can also help find a weight - loss program that works for your child. treatment for obesity will include lifestyle changes. dietitians and healthcare providers can help you design a safe, healthy, effective weight loss program for your child. in general, a healthy eating plan for weight loss is one that : exercise is a very important part of a successful weight - loss program. almost any activity that involves mild to moderate exert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46011825067292433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.370720"} {"text": "safe, healthy, effective weight loss program for your child. in general, a healthy eating plan for weight loss is one that : exercise is a very important part of a successful weight - loss program. almost any activity that involves mild to moderate exertion is good. your child may choose to walk, jog, swim, cycle, or do aerobics. walking is a great way for almost everyone to get more exercise. using a pedometer can be fun and motivating. a pedometer is a device that attaches to clothing and tracks how many steps your child takes in a day. strength training will make your child \u2019 s muscles stronger and able to work longer without getting tired. strength training, or weight training, means doing exercises that build muscle strength. to build muscle your child can lift free weights, use weight machines, use resistance bands, or use his bodyweight, such as doing push - ups, pull - ups, or sit - ups. check with your child ' s healthcare provider before your child starts a strength training program. ask your healthcare provider what kinds and amounts of exercise might be right for your child. some children eat as a way to cope with emotional problems. if your child has trouble with stress, depression, or anxiety, the healthcare provider may refer your child to a therapist. your child needs to learn how to deal with emotional problems to succeed with a weight - loss program. if hormone imbalances are contributing to excess weight, your provider may prescribe medicine to treat the imbalance. claims have been made that certain herbal and dietary products help with weight loss. many of these claims are not true. some supplements can have serious side effects. talk to your healthcare provider before you allow your child to use them. parents often do not think that their child is overweight. even if they know their child is heavier than other children, parents may think that the child will simply grow out of it. however, if a child is overweight, it is often due to unhealthy eating and exercise habits. those habits are not likely to change unless parents take action. making healthy lifestyle changes as a family helps everyone. make one or two changes at a time and let children adjust. making big changes in diet or lifestyle is not easy. sometimes just eliminating sweetened drinks and starting an exercise program will be enough to help your child lose weight. some tips to help your child :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45317094283630704, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.371861"} {"text": "armenian dram sign after proclamation of independence armenia put into circulation own national currency \u2013 armenian dram ( armenian : \u0564\u0580\u0561\u0574 ; code : amd ), the usage of which revealed the necessity for a monetary sign. as the result of common business practice and the unique pattern of armenian letters the shape of the sign and its variations appeared in the business scratches. since that time and until the official endorsement of the sign a number of artists and businessmen developed and offered various shapes for it. now armenian dram sign ( symbol ) is present in the armenian standard for the national characters and symbols and in the armenian computer fonts. heritage of mashtots there is a strong belief that the shape of dram sign ( symbol ) is a direct projection of the armenian alphabet \u2013 the brilliant work of mesrop mashtots. it is not hard to notice the clean - cut geometry of armenian letters, so did the author of the sign when studied the alphabet. later he became a proponent for the hypothesis, which states that the prototype of the armenian alphabet is a variety of combinations of resembling curves and horizontal elements. subsequently these horizontal elements played a key role in the sign development. date of creation apparently, the sign was emerged on 7 september 1995. this date refers to the specific page in the preserved scratches for cash flow of a start - up company. since that date the sign together with the dollar sign is constantly present in cash flow records ( euro was not in circulation yet ), and no evidences for earlier dates are tendered by anybody yet. the objective of the sign is to symbolize the armenian national currency and come in handy wherever a graphical symbol for the currency would be in demand, for instance in : financial documents, price - lists and tags, currency exchange displays, computer fonts, correspondence, etc. at the time of the sign \u2019 s development were outlined the definite fundamental criteria for it, namely the sign has : - to denote the armenian national currency by graphical means ; - to recall the outlines of armenian letters ; - to include the elements typical for the foreign monetary symbols ; - to be easily reproduced with a few strokes ; - to be enough plain for its identification and memorizing. present to republic the exceptional chance to present the sign to republic of armenia became real in connection with celebration of the 1700th anniversary of christianity proclamation in armenia as state religion in 2001. the sign ' s proposal has been presented to the president of the republic of armenia, at that date mr. r. kocharyan. together with this gift a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4165996865163729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.380020"} {"text": "celebration of the 1700th anniversary of christianity proclamation in armenia as state religion in 2001. the sign ' s proposal has been presented to the president of the republic of armenia, at that date mr. r. kocharyan. together with this gift a special letter with congratulation on the anniversary has been sent to the catholicos of all armenians garegin ii. the council of the central bank of armenia handling the proposal announced the contest, entertained the offer among the other proposals and approved it together with the similar one. cba panel ordinance declared to \" accept the designs of dram symbol presented by k. komendaryan and r. arutchyan \". then the symbol has been passed to the state organizations for the official processing and standardization. to the right are the designs for dram sign submitted to cba contest by an artist r. arutchyan and an architect v. phenesyan respectively. the proposal by r. arutchyan cognates with euro sign shape and the proposal by v. phenesyan is based on the first letter of armenian word ( money, pronounced as \" phokh \" ). placement on dram bill since year 2003 the original shape of the sign is present on the reverse side of 10, 000 armenian dram bill. the bill \u2019 s other issuances took place in 2006 and 2008. in 2011 the sign has been placed on the 1000 dram bill. placement on dram coin since year 2008 the original shape of the sign is present on the reverse side of 5, 000 armenian dram commemorative coin. the graphics of the symbol is based on the shape of the first letter of armenian word \" \u0564\u0580\u0561\u0574 \" ( money, pronounced as \" dram \" ). the transformation of the letter toward the monetary symbol is done in accordance with the graphics of the range of foreign monetary signs. as a result, the sign combines its armenian origin with the two strokes present in the majority of other monetary symbols. the meaning of those two strokes is being revealed by the author \u2019 s in his lectures. copyright and national attributes to ensure protection of authorship the author has sent requests to armenian national standards institute in 1997 and copyright bureau of library of us congress in 2001. however, the article 6 of law on copyright and neighboring rights adopted by the national assembly of armenia on 8 december 1999 and revised on 15 june 2006, assert that state emblems and signs are not considered as objects for copyright. hence, the dram symbol may be referred to national attributes, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47671220933069614, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.381091"} {"text": "and neighboring rights adopted by the national assembly of armenia on 8 december 1999 and revised on 15 june 2006, assert that state emblems and signs are not considered as objects for copyright. hence, the dram symbol may be referred to national attributes, the mandatory items of which are flag, national seal, anthem and money. there are the international and republican standards pertinent to money and its symbols : - iso 4217, codes for the representation of currencies and funds \u2013 defines the format of three - letter abbreviation for world monetary instruments. to armenian dram in it was assigned code amd. - arm. stand. 34. 001 - 2006, character sets and keyboards \u2013 defines armenian characters encoding and keyboard layouts. the code for the sign is 91 and shorthand is \u2018 armdram \u2019. - unicode 6. 1 and iso / iec 10646, joint standardization for coding multilingual text. in 2007 armenian national institute for standardization, measurements and metrology made an amendment to the \u0441haracter sets and keyboards table and enacted to replace the collocation \u201c dram sign \u201d by the graphics of the symbol. on 15 june 2011, the unicode technical committee ( utc ) accepted the dram sign for inclusion in the future versions of the unicode standard and assigned a code for the sign - u + 058f ( ). in 2012 the sign was finally adopted in the armenian block of iso and unicode international standards. variations of design upon creation of sign \u2019 s original shape a number of designs for it were developed to conform to the most popular font styles and their derivatives ( italic, bold ). in 2001 the designs together with the original shape were gifted to the republic as templates for the national font sets. below are presented three main templates, however, now there is a variety of the sigh shapes in the armenian computer fonts. in 2008 under the auspices of ministry of culture of armenia and microsoft - armenia in national book chamber of armenia took place \" granshan 2008 \" competition for the complete set of armenian letters and characters, for which were developed styles for the sign among the other characters and symbols. the sign \u2019 s official presentations have been conducted by the author at the central bank of armenia and at the first historical congress of armenian technologies armtech 2007 in san - francisco, north to silicon valley. also, in order to promulgate it the author arranged lectures at american corners of yerevan and gyumri, and armenian state university of economics in yerevan and yeghegnadzor, crrc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46875507363282426, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.382226"} {"text": "- francisco, north to silicon valley. also, in order to promulgate it the author arranged lectures at american corners of yerevan and gyumri, and armenian state university of economics in yerevan and yeghegnadzor, crrc office, dilijan college and armenian national lyceem after anania shirakatsy. besides, he created this and other similar articles and conducted a presentation at the public library after a. isahakyan, yerevan. in connection with celebration of the 15th anniversary of armenian dram in november 2008 the central bank of armenia issued a commemorative coin with the sign on the reverse side just against noah \u2019 s arch on the national coat of arms on obverse. the same year the sign was widely populated in a number of local periodicals in 2011 dram sign appeared on the renewed official site of cba and in the design of its new visitors center. - \u2191 mouraviev, serge ( \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 ). the mystery of mesrop mashtots, \u201c literaturnaya armenia \u201d # 2, yerevan, 1985 - \u2191 armenian dram sign establishing act, the council of central bank of armenia, act # 25 october 9, 2001 - \u2191 http : / / www. unicode. org / charts / pdf / unicode - 6. 1 / - \u2191 komendaryan, ken ( karen ), the history of dram, dollar, euro monetary symbols, lectures - \u2191 the interview with karen komendaryan, the newspaper of union of banks of armenia # 4, november, 2008 - \u2191 komendaryan, ken ( karen ) graphical symbol for armenian dram, \u201c bazis \u201d, first armenian economics magazine # 8 - 9, october - november, yerevan 2008 - \u2191 arzumanyan, karen symbol for armenian money, delovoy express \u201d, armenian business newspaper, # 43, 21 - 28 november yerevan 2008 - \u2191 zakharyan, violetta, valjuntarizm, \u201c yerevan \u201d magazine, # 12, december ethnopress armenia - russia - usa 2008 - \u2191 a monument to currency, \u201c yerevan \u201d magazine, # 12, december 2008 - \u2191 aloyan, anna, \u201c economics \u201d economic, public, cultural analytic magazine # 3 ( 9 ), winter 2008 - 2009 - \u2191 graphical sign for armenian dram, \u201c tntesaget \u201d official newspaper of armenian state university of economics, # 9 ( 641 ), november 2008 - \u2191 ' \u201c tnt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42261321262039553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.385127"} {"text": "cultural analytic magazine # 3 ( 9 ), winter 2008 - 2009 - \u2191 graphical sign for armenian dram, \u201c tntesaget \u201d official newspaper of armenian state university of economics, # 9 ( 641 ), november 2008 - \u2191 ' \u201c tntesaget \u201d official newspaper of armenian state university of economics, # 4 ( 645 ), april 2009 - \u2191 dramcode, \u201c newmag \u201d magazine, # 27, november 2011 saint mesrop mashtots, the creator of armenian alphabet http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / saint _ mesrob central bank of armenia http : / / www. cba. am union of banks of armenia http : / / www. uba. am 15th anniversary commemorative coin http : / / www. cba. am / cba _ site / currency / 15dram. html? _ _ locale = en lecture on dram, dollar, euro monetary symbols in armenian, american corner, yerevan lecture on dram, dollar, euro monetary symbols in english, american corner, gyumri lecture on dram, dollar, euro monetary symbols in armenian, crrc - armenia ( caucasus research resource centers ), yerevan dram sign, wikipedia \u2014 free encyclopedia today is wednesday, june 19, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4274544010986344, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.385722"} {"text": "just as dark - skinned bunch grapes contain significant quantities of resveratrol, so do some berries. studies have shown that not only does this compound protect grapes from fungal diseases, it also reduces risk of cardiovascular disease and shows anticancer activity. researchers took samples of blueberries, cranberries, huckleberries, and related plants representing 5 families and 10 species of vaccinium fruitalong with muscadine grapesto assay for resveratrol. several fruit samples contained varying amounts of the compound. concentration in the grapes was higher in the skin and seeds than in the juice or pulp. the data will be helpful in increasing resveratrol in berry and grape agnes rimando, usda - ars products utilization research unit, oxford, mississippi ; phone ( 662 ) chemoprotectant broccoli in the offing? broccoli florets and young seedlings are rich sources of glucoraphanin and its breakdown product sulforaphane, which helps protect mammals against cancer. sulforaphane induces mammalian detoxification enzyme activity and inhibits early tumor growth in rodent models. little is known about variations of these two compounds in broccoli varieties. now usda scientists in cooperation with the johns hopkins university school of medicine, baltimore, maryland, have screened 71 usda broccoli varieties and 5 commercial hybrids for glucoraphanin and their potential to induce mammalian detoxification enzymes. using information from this work, breeders may exploit genetic variation to produce new broccoli varieties with enhanced chemoprotective response against cancer. mark farnham, usda - ars u. s. vegetable laboratory, charleston, south carolina ; phone ( 843 ) 556 - 0840. a chinese leaf beetle, diorhabda elongata. | beetles sock it to saltcedar the first biological control agents to be set loose against invasive saltcedar, tamarix spp., are chinese leaf beetles, diorhabda elongata. the 10 - to 30 - foot trees infest over a million acres along western waterways, displacing native plants and wildlife, increasing soil salinity, diverting natural streamflow, and increasing the frequency of wildfires. | since july 1999, caged beetles have been carefully monitored at 10 locations in 6 western states. now, their postrelease activity will be closely followed to ensure their establishment and evaluate their impact, population growth, and safety. the researchers want to protect native", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4776175796808791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.389593"} {"text": "july 1999, caged beetles have been carefully monitored at 10 locations in 6 western states. now, their postrelease activity will be closely followed to ensure their establishment and evaluate their impact, population growth, and safety. the researchers want to protect native species in the release areas and to facilitate revegetation with native plants. the project operates in conjunction with more than 30 federal, state, and local agencies ; universities ; and private organizations. a $ 3 million grant in 2000 from usda ' s initiative for future agriculture and food systems supports work on a complex of invasive weeds, c. jack deloach, usda - ars grassland, soil, and water research laboratory, temple, texas ; phone ( 254 ) 770 - 6531 ; raymond i. carruthers, usda - ars exotic and invasive weeds research unit, albany, california ; phone ( 510 ) | helping plants tell when they ' re small, pencil - sized thermometers mounted on posts in a field can signal plant thirst. they record the temperature and length of time that nearby plants have been too hot. that information can be transmitted by cellular telephones to a web site for farmers, homeowners, turf operators, or orchardists to use in deciding when to water their plants or lawns. or the devices can be put on \" automatic \" to trigger irrigations. refined over 13 years, the bioticbiologically identified optimal temperature interactive consolesystem capitalizes on the finding that plants grow best only within a narrow temperature range that varies by species. now being tested on a variety of crops in several states, biotic is patented and available for commercial licensing. james r. mahan, usda - ars plant stress and germplasm development research unit, lubbock, texas ; phone ( 806 ) 749 - 5560. elders : eat protein for strong bones dietary protein may be as important as ample calcium and vitamin d in maintaining strong bones in the elderly. research with 70 - to 90 - year - old men and women showed that those with the highest protein intakes lost less bone over a 4 - year period than those consuming half as much or less. the study used data from 615 participants in the framingham ( massachusetts ) osteoporosis study to examine the relationship between subjects ' protein intakes and changes in bone mineral density after 4 years. researchers accounted for all factors known to increase bone - loss risk. volunteers with the lowest daily protein intakes lost significantly more bone than those with the highest intakes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5014364269809222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.390780"} {"text": "scientists are well aware of the health risks that asbestos poses by now. they have demonstrated a clear link between asbestos exposure and the three major diseases associated with exposure : asbestosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma. 60 countries have banned the use of asbestos at all. in the united states, where there is no complete ban on asbestos, 10, 000 people die each year from asbestos - caused diseases. an asbestos attorney may be able to obtain compensation for your injuries and suffering if asbestos exposure has harmed you. where you can find asbestos today despite bans in many developed countries, companies continue to use asbestos. in the united states, for instance, the environmental protection agency ( epa ) permits consumer products to contain trace amounts of asbestos. the epa allows trace amounts of asbestos fibers in drinking water and workplace air. other products where consumers might find asbestos include : - roof coatings - flooring felt - disc brake pads - asbestos - cement products like corrugated sheets, flat sheets, pipes and shingles - brake blocks - drum brake linings - automatic transmission components asbestos also remains in products that pre - date asbestos bans and concerns. many homes and buildings that construction companies built before the 1970s may contain asbestos in their attic and wall insulation. if you suspect your home may contain asbestos, several tips to follow are : - avoid damaging or disturbing the asbestos material - have asbestos professionals examine, test and eventually remove or repair the areas where asbestos may be - avoid doing even minor repairs yourself - do not track asbestos ( the fibers are almost always invisible to the naked eye ) throughout the house the asbestos lobby remains powerful a group of international journalists discovered that asbestos lobby groups have spent almost $ 100 million since the mid 1980s to continue the sale and use of asbestos - containing products. these groups contribute money and resources to researchers who publish scientific journal articles supporting the continued use of asbestos. while asbestos use may be winding down in developed countries, it is unfortunate that the lobby groups have targeted developing countries. for example, even though canada does not use much asbestos itself, it exported 168, 000 tons of asbestos in 2009, most of which went to india. countries like mexico, china, russia, and brazil continue to use asbestos widely. the world health organization estimates that 125 million people continue to encounter asbestos in the workplace. according to the united nations, 100, 000 workers worldwide die each year from asbestos exposure. by 2030, some experts estimate five to ten million total deaths worldwide as a result of asbestos. asbestos use is never safe. if you or a loved one suffers from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40081420382182226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.393595"} {"text": "1. 1 this specification covers acsr twisted pair conductor ( acsr / tp ) for use as overhead electric conductors ( see notes 1and 2 ). note 1 - - the conductor is fabricated from two component conductors of the same size twisted around each other. this conductor is identified by the code name of the component acsr conductor followed by \" / tp \" or the size and type of the component acsr conductor followed by \" / tp \". note 2 - - there are registered trademark symbols that are also used to identify the twisted pair notation. consult cable manufacturers for additional details. 1. 2 the values stated in inch - pound or si units are to be regarded separately as standard. each system shall be used independently of the other. combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. for conductor sizes designated by awg or kcmil, the requirements in si units have been numerically converted from corresponding values stated or derived in inch - pound units. for conductor sizes designated by si units only, the requirements are stated or derived in si units. 1. 2. 1 for density, resistivity and temperature, the values stated in si units are to be regarded as standard. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. b232 / b232m specification for concentric - lay - stranded aluminum conductors, coated - steel reinforced ( acsr ) aeolian vibration ; aluminum ; aluminum conductor ; ascr ; electrical conductors ; galloping ; overhead conductors ; steel - reinforced conductors ; stranded aluminum conductors ; tp ; twisted pair ; ; acsr twisted - pair ( acsr / tp ) conductor ; aeolian vibration ; aluminum electrical conductors - - specifications ; overhead conductors ; steel reinforced stranded aluminum conductors ; stranded aluminum electrical conductors - - specifications ics number code 29. 060. 01 ( electrical wires and cables in general ) astm international is a member of crossref. citing astm standards [ back to top ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5078384985212517, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.395870"} {"text": "the following is taken from a speech astm president james a. thomas delivered at the national institute of standards and technology \u2019 s centennial symposium, standards in the global economy : past, present, and future, in gaithersburg, md., on march 7. this year we celebrate a momentous occasionthe centennial anniversary of the national institute of standards and technology. i have been asked to speak about the standards partnership that exists between nist and astm and how that partnership has produced standards for the public benefit. without doubt, this is a fact. but the history we share has much more to teach us than the fact that we have been able to produce standards together. governments and private citizens produce standards together all over the world. it is, rather, how we did it that is of note. the partnership we are celebrating today is a microcosm, a snapshot of this country \u2019 s history. it is the story of what set us apart from the rest of the world, the story of how a government and its citizens came to share a common purpose and achieve a common goal in an atmosphere of equanimity and balance. this partnership is a model for governments and private institutions everywhere, a model in which we can take pride, one that has proven, time and again, what great strides in progress can be made when public and private institutions are willing to abandon traditional roles and old ideas. our partnership has refuted the idea that public and private institutions are destined to be defined by authority and mutual mistrust. a century ago at the turn of the last century, when astm and nist came on to the american scene, we were a nation on the move. literally. we were building the great railroads. steel producers worked night and day to fill the ever - increasing demands of the burgeoning railroad system, making the united states the most prolific steel producer in the world. in the midst of this unprecedented boom, we hit a wall : train derailments. broken rails, broken wheels, and broken flanges and axles began to take a terrible toll on american lives and the american economy. desperate railroad companies began to import their rails from great britain. in 1898, 70 members of a new association, the american chapter of the international association for testing materials, met in philadelphia to discuss the prospects of organizing committees of companies and customers to develop testing methods for iron, steel, and other materials. three years later, the u. s. congress chartered the first physical science laboratory of the federal government, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5137204544562508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.404485"} {"text": ", met in philadelphia to discuss the prospects of organizing committees of companies and customers to develop testing methods for iron, steel, and other materials. three years later, the u. s. congress chartered the first physical science laboratory of the federal government, the national bureau of standards. by 1912, nbs was performing materials research on the iron and steel constituents of the railroad industry, research that advanced and enhanced the specifications that had been developed by the steel companies and the railroad companies in what was now astm. american railroads began to be reliable and safe again ; and a unique partnership had been forged. almost 100 years later, this partnership is stronger than ever. when we consulted astm \u2019 s membership roster last week, we counted 194 nist scientists among its ranks. nist \u2019 s annual report to omb reported that in the period october 1998 to september 1999, nist scientists held 572 astm committee memberships, an astonishing number that far surpassed any like number related to any other private standards developing organization. at a time when there is a general government agency decline in participation in standards activities, these statistics represent the commitment of nist to our partnership, and to the work of producing standards for public benefit. while this number is important, we can only use it to measure units of activity. there is no method yet devised, however, whereby we can measure the talent and dedication nist scientists bring to the work of astm. to our nist technical partners therefore, i can only extend my deepest gratitude and thanks. it was during dr. louis m. branscomb \u2019 s term as nist director, in the 1970s, that nbs made some very important decisions, decisions that more clearly articulated the relationship between us, decisions that brought all of us into a more enlightened age. it was during this time that nbs shifted many of its voluntary standards program activities to private sector organizations, opting not to compete, but to supplement private sector programs. it was also during the \u2019 70s that nbs decided to become more active in voluntary standardization activities at the policy level, a decision astm welcomed wholeheartedly. soon thereafter, nbs was represented on astm \u2019 s board of directors. some of you will remember names like john hoffman, karl willenbrock, emmanuel horowitz, and bill andrus, all distinguished nist scientists and administrators, all astm board members. dr. branscomb \u2019 s foresight changed both our institutions and deepened our relationship in a very meaningful way. the immediate past director", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4983962451633389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.405597"} {"text": "horowitz, and bill andrus, all distinguished nist scientists and administrators, all astm board members. dr. branscomb \u2019 s foresight changed both our institutions and deepened our relationship in a very meaningful way. the immediate past director of nist, raymond kammer, is also a former member of the astm board of directors. his service, not only to astm, but to our entire community, came at a time when standards development was coming to be recognized by policy makers and industrial leaders as a critical element in the globalization of industry and international trade. we had no national standards strategy to help us cope with our changing world. at an american national standards institute board meeting, ray challenged us to develop one. ray \u2019 s instincts, insights, and guidance have been invaluable to astm, and his involvement with the voluntary standards system in this country is very deeply appreciated. in 1993, during my first full year as president of astm, i had the pleasure of partnering with a nist scientist named nancy trahey. at that time, she was chairman of the astm board, and the second woman in astm \u2019 s history ever to be elected to the chair. she was an outstanding chair and remains a great friend. astm was the clear beneficiary of her steady, skilful leadership. nist members have brought to our process everything from measurement infrastructures and basic research to \u201c the management of the battlefields for economic competitiveness, \u201d to quote ray kammer. dr. belinda collins, whose hard work and dedication i wish also to acknowledge, has been a partner who has shouldered some of the heaviest burdens and most difficult challenges of our day, not the least of which was the development of the national standards strategy. time will not permit me to describe the range and depth of our partnership, which goes far beyond the development of standards, but i will mention three outstanding collaborative efforts : these collaborations are all success stories whose implications and effects have been felt worldwide. nist and astm have shared in the outreach to developing countries, co - hosting delegations from around the world. astm \u2019 s washington representative, helen delaney, became the nist standards attache to the u. s. mission to the european union. astm has appeared before congressional committees and testified time and again in support of funding for nistan act of partnership we will repeat whenever given the opportunity. together we have supported the implementation of the omb circular a - 119 and the national technology transfer and advancement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.502976734764841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.406696"} {"text": "##tm has appeared before congressional committees and testified time and again in support of funding for nistan act of partnership we will repeat whenever given the opportunity. together we have supported the implementation of the omb circular a - 119 and the national technology transfer and advancement act, instruments that have brought us closer together, that have enhanced and strengthened our partnership. accomplishing our missiongood standards no other country in the world, even the most democratized, has a standards infrastructure that is built on our concept of government / private sector partnership. our system has often made it difficult for us to fit into a world where standards systems are characterized more by legislative or authoritative involvement than by an equal partnership where government is part of the process. however, one has only to look around to see what this partnership for the public benefit has produced : standards that have seen us successfully through two world wars, that have restored and sustained our environment, that reflect unhampered invention and innovation, and that make our products household names around the globestandards of inimitable quality and relevance. our standards are the measurement of unprecedented prosperity, levels of health and safety, and a quality of life that is unparalleled anywhere. our standards are the irrefutable result of our way of life, and our partnership. and so, on this important day, at the dawn of your second century, i bring you astm \u2019 s best wishes. when our railroads needed us, we were there. we set our sights on their survival and success ; and the public benefited. our country benefited. the goal we set out to achieve 100 years agoto promulgate valid and accurate standards, standards that would promote trade, increase the quality of life for our citizens, and measure the best of who we are as a nationis as valid and viable as it was then. may it continue as the basis of our partnership for the next 100 years. james a. thomas president, astm international copyright 2001, astm international", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47797649026262445, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.407808"} {"text": "trees do need carbon dioxide, but an excess of carbon dioxide thickens the layer of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, meaning less of the heat radiating from the earth can escape into space. it works like a car parked in the sun ; the sun ' s energy streams through the glass windows, heating up all the mass of the car ' s interior ( seats, dash, etc. ), and then the heat radiating from all this mass warms the air in the car. very little of the heat can escape because the windows and doors are closed. if you left your windows open, the car would be much cooler when you returned. the upper atmosphere acts like a permeable tinted window. it deflects a lot of the sun ' s energy into space, which prevents the earth from overheating. it also allows radiant heat to escape, thereby regulating the earth ' s temperature within a viable range. more trees would actually help, but because of other limiting factors, such as soil nutrients, planting more trees would require returning some cleared land - - maybe a lot - - to forest. much of the world has been deforested, and deforestation continues at a tremendous pace, partly because of greed and partly because of increased population pressure. it ' s unlikely we can control either of these any time soon. actually the scientists involved admitted that all the leaked emails were authentic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4620391915669401, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.409360"} {"text": "animal species : red little gurnard perch, maxillicosta raoulensis ( eschmeyer and poss, 1976 ) as its common name suggests, the red little gurnard perch is a small species of scorpionfish that unlike other species of maxillicosta, has a red body. fresh red little gurnard perch specimens have reddish bodies with yellowish pectoral and pelvic fins. other members of the genus maxillicosta, have whitish bodies with brownish or blackish blotches and whitish pectoral and pelvic fins. m. raoulensis can also be distinguished from other australian species of maxillicosta by having 25 - 27pectoral fin rays ( versus 20 - 23 ) and 14 - 17 gill rakers ( versus 10 - 13 ). the species grows to approximately 13 cm. the red little gurnard perch is common in new zealand, especially the kermadec islands. four specimens were recently recorded from australian waters ( off new south wales and the lord howe rise ). the red little gurnard perch is probably widely distributed on the oceanic ridges of the south - western pacific ocean. the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums. source : atlas of living australia. distribution by collection data - eschmeyer, w. n. and s. g. poss. 1976. review of the scorpionfish genus maxillicosta ( pisces : scorpaenidae ), with a description of three new species from the australian - new zealand region. bulletin of marine science. 26 ( 4 ) : 433 - 449. - motomura, h., last, p. r. & w. t. white. 2005. first records of a scorpionfish, maxillicosta raoulensis ( scorpaeniformes : neosebastidae ), from the tasman sea, with fresh colour notes for the species. biogeography, 7 : 85 - 90. mark mcgrouther, collection manager, ichthyology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40477660654798275, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.411351"} {"text": "welcome to plant2pollinator plant2pollinator is a practical science resource for understanding pollinator partnerships and building biodiversity stewardship for students from stages 1 to 4. based on the premise that the types of flowering plants in your garden can indicate a diversity of insect visitors, plant2pollinator provides ideas, investigations and information on invertebrates and their crucial role in pollinating flowering plants. you can make a major contribution to many mysteries surrounding insect pollination, invertebrate diversity and sustainability by surveying and understanding insect visitors to flowering plants. scientists are still to find out more about the fascinating partnership between plants and their pollinators. plant2pollinator relies on the bugwise guides and tools for identifying beetles, wasps, flies, bees, moths and butterflies developed by the australian museum \u2019 s research scientists for use in field and laboratory work. these tools and guides were developed to assist enthusiastic observers who are not scientifically trained in identifying invertebrates. focus of plant2pollinator resources many native, food and fibre plants rely on insects to reproduce. this process is known as pollination, and plant2pollinator explores this concept. pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the anthers ( male reproductive organ ) to the stigma female reproductive organ ) of flowers to ensure the successful production of seed. it is essential for the genetic diversity of most flowering plants and one of biodiversity \u2019 s vital services. in some remarkable cases only a single insect species can successfully pollinate a particular flower. consequently, if an insect species is removed from an area, the vegetation will also suffer, highlighting the importance of insect biodiversity and our role in maintaining it. the investigation of specific and generalist insect pollinators and their plant hosts aims to reinforce the idea that pollination is a fundamental process of ecological interdependence. plant2pollinator ( p2p ) is sponsored by the environmental trust. p2p acknowledges the significant contributions of phoebe hill, project officer, and geoff gardner, intern, to this resource pack. the project team wishes to acknowledge the following australian museum scientists for their scientific advice, guidance and recommendations : - dr dave britton, entomology collections manager, - martyn robinson, naturalist, - dr chris reid, research scientist, - dr shane mcevey, entomologist - dr john gollan, research officer. p2p could not have been as comprehensive without the generous advice and instruction of dr michael batley. michael \u2019 s bee videos have also contributed to p2p \u2019 s on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49818646079106876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.414577"} {"text": "a $ 2. 9 million, six - year partnership between the national alliance for autism research ( naar ) and the institute of neurosciences, mental health and addiction ( inmha ) of the canadian institutes of health research ( cihr ) aims to train the next generation of researchers and uncover the mysteries of autism \u2013 a brain disorder with no known cure. the partnership includes $ 300, 000 from the fonds de la recherche en sante du quebec ( frsq ). a canadian first, the mentor - based programs, principally based at mcgill and queen ' s universities in canada, take a multi - disciplinary approach to foster investigations into the genetics underlying autism and the epidemiology of the disorder. they will also address the importance of delivering effective treatment options to those with autism spectrum disorders ( asds ) and their families. \u201c across north america parents and researchers are telling us about the difficulty in finding experts in autism, \u201d said dr. eric london, naar ' s co - founder and vice president of medical affairs. \u201c there are currently not enough specialists in autism and the situation is much worse than many think. hopefully we can change this situation with partnerships that pool resources and foster collaborations between governments and the autism community. \u201d this initiative is part of cihr ' s 2003 strategic training initiative in health research. competition results were announced this summer by honorable anne mclellan, minister of health \u2013 with a total of $ 54 million funding for 33 innovative trans - disciplinary research training projects in canada. \u201c the government of canada is committed to ensure that the next generation of researchers have the necessary tools at their disposal to encourage innovation and discovery, \u201d said liz frulla, member of parliament for verdun - saint - henri - saint - paul - pointe saint - charles. \u201c we believe that supporting health research will improve the quality of life for canadians and those who are affected by autism spectrum disorders. \u201d two autism training programs will be led by : - dr. jeanette holden, a professor in the departments of psychiatry and physiology at queen ' s university with over 21 years experience in the field. - dr. eric fombonne, the head of psychiatry at the montreal children ' s hospital site of the mcgill university health centre. the mcgill component is supported by the fonds de la recherche en sante du quebec ( frsq ). \u201c we have to ensure the future of health research by encouraging and supporting the next generation of researchers, \u201d said dr. remi quirion, inmha ' s scientific director.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48049172327634326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.420837"} {"text": "recherche en sante du quebec ( frsq ). \u201c we have to ensure the future of health research by encouraging and supporting the next generation of researchers, \u201d said dr. remi quirion, inmha ' s scientific director. \u201c this kind of program allows the best possible research to thrive in canadian institutions and further develops canada ' s expertise. another exciting element is the partnership with our us neighbors who have invested in canadian research. \u201d autism displays a wide spectrum of symptoms and disability affects people of all racial, social and economic backgrounds. those who suffer from autism are often robbed of the ability to communicate, to form emotional bonds and to engage in social interaction. trainees will be led by a group of 45 mentors from 17 institutions across canada and the us. collectively, their expertise ranges from asds to other fields such as neuropathology, imaging and immunology. this six - year commitment to the autism training programs is one of the latest additions to naar ' s research portfolio focusing on mentor - based fellowships. in just the last two years, naar has committed nearly $ 2 million to fund fellowships for pre - and post - doctoral candidates who benefit from the mentorship of prominent researchers. \u201c we believe our investments in autism research training will grow exponentially as many of our fellows later assume teaching roles and join departments around the country and the world, which currently have no representation in autism research, \u201d said dr. london. \" and that cannot happen fast enough. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4645963236547852, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.421480"} {"text": "true or false : cold weather is bad for batteries. false : batteries like the cold. lower average battery temperature means longer life expectancy. a typical baggage tractor battery weighs well over 3, 000 pounds, which is too much mass to lower the internal temperature over the course of a day or two. hopefully, the battery is being used and charged, which generates heat and maintains temperature. and even if the internal temperature drops, the electrolyte in a charged battery will not freeze. so in most cases, even freezing temperatures don \u2019 t make any difference at all, and possibly they even help. there is some bad news, however : - lower internal battery temperature means lower capacity : a cold battery could deliver as little as half the capacity of a warm battery. and probably at a time when the tractor is demanding more power to do the same work. - some chargers shut off before cold batteries reach 100 percent state - of - charge : in this case the electrolyte can stratify, leaving mostly water on top and create the possibility of freezing. unlikely, but possible. what to do don \u2019 t let a tractor sit on the ramp for days. keep charging and discharging. and make sure you charge to 100 percent and equalize charge regularly to keep the electrolyte properly mixed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5093488319258461, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.423113"} {"text": "henry gray ( 18251861 ). anatomy of the human body. 1918. obturator nerve reaches the thigh by passing in front of the muscle, and the posterior branch by piercing it. nerves. the glut\u00e6us maximus is supplied by the fifth lumbar and first and second sacra nerves through the inferior gluteal nerve ; the glut\u00e6i medius and minimus and the tensor fasci\u00e6 lat\u00e6 by the fourth and fifth lumbar and first sacral nerves through the superior gluteal ; the piriformis is supplied by the first and second sacral nerves ; the gemellus inferior and quadratus femoris by the last lumbar and first sacral nerves ; the gemellus superior and obturator internus by the first, second, and third sacral nerves, and the obturator externus by the third and fourth lumbar nerves through the obturator. actions. when the glut\u00e6us maximus takes its fixed point from the pelvis, it extends the femur and brings the bent thigh into a line with the body. taking its fixed point from below, it acts upon the pelvis, supporting it and the trunk upon the head of the femur ; this is especially obvious in standing on one leg. its most powerful action is to cause the body to regain the erect position after stooping, by drawing the pelvis backward, being assisted in this action by the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. the glut\u00e6us maximus is a tensor of the fascia lata, and by its connection with the iliotibial band steadies the femur on the articular surfaces of the tibia during standing, when the extensor muscles are relaxed. the lower part of the muscle also acts as an adductor and external rotator of the limb. the glut\u00e6i medius and minimus abduct the thigh, when the limb is extended, and are principally called into action in supporting the body on one limb, in conjunction with the tensor fasci\u00e6 lat\u00e6. their anterior fibers, by drawing the greater trochanter forward, rotate the thigh inward, in which action they are also assisted by the tensor fasci\u00e6 lat\u00e6. the tensor fasci\u00e6 lat\u00e6 is a tensor of the fascia lata ; continuing its action, the oblique", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43804176980940757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.426257"} {"text": "forward, rotate the thigh inward, in which action they are also assisted by the tensor fasci\u00e6 lat\u00e6. the tensor fasci\u00e6 lat\u00e6 is a tensor of the fascia lata ; continuing its action, the oblique direction of its fibers enables it to abduct the thigh and to rotate it inward. in the erect posture, acting from below, it will serve to steady the pelvis upon the head of the femur ; and by means of the iliotibial band it steadies the condyles of the femur on the articular surfaces of the tibia, and assists the glut\u00e6us maximus in supporting the knee in the extended position. the remaining muscles are powerful external rotators of the thigh. in the sitting posture, when the thigh is flexed upon the pelvis, their action as rotators ceases, and they become abductors, with the exception of the obturator externus, which still rotates the femur outward. 