after the treaty of ghent was ratified in february of 1815 the british once again turned fort niagara over to the united states. however the age of masonry forts was at an end, modern weapons, and advanced in technology discovered through the bloody american civil war saw a much larger camp based military base expand around the old fort through the latter half of the 19th century and into the 20th century. the old french fort slowly deteriorated under the military. camp niagara served the united states army through the first world war and even the second world war. during the second world war a prisoner of war camp was situated on the property also. however the locals were interested in the fate of the french fort, by 1931 the colonial fort was starting to be restored, and the grounds open to the public, and the fort was fully restored by 1934. the army continued to operate camp niagara through the korean conflict and in 1963 dismantled the camp and turned the grounds over the civilian government as public land, fort niagara state park was opened to the public in 1965. the us coast guard however maintains a detachment at the fort, giving fort niagara the title of longest continuously occupied military bases in north america. today the fort is a national historic site and musuem and is open to the public, they also host a reenactment of the capture of the fort on the labour day long weekend. written with files from : guidebook to the historic sites of the war of 1812 second edition by gilbert collins – 2006 the dundurn group publishers photos : pentax 645 – smc pentax a 645 35mm 1 : 3. 5 – kodak tri - x 400 ( 400tx ) dev : kodak hc - 110 dilution b 7 : 30 @ 20c


first published by harpercollinsus in 1964, this classic children ' s novel has sold over 4 million copies and was awarded the new york times... show synopsis first published by harpercollinsus in 1964, this classic children ' s novel has sold over 4 million copies and was awarded the new york times outstanding book award. sixth - grader harriet attends school on the new york ' s upper east side along with her two best pals, sport, the jock, and janie, the mad scientist. after school every day, she takes her notebook and proceeds through her spy route. climbing on milk crates and hoisting herself up dumbwaiters, harriet observes the rich lady who never gets out of bed ; the man with twenty - five cats and the italian family who runs a grocery store. she writes brutally warts - and - all notes on them all. harriet ' s downfall is that she also writes down her thoughts about people she actually knows. after a game in the park when her notebook is knocked out of her hands and read by her classmates, harriet ' s deepest thoughts are revealed and she is quickly ostracised by all her classmates - - even the boy with the purple socks - - who form the spycatcher ' s club to punish her. after her parents find out what ' s happened, harriet receives a final, crushing blow. she is no longer allowed to take notes - - her parents, her teacher and even the cook search her every day for a contraband notebook. harriet ' s only consolation is the love and the wise advice of her nanny who manages to get her through this difficult period in her life. a classic in the us where it was first published and a major motion film from paramount, harriet the spy is a beloved book throughout the world.


science fair project encyclopedia the riding pony was developed in the united kingdom, and was such a success that it is now bred all over the world. they are excellent show ponies, and are classes based on the height and type, hunter classes, side - saddle and in hand classes. the breed is an extremely elegant animal, more like a small horse than a pony. it has a small head and small, neat ears. they are compact, with sloping shoulders and a narrow front. their feet are tough and they possess strong limbs. they are well - propotioned with comfortable gaits and free - flowing movement. the ponies are very calm and willing, making them great ponies for children. they are docile and kind, with an affectionate nature. there are three types : - the show pony : super - elegant minature show hack with pony features - the show hunter : similar to the show pony, but with more substance - the working hunter : stockier, and more workmanlike children ' s ponies in britain were mainly of the native breeds, and were used for riding and hunting. when pony classes began in the early 1920s, breeders began crossing welsh and dartmoor ponies with small thoroughbreds and arabians. from the 1930s into the 1950s, arabian blood was again introduced to improve stamina and refinement, which included one of the most influential sires, naseel. the result was an elegant, but small, animal that is now seen in the show ring. in 1893, the polo pony stud book was formed, encouraging the breeding of fine riding and polo ponies. by 1899, there were over 100 stallions and 600 mares registered, almost half of which were native ponies. the society chaged its name in 1903 to polo pony and riding pony stud book, and again in 1913 to the national pony society. over the years, the native breeds formed their own societies, and the nps became dedicated to the british riding pony. since 1994, foreign - bred ponies were placed on a separate register. in america, the pony of the americas developed in the 1950s, while in france, the poney francais de selle ( which was bred similarily to the british riding pony ) developed in the 1970s. the french version is more of a useful all - around pony club type, and less refined. since the 1950s, the riding pony has been exproted across the world. in britain, the nps runs many classes for riding ponies, but it is the british show


description : the tyndale 1526 new testament william tyndale believed the bible should be available in the vernacular — the common people ’ s speech. he famously declared, “ the boy that driveth the plough shall know more of the scripture than [ an educated man ]. ” though forbidden by the church to translate the new testament into english, tyndale ’ s determination resulted in its finally being printed in germany in 1526. smuggled into england, the tyndale new testament was a monumental success. the simple, direct language of many of its verses has resonated down the centuries. william tyndale ’ s legacy stems from his having translated the scriptures in a way that made the most of the emerging english tongue. bible collectors and anyone interested in the history of the english bible will treasure this unique • co - publication with the renowned british library • facsimile of one of only two complete copies from peter schoeffer ’ s 1526 printing, held in the british library ’ s collection • features clear, legible type and original, color illustrations • authoritative new introduction by david daniell ( emeritus professor of english language and literature at university college london ; founder and first chairman of the tyndale society ) select the " details " tab above for additional information. | more in this series... p = page edge color, r = red - letter use the search box above to look for additional formats and similar items.