4. the posterior femoral muscles ( hamstring muscles ) ( fig. 434 ). the biceps femoris ( biceps ) is situated on the posterior and lateral aspect of the thigh. it has two heads of origin ; one, the long head, arises from the lower and inner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4629556543203164, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.427088"} {"text": "leaders who, of course, are to be found associated with every great popular movement. we can also heartily respect the honest and gallant loyalists who sacrificed all by their devotion to the kings cause. but the selfish time - servers, the timid men, and those who halt between two burdens, and can never make up their minds which side to support in any great political crisis, are only worthy of contempt. the kings troops were not cruel conquerors ; but they were insolent and overbearing, and sometimes brutal. the loyalists were in a thoroughly false position. they had drawn the sword against their countrymen ; and yet they could not hope to be treated as equals by those for whom they were fighting. they soon found to their bitter chagrin that their haughty allies regarded them as inferiors, and despised an american tory almost as much as they hated an american whig. the native army had not behaved well in the half - tory city of new york ; but the invading army which drove it out behaved much worse. the soldiers broke into and looted the corporation, the college, and the small public libraries, hawking the books about the streets, or exchanging them for liquor in the low saloons. they also sacked the presbyterian, dutch reformed, and huguenot churches, which were later turned into prisons for the captured americans ; while on the other hand, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41849282872439103, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.429102"} {"text": "could we stomach a return to a wartime diet? as our population grows, and world food prices escalate, the uk will need to produce more food. but will that mean a return to a more restricted diet, reminiscent of wartime, when reduced imports made britain rely heavily on homegrown food? before world war ii, two - thirds of british food was imported from abroad. as the war began, enemy ships blocked many of the supplies that britain had relied on, including fruit, sugar, cereals and meat. campaigns like dig for victory encouraged the nation to grow its own food, and in towns and cities, allotment numbers rose. but it was the farmers who made the biggest difference. in the countryside an agricultural revolution began as farmers swiftly doubled homegrown food production. what churchill ate - oysters and roast venison with mushrooms featured on his menu - his wartime dinners were washed down with champagne - dessert was ice cream with raspberries, followed by apples, grapes and walnuts during the 1930s cheap cereal crops imported from the us and canada meant british farmers could no longer compete, so instead of growing crops they concentrated on livestock, like pigs and cows. but as part of the war effort farmers were ordered to plough up fields, sow crops and increase harvests. produce was then handed over to local government groups for distribution. it was a well - planned, well - executed, national operation. dr chris williams, lecturer in history at the open university, says wwii was a turning point for agriculture. \" we went from five million tonnes of potatoes per year at the start of the war to 10 million tonnes by the end of the war. \" farmers ploughed up 6. 5 million acres of unused land - a combined area bigger than the whole of wales. and though the nation became sick of potatoes, this efficient \" make do and mend \" model of production is something the food industry could learn from, dr williams says. during the war, homegrown vegetables were the staple diets of many households, as meat, dairy products and sugar became scarce. historian ruth goodman, one of the participants in bbc two ' s wartime farm, says people living in the countryside had certain advantages during rationing - because they could forage for whatever they could find, in the hedgerows and fields. \" townies came off a lot worse during the war - in the countryside you ' ve got so many more resources at your fingertips. mushrooms, acorns, chestnuts, blackberries. \" the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39124967076052986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.435221"} {"text": ", in the hedgerows and fields. \" townies came off a lot worse during the war - in the countryside you ' ve got so many more resources at your fingertips. mushrooms, acorns, chestnuts, blackberries. \" the amount of homegrown food produced has \" plateaued in recent years \", says phil hudson, head of food and farming at the national farming union. he attributes this largely to a lack of investment in agriculture, and the relatively low incomes farmers receive. life on a wartime farm he is calling for more research and development to get the most out of our farmland, which is becoming increasingly scarce as urban developments encroach on agricultural land. food policy expert prof tim lang says consumers are also partly to blame, as \" they are being allowed the fantasy that they can eat what they like \". our ever - expanding palates have become accustomed to exotic, imported foods not available in the uk, not to mention an abundance of meat and dairy products. animals must consume, on average, 3kg of grain to produce 1kg of meat. today half of all cereals produced are used to feed animals. they are \" the most wasteful and inefficient converters of food which one can imagine, \" argues prof lang, who is also a former government advisor on food policy. according to the united nations environment programme ( unep ), all of the world ' s cereal fed to animals could feed the additional three billion people expected by 2050. the unep suggests animals could instead be fed recycled waste. \" instead of aspiring to eat more meat and dairy as people get richer, we should aspire to eat more diverse plants, \" says prof lang. but he says the government is failing to \" take a lead \" on changing the policy around what farmers should produce. \" it ' s perfectly possible to be more self - sufficient. as we can see from world war ii, it could happen very quickly, but only because the infrastructure was put in. grants and systems of subsidies were created for farming to be profitable. \" try your own war recipes in a statement from the department for environment, food and rural affairs, farming minister jim paice said : \" with our increasingly hungry world every country must play its part to produce more food and improve the environment... whether it means embracing new farming technology or people wasting less, we ' ve got to become more sustainable. \" however, prof tim benton, uk champion for global food security, says britain should stick to producing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41422941542591285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.437460"} {"text": "what is wikileaks? whistle - blowing website wikileaks has dominated the news, both because of its steady drip feed of secret documents, but also because of the dealings of its enigmatic front man julian assange. the recent release of thousands of sensitive diplomatic cables is just the latest in a long list of \" leaks \" published by the secretive site, which has established a reputation for publishing sensitive material from governments and other high - profile organisations. in october the site released almost 400, 000 secret us military logs detailing its operations in iraq. they followed hot on the heels of nearly 90, 000 classified military records, which gave an insight into the military strategy in afghanistan. and in april 2010, for example, wikileaks posted a video on its website that shows a us apache helicopter killing at least 12 people - including two reuters journalists - during an attack in baghdad in 2007. a us military analyst is currently awaiting trial, on charges of leaking the material along with the cables and military documents. legal wrangles however, the site ' s recent prominence is part of a longer and controversial history that started in december 2006, when it first hit the net. since that time it has split opinion. game of cat - and - mouse - 28 nov : first cables released - 29 nov : us brands cable leaks an \" attack on the international community \" and says criminal investigation ongoing - 29 nov : former us vice - presidential candidate sarah palin calls for mr assange to be \" pursued with the same urgency we pursue al - qaeda and taliban leaders \" - 3 dec : wikileaks forced to change web address after coming under cyber attack - 3 dec : sweden issues new european arrest warrant for mr assange over sex crime allegations but wording is wrong - 6 dec : sweden issues new warrant and passes it to police in uk - 7 dec : mr assange is arrested in london after voluntarily walking into a police station for some it is lauded as the future of investigative journalism ; it has been described as the world ' s first stateless news organisation. for others - particularly the governments and corporations whose secrets it exposes - it is a risk. in october 2009, it posted a list of names and addresses of people it claimed belonged to the british national party ( bnp ). the bnp said the list was a \" malicious forgery \". and during the 2008 us elections, it published screenshots of the e - mail inbox, pictures and address book of vice - presidential candidate sarah palin. other controversial documents hosted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49308318978593063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.444996"} {"text": "bnp said the list was a \" malicious forgery \". and during the 2008 us elections, it published screenshots of the e - mail inbox, pictures and address book of vice - presidential candidate sarah palin. other controversial documents hosted on the site include a copy of the standard operating procedures for camp delta, a document that detailed restrictions placed on prisoners at guantanamo bay. many of these were uploaded to the website, which allows anyone to submit documents anonymously. however, a team of reviewers - volunteers from the mainstream press, journalists and wikileaks staff - decides what is published. \" we use advanced cryptographic techniques and legal techniques to protect sources, \" mr assange told the bbc in february. the site says that it accepts \" classified, censored or otherwise restricted material of political, diplomatic or ethical significance \" but does not take \" rumour, opinion or other kinds of first hand reporting or material that is already publicly available \". \" we specialise in allowing whistle - blowers and journalists who have been censored to get material out to the public, \" said mr assange. it is operated by an organisation known as the sunshine press and claims to be \" funded by human rights campaigners, investigative journalists, technologists and the general public \". since wikileaks first appeared on the net, it has faced various legal challenges to take it offline. prior to the most recent leaks, it said it had fought off more than 100 legal challenges successfully. in 2008, for example, the swiss bank julius baer won a court ruling to block the site after wikileaks posted \" several hundred \" documents about its offshore activities. it was eventually overturned. money matters but more recently, the site has faced new challenges. the private life of mr assange, its editor - in - chief, has been laid bare and it has lost key staff and supporters. end quote julian assange \" [ to ] keep our sources safe, we have had to spread assets, encrypt everything, and move telecommunications and people around the world to activate protective laws in different national jurisdictions \u201d the site has also been targeted in a series of cyber attacks. various firms - including web giant amazon - have also terminated agreements to host the site and provide services to it. in addition, companies - including mastercard, visa and paypal - have withdrawn the ability that allows people to donate to the site. its swiss bank account has also been closed. but it is not the first time that the site has faced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5003585793441176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.446153"} {"text": "it. in addition, companies - including mastercard, visa and paypal - have withdrawn the ability that allows people to donate to the site. its swiss bank account has also been closed. but it is not the first time that the site has faced financial problems. in february 2010 it suspended operations as it could not afford its own running costs. donations from individuals and organisations saved the site. only time will tell, if it can do it again with many sources of funding now cut off. despite all of these setbacks, wikileaks has largely remained defiantly online. it has moved its operations between various companies and countries. it has also encouraged volunteers to set up \" mirrors \" of the site - hosted on different servers around the world. \" [ to ] keep our sources safe, we have had to spread assets, encrypt everything, and move telecommunications and people around the world to activate protective laws in different national jurisdictions, \" mr assange said earlier this year. throughout its history, the site has been supported and hosted by the swedish isp periquito ( prq ), which became famous for hosting file - sharing website the pirate bay. \" if it is legal in sweden, we will host it, and will keep it up regardless of any pressure to take it down, \" the isp ' s site says. the isp continues to host its most recent - and most controversial - documents. the site also hosts documents in other jurisdictions, including france. its experience of different laws around the world meant that it was drafted to help icelandic mps draw up plans for its icelandic modern media initiative ( immi ) earlier this year the plan calls on the country ' s government to adopt laws protecting journalists and their sources. expansion plan its involvement in the immi gave the site a new credibility. at the same time, it has grown and gained more notoriety. the site ' s rapid expansion - and the amount of material it has recently received - has meant that it has had to change its tactics. in the past, it was able to verify and publish documents itself. but for its most recent leaks it has adopted a new tactic - partnering with news organisations such as the guardian, der spiegel and the new york times - to help check and distribute the material. \" we take care of the source and act as a neutral intermediary and then we also take care of the publication of the material whilst the journalist that has been communicated with takes care of the verification, \" mr assange said earlier this year. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4898848768550399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.447557"} {"text": "what is passover? a guide to the holiday ' s meaning, customs, rituals, and other basics. for the beliefnet guide to passover click here. names for the holiday : passover, pesach, the festival of our freedom, the festival of spring when it starts : 15 nissan on the hebrew calendar ; sundown on april 19, 2008 how long it lasts : eight days ( seven in israel ) what it commemorates : the miraculous exodus of the hebrew slaves from egypt, considered one of the most important moments in the development of the jewish people. customs and laws : - to prepare for the holiday, houses are cleaned thoroughly and dishes and utensils are replaced with those used on passover only. - bread and other leavened food ( chametz ) is forbidden and removed from the home before passover begins. many jews will eat only food specifically marked as \" kosher for passover. \" - matzah, a flat bread made just of flour and water, is eaten. - work is prohibited on the first two and last two days ( in israel, the first and last days only ), when rules akin to those followed on the jewish sabbath are followed. - in temple times, passover was one of three annual pilgrimage festivals to jerusalem. the seder ritual : the seder is held on the first night or two ( depending on custom ) of passover. some characteristics of this ritual meal are : - the story of the exodus is retold, using a book called a \" haggadah. \" - bitter herbs are eaten to recall the pain of slavery, and greens to celebrate the onset of spring. other foods include haroseth - - a fruit, nut, and wine mixture - - and of course, matzah. - the youngest at the table recites the four questions. - four cups of wine are consumed. - a festive meal is eaten. - for more on the seder table, explore beliefnet ' s virtual seder plate. ( \" why is it different? \" ) ; dayenu ( \" it would have been sufficient \" ) ; eliyahu hanavi ( \" elijah the prophet \" ) ; chad gadya", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4517253584750165, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.450415"} {"text": "health is the whole \u2026 body, mind, and soul you count grams of fat and fiber, eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, drink green tea, and jog four times a week. but you spend most of your time at a high stress job, have few close relationships, and feel that your life lacks meaning. the good things that you do for your body may help increase your resistance to stress and illness, but they only reflect part of a much larger picture. health is more than having a body that works properly. it includes physical, emotional, social, spiritual, intellectual, and even occupational / vocational dimensions. when these dimensions are working in harmony, they contribute to a sense of well - being and satisfaction. doctors donald tubesing and nancy loving tubesing are pioneers in the field of wellness. in their book, seeking your healthy balance, they explain that health involves all of you \u2014 your mind and emotions, your connections with other people, your sense of hope, your satisfaction with work, as well as your body. the six dimensional model of wellness so how do you take care of your whole self? the national wellness institute embraces the six dimensional model of wellness developed in 1979 by dr. bill hettler. the chart below, based on hettler \u2019 s model, can provide you with some guidance. physical \u2014 achieving personal fitness and health goals through nutrition, physical activity, safety, and self - care emotional \u2013 maintaining good mental health, a positive attitude, and high self - esteem ; responding with resiliency to emotional states and everyday life spiritual \u2014 getting in touch with your deeper self and the spiritual dimension of your life, developing faith in something larger than yourself, finding meaning and purpose intellectual \u2014 having curiosity and a strong desire to learn ; solving problems ; thinking independently, creatively and critically occupational / vocational \u2014 engaging in or preparing for work in which you will find personal satisfaction and enrichment according to the national wellness institute, the six dimensional model of wellness is beneficial for the following reasons : human beings are multidimensional all aspects of a person ( body, emotions, thoughts, relationships, beliefs, values, activities ) affect his functioning as a whole. further, these individual aspects affect each other. for example, a person who is not utilizing his interests on the job ( occupational dimension ) may experience boredom and negativity ( emotional dimension ). a sense of futility ( spiritual dimension ) results, which causes others to avoid him ( social dimension ). this increases his frustration ( emotional dimension ) and can lead him to overea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5552983999401143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.456903"} {"text": ") may experience boredom and negativity ( emotional dimension ). a sense of futility ( spiritual dimension ) results, which causes others to avoid him ( social dimension ). this increases his frustration ( emotional dimension ) and can lead him to overeat and become obese ( physical dimension ). most modern health threats are not physical although we think about health in physical terms, \u201c most health threats today are not physical, \u201d writes brian luke seaward, phd, in his book stand like mountain, flow like water : reflections on stress and human spirituality. \u201c instead, they are emotional ( feeling overwhelmed, bored, worried, or guilty ) or spiritual ( assessing relationships, values and one \u2019 s purpose in life ). \u201d health is more than the absence of disease the multidimensional approach is oriented toward maximizing individual potential and functioning. it defines health as balance and complete well - being \u2014 being all that you can be \u2014 not merely as the absence of symptoms and disease. unfortunately, today \u2019 s medical care is largely based on a disease model of health. you may be able, however, to find doctors who specialize in integrative medicine. this is a practice that places the patient, not a disease, in the center. finding balance in an unbalanced world but life can be so busy and complicated these days. who has the time to address all these dimensions? many wellness experts suggest numerous opportunities to find more balance. strategies may include : finding single activities that meet multiple wellness needs for example, taking a daily walk with your spouse and children can fulfill needs for physical activity, emotional bonding, and relationship enhancement. and, if you use the time to discuss ideas and career aspirations, your family walk could also contribute to intellectual and occupational needs. clarifying your values and priorities take time to know the deepest purposes for which you live, and use them to set goals and make decisions. for example, you may find that you \u2019 d prefer more time with your family rather than a bigger paycheck. don \u2019 t wait for a crisis to show what really matters to you. identifying areas where you want more balance using your values and the six dimensional model of wellness, identify your current wellness deficits and develop a few goals that will help you find more balance. being realistic and flexible perfect balance in all dimensions is not possible in an ever - changing world. there will be times when you \u2019 re overextended, lonely, angry, and tired. over the years, you \u2019 ll need to make adjustments until you find", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5739070898931458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.457962"} {"text": "flexible perfect balance in all dimensions is not possible in an ever - changing world. there will be times when you \u2019 re overextended, lonely, angry, and tired. over the years, you \u2019 ll need to make adjustments until you find a balance that enhances your quality of life. national wellness institute national mental health information center canadian mental health association mental health canada california state university website. available at : http : / / www. calstate. edu /. seaward bl. stand like mountain, flow like water. deerfield beach, fl : health communications, inc ; 1997. six dimensions of wellness. national wellness institute website. available at : http : / / www. nationalwellness. org / index. php? id = 391id _ tier = 381. accessed june 16, 2008. tubesing da, loving tubesing, n. seeking your healthy balance : a do - it - yourself guide to whole person well - being. duluth, mn : whole person associates ; 1991. last reviewed may 2008 by ryan estevez, md, phd, mph please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 2011 ebsco publishing all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5116353253783723, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.458630"} {"text": "are expanding so fast in alberta that the three big players \u2014 suncor energy inc., syncrude canada ltd. and albian sands energy inc. \u2014 have built their own airstrips to ferry in temporary construction workers. exxon mobil corp., royal dutch shell plc and many other companies have investments in the big operators. workers from all over canada, plus miners from south africa and oil workers from venezuela, have moved to fort mcmurray. housing costs are sky high. the boomtown of 65, 000 has an additional 27, 000 temporary workers living in camper trailers and motels. from a helicopter, the view of this growth begins with a forest of spruce, pine, poplar and aspen spotted with ancient bogs under a summer cover of bright green algae. that landscape suddenly gives way to miles of black strip mines, brownish settling ponds with a rainbow sheen, and beyond the mines, well pads amid grids of roads and cuts from geological seismic surveys. some of the world ' s biggest trucks \u2014 two - story tall caterpillar 797bs that carry 400 tons \u2014 haul the black sands through strip mines. scarecrows with orange cloth bodies and blue hardhats surround huge ponds of mining residues. about 200 square miles have been mined, close to the athabasca river. but most of the thick crude oil lies farther from the river, too deep to be scraped off. here the thick oil is heated by steam piped underground so that it can be pumped. the sands contain a form of crude oil called bitumen that ' s as thick as peanut butter. to remove the sand and clay to turn the bitumen into heavy crude that can flow to refineries takes a lot of energy. for that reason, greenhouse - gas emissions from production are three to five times those of conventional oil. another way to measure these emissions is to consider the full \" life cycle \" of the oil from extraction to final use, such as gasoline in a car. by this measure, fuel from the oil sands produces 10 percent to 15 percent more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional oil. that ' s because about three - quarters of the emissions come when the fuel is burned to drive. scientists have determined that heat - trapping gases from fossil fuel burning are largely responsible for the major climate changes of recent decades. alberta ' s environmental officials forecast that with the new policies in place, the province ' s emissions will increase until 2020 and then decline to 14 percent below 2005 levels by 2050. global targets based on the 2007 findings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45867776626679135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.469279"} {"text": "major climate changes of recent decades. alberta ' s environmental officials forecast that with the new policies in place, the province ' s emissions will increase until 2020 and then decline to 14 percent below 2005 levels by 2050. global targets based on the 2007 findings of the intergovernmental panel on climate change are 50 percent to 85 percent reductions from 2000 levels. other environmental concerns are with the athabasca river and the forest. preston mceachern of the province ' s oil sands environmental management division said oil sands production has not harmed the river. david schindler, an ecology professor at the university of alberta, said it ' s not true that no mining pollution reaches the athabasca. he challenged the government ' s handling of its data and said new studies are under way about pollutants in the river and whether the mining companies draw out too much water when the river is naturally low. canadian first nations people living downstream of the oil sands report an unexplained cluster of rare cancers. this summer, a two - jawed fish washed ashore. canada needs the oil, but the people need clean water, said patrick mercredi, the medical director of athabasca tribal council, who grew up downriver learning to hunt and trap as his ancestors did. he said people are worried about contaminants in fish and game. schindler said that the woodland caribou would be extinct in this part of alberta in 20 years, because when they ' re calving and rearing young they ' re easily disturbed and avoid industrialized areas. in addition, the seismic lines \u2014 created with explosive charges that flatten trees \u2014 become paths for animals and off - road vehicles. wolves, hunters and caribou use them, \" and things like caribou really take a licking, \" he said. schindler said other species also are losing habitat, including migratory songbirds like warblers who nest here in summer. oil companies are required to restore the land. they must let the tailing ponds dry out when they ' re no longer in use, stabilize the sediment, restore topsoil and replant trees. but oil sands operations use the land for many years, and restoration requires decades. \" if there was a guinness book of records for unsustainable development, this is it, \" schindler said. canada has been fighting back against the dirty oil image. officials are particularly concerned about a sentence in the 2007 u. s. energy bill that said the federal government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42608797203235527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.470509"} {"text": "records for unsustainable development, this is it, \" schindler said. canada has been fighting back against the dirty oil image. officials are particularly concerned about a sentence in the 2007 u. s. energy bill that said the federal government wouldn ' t buy unconventional fuel that produces more greenhouse gases than conventional oil. some members of congress have proposed repealing it. \" the message we have for the united states is we ' re a secure, reliable and environmentally responsible producer of oil, \" said alberta deputy premier ron stevens. alberta aims to reduce emissions mainly by capturing carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, from facilities that turn the bitumen into upgraded crude oil and then burying the carbon permanently underground. but carbon capture is still years off. the government of alberta in july announced it will spend $ 2 billion canadian ( $ 1. 86 billion u. s. ) on mass transit and an equal amount on four or five pilot projects for carbon capture and storage, including probably one in the oil sands. no other government has put up that kind of money, said holly, the provincial energy official. \" what you ' re looking at is a very significant effort toward addressing some of the concerns with oil sands. \" alberta charges big polluters $ 15 a ton of emissions that is then deposited into a technology development fund. estimates of the cost of burying the emissions underground range up to $ 100 a ton. but officials say the levy on emissions and the $ 2 billion from the government will help early carbon capture and storage projects work out problems and could bring down costs. - a canadian federal climate plan is expected to set carbon capture and storage requirements for oil sands processing plants and wells that start up in 2012 or later. - alberta ' s climate plan started last year with \" practical, achievable objectives, \" said shannon flint, an official with the province ' s environmental management office. - large industrial plants are required to reduce their emission intensity \u2014 or amount per barrel of oil \u2014 by 12 percent. they either actually reduce the emissions through greater efficiency and other changes, or they can buy credit from emissions reductions made elsewhere in the province, or they can pay into the technology fund. - alberta officials are writing a new land use plan. an early draft acknowledged that past developments were approved on a project - by - project basis and promises a shift to a cumulative assessment. on the web more from mcclatchy mcclatchy newspapers 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42492193630861574, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.471523"} {"text": "| news release : for immediate release friday, january 3, 2003. bush administration denies legal protection of flat - tailed horned lizard washington dc - - today, the bush administration denied endangered species act protection for the imperiled flat - tailed horned lizard ( phrynosoma mcallii ), an attractive sonoran desert native that looks like a mini - dinosaur. \" this unjustified denial of desert wildlife protection continues the president ' s anti - environmental policies and ensures more litigation. \" said daniel r. patterson, desert ecologist with the center for biological diversity. \" this political decision is a favor to industry that flies in the face of biological facts and the compelling national interest for wildlife conservation. \" the flat - tailed horned lizard is a small desert reptile that inhabits portions of the sonoran desert in southern california, arizona, and northern mexico. the main cause for the decline of the flat - tailed horned lizard is conversion of habitat to urban and agricultural uses. the various uses include crops, cities, off - road vehicle use, geothermal leases, military maneuvers, gravel pits, highways, etc. other factors responsible for the decline of this species include the use of pesticides on crops. pesticide drift is thought to affect ant populations in adjacent habitat. a typical flat - tailed horned lizard measures approximately 3. 3 inches from snout to vent, and has two rows of fringed scales on either side of the body with a dark stripe along its backbone. flat - tailed horned lizards feed primarily on native harvester ants, consuming 150 - 200 ants per day. a proposed rule to list the species as threatened was published in the federal register on november 29, 1993. on july 15, 1997, the us fish and wildlife service withdrew its proposal to list the flat - tailed horned lizard as threatened. the decision to withdraw the proposed listing was challenged in court by conservationists. on october 24, 2001, the district court ordered the service to reinstate the 1993 proposed rule to list the lizard as threatened and to make a new final listing determination for the species. today, the service withdrew that rule, denying legal protection for the lizard. species ecology information : http : / / uts. cc. utexas. edu / ~ iffp475 / phrynos _ html / mcallii. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41258592444563935, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.475785"} {"text": "classification & external resources | | f52. 2, n48. 4 | | 302. 72, 607. 84 erectile dysfunction ( ed or ( male ) impotence ) is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis. there are various underlying causes, such as cardiovascular leakage and diabetes, many of which are medically treatable. nerve trauma from prostatectomy surgery can cause chronic erectile dysfunction. the causes of erectile dysfunction may be physiological or psychological. physiologically, erection is a hydraulic mechanism based upon blood entering and being retained in the penis, and there are various ways in which this can be impeded, most of which are amenable to treatment. psychological impotence is where erection or penetration fails due to thoughts or feelings ( psychological reasons ) rather than physical impossibility ; this can often be helped. notably in psychological impotence there is a very strong placebo effect. erectile dysfunction, tied closely as it is to cultural notions of potency, success and masculinity, can have devastating psychological consequences including feelings of shame, loss or inadequacy ; often unnecessary since in most cases the matter can be helped. there is a strong culture of silence and inability to discuss the matter. in fact around 1 in 10 men will experience recurring impotence problems at some point in their lives. folk remedies have long been advocated, with some being advertised widely since the 1930s. the introduction of the first pharmacologically approved remedy for impotence, sildenafil ( trade name viagra ), in the 1990s caused a wave of public attention, propelled in part by heavy advertising. the latin term impotentia coeundi describes simple inability to insert the penis into the vagina. it is now mostly replaced by more precise terms. the study of erectile dysfunction within medicine is covered by andrology, a sub - field within urology. overview and symptoms erectile dysfunction is characterized by the regular or repeated inability to obtain or maintain an erection. there are several ways that erectile dysfunction is analyzed : - obtaining full erections at some times, such as when asleep ( when the mind and psychological issues if any are less present ), tends to suggest the physical structures are functionally working. however the opposite case, a lack of nocturnal erections, does not imply the opposite, since a significant proportion of sexually functional men do not routinely get nocturnal erections or wet dreams. - obtaining erections which are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49163810240610706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.505109"} {"text": "physical structures are functionally working. however the opposite case, a lack of nocturnal erections, does not imply the opposite, since a significant proportion of sexually functional men do not routinely get nocturnal erections or wet dreams. - obtaining erections which are either not rigid or full ( lazy erection ), or are lost more rapidly than would be expected ( often before or during penetration ), can be a sign of a failure of the mechanism which keeps blood held in the penis, and may signify an underlying clinical condition, often cardiovascular in origin. erection problems are very common. the sexual dysfunction association estimates that 1 in 10 men in the uk have recurring problems with their erections at some point in their life. penile erection is managed by two different mechanisms. the first one is the reflex erection, which is achieved by directly touching the penile shaft. the second is the psychogenic erection, which is achieved by erotic or emotional stimuli. the former uses the peripheral nerves and the lower parts of the spinal cord, whereas the latter uses the limbic system of the brain. in both conditions an intact neural system is required for a successful and complete erection. stimulation of penile shaft by the nervous system leads to the secretion of nitric oxide ( no ), which causes the relaxation of smooth muscles of corpora cavernosa ( the main erectile tissue of penis ), and subsequently penile erection. additionally, adequate levels of testosterone ( produced by the testes ) and an intact pituitary gland are required for the development of a healthy male erectile system. as can be understood from the mechanisms of a normal erection, impotence may develop due to hormonal deficiency, disorders of the neural system, lack of adequate penile blood supply or psychological problems. restriction of blood flow can arise from impaired endothelial function due to the usual causes associated with coronary artery disease, but can also include causation by prolonged exposure to bright light. - neurogenic disorders ( spinal cord and brain injuries, nerve disorders such as parkinson ' s disease, alzheimer ' s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. ) - hormonal disorders ( pituitary gland tumor ; low level of the hormone testosterone ). - arterial disorders ( peripheral vascular disease, hypertension ; reduced blood flow to the penis ). - cavernosal disorders ( peyronie ' s disease. ) - nonphysical causes : mental disorders ( clinical depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders or traits. ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5240747642673528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.506234"} {"text": "to the penis ). - cavernosal disorders ( peyronie ' s disease. ) - nonphysical causes : mental disorders ( clinical depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders or traits. ), psychological problems, negative feelings. - surgery ( radiation therapy, surgery of the colon, prostate, bladder, or rectum may damage the nerves and blood vessels involved in erection. prostate and bladder cancer surgery often require removing tissue and nerves surrounding a tumor, which increases the risk for impotence. ) - lifestyle : alcohol and drugs, obesity, cigarette smoking. - other disorders. a few causes of impotence may be iatrogenic ( medically caused ). various antihypertensives ( medications intended to control high blood pressure ) and some drugs that modify central nervous system response may inhibit erection by denying blood supply or by altering nerve activity. surgical intervention for a number of different conditions may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, damage nerves, or impair blood supply. complete removal of the prostate gland or external beam radiotherapy of the gland are common causes of impotence ; both are treatments for prostate cancer. some studies have shown that male circumcision may result in an increased risk of impotence, while others have found no such effect, and another found the opposite. excessive alcohol use has long been recognised as one cause of impotence, leading to the euphemism \" brewer ' s droop, \" or \" whiskey dick ; \" shakespeare made light of this phenomenon in macbeth. a study in 2002 found that ed can also be associated with bicycling. the number of hours on a bike and / or the pressure on the penis from the saddle of an upright bicycle is directly related to erectile dysfunction. there are no formal tests to diagnose erectile dysfunction. some blood tests are generally done to exclude underlying disease, such as diabetes, hypogonadism and prolactinoma. impotence is also related to generally poor physical health, poor dietary habits, obesity, and most specifically cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease. a useful and simple way to distinguish between physiological and psychological impotence is to determine whether the patient ever has an erection. if never, the problem is likely to be physiological ; if sometimes ( however rarely ), it could be physiological or psychological. the current diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diseases ( dsm - iv ) has included a listing for impotence. clinical tests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48367998684277225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.507336"} {"text": "never, the problem is likely to be physiological ; if sometimes ( however rarely ), it could be physiological or psychological. the current diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diseases ( dsm - iv ) has included a listing for impotence. clinical tests used to diagnose ed - duplex ultrasound - duplex ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow, venous leak, signs of atherosclerosis, and scarring or calcification of erectile tissue. injecting prostaglandin, a hormone - like stimulator produced in the body, induces erection. ultrasound is then used to see vascular dilation and measure penile blood pressure. measurements are compared to those taken when the penis is flaccid. - penile nerves function - tests such as the bulbocavernosus reflex test are used to determine if there is sufficient nerve sensation in the penis. the physician squeezes the glans ( head ) of the penis, which immediately causes the anus to contract if nerve function is normal. a physician measures the latency between squeeze and contraction by observing the anal sphincter or by feeling it with a gloved finger inserted past the anus. specific nerve tests are used in patients with suspected nerve damage as a result of diabetes or nerve disease. - nocturnal penile tumescence ( npt ) - it is normal for a man to have five to six erections during sleep, especially during rapid eye movement ( rem ). their absence may indicate a problem with nerve function or blood supply in the penis. there are two methods for measuring changes in penile rigidity and circumference during nocturnal erection : snap gauge and strain gauge. ( it should be noted that a significant proportion of men who have no sexual dysfunction nonetheless do not have regular nocturnal erections. thus presence of npt tends to signify physically functional systems, but absence of npt may be ambiguous and not rule out either cause. ) - penile biothesiometry - this test uses electromagnetic vibration to evaluate sensitivity and nerve function in the glans and shaft of the penis. a decreased perception of vibration may indicate nerve damage in the pelvic area, which can lead to impotence. - penile angiogram - invasive test - allows visualization of the circulation in the penis and is used during the repair of a priapism. - dynamic infusion cavernosometry - ( abbreviated dicc ) technique in which fluid is pumped into the penis at a known rate and pressure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5114838197243748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.508572"} {"text": "- allows visualization of the circulation in the penis and is used during the repair of a priapism. - dynamic infusion cavernosometry - ( abbreviated dicc ) technique in which fluid is pumped into the penis at a known rate and pressure. it gives a measurement of the vascular pressure in the corpus cavernosum during an erection. to do this test, a vasodilator like prostaglandin e - 1 is injected to measure the rate of infusion required to get a rigid erection and to help find how severe the venous leak is. - corpus cavernosometry - cavernosography measurement of the vascular pressure in the corpus cavernosum. saline is infused under pressure into the corpus cavernosum with a butterfly needle, and the flow rate needed to maintain an erection indicates the degree of venous leakage. the leaking veins responsible may be visualised by infusing a mixture of saline and x ray contrast medium and performing a cavernosogram. - digital subtraction angiography - in dsa, the images are acquired digitally. the computer creates a mask from lower - contrast x - rays of the same area and digitally isolates the blood vessels ( this is done manually through darkroom masking with traditional angiography ). - magnetic resonance angiography ( mra ) - this is similar to magnetic resonance imaging. magnetic resonance angiography uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide detailed images of the blood vessels. doctors may inject a \" contrast agent \" into the patient ' s bloodstream that causes vascular tissues to stand out against other tissues. the contrast agent provides for enhanced information regarding blood supply and vascular anomalies. aside from the iv used to introduce the contrast material into the bloodstream, magnetic resonance angiography is noninvasive and painless. treatment depends on the cause. testosterone supplements may be used for cases due to hormonal deficiency. however, the cause is more usually lack of adequate penile blood supply as a result of damage to inner walls of blood vessels. this damage is more frequent in older men, and often associated with disease, in particular diabetes. treatments ( with the exception of testosterone supplementation, where effective ) work on a temporary basis : they enable an erection to be attained and maintained long enough for intercourse, but do not permanently improve the underlying condition. there are different treatments available : - oral treatment 3 different tablets are currently available from the doctor and these work when there is sexual stimulation. depending on the treatment, it will need to be taken 20 minutes to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.53554323007395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.509702"} {"text": "but do not permanently improve the underlying condition. there are different treatments available : - oral treatment 3 different tablets are currently available from the doctor and these work when there is sexual stimulation. depending on the treatment, it will need to be taken 20 minutes to 1 hour before sex and the period of time over which it works can vary between 3 hours and up to 36 hours. this can be injected into the penis or inserted using a special applicator - usually just before sexual intercourse. currently, only commercially available in the far east, befar\u00ae has shown a clinical efficacy of up to 83 % in patients with varying degrees of ed. ( 6 ) the cream itself has an onset action of 10 - 15 minutes and can continue on past 4 - hours, ( figure 2 ) and is favorably comparable to the efficacy of the injectable alprostadil. ( 3, 19 ) due to befar \u2019 s direct application method ( i. e. unlike viagra\u00ae, befar \u2019 s actions are limited to the area of its application ), the side effects induced by the application have to date been limited to transient warm and burning sensations. - vacuum pumps these work by drawing blood into the penis and are also used just before sexual intercourse. - hormone treatment it is rare, but some men receive hormones for their erection problem. this does depend on the cause of the problem as well as other factors. often, as a last resort if other treatments have failed, the most common procedure is prosthetic implants which involves the insertion of artificial rods into the penis. counselling is often a consideration, both where a psychological cause is suspected or must be ruled out, or to assist in management of any distress. ed can in many cases be treated by drugs taken orally, injected, or as penile suppositories. these drugs increase the efficacy of no, which dilates the blood vessels of corpora cavernosa. when oral drugs or suppositories fail, injections into the erectile tissue of the penile shaft are extremely effective but occasionally cause priapism. when pharmacological methods fail, a purpose - designed external vacuum pump can be used to attain erection, with a separate compression ring fitted to the penis to maintain it. these pumps should be distinguished from other \" penis pumps \" ( supplied without compression rings ) which, rather than being used for temporary treatment of impotence, are claimed to increase penis length if used frequently, or vibrate as an aid to masturbation. more drastically,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46849960610167635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.511003"} {"text": "from other \" penis pumps \" ( supplied without compression rings ) which, rather than being used for temporary treatment of impotence, are claimed to increase penis length if used frequently, or vibrate as an aid to masturbation. more drastically, inflatable or rigid penile implants may be fitted surgically. implants are irreversible and costly. all these mechanical methods are based on simple principles of hydraulics and mechanics and are quite reliable, but have their disadvantages. in a few cases there is a vascular problem which can be treated surgically. - pde5 inhibitors - the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases constitute a group of enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of the cyclic nucleotides cyclic amp and cyclic gmp. they exist in different molecular forms and are unevenly distributed throughout the body. these multiple forms or subtypes of phosphodiesterase were initially isolated from rat brain by uzunov and weiss in 1972 and were soon afterwards shown to be selectively inhibited by a variety of drugs in brain and other tissues. the potential for selective phosphodisterase inhibitors to be used as therapeutic agents was predicted as early as 1977 by weiss and hait. this prediction has now come to pass in a variety of fields, one of which is in the pharmacological treatment of erectile dysfunction. one of the forms of phophodiesterase is termed pde5. the prescription pde5 inhibitors sildenafil ( viagra\u00ae ), vardenafil ( levitra\u00ae ) and tadalafil ( cialis\u00ae ) are prescription drugs which are taken orally. they work by blocking the action of pde5, which causes cgmp to degrade. cgmp specific phosphodiesterase type 5 causes the smooth muscle of the arteries in the penis to relax, allowing the corpus cavernosum to fill with blood. ( specific devices are mentioned for information only ; mention should not be taken as endorsement ). - dopamine receptor agonist - inflatable implant - rigid implant - surgical treatment of certain cases controversial and unapproved treatments - drug used for treating drug addicts can have some success in patients with inhibited sexual desire. - the experimental drug bremelanotide ( formerly pt - 141 ) does not act on the vascular system like the former compounds but allegedly increases sexual desire and drive in males as well as females. it is applied as a nasal spray. br", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4707923122745719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.512135"} {"text": "desire. - the experimental drug bremelanotide ( formerly pt - 141 ) does not act on the vascular system like the former compounds but allegedly increases sexual desire and drive in males as well as females. it is applied as a nasal spray. bremelanotide allegedly works by activating melanocortin receptors in the brain. it is currently in phase iib trials. - melanotan ii - like bremelanotide the experimental drug melanotan ii does not act on the vascular system either but increases libido. melanotan ii works by activating melanocortin receptors in the brain. - hmaxi - k is a form of gene therapy using a plasmid vector that expresses the hslo gene, that encodes the alpha - subunit of the maxi - k channel. it has undergone phase i safety trials. - a double - blind study appears to show evidence that ginseng is better than placebo : see the ginseng article for more details. - enzyte is a product that has been advertised by saturation coverage on television channels such as courttv. however, the center for science in the public interest ( cspi ) has filed a complaint with the federal trade commission ( ftc ) about enzyte for deceptive advertising. it is manufactured by berkeley nutritionals, which is alleged to be the subject of an investigation by the attorney general of ohio and the defendant in class - action lawsuits. - enzyte is a supplement that claims to increase the male libido or frequency of erections of the penis. commercials for enzyte are shown regularly on television. these commercials feature a man named bob who never stops smiling, apparently because he had taken enzyte and improved the size of his sex organs. the commercials are riddled with symbolic phallic imagery, e. g. golf clubs, remarkably tall glasses of iced tea, and a hose spraying barely a trickle of water ( carried by someone who doesn ' t use enzyte ). - the effectiveness of enzyte is in dispute. some medical professionals in fact advise against taking enzyte, saying that it can lead to damage. the center for science in the public interest have urged the federal trade commission to disallow further television advertising for enzyte due to a lack of proper studies supporting claims. enzyte maker berkeley premium nutraceuticals, inc., is currently under a class action lawsuit for false advertising. - enzyte is said to contain : tribu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46818472447354526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.513247"} {"text": "enzyte due to a lack of proper studies supporting claims. enzyte maker berkeley premium nutraceuticals, inc., is currently under a class action lawsuit for false advertising. - enzyte is said to contain : tribulus terrestris ; yohimbe extract ; niacin ; epimedium ; avena sativa ; zinc oxide ; maca ; muira pauma ; ginkgo biloba ; l - arginine ; saw palmetto. other ingredients : gelatin, rice bran, oat fiber, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide. - herbal and other alternative treatments - these are generally ineffective when tested blind, but may be useful for their psychological ( placebo ) effect : if a good result is expected, any highly praised, and often expensive, treatment can be effective. reputable drugs can also benefit from the same effect. this is especially useful if blindfolded, as it helps to clear the mind of anxiety issues. - prelox is a proprietary mix / combination of naturally occurring ingredients, l - arginine aspartate and pycnogenol. in double blind tests carried out by dr. steven lamm at new york university school of medicine, 81. 1 % of men overall judged prelox to be effective in improving their ability to engage in sexual activity. prelox\u00ae for improvement of erectile function : a review european bulletin of drug research, volume 11, no. 3, 2003. steven lamm, frank schoenlau, peter rohdewald whilst the supplements should be taken daily, the manufacturers claim that it brings the spontaneity back into ones ' love life ; unlike other products which must be remembered to be taken a fixed time before sexual activity. other treatment methods zinc is known to help prevent the conversion of testosterone to estradiol, and testosterone is essential for proper erectile function and the synthesis of sperm ( testosterone deficiency is a primary contributor in many cases of erectile dysfunction ). moreover, zinc levels have been found to be significantly reduced in both chronic bacterial prostatitis ( cbp ) and non - bacterial prostatitis ( nbp ). many doctors and nutritionalists recommend zinc for prostate or erectile problems. zinc is best taken in lozenge form, as in tablet form the zinc is difficult to absorb, and can irritate the stomach lining. the earliest attempts at treating erectile dysfunction date back to muslim physicians and pharmacists in the medieval", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4673138782244484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.514229"} {"text": "is best taken in lozenge form, as in tablet form the zinc is difficult to absorb, and can irritate the stomach lining. the earliest attempts at treating erectile dysfunction date back to muslim physicians and pharmacists in the medieval islamic world. they were the first to prescribe medication for the treatment of this problem, and they developed several methods of therapy for this issue, including a single - drug therapy method where a drug was prescribed and a \" combination method of either a drug or food. \" most of these drugs were oral medication, though a few patients were also treated through topical and transurethral means. erectile dysfunctions were being treated with tested drugs in the islamic world since the 9th century until the 16th century by a number of muslim physicians and pharmacists, including muhammad ibn zakariya razi, thabit bin qurra, ibn al - jazzar, avicenna ( the canon of medicine ), averroes, ibn al - baitar, and ibn al - nafis ( the comprehensive book on medicine ). dr. john r. brinkley initiated a boom in male impotence cures in the us in the 1920s and 1930s. his radio programs recommended expensive goat gland implants and \" mercurochrome \" injections as the path to restored male virility, including operations by surgeon serge voronoff. after the kansas state medical board revoked his medical license and the federal radio commission refused to renew his radio license ( both in 1930 ), brinkley moved his operations just over the texas border to mexico where he opened a medical clinic and broadcast advertisements into the us from a border blaster radio station. surgeons began providing patients with inflatable penile implants in the 1970s. modern drug therapy for ed made a significant advance in 1983 when british physiologist giles brindley, ph. d. dropped his trousers and demonstrated to a shocked american urological association audience his phentolamine - induced erection. the drug brindley injected into his penis was a non - specific vasodilator, an alpha - blocking agent, and the mechanism of action was clearly corporal smooth muscle relaxation. the effect that brindley discovered established the fundamentals for the later development of specific, safe, orally - effective drug therapies. helgason ar, adolfsson j, dickman p, arver s, fredrikson m, gothberg m, steineck g. sexual desire, erection, orgasm and ejaculatory functions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45614154635687515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.515333"} {"text": "orally - effective drug therapies. helgason ar, adolfsson j, dickman p, arver s, fredrikson m, gothberg m, steineck g. sexual desire, erection, orgasm and ejaculatory functions and their importance to elderly swedish men : a population - based study. age and ageing. 1996 : 25 : 285 - 291. - ^ a b \" 1 in 10 men \" estimate, see for example : nhs direct - health encyclopaedia - erectile dysfunction - ^ erectile dysfunction causes. erection problems ( erectile dysfunction ). healthwise ( 2006 ). retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 07. - ^ male sexual dysfunction epidemiology. erectile dysfunction. armenian health network, health. am ( 2006 ). retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 07. - ^ causes of erectile dysfunction. erectile dysfunction. armenian health network, health. am ( 2006 ). retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 07. - ^ erectile dysfunction. erectile dysfunction. mayo clinic ( 2006 ). retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 07. - ^ erectile dysfunction causes. erectile dysfunction. healthcommunities. com ( 1998 ). retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 07. - ^ palmer j, link d ( 1979 ). \" impotence following anesthesia for elective circumcision. \". jama 241 ( 24 ) : 2635 - 6. pmid 439362. - reproduced at www. cirp. org circumcision information and resource pages - ^ shen z, chen s, zhu c, wan q, chen z ( 2004 ). \" [ erectile function evaluation after adult circumcision ] \". zhonghua nan ke xue 10 ( 1 ) : 18 - 9. pmid 14979200. - ^ senkul t, iseri c, sen b, karademir k, saracoglu f, erden d ( 2004 ). \" circumcision in adults : effect on sexual function. \". urology 63 ( 1 ) : 155 - 8. pmid 14751371. - reproduced at www. cirp. org circumcision information and resource pages - ^ collins s, upshaw j, rutchik s, ohannessian c, ortenberg j, albertsen p ( 2002 ). \" effects of circumcision on male sexual function : debunking a myth? \". j urol 167 ( 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49255459490310893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.517370"} {"text": ", rutchik s, ohannessian c, ortenberg j, albertsen p ( 2002 ). \" effects of circumcision on male sexual function : debunking a myth? \". j urol 167 ( 5 ) : 2111 - 2. pmid 11956452. - reproduced at www. cirp. org circumcision information and resource pages - ^ masood s, patel h, himpson r, palmer j, mufti g, sheriff m ( 2005 ). \" penile sensitivity and sexual satisfaction after circumcision : are we informing men correctly? \". urol int 75 ( 1 ) : 62 - 6. pmid 16037710. - ^ laumann e, masi c, zuckerman e ( 1997 ). \" circumcision in the united states. prevalence, prophylactic effects, and sexual practice. \". jama 277 ( 13 ) : 1052 - 7. pmid 9091693. - reproduced at www. cirp. org circumcision information and resource pages - ^ schrader s, breitenstein m, clark j, lowe b, turner t ( nov - dec 2002 ). \" nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity testing in bicycling patrol officers. \". j androl 23 ( 6 ) : 927 - 34. pmid 12399541. - ^ abc of urology : subfertility and male sexual dysfunction - ^ http : / / www. lovelifematters. co. uk - ^ penile prostheses ( implants ) chris steidle, md, seekwellness. com - ^ uzunov, p. and weiss, b. : separation of multiple molecular forms of cyclic adenosine 3 ', 5 ' - monophosphate phosphodiesterase in rat cerebellum by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. biochim. biophys. acta 284 : 220 - 226, 1972. - ^ weiss, b. : differential activation and inhibition of the multiple forms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. adv. cycl. nucl. res. 5 : 195 - 211, 1975. - ^ fertel, r. and weiss, b. : properties and drug responsiveness of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of rat lung. mol. pharmacol. 12 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4629534821205556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.518358"} {"text": "195 - 211, 1975. - ^ fertel, r. and weiss, b. : properties and drug responsiveness of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of rat lung. mol. pharmacol. 12 : 678 - 687, 1976. - ^ weiss, b. and hait, w. n. : selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. ann. rev. pharmacol. toxicol. 17 : 441 - 477, 1977. - ^ melman a, bar - chama n, mccullough a, davies k, christ g ( 2005 ). \" the first human trial for gene transfer therapy for the treatment of erectile dysfunction : preliminary results. \". eur urol 48 ( 2 ) : 314 - 8. pmid 15964135. - ^ om, and chung kw, as ( 1996 apr ). \" dietary zinc deficiency alters 5 alpha - reduction and aromatization of testosterone and androgen and estrogen receptors in rat liver \". j nutr 126 ( 4 ) : 842 - 8. - ^ schmidt, m, et al ( 1998 sep ). \" progesterone inhibits glucocorticoid - dependent aromatase induction in human adipose fibroblasts \". j endocrinol. 158 ( 3 ) : 401 - 7. - ^ mahajan, sk, et al ( 1982 sep ). \" effect of oral zinc therapy on gonadal function in hemodialysis patients. a double - blind study. \". ann intern med. 97 ( 3 ) : 357 - 61. - ^ pfeiffer, carl c. ph. d. md. ( 1976 ). mental & elemental nutrients : a physicians guide to nutrition & health care, hardcover, keats pub. isbn 978 - 0879831141. - ^ pfeiffer, carl c. ph. d. md. ( 1978 ). zinc & other micro - nutrients, trade paperback, keats publishing, incorporated. isbn 0879831693. - ^ ( 1982 ) \" \". int j androl 5 : 487 - 96. - ^ ( 1975 ) \" \". fertil steril 26 : 1057 - 63. - ^ balch, phyllis a., cnc ; balch, james f., m. d. ( 2000 ). prescription for nutritional healing. avery press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4882896878942964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.519277"} {"text": ") \" \". fertil steril 26 : 1057 - 63. - ^ balch, phyllis a., cnc ; balch, james f., m. d. ( 2000 ). prescription for nutritional healing. avery press, p. 597. isbn 1 - 58333 - 077 - 1. - ^ milwaukee journal sentinel, feb 10, 2002, \" think zinc as way to boost your immune system \". - ^ a. al dayela and n. al - zuhair ( 2006 ), \" single drug therapy in the treatment of male sexual / erectile dysfunction in islamic medicine \", urology 68 ( 1 ), p. 253 - 254. - ^ brindley g ( oct 1983 ). \" cavernosal alpha - blockade : a new technique for investigating and treating erectile impotence. \" ( abstract ). br j psychiatry 143 : 332 - 7. pmid 6626852. | who icd - 10 mental and behavioural disorders ( f \u00b7 290 \u2013 319 ) | | neurological / symptomatic | | dementia ( alzheimer ' s disease, multi - infarct dementia, pick ' s disease, creutzfeldt - jakob disease, huntington ' s disease, parkinson ' s disease, aids dementia complex, frontotemporal dementia ) \u00b7 delirium \u00b7 post - concussion syndrome | | psychoactive substance | | alcohol ( drunkenness, alcohol dependence, delirium tremens, korsakoff ' s syndrome, alcohol abuse ) \u00b7 opiods ( opioid dependency ) \u00b7 sedative / hypnotic ( benzodiazepine withdrawal ) \u00b7 cocaine ( cocaine dependence ) \u00b7 general ( intoxication, drug abuse, physical dependence, withdrawal ) | | psychotic disorder | | schizophrenia ( disorganized schizophrenia ) \u00b7 schizotypal personality disorder \u00b7 delusional disorder \u00b7 folie a deux \u00b7 schizoaffective disorder | | mood ( affective ) | | mania \u00b7 bipolar disorder \u00b7 clinical depression \u00b7 cyclothymia \u00b7 dysthymia | | anxiety disorder ( agoraphobia, panic disorder, panic attack, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety ) \u00b7 ocd \u00b7 acute stress reaction \u00b7 ptsd \u00b7 adjustment disorder \u00b7 conversion disorder ( ganser syndrome ) \u00b7 somatoform disorder ( somatization disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, nosophobia, da costa ' s syndrome, psychalgia ) \u00b7 neura", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5149132966398883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.520210"} {"text": "( ganser syndrome ) \u00b7 somatoform disorder ( somatization disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, nosophobia, da costa ' s syndrome, psychalgia ) \u00b7 neurasthenia | | eating disorder ( anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa ) \u00b7 sleep disorder ( dyssomnia, insomnia, hypersomnia, parasomnia, night terror, nightmare ) \u00b7 sexual dysfunction ( erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, vaginismus, dyspareunia, hypersexuality ) \u00b7 postpartum depression | | personality disorder \u00b7 passive - aggressive behavior \u00b7 kleptomania \u00b7 trichotillomania \u00b7 voyeurism \u00b7 factitious disorder \u00b7 munchausen syndrome \u00b7 ego - dystonic sexual orientation | | mental retardation | | mental retardation | | specific : speech and language ( expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, landau - kleffner syndrome, lisp ) \u00b7 scholastic skills ( dyslexia, dysgraphia, gerstmann syndrome ) \u00b7 motor function ( developmental dyspraxia ) | pervasive : autism \u00b7 rett syndrome \u00b7 asperger syndrome | behavioural and emotional, | childhood and adolescence onset | adhd \u00b7 conduct disorder \u00b7 oppositional defiant disorder \u00b7 separation anxiety disorder \u00b7 selective mutism \u00b7 reactive attachment disorder \u00b7 tic disorder \u00b7 tourette syndrome \u00b7 speech ( stuttering \u00b7 cluttering ) | | diseases of the pelvis, genitals and breasts ( n40 - n99, 600 - 629 ) | | diseases of male genital organs | | prostate : benign prostatic hyperplasia - prostatitis testicle / epididymis : hydrocele testis - spermatocele - testicular torsion - orchitis - epididymitis - male infertility ( azoospermia, oligospermia ) penis : phimosis - balanoposthitis - balanitis - priapism - erectile dysfunction - peyronie ' s disease hematospermia - retrograde ejaculation | disorders of breast | | chronic cystic mastitis - mastitis - gynecomastia - galactorrhea - mastodynia - nipple discharge - galactocele | of female pelvic organs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4637727472551634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.521167"} {"text": "##grade ejaculation | disorders of breast | | chronic cystic mastitis - mastitis - gynecomastia - galactorrhea - mastodynia - nipple discharge - galactocele | of female pelvic organs | pelvic inflammatory disease : salpingitis - oophoritis - hydrosalpinx - parametritis - vaginitis - vulvitis | of female genital tract | endometriosis ( adenomyosis ) - prolapse ( cystocele, rectocele, urethrocele ) obstetric fistulae ( vesicovaginal fistula, rectovaginal fistula ) ovarian cyst - endometrial polyp - retroverted uterus - asherman ' s syndrome - hematometra - leukorrhea menstruation ( amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhea, menorrhagia, menometrorrhagia, metrorrhagia, dysmenorrhea ) intercourse ( dyspareunia, vaginismus ) - mittelschmerz atrophic vaginitis - habitual abortion - female infertility ( anovulation ) - ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome | see also congenital conditions ( q50 - q56, 752 ) |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.413066739149126, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.521650"} {"text": "in part two of a four - part series on how the bp oil spill is affecting the region, blackenterprise. com addresses the environmental damage of the spill. even prior to the april bp oil spill, the louisiana and mississippi coastal region was considered fragile because of the high rate of coastal wetland loss and its vulnerability to coastal storms and climate change. but with the spill about to hit the three - month mark, the fragile ecosystem is in even further turmoil. \u201c oil complicates [ the ecosystem ] beyond imagination, \u201d says kamran abdollahi, a southern university professor of urban forestry, natural resources, and environment. he believes that the spill will accelerate the coastline \u2019 s deterioration and predicts the loss of a significant number of coastal fisheries and habitats that are home to many endangered species and others that have only just bounced back since hurricane katrina. as of july 10, the cleanup effort has skimmed approximately 720, 238 barrels, or 30. 25 million gallons, of oily liquid from the water \u2019 s surface. the ecosystem \u2019 s natural components could take years or even decades to degrade the oil, abdollahi said. bp was scheduled to begin testing a new containment cap tuesday, but the test was postponed to give the oil company time to analyze whether the proposed well cap would stop the oil leak. in an ideal world, the oil industry and research universities would have joined forces decades ago to develop models of response to oil spills such as the one that the gulf coast is weathering, noted abdollahi. so, instead of scrambling for solutions as they are now, there would be intense competition over whose solution is best. oil creates a surface that doesn \u2019 t allow oxygen to diffuse into the ecosystem, lowering oxygen levels available to both human and aquatic life. as a result, the oil spill also could have long - term effects on seafood safety because of bioaccumulation and biomagnification, says marjorie campbell, chair of clark atlanta university \u2019 s department of biological sciences. warren jones, a university of mississippi school of medicine professor, said it \u2019 s too soon to predict the spill \u2019 s long - term effects on human health, but local health officials and organizations such as the centers for disease control are closely monitoring reported symptoms and conditions to detect any trends. the most immediate concerns have centered on skin and eye contact with the oil and respiratory illnesses. louisiana health officials recently announced the implementation of systems to monitor increases in certain types of conditions, admissions, and sick leaves. women who are pregnant or planning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40937676319602845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.525171"} {"text": "doctors closer to overhauling autism diagnosis rules the american psychiatric association is moving a step closer to overhauling the criteria for diagnosing autism after two just - completed field studies found the new definition won \u2019 t exclude patients who need treatment. the change, to be included in a manual used by doctors, is designed to help them better identify the disorder by including several closely related conditions under the autism mantle, and by making symptoms more precise. disease advocates have said they \u2019 re concerned the change may improperly reduce the number of children diagnosed, limiting access to health services. one of the field trials showed a 1 percentage - point rise in diagnosis rates under the new criteria and the other showed a drop of 4 or 5 percentage points, said darrel regier, the association \u2019 s director of research. the trials were done in the last year at baystate medical center in springfield, massachusetts, and stanford university in palo alto, california. \u201c there was concern that by tightening the criteria we would drop the bottom out from people with previously diagnosed autism, \u201d said regier, who is also vice chairman of the task force weighing the new guidelines. \u201c we don \u2019 t think that \u2019 s likely to happen, based on our assessment. \u201d the psychiatric association, based in arlington, virginia, is scheduled in may 2013 to publish its fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, the definitive resource used by doctors to diagnose, study and treat illnesses. the autism change, first proposed in february, 2010, would be included in that edition, if it is approved. autism now includes a range of complex disorders characterized by social impairment, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, according to the national institutes of health in bethesda, maryland. about six children in 1, 000 will have autism, the nih said. the field trials involved about 600 people with several closely related conditions, regier said in a telephone interview. he declined to give precise results from the tests because the findings haven \u2019 t been presented in public or published in a medical journal. the latest research counters a study reported yesterday at a medical meeting in iceland that found the proposal may exclude many patients. investigators from the yale school of medicine in new haven, connecticut, analyzed data collected in the early 1990s, almost 20 years ago, from trials conducted when the last diagnostic manual was released. using information from several hundred high - functioning people with autism spectrum disorders, they found that about half would no longer meet the criteria under the new definition being considered, said james mcpar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45684011903085786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.532524"} {"text": "years ago, from trials conducted when the last diagnostic manual was released. using information from several hundred high - functioning people with autism spectrum disorders, they found that about half would no longer meet the criteria under the new definition being considered, said james mcpartland, director of the yale developmental disabilities clinic in new haven, connecticut, and a researcher in the study. \u201c the implications of the study is that there is going to be a change in who receives a diagnosis, \u201d mcpartland said by telephone. \u201c all this is very preliminary. this is a piece of information to be considered as the task force moves toward a finalization of the criteria. \u201d the new guidelines are designed make the diagnostic criteria clearer and more consistent for autism disorders. while there are several terms now that describe related conditions, including autism, asperger syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder, they have overlapping characteristics and it is often difficult for clinicians to tell them apart. the new designation folds in six existing individual conditions and places them on a scale, called autism spectrum disorders. the description is more precise about what constitutes the symptoms, said catherine lord, director of the institute for brain development at new york - presbyterian hospital in new york. \u201c the intention isn \u2019 t to exclude people who meet the criteria for any of the conditions, \u201d said lord, who is also on the task force considering the change, in a telephone interview. \u201c it \u2019 s just to be sure we aren \u2019 t including everyone who has any kind of behavior problem. \u201d the old approach focused on meeting six broad behavioral criteria. the new proposal breaks the guideposts down into two distinct areas, communication and repetitive behavior. under communication, autistic people are those who will have trouble with relationships, non - verbal communication such as making eye contact or using gestures, and with social reciprocity, such as taking turns or holding a conversation. they must exhibit symptoms in each of these areas to be diagnosed under the new plan. with behavior, patients may have to meet only two of the criteria among actions such as having limited interests, getting stuck on repetitive activities, having strong or muted responses to sensory stimulation like sound and taste, or developing rituals. the behaviors may have been in the past. \u201c the new criteria are somewhat stricter, \u201d said geraldine dawson, chief science officer of autism speaks, an advocacy group based in new york. \u201c there are a group of people who previously had asperger syndrome or high - functioning autism who are now no longer meeting the criteria. \u201d the issue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4673556508291943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.535566"} {"text": "said geraldine dawson, chief science officer of autism speaks, an advocacy group based in new york. \u201c there are a group of people who previously had asperger syndrome or high - functioning autism who are now no longer meeting the criteria. \u201d the issue isn \u2019 t semantic, dawson said in a telephone interview. patients need to be diagnosed to get access to treatment such a behavioral intervention, social skills training and support services, she said. \u201c from the scientific side, the changes make a lot of sense, \u201d she said. \u201c it \u2019 s a question of how this might impact services. we need to think through the implications for a well - reasoned change or the real people who are in the real world trying to obtain the services they need. \u201d the important next step, dawson said, is to collect \u201c very careful data on that and see what changes need to be implemented in how we qualify people for the services. \u201d to contact the reporter on this story : michelle fay cortez in minneapolis at email @ example. com to contact the editor responsible for this story : reg gale at firstname. lastname @ example. org. bloomberg moderates all comments. comments that are abusive or off - topic will not be posted to the site. excessively long comments may be moderated as well. bloomberg cannot facilitate requests to remove comments or explain individual moderation decisions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4670865235360329, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.536565"} {"text": "an important concept that comes from sequences is that of series and summation. series and summation describes the addition of terms of a sequence. there are different types of series, including arithmetic and geometric series. series and summation follows its own set of notation that is important to memorize in order to understand homework problems. so a series is just the summation of a sequence. so a sequence is just a bunch of numbers in a row, a series is what happens when we add up all those numbers together. okay? so before me i have a general term for a sequence. a sub n is equal to n squared minus 1. and first we ' re asked to find the first four terms. okay? so in order to find the first term, we would find a sub 1 which happens when we plug in 1. 1 squared minus 1 that ' s just 0. so our first term is going to be 0. to find the second term we plug in 2. a sub 2 is equal to 2 squared. 4 - 1 which is going to give us 3. third term [ ib ] and repeat a sub 3 is 3 squared, 9 - 1 is 8. and the fourth term a sub 4, plug in 4. 4 squared, 16 - 1 is 15. so this right here is a sequence. it ' s 4 numbers written in order with commons in between. it ' s just a collection of numbers. find the sum of those first 4 terms. so basically we already found the 4 terms, all we have to do is add them together. 0 + 3 is 3 plus 8 is 11 plus 15 is 26. so 26 is then the series, okay? series is the way i remember it is, series is a shorter word therefore your answer should be shorter, one number. a sequence is a longer word, it ' s going to be a collection of data, a collection of numbers, okay? so basically all the series is is a summation of the sequence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6098247375793313, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.554381"} {"text": "encephalitisarticle free pass encephalitis, plural encephalitides, from greek enkephalos ( \u201c brain \u201d ) and itis ( \u201c inflammation \u201d ), inflammation of the brain. inflammation affecting the brain may also involve adjoining structures ; encephalomyelitis is inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, and meningoencephalitis is inflammation of the brain and meninges ( the membranes covering the brain ). encephalitis is most often caused by an infectious organism and sometimes by such noninfective agents as chemicals, including lead, arsenic, and mercury. although encephalitis can be produced by many different types of organisms, such as bacteria, protozoans, and helminths ( worms ), the most frequent causal agents are viruses. the encephalitis - producing viruses are divided into two groups : ( 1 ) those that invade the body and produce no damage until they are carried by the bloodstream to the nerve cells of the brain ( e. g., the rabies and arthropod - borne viruses ) and ( 2 ) those that invade the body and first injure nonnervous tissues and then secondarily invade brain cells ( e. g., the viruses causing herpes simplex, herpes zoster, dengue, acquired immune deficiency syndrome [ aids ], and yellow fever ). symptoms and treatment symptoms common to most types of encephalitis are fever, headache, drowsiness, lethargy, coma, tremors, and a stiff neck and back. convulsions may occur in patients of any age but are most common in infants. characteristic neurological signs include uncoordinated and involuntary movements, weakness of the arms, legs, or other parts of the body, or unusual sensitivity of the skin to various types of stimuli. these symptoms and signs and an examination of the cerebrospinal fluid by a lumbar puncture ( spinal tap ) can usually establish the presence of encephalitis, but they do not necessarily establish the cause, which often remains unknown. this makes specific treatment difficult, and, even when the causative virus is known, there may be no effective treatment. treatment of encephalitis is therefore largely supportive. patients require intensive medical care, with continuous monitoring of their heart and respiratory functions and management of their fluid and electrolyte balances. symptoms remaining after recovery from the acute phase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5183022005579582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.558975"} {"text": "effective treatment. treatment of encephalitis is therefore largely supportive. patients require intensive medical care, with continuous monitoring of their heart and respiratory functions and management of their fluid and electrolyte balances. symptoms remaining after recovery from the acute phase of brain inflammation vary considerably, depending on the type of encephalitis and on the age and general health of the patient. many individuals are weak and debilitated after an attack but recover with no serious effects. some encephalitides may cause irreparable brain damage. prognosis depends upon the specific viral agent that caused the encephalitis ; mortality can be as high as 70 percent. a large number of acute encephalitides are of the type known as demyelinating encephalitis, which may develop in children as a complication of such viral diseases as measles or chickenpox or as a result of vaccination against such viral diseases as smallpox. damage to the nerve cell body does not occur, but the insulation ( myelin sheath ) surrounding the nerve fibres is gradually destroyed. epidemics of encephalitis outbreaks of encephalitis occur periodically. one of the most common epidemic forms is japanese encephalitis, which is caused by a mosquito - borne virus and results in acute illness. japanese encephalitis is found primarily in asia. other viral forms of encephalitis, such as st. louis encephalitis and la crosse encephalitis, cause sporadic disease in some areas of the united states. strains of venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalitis virus can also cause disease in humans. in the late 1960s some 200, 000 people in central colombia were infected with the venezuelan strain, which had also spread north through central america and mexico and into the united states, causing illness in thousands more people and killing tens of thousands of equines as it spread. a 2002 west nile virus epidemic in the united states was the largest human encephalitis outbreak recorded in the western hemisphere at the time. encephalitis lethargica, or sleeping sickness ( to be distinguished from african sleeping sickness, or african trypanosomiasis ), occurred in epidemics in europe and in the united states about the time of world war i but has not been reported since 1930, although certain individuals may rarely exhibit residual symptoms ( postencephalitic parkinsonism ). the ca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4877779650239087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.560114"} {"text": "hannibalarticle free pass hannibal, ( born 247 bce, north africa \u2014 died c. 183 \u2013 181 bce, libyssa, bithynia [ near gebze, turkey ] ), carthaginian general, one of the great military leaders of antiquity, who commanded the carthaginian forces against rome in the second punic war ( 218 \u2013 201 bce ). hannibal was the son of the great carthaginian general hamilcar barca. according to polybius and livy, the main latin sources for his life, hannibal was taken to spain by his father and at an early age was made to swear eternal hostility to rome. from the death of his father in 229 / 228 until his own death about 183, hannibal \u2019 s life was one of constant struggle against the roman republic. hannibal \u2019 s earliest commands were given to him in the carthaginian province of spain by hasdrubal, son - in - law and successor of hamilcar. it is clear that hannibal emerged as a successful officer, for, on the assassination of hasdrubal in 221, the army proclaimed him, at age 26, its commander in chief, and the carthaginian government quickly ratified his field appointment. hannibal immediately turned himself to the consolidation of the punic hold on spain. he married a spanish princess, imilce, and then conquered various spanish tribes. he fought against the olcades and captured their capital, althaea ; he quelled the vaccaei in the northwest ; and in 221, making the seaport cartagena ( carthage nova, the capital of carthaginian spain ) his base, he won a resounding victory over the carpetani in the region of the tagus river. in 219 hannibal attacked saguntum, an independent iberian city south of the ebro river. in the treaty between rome and carthage subsequent to the first punic war ( 264 \u2013 241 ), the ebro had been set as the northern limit of carthaginian influence in the iberian peninsula. saguntum was indeed south of the ebro, but the romans had \u201c friendship \u201d ( though perhaps not an actual treaty ) with the city and regarded the carthaginian attack on it as an act of war. the siege of saguntum lasted eight months, and in it hannibal was severely wounded. the romans, who had sent envoys to carthage in protest ( though they did not send an army to help saguntum ), after its fall demanded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3737128422596485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.565146"} {"text": ". the siege of saguntum lasted eight months, and in it hannibal was severely wounded. the romans, who had sent envoys to carthage in protest ( though they did not send an army to help saguntum ), after its fall demanded the surrender of hannibal. thus began the second punic war, declared by rome and conducted, on the carthaginian side, almost entirely by hannibal. the march into gaul hannibal spent the winter of 219 \u2013 218 at cartagena in active preparations for carrying the war into italy. leaving his brother hasdrubal in command of a considerable army for the defense of spain and north africa, he crossed the ebro in april or may of 218 and marched into the pyrenees ( the romans, shortly before they heard of this, decided on war ). there his army \u2014 which consisted, according to polybius, of 90, 000 infantry, 12, 000 cavalry ( polybius \u2019 figures are probably exaggerated ; a total force of about 40, 000 is more likely ), and a number of elephants \u2014 met with stiff resistance from the pyrenean tribes. this opposition and the desertion of some of his spanish troops greatly diminished his numbers, but he reached the rhone river with but little resistance from the tribes of southern gaul. meanwhile, the roman general publius cornelius scipio transported his army, which had been detained in northern italy by a rebellion, by sea to massilia ( marseille ). as scipio moved northward along the right bank of the rhone, he learned that hannibal had already crossed the river and was marching northward on the left bank. realizing that hannibal probably planned to cross the alps, scipio returned to northern italy to await him. controversy has surrounded the details of hannibal \u2019 s movements after the crossing of the rhone. polybius states that he crossed it while the river was still in one stream at a distance of four days \u2019 march from the sea. fourques, opposite arles, is thought to be a likely place, but he may have made a crossing north of the confluence of the isere and the rhone. hannibal used coracles and boats locally commandeered ; for the elephants he made jetties out into the river and floated the elephants from these on earth - covered rafts. horses were embarked on large boats or made to swim. during this operation hostile gauls appeared on the opposite bank, and hannibal dispatched a force under hanno to cross farther upstream and attack them from behind. after crossing the alps and receiving friendly gallic leaders headed by the northern italian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38576631795661065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.566244"} {"text": "or made to swim. during this operation hostile gauls appeared on the opposite bank, and hannibal dispatched a force under hanno to cross farther upstream and attack them from behind. after crossing the alps and receiving friendly gallic leaders headed by the northern italian boii, whose superior knowledge of the alpine passes must have been of the greatest value to hannibal \u2019 s plans, the carthaginians crossed the durance river ( or more probably an ancient branch of it that flowed into the rhone near avignon ) and passed into an area called \u201c the island, \u201d the identification of which is the key to hannibal \u2019 s subsequent movements on land. according to polybius, it was a fertile, densely populated triangle bounded by hills, by the rhone, and by a river that is probably either the aygues or the isere. on the \u201c island \u201d a civil war was being fought between two brothers ( of what tribe it is not clear ). brancus, the elder, in return for hannibal \u2019 s help, provided supplies for the carthaginian army, which, after marching about 750 miles in four months from cartagena, was in sore need of them. what made you want to look up \" hannibal \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4238153916876739, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.566750"} {"text": "yellow seaarticle free pass yellow sea, chinese huang hai, korean hwanghae, large inlet of the western pacific ocean lying between mainland china on the west and north and the korean peninsula on the east. it is situated to the north of the east china sea, which it bounds on a line running from the mouth of the yangtze river ( chiang jiang ) to cheju island off south korea. it measures about 600 miles ( 960 km ) from north to south and about 435 miles ( 700 km ) from east to west. in the northwest part of the sea, northwest of a line between the liaodong peninsula to the north and the shandong peninsula to the south, is the bo hai ( gulf of chihli ). the area of the yellow sea proper ( excluding the bo hai ) is about 146, 700 square miles ( 380, 000 square km ) ; its mean depth is 144 feet ( 44 metres ), and its maximum depth is some 500 feet ( 152 metres ). physiography and geology the yellow sea, including the bo hai and korea bay, forms a flat, shallow, and partly enclosed marine embayment. most of the sea, which is deeper than the bo hai, consists of an oval - shaped basin with depths of about 200 to 260 feet ( 60 to 80 metres ). the floor of the yellow sea is a geologically unique, shallow portion of the continental shelf that was submerged after the last ice age ( i. e., roughly within the past 10, 000 years ). the seafloor slopes gently from the chinese mainland and more rapidly from the korean peninsula to a north - south - trending seafloor valley, with its axis close to the korean peninsula. this axis represents the path of the meandering huang he ( yellow river ) when it flowed across the exposed shelf during times of lowered sea levels and emptied sediments into the okinawa trough. the yellow sea derives its name from the colour of the silt - laden water discharged from the major chinese rivers emptying into it. the sea annually receives an immense quantity of sediments, mostly from the huang he ( via the bo hai ) and the yangtze river, both of which have formed large deltas. relict sandy sediments occupy the northern part of the yellow sea, the nearshore northern bo hai, the offshore old huang he delta, and the central part of the south yellow sea. the sandy layer is covered with silty and muddy sediments derived from the large rivers of china and korea since the last glacial period. the dividing line", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.462966795013806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.574811"} {"text": "northern bo hai, the offshore old huang he delta, and the central part of the south yellow sea. the sandy layer is covered with silty and muddy sediments derived from the large rivers of china and korea since the last glacial period. the dividing line between silt derived from china and sand derived from korea nearly coincides with the seafloor valley. generally, the climate is characterized by very cold, dry winters and wet, warm summers. from late november to march a strong northerly monsoon prevails, which in the bo hai is sometimes accompanied by severe blizzards. typhoons occur in summer, and in the colder season there are occasional storms. air temperatures range from 50 to 82 \u00b0f ( 10 to 28 \u00b0c ) and precipitation from about 20 inches ( 500 mm ) in the north to 40 inches ( 1, 000 mm ) in the south. sea fog is frequent along the coasts, especially in the upwelling cold - water areas. the warm current of the yellow sea is a part of the tsushima current, which diverges near the western part of the japanese island of kyushu and flows at less than 0. 5 mile ( 0. 8 km ) per hour northward into the middle of the sea. along the continental coasts, southward - flowing currents prevail, which strengthen markedly in the winter monsoon period, when the water is cold, turbid, and of low salinity. the tidal range is high ( 13 to 26 feet [ 4 to 8 metres ] ) along the shallower west coast of the korean peninsula, with a maximum spring tide of almost 27 feet ( 8. 2 metres ). along the coasts of china, it amounts to about 3 to 10 feet ( 0. 9 to 3 metres ), except around the bo hai, where it is somewhat higher. in the yellow sea the tides are semidiurnal ( i. e., they rise twice daily ). the tidal system rotates in a counterclockwise direction. the speed of the tidal current is generally less than 1 mile ( 1. 6 km ) per hour in the middle of the sea, but, near the coasts and in the straits and channels, stronger currents of more than 3. 5 miles ( 5. 