> > environmental issues > > air pollution air pollution can be defined as the presence in the outdoor or indoor atmosphere of one or more gaseous or particulate contaminants in quantities, characteristics and duration such as to be injurious to human, plant or animal life or to property, or which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property. air pollution problems may vary greatly with the geography, demography and the socio - economic profile of a region, which will determine the source and emission rate of the pollutant. the climate and topography a region will influence the distribution and atmospheric processes of the pollutant and ultimately its effect on the environment and human health. - carbon dioxide ( co2 ) : carbon dioxide is not by definition an air pollutant but a natural component of the atmosphere. increasing emissions of co2 in the atmosphere over the past 100 years resulted in global warming by the following process : co2 is transparent to short - wave solar radiation but absorbs infrared radiation and traps it in the lower atmosphere. this phenomenon is known as the " green house effect ". - carbon monoxide ( co ) : carbon monoxide is one of the most common and widely distributed air pollutants. there is evidence to suggest that global emissions of co have risen in line with the massive growth of motor vehicle numbers and mileage. concentrations inside motor cars often exceed those in the surrounding atmosphere. forest clearance, savanna burning and the oxidation of methane are the other sources of co. - sulphur dioxide ( so2 ) : man - made emissions include fossil fuel combustion, power plants and industries. natural emissions form from soil, plants, the burning of biomass, marine biogenic sea spray and volcanoes. - particulate matter : on a global scale particulate matter is one of the most prevailing atmospheric pollutant. natural sources include wind blown dust, sea spray, pollen, forest fires and volcanoes. the following are some of the natural and man - made emissions for the different particulate matter : - fine particulate matter ( up to 2 m ) : combustion, gas particles condensation and conversions mainly from from so2 and nox. - large particles ( 2 - 100 m ) : they are usually natural particles or industrial dust. - black elemental carbon particles : diesel vehicle emissions and coal use. - toxic trace metals in the particulate fraction : potentially toxic trace metals such as as, pb, cd and hg from metals melting and coal combustion. - lead in the particulate fraction :


carbon particles : diesel vehicle emissions and coal use. - toxic trace metals in the particulate fraction : potentially toxic trace metals such as as, pb, cd and hg from metals melting and coal combustion. - lead in the particulate fraction : forms from using lead ( pb ) as an anti - knock petrol additive, paint pigment and in the manufacturing of batteries. - polynuclear ( polycyclic ) aromatic hydrocarbons ( pah ) : a large group of organic compounds with two or more benzene rings formed by pyrolytic processes resulting from incomplete combustion and are very often absorbed on to particulate matter. shipping, heavy industry, biomass burning, heating with coal are the other sources of man - made emissions. carbonization is the principle natural source. - hydrocarbons : petrol and diesel fuel consists of a large number of hydrocarbons. aromatic hydrocarbons are added to petrol to aid refining. in some countries large quantities of alcohol or ethanol are added to petrol which give rise to large numbers of volatile organic compounds ( vocs ). - nitrogen oxides ( nox ) : they are significant pollutants on both local and regional scale. nox emissions result from fossil fuel combustion and half of these man - made emissions are from mobile sources. natural production is from bacterial action in soils, lightning and forest fires. - photochemical smog : nitrogen oxide and other primary pollutants react under certain climatic conditions to form secondary pollutants such as no2, o3 and peroxyacyl nitrates ( pans ). these photochemical oxidants in combination with various organic compounds are referred to as " photochemical smog ". most atmospheric pollutants pose a risk to human health. health effects vary according to the intensity and duration of exposure and health status of the population exposed. in recent years, a growing body of scientific evidence has indicated that indoor air can be more seriously polluted than outdoor air, even in cities with relatively poor air quality. people spend approximately 90 % of their time indoors, therefore it is likely that the risk to the health may be greater due to air pollution indoors. the most susceptible members are the very young, the elderly and the chronically ill who spends the longest periods indoors. it is now generally accepted that the increase in atmospheric co2 together with other green house gases, ch4, n2o, o3 and cfcs leads to an increase in average global temperature. this will alter global weather patterns, ocean currents with an expected