6 km ) per hour are recorded. the innermost coastal sections of the bo hai freeze in winter, and drift ice and ice fields hinder navigation in parts of the yellow sea. surface temperature ranges from freezing level in winter in the bo hai to summer temperatures of 72 to 82 \u00b0f ( 22 to 28", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5055034879630245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.575862"} {"text": "coastal sections of the bo hai freeze in winter, and drift ice and ice fields hinder navigation in parts of the yellow sea. surface temperature ranges from freezing level in winter in the bo hai to summer temperatures of 72 to 82 \u00b0f ( 22 to 28 \u00b0c ) in the shallower parts. in winter the temperature and salinity in the sea are homogeneous from surface to bottom. in spring and summer the upper layer is warmed and diluted by the fresh water from rivers, while the deeper water remains cold and saline. this deep layer of cold water stagnates and moves slowly south in summer. around this mass of water, especially at its southern tip, commercial bottom - dwelling fishes are found. the dominant salinity in the region is relatively low : in the bo hai it is 30 to 31 parts per thousand, while in the yellow sea proper it is 31 to 33 parts per thousand. in the southwest monsoon season ( june to august ) the increased rainfall and runoff cause a further reduction in salinity in the upper layer. the yellow sea, like the east china sea, is famous for its fishing grounds. the rich demersal ( bottom - dwelling ) fish resources have been exploited by chinese, korean, and japanese trawlers for years. although the overall annual catch has grown, the catch by the japanese has decreased, while those of the chinese and south koreans have increased. the main species caught are sea bream, croakers, lizard fish, prawns, cutlass fish, horse mackerel, squids, and flounders ; all species, however, are overfished, and the catch of particularly valuable species has declined. oil exploration has been successful in the chinese and north korean portions of the yellow sea. in addition, the sea has become more important with the growth in trade among its bordering countries. the main chinese ports are dalian, tianjin, qingdao, and qinhuangdao ; the main south korean port is inch\u02beon ( incheon ), the outport for seoul ; and that for north korea is namp\u02beo, the outport for p\u02beyongyang. study and exploration the yellow sea has been studied extensively, but its geologic, physical, and biological properties remain incompletely understood. there is, for example, no comprehensive report on the sea \u2019 s fisheries, despite the awareness of stock depletion. there has been some cooperation between countries \u2014 china began joint oil explorations with foreign oil companies in 1979 \u2014 but the political tension", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49007367812121083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.577007"} {"text": "simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. history of ireland a brief threat to english control of ireland, made by edward bruce, brother of king robert i of scotland, ended when bruce was killed in battle at faughart near dundalk ( 1318 ). english control was reasserted and strengthened by the creation of three new anglo - irish earldoms : kildare, given to the head of the leinster fitzgeralds ; desmond, given to the head of the munster fitzgeralds ; and... invasion of antrim... settlements. antrim was partially penetrated by anglo - norman adventurers during the 12th century and formed part of the earldom of ulster. disorders in the late middle ages and the invasion by edward bruce ( later king of ireland ) and his army from scotland in 1315 caused the decline of english power. only carrickfergus remained in english hands until the tudor period ( 1485 \u2013 1603 ),... landing at larne town, seat, and district ( established 1973 ), formerly in county antrim, northern ireland, bordering the irish sea north of belfast. the scot edward bruce landed near the present town site in 1315 when he attempted to free ireland from english rule. his death three years later ended all hopes of an independent scots - irish kingdom. larne town developed as a holiday resort after 1900. in 1914... what made you want to look up \" edward bruce \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3660036666561758, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.578887"} {"text": "a view of the city this image of benin city is by a european artist. it gives us an idea of how the city might have looked over 300 years ago. you can see the palace in the background \u2013 each turret has a bird statue on top. at the front of the picture, there is a royal parade with music and dancing. it ' s behind you! this photograph was taken at the palace, during the expedition made by the british in 1897. in the background you can see the palace roof with a snake made of brass slithering down it. photos like this one are the best guide we have to knowing what benin looked like. this head was part of a brass snake on the palace roof \u2013 it was fixed to the roof with its body zigzagging down and its head at the bottom. fifteen of these snake heads survive. we are not sure if the snakes were meant to be protective pythons or threatening puff adders. we can tell that this plaque shows the palace of benin from the snake slithering down the roof, just like the one in the expedition photo. we \u2019 re not sure if the stairs in the middle are meant to be part of an altar or a gateway \u2013 what do you think? a very runny nose! this looks like an ornament or toy but it \u2019 s actually a water jug. when the jug is filled, the leopard \u2019 s tail is used as a handle to tip it, and water comes out of its nostrils! these days a jug like this is used for water to wash the oba \u2019 s hands before he makes important offerings. would you sit on a fish? the design on this stool is of two squirmy mudfish. the eyes are made of iron and there are lots of patterns on the surface. can you spot the long whiskers on the mudfish? many stools from benin were carved from wood, but this one is made of cast brass. the people of benin used many musical instruments. this one, in the shape of an oro bird, is called an idiophone or clapper. it was used during parades to celebrate the benin kingdom \u2019 s victories in battle. to play it, a brass rod is used to hit the bird \u2019 s beak. container of power this container was used in the ceremony of ugie erha oba, which was held for the oba to honour his ancestors. it was filled with magical medicines to keep the oba in power. it is covered with human heads, leaves and bells \u2013 you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4567548315513271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.581618"} {"text": "just a decade ago, it would have been hard for all but the most tech - savvy to imagine the extent of cloud computing today. a complex system of data centers worldwide that store, process, and deliver information on demand over the internet, the cloud provides users with resources, applications, and information that they previously would have stored locally. the cloud \u2014 what some are calling \u201c the factory of the 21st century \u201d \u2014 is run by a network of it service companies, internet firms, and telecommunications services providers, and it offers services to all of us : from banks and retailers to individuals like you and me. it is both real \u2014 requiring traditional inputs such as electricity \u2014 and virtual. throughout the history of corporate responsibility, a few megatrends have redefined how we think about the ethics of business. the outsourcing of manufacturing to places with low labor costs and lax regulations led to a rise in consciousness about working conditions at supplier facilities. the increasing number of people living at the \u201c base of the pyramid \u201d ( the now 2. 5 billion people who exist on less than us $ 2. 50 per day ) prompted companies to address global poverty while advancing business interests. we believe cloud computing has the same potential to create profound new sustainability and ethical dilemmas. addressing these dilemmas calls for an update on how we think about corporate responsibility. to be clear, cloud services make a positive contribution to sustainability : the cloud encourages important clean - tech applications like smart grids, and it also encourages consumers to use virtual services such as video streaming to replace resource - heavy physical products. the cloud also draws resources to where they are used most efficiently, and its jobs tend to be cleaner and safer than those of more traditional industries. what follows is an evaluation of how cloud computing will affect two top sustainability issues of our time : climate change and human rights. the climate in the cloud at the bsr conference 2011, autodesk ceo carl bass posed a question about the power of what he called \u201c infinite computing, \u201d asking what we can do to harness the unlimited amount of computing to help solve some of today \u2019 s most pressing problems. there is no doubt that the expansive power of computing can help us address sustainability challenges, but this technology also draws from the earth \u2019 s finite environmental stocks and biosphere. data centers are already responsible for 1 to 2 percent of global electricity use, a level that doubled even during the economic slowdown between 2005 and 2010. there are troubling signs that data center power use will continue to grow substantially. against this backdrop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5237651593833343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.593611"} {"text": "data centers are already responsible for 1 to 2 percent of global electricity use, a level that doubled even during the economic slowdown between 2005 and 2010. there are troubling signs that data center power use will continue to grow substantially. against this backdrop, there are several interconnected issues related to the cloud \u2019 s impact on climate change : its swelling energy footprint, the fact that location makes all the difference on the carbon footprint, the cloak of secrecy around data center sites, and the challenge of accounting for carbon when collaboration is so complex. on the first issue, regarding the data centers themselves, there have been breakthroughs in energy efficiency, such as chiller - less servers and pods that use low energy in harsh climates, and there will be more. but with global energy consumption set to rise by around 40 percent by 2030 \u2014 due to more affluent people desiring more high - tech equipment, and applications growing hungrier for energy \u2014 energy demand from data centers is likely to outstrip efficiency gains. facility location is another challenge : if all else is equal, data center operators will build facilities where the energy is cheap, and, usually, that means dirty. in the united states, more than half of all top data centers rely on coal for the majority of their energy needs, which means a lot of new data centers are clustered in north carolina and the midwest. meanwhile, there is a tendency for operators to keep quiet about where their sites are located, which runs against the good practice of making carbon information transparent. many companies keep certain site locations, such as suppliers, under wraps for competitive reasons, and cloud companies are even more secretive about data center locations due to often legitimate concerns about security. customers whose personal information is stored at these data centers tend to appreciate this. nevertheless, transparency about local carbon impacts remains a key element of climate responsibility, and companies will be under increasing pressure to disclose more and, when they can \u2019 t disclose, to explain why. finally, the cloud \u2019 s value chain is more complex than what current accounting and reporting systems can handle. even the new greenhouse gas protocol \u2019 s scope 3 standard, the authoritative framework for measuring carbon in value chains, offers little guidance. the difficulty lies in the fact that the disparate collection of it services companies, internet firms, telecommunications, and services providers make it hard to create accountability for carbon performance as a system. these four challenges point to some new themes that will soon be considered part of leading climate and corporate responsibility practice for cloud - services providers : location matters. one of the greatest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48708494328643787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.595836"} {"text": "and services providers make it hard to create accountability for carbon performance as a system. these four challenges point to some new themes that will soon be considered part of leading climate and corporate responsibility practice for cloud - services providers : location matters. one of the greatest opportunities for cloud carbon reduction is with siting, since energy makes up such a large share of a data center \u2019 s footprint, and the carbon content of electricity is determined by the local grid \u2019 s portfolio. this makes alignment among sustainability, operations, and real estate teams crucial for managing carbon performance. furthermore, those building data centers for customers have a responsibility to educate clients about the carbon impacts and risks that result from where they commission facilities to be built. they also have an opportunity to strengthen relationships by offering better insights and services to help customers get the most out of low - carbon siting. companies have a role in influencing electricity grids. because data centers can be large energy customers, an additional point of leverage for developers and operators is to influence local policymakers and utilities to invest in more sustainable energy sources. on first thought, this might seem radical. but savvy companies already negotiate electricity prices with utilities and engage with local governments on a range of policy issues, so this can be an extension of those conversations. also, power utilities are effectively key suppliers \u2014 if not the key one \u2014 for energy - intense data centers, and the practice of engaging suppliers on sustainability is a common frame of reference. transparency will enhance collaboration. data center operators need to be more proactive about advancing carbon transparency by reporting as much as they can about carbon impacts through the carbon disclosure project, and communicating more earnestly about what can and cannot be disclosed. the more information companies can provide, the more tools researchers, civil society, and service providers will have to establish metrics and public policies that improve incentives for investments in energy and carbon - efficient operations. the human dimension of the cloud how much the cloud affects human rights will depend on the range of services it provides ; there will be less risk associated with corporate information than personal communications, for example. some categories of customers ( such as civil society organizations ) may have more reason to be cautious than others ( such as multinational corporations ). we believe cloud - services providers should consider their human rights responsibility in two main dimensions : data center location and their role as gatekeepers of information. the first responsibility is to integrate human rights factors into decisions about data center location. in addition to price and local energy supply, a key factor in determining the ideal location for a data center is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4780116986852876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.597342"} {"text": "data center location and their role as gatekeepers of information. the first responsibility is to integrate human rights factors into decisions about data center location. in addition to price and local energy supply, a key factor in determining the ideal location for a data center is the local jurisdictional context. while some countries have strong privacy and security laws and practices, others do not, and this variation can significantly affect the cloud \u2019 s impact on privacy, security, and freedom of expression. when it comes to siting data centers, companies are understandably nervous about storing data in jurisdictions that may not respect the rights of their users and customers. for this reason, they often choose to locate data centers in places with favorable privacy laws, even if that means storing the data in a country outside the users \u2019 location. yahoo, for example, chose to locate its services targeted at the vietnamese market in singapore. however, governments are becoming wise to this and can retaliate by requiring that data be located in - country if the business is to be licensed to operate there. the second responsibility of the cloud provider relates to its role as the gatekeeper of user data when law enforcement comes knocking for personal information. in theory, it is often the customer \u2014 the bank or the retailer, for example, and not the cloud - services provider \u2014 that defines the response to a law - enforcement demand. however, what really happens in a law - enforcement context is shrouded in mystery, and there are various controls and conditions that local government can require as part of the local license to operate that could bypass the customer altogether and go straight to the cloud - services provider. additionally, and very importantly, when cloud - services companies provide services such as email or file storage to an individual customer, it is clearly the cloud - services company that defines the response to the law - enforcement demand. this places cloud - service providers in a difficult position : in theory, they exist to provide virtual services to anyone, anywhere, unrestricted by traditional geographical boundaries or physical presence. in reality, the cloud is connected to the ground, and there is a very real ethical question about where to locate its physical presence. and as more business transactions take place in the cloud, cloud - services companies are caught between protecting the rights of their users and abiding by the law - enforcement demands of their regulators. so what is a responsible company to do? consider three main ethical dimensions : location : for both the users and providers of cloud services, it is important to have a siting strategy that fully considers the legal and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4950730079619709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.598699"} {"text": "law - enforcement demands of their regulators. so what is a responsible company to do? consider three main ethical dimensions : location : for both the users and providers of cloud services, it is important to have a siting strategy that fully considers the legal and jurisdictional issues where the data centers and network architecture are located. the role of law enforcement : for the providers of cloud services, it is important to have a clear understanding of how to manage law - enforcement relationships. this may mean insisting on due process, challenging law - enforcement demands that may jeopardize human rights, and promoting good governance and the rule of law. the global network initiative is a good example of a responsible approach that supports greater interaction between companies and governments to enforce laws that protect rights to privacy, security, and freedom of expression. the importance of raising awareness : the providers of cloud - based services \u2014 who are by implication the experts in cloud issues \u2014 have a responsibility to provide advice and guidance to users who know less about how the cloud affects privacy and freedom of expression. the changing ethics of the cloud in our conversations with companies about cloud computing, we \u2019 ve encountered objections to some of the views expressed here. we \u2019 ve heard it argued that cloud - services companies have no business trying to influence energy policy \u2014 that this is the purview of the energy industry. we \u2019 ve also heard that cloud providers should stick to their core contribution of \u201c dematerializing \u201d the economy and \u201c enabling solutions. \u201d and we \u2019 ve heard it argued that cloud - services companies should avoid engaging in human rights, the rule of law, and good governance in high - risk countries \u2014 that governments know best, and the role of business should be simply to follow their laws. but it \u2019 s important to remember the core definition of corporate responsibility ( as defined by the european union, iso26000, and many others ), which emphasizes the role of business in supporting sustainable development. in this regard, cloud computing represents two shifts that are highly relevant. first, its highly networked, decentralized structure blurs jurisdictional lines, raising questions about accountability that effectively have never been asked. second, today \u2019 s version of cloud computing is an embryo for what will be one of the most important industrial revolutions of the 21st century. with significant infrastructure to be built for an industry whose equipment is reinvented every two or three years, decisions made today will establish the architecture, communities, and choices we will have to work with later. as cloud computing takes hold and changes the profile of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4832414036286666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.601700"} {"text": "the 2003 canberra bushfires were noted for very high levels of house loss deep into suburban areas. fire jumping from house to house was a major issue. project leader justin leonard of csiro sustainable ecosystems set out to look at what aspects of house construction contributed to such losses. he also looked at the safety of wooden power poles \u2013 many of which caught fire and fell, blocking roads, in the canberra fires \u2013 as well as the critical issue of surviving in a car if caught by fire on the road. in an effort to understand the role of critical elements in and around the home, the research team conducted a series of experiments over several years. at the new south wales hot fire facility at mogo, the team subjected typical home fences, decks, windows, water tanks and fences to flames typical of bushfires. the tests found, for example, that metal fences survived the best. hardwood fences, though they would burn, acted as a barrier to radiant heat, helping to protect a home. softwood fences such as treated pine had the worst performance \u2013 as well as burning, the resulting ash, containing arsenic, was a potential health issue. steel water tanks proved the most reliable, though their plastic liners needed replacing after a serious fire. as a result of this research, several companies have developed highly modified steel water tanks and water delivery systems that are commercially available for use in bushfire areas. \u201c ideally this research willalso help provide advice to property owners on the level of risk to their homes and businesses and help develop education programs for local communities, \u201d said leonard. fire agencies have long advised against being caught on the road in a bushfire, but there was little detailed research on how bushfires affect cars and how best to survive if you are in a car and confronted by a bushfire. in an experiment that placed seven common vehicles under the bushfire simulator, this research identified key issues that influenced survivability including the orientation of the car to the fire, the relative temperatures in different areas of the car, the adverse influence of an air conditioner or recirculating air systems, and the toxic chemicals produced inside a car subject to intense heat. the project \u2019 s postgraduate student, julian black of rmit university, worked on developing a geographical information system toolto allow for various residential scenarios, such as different types of windows, doors, or walls, to be developed and visualised, based on building and planning requirements. this tool could assist in developing building and planning regulations that enable residential areas to perform better under bushfire attack.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48755053085036026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.605192"} {"text": "35 countries offer immunisation against pneumococcal disease wyeth announced that the first pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the market, has been added to saudi arabia \u2019 s national childhood immunisation programme to help protect infants and young children from pneumococcal disease \u2013 the leading cause of vaccine - preventable death in children younger than five years of age worldwide. the vaccine, also referred to as pcv7 is now included in the national immunisation programmes ( nips ) of 35 countries worldwide. pcv7, the global standard in pneumococcal disease prevention for infants and young children, helps protect against the seven pneumococcal serotypes contained in the vaccine that cause the majority of pneumococcal disease worldwide. pcv7 has both proven clinical efficacy and documented effectiveness resulting in significant public health impact. more than 235 million doses of pcv7 have been distributed across the world since its introduction. \u201c wyeth is pleased that 35 countries now share in the commitment to help protect current and future generations from pneumococcal disease \u2013 an urgent and pressing health issue. as a result, nearly 15 million children born this year will have the benefit of protection with pcv7, \u201d says dr e. david mcintosh, paediatrician and wyeth \u2019 s medical director for infectious disease and vaccines in europe, the middle east and africa. \u2018 since its introduction, pcv7 has had a substantial impact on public health, dramatically reducing the rate of invasive pneumococcal disease where it is routinely used. \u201d in addition to saudi arabia, oman included pcv7 as part of their nip in 2009. other notable nips initiated this year include turkey, with an annual birth rate of more than 1 million, and sweden. south africa, which initiated a national immunisation programme in september 2008, plans to implement it nationwide on 1 april, covering more than 1 million children born this year. of the 35 countries now including pcv7 on their nip, 25 are in europe, the middle east and africa, which encompasses more than 7 million children born each year. according to the world health organization ( who ), pneumococcal disease causes up to 1 million deaths in children each year. the who recommends priority inclusion of pcv7 in national childhood immunisation programs worldwide due to the significant burden of pneumococcal disease and demonstrated vaccine efficacy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4595891762703433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.607848"} {"text": "| | | | the role of an advocateby georgina rayner open pdf version the role of an advocate may be vital at some point in our life to obtain and maintain the necessary changes and opportunities for our children and ourselves. by definition, advocacy involves speaking on behalf of a person ( s ) or yourself to ensure that their rights and needs are recognized. the word \" advocacy \" comes from latin and means ' to add a voice '. the purpose of advocacy is to assist in securing the rights of one ' s self or another. we all need to develop advocacy skills in order to ensure that our needs are met and our rights are respected. tips to be an effective advocate - believe in yourself - one person can do a lot. - be organized! - identify unmet need ( s ) or right ( s ). what is the problem? listen carefully to what the individual or family ' s concerns are and help them to focus on the issue ( s ). - research the law for understanding and how it impacts the case. - be systematic in your approach : know your resources and your allies. assess the nature of the barriers, resistance you might meet and / or the opposition. knowing what you are up against will sharpen your strategic thinking. what kind of pressure is possible and from where. - know and build your case. - identify all the key players - narrow down the problem - develop a plan or map of where everyone is on the issue. - do your homework. - document the facts - keep careful notes and logs of contacts and calls - listen carefully. - what are the desired outcomes? what is acceptable? what is unacceptable? - identify what conditions need to be developed or altered in order for change to take place. be assertive and communicate well. note : an assertive person clearly states a point of view but takes into account other points of view as well, then works for the right outcome cooperatively. analyze possible consequences. develop a back - up plan. - what is the possible fallout? - what historically has happened in other advocacy situations related to this issue? - what is the worst case scenario? - can the family / child live with it? remember the process is about the needs of the child. parental egos and / or your personal preferences should not influence the process or outcome. - look at alternate strategies to achieve the same goal. - be careful what you ask for as you might get it. - make sure you have plan b in case it is needed. do not accept that nothing will happen or change", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4738375683204646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.611034"} {"text": "back to the infoage homepageback to the press index by jack mofenson, evans signal laboratory, belmar n. j. dr. harold t. webb ( right ) adjusts the auxiliary tuning crystal in the lunar receiver while e. k. stodola looks on. behind stodola is the nine - inch type - a indicator which records the echoes. | the recent experiments performed by the signal corps engineering laboratories in receiving radar echoes from the moon have aroused much comment from engineers, astronomers and others engaged in technical pursuits. although the scientific aspects of sending radio - frequency signals throughthe ionosphere are certainly of importance, the work done on theproject is better classified as an engineering achievement. as yet, no long - term systematic observations have been made. this article is confined, therefore, to a discussion of the technical characteristics and general description of the equipment employed. briefly, the experiment consisted of transmitting quarter - second pulses of radio - frequency energy at 111. 5 mc every four seconds in the direction of the moon, and detecting echo signals approximately 2. 5 seconds after transmission. display of the detected signals was audible as well as visible. technically, theexperiment utilized well - established radar techniques, but with radicallydifferent constants throughout the system. considerations of pulsewidth, receiver bandwidth, transmitter power and the precise frequency of the returned signal due to doppler effect, were such thatcareful attention had to be givento the design of the overall equipment. after preliminary calculations were made concerning transmitterpower, the reflectivity coefficient of the target, and receiver noise figure, it was apparent that receiving radar echoes from the moon was technically possible. under the direction of lt. col. john h. dewitt, a project called \" project diana \" was set up in september 1945 to develop a radar system capable of transmitting r - f pulses to the moon, and detecting echoes more than 2seconds later. prior to entering the signal corps, colonel dewitt, who at that time was chief engineer of radio station wsm in nashville, tenn., designed and constructed transmitting and receiving equipment for the purpose of receiving echoes from the moon. this equipment employed substantially similar transmitter power and frequencyto that used by the signal corps, but the attempt was a failure due to insufficient sensitivity in the receiver. colonel dewitt ' s appreciation of the problem and personalsupervision were the driving forces that made the present experimentsuccessful. assisting lt. colonel dewitt were : e. k.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5575066300510864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.627870"} {"text": "a failure due to insufficient sensitivity in the receiver. colonel dewitt ' s appreciation of the problem and personalsupervision were the driving forces that made the present experimentsuccessful. assisting lt. colonel dewitt were : e. k. stodola, dr. harold d. webb, herbert p. kauffman and the writer, all of evans signal laboratory. credit is also due the members of the antennaand mechanical design croup, research section, theoretical studiesgroup and others. the practical implications of radar contact with the moon are numerous. during the war the germans used the v2 rocket whichclimbed some 70 miles above the earth, and the future holds the unhappy prospect of missiles going far higher than this. the matter oftransmission of radio signals to great distances above the earth for detection and control of such weapons becomes a problem of military importance. further, the use of a reflector far beyond the earth forradio waves makes possible directmeasurement of the ability of radio waves to penetrate the ionosphere. a more complete investigation in this direction is indicated. the possibility of using the moon as the reflector for a part - time long - distance point - to - point communication system is also being considered, as well as using the moon as a target to measure field strength patterns. lt. colonel john h. dewitt jr., in charge of the project, a modified version of the scr - 271 early - warning radar used at pearl harbor. dewitt is the former chief engineer of wsm. the author, jack mofenson, adjusts the position of the waveform - monitoring stub. over this transmission line traveled the 3 - kw transmitted pulse and a millionth of a billionth watt echo. determination of requirements several of the constants which determine the maximum distance at which a radar set can detect targetsare peak transmitter power, radio - frequency of the transmitted signal, duration of the signal, receivernoise figure, and target echoing area. these constants, among others, are concisely summarized inwhat has been called the free - space radar equation. this equation has already been derived in electronics in this equation, r is the radar range at which a signal may be detected, pt is the transmitter power during the pulse, go, the transmitting antenna power gain, a. the absorption area of the receiving antenna, o the effective echoing area of the target, and p, the power of a barely discernible signal, on the same basis as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5886675136539887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.629080"} {"text": "power during the pulse, go, the transmitting antenna power gain, a. the absorption area of the receiving antenna, o the effective echoing area of the target, and p, the power of a barely discernible signal, on the same basis as pt. the power gain due to ground reflections ( not considered in the freespace equation ) at maximum effectiveness increases the range of thesystem by a factor of 2. this is equivalent to a power gain of 12 db. in the case of a target as large as the moon ( 2160 miles diameter ), calculations showed that in orderto receive an echo from the wholehemisphere of the moon at once a pulse width greater than 0. 02 seconds was required. this set a lower limit on the transmitter pulse widthwhich corresponds to an optimumbandwidth of 50 cps for the receiver. these requirements eliminate, for the present, the use of themicrowave frequencies, because of considerations of pulse length. propagation studies indicated that electromagnetic waves at a frequencyof 110 mc were capable of penetrating the ionosphere, and because ofavailability of equipment, a radar set operating at 111. 5 me was chosen for the experiment. the peak power available in this transmitter wasequivalent to 3000 watts for pt usinga 0. 25 - second pulse. the transmitter had the added advantage of being crystal controlled, deriving its final radio frequency after a series of frequency multiplication from a 516. 2 - kc crystal oscillator. the receiverassociated with the transmitter wasof the multi - mixer type ( quadruplesuperheterodyne ) capable of beating down radio - frequency signals to a final intermediate frequency of 180 cycles per second. such an arrangement permitted use of an extremely narrow pass band, 57 cps, thus making the receiver highly selective and limiting the noise to a very low value. the extremely narrow - band receiver was an advantage, also, because it permitted tuning the receiver to the exact radio frequency of the returned echo. the importanceof this can best be realized by considering the fact that due to the relative velocities of the earth and themoon, the returned signal may differ from the transmitted signal by as much as 300 cycles, due to the doppler frequency shift. in using a highly selective receiver whose final mixer is tuned to receive the precalculated frequency of an echo return from the moon, the receiver rejects any signal returned at anyother frequency. to reduce the noise contribution ofthe receiver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5715211607835422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.630110"} {"text": "frequency shift. in using a highly selective receiver whose final mixer is tuned to receive the precalculated frequency of an echo return from the moon, the receiver rejects any signal returned at anyother frequency. to reduce the noise contribution ofthe receiver, a high - gain, low - noise - figure pre - amplifier was connected between the antenna and the receiverproper. the minimum perceptible received power was p, readily calculated from the formula for noise figure. in this formula e2 / 4r is the maximum available signal power at the receiver input terminals in watts, where e is the signal voltage at the antenna terminals, and r is the effective impedance in ohms. ktb is the maximum available noise power at the receiver input, where k is boltzman ' s constant, 1. 37 x 10 - 23 joules perdegree kelvin, t is the temperaturein degrees kelvin, chosen, at 300 degrees, and b is the noise bandwidthof the receiver in cycles per second. for this receiver b is 57. for a one - to - one ratio eq. 3 gives signal - powerto noise - power of 1. 48 x 10 - 18 watts, taking the effective noise figure of the receiver as 7 db. the best antenna available at this frequency was a 32 - dipole array utilized by the scr - 271 early - warning radar. two of these arrays were secured side by side and mounted on a 100 - foot tower. calculations show that the array had a power gain of152 times that of a single halfwave dipole antenna. since the effectivegain of a single dipole is 1. 64 times that of an isotropic radiator, the value of g. is given as 1. 64 x 152 or 250. the absorption area a, of the receiving antenna is calculated from substituting the value of g, previously given, ao = 522. 1 x 10 - 7 square miles. the remaining constant to be determined before solving eq. 1 is o theeffective echoing area of the target. calculations of the reflectivity coefficient made by walter mcafee of thetheoretical studies group, assumingzero conductivity and a dielectricconstant of six for the moon, resultedin the figure 0. 1766. the effective echoing area is this figure multiplied by the projected area of the moon, pi d2 / 4 where d is the lunar diameter. this gave an effective echoing areaof 0. 1766 ( 2160 ) 2 ( 3.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5658618520530913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.631420"} {"text": "0. 1766. the effective echoing area is this figure multiplied by the projected area of the moon, pi d2 / 4 where d is the lunar diameter. this gave an effective echoing areaof 0. 1766 ( 2160 ) 2 ( 3. 1416 ) / 4 or 647, 000 square miles. substitution of these values in the free - space radar equation gave a maximum range of 573, 500 miles andindicated that the effective range of the equipment chosen was more thantwice that needed to receive echoesfrom the moon. by adding the powergain due to ground reflection, a further excess of power of 12 db or arange of 1, 140, 000 miles was indicated, which meant that accordingto calculations, the received signal should be about 20 db above thermal noise. this calculation of the signalstrength of the returned echo checked closely with observations and indicated that no appreciable attenuationoccurs in free space. once the determination of constant was completed, the choice ofavailable radar sets was made. since no attempt was made to design majorcomponents specifically for this experiment, the selection of receiverand transmitter was made from equipment on hand. a crystal - controlled radar transmitter and receiver designed by major e. h. armstrongfor another purpose were selectedsince they met the requirements of power and bandwidth. a block diagram of the complete transmitting, receiving and indicating system is shown in fig. 1. the transmitter is crystal controlled, deriving its final radio frequency of 111. 5 me after a series of frequency ' multiplications from a fundamental crystal oscillator frequencyof 516. 2 kc. keying is accomplished by causing a low - level multiplierstage to conduct by driving its cathode negative for the duration of thetransmitted pulse. in the initial setup, keying was performed mechanically by a relay, but this has since been replaced by an electronic keyer withthe pulse width controllable between0. 02 to 0. 2 seconds. a block diagram of the transmitter is shown in fig. 2. from the diagram it is apparent that the transmitter is of a conventional type. the output is fed overa 250 - ohm open - wire transmission line to the antenna array. the antenna contains 64 dipoles horizontally polarized. the effective power gainof the array is 250, or 24 db. the antenna, shown in fig. 3 ; ismounted on a steel tower 100 feet high and is controllable in azimuthonly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5638358662064911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.632329"} {"text": "64 dipoles horizontally polarized. the effective power gainof the array is 250, or 24 db. the antenna, shown in fig. 3 ; ismounted on a steel tower 100 feet high and is controllable in azimuthonly. no provision has been made to incline the antenna in elevation. because of this restriction, the times of observation using the presentequipment were necessarily limitedto moonrise and moonset. that this condition of observation is the worst possible ( due to the long path through the atmosphere and the consequent possibility of trapped radiation ) has been recognized. but itwas impractical to procure an array of the equatorial type. aside from propagation deficiencies, a far more serious limitation was the fact that observations were limited to twoshort periods daily. the beam width of the array is approximately 15 deg at the half - powerpoints, with the first three lobes spaced approximately 3 deg in elevation. since the diameter of the moon subtends roughly one half degree of arc, most of the power transmitted does not illuminate the target, which constitutes a serious waste of power. the rate of rise of the moon along its ecliptic is 1 degree of are every 4 minutes, which allowed roughly 40 minutes of observation as the moon intercepted the first three lobes of the antenna. bending effects due to long transmission path through the ionosphere undoubtedly exist, but no precise measurement of this effect has yet been made. the receiving system is sufficiently different from conventional design to warrant a more complete description. a block diagram is shown in fig. 4. the entire receiver is frequency controlled, and contains four mixerstages which heterodyne the radio - frequency signal to a final intermediate frequency of 180 cps. since the first three injection frequency voltages as well as the final radio frequency are derived from multiples of common crystal oscillator, a highdegree of frequency stability is achieved in the system. this highdegree of stability is essential to permit tuning the highly selective receiver to the frequency of the echo signal. this tuning is accomplishedin the final heterodyne stage. in tuning it is necessary to take account of the change in frequency of the returned signal which resultsfrom variations in the relative velocity of the moon with respect to theearth. the frequency of the returning echo may differ from the transmitted frequency by as much as 300cycles per second, since the relativevelocities of the earth and moon vary from about + 900 mph at moonrise to - 900 mph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5736944306054408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.635068"} {"text": "to theearth. the frequency of the returning echo may differ from the transmitted frequency by as much as 300cycles per second, since the relativevelocities of the earth and moon vary from about + 900 mph at moonrise to - 900 mph at moonset. at the frequency of the transmitter, a relativevelocity of 3 miles per hour between antenna and target causes a shift of approximately 1 cycle per second in the received signal. this frequency shift, due to relative velocities of thetransmitting antenna and target, ispresent in all radar echoes from moving targets, but is undetected in conventional receivers because the band - width of the normal receiver is many times greater than the frequencyshift. in the diana receiver, a band - width of 57 cps is achieved in the final if stages. it is therefore necessary to predetermine the doppler frequency shift for the particular observation being made, and to select the proper crystal for the final heterodyne mixer. to achieve the highdegree of accuracy required in thefinal mixer, provision is made to modify the frequency of the crystal - controlled oscillator by means of ascrewdriver control which varies theair gap above the crystal. final adjustment of the oscillator is made bybeating the crystal oscillator output against a secondary frequency standard source, and observing the outputon a monitoring oscilloscope. the output of the final heterodyne mixer is fed into two channels, one audio, the other video. the audiochannel is simply a power amplifier stage with the output connected toa loud speaker. the video outputchannel is fed into a second detectorto recover the envelope of the 180 cps intermediate - frequency signal, and then is amplified by a high - gain video amplifier and connected directly to the vertical deflecting plates of anine - inch cathode - ray tube. the horizontal deflection is a linear 4 - secondtype - a sweep. the visible output is the characteristic low - frequencynoise pattern representing a 57 - cycle bandwidth centered at 180 cycles. a sudden upward departure from the base line occurs when an echo signal is received from the moon. this isshown clearly in fig. 5. the audible signal is random noise of 57 - cyclebandwidth, superimposed on a fixed - frequency note, at the intermediatefrequency of 180 cycles, when the echo is received. as stated previously, tuning of the receiver is accomplished in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5644984703251636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.636823"} {"text": "is random noise of 57 - cyclebandwidth, superimposed on a fixed - frequency note, at the intermediatefrequency of 180 cycles, when the echo is received. as stated previously, tuning of the receiver is accomplished in the final mixer. the injection signal frequency must be calculated for each observation to take into account the relative velocity of target and antenna due to both the rotational velocity of the earth and the orbital velocity of the moon. these data, together with azimuth angle and time, are calculated daily from information given by the nautical almanac and ephemeris. the detection of the frequencydue to doppler shift is made with a high degree of accuracy by the selective receiver. this in itself is corroboration that the echo signal is from the moon. also, the echo interval of 2. 4 seconds admits of no other explanation. the pre - amplifier of the receiver consists of a three - stage tuned r - f amplifier employing two grounded - grid stages ( 654 ) followed by a 6sh7 tuned amplifier at the transmitter frequency. the overall gain of the pre - amplifier alone is 30 db with an overall noise figure of 3. 5 db and a bandwidth of 1 me. the electrical design of the first two stages was suggested by a development of dr. f. b. llewellyn. a simplified schematic of the first two stages is shown in fig. 6. the use of concentric tubing inductances forthe tuned circuits provides automatic r - f filtering on the direct - current and filament leads. the pre - amplifier wasdesigned originally as an improvement kit for the scr - 271 radar, andlike the transmitter and receiver, was chosen for the diana experiment because it satisfied one of the requirements, that of a very low noise figure receiver. a tuned impedance - matching transformer is used between the receiver and transmission line to convert the 250 - ohm balanced input to the 50 - ohm unbalanced input ofthe pre - amplifier. the transmit - receive switching system ( t / r box ) employed in theoriginal experiment was a set of two mechanically - operated shorting barson the transmission line, operating from a multivibrator - controlled relay during the transmitted pulse interval of 0. 25 sec. one of the shorting barsserves to short out the receiver input during transmission, and the other shorts out the transmitter during reception. keyer and indicator the visual indicator used is a nine - inch electrostatic cat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5591901114642777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.638111"} {"text": "interval of 0. 25 sec. one of the shorting barsserves to short out the receiver input during transmission, and the other shorts out the transmitter during reception. keyer and indicator the visual indicator used is a nine - inch electrostatic cathode - ray tube, 9ep7, with a long - persistence screen. the electron beam is caused to scan the width of the tube, synchronouslywith the transmitted pulse, in 4 seconds, forming a linear time base. the persistence of the tube is long enough to retain the pattern for atleast two sweeps. the circuit employed to generate this sweep is a direct - coupled transitron sawtooth oscillator, described below. a pulse equivalent in time to the keying pulseis also generated by this circuit and is applied to the cathode of a low - level multiplier stage of the transmitter, causing it to conduct for the pulseduration and to drive the subsequentmultipliers. the time - base generator consists essentially of a high - gain pentode amplifier with capacitance couplingbetween plate and grid. the schematic is shown in fig. 7. the capacitance coupled path includes a cathode follower stage, the left hand sectionof v2 for the duration of the conduction cycle, the anode voltage ofthe pentode v1, drops and capacitorc1, begins to discharge through thetube. as the voltage on the platedrops the current flow in c1, drives the grid negative, tending to cut off the plate current. a condition of dynamic equilibrium then exists with the plate voltage dropping at a linear rate determined by r1, and c1, and thegrid being maintained at a constant voltage, since each decrement in plate voltage causes a corresponding dropon the grid which keeps the grid signal and hence the output of the tube substantially constant. the time constant of r1, c1, is chosen to cause c1, to become fully discharged during the cycle. when the plate voltage drops to the point where electrons from the cathode can no longer flow to it, anincrease in screen current occurs which rapidly decreases the screen voltage and correspondingly decreases the suppressor voltage. thisaction, which is cumulative, has the effect of suddenly cutting off theanode current. this causes the cathode current to be retarded by the suppressor grid and made to flow to the screen. a negative pulse appears atthe screen, and c1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6111710517015649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.640268"} {"text": "is cumulative, has the effect of suddenly cutting off theanode current. this causes the cathode current to be retarded by the suppressor grid and made to flow to the screen. a negative pulse appears atthe screen, and c1, begins to chargethrough the cathode follower until a point is reached where theplate begins to draw current and the oscillator is recycled. the screen returns to its original voltage, and the plate voltage begins to fall. by suitable choice of r1, and c1, a range of from about 0. 1 to 3 cps is obtained. keying - voltage signals are derived from the differentiated output of the negative pulse appearing on the screen of the oscillator. this is used to trigger a multivibrator whose time constant is controllable by a variable 5 meg resistor, varying the output pulse width from 0. 02 to 0. 25 seconds. the addition of the cathode follower stage v2, was made to shorten the charge time of c1, by causing it to charge through the grid cathode space of the cathode follower. this reduces the return trace time. tube v3, serves as a degenerative phase - inverting amplifier to secure push - pull sweep voltage. the keyer multivibrator is a conventional cathode - coupled flip - flopcircuit with the initiating trigger applied as a positive pulse on the grid of the normally non - conducting section. a positive pulse varying in width from 0. 02 to 0. 85 seconds is obtained at the plate of the other section. this signal is applied to a normally cut off pentode whose loadimpedance is the cathode of the12. 388 me amplifier stage in the transmitter. for the duration of thisapplied signal, the plate of the amplifier is driven negative, taking thecathode of the keying tube down with it, thus causing it to conduct. the first echoes from the moon were received at moonrise on january 10, 1946. the indication was of the audible type in the form of a 180 - cycle beat note occurring 2. 5 seconds after transmission. although numerous observations have been made, both at moonriseand moonset, echo returns do not occur after every transmission. further measurements are needed before precise scientific conclusions can be drawn. ( 1 ) the radar equation, electronics p. 92, april 1945. page updated february 7, 2004 page created july 7, 1998? back to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5967094127656656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.641790"} {"text": "in the world of birds, late fall is a time of lean feeding options. here on the hill, this means an increase in action at backyard birdfeeders. one frequent feeder visitor is our neighborhood \u2019 s most common woodpecker : the northern flicker. unlike smaller birds such as chickadees and juncos, flickers can demolish a feeder \u2019 s food stash alarmingly quickly \u2014 but it \u2019 s fun to watch them eat. the northern flicker is brownish overall, with black bars on the back and black spots on the front. it has a dapper black crescent on the breast and red markings around the head and wings. ( some individuals, called yellow - shafted northern flickers, have yellow rather than red on the wings. ) in the wild, flickers forage both on trees and on the ground, locating prey by sight or sound. when you see a flicker on a feeder, take the opportunity to observe its anatomy up close. like many other woodpeckers, flickers have thick tails that they use for extra support as they maneuver their bodies along tree trunks. these tails also come in handy as the birds hang on birdfeeders \u2014 especially feeders that swing and spin if you can get close while a flicker eats, you may see flashes of its exceptionally long tongue. this tongue is barbed and sticky, perfect for capturing insects \u2014 and pretty effective at demolishing suet cakes, too. the flicker \u2019 s skull is specially shaped so its tongue, when not in use, can furl around the eye socket and the back of the head. the shape of the flicker \u2019 s skull also provides a cushioning effect so the bird \u2019 s brain doesn \u2019 t get damaged during drumming. flickers are common in backyards and parks throughout the neighborhood. yellow - shafted northern flickers are relatively uncommon in our region, but i have occasionally spotted them at the washington park arboretum. interested in learning more? - for information and fun facts, check out the northern flicker \u2019 s page at the cornell lab of ornithology. - hear the song, call, and drumming pattern of the northern flicker at the macaulay library of natural sounds. - check out this new scientist article about the woodpecker \u2019 s skull structure and its influence on the design of shock absorbers. - if the northern flicker \u2019 s drumming is annoying you or damaging your house, the seattle audubon society has some helpful hints here. previous aviary posts - hill serves as winter destination for dark - eyed jun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4116647471056184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.645596"} {"text": "mount carmel for america : carmelite monks, messengers of new springtime bishops of the church were chosen and the church was continually renewed. in the west, the great monasteries of europe became the beating heart of the emergence of christendom. the extraordinary intellect exhibited in the emerging theological tradition birthed in the monasteries enabled the church to contend with daunting challenges, welcome them without fear, contend for the faith and offer the claims of truth incarnate. the \" father \" of western monasticism saint benedict is a great example of the patrimony of western monasticism. he was born around the year 480 in umbria, italy. he is the co - patron of europe ( along with saints cyril and methodius ). as a young man, benedict fled a decadent and declining rome for further studies and deep prayer and reflection. he gave his life entirely to god as a son of the catholic church. he traveled to subiaco, the cave that became his dwelling and the place where he communed deeply with god. it is now a shrine called \" sacro speco \" ( the holy cave ). it is still a beautiful sanctuary for pilgrims. among them was joseph cardinal ratzinger before he became pope benedict xvi. just before his election to the chair of peter he visited that very place to entrust his priestly ministry to the lord. it is no accident that he took the name benedict when he said \" yes \" to the call to the chair of peter thereafter. he signaled his vision for the re - christianization of the west. st. benedict lived a life of prayer and solitude for three years and studied under a monk named romanus. his holiness drew other men and women and soon, twelve small monasteries were founded. he later traveled to monte cassino, where he completed his \" rule for monks. \" from those benedictine monasteries, an entire monastic movement was birthed which led to the evangelization of europe and the emergence of an authentically christian culture. this led to the birth and flourishing of the academy, the arts and the emergence of what later became known as christendom. it is in this trajectory of god ' s loving plan for his church that the monks of \" carmel of the immaculate heart of mary \" come to us at the beginning of the third christian millennium. these are real monks and real men, passionately and courageously in love with the lord jesus christ and dedicated to renewing in our day the great treasury of monasticism. as i spoke with father prior daniel mary, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41029465510619934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.656641"} {"text": "the third christian millennium. these are real monks and real men, passionately and courageously in love with the lord jesus christ and dedicated to renewing in our day the great treasury of monasticism. as i spoke with father prior daniel mary, the bell rung in the background calling the brothers to prayer, one of the many times of prayer which animate and inspire their life. he continued speaking with me, sharing with enthusiasm the beginning of their community, obviously filled with the joy which is a gift and fruit of the holy spirit. fr. prior daniel mary grew up on a ranch in cody, wyoming, only six miles away from the new property the monks are hoping to purchase. there they will build the \" new mount carmel for america \" on 2, 500 acres. he dreamed of establishing a monastery in wyoming as a younger man. he knew that the beauty of the land, the rugged simplicity and faith of the people, and the challenge of the times required such a place. he was quick to tell me that, contrary to the naysayers, vocations are not a problem for these monks. they receive 200 inquiries a year. however, they know that their calling to live the radical monastic life, in fidelity to the original vision of the carmelites, is a specific calling. the monks who are living there are happy, healthy and courageously eager to live that vision. i will be writing much more about the elements of that vision in future articles. for many of our readers, the monks of mt carmel are known for their absolutely wonderful \" mystic monk coffee \" which is one of the ways they support their sacrificial life for the lord. i encourage all of our readers to order it, drink it, and with every sip pray for these mighty men of god. buy it here. however, there is so much more to their way of life. that is why this article is only a \" teaser \". i was so moved by the monks of mt. carmel, i have more articles to come. we will examine their way of life, their vision for the future, their worship and the implications of their role as a prophetic sign of god ' s unfolding work for the church. stay tuned! visit their virtual place of peace and worship on the world wide web. while there, read of their wonderful vocation and mission. listen to their chant, order their coffee. oh, and visit the \" new mount carmel foundation \" site. look around. mark my words, when the history of the third millennium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4236402735420003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.657880"} {"text": "web. while there, read of their wonderful vocation and mission. listen to their chant, order their coffee. oh, and visit the \" new mount carmel foundation \" site. look around. mark my words, when the history of the third millennium is written, this monastery will be one of many where historians recount the rebirth of christendom. now, picture that absolutely beautiful monastery, built and filled with holy men chanting the divine office, offering the holy sacrifice of the mass and bringing earth to heaven and heaven to earth by their life, for the sake of the church and the world. then reach deep within and make it a reality by giving. these men are what my dear part irish mother called \" the real mccoy \". we need them. we need to help them! finally, pray for fr. daniel mary. you will soon be reading some of the stories this wonderful holy man shared with me because i want you to be encouraged in an age of despair. the church of jesus christ is in the beginning of a new springtime. this wonderful order of monks are seeds of a genuine renewal which has only just begun. - - - pope benedict xvi ' s prayer intentions for january 2013 general intention : the faith of christians. that in this year of faith christians may deepen their knowledge of the mystery of christ and witness joyfully to the gift of faith in him. missionary intention : middle eastern christians. that the christian communities of the middle east, often discriminated against, may receive from the holy spirit the strength of fidelity and perseverance. rate this article leave a comment more vocations news - archbishop jost h. gomez on praying for priests and promoting vocations - col exclusive : fr. pontifex - see what this priest does to deliver his powerful message - sisters of bon secours host project good help to assist underserved in baltimore - benedictine monks from oklahoma move to ireland ' s stamullen priory - benedictine monks from oklahoma become missionaries to the irish church - knights of the holy eucharist announce facebook page - child casket fund : trappist monks of new melleray practice the corporal works of mercy - melkite catholic church to ordain married men to the priesthood in the us - trappist monks and nuns revive interest in monastic vocations online - fr. paul schenck : finding living faith on catechetical sunday - the movie yellow : incest as ' normal ' and cassavates ' s slides into the world of woes - the chicago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3951930084361839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.658925"} {"text": "cost of solar energy in today \u2019 s highly technological world, many people are turning to more affordable sources of energy. this includes renewable energy such as water, wind, and solar powered sources. if you want to receive the same great energy services at half the cost, consider investing in solar energy. solar energy is heat and light energy harnessed from the sun. but what are the costs of solar energy and how much can it actually save you? when considering any alternative energy project, you should think about the cost of the materials and initial installation as well as the energy savings. as far as materials are concerned, you will probably be paying about $ 6 - $ 9 per watt. the size of your house doesn \u2019 t matter, but you should examine your current electric bill to decide how much energy you use each month. you also need to see how much direct sunlight your home receives. if you do decide to install solar panels, you will be saving yourself thousands of dollars in the long run. you can even save up to 80 % on your initial overall cost. tax rebates and other incentives often cover the cost of solar energy panel installation. you will also be adding value to your home by installing solar panels. if you plan on living in your house for more than five to eight years, your investment will start paying you. by installing your solar panels, you will also be able to guard yourself against increased energy costs in the upcoming years. you will also be able to have the security of an efficient energy source even during the times that the grid is down. your savings in electricity bills will probably pay for your system in less than ten years and you \u2019 ll most likely end up recouping your investment three times over during the lifetime of your solar panel system. taking this all into consideration, why would you not invest in solar power? the initial investment may be a bit costly, but you will be saving thousands upon thousands of dollars by using solar energy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4587983778630289, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.661172"} {"text": "information for the public recreational water illness ( rwi ) - basics of recreational water illnesses ( rwis ) swimmer protection resources - health promotion materials ( brochures, fact sheets, podcasts, posters, videos / tv ) - steps of healthy swimming steps of protecting swimmers against recreational water illnesses ( rwis ). - triple a \u2019 s of healthy swimming information to help activist swimmers take the lead in preventing rwis at their swimming facility. - pool user tips fact sheet look ; ask ; act ; practice... tips for preventing rwis this summer when using the pool. - hot tub user tips fact sheet heed ; observe ; talk... tips for preventing rwis when using the hot tub or spa. - pool and spa ( hot tub ) test strips home test instructions instructions for using pool and hot tub / spa test strips at home. - inflatable and plastic pools ( kiddie pools ) - swim diapers and swim pants - breastfeeding in pools and hot tubs / spas - water play areas and interactive fountains - state healthy swimming information - animals and pools - diarrhea and swimming - pinworm and swimming - poolsafely. gov : parents & families get email updates to receive email updates about this page, enter your email address : - centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd atlanta, ga 30333 tty : ( 888 ) 232 - 6348 - contact cdc \u2013 info - for more information, please contact us at healthyswimming @", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46343818826355887, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.662912"} {"text": "have you ever lost precious files when your hard disk died suddenly? if yes, then you should know about raid. for those who haven ' t heard of it, raid is a redundant array of inexpensive disks, ie a way of arranging data on two ( or more ) disks in order to maximize performance and / or availability. there are many possible raid setups, most of which are probably too excessive for home / desktop uses ( if you need to ask, then you don ' t need it! ). the simplest and most useful one is raid 1 ( mirroring ), which maintains at all times a persistent copy of your data on two physical disks. if one disk fails, you can replace it without losing any data. let me give you a real life example : on my 24 / 7 linux file and proxy server i had installed a raid 1 mirror for the home directory. i hadn ' t checked the status of the server, but a friend of mine, who was using it regularly, complained of slower performance. curious to check this out, i went on - site and realized that one disk had failed 15 days ago. i realize that i sound like a crappy sysadmin, but this was really a server for limited use by me and a few of my friends. nevertheless, no data had been lost from the home directory, the machine had kept running and merely complained about the inability to do reads / writes on the second drive. i replaced the drive and the server was up and running in less than 30 minutes. the good news is that you can have a raid setup under linux using only a software driver and two disks ( same can also be done under xp, to be fair ). although you probably have a raid controller on your motherboard, it ' s a less flexible solution and it ' s not going to be faster unless you invest on specialized hardware. most on - board raid controllers are not \u201c true \u201d hardware raid. i ' m not going to give an extensive article on software raid, there are special howtos for that. i am going to show you how to install a very simple raid - 1 setup to protect crucial files ( photos, documents and anything that is very hard to replace ). you will need : - 1. root access (! ) - 2. two partitions of approximately the same size on separate hard drives. if you ' re going to use pata disks, the drives should be connected to different channels, ie not on the same ribbon cable. the location and the number of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.485967516718402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.667476"} {"text": "arthurian and grail poetry algernon charles swinburne ( 1837 - 1909 ) algernon charles swinburne was born april 5, 1837 in grosvenor place, london, the son of admiral sir john swinburne ; but spent most of his boyhood on the isle of wight. with shelley and byron, he is one of the very few poets since the days of raleigh and sidney to come from the aristocracy. he had a very orthodox upper - class education, attending eton and then oxford. influenced by the poetry of shelley and possessed of the common student leanings toward political radicalism, swinburne became known, along with james thompson, as a kind of poet laureate of atheism. at oxford, he met nearly everyone who would influence his later life, including rossetti, morris, and burne - jones, who in 1857 were painting their arthurian murals on the walls of the oxford union. benjamin jowett, the master of balliol college and translator of plato, recognized his poetic talent and tried to keep him from being expelled for his radical leanings and atheism with the statement that he did not want \" oxford to sin twice against poetry \" ( the expulsion of shelley being the first ). leaving oxford in 1860, he continued his friendship with the rossettis. after elizabeth siddall ' s ( mrs. rossetti ) death in 1862, he and rossetti moved to tudor house in chelsea. swinburne had an addictive personality. throughout the 1860s and 70 ' s, he rode a destructive cycle of alcoholic binges, dissolution, collapse, drying out in the country, then returning to london where he would begin the cycle all over again. on several occasions, he collapsed in public in an apparent epileptic seizure, a condition made much worse by drinking past excess to unconsciousness. more than once while he was living with rossetti, he was delivered to the door in the small of the night, dead drunk. in 1879, with swinburne nearly dead from alcoholism and dissolution, his legal advisor theodore watts - dunton took him in, and was successful in getting him to adopt a healthier style of life. swinburne lived the rest of his days at watts - dunton ' s home outside london. he saw less and less of his old friends, who thought him \" imprisoned \", but his growing deafness accounts for some of his decreased sociability. he died of influenza in 1909. swinburne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40537707431323533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.671087"} {"text": "##ton ' s home outside london. he saw less and less of his old friends, who thought him \" imprisoned \", but his growing deafness accounts for some of his decreased sociability. he died of influenza in 1909. swinburne was brought up in the anglican church and possessed a detailed knowledge of the scriptures and of standard interpretative methods, including typology, prophecy, and apocalyptics. in his poetry, he often used language with biblical associations because his victorian audience was accustomed to such allusions when discussing serious issues and perhaps he enjoyed turning the church ' s own words against them. he delighted in opposing organized religion and savagely attacked the roman catholic church for its political role in a divided italy, using biblical allusion, parodies, and ' blasphemous ' satires. even though swinburne attacked the religious establishment, he never became indifferent to its place in his life or his country ' s, as his poems \" hymn to proserpine \" and \" hertha \" make clear. atalantain calydon ( 1865 ) was the first poem to come out under his name and was received enthusiastically. for the next several years he produced a number of works including poems and ballads and songs before sunrise. just before his final breakdown and rescue in 1879, he produced the second series of poems and ballads and about a decade later a third series. his works show the usual greatness in the early works and a slow decline. some of the better works in the later series were actually written during his oxford years. tale of balen the day before the trial king ban : a fragment tristram of lyonesse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43562474740880236, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.671715"} {"text": "your baby ' s development your baby now weighs about 2 pounds, 2 ounces ( 1, 000 grams ) and measures about 10 inches ( 25 cm ) from crown to rump. at your next prenatal appointment, your health care provider may tell you whether your baby is headfirst or feet - or bottom - first ( called breech position ) in the womb. babies who are in the breech position may need to be delivered by cesarean section. your baby still has 2 months to change position, though, so don ' t worry if your baby is in the breech position right now. most babies will switch positions on their own. the folds and grooves of your baby ' s brain continue to develop and expand. in addition, your baby continues to add layers of fat and has continued hair growth. your health care provider probably sent you for some blood tests early in your pregnancy. one thing blood tests measure is the rh factor, a substance found in the red blood cells of most people. if you don ' t have it ( if you \u2019 re rh negative ) but your baby does ( is rh positive ), there is potential for your baby to have health problems, such as jaundice and anemia. your doctor can prevent these problems by giving you a vaccine called rh immune globulin at 28 weeks and again after delivery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4808573575839004, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.674610"} {"text": "what is a complete blood count and why is it done? doctors may want you to get a type of medical test called a complete blood count ( cbc ) if you ' re feeling more tired than usual, seem to have an infection, or have unexplained bruising or bleeding. the cbc is a common blood test that helps doctors get information about the three major types of cells in the blood : - red blood cells. these are the cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. the cbc measures the number of red blood cells in the body, along with other information about red blood cells, such as amounts of an oxygen - carrying protein called hemoglobin. this information can help doctors test a person for anemia, which can happen due to loss of blood, or problems with the production or destruction of red blood cells. - white blood cells. these cells help the body fight infection. the cbc measures the number of white blood cells ( also called leukocytes ) in the blood and also looks at the different types of white blood cells in the blood and how they relate to one another. problems with the number of white blood cells can be signs that a person has an infection or other stress in the body. for example, a bacterial infection can cause the white blood cell count to go up or down. medications, like certain anticancer drugs, also can affect a person ' s white blood cell count. - platelets. these cells play an important role in blood clotting and the prevention of bleeding. when a blood vessel is damaged or cut, platelets clump together and plug the hole until the blood clots. if the platelet count is too low, a person can be in danger of bleeding in any part of the body. you don ' t need to do anything special to get ready for a complete blood count test. however, you should tell your doctor about any medications ( including over - the - counter medicines or herbal supplements ) you ' re taking because certain drugs might alter the test results. it can help to wear a t shirt or other short - sleeve top on the day of the test to make things faster and easier for the technician who will be drawing the blood. a health professional will usually draw the blood from a vein in your arm \u2014 most often on the inside of the elbow, but sometimes on the back of the hand. the technician cleans the skin surface with antiseptic and ties an elastic band ( tourniquet ) around the upper arm so the veins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46361507201871244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.678863"} {"text": "in your arm \u2014 most often on the inside of the elbow, but sometimes on the back of the hand. the technician cleans the skin surface with antiseptic and ties an elastic band ( tourniquet ) around the upper arm so the veins swell with blood and are easy to see. next, it ' s time for the needle. it should feel like a quick pinprick. occasionally, it can be hard to find a vein so a nurse, doctor, or technician may need to try more than once. that ' s not the norm, though \u2014 most people ' s veins are easy to find. it ' s best to try to relax and stay still during the procedure since tensing muscles can make it harder and more painful to draw blood. and if you don ' t want to watch the needle being inserted or see the blood collecting, you don ' t have to. look the other way and maybe relax by focusing on saying the alphabet backwards, doing some breathing exercises, thinking of a place that makes you happy, or listening to your favorite music. the technician will draw the blood so it collects in a vial or syringe. collecting blood will only take a few minutes. once the technician has enough blood, he or she removes the needle and covers the area with cotton or a bandage to stop the bleeding. after the test, you may notice some bruising \u2014 that ' s normal and it should go away in a few days. don ' t be afraid to ask the technician if you have any questions about the blood draw. a blood test is a safe procedure and there are no real risks. some people may feel faint or lightheaded during a blood test. and, while nobody really loves needles, a few teens have a strong fear of them. if that ' s you, talk to your doctor since there ways to make the procedure easier for you. the blood sample will be processed by a machine. it usually only takes a few hours or a day or so for your doctor to get the results ( in an emergency, results on some blood tests can come back much faster ). if the results point to anemia, infection, or other problems, your doctor may want to do other tests to find out what the cause is and how to treat it. reviewed by : steven dowshen, md date reviewed : february 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44909560008204197, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.681736"} {"text": "whenever i eat carrots or cantaloupe, my throat itches and it takes an hour or so for it to go away. what could it be? i love cantaloupe, so does this mean i can ' t eat it? you might have something called oral allergy syndrome ( oas ) \u2014 you ' ll need to see a doctor to find out for sure. oas is an allergic reaction that usually happens only in the mouth and throat. people with oas can react to specific foods, such as certain fruits, vegetables, peanuts, or tree nuts. when they eat the food they ' re allergic to, they may notice itching, tingling, swelling, and redness of the lips, mouth, or throat \u2014 often within minutes. people who are allergic to tree pollens are more likely to have oas. in fact, oas is also called pollen - food allergy syndrome. oas usually only involves the mouth and throat. but occasionally the reaction can affect other parts of the body as well. if your doctor thinks oas is causing your symptoms, he or she may give you a list of foods to be careful with. you might also need to carry emergency medication, such as an epinephrine auto - injector, if you are at risk of a severe reaction. until you see a doctor, avoid the foods that are causing symptoms. and if you ever have trouble breathing, ask someone to call 911 immediately. reviewed by : larissa hirsch, md date reviewed : april 2010 * names have been changed to protect user privacy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4510080580398833, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.684808"} {"text": "research & innovation omegaven saves livers many children who have complex intestinal surgery can \u2019 t eat normally for a long time. these children are usually placed on an intravenous method of feeding called pareneteral nutrition ( pn ). - pn provides the necessary nutrition for children until their digestive systems adapt and they can eat on their own. pn has revolutionized treatment for diseases such as hirschsprung \u2019 s and short bowel syndrome. but its prolonged use often damages the liver, potentially leading to liver failure and the need for a transplant. and unfortunately, infants are at the greatest risk due to the small size of their livers. back in 2001, children \u2019 s surgeon mark puder, md, surgical resident jenna garza, md, and pharmacist kathy gura, pharmd, decided to conduct studies in mice to see why pn was causing liver disease. - they found evidence that the fat used in standard pn solutions, called intralipid, was contributing to liver disease by causing fat to accumulate in the liver. they then tested omegaven, an iv fat mixture made from fish oil. fish oil contains omega - 3 fatty acids, which have been shown to prevent fat accumulation and have anti - inflammatory properties. - as they had hoped, pn using omegaven as the fat prevented liver injury in the mice. surgeon rusty jennings, md had heard of puder ' s research and wanted to try omegaven in one of his patient. since omegaven wasn ' t approved for use in the united states, puder had to receive special permission from the fda to use omegaven rather than intralipid in his pn solution. - within eight weeks, the baby ' s liver function improved so much that he was removed from the liver transplant list. puder later treated a second child, a premature baby whose bowel had ruptured ; he too had complete resolution of liver disease. now, more than 100 children at children \u2019 s have received omegaven. puder and colleagues are now conducting a formal clinical trial aimed at preventing liver disease in pn recipients. - their work has caused a worldwide shift in treatment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47130391733419064, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.687243"} {"text": "it may seem straight out of moby dick, but a rare white whale is thrilling australians off the eastern coast. the albino humpback has been nicknamed \" migaloo \" by researchers who track his movements. albino whales are rare and migaloo is the only documented all - white humpback adult, according to peter harrison, director of marine ecology research at southern cross university in australia. migaloo was first seen in 1991 when he was a juvenile, harrison says, and researchers believe he is now in his 20s. the humpbacks are on their annual migration from their breeding grounds along the great barrier reef back to feed in the antarctic. \" everyone here is quite excited, \" says oskar peterson, who runs a website that tracks sightings of white whales around the globe. \" we see him almost every year now, but it ' s still front page news when he turns up. \" migaloo is expected to pass by cape byron, the easternmost point in australia, in the coming hours after passing by surfer ' s paradise, peterson says. spotters of the whale share sightings at his website male humpbacks can travel up to 140 kilometers ( 87 miles ) a day during their migration, according to experts. but they often hang around cape byron searching for mates, so whale watchers may see the albino humpback for a few more days, harrison says. he warns fans to steer clear - - at least 500 meters away at all times - - to ensure the whale ' s survival. too much noise and chasing can disturb him and cause him to use precious energy he needs for migration. whale watchers may be able to enjoy migaloo for decades. humpback whales are believed to survive as long as 90 years in the wild, harrison says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41049973337264667, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.690015"} {"text": "chroma spin columns are spin columns packed with gel filtration resin to rapidly purify and size select nucleic acid samples. the columns can be used to purify single - or double - stranded dna or rna from contaminants such as salts, solvents, enzymes, or proteins. molecules larger than the particular matrix pore size are eluted out of the column while smaller molecules are retained inside the column matrix. as a result, these columns are ideal for size fractionation of libraries or for removal of primers. available in three different sterile buffers - te buffer : ideal for routine dna applications - ste ( 0. 1 m nacl + te ) buffer : used for applications requiring a higher salt concentration to prevent ionic interaction between molecules - depc - treated water ( + 0. 1 mm edta ) : useful for rna purification and those applications requiring a completely nuclease - free environment choose from six column pore sizes chroma spin - 10, - 30, - 100, - 200, - 400, and - 1000. all columns, matrices, and buffers have been autoclaved to destroy nucleases. for optimal recovery and purification, there should be at least a threefold difference between the size of the desired nucleic acid molecules and the size of the contaminants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5345257766722675, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.691289"} {"text": "surveyor soars toward red planet satellite to map martian surface november 7, 1996 web posted at : 1 : 30 p. m. est cape canaveral, florida ( cnn ) - - nasa launched a 10 - month, unmanned mission to mars thursday, the first step in a multi - spacecraft bid to determine if there is - - or ever was - - life on the fourth rock from the sun. ( 848k / 19 sec. quicktime movie ) global surveyor, the first of 10 nasa probes bound for mars the next decade, replaces one that mysteriously disappeared three years ago. the spacecraft soared aloft at noon est atop a delta 2 rocket launched from cape canaveral air station in florida. the launch, originally scheduled for wednesday, was postponed 24 hours because of surveyor will take 10 months to make the 470 - million - mile trip and another six months to ease into a mapping orbit. later, it will dip into the red planet ' s thin atmosphere, using its wing - like solar panels as brakes. surveyor will study the martian surface and atmosphere, but will not land. more to come it is the first of three spacecraft, two u. s. and one russian, destined for mars this year. the next launch is mars pathfinder, equipped with a robotic ground vehicle, that is scheduled for liftoff december 2 and will land july 4, 1997, two months ahead of surveyor. nasa plans to send pairs of spacecraft every 26 months through 2005 but has no firm plans for a manned mission to thursday ' s launch comes amid controversial revelations by scientists of possible ancient life on mars. \" one of our goals is ultimately to return a sample of the surface of the planet itself, \" nasa ' s wes huntress told cnn in a live interview. scientists hope the sample has \" evidence on whether or not there was early life on the planet, \" huntress said. observer : lost in space surveyor was designed and built in record time to replace nasa ' s $ 1 billion mars observer probe, which spun out of control - - for reasons unknown - - just days before it was due to enter the planet ' s orbit in 1993. surveyor carries copies of five of the seven scientific instruments on its ill - fated predecessor, but at $ 215 million is much less expensive. it was made mostly from leftover parts from observer. the problem : where to look? from an altitude of 230 miles ( 365 km ), its telephoto camera will see objects on the surface as small as a compact car. by the end of one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4566894891312433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.695084"} {"text": "what might have taken 10 minutes to do with a hard copy textbook only took two minutes during sarah wolsey ' s monday class at top of the world elementary school. wolsey began the morning talking about empires in her fifth - grade classroom while the 32 students tapped, scrolled and searched on ipads. \" where have you heard the word emperor before? \" wolsey asked the class. \" use google to find as many empires as you can. \" wolsey ' s class is one of four fifth - grade classes at top of the world incorporating ipads into traditional instruction. each class rotates the ipads, which were given to school as a donation. she gave students five minutes to locate empires and list their findings on the machine ' s notes app. one boy grabbed a cordless keyboard to begin the assignment. other students typed the screen to find the answers. student cosette chesley asked her partner, \" did we get china? \" spencer collins, also a student, wondered, \" how do you copy and paste? \" once time was up, students shut the ipads and said how many empires they found. \" nineteen. fourteen, \" they said. wolsey then singled out student sammer tarazi ' s work. \" sammer brilliantly copied and pasted [ the list of empires ], \" wolsey told the class. the exercise was to become familiar with the number of empires throughout history. wolsey then asked each student to select one empire from their list and discover one of its characteristics. some students used wikipedia. others utilized google. one student had a description of the british empire on the screen. \" this is the future, \" wolsey said. \" any lesson can be enhanced using the technology. there are so many apps ; there ' s always something you can do to incorporate technology into a lesson. \" one app wolsey ' s students were using was edmodo. she asked students to vote whether empires rule or empires are evil. the app compiled the results, allowing students to see how classmates voted. wolsey began using the ipads in october. she said she spent several nights on the couch learning the tablet herself. \" they make learning fun and everyone is super excited to use them, \" cosette said. they use them about three times a week, she added. classmate sara jacobs said, \" [ ipads ] are a more visual way to learn. \" apps like edmodo allow wolsey to post assignments and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4486469396761771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.697767"} {"text": "the deadline for submitting the free application for federal student aid ( fafsa ) is looming, and colleges across the country are offering assistance with financial aid paperwork. this basic form, which is the first step in gaining grants or loans from the federal government, have helped many students pay for the rising costs of higher education. for those with questions about the fafsa, answers may be as close as their local community college. what is fafsa? the fafsa is the first step in the financial aid process, whether students are looking for federal or state assistance. according to a report at the rhode show, this mother of all financial aid forms allows the federal government to determine a student \u2019 s eligibility for financial aid. the states also use the paperwork to determine whether students qualify for loans or grants at the state level. colleges and universities use the information on the fafsa to get an idea of just how much financial aid a student might need to attend a specific school. the fafsa opens the door to a variety of financial aid options, including the popular stafford loans and grad plus loans. student loans like these are preferable to private loans for most students because they come with low interest rates and an array of consumer protections and benefits. one of the most attractive features of some of these loans is an income - based repayment plan that allows students to pay off balances in increments they can afford once they graduate from college. low participation in fafsa, despite benefits despite the many potential benefits of financial aid, universities and community colleges agree that not nearly enough students take the time to complete the fafsa each year. the president \u2019 s council on financial capability reported last fall that two - thirds of students who take out private loans to foot the bill for higher education never exhaust their financial aid options first. it is no wonder that institutions of higher education across the country put in a push to get more fafsas submitted each year. one reason for the low application rate is that many students believe their families make too much money to qualify for any sort of financial aid. however, the sallie mae website states, \u201c no matter how much your family earns and how substantial your assets, you qualify for an unsubsidized stafford loan. \u201d while students with parents who make above a certain threshold may not qualify for all types of financial aid, there are still some products they could be eligible for. mary crowe, assistant director of financial aid and scholarships at elgin community college, told the elgin courier - news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4290676623193084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.704259"} {"text": "with parents who make above a certain threshold may not qualify for all types of financial aid, there are still some products they could be eligible for. mary crowe, assistant director of financial aid and scholarships at elgin community college, told the elgin courier - news, \u201c we really advocate for [ elgin students ] to [ fill out the fafsa ], even if they don \u2019 t think they \u2019 ll qualify or get money. \u201d crowe explains that about 54 percent of students at her school currently get some sort of financial aid, which amounts to more than 6, 000 students on their campus. another problem is that completion of the fafsa is perceived as a major headache for students and their parents. the form requires a substantial amount of financial information and can be nearly as confusing as a tax return to decipher. however, there is plenty of help for completing the form online, and workshops available through community colleges to help parents and students make sense of the paperwork. while some of the workshops have already occurred, others are still to come on college calendars, giving students additional opportunities to learn more about how to use financial aid to their advantage. ivy tech offers financial aid assistance in ivy tech community college \u2019 s home state of indiana, the deadline for submitting fafsa paperwork is march 10. until that date, the community college is doing everything it can to help students get the financial aid they desperately need and qualify for. this week, ivy tech is hosting a financial aid workshop, featuring a financial aid expert who will be on hand to answer questions and guide students through the application process. according to a report at the greencastle banner - graphic, the workshop is to be held on the college \u2019 s campus, from 4 : 30 to 6 in the evening. ivy tech encourages students to meet the march 10 deadline when they can, since earlier fafsa submissions tend to receive greater amounts of financial aid. students 23 and younger must attend the workshop with their parents, while students 24 and older can attend solo. according to financial aid guidelines, 24 is the age when a student is considered financially independent and can apply for aid based on his own financial information. attendees are asked to bring 2011 tax returns, w - 2 forms and income information. other schools offering free help elgin community college is hosting open houses for students interested in applying for financial aid through june. the school provides financial aid professionals during those events to answer questions and offer guidance on application completion. northwest iowa community college hosted their financial aid assistance night earlier this month, with free information and advice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4139717405216836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.705318"} {"text": "| 28th president of the united states | | term of office | march 4, 1913 - march 4, 1921 | vice president | | thomas r. marshall | | preceded by | | william howard taft | | succeeded by | | warren g. harding | | born | | december 28, 1856 | | died | | february 3, 1924 | | spouse | | ellen axson wilson | edith galt wilson thomas woodrow wilson ( 1856 - 1924 ), a democrat, was elected as the 28th president of the united states of america, and reelected in 1916, serving from 1913 to 1921. a princeton president who became an intellectual leader of the progressive movement, wilson demonstrated his mastery over congress by creating the federal reserve system, lowering the tariff, and revising the antitrust laws in a way that ended most of the \" trust - busting \" and drew clear lines on what was allowed. in general these policies would be in line with conservative recommendations in 2009. he supported liberal policies such as raising wages of railroad workers when they threatened a nationwide strike in 1916. trying repeatedly and failing to broker peace during world war i, wilson in 1917 led the united states into the war. he set up a draft and trained millions of soldiers, sending the american expeditionary forces to france under the command of general john j. pershing. woodrow wilson was also known for his racist policies promoting segregation, and promoted eugenics based off of darwinist theory. wilson played a dominant role in ending the war with his fourteen points and played the central role at the versailles conference that set the peace terms in 1919. he was the idealist who envisioned wilson advocated a new international order founded on self - determination, unfettered international trade, the end of militarism, and a worldwide organization of states - the league of nations. he failed to obtain senate approval for the versailles treaty because it required american entry into the league of nations and a possible loss of control over the war - making power. wilson refused to involve the republicans in the peace - making, even though they controlled congress, and refused the gop compromise that would have allowed american entry into the league without giving up sovereignty. wilson was a very complex man filled with paradox. he was a southern conservative - - an elitist with a profound distrust of radical ideas and such left - wing populists as william jennings bryan, but became the democratic party ' s most effective advocate of advanced progressivism. his progressivism in 2009 terms is a mix of liberal and conservative ideas, with a much deeper religious underpinning than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4388893001757421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.747885"} {"text": "left - wing populists as william jennings bryan, but became the democratic party ' s most effective advocate of advanced progressivism. his progressivism in 2009 terms is a mix of liberal and conservative ideas, with a much deeper religious underpinning than is seen today. he ranks with theodore roosevelt, franklin d. roosevelt, lyndon b. johnson and ronald reagan as the nation ' s most active and dominant chief executives. he ranks with abraham lincoln and reagan as the most articulate spokesman for national values. he was a war president who largely ignored military affairs and focused on very complex diplomatic issues. he won his war, reshaped the world at the peace conference, and saw his nation reject his idealist league of nations because he refused to work with republicans on its mechanics. a rigid, self - exacting personality, whose uncompromising adherence to principles barred agreement on some of his most important political goals, he was a brilliant opportunist who won stunning electoral victories and led controversial laws through congress. he understood diplomacy and domestic affairs in depth, and was the first to recognize a solution that could satisfy most of the needs of the interested parties. he was willing to negotiate endlessly, usually getting his way in the end, especially when his powerful rhetoric energized his backers. a devout presbyterian who studied the bible every day, he elevated a religious style of idealism to the central place in american diplomacy. a lonely intellectual, he had few friends, and broke one - by - one with his closest advisors, until in his last two years in office he was an invalid controlled in large part by his wife. wilson ' s idealistic foreign policy, called \" wilsonianism \" sought to end militarism as a force in world affairs, vigorously promote national self determination, create international bodies to head off serious disputes, and use american resources to promote democracy. wilsonianism ( and \" idealism \" generally ) is opposed to \" realism \" in foreign policy, which stresses a concern for american self - interest, especially in economic and military terms. wilsonianism reshaped the world in the aftermath of the great war ; its values lie at the core of the foreign policy of george w. bush ( 2001 - 2009 ). wilson was the most profoundly christian political leader in the world in the 20th century. he felt assured that he was following god ' s guidance. wilson considered the united states a christian nation destined to lead the world. he was a prophet and a postmillenarian, and if idealism clashed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49779796860361775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.749207"} {"text": "in the world in the 20th century. he felt assured that he was following god ' s guidance. wilson considered the united states a christian nation destined to lead the world. he was a prophet and a postmillenarian, and if idealism clashed with reality, he was certain idealism would prevail. wilson ' s father joseph ruggles wilson ( 1822 - 1903 ), born in ohio, was a presbyterian minister of scotch irish descent. woodrow ' s mother jesse was born in carlisle, england, to a scottish - born presbyterian minister ; her family moved to canada in 1835 and to ohio in 1837. woodrow ' s parents moved south in 1851, owned house slaves, and identified themselves with the culture and political values of the south. the father joseph wilson was a theologian, defended slavery and soon emerged as a leader of the southern presbyterian church and an avid supporter of the confederacy. wilson ' s grandfather ( joseph wilson ' s father ) was james wilson, who immigrated to the united states from northern ireland in 1807 and was first an editor of the jeffersonian republican newspaper the aurora in philadelphia, and later published whig newspapers in ohio and pennsylvania. since his father had been ostracized by the northern relatives, woodrow had no contact with his grandfather or uncles, who were active in antislavery republican politics in ohio and pennsylvania. woodrow grew up in the south during the civil war and reconstruction his father was a chaplain for the confederate army. woodrow saw the humiliation, economic ruin and shame that the loser of a war experiences and the hatred that grows from this, as well as the rampant corruption during reconstruction in columbia, the capital of south carolina. a victim of childhood dyslexia, he became an avid reader. his father imparted a love of literature and politics to his son ; much family activity revolved around bible readings, daily prayers, and worship services at the father ' s church. in 1885 wilson married ellen louise axson ( 1860 \u2013 1914 ), the daughter of a presbyterian minister in savannah, georgia. she was an accomplished painter and a successful hostess ; they had three daughters. woodrow studied at davidson college in north carolina in 1873 - 1874 and at princeton university from 1875 to 1879. he proved a exceptional student, primarily interested in debate and politics. his father always wanted him to be a minister ; wilson greatly admired the british prime minister william e. gladstone, a christian in politics, and decided to emulate him. wilson saw politics as a divine vocation - - to be a statesman was an expression of christian service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46553495998924477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.751854"} {"text": "him to be a minister ; wilson greatly admired the british prime minister william e. gladstone, a christian in politics, and decided to emulate him. wilson saw politics as a divine vocation - - to be a statesman was an expression of christian service, he believed, a use of power for the sake of principles or moral goals. wilson saw the \" key to success in politics \" as \" the pursuit of perfection through hard work and the fulfillment of ideals. \" politics would allow him to spread spiritual enlightenment to the american people. he was an editor of the princetonian and wrote his senior thesis on \" cabinet government in the united states ; \" it was later published. the essay stressed the superior qualities of the british cabinet system and said it ought to be tried in the united states. after graduation in 1879 he studied law at the university of virginia ; he was admitted to the bar and practiced in atlanta, in 1882. it was too boring. wilson ' s scholarship led him in 1883 to enter the new johns hopkins university graduate school where he studied government and history, taking a phd in 1885. wilson is the only president to have earned a phd. in 1885 wilson was appointed as a history instructor at bryn mawr college, an elite quaker school for women near philadelphia, at a salary of $ 1500 a year ( which was enough to hire a servant ). in 1888 he moved to wesleyan university, a methodist college in connecticut. his reputation as an outstanding leader in political science brought him a professorship of jurisprudence and political economy at princeton university in 1890. for the next twelve years he taught at princeton, popular alike with students and faculty ; he became the president of the school in 1902. henry wilkinson bragdon, woodrow wilson : the academic years ( 1967 ) < / ref > wilson soon emerged as the nation ' s foremost academic, in heavy demand in elite circle for his brilliant speeches. at princeton he created academic departments but otherwise downplayed the germanic model of the phd - oriented research university in favor of the \" oxbridge \" ( oxford and cambridge ) model of intense small group discussions and one - one - one tutorials. he hired 50 young professors, called preceptors, to meet with students in small conferences, grilling them about their reading. complaining that princeton was dominated by \" eating clubs \" in which students ate with each other and ignored the professors, he sought to build oxford - style colleges where students and faculty would eat and talk together. he failed - - the eating clubs are still there. wilson promote the leadership model, whereby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44870227030744425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.752957"} {"text": "clubs \" in which students ate with each other and ignored the professors, he sought to build oxford - style colleges where students and faculty would eat and talk together. he failed - - the eating clubs are still there. wilson promote the leadership model, whereby the college focused on training a small cadre of undergraduates for national leadership, \" the minority who plan, who conceive, who superintend, \" as he called them in his inaugural address as the university ' s president. \" the college is no less democratic because it is for those who play a special part. \" he confronted the dean of the graduate school, who had the german research model in mind and outmaneuvered wilson by obtaining outside funding for a graduate complex for serious scholarship that was well separated from the fun - loving undergraduates. wilson made significant contributions to political science. in 1885 he published his influential treatise congressional government : a study in american politics, based on his phd dissertation. it set a new standard in analyzing the actual workings of the federal government with striking clarity and thoroughness. although wilson had never visited congress, his emphasis on the centrality of committees in congress was a major contribution to the study of political science. noting how the constitution ' s separation of powers had been eroded since the civil war by the increasing power of congress, he suggested a remedy for this in a cabinet - style government of the variety proposed by walter bagehot in britain. by criticizing the constitutionalist and federalist traditions that had characterized american politics for a century, and showing their faults, wilson sought to open a serious debate on the political changes in the united states in the intervening century and whether the constitution remained an adequate regulator of these. by the time he wrote constitutional government in the united states ( 1908 ), wilson was advocating the need for constitutional reform that would make congress and president more representative and, above all, the need for a strong president who could influence congress rather than submit to it. wilson originated the notion that political parties, besides running campaigns, need to be responsible for clearly designed public policies, which they present to the electorate for approval. the key to responsibility was the presidency. hegelian conceptions of monarchy strongly influenced wilson, and his view of public opinion contrasted sharply with the madisonian view of factionalism. consequently wilson viewed parties as primarily the machinery through which strong leaders interpret and pursue the public will. wilson was a founder of the study of public administration by political scientists. wilson believed in a strong, active role for the central government and as president succeeded in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5496626009532114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.754128"} {"text": "consequently wilson viewed parties as primarily the machinery through which strong leaders interpret and pursue the public will. wilson was a founder of the study of public administration by political scientists. wilson believed in a strong, active role for the central government and as president succeeded in establishing legislation that significantly enlarged its regulatory powers. with the publication of congressional government in 1885, wilson established himself as a leader of the political reform movement of the day. the book was the first of its kind to analyze policymaking by the central government and to provide recommendations for changing the process. wilson was one of the three most prominent public administrationists of the 1880s and 1890s. as an academician, he promoted a separate department for the study of public administration and wrote ' the study of administration ' ( 1887 ), the first published essay by a university scholar on the subject, established wilson as the leading authority in the field. during the next year he inaugurated a course in public administration at johns hopkins university, providing three 6 - week lecture series arranged in a 3 - year cycle. in 1889, wilson published a textbook, the state, and, in 1891, he began at hopkins a new 3 - year course which was a further significant step in the development of the study of administration. he was one of the first scholars to realize fully that all government was ultimately to be administration. wilson as president of princeton, and theodore roosevelt as president of the united states, took an intense interest in the controversy over the reform of college football. in the 1890s and early 1900s, college football faced sharp of criticism over injuries and the role of athletics in college life. roosevelt and wilson, loyal followers of harvard and princeton, had defended football in the 1890s. in the fall of 1905, however, president roosevelt called a conference of football experts at the white house to discuss brutality and unsportsmanlike conduct. thereafter, roosevelt worked behind the scenes to bring about sufficient reform to preserve football and insure that it would continue to be played at harvard. in the years 1909 - 10, when college football again faced an injury crisis, wilson worked with the presidents at harvard and yale to make reasonable reforms. both roosevelt ' s and wilson ' s approaches were consistent with their strategies for national political change. in the years that followed the reforms on the gridiron, football evolved rapidly into the ' attractive ' game that wilson had advocated and a far less brutal game than the unruly spectacle that roosevelt had tried to control. wilson was the first southerner elected president since zachary taylor in 1848, and much of his political base came from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49900236966206835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.755334"} {"text": "the ' attractive ' game that wilson had advocated and a far less brutal game than the unruly spectacle that roosevelt had tried to control. wilson was the first southerner elected president since zachary taylor in 1848, and much of his political base came from young progressives in that region, especially intellectuals, editors and lawyers. many civil war veterans were still alive and wilson used the memory of the war to build nationalism and to facilitate reunion between the north and the south. in his academic work and public comments, wilson stressed the theoretical and constitutional causes of the war, devaluing the slavery issue and stressing the moral equality of north and south, all in the interest of lessening sectional animosity. during world war i and the struggle for the league of nations, wilson frequently drew comparisons between lincoln and the union ' s sacrifices to save the nation and american soldiers ' sacrifices during world war i to save the world. he succeeded in overcoming southern isolationism by convincing the middle class in the region that god had preserved the union in the civil war in order to spread democracy throughout the world. he appealed to southerners to demonstrate the patriotism that many said they lacked. he was able to convince them that they could wage war for democracy abroad without endangering white supremacy at home. wilson drew on southern conservatism in the development of his political philosophy and identity as a politician from the 1890s to 1921. while wilson forged a progressive reformist outlook that encompassed limited government intervention in social and economic matters, he embraced a conservative, organic conception of social change drawn partially from the thought of edmund burke and partially from a mythical vision of the old south as a model of social stability and integration. deeply alarmed by labor and agrarian radicalism in the 1890s, wilson resolved to cleanse the democratic party of populist influence. his political vision ultimately sought to adapt american society to the new economic conditions of the 20th century, chiefly defined by the magnification of corporate power, while retaining the race and class hierarchies of tradition. wilson ' s vision of southern conservatism as a regenerative force set the precedent for the conservative ideology that dominated american politics since the 1980s. as early as 1906 wilson came under the influence of colonel george harvey ( 1864 - 1928 ), a conservative democrat who owned a publishing empire that included the new york world and harper ' s weekly magazine, reaching the nation ' s intellectual elite. harvey, with close ties to wall street and j. p. morgan, saw a future conservative president and promoted wilson heavily.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49523499197344417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.756596"} {"text": "owned a publishing empire that included the new york world and harper ' s weekly magazine, reaching the nation ' s intellectual elite. harvey, with close ties to wall street and j. p. morgan, saw a future conservative president and promoted wilson heavily. wilson became the intellectual leader of the anti - bryan, anti - populist wing of the democratic party. harvey helped convince the old - fashioned bosses in new jersey ' s cities to make wilson the democratic nominee for governor in 1910, explaining this would bring in the middle class vote. wilson, frustrated at princeton, made the move and was elected. wilson then broke with the bosses, and harvey, denounced wall street and the bosses, and electrified the nation with his progressive reforms in the notoriously corrupt government of new jersey. wilson by 1912 had emerged as the cleanest, most religious, best known and most dynamic leader of the progressive movement in the democratic party. election of 1912 william frank mccombs, a new york lawyer and a a friend from college days, instigated and managed wilson ' s campaign for president in 1912. much of wilson ' s support came from the south, especially from young progressive professionals. wilson managed to maneuver through the complexities of local politics. for example, in tennessee the democratic party was divided on the issue of prohibition. wilson was progressive and sober, but not a dry, and appealed to both sides. they united behind him to win the presidential election in the state, but divided over state politics and lost the gubernatorial election. at the convention deadlock went on for over 40 ballots as a two - thirds vote was needed. a leading opponent was house speaker champ clark, a prominent progressive strongest in the border states. other contenders were judson harmon of ohio, and oscar underwood of alabama. they lacked wilson ' s charisma and dynamism. clark was supported by publisher william randolph hearst, a leader of the left - wing of the party. the critical role was played by william jennings bryan, the nominee in 1896, 1900 and 1908, who blocked the nomination of any candidate who had the support of ' the financiers of wall street. ' he finally announced for wilson, who won on the 46th. wilson enjoyed the support of many black leaders including w. e. b. dubois ( a liberal at the time ). wilson ' s speeches and letters expressed the sentiments of a defender of the underprivileged. however the rejoicing over wilson ' s victory was short - lived among blacks as segregationist white southerners took control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42417871659249823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.757691"} {"text": "liberal at the time ). wilson ' s speeches and letters expressed the sentiments of a defender of the underprivileged. however the rejoicing over wilson ' s victory was short - lived among blacks as segregationist white southerners took control of congress and many executive departments. in the campaign wilson promoted the \" new freedom, \" emphasizing limited federal government and opposition to monopoly powers - - positions that he reversed on coming to office. president william howard taft defeated ex - president theodore roosevelt in a bitter contest for the republican nomination, but roosevelt walked out of the republican convention and ran as a third party candidate. wilson ' s success in the electoral college was assured, despite his 41. 8 % of the popular vote.. wilson twice vetoed the burnett immigration restriction bill, which required a literacy test for immigrants and would have sharply reduced the number of poor immigrants from poland, italy and other parts of eastern and southern europe. as a moderate progressive, wilson believed southern and eastern european immigrants, though often poor and illiterate, to be capable of assimilation into a homogeneous middle class with other whites. he considered so - called hyphenated immigrants unacceptable because they acted as groups rather than blending into the common population. indeed he denounced the hyphenates. wilson sought to achieve american strength through unity, blending together the best characteristics of every nationality to create the ideal citizenry, opposing henry cabot lodge ' s nativist view that american civilization must be based on an anglo - saxon foundation. immigration from europe practically ended when the war began, so the issue was postponed ino the 1920s, when a quota system was set up to keep the country ' s ethnic balance unchanged. the extremely violent civil war that broke out in mexico in 1911 drove hundreds of thousands of refugees north across the border, and forced wilson to intervene. francisco madero, an idealistic reformer who came to power in 1911. madero tried to violently upend the social order in mexico by destroying the landed aristocracy and the catholic church. when madero was overthrown and murdered by victoriano huerta in february 1913, days before wilson took office, he refused to recognize the new mexican government. relations deteriorated between the two countries. after american sailors were arrested in tampico in april 1914 by huerta ' s soldiers, the armed conflict loomed. american soldiers occupied vera cruz. in july 1914 huerta fled to spain. in 1916 the civil war between warlords venustiano carranza and pancho villa continued, and in march villa raided columbus, new mexico, killing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.468053019848359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.758880"} {"text": "the armed conflict loomed. american soldiers occupied vera cruz. in july 1914 huerta fled to spain. in 1916 the civil war between warlords venustiano carranza and pancho villa continued, and in march villa raided columbus, new mexico, killing 20 americans. wilson sent brigadier general john j. pershing deep into mexico to capture villa. villa escaped the americans. despite the demands of outraged senators, wilson did not declare war on mexico. he ran for reelection in 1916 on the slogan, \" he kept us out of war, \" meaning out of a war with mexico. in the 1910s, suffragists campaigned for the passage of a federal constitutional amendment that would grant women the right to vote. they argued it would purify politics because the new voters would be far less liable to corruption and saloon influences. the movement was led by protestant northern women, many of whom were active in the prohibition movement at the same time. wilson, originally opposed to the amendment, was converted through the efforts of women suffragists and became an advocate of critical importance. both the national american woman suffrage association ( nwsa ) and the national women ' s party ( nwp ) used symbolic representations of president wilson, conferring on him real or symbolic images of presidential power. in practice wilson hedged, realizing that male democrats in the big city machines in the north and in the rural south were hostile to woman suffrage. the meaning of democracy was at issue : the nwp portrayed wilson as a tyrant, the nawsa depicted him as a champion of freedom. both organizations played essential roles in the passage of the 19th amendment. after 1919, the absence of a common goal was a contributing factor to the subsequent divisions within the woman ' s rights movement, as was the loss of a unique adversary. entering the war wilson ' s commitment to the principle of self - determination affected his decision to intervene in russia in 1918, as the bolsheviks ( communists ) took power. unswayed by british, french, and japanese pressure, wilson insisted that, unless the russians invited them, the allies should not interfere with russia ' s internal affairs. in the summer of 1918, the president sent american troops into siberia with the sole purpose of protecting czechoslovak soldiers who had broken out of pow camps and were an independent force. later wilson realized that the other allied nations were using the rescue mission as an ' anti - bolshevik ' crusade and for imperialistic motives. as a result, the president ordered us forces to withdraw. wilson and subsequent presidents until 1933 refused to recognize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4790213085473529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.759907"} {"text": "force. later wilson realized that the other allied nations were using the rescue mission as an ' anti - bolshevik ' crusade and for imperialistic motives. as a result, the president ordered us forces to withdraw. wilson and subsequent presidents until 1933 refused to recognize the new communist government, and russia was not invited to the paris peace conference. in november 1917, wilson endorsed the pro - zionist balfour declaration issued by britain. wilson ' s aims in this endorsement were both practical and religious. his deep christian sentiment led him to seek ' a direct governing role in the near east in the name of peace, democracy and, especially, christianity. by agreeing to the use of the mandate system by which the transition governments of the middle east were partially controlled by britain and france after the war, wilson was both contradicting and reaffirming his own ideals by allowing only limited self - determination of middle - eastern peoples while assuring some respect for property and order. paris peace conference, 1919 president wilson was present at the post - world war i paris peace conference, becoming the first president to ever visit europe whilst in office. along with prime ministers david lloyd george of the united kingdom and georges clemenceau of france, the three were collectively known as the big three and met and discussed the peace treaties that would shape post - war europe. president wilson pushed for terms that were not too harsh on the already war - crippled germany, though the british and french leaders pushed for the infamous ' war guilt clause ' that declared germany guilty of the war and forced her to pay harsh reparations. wilson particularly pushed for the league of nations to be created, a precursor to today ' s united nations. fight for the league wilson and religion a presbyterian of deep religious faith, he appealed to a gospel of service and infused a profound sense of moralism into wilsonianism. link finds that wilson from his earliest days had imbibed the beliefs of his denomination - in the omnipotence of god, the morality of the universe, a system of rewards and punishments and the notion that nations, as well as man, transgressed the laws of god at their peril. blum ( 1956 ) argues that he learned from william gladstone a mystic conviction in the superiority of anglo - saxons, in their righteous duty to make the world over in their image. moral principle, constitutionalism, and faith in god were among the prerequisites for alleviating human strife. while he interpreted international law within such a brittle, moral cast, wilson remained remarkably insensitive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4859324279149164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.761096"} {"text": "the world over in their image. moral principle, constitutionalism, and faith in god were among the prerequisites for alleviating human strife. while he interpreted international law within such a brittle, moral cast, wilson remained remarkably insensitive to new and changing social forces and conditions of the 20th century. he expected too much justice in a morally brutal world which disregarded the self - righteous resolutions of parliaments and statesmen like himself. wilson ' s triumph was as a teacher of international morality to generations yet unborn. daniel patrick moynihan sees wilson ' s vision of world order anticipated humanity prevailing through the \" holy ghost of reason, \" a vision which rested on religious faith. wilson was a presbyterian elder and the son of a leading theologian. he read the bible daily ; he felt ' sorry for the men who do not read the bible every day. ' the bible, he argued, was ' the one supreme source of revelation of the meaning of life. ' wilson was prone to make explicitly christian claims about his nation, even excluding the word judeo from his characterization of the nation ' s religious heritage. ' america was born a christian nation, ' he explained in a speech on \" the bible and progress \" in 1911 : \" america was born to exemplify that devotion to the elements of righteousness which derived from the revelations of holy scripture. \" he held that the bible \" is the one supreme source of revelation, the revelation of the meaning of life, of the nature of god and the spiritual nature and need of men. it is the only guide of life which really leads the spirit in the way of peace and salvation. \" god was central in wilson ' s life and thought. his profound presbyterian style of thinking assured him that he was following god ' s guidance. wilson personified american optimism and considered the united states a christian nation destined to lead the world. he was a prophet and a postmillenarian, and if idealism clashed with reality, he was certain idealism would prevail. he saw himself as god ' s messenger and statesman in a divinely predestined nation ; thus he saw himself as god ' s agent in promoting democracy and world peace. his fourteen points and his covenant of the league of nations, were, in his view, divinely inspired paths to achieving a new world order. wilson \u2019 s discussions with presbyterian missionaries visiting princeton shaped his diplomacy toward china. wilson viewed christianity as a unifying force in the world and the chinese revolution of 1911 as the first step toward", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5577533513055277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.762348"} {"text": "view, divinely inspired paths to achieving a new world order. wilson \u2019 s discussions with presbyterian missionaries visiting princeton shaped his diplomacy toward china. wilson viewed christianity as a unifying force in the world and the chinese revolution of 1911 as the first step toward the spread of christianity and democracy for china. wilson gained the admiration of the missionaries and chinese when he prohibited us participation in a european loan to china. he moved to recognize the government of yuan shih - k ' ai, hoping that that regime could bring stability to china favorable to the introduction of christianity. he sought to appoint an ambassador to china who could express christian values. during world war i, missionaries successfully urged wilson ' s opposition to japanese demands on china. although the war and its aftermath diverted wilson from chinese problems, his foreign policy continued to be influenced by missionaries, particularly dr. samuel i. woodbridge and the reverend charles e. scott. wilson advocated a new international order founded on self - determination, democracy, unfettered international commerce, and a worldwide organization of states - the league of nations. wilson framed american participation in the war as the first step in ending all wars. although ' wilsonian nationalism ' has been blamed for the nationalistic emphasis on race and territory in europe during the 1920 ' s and 1930 ' s, wilson ' s policies had actually used ethnic and territorial issues to encourage self - determination and the development of democracy in postwar nations. woodrow wilson ' s most lasting political philosophy was his view that democracy should be installed around the world. as a major player in setting the terms to end world war i, he helped to break up the austrian - hungarian empire to advance his goal of installing democracy for each ethnic subpopulation. similar independence was granted with the breakup of the ottoman empire. many of these new nations were receiving self determination for the first time in centuries. wilson ' s view of installing democracy worldwide has since been copied by the neoconservatives. wilson was awarded the 1919 nobel peace prize for his efforts to start the league of nations. historians have been fascinated by wilson and have vigorously defended him ( link ) or attacked him ( new left ). since the collapse of the communism in europe in 1989, the mood had shifted in wilson ' s favor. even george kennan, a harsh critic who favored \" realism \" against wilson ' s idealism. has changed his tune. the new left attacks represented by lloyd gardner ' s highly critical a covenant with power have given way to thomas knock ' s laudatory to end all wars. the leftist tendency to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5267535501420488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.763564"} {"text": "realism \" against wilson ' s idealism. has changed his tune. the new left attacks represented by lloyd gardner ' s highly critical a covenant with power have given way to thomas knock ' s laudatory to end all wars. the leftist tendency to trace back to wilson a tradition of economic self - seeking and arrogant interventionism has yielded to a new impulse to see wilsonian diplomacy as having established \" a new american agenda for world affairs, \" as akira iriye writes, built upon \" the ideas of economic interdependence and of peaceful settlement of disputes. \" - brands, h. w. woodrow wilson 1913 - 1921 ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search 169pp ; good short summary by scholar - cooper, john milton. woodrow wilson : a biography ( 2009 ), 720 pp. major new biography by leading scholar - cooper, john milton. the warrior and the priest : woodrow wilson and theodore roosevelt ( 1985 ), fascinating double biography by leading scholar excerpt and text search - hofstadter, richard. \" woodrow wilson : the conservative as liberal \" in the american political tradition ( 1948 ), ch. 10. influential essay ; at acls e - books - link, arthur s. \" woodrow wilson \" in henry f. graff ed., the presidents : a reference history ( 2002 ) pp 365 - 388 - link, arthur stanley. wilson : the road to the white house ( 1947 ), first volume of standard biography ( to 1917 ) ; wilson : the new freedom ( 1956 ) ; wilson : the struggle for neutrality : 1914 - 1915 ( 1960 ) ; wilson : confusions and crises : 1915 - 1916 ( 1964 ) ; wilson : campaigns for progressivism and peace : 1916 - 1917 ( 1965 ), the last volume of standard biography ; online at acls e - books - maynard, w. barksdale. woodrow wilson : princeton to the presidency ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search - walworth, arthur. woodrow wilson 2 vol. ( 1958 ) ; pulitzer prize winning biography vol 1 online ; well - written but old - fashioned ( it was written in the 1950s ), it has been replaced by cooper ( 2009 ). domestic affairs and ideas - abrams, richard m. \" woodrow wilson and the southern congressmen, 1913 - 1916, \" journal of southern history, vol. 22, no. 4 ( nov., 1956 ), pp. 417 - 437 in jstor - clements, kendrick a. the presidency of woodrow wilson ( 1992 ), covers domestic and foreign policies ; liberal tone -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4766615925842382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.764562"} {"text": "southern history, vol. 22, no. 4 ( nov., 1956 ), pp. 417 - 437 in jstor - clements, kendrick a. the presidency of woodrow wilson ( 1992 ), covers domestic and foreign policies ; liberal tone - cooper, john milton. woodrow wilson : a biography ( 2009 ), 720 pp. - cuff, robert d. \" woodrow wilson and business - government relations during world war i, \" review of politics, vol. 31, no. 3 ( jul., 1969 ), pp. 385 - 407 in jstor - curti, merle. \" woodrow wilson ' s concept of human nature, \" midwest journal of political science, vol. 1, no. 1 ( may, 1957 ), pp. 1 - 19 in jstor - daniel, marjorie l. \" woodrow wilson - - historian, \" mississippi valley historical review, vol. 21, no. 3 ( dec., 1934 ), pp. 361 - 374 in jstor - dimock, marshall e. \" woodrow wilson as legislative leader, \" the journal of politics, vol. 19, no. 1 ( feb., 1957 ), pp. 3 - 19 in jstor - link, arthur s. woodrow wilson and the progressive era, 1910 - 1917 ( 1954 ), remains the standard history of his first term. - link, arthur s. \" woodrow wilson : the american as southerner, \" journal of southern history, vol. 36, no. 1 ( feb., 1970 ), pp. 3 - 17 in jstor - link, arthur s. \" woodrow wilson and the democratic party, \" review of politics, vol. 18, no. 2 ( apr., 1956 ), pp. 146 - 156 in jstor cover 1913 - 14 - livermore, seward w. woodrow wilson and the war congress, 1916 - 1918 ( 1966 ) - macmahon, arthur w. \" woodrow wilson as legislative leader and administrator, \" american political science review, vol. 50, no. 3 ( sep., 1956 ), pp. 641 - 675 in jstor - malin, james c. the united states after the world war ( 1930 ) - pestritto, ronald j. ed. woodrow wilson and the roots of modern liberalism ( 2005 ) isbn : 0742515176 ' argues wilson subverted the ideas of the founders by his progressivism - pietrusza, david 1920 : the year of the six presidents new york : carroll & graf, 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46731815369904417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.765623"} {"text": "modern liberalism ( 2005 ) isbn : 0742515176 ' argues wilson subverted the ideas of the founders by his progressivism - pietrusza, david 1920 : the year of the six presidents new york : carroll & graf, 2007. - saunders, robert m. in search of woodrow wilson : beliefs and behavior ( 1998 ) - turner, henry a. \" woodrow wilson and public opinion, \" public opinion quarterly, vol. 21, no. 4 ( winter, 1957 - 1958 ), pp. 505 - 520 in jstor - wolgemuth, kathleen l. \" woodrow wilson and federal segregation, \" the journal of negro history, vol. 44, no. 2 ( apr., 1959 ), pp. 158 - 173 in jstor - weinstein, edwin a., james william anderson and arthur s. link. \" woodrow wilson ' s political personality : a reappraisal, \" political science quarterly, vol. 93, no. 4 ( winter, 1978 - 1979 ), pp. 585 - 598 at jstor - wolfe, christopher. \" woodrow wilson : interpreting the constitution, \" review of politics, vol. 41, no. 1 ( jan., 1979 ), pp. 121 - 142 in jstor - woodward, carl r. \" woodrow wilson ' s agricultural philosophy, \" agricultural history, vol. 14, no. 4 ( oct., 1940 ), pp. 129 - 142 in jstor - ambrosius, lloyd e., \u201c woodrow wilson and george w. bush : historical comparisons of ends and means in their foreign policies, \u201d diplomatic history, 30 ( june 2006 ), 509 \u2013 43. - bailey ; thomas a. wilson and the peacemakers : combining woodrow wilson and the lost peace and woodrow wilson and the great betrayal ( 1947 ) - clements, kendrick, a. woodrow wilson : world statesman ( 1999 ) - clements, kendrick a. the presidency of woodrow wilson ( 1992 ), covers foreign policy - clements, kendrick a. \" woodrow wilson and world war i, \" presidential studies quarterly 34 : 1 ( 2004 ). pp 62 +. - cooper, john milton. woodrow wilson : a biography ( 2009 ), 720 pp. - davis, donald e. and eugene p. trani ; the first cold war : the legacy of woodrow wilson in u. s. - soviet relations ( 2002 ) - greene, theodore p. ed. wilson at versailles ( 1957 ) - henderson, peter v. n. \" woodrow wilson, victoriano hue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49319357701469413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.768124"} {"text": "the first cold war : the legacy of woodrow wilson in u. s. - soviet relations ( 2002 ) - greene, theodore p. ed. wilson at versailles ( 1957 ) - henderson, peter v. n. \" woodrow wilson, victoriano huerta, and the recognition issue in mexico, \" the americas, vol. 41, no. 2 ( oct., 1984 ), pp. 151 - 176 in jstor - knock, thomas j. to end all wars : woodrow wilson and the quest for a new world order ( 1995 ) - kimitada, miwa. \" japanese opinions on woodrow wilson in war and peace, \" monumenta nipponica, vol. 22, no. 3 / 4 ( 1967 ), pp. 368 - 389 in jstor - levin, jr., n. gordon woodrow wilson and world politics : america ' s response to war and revolution ( 1968 ) - link, arthur stanley. woodrow wilson and the progressive era, 1910 - 1917 ( 1972 ) sumarizes diplomatic history - link, arthur s. ; wilson the diplomatist : a look at his major foreign policies ( 1957 ) - link, arthur s. ; woodrow wilson and a revolutionary world, 1913 - 1921 ( 1982 ) - magee, malcolm d. what the world should be : woodrow wilson and the crafting of a faith - based foreign policy ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search - may, ernest r. the world war and american isolation, 1914 - 1917 ( 1959 ) - trani, eugene p. \u201c woodrow wilson and the decision to intervene in russia : a reconsideration. \u201d journal of modern history ( 1976 ). 48 : 440 \u2014 61. in jstor - walworth, arthur. wilson and his peacemakers : american diplomacy at the paris peace conference, 1919 online edition - clements, kendrick a. \" the papers of woodrow wilson and the interpretation of the wilson era \", the history teacher, vol. 27, no. 4 ( aug., 1994 ), pp. 475 - 489 in jstor - seltzer, alan l. \" woodrow wilson as ' corporate - liberal ' : toward a reconsideration of left revisionist historiography, \" western political quarterly, vol. 30, no. 2 ( jun., 1977 ), pp. 183 - 212 in jstor - steigerwald, david. the reclamation of woodrow wilson? diplomatic history ; 1999 23 ( 1 ) : 79 - 99, on foreign policy in ebsco ; notes that new left revision", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49584637508201634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.769561"} {"text": "1977 ), pp. 183 - 212 in jstor - steigerwald, david. the reclamation of woodrow wilson? diplomatic history ; 1999 23 ( 1 ) : 79 - 99, on foreign policy in ebsco ; notes that new left revisionism ( by william appleman williams and n. gordon levin, jr. ) claiming that wilson ' s open door was a facade for the imperialistic extension of american economic advantage, has faded away - watson, jr., richard l. \" woodrow wilson and his interpreters, 1947 - 1957, \" mississippi valley historical review, vol. 44, no. 2 ( sep., 1957 ), pp. 207 - 236 in jstor, summarizes different interpretations as of 1957 - extensive essay on woodrow wilson and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and first lady from the miller center of public affairs - pestritto, ronald j. ed. woodrow wilson : the essential political writings ( 2005 ) - link, arthur s., ed. the papers of woodrow wilson complete in 69 vol, at major academic libraries. annotated edition of all of ww ' s letters, speeches and writings plus many letters written to him - tumulty, joseph p. woodrow wilson as i know him ( 1921 ) ] memoir by chief of staff [ online edition - wilson, woodrow. the new freedom ( 1913 ) 1912 campaign speeches online edition - wilson, woodrow. why we are at war ( 1917 ) six war messages to congress, jan - april 1917 - wilson, woodrow. selected literary & political papers & addresses of woodrow wilson ( 3 vol 1918 and later editions ) - wilson, woodrow. messages & papers of woodrow wilson 2 vol ( isbn 1 - 135 - 19812 - 8 ) - wilson, woodrow. the new democracy. presidential messages, addresses, and other papers ( 1913 - 1917 ) 2 vol 1926 ( isbn 0 - 89875 - 775 - 4 - wilson, woodrow. president woodrow wilson ' s fourteen points ( 1918 ). - full text of wilson books and messages online - \u2191 http : / / home. comcast. net / ~ sharonday7 / presidents / ap060301. htm - \u2191 http : / / www. waragainsttheweak. com / - \u2191 in the 1880s joseph wilson argued at length that evolution was not in conflict with the bible ; he was thereupon forced out as head of the presbyterian seminary in south carolina. see fred kingsley elder, woodrow : apostle of freedom ( 1996 ) online review - \u2191", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4594731003507204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.770705"} {"text": "1880s joseph wilson argued at length that evolution was not in conflict with the bible ; he was thereupon forced out as head of the presbyterian seminary in south carolina. see fred kingsley elder, woodrow : apostle of freedom ( 1996 ) online review - \u2191 francis p. weisenburger, \" the middle western antecedents of woodrow wilson, \" mississippi valley historical review, vol. 23, no. 3 ( dec., 1936 ), pp. 375 - 390 in jstor - \u2191 see white house biography of ellen louise axson wilson - \u2191 edward s. corwin, \" woodrow wilson and the presidency, \" virginia law review, vol. 42, no. 6 ( oct., 1956 ), pp. 761 - 783 in jstor. it was published in a journal edited by henry cabot lodge, who became wilson ' s bitter enemy in 1919. - \u2191 w. barksdale maynard, woodrow wilson : princeton to the presidency ( 2008 ) - \u2191 yale and harvard later did adopt the college model for undergraduates, but not princeton. w. barksdale maynard, woodrow wilson : princeton to the presidency ( 2008 ) - \u2191 he also wrote popular history of high quality, including a five - volume history of the united states and a life of george washington. - \u2191 scot j. zentner, \" president and party in the thought of woodrow wilson, \" presidential studies quarterly ; 1996 26 ( 3 ) : 666 - 677, in jstor - \u2191 richard j. stillman, ii, \" woodrow wilson and the study of administration : a new look at an old essay, \" american political science review, vol. 67, no. 2 ( jun., 1973 ), pp. 582 - 588 in jstor ; larry walker, \" woodrow wilson, progressive reform, and public administration, \" political science quarterly, vol. 104, no. 3 ( autumn, 1989 ), pp. 509 - 525 in jstor - \u2191 john s. watterson, iii, \" political football : theodore roosevelt, woodrow wilson and the gridiron reform movement, \" presidential studies quarterly 1995 25 ( 3 ) : 555 - 564 in jstor - \u2191 arthur s. link, \" woodrow wilson : the american as southerner, \" journal of southern history, vol. 36, no. 1 ( feb., 1970 ), pp. 3 - 17 in jstor andrew johnson was not elected ; he moved from vice president to president after lincoln ' s death in 1865. - \u2191 anthony gaugh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4231338442565447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.771860"} {"text": "history, vol. 36, no. 1 ( feb., 1970 ), pp. 3 - 17 in jstor andrew johnson was not elected ; he moved from vice president to president after lincoln ' s death in 1865. - \u2191 anthony gaughan, \" woodrow wilson and the legacy of the civil war, \" civil war history 1997 43 ( 3 ) : 225 - 242 ; online in questia ; gaughan, \" woodrow wilson and the rise of militant interventionism in the south, \" journal of southern history 1999 65 ( 4 ) : 771 - 808, in jstor - \u2191 michael dennis, \" woodrow wilson and southern reform conservatism, \" southern studies : an interdisciplinary journal of the south 2006 13 ( 3 - 4 ) : 1 - 28. - \u2191 arthur s. s. link, \" democratic politics and the presidential campaign of 1912 in tennessee, \" east tennessee historical society ' s publications 1979 51 : 114 - 137 - \u2191 arthur s. link, \" the baltimore convention of 1912, \" american historical review 1945 50 ( 4 ) : 691 - 713 in jstor - \u2191 nancy j. weiss, \" the negro and the new freedom : fighting wilsonian segregation, \" political science quarterly 1969 84 ( 1 ) : 61 - 79, in jstor - \u2191 lewis l. gould, four hats in the ring : the 1912 election and the birth of modern american politics, ( 2008 ) ; link ( 1947 ) - \u2191 hans vought,. division and reunion : woodrow wilson, immigration, and the myth of american unity. journal of american ethnic history ; 1994 13 ( 3 ) : 24 - 50. - \u2191 james a. sandos, \" pancho villa and american security : woodrow wilson ' s mexican diplomacy reconsidered, \" journal of latin american studies, vol. 13, no. 2 ( nov., 1981 ), pp. 293 - 311 in jstor - \u2191 christine a. lunardini, and thomas j. knock, woodrow wilson and woman suffrage : a new look. political science quarterly ; 1980 - 1981 95 ( 4 ) : 655 - 671, in jstor - \u2191 betty miller unterberger, \" woodrow wilson and the bolsheviks : the ' acid test ' of soviet - american relations, \" diplomatic history 1987 11 ( 2 ) : 71 - 90, - \u2191 frank w. brecher, woodrow wilson and the origins of the arab - israeli conflict. american jewish archives ; 1987 39 ( 1 ) : 23 - 47, - \u2191 john morton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4437592300959554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.773085"} {"text": "history 1987 11 ( 2 ) : 71 - 90, - \u2191 frank w. brecher, woodrow wilson and the origins of the arab - israeli conflict. american jewish archives ; 1987 39 ( 1 ) : 23 - 47, - \u2191 john morton blum, woodrow wilson and the politics of morality ( 1956 ) ; richard m. gamble, \" savior nation : woodrow wilson and the gospel of service, \" humanitas volume : 14. issue : 1. 2001. pp 4 + ; cooper, woodrow wilson ( 2009 ) p 560. - \u2191 arthur s. link, \" a portrait of wilson, \" virginia quarterly review1956 32 ( 4 ) : 524 - 541 - \u2191 john morton blum, woodrow wilson and the politics of morality ( 1956 ), p p10, 197 - 99 - \u2191 david steigerwald, wilsonian idealism in america ( 1994 ) p. 230. - \u2191 arthur s. link, ed. the papers of woodrow wilson ( 1977 ) 23 : 20, speech on the bible, in denver may 7, 1911 - \u2191 josephus daniels, the life of woodrow wilson 1856 - 1924 ( 1924 ) p. 359 - \u2191 malcolm d. magee, what the world should be : woodrow wilson and the crafting of a faith - based foreign policy ( 2008 ) - \u2191 eugene p. trani, \" woodrow wilson, china, and the missionaries, 1913 - 1921, \" journal of presbyterian history 1971 49 ( 4 ) : 328 - 351, - \u2191 see steigerwald, ( 1999 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.475577067586452, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.773952"} {"text": "new york ( reuters health ) - organic produce and meat typically isn ' t any better for you than conventional varieties when it comes to vitamin and nutrient content, according to a new review of the evidence. but organic options may live up to their billing of lowering exposure to pesticide residue and antibiotic - resistant bacteria, researchers from stanford university and the veterans affairs palo alto health care system found. \" people choose to buy organic foods for many different reasons. one of them is perceived health benefits, \" said dr. crystal smith - spangler, who led the new study. \" our patients, our families ask about, \u2018 well, are there health reasons to choose organic food in terms of nutritional content or human health outcomes? ' \" to try to answer that question, she and her colleagues reviewed over 200 studies that compared either the health of people who ate organic or conventional foods or, more commonly, nutrient and contaminant levels in the foods themselves. those included organic and non - organic fruits, vegetables, grains, meat, poultry, eggs and milk. many of the studies didn ' t specify their standards for what constituted \" organic \" food - which can cost as much as twice what conventional food costs - the researchers wrote monday in the annals of internal medicine. according to united states department of agriculture standards, organic farms have to avoid the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, hormones and antibiotics. organic livestock must also have access to pastures during grazing season. many conventional farms in the u. s., in contrast, use pesticides to ward off bugs and raise animals in crowded indoor conditions with antibiotics in their feed to promote growth and ward off disease. the food and drug administration has been examining that type of antibiotic use and its contribution to drug - resistant disease in humans. smith - spangler and her colleagues found there was no difference in the amount of vitamins in plant or animal products produced organically and conventionally - and the only nutrient difference was slightly more phosphorus in the organic products. organic milk and chicken may also contain more omega - 3 fatty acids, they found - but that was based on only a few studies. there were more significant differences by growing practice in the amount of pesticides and antibiotic - resistant bacteria in food. more than one - third of conventional produce had detectable pesticide residues, compared to seven percent of organic produce samples. and organic chicken and pork was 33 percent less likely to carry bacteria resistant to three or more antibiotics than conventionally - produced meat. smith - spangler told reuters health it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4259263912386855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.777102"} {"text": "my saved article | atomic number : | | 33 | | atomic symbol : | | as | | atomic weight : | | 74. 9216 | | electron configuration : | | 2 - 8 - 18 - 5 | | melting point : | | 817 @ 28 atm. oc | | boiling point : | | sublimes @ 613oc | | uses : | | leds, deadly poison, semiconductors | history ( l. arsenicum, gr. arsenikon, yellow orpiment, identified with arenikos, male, from the belief that metals were different sexes ; arabic, az - zernikh, the orpiment from persian zerni - zar, gold ) sourceselemental arsenic occurs in two solid modifications : yellow, and gray or metallic, with specific gravities of 1. 97, and 5. 73, respectively. is believed that albertus magnus obtained the element in 1250 a. d. schroeder published two methods of preparing the element. arsenopyrite, ( fesas ) is the most common mineral from which, on heating, the arsenic sublimes leaving ferrous sulfide. propertiesthe element is a steel gray, very brittle, crystalline, semimetallic solid ; it tarnishes in air, and when heated is rapidly oxidized to arsenous oxide with the odor of garlic. handlingarsenic and its compounds are poisonous. arsenic is used in bronzing, pyrotechny, and for hardening and improving the sphericity of shot. compoundsthe most important compounds are white arsenic, the sulfide, paris green, calcium arsenate, and lead arsenate ; the last three have been used as agricultural insecticides and poisons. marsh ' s test makes use of the formation and ready decomposition of arsine. arsenic is finding increasing uses as a doping agent in solid - state devices such as transistors. gallium arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5196450018678098, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.779095"} {"text": "technology transfer sponsored by most consumer attention to oysters and mussels has centered on their taste, beautiful by - products or aphrodisiac effects ; however, their adhesive properties are what caught the attention of jonathan wilker, phd, associate professor of chemistry, and his research team at purdue university. wilker \u2019 s team has been studying marine biological adhesives for years and has found that the two mollusks produce adhesives that form a non - toxic, strong bond in wet environments. although wilker mainly has worked to develop synthetic versions of the adhesives for medical use, he is investigating other applications, which may include personal care. wilker has studied the adhesives produced by various marine entities, including mytilus edulis ( the blue mussel ) and crassostea virginica ( eastern oyster ) \u2014 an oyster popular in the human diet. he notes one similarity. \u201c mussels, oysters and barnacles all use cross - linked proteins, ( long biological polymers ), to make their adhesive, \u201d said wilker. the difference, however, is in the composition of the adhesive. to study the adhesive, wilker and his team cut open the shells of oysters and observed the interface where they were attached ; he compared this with separate, unattached portions of shell as a control. \u201c [ since ] the oyster \u2019 s adhesive is comprised of materials similar to the shell, we speculate the cement comes from the same place, system or organ as the shell, \u201d he furthered. both the oyster shell and adhesive consist of calcium carbonate and protein as starting materials but the shell is mostly calcium carbonate with a small amount of protein, whereas there is more protein and less calcium carbonate in the adhesive. \u201c in the cement, the extra reactivity is added to the proteins so they crosslink together, \u201d wilker explained. the adhesive produced by oysters is 10 - 15 % protein and 85 - 90 % calcium carbonate ( chalk ), which according to wilker results in a hard inorganic, cement - like material. unlike oysters, wilker notes that mussels separately produce their adhesive and shell. \u201c if you crack open a mussel, a separate organ [ is present that ] produces the adhesive, \u201d said wilker. he added that the adhesive produced by mussels is about 99 % proteins and more like soft organic glue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4911791672874177, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.781819"} {"text": "adam lewinter surveys birthday canyon, about 150 feet deep, in greenland on june 28, 2009. / james balog, extreme ice survey photographer james balog set out to film climate change by placing two dozen time - lapse cameras throughout the arctic. the result, aside from frostbit fingers and a near helicopter crash, are stunning images of melting glaciers. his footage is captured in \" chasing ice, \" a 75 - minute documentary with scenes of a house being washed away by surging water - a timely visual given superstorm sandy ' s recent rampage along the east coast. the film opened friday in new york city and will enter select u. s. theaters later this month. balog, once a skeptic of global warming, was surprised by what he and his crew found. \" in the first few months, we were seeing tremendously mind - boggling change in some of the cameras, \" he says. \" then as a few years went on, we all started to get the feeling of, god, this is such a powerful piece of history. we ' ve got monumental change happening in front of our eyes. \" he says he wrestled a long time over how to film climate change. \" my brain kept coming back to ice, \" he says, recalling how he settled on the idea of time - lapse photography after an assignment in the arctic for national geographic. in 2007, he launched the extreme ice survey and began putting cameras - initially set to shoot every hour and, later, every half hour or 20 minutes - in alaska, montana, greenland and iceland. his crew battled 150 mph winds, up to 20 feet of snow and \" we had temperatures down to minus 35 on a dogsled trip in greenland in the wintertime. the frost bit my fingers and my nose, \" he says. \" we had cameras destroyed by falling rocks coming off cliff faces. \" other equipment was ruined by snow, foxes and ravens. at one point, balog broke down in tears when he realized a camera wasn ' t working and the project may have lost months of filming. in another scene of chasing ice, witnessed by film director jeff orlowski, who joined the expeditions, the edge of greenland ' s ilulissat glacier - also known by its danish name, jakobshavn - breaks off and falls into the sea below in a thunderous crash. scientists have used satellites for decades to document a related development : sea ice levels in the arctic and the antarctic. in september, the university of colorado ' s national snow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47158633397710953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.786700"} {"text": "##shavn - breaks off and falls into the sea below in a thunderous crash. scientists have used satellites for decades to document a related development : sea ice levels in the arctic and the antarctic. in september, the university of colorado ' s national snow and ice data center ( nsidc ) reported arctic sea ice had fallen to its lowest level since measurements began in 1979, attributing the loss partly to climate change. it reported a slight increase in antarctic sea ice but said that may also - counterintuitively - be a result of warmer temperatures. the loss of arctic sea ice, which can reflect the sun ' s heat and thus mitigate the earth ' s warming, could contribute to glaciers melting, but the extent has not been quantified, says julienne stroeve, an nsidc scientist. she ' s proposing to research that. patrick michaels, director of the center for the study of science at the libertarian cato institute, says people shouldn ' t panic about the loss of arctic sea ice. he says history suggests the arctic has lost all its summer sea ice before, but its ecosystems adapted. \" the polar bears clearly survived, \" says michaels, who describes himself as \" lukewarm \" on climate change. stroeve says that may be the case, but natural climate variability was likely the cause in the past while human - induced climate change accounts for about half of the sea ice lost in the arctic in recent decades. she adds : \" it ' s a very different force driving ice loss today. \" balog says chasing ice, which won the cinematography award from this year ' s sundance film festival, and his extreme ice survey provide irrefutable proof of climate change. \" now the project seems destined to go on forever, \" he says, citing plans to expand it to the andes in south america. \" there ' s tremendous change happening down there, too, and we need to get some coverage on it. \" copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : climate change documented in ' chasing ice ' film", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46452586220135694, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.787476"} {"text": "occupational asthma is a lung disease in which the airways overreact to dust, vapors, gases, smoke or fumes that exist in the workplace. did you know that fingernails grow faster than toenails? or, that nails grow faster in the summer than in the winter? about half of people with nail problems have fungal infections. for some of these people, antifungal medications may help. if you \u2019 re heading out of town, and you or your child has allergies or asthma, proper planning can help you keep sneezes, sniffles, wheezing and attacks under control. roughly one person in four has some kind of allergy. the most common is \" allergic rhinitis, \" which includes seasonal hay fever and year - round allergies to dust, animal dander, mold and some foods. as you age, you should check with your health care provider about any allergy medications you take and make sure you are up to date on your shots. a short glossary of asthma terms. some treatment programs teach problem drinkers to reduce their drinking, an approach that appeals to people who otherwise might not seek treatment. find out more about this degenerative disease of the brain by taking this quiz. answer this one : what is the most common cause of anemia? learning about hpv can help you avoid infection and seek treatment, if necessary. although some behavior problems can be attributed to normal child development, some require professional help. most of the time, however, a cold passes in a week, with or without the use of antibiotics. taking these drugs does not help you get better faster. in fact, it can create problems. if you are having problems with back pain, shin splints, knees or hips, look to your feet. although these ailments might seem totally unrelated to one another, they can sometimes be linked to problems that start with your feet and how they ' re built, foot experts say. doctors and physical therapists say people with arthritis can improve their health and fitness through exercise without damaging their joints. ascites is a condition in which fluid collects in spaces within your abdomen. although the most common cause of ascites is cirrhosis of the liver, for about 10 percent of people with ascites, the cause is cancer. college can pose challenges for the student with asthma. new and unfamiliar living quarters, school and social stresses, and other factors can trigger a flare - up. it ' s important to understand common terms used in asthma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47459033056435374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.790872"} {"text": "##cites, the cause is cancer. college can pose challenges for the student with asthma. new and unfamiliar living quarters, school and social stresses, and other factors can trigger a flare - up. it ' s important to understand common terms used in asthma management. by recognizing the early warning signs and talking with your health care provider, you can help keep little flare - ups from turning into big ones. research shows that informed, supportive teachers and staff can play a big role in helping students manage their asthma. when the weather turns cold, it ' s a good idea to move your workout indoors. you may be wondering what questions the provider will ask or what tests and exams your child will need. your new inhaler is better for the environment and just as good for your asthma as your old inhaler. try to breathe evenly while chewing. if you begin feeling short of breath, take a break between bites. if you think you may have allergies, talk with your health care provider about getting tested. add can have a significant social impact on a person ' s life, affecting relationships in the family and on the job. if allergies bother you in the fall, you \u2019 re most likely sensitive to one or more molds, weeds, trees or grasses. putting babies to sleep on their backs has dramatically reduced the incidence of sids. one unexpected side effect : many infants now have a flattened head. eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia have risen steadily to affect nearly 10 million women ( and 1 million men ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4088734223237119, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.791608"} {"text": "here are some interesting facts about the march 2, 2012 tornado outbreak. the first tornado on record for martin county, kentucky occurred on march 2, 2012. the first tornadoes of ef2 intensity or greater on record for menifee, magoffin, johnson and martin counties occured on march 2, 2012. the tornado that hit west liberty on march 2, 2012 was the longest tracked tornado in the united states last year. this tornado had a continuous path of an astonishing 85 miles through eastern kentucky and western west virginia, the path length of this tornado in kentucky alone was 60 miles, making it the second longest tracked tornado in kentucky going back to 1950. for records extending back to 1950, the only tornado with a longer path length in kentucky was an f4 tornado on april 3, 1974 that had a path length of 79 miles through anderson, franklin and scott counties. the path of the tornado that hit salyersville also extended an amazing 49 miles in kentucky and west virginia. the tornado that hit the east bernstadt area of laurel county had a path length of 7 miles and the tornado that hit bath county had a path length close to 7 1 / 2 miles. total path length of all the tornadoes that hit the jackson national weather service ( nws ) forecast office service area on march 2, 2012 was 98. 3 miles. this was the second greatest combined total path length for a tornado outbreak on record for the jackson nws service area. the tornadoes from the april 3, 1974 outbreak produced a total combined path length of 171. 8 miles in the nws jackson service area. however most of the tornadoes in the april 3, 1974 outbreak were over central kentucky, with areas near and east of lake cumberland in the nws jackson service area being especially hard hit. the march 2, 2012 tornado outbreak stands as an event like no other for far eastern kentucky. for more information please see :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40655929201318997, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.794458"} {"text": "the \" c \" in \" ct \" stands for \" computer \" in its broadest sense. think of it as any device using \" computer technology \". while this set of devices certainly includes traditional mainframes and minicomputers, as well as your own personal computer, it also includes many others. for example, personal digital assistants ( pdas ) are small, handheld devices that generally have much less power than traditional computers and a more limited set of uses. but as personalized information appliances, pdas are very important when it comes to telephony integration. similarly, a whole new generation of intelligent, programmable consumer electronics products will transform everyday devices such as vcrs, tvs, watches, games, etc., into what we consider to be \" computers \" for purposes of ct. the telephone network is the largest and single most important network in the world. virtually any human being on the planet is able to interact with any other through the telephone network and it acts as the interconnection between, most other networks in the world. in fact, there are very few people, fax machines, computers or data networks in the world that cannot be reached through the worldwide telephone network. despite the high levels of acceptance for various other forms of information technology, including consumer electronics products and personal computers, the telephone ( in all of its forms ) remains the only communication device that can be considered ubiquitous. ct provides an alternative means of accessing the power of telephony technology. computers are empowering because they allow people to extend their reach, and they can take on time - consuming and non - creative tasks. computer technology allows for tremendous customization and personalization. you can have a user interface and work environment that is optimized for your needs. ct gives you full access to the power of the telephony technology you need in the form that is best for you. a computer working on your behalf becomes your assistant. using ct technology, your computer can screen calls, handle routine requests for information without your intervention, and interact with callers in your absence. the following examples illustrate how computer technology amplifies the power of telephony and makes it more accessible. the promise of ct technology the motivation behind ct is customization and control. the real significance of integrating computer technology with telephony is the opportunity to tie any form of intelligent appliance, whether it be a mainframe computer, personal computer, or other personal information appliance, into the telephone system in order to create a customized, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5511545198693572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.797350"} {"text": "hurricane, w. va. - sporting black tape below each eye - one piece reading \" go! \" and the other \" 49ers! \" - 8 - year - old caleb allawat left no doubt that he ' s a football fan. his level of engagement during math class monday might have been a little misleading as to his fondness for the subject. thanks to the super bowl statistics used during the lesson, the third - grader was finding math more fun. \" because it ' s about football, \" caleb said. this is the sixth year sue pate has incorporated statistics from the nfl championship game into her math lessons. an avid football fan herself - one of her sons plays for fairmont state university and the other for hurricane high school - pate said she already was following the statistics in the newspaper. in a \" light bulb moment, \" she realized the statistics could be a new way to engage her students. \" it ' s just using math outside their textbooks in a fun and exciting way. \" she usually presents the themed lesson the friday before the big game. because last week ended with a snow day, she had to settle for a little post - game analysis. handing out the super bowl informational graphic published in the daily mail, she asked students to look at the yearly statistics from the baltimore ravens and the san francisco 49ers, the two teams that played in the super bowl. students added up passing yards, determined the dimensions of the playing field and figured out how many touchdowns players scored per game. gianna muto, 9, was one of two students in the class not wearing the purple of the ravens or red of the 49ers. sporting her pittsburgh steelers gear, gianna said she ' s also a big math fan. lessons usually focus on one basic concept, but the football exercise required students to use several different techniques.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4371020634889279, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.803555"} {"text": "a bronze statue of helen keller was unveiled wednesday at the us capitol. while politicians praised keller \u2019 s work campaigning for people with disabilities, they ignored the radical political involvement that plays another key part of her life story. keller identified as a pacifist, socialist and member of the industrial workers of the world. we speak with keller biographer kim nielsen. [ includes rush transcript ] this is a rush transcript. copy may not be in its final form. juan gonzalez : a bronze statue of helen keller was unveiled wednesday at the us capitol. house speaker nancy pelosi said, quote, \" helen keller ignited a century marked by progress for people with disabilities. \" keller was born in 1880 in alabama. she lost her sight and hearing before her second birthday. but with the help of her teacher, annie sullivan, keller learned to communicate. during her lifetime she became a prolific author and a world - renowned advocate for people with disabilities. on wednesday, politicians praised keller for campaigning for people with disabilities, for racial equality and for the rights of women. but they ignored another part of helen keller \u2019 s story : her radical political leanings. she identified as a pacifist, socialist and member of the iww, the industrial workers of the world. to talk more about this often forgotten side of helen keller, we \u2019 re joined by kim nielsen. she \u2019 s a professor at the university of wisconsin - green bay and the author or editor of several books on helen keller, including the radical lives of helen keller. kim nielsen, welcome to democracy now! kim nielsen : thank you. good morning. juan gonzalez : can you tell us about this other side of helen keller that most americans probably are not aware of? kim nielsen : sure. helen keller was an incredibly active, political, passionate woman. she became involved in politics very early as an adult and continued throughout the rest of her life. once she was finished with college, she became incredibly concerned about economic inequalities, as you said, joined the socialist party, affiliated with the iww, became a suffragist on behalf of women \u2019 s suffrage. she sought to educate women about venereal disease, a very taboo topic at that time, and continued similarly the rest of her life. juan gonzalez : how did she get involved in the radical movement initially? kim nielsen : well, in college, she read a lot. she went to radcliffe, which was the female counterpart of harvard at the time. and some of her professors \u2014 she also made friends with a man", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4246288066630427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.814336"} {"text": "get involved in the radical movement initially? kim nielsen : well, in college, she read a lot. she went to radcliffe, which was the female counterpart of harvard at the time. and some of her professors \u2014 she also made friends with a man named john macy, who became the husband of her teacher. and she toured. she talked to people. she became interested because she cared and because she was very passionate. juan gonzalez : she wrote some essays, including \u201c why i am a socialist, \" and laying out her viewpoints on her political \u2014 her adopted political views? kim nielsen : she did. she wrote the essay, as you said. she wrote quite a bit. she wrote about working conditions. she wrote about the lives of people who were poor. she wrote about living conditions. she wrote some about racial inequalities. it was incredibly frustrating to her that she had a hard time selling those things. people wanted to read about her life as a woman with a disability, particularly her life as a child with a disability. but she was able to market some of those materials. she gave speeches. she spoke at rallies. she did as much as she could. and then, in the teens, she went on the vaudeville and the chautauqua circuit and spoke quite a bit there about socialism, about war. she spoke out against world war i as a pacifist. she critiqued it as a money - making venture for industrialists. and she gathered great crowds wherever she went. juan gonzalez : this statue that was unveiled of hers of her as a, i think it was, a seven - year - old girl or as young girl, learning \u2014 at the moment that she discovered how words had meaning, could you talk about that? kim nielsen : yes, yes. you know, i haven \u2019 t seen the statue in person. it was just unveiled yesterday. the pictures i \u2019 ve seen, it certainly looks like a beautiful statue. what \u2019 s striking to me is that keller lived to be eighty - eight years old, and we remember her primarily right now as a seven - year - old. and i don \u2019 t know about you, but when i get to be eighty - eight, i don \u2019 t want to be remembered for what i did as a seven - year - old. but, you know, it certainly is a beautiful statue. i think it \u2019 s important to have a statue of someone with a disability in the capitol, someone recognized as a person with a disability. but we tend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4756954747436425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.815602"} {"text": "a seven - year - old. but, you know, it certainly is a beautiful statue. i think it \u2019 s important to have a statue of someone with a disability in the capitol, someone recognized as a person with a disability. but we tend, as a culture, to infantilize people with disabilities. and keller was always really frustrated that people only wanted to hear about her life as someone with a disability. but that was a very important moment in her life. and she cared quite a bit for her teacher, anne sullivan macy. and she valued anne sullivan macy and what macy had done. but, you know, she did go on to have a very active adult life, and she really wanted to be remembered for that. juan gonzalez : what about her involvement with the wobblies, the international workers of the world? what did she do? kim nielsen : let \u2019 s see. my earpiece has just fallen out here. juan gonzalez : ok. kim nielsen : could you say that one more time, please? juan gonzalez : sure. i asked you about her involvement with the wobblies, the international workers of the world. what exactly did she do \u2014 - kim nielsen : sure. juan gonzalez : \u2014 - as a member of that organization? kim nielsen : sure. well, she \u2014 keller loved public events, and she was a prime extrovert, i guess. and she had \u2014 went to meetings, certainly. she spoke at rallies, particularly rallies of striking female workers in new england, and raised money for them. she gave money of her own. she publicized and wrote about giving money, so that she would draw attention to the needs of the workers there. that was very important to her. juan gonzalez : and, of course, her involvement in the feminist movement and the battle over women \u2019 s rights to vote, but at the same time she was critical of the \u2014 of just seeing democracy as exercising that right to vote. kim nielsen : yes, she was very interested in women \u2019 s rights and suffrage and worked on behalf of that in the teens, nineteen - teens. she was affiliated with the national women \u2019 s party and alice paul, sort of the radical arm of the suffrage movement, and was picketing the white house. she encouraged women to vote in the 1920s. she felt that voting was important, but, as you said, not all. when she traveled post - world war ii, she traveled over fifty countries around the globe and always visited women \u2019 s organizations there, feminist organizations in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4558663630064407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.820799"} {"text": "vote in the 1920s. she felt that voting was important, but, as you said, not all. when she traveled post - world war ii, she traveled over fifty countries around the globe and always visited women \u2019 s organizations there, feminist organizations in the countries to which she traveled. she sought to encourage women in those countries to vote, particularly in countries where women could not vote. she encouraged women \u2019 s employment, women \u2019 s education and, as i said, women \u2019 s education about their bodies and physical illness, venereal disease, support for women in prenatal care. those were always very important issues to her. juan gonzalez : tell as a little bit about her life. how did she grow up and how did she learn to speak? kim nielsen : well, keller grew up in tuscumbia, alabama. her parents were relatively well - off, not quite as well - off after the civil war as they wanted to be. they were devastated by the war. but she grew up there. very early, when she was seven, anne sullivan macy came to tuscumbia, alabama to teach her. i talk about this in my new book, beyond the miracle worker. and macy and she became tremendous friends. macy was a very successful educator with keller and taught her signed language. keller had used some signs to communicate before macy arrived, her teacher, anne sullivan. but keller just grew exponentially with her education once anne sullivan macy arrived, and then largely lived up in new england around boston and perkins school for the blind for a while in new york. and then she and macy stayed together the rest of macy \u2019 s life, largely, however, living in new england, but they traveled extensively internationally. keller was always involved in international politics. but she lived a very active public life. she loved to read. she loved to talk with people. she loved to eat with people, have dinner with people. she loved to travel to new places. to me, she lived one of the most energetic, amazing lives there was. juan gonzalez : did she ever marry in later life or have children? kim nielsen : she did not marry. she once applied for a marriage license. she fell in love with a man named peter fagan in the late teens. and this was a period of time where eugenics was very strong. many felt that women particularly with disabilities should not marry, should not have children. and keller became engaged to fagan, contrary to the wishes of and the knowledge of everyone in her family", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4387469131841891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.822310"} {"text": "this was a period of time where eugenics was very strong. many felt that women particularly with disabilities should not marry, should not have children. and keller became engaged to fagan, contrary to the wishes of and the knowledge of everyone in her family and her friends. and once it became public news that she had gotten a marriage license, the paparazzi of the time got a hold of this. it hit the newspaper very big, and peter fagan was, in essence, chased out of keller \u2019 s life. her family was not pleased about this at all. much of the public were questioning. this was a time of great difficulty in anne sullivan macy \u2019 s life, as well. and keller left the relationship. and i think that was very hard for her. she didn \u2019 t write that much about that the rest of her life. she left that topic alone and didn \u2019 t leave me, as a historian, the juicy letter i wanted. but she did have that romantic relationship. she always had a great deal of friends the rest of her life and, you know, loved to eat with them, as i said, to travel with them. she was a dear friend of jo davidson, who was a political activist and sculptor after world war ii, and talked with him extensively about progressive politics. but she always remained as passionate and interested in friends and travel for the rest of her life. juan gonzalez : well, kim nielsen, professor of history and women \u2019 s and gender studies at the university of wisconsin - green bay, i \u2019 d like to thank you for being with us on this week when, in congress, a new statue of helen keller was unveiled in the capitol.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.413161680582329, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.823213"} {"text": "definition of gypsy : 1. a cunning or crafty person 2. a dark - complexioned person. 3. alt. of gipsy, moth 4. one of a vagabond race, whose tribes, coming originally from india, entered europe in 14th or 15th centry, and are now scattered over turkey, russia, hungary, spain, england, etc., living by theft, fortune telling, horsejockeying, tinkering, etc. cf. bohemian, romany. 5. pertaining to, or suitable for, gypsies. 6. the language used by the gypsies. 7. to play the gypsy ; to picnic in the woods. - you mane a gypsy that rides round the counthry? - \" flamsted quarries \", mary e. waller. - but will and joe and the gypsy puglioni went back to their gin, and robbed and cheated again in the tavern of foul repute, and knew not that in their sinful lives they had sinned one sin at which the angels smiled. - \" the sword of welleran and other stories \", lord dunsany. - the eyes of the stranger and the gypsy met. - \" the redemption of david corson \", charles frederic goss.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48056336041252246, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.825728"} {"text": "if you \u2019 ve ever experienced heartburn and were left stumped as to what the cause was, perhaps you should turn your gaze toward the bottom of your cup \u2013 your coffee cup, that is. experts from the university of california, los angeles, are suggesting that alcohol and caffeinated beverages can have a direct effect on heartburn. this is because a ring of muscle located between the stomach and esophagus called the \u201c lower esophageal sphincter \u201d can be temporarily affected by alcohol and caffeine in some people. as reported by npr, ucla gastroenterologist kevin ghassemi, explained that this muscle is meant to be closed at all times except for when food is passing into the esophagus. but because alcohol relaxes it, it creates an opening. and when this happens, he says, stomach acid can come back up into the esophagus, which is reflux \u2013 which is what causes the burning sensation we experience with heartburn. furthermore, ghassemi makes the link to caffeine as well saying, \u201c the caffeine that \u2019 s in coffee or other caffeinated beverages also will relax the sphincter muscle. \u201d if you \u2019 re one of the lucky few who doesn \u2019 t experience heartburn after consuming caffeine or alcohol, consider yourself normal. ghassemi points out that some people are naturally predisposed due to a \u201c weak or faulty sphincter muscle. \u201d this, he says, can often be influenced by being overweight or obese because it increases the risk. previous studies have suggested that spicy and acidic foods can be a contributing factor to conditions like acid reflux and heartburn. but a study by gastroenterologist karthik ravi of the mayo clinic, would suggest otherwise. according to ravi \u2019 s research, people are afraid of foods like citrus and tomato sauce because they fear their acidity may be problematic. but this fear is unfounded, he says, suggesting that there \u2019 s actually little evidence proving that these foods actually increase acid secretion. so what \u2019 s a person to draw from these studies? ravi suggests focusing more on how you eat rather than what you eat. for instance, if you \u2019 re craving a burger, have one, but keep it within a reasonable portion size and only eat a few fries rather than opting for a double whopper and super size fry. doing so, he says, will not only help control reflux symptoms, but also establish mindful eating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42030740413547246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.830785"} {"text": "research | / animal behavior how do pets find their way home? scientists say it could be chemical trails, magnetism more science stories local stories from thisweek - police believe employee helped stage robbery in grove city - columbus sets priorities for $ 842 million bond package - mcclure to be named new uahs principal - eat and run : changes to hayes cafeteria stress efficiency researchers are looking at ways all kinds of animals find their way home. a couple from west palm beach, fla., lost their cat in daytona beach in november, only to have the animal show up two months later less than a mile from their house. the cat had apparently walked 200 miles. an australian cat reportedly traveled 1, 000 miles over the course of a year to get home. bobbie the wonder dog was a minor celebrity in the 1920s after walking home to oregon from indiana. a labrador named buck traveled 500 miles from winchester, va., to myrtle beach, s. c., last year. how do animals find their way home from such great distances? \u201c rats and dogs follow scent trails, \u201d says matthijs van der meer, who studies the neuroscience of spatial decision - making at the university of waterloo in canada. \u201c worms follow chemical trails, moving in the direction that increases the concentration of the chemicals that attract them. \u201d birds, perhaps the most famed animal navigators, can detect earth \u2019 s magnetic field. when a goose is migrating north for the summer, one of its strategies is to sense the planet \u2019 s magnetic north and go toward it. the task is much more complicated when an animal can \u2019 t directly sense its goal. it needs a new set of capabilities. the most fundamental is memory : it has to remember something about the place it wants to be. cats, dogs, even birds all have this sort of ability. another fundamental skill is the ability to relate one \u2019 s location to other places, what we humans refer to as a sense of direction. \u201c a pigeon can detect north using its magnetic sense, \u201d van der meer says, \u201c but that doesn \u2019 t help if it needs to go east. it has to add the additional knowledge of knowing the relationship between north and east. \u201d scientists don \u2019 t know whether and how strongly mammals can sense magnetic north, but they have other orientation strategies. mammals have tiny hairs inside their ears that are pushed to one side or the other as they turn, telling the brain that the body is rotating. visualizing location is another orientation strategy. when someone asks for directions, you might", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4830223609085301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.837172"} {"text": "have other orientation strategies. mammals have tiny hairs inside their ears that are pushed to one side or the other as they turn, telling the brain that the body is rotating. visualizing location is another orientation strategy. when someone asks for directions, you might say, g o right at the church or t urn left when you see the coffee shop. animals also rely on landmarks. according to van der meer \u2019 s tests, a laboratory rat spun to the point of disorientation will use visual cues, such as a human - made exit sign or a light bulb, as a pole star to find its way home. there is also neurological evidence that other mammals share the human ability to construct a mental map. as a rat explores a maze, special mapmaking neurons called head cells spring into action. but what about that cat who walked from daytona to west palm beach? the ocean was probably a key. west palm beach is 200 miles straight down the coast from daytona. once the cat found the ocean, it had to make only one choice : left or right? \u201c it \u2019 s possible cats have a weak magnetic sense or that it remembered which side the ocean was on during the northward journey, \u201d van der meer says. \u201c but it may have been a lucky guess. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5255811670639188, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.837755"} {"text": "by manuela braun only andreas knoblach ' s legs hang out from under the cover of the ' cockpit '. they are dangling in five metres above the ground while the enormous robotic arm slowly swivels the virtual - reality ' capsule ' and its occupant and moves along a track in front of a large screen. mountains, valleys and meadows are visible. knoblach can see the same scene on a screen in front of him. he is about to begin a flight that simulates everything. it lasts only a few minutes and he has already turned upside down and back again. the robotic arm moves forwards and backwards, swivelling the man at the joystick up and back down again. finally the german aerospace center ( deutsches zentrum fur luft - und raumfahrt ; dlr ) scientist ends up sitting upside down in the capsule while he flies virtually through the air in a twin - engine light aircraft, working his way through spectacular aerobatic manoeuvres. the forces affecting him as he does so allow him to experience one thing in particular : how it feels when the acceleration pushes a pilot into his seat. the same applies to the simulation of a light aircraft, a trip in a virtual car or a helicopter flight. andreas knoblach in the robot motion simulator a whole body experience researchers at the dlr institute of robotics and mechatronics have achieved this by significantly extending the freedom of movement of a conventional robocoaster, as they are known in amusement parks. the robotic arm is not attached to a fixed point but travels forwards and backwards on a 10 - metre - long track, along with the capsule and its occupant. \" this enables us to carry out even larger manoeuvres such as evasive tactics with almost complete accuracy, \" says dlr researcher tobias bellmann. among other things, he is responsible for the path planning, which sets out the sequence of movements for the robotic arm. \" translating acceleration in the real world to the simulated world is a complex task. \" the simulator ' s movements further enhance perception with the eyes and ears, through the whole body ' s perception \u2013 acceleration, rolling turns or braking manoeuvres travel through the legs, eyes and balance system and ultimately give the impression that you are actually sitting in an aircraft. simulator carries out control movements up in the air, andreas knoblach can feel with his own body how well his colleagues have implemented the path planning algorithms. with his right hand on the joystick, he controls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49037685231650874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.843126"} {"text": "you are actually sitting in an aircraft. simulator carries out control movements up in the air, andreas knoblach can feel with his own body how well his colleagues have implemented the path planning algorithms. with his right hand on the joystick, he controls his ' plane ' independently above the alps, flies upwards close to a mountainside and dives back into the valley beyond the ridge. robocoasters have already been used in amusement parks for some time \u2013 although in those cases the robotic arm executes a preset program that the passengers cannot alter during the ride. but it is quite different in the hall at the dlr site in oberpfaffenhofen \u2013 every control movement made by the pilot is implemented directly by the dlr robot motion simulator. project leader johann heindl in the control room andres knoblach ' s face is visible on a monitor in the control room. a small camera is transmitting the image from the capsule. project leader johann heindl sits and watches the computer screens and displays. \" everything ok? \" he asks ; the pilot and ground team communicate with one another via radio. a panic button in the capsule ensures that the robotic arm can return to its starting position quickly and gently in the event of an emergency. this is not the first time knoblach has flown and he knows how far he can trust himself and the dlr robot motion simulator. modular system for new scenarios enabling the dlr robot motion simulator to respond so flexibly to all its pilot ' s input requires a great deal of work in advance. the vehicle or plane \u2019 s acceleration is calculated using a set of algorithms to move the robotic arm. driving and flight dynamics libraries that the institute has developed form the basis for the simulations. for example, various aircraft masses, engine powers, wind strengths and air currents have been stored for flight simulations. this means that new scenarios can be created from these various elements via a modular system and precise path planning can be carried out. progress using a newly - developed simulator capsule fast turns in the new capsule using a newly - developed simulator capsule that is currently being tested, researchers at the dlr institute of robotics and mechatronics are taking another step towards the most realistic simulations possible. different mounting points enable the new capsule on the robotic arm to simulate additional scenarios. fast turning manoeuvres such as spinning in a car or helicopter are just as possible as a horizontal roll in an aircraft. during the simulation, the passenger is almost completely enclosed and sees the virtual landscape or road not on a small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47290056319227725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.844220"} {"text": "additional scenarios. fast turning manoeuvres such as spinning in a car or helicopter are just as possible as a horizontal roll in an aircraft. during the simulation, the passenger is almost completely enclosed and sees the virtual landscape or road not on a small screen, but as a stereo projection on the entire inner surface of the capsule. in addition to this 3d view, authentic background noise is supplied via loudspeakers. the interior of the capsule can be modified depending on the simulation \u2013 if the passenger is meant to have the illusion of driving on a racing circuit in a car, a steering wheel and pedals are installed ; if he is a pilot flying through the air, the capsule is fitted with a side stick, rudder pedals and a throttle lever. \" thus, the simulator can be set up in different ways, \" says bellmann. the individual instrument packages are complete units with control instruments, seat and loud speakers and can also be used separately as a static simulator. \" we want to develop a new type of simulator that is not only cheaper than comparable simulators by a factor of 10 or even 20 because of its mass - produced robotic mechanics, but also has a much larger working area for the same installation space. \" in the robot motion simulator, andreas knoblach has already experienced that \u2013 luckily \u2013 virtual reality also has its limits. after several climbs and dives, curves and loops, he flies straight into a mountain ; but the crash has no consequences. \" we haven ' t enabled any collisions, \" says bellmann on the ground. \" purely for safety reasons. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4869082561395468, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.845069"} {"text": "falls in construction / leading edge work more than 800 construction workers die every year while on the job. falls are the number one cause of fatalities in construction. falls cause one of every three construction worker deaths. these falls happen in a split second while workers are on roofs, scaffolds, ladders, bridges, and other work surfaces. but these deaths can be prevented. the video you are about to see shows how quickly falls at construction sites can lead to workers ' deaths. the video will also show what employers must do so that the work can be done more safely. employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace and required protective equipment. you ' ll see that using the right type of fall protection please be advised. the scenes you are about to see deal with deaths at construction sites and might be disturbing for some people. all scenes are based on true stories. four workers were insulating the roof and applying the top layer of sheet metal roof decking on a tall, the roof was fairly flat, there was no controlled decking zone, and the workers were not wearing any personal fall protection. the workers were using drills to screw the metal sheets into the purlins. as one of the workers walked down the roof, he lost his footing. he fell through the space between the purlins, and landed on the floor below. he died the next day from his injuries. let ' s look at the events that led up to this tragic incident, and see how it could have been prevented. originally, the workers had no fall protection, which osha requires the employer to provide when working at heights of 15 feet and above. let ' s look again at the workers installing the metal roofing sheets and see what happens when these workers use fall protection. they are now using a temporary horizontal lifeline. this involves a horizontal cable attached to two or more anchor points on the roof. in this system, the workers connect their harnesses to a horizontal lifeline that is secured to the roof structure instead of individual anchor points. again, as the worker loses his footing and falls between the purlins, his lifeline stops him from falling to the floor below. while he is hanging from his fall arrest system, a co - worker brings over a lift and rescues the worker. this example shows the importance of employers following osha ' s fall protection standards to ensure that workers are provided with a safe workplace. these types of construction deaths are preventable. the fall protection measures shown here save workers ' lives. use fall protection on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43313492469978626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.849978"} {"text": "computer giant, international business machines ( ibm ) yesterday unveiled details about the microprocessor in a new version of its mainframe, which big blue claims is the world ' s fastest computer chip that can process information at a record breaking speed of 5. 2 ghz. ibm says it spent over $ 1. 5 billion in research and development on the zenterprise line, and spent more than three years collaborating with some of its top clients around the world. the z196 processor is a four - core chip that contains 1. 4 billion transistors on a 512 - square millimeter ( mm ) surface. the chip was designed by ibm engineers and was manufactured using ibm ' s 45 nanometer ( nm ) soi processor technology in the company ' s 300mm fab in new york. the armonk, new york - based ibm said ibm labs in austin, texas, germany, israel and india also made major contributions to the z196 processor development. the mainframe processor makes use of ibm ' s patented embedded dram ( edram ) technology, which allows ibm to place dense dram caches, or components, on the same chips as high - speed microprocessors, resulting in improved performance. from a performance standpoint, the zenterprise system is the most powerful commercial ibm system ever. the core server in the zenterprise system - - called zenterprise 196 - - contains 96 of the world ' s fastest, most powerful microprocessors, capable of executing more than 50 billion instructions per second.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5118163762991625, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.855182"} {"text": "what is melee? melee refers to one of two attack types. melee is the attack type that a close range combatant uses to physically strike a target unit. generally this ranges from an attack range of 128, with the exception of a few heroes. most melee heroes tend to be strength or agility orientated. what is ranged? ranged is referencing the second of the attack types. ranged attacks are conjured items or energy that is slung at a range to inflict damage to the target. ranged attacks can very greatly in the overall length of attack. ranged heroes are commonly intelligence or agility based. i bet you ' re wondering why i listed this basic information. well why isn ' t this relevant? knowing the difference between these mechanics can make or break a game. i often see a very irrelevant section in guides consisting of pros and cons, i find this to just be a filler to make the guides longer. within these guides lye a very common misconception, example : a guide is generally written by a mediocre dota player who wants to share his personal play style with his peer players. the same mediocre player will look at other ' s guides to see their personal options and then take these guides to heart. the problem with this, is that with most opinions comes falsities. often a hero will be criticized based on role or attack type : \" a support? no that ' s lame, where ' s viper? \" \" dude, we already have 3 carries! we need a support. \" \" no, i got it, dazzle doesn ' t do any damage anyways. \" this. dota2 matchmaking at it ' s finest. a misinformed player is not necessarily an ignorant player, just a misguided player. often times a player provides themselves the notion that because a hero can attack you from a further range, that you automatically will be zoned from the lane. if this is the case then why are nightstalker and tiny so well at dominating mid lane? to answer this we have to look at the statistics and truths provided below. here is a list of some of the items that differentiate between melee and ranged heroes. some have a quite small margin of difference, and some have a quite big impact on the play style of certain heroes. quelling blade, bonus damage versus creeps : 32 % vanguard, damage block : 40 poor man ' s shield, damage block : 20 skull basher, bash proc chance : 25 % manta style", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5183650000218589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.863234"} {"text": "on the play style of certain heroes. quelling blade, bonus damage versus creeps : 32 % vanguard, damage block : 40 poor man ' s shield, damage block : 20 skull basher, bash proc chance : 25 % manta style, illusions deal 33 % damage and take 350 % damage. cooldown : 35 seconds. vladimir ' s offering, bonuses : lifesteal 16 % and 15 % bonus damage. armor 5, mana regeneration 0. 8. venom orb, movement slow : 12 % quelling blade, bonus damage versus creeps : 12 % vanguard, damage block : 20 poor man ' s shield, damage block : 10 skull basher, bash proc chance : 10 % manta style, illusions deal 28 % damage and take 400 % damage. cooldown : 50 seconds. vladimir ' s offering, bonuses : armor 5, mana regeneration 0. 8. venom orb, movement slow : 4 % there are certain attack modifications and auras that only affect heroes of a certain attack type. most of these modifications have quite the impact on a hero. i ' ve provided a list of some of these mechanics. denied creep experience : 36 vladimir ' s offering melee damage bonus vladimir ' s offering lifesteal skeleton king ' s lifesteal denied creep experience : 18 drow ranger ' s ranged damage bonus ranged units, chance to miss uphill : 25 % skadi, buffplacer ( can stack with lifesteal orbs ) orb walking is a vital skill that allows ranged units to generate some severe harass. this mechanic is exploited by using the current spell system to work in your favor. usually i ' d write this section myself, but due to incompetence, i have brought in two sources to properly display this advanced technique : \" one of the strongest mechanics of some ranged carries is their ability to orb walk. an orb is a unique attack modifier that changes how your auto attacks will affect the enemy or yourself, such as lifesteal ( morbid mask, satanic ), armor reduction ( deso ), and movement slow ( orb of venom, skadi ). some ranged heroes, like viper, huskar, and drow, have skills that are orbs you can toggle on and off to give unique orbs. the strength of these orbs is that they cost low mana and they count as spells. the reason why it is important that these orbs are spells is that they do not draw aggro from creeps when in lane. in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4968130906955404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.864318"} {"text": "researchers have designed a new robotic underwater vehicle that can hover in place like a helicopter - - an invaluable tool for deepwater oil explorers, marine archaeologists, oceanographers, and others. the new craft, called odyssey iv, is the latest in a series of small, inexpensive artificially intelligent submarines developed over the last two decades by mit ' s sea grant college program ' s autonomous underwater vehicles lab. the odyssey series revolutionized underwater research in the 1990s by introducing the thrifty and highly capable underwater robots. but the previous odyssey vehicles still had one significant limitation : like sharks, they could only operate while continuously moving forward. no more. the new odyssey iv, which has just completed sea trials off woods hole, mass., can move through the deep ocean, up to 6, 000 meters down, stopping anywhere in the water column and constantly correcting for currents and obstacles. navigating to its preprogrammed destination, it can hover in place, making detailed inspections of the footings of an offshore oil platform, or photographing the flora and fauna around an undersea vent. \" our old subs needed to swim, to go forward, in order to maintain maneuvering capability, \" says chryssostomos chryssostomidis, director of the mit sea grant program. \" people wanted to be able to work in the ocean and stop and hover to do a specific task. in the past, you could only fly over a scene, take a picture, then fly over again and take another picture. now, i can stop over a scene that ' s of interest, and stay and make measurements. we ' ll be able to observe underwater scenes in much more detail. \" this summer, this latest - generation craft has been demonstrating its new abilities on its first scientific mission, a study of the george ' s bank area of the gulf of maine, which is hugely important to the region ' s commercial fisheries. odyssey is being deployed in a series of dives to map and observe an invasive species of sea squirt called didemnum that has been infesting new england waters. mit sea grant ' s judy pederson has been tracking the didemnum invasion for several years, hoping to prevent it from smothering important native species ; odyssey iv will be her eyes on the seafloor. and the new craft ' s unique capabilities go beyond just looking at objects. \" like a giant helicopter, this can pick up cargo underwater, \" chryssostomidis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4435972538884821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.874837"} {"text": "native species ; odyssey iv will be her eyes on the seafloor. and the new craft ' s unique capabilities go beyond just looking at objects. \" like a giant helicopter, this can pick up cargo underwater, \" chryssostomidis says. \" now, we can visit an oil well, pick up a sample and bring it back to shore. \" with the addition of a mechanical arm, the vessel will be able to do manipulations such as twisting a valve open or closed. not only can the craft hover, it can move quickly, up to two meters per second going straight ahead. both its speed and its ability to stop in place are achieved through the combined action of fins and thrusters on each side, and at the bow and stern of the two - meter - long craft. the new vehicle may be able to stop in place, but chryssostomidis and his colleague franz hover, an assistant professor in the department of mechanical engineering, and their team, research engineers jim morash, victor polidoro, justin eskesen and graduate student dylan owens, certainly are not. with the initial sea trials of odyssey iv just completed, they are focused squarely on moving ahead to their goals. they need to develop vastly improved power - storage and communications capabilities, to enable these vehicles to stay underwater longer, cover more terrain, and send back more data to scientists on shore. ultimately, chryssostomidis says, he hopes his team will produce an auv that can spend a full year underwater, collecting data and transmitting it to its home base, without any need to surface at all. \" once we prove the hovering capability foolproof, as we think it is now, the next challenge for me to worry about is the issue of recharging, so that i can be free of the surface vessel, \" he says. he also hopes to develop better manipulator arms that will be able to interact more flexibly with the undersea environment, to pick up objects or carry out repairs. but for now, chryssostomidis is reveling in the fact that odyssey iv, after years of development, has passed its initial tests in the ocean with flying colors. no matter how good the design, that ' s not something you can take for granted, he explains. \" the sea is very unforgiving. if there ' s anything that can go wrong, the sea will find it. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.453806632373178, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.875760"} {"text": "lung enzyme both friend and foe wednesday june 17, 2009 - - an enzyme involved in the development of emphysema also defends the lungs against bacterial infection, a new study finds. it had been thought that the only thing macrophage elastase, matrix metalloproteinase - 12 ( mmp - 12 ), did was degrade lung elasticity as part of the tissue destruction seen in emphysema patients. \" but we found that mice that didn ' t have the gene to make this enzyme could not clear bacteria well and were more likely to die of infection. they couldn ' t make this small protein, which kills bacteria by poking holes in cell membranes, \" study author dr. a. mcgarry houghton, an assistant professor in the division of pulmonary, allergy and critical care medicine at the university of pittsburgh school of medicine, said in a university news release. the researchers also found that mmp - 12 ' s antimicrobial activity comes from a small part of the enzyme that ' s structurally and sequentially unique. \" humans, mice, rats and rabbits all have that special sequence and structure in mmp - 12, but not in other mmps, \" houghton said. the study appears in the june 17 issue of nature. \" while not the initial purpose of this study, finding novel antimicrobial mechanisms is extremely important, \" senior study author dr. steven d. shapiro, chair of the department of medicine at the university of pittsburgh school of medicine, said in the same release. \" many microorganisms have adapted to circumvent our current and stagnant arsenal of antibiotics. we must find new weapons so that we don ' t fall back to the public health problems we had prior to penicillin. \" the researchers plan to investigate whether the special sequence and structure in mmp - 12 can kill viruses and fungi. the american lung association has more about emphysema. posted : june 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4877161236261202, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.877936"} {"text": "table and cell selection in adobe cs5 dreamweaver you can use several methods in adobe creative suite 5 ( adobe cs5 ) dreamweaver to select a cell or the whole table. after a cell or table is selected, you can change all sorts of attributes for the selected cell or table, including the color, size, and format of its contents. in design view, select the layout category from the insert panel and select expanded to put your table in expanded view. you can more easily select and make changes in this view. ( remember to click the standard button to see a more realistic preview of your table. ) select a cell by ctrl - clicking ( windows ) or command - clicking ( mac ) it. the tag selector is an incredible tool to use to select any tag element, though it \u2019 s especially helpful when selecting individual components of a table or a nested table. the tag selector is in the lower left corner of the document window. to use the tag selector, just put the cursor inside a cell. the tag selector shows the tags that apply to the insertion point \u2019 s location. then select < td > to select the cell that holds the cursor, < tr > to select the entire row, or < table > to select the entire table. the table tag is < table > ( it \u2019 s a difficult one to remember, right? ), and each row is in a < tr > ( table row ) tag. each cell is in a < td > ( table data ) tag. tables created with headers also make use of the < th > ( table header ) tag.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43520815817182956, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.881106"} {"text": "no more! because we saso. you have the power to heal and transform your life........ you have the power to heal and transform you world....... capp ( child assault prevention program ) the capp program is a national and international program internationalcap. org that is continually researched to ensure developmentally appropriateness for elementary age students. the program is based on a best practice model of prevention that includes parents, students, and community. saso \u2019 s capp coordinator and all volunteers are prepared to heighten awareness of child sexual assault as well as educate parents and community members / school staff on how to talk to young children about personal safety. the threefold workshop format of capp is designed to offer tools and knowledge suitable for anyone concerned about the wellbeing of young people in our communities. the parent workshop is an important component of the program to create a space for parents to ask questions about the children \u2019 s workshop, get to know the capp coordinator, and learn about what parents can do to prevent child sexual assault. parents are invited to watch a video of a children \u2019 s workshop to gain a better understanding of the tools that capp offers children. these tools are intended to enhance what parents are already teaching their children about personal safety. the parent workshop encourages caregivers to incorporate personal safety discussion into their conversations with children regarding bike safety, fire safety, seatbelt safety, etc. the school staff / community workshop is a key component in building awareness and offering skills in recognizing child sexual abuse and how to handle disclosures from young children in the most appropriate way. adults involved in children \u2019 s lives need to understand and realize their importance in lessening the vulnerability of children. this workshop includes a brief history of prevention models, and gives research based explanations for the empowerment model that capp is build on. this workshop also offers evidence based tips on the impact adults have on reducing the trauma of a child who has disclosed an assault. the children \u2019 s workshop is the main component of this program. its focus is to brainstorm, with students, ways to maintain their rights to be \u201c safe, strong, and free \u201d. this workshop consists of role - plays designed to discuss the most common assault experiences a child might encounter : bullies, strangers, and known adults. a fourth role - play is included to demonstrate what it may look like to talk to a trusted adult about a \u201c big problem. \u201d ( ideally, the classroom teacher or school counselor participates in this role -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47181865640761894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.886154"} {"text": "description from flora of china heleochloa host ex roemer. annuals, low growing. culms ascending or prostrate, much branched. leaf blades short, linear to lanceolate, flat or involute ; ligule a line of hairs. inflorescence a very dense panicle, spicate and cylindrical, or ovoid to capitate and then usually subtended by 1 or 2 inflated spathelike leaf sheaths with a reduced blade. spikelets with 1 floret, strongly laterally compressed, disarticulating below the floret or rarely falling entire ; glumes narrow, slightly shorter than lemmas, unequal to subequal, membranous, 1 - veined, scabrid or ciliate along keel, acute or with a short awn - point ; lemma lanceolate, membranous, 1 - veined, awnless ; palea similar to lemma, 1 \u2013 2 - veined, splitting at maturity. lodicules absent. stamens 2 \u2013 3. grain ellipsoid, pericarp free and sometimes swelling when wet. crypsis species occur mainly on periodically wet, often saline soils in semi - arid areas. nine to twelve species : centered on the mediterranean region and sw asia, but extending to c africa and from europe to china ; introduced elsewhere ; two species in china. ( authors : lu shenglian ( \u751f ) ; sylvia m. phillips )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45967119844900184, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.890035"} {"text": "protein trafficking and membrane biology during viral infection herpes viruses cause many human diseases, including blindness, birth defects, diseases of the peripheral and central nervous system and several forms of cancer. production of an infectious viral particle, and thus the spread of disease, is critically dependent upon assembly of the herpes virus envelope, a lipid membrane derived from the infected host cell. construction of this biological membrane involves the targeting of a set of virally - encoded membrane proteins to a particular cytoplasmic organelle, followed by binding of the viral capsid. budding of the capsid through the membrane, followed by a \" pinching off \" fusion event generates a sealed, mature envelope with its own unique subset of membrane proteins. we are dissecting the molecular machinery used to carry out these targeting, budding and scission events by a combination of biochemical and molecular genetic approaches. the processes of viral assembly and envelope biogenesis are being studied using novel synchronized virus assembly assays, and we have recently made several unexpected and exciting discoveries concerning the mechanism of herpes capsid maturation ( 1, 2, 3, 4 ). furthermore, we have just succeeded in isolating the intracellular compartments which herpes simplex virus uses to assemble within then traffic out of infected cells ( 5 ) and have begun to identify which proteins are used by the virus to refashion these cellular organelles into envelopes. better understanding of the events which accompany herpes virus assembly are critical for the future development of specific anti - viral drugs. 1. church, g. a. and wilson, d. w. ( 1997 ) study of herpes simplex virus maturation during a synchronous wave of assembly. j. virol. 71, 3603 - 3612. 2. church, g. a., dasgupta, a. and wilson, d. w. ( 1998 ) herpes simplex virus dna packaging without measurable dna synthesis. j. virol. 72, 2745 - 2751. 3. dasgupta, a., wilson, d. w. ( 1999 ) atp depletion blocks herpes simplex virus dna packaging and capsid maturation. j. virol. 73, 2006 - 2015. 4. chi, j., wilson, d. w. ( 2000 ) atp - dependent localization of the herpes simplex virus capsid protein vp26 to sites of procapsid maturation. j. virol. 74, 1468 - 1476. 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5120878666892064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.893034"} {"text": "detailed processes are involved in underfilling flip - chip assemblies, and a variety of fluid formulations and dispensing alternatives are available to today ' s flip - chip process engineer. in the past few years, flip - chip technology has migrated from a specialized packaging application to mainstream production as a key method for improving circuit densities, reliability and cost in miniaturized electronic products. the use of underfill encapsulant beneath the flip - chip die is necessary to significantly increase reliability by reducing the strain on the solder bumps during thermal cycling imposed by coefficient of thermal expansion ( cte ) differences between the die and the substrate. by adhering to all surfaces under the die, the underfill adhesive makes the die - adhesive - substrate system stiffer. the underfill adhesive also keeps the solder bump in hydrostatic compression, thereby increasing fatigue endurance and holding the bump intact under strain. underfill encapsulant has been shown to provide an improved degree of environmental protection. when flip chips began to be more widely used three to four years ago, one of the primary concerns was the then relatively slow process of the underfill dispensing and curing process. as a result, fluid formulators, dispensing equipment manufacturers and flip - chip process engineers invested significantly and improved throughput and process capabilities for capillary underfill. in parallel, some degree of effort and promotion has been expended on developing \" no - flow \" underfill materials, which are intended to be applied before the die is placed. although no - flow underfill materials reportedly have some practical usage in real - world flip - chip applications, the bigger picture has also significantly changed with vastly improved throughput and process robustness for dispensing of capillary flow underfill. this article examines the processes involved in underfilling flip - chip assemblies and explores the fluid formation and dispensing alternatives available to today ' s flip - chip process engineer. basically, the conventional capillary underfill dispensing process ( figure 1 ) fits into the production line after the reflow process, whereas no - flow underfill is dispensed before placement of the die and is designed to cure during the reflow process. the capillary underfill process requires an additional cure oven and a means to flux the area before reflow. each process requires a dispenser. figure 1. conventional underfill process. in a no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5146100707540742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.905474"} {"text": "the reflow process. the capillary underfill process requires an additional cure oven and a means to flux the area before reflow. each process requires a dispenser. figure 1. conventional underfill process. in a no - flow process, the underfill is dispensed on the flip - chip placement site. the chip is then placed on top of the underfill under force to press the die into the fluid and the bumps into contact with the pads. it is necessary to hold the flip chip momentarily ( 100 ms ) in place to allow the fluid to form a fillet around the edges of the die. the hold - down dwell time is required to stop the die from rebounding away from the surface of the printed circuit board. the placement accuracy requirement of the flip chip relative to the substrate pads is more precise than with conventional underfill materials. the die self - alignment that is normally accomplished during reflow is impeded by having a viscous fluid in the interface at the time of reflow, hence the need for more accurate alignment with no - flow underfills, which slows down the die placement rate. the assembly is then heated to reflow the solder, cure the underfill and bond the embedded fluxing agents into the cured polymer. the no - flow underfill must be precisely cured during the same process that forms the solder connections, which can lead to some degree of process tweaking to simultaneously achieve both objectives. this also requires some reflow profiling changes depending on the type and number of components on the circuit board. also, obtaining a formulation that undergoes complete curing during reflow has been a technical challenge, as uncured adhesives can have a significant effect on the thermal cycling reliability. no - flow underfill adhesives are not highly filled because the primary purpose of the underfill is to increase system stiffness to reduce strain on the flip chip bump. the normal underfill encapsulants are highly filled with silica or other fillers to increase an epoxy ' s modulus, reduce creep sensitivity and decrease a material ' s cte. because the no - flow adhesive is present before reflow, fillers would be present between the flip - chip bump and the pad. therefore, complete reflow connection would be inhibited by the presence of fillers. consequently, reliability of no - flow flip - chip systems with non - filled adhesive is considered good if 1, 000 to 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4701728939593288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.906544"} {"text": "- chip bump and the pad. therefore, complete reflow connection would be inhibited by the presence of fillers. consequently, reliability of no - flow flip - chip systems with non - filled adhesive is considered good if 1, 000 to 2, 000 cycles are achieved without failure. a traditional filled capillary underfill system will achieve more than 3, 000 cycles. in a conventional capillary underfill process, dispensing and curing can be optimized independently of the other production steps, thereby allowing more latitude for developing a robust and controllable process. in addition, because the reflow process is completed before underfill dispensing, manufacturers also have the option for inserting a pre - underfill functional test, if desired, to improve yields and allow for rework before underfilling the assemblies. the latest underfills have made significant advances in flow - out and cure times. underfills for die sizes in the range up to 12 mm square with 60 micron gaps can flow out in 6 seconds. each flip chip on a board further masks the flow - out time so there is no throughput effect because of flow - out time. snap cure systems allow curing in 5 minutes to full cure. the adhesives have the fillers that allow high reliability so no compromise is made in the end product ' s ultimate performance. precision selective jet dispensing of flux is one of the key developments that has made conventional capillary underfill processes more robust and simpler. as a rule of thumb, the optimum amount of flux is the least amount of flux. a no - clean process can be achieved by applying an ultra - thin flux film thickness of 1 mil or less ; these thin - film requirements have already gone well beyond the limitations of traditional fluxing methods, such as brushing, screening or dipping. as a result, many production lines are turning to selective flux jetting to increase accuracy and consistency with ultra - tight tolerances while simultaneously boosting overall throughput and resulting in higher reliability. underfill adhesive fluid formulator issues fast - flow and snap - cure underfills can be used to boost production throughput in high - volume consumer electronics applications while specialized underfills can be used to withstand operating temperatures as high as 125\u00b0c. high tg underfills can provide glass transition characteristics as high as 155\u00b0c to provide extra reliability in hybrid and mcm applications, and underfills with special wetting agents can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47116161423829406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.907626"} {"text": "used to withstand operating temperatures as high as 125\u00b0c. high tg underfills can provide glass transition characteristics as high as 155\u00b0c to provide extra reliability in hybrid and mcm applications, and underfills with special wetting agents can accommodate under - die gaps to 1 mil. all of these fluid formulations have been refined for use in tightly controlled capillary underfill processes using third - generation dispensing platforms. this gives a manufacturer a wider range of adhesive alternatives. on the other hand, because no - flow underfill is designed to be cured during existing reflow oven processes, the range of no - flow fluid formulations has been limited. any variations in the reflow processes can significantly impact results by causing the underfill to gel prematurely. for example, if the production process for a large ball grid array package requires a slightly higher reflow temperature to ensure consistent reflow of all solder balls, the result may be inconsistent with no - flow underfill curing. because a core objective of the no - flow process is the cross - linking of the embedded flux into the cured underfill polymer, if the adhesive gels prematurely it can leave behind undesirable flux residues, such as carbolic acids, that can lead to corrosion and latent quality problems. for this reason, it is suggested that a post - test cure may be required to fully cross - link the no - flow underfills. although no - flow underfill can certainly produce acceptable yields in selected processes, the fact that it must fully cure during the standard reflow process can involve extensive experimentation and tweaking within a relatively narrow process window. on the other hand, because conventional underfill dispensing occurs after the reflow process, its control parameters are completely independent of the reflow oven settings and, therefore, are more easily set up within a wider process control window, resulting in consistently reliable results. new reworkable capillary underfills another major milestone in capillary underfill has been the development of new reworkable underfill adhesives that allow defective flip - chip packages to be removed by simply heating the package and the underfill for one minute at standard rework temperatures of 210 to 220\u00b0c. the raised temperature causes the reworkable underfill adhesive to partially decompose, which enables the component to be removed by applying torque. an uncomplicated clean - up procedure involving gentle high - speed brushing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4814918558390784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.908743"} {"text": "to 220\u00b0c. the raised temperature causes the reworkable underfill adhesive to partially decompose, which enables the component to be removed by applying torque. an uncomplicated clean - up procedure involving gentle high - speed brushing eliminates any remaining residue and prepares the site to receive the replacement component. high - throughput precision dispensing capabilities many high - volume and high - mix production environments are already achieving sustained throughput and consistency by using third - generation dispensing platforms that provide a combination of : - highly repeatable precision positioning and motion systems - linear positive displacement needle dispensing methods - precise volumetric control over the dispensing process - careful management of temperature levels throughout the dispensing, flow - out and curing processes - flexible and simple programming, set - up and run - time operating environments. to achieve a fast, complete and consistent flow of underfill encapsulant, it is important to have highly repeatable part handling and location, the use of precision volumetric dispensing controls, and the careful management of temperature levels throughout the dispensing process. part handling is the first critical factor in achieving high dispensing throughput. the loading and x - y positioning systems must accurately and consistently place parts in the same location within the work envelope so the dispensing can be efficiently initiated at the pre - specified locations. the highest throughput rates are achieved with systems that automatically establish the precise position of each die using the minimum required number of fiducials, while avoiding undue operator intervention. in flip - chip applications, precision control is a key concern because the dispensing needle has to move extremely close to the chip throughout the process. the needle must be positioned far enough from the chip to avoid backside contamination but close enough to promote capillary flow of the fluid under the chip. accurate volumetric control of underfill fluids can only be achieved through the use of a linear positive displacement ( lpd ) pump that uses a piston to displace the exact volumes required, whether in large or small shots. unlike older rotary or auger pump technologies, which work adequately for stable viscosity fluids like solder paste, the short pot - life fluids used as underfill encapsulant demand more precise pumping action, such as lpd, where the flow - rate never varies with changes in the viscosity and needle diameter. even before the actual dispensing process begins, process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49676390987691005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.909809"} {"text": "used as underfill encapsulant demand more precise pumping action, such as lpd, where the flow - rate never varies with changes in the viscosity and needle diameter. even before the actual dispensing process begins, process control above the substrate temperature can help to prepare it for optimal encapsulant flow - out. the dispensing system should also incorporate needle - heating to further optimize the flow characteristics of the encapsulant formulation before it is even dispensed into the part. finally, maintaining a precise post - dispensing profile over the parts can be used to effectively complete the flow - out after dispensing. the post - heating step can actually improve overall dispensing throughput because the dispensed parts can be moved to the post - heat area to complete their flow - out, while the next set of parts is simultaneously cycled into the dispensing work envelope. by treating the dispensing and curing operations as a single, integrated \" process module, \" it is now becoming possible to optimize overall production throughput while simultaneously improving the quality and consistency of results. alec babiarz, vice president of nordson corp. and senior vice president of asymtek, and steven j. adamson, product manager of semiconductors at asymtek, can be contacted at 2762 loker avenue west, carlsbad, ca 92009 ; 760 - 431 - 1919 ; fax : 760 - 431 - 2678 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org and email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48484625269194287, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.910360"} {"text": "methylationin chemistry, methylation is the addition of a methyl group to a substrate. in epigenetics, methylation can refer to the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine residue of dna to convert it to 5 - methylcytosine or the addition of a methyl group or groups to arginine or lysine amino acids in a protein. methylation of dna occurs at any cpg sites, which are sequences of dna where cytosine lies next to guanine. the process of methylation is mediated by an enzyme known as dna methyltransferase. cpg sites are quite rare in a eukaryotic genome except in regions near the promoter of a eukaryotic gene. these regions are known as cpg islands, and the state of methylation of these cpg sites are critical for gene activity / expression. in early development ( fertilisation to 8 - cell stage ), the eukaryotic genome is demethylated. from the 8 - cell stage to the morula, de novo methylation of the genome occurs, modifying and adding epigenetic information to the genome. by blastula stage, the methylation is complete. this process is referred to as \" epigenetic reprogramming \". the importance of methylation was shown in knockout mutants without dna methyltransferase. all the resulting embryos died at the morula stage. the pattern of methylation has recently become an important topic for research. studies have found that in normal tissue, methylation of a gene is mainly localised to the coding region, which is cpg poor. in contrast, the promoter region of the gene is unmethylated, despite a high density of cpg islands in the region. interestingly, in cancer cells, methylation is very high even in the promoter region, raising interest in the role of methylation in the induction of cancerous properties. furthermore, the pattern of methylation has been shown to be a reliable marker of cancerous tissue, with a heavily methylated gene found in 90 % or more patients with prostate cancer. additionally, adenosine methylation is part of the restriction modification system of many bacteria. bacterial dnas are methylated periodically throughout the genome, and foriegn dnas ( which are not methylated in this manner ) that are introduced into the cell are degraded by restriction enzymes. bacteria protect themselves from infection by bacteria viruses, called bacteriophage or phage, through this system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5931231381898301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.938027"} {"text": "the rococo - style received its name in the 19th century from french emigres, who used the word to designate in whimsical fashion the old shellwork style ( style rocaille ), then regarded as old frankish, as opposed to the succeeding more simple styles. essentially, it is in the same kind of art and decoration as flourished in france during the regency following louis xiv ' s death, and remained in fashion for about forty years ( 1715 - 1750 ). it might be termed the climax or degeneration of the baroque, which, coupled with french grace, began towards the end of the reign of louis xiv to convert grotesques into curves, lines, and bands ( jean berain, 1638 - 1711 ). as its effect was less pronounced on architectural construction than elsewhere, it is not so much a real style as a new kind of decoration, which culminates in the resolution of architectural forms of the interiors ( pilasters and architraves ) by arbitrary ornamentation after the fashion of an unregulated, enervated baroque, while also influencing the arrangement of space, the construction of the facades, the portals, the forms of the doors and windows. the rococo style was readily received in germany, where it was still further perverted into the arbitrary, unsymmetrical, and unnatural, and remained in favour until 1770 ( or even longer ) ; it found no welcome in england. in italy a tendency towards the rococo style is evidenced by the borrominik guarini, and others. the french themselves speak only of the style regence and louis xv, which, however, is by no means confined to this one tendency. to a race grown effeminate, the baroque forms seemed too coarse and heavy, the lines too straight and stiff, and whole impression to weighty and forced. the small and the light, sweeps and flourishes, caught the public taste ; in the interiors the architectonic had to yield to the picturesque, the curious, and the whimsical. there develops a style for elegant parlours, dainty sitting - rooms and boudoirs, drawing - rooms and libraries, in which walls, ceiling, furniture, and works of metal and porcelain present one ensemble of sportive, fantastic, and sculptured forms. the horizontal lines are almost completely superseded by curves and interruptions, the vertical varied at least by knots ; everywhere shell - like curves appear to a cusp ; the natural construction of the walls is concealed behind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48954611996086106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:52.981321"} {"text": "hotel soubise ). in germany, french and german artists ( cuvillies, neumann, knobelsdorff, etc. ) effected the dignified equipment of the amalienburg near munich, and the castles of wurzburg, potsdam, charlottenburg, bruhl, bruchsal, schonbrunn, etc. in france the style remained somewhat more reserved, since the ornaments were mostly of wood, or, after the fashion of wood - carving, less robust and naturalistic and less exuberant in the mixture of natural with artificial forms of all kinds ( e. g. plant motives, stalactitic representations, grotesques, masks, implements of various professions, badges, paintings, precious stones ). as elements of the beautiful france retained, to a greater extent than germany, the unity of the whole scheme of decoration and the symmetry of its parts. this style needs not only decorators, goldsmiths, and other technicians, but also painters. the french painters of this period reflect most truly the moral depression dating from the time of louis xiv, even the most deliberated among them confining themselves to social portraits of high society and depicting \" gallant festivals \", with their informal frivolous, theatrically or modishly garbed society. the \" beautiful sensuality \" is effected by masterly technique, especially in the colouring, and to a great extent by quite immoral licenses or mythological nudities as in loose or indelicate romances. as for antoine watteau ( 1684 - 1721 ), the very titles of his works - - e. g. conversation, breakfast in the open air, rural pleasures, italian or french comedians, embarkment for the island of cythera - - indicate the spirit and tendency of his art. add thereto the figures in fashionable costume slim in head, throat, and feet, in unaffected pose, represented amid enchanting, rural scenery, painted in the finest colours, and we have a picture of the high society of the period which beheld louis xv and madame de pompadour. francois boucher ( 1703 - 1770 ) is the most celebrated painter of ripe rococo. for the church rococo may be, generally speaking, compared with worldly church music. it lacks of simplicity, earnestness, and repose is evident, while its obtrusive artificiality, unnaturalness, and triviality have a distracting effect. its softness and prettiness likewise do not become the house of god. however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4338029374522189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:53.023412"} {"text": "lacks of simplicity, earnestness, and repose is evident, while its obtrusive artificiality, unnaturalness, and triviality have a distracting effect. its softness and prettiness likewise do not become the house of god. however, shorn of its most grievous outgrowths, it may have been less distracting during its proper epoch, since it then harmonized with the spirit of the age. a development of baroque, it will be found a congruous decoration for baroque churches. in general it makes a vast difference whether the style is used with moderation in the finer and more ingenious form of the french masters, or is carried to extremes with the consistency of the german. the french artists seem ever to have regarded the beauty of the whole composition as the chief object, while the german laid most stress on the bold vigour of the lines ; thus, the lack of symmetry was never so exaggerated in the works of the former. in the church rococo may at times have the charm of prettiness and may please by its ingenious technic, provided the objects be small and subordinate a credence table with cruets and plate, a vase, a choir desk, lamps, key and lock, railings or balustrade, do not too boldly challenge the eye, and fulfil ( sic ) all the requirements of mere beauty of form. rococo is indeed really empty, solely a pleasing play of the fancy. in the sacristy ( for presses etc. ) and ante chambers it is more suitable than in the church itself - - at least so far as its employment in conspicuous places is concerned. the rococo style accords very ill with the solemn office of the monstrance, the tabernacle, and the altar, and even of the pulpit. the naturalism of certain belgian pulpits, in spite or perhaps on account of their artistic character, has the same effect as have outspoken rococo creations. the purpose of the confessional and the baptistery would also seem to demand more earnest forms. in the case of the larger objects, the sculpture of rococo forms either seems pretty, or, if this prettiness be avoided, resembles baroque. the phantasies of this style agree ill with the lofty and broad walls of the church. however, everything must be decided according to the object and circumstances ; the stalls in the cathedral of mainz elicit not only our approval but also our admiration, while the celebrated privileged altar of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4867891995165766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:53.064325"} {"text": "agree ill with the lofty and broad walls of the church. however, everything must be decided according to the object and circumstances ; the stalls in the cathedral of mainz elicit not only our approval but also our admiration, while the celebrated privileged altar of vierzehnheiligen repels us both by its forms and its plastic decoration. there are certain rococo chalices ( like that at the monastery of einsiedeln which are, as one might say, decked out in choice festive array ; there are others, which are more or less misshapen owing to their bulging curves or figures. chandeliers and lamps may also be disfigured by obtrusive shellwork or want of all symmetry, or may amid great decorativeness be kept within reasonable limits. the material and technic are also of consequence in rococo. woven materials, wood - carvings, and works in plaster of paris are evidently less obtrusive than works in other materials, when they employ the sportive rococo. iron ( especially in railings ) and bronze lose their coldness and hardness, when animated by the rococo style ; in the case of the latter, gilding may be used with advantage. gilding and painting belong to the regular means through which this style, under certain circumstances, enchants the eye and fancy. all things considered, we may say of the rococo style - - as has not unreasonably been said of the baroque and of the renaissance - - that it is very apt to introduce a worldly spirit into the church, even if we overlook the figural accessories, which are frequently in no way conducive to sentiments of devotion, and are incompatible with the sobriety and greatness of the architecture and with the seriousness of sacred functions. this article is from the 1912 catholic encyclopedia, it holds a non - npov position regarding the use of rococo in churches. use with care and update as needed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49752282668093617, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:00:53.066851"}