the weighted scales : the world of an aborted rome the weighted scales discussion thread the weighted scales : the world of an aborted rome prologue : a blip in history part one : the rise of the rasna precious little is known about the rasna in their early times. most modern archaeologists agree that they were the descendants of anatolian colonizers, possibly escaping greek expansion. they were closely related to the rhaetians to the northeast, who are believed to have branched off as they moved further inland towards the alps. both seem to be related to, if not directly descended from, the villanovan culture of central italia. but surely, by the 7th century b. e. the rasna had not only become unique from the villanovans, but dominant over their entire domain. contact with greek merchants led to the rasna adopting and eventually creating their own alphabet. the early rasna, judging by the sophisticated and elaborate burials of their aristocracy, developed a city - state structure similar to the greeks, but unlike the greeks in their worship and deification of each city ’ s respective ruler. during the 6th century b. e. the rasna expanded both north and south. with the adoption of greek - style hoplite soldiers, they were able to gain considerable clout, and brought under their direct control everything between the padus and the tiber. the breadth of their influence grew beyond the apennine mountains to the north, and campania to the south. in campania, the rasna subjugated the oscans present there. the oscans, an italic group caught between the rasna north of them and the greeks in the south, could do little but pay homage to the might of the rasna. the rasna attributed much of their wealth to mining. within their lands were vast veins of iron and copper, extremely valuable minerals, which they mined, refined, crafted into anything from pottery to weaponry, and sold. they built rich cities, solidifying the king - worship already present, and allowing said kings to maintain order within their domains. cities such as cisra, veii, perusia, fufluna, velch, parma, mantua, adria, and roma, among others, grew and prospered with either rasna foundation, or rasna rule. the cities ruled by rasna formed a loose organization or confederacy very similar to those of the greeks and other archaic groups in the east. but the growing rasna monopoly over trade in the tyrrhenian and li


foundation, or rasna rule. the cities ruled by rasna formed a loose organization or confederacy very similar to those of the greeks and other archaic groups in the east. but the growing rasna monopoly over trade in the tyrrhenian and ligurian seas led to direct conflict with the greeks settled in the south of italia, as well as liguria and southern gaul, and the eastern coast of iberia. the phoceans, ionian greek colonizers ( founders of cities like massalia, neapolis, cumae, alalia, rhegion, siris, and leontani, amongst others ) became a stalwart enemy of the rasna. skirmishes and small naval conflicts followed. at this time, another group, whose ancestry also resided in the east, the punics of carthage, were growing in influence. the carthaginians had for a long time been rivals with the greeks, desiring control of maritime commerce for themselves. and as the old saying goes : my enemy ’ s enemy is my friend. so the carthaginians formed an alliance with the rasna, and together they fought the greeks. these were commercial wars, fought solely for the sake of wealth and control over trade routes. at the battle of allalia in 533 b. e. ( 540 b. c. ) off the coast of corsica, the joint carthaginian - rasna alliance confronted the phoceans. the greek fleet consisted of sixty pentekonters ( ships with forty - eight oars and two rudders ). the allied armada was twice as large, also comprised of pentekonters. the greek fleet was able to drive off the aggressors, but lost over two thirds of their force, and all surviving ships were severely damaged. the greeks, realizing that should their aggressors attack again that they would be powerless to stop them, evacuated corsica and sought refuge in rhegion. corsica came under the influence of the rasna, while sardinia fell into carthaginian hands. this would be the height of the rasna ’ s influence and control over italia. they continued to assault greek ships, and pushed for more control further south. but they could not hold that which they had gained. it was the beginning of the end for the rasna. rasna - what the ancient etruscans referred to themselves as. the dor immanu ’ el calendar correlates to seven years earlier than our own. example


had gained. it was the beginning of the end for the rasna. rasna - what the ancient etruscans referred to themselves as. the dor immanu ’ el calendar correlates to seven years earlier than our own. example : otl 7 b. c. ( b. c. e. ) is equal to atl 1 a. e. the po river the etruscan name for caere the etruscan name for vulci prologue : a blip in history part two : down from the mountains during this age, there was but one group that defeated the rasna. while the exact dates remain unclear, it is believed that around 600 b. e. a massive wave of celts crossed the alps and settled in northern italia under the leadership of a gallic prince named bellovesus. much of what is described about how or why this horde of men came to italia is veiled in legend, myth, and lore. but as it goes : a great king named ambicatus once ruled gaul, centered around the bituriges, but in confederacy with the arverni, senones, aedui, ambarri, carnutes, and aulerci. under his reign, the people of gaul grew strong and prosperous. but the rich lands of gaul were so fertile, that the great masses of men proved increasingly difficult to reign over. so, the king took his sister ’ s sons, sigovesus and bellovesus, and had them take as many men as they wanted from any tribe so that no people could resist their advance. the brothers drew lots to determine which will go where, believing these omens of the gods. the omens declared that sigovesus was to take his men to the hercynian forest across the rhine, and bellovesus was to take his men across the mountains to italia. bellovesus nearly lead his men to their deaths, but received help from the greeks who settled in massalia around the same time. after receiving an omen from the gods, bellovesus then led his men through the pass in the alps inhabited by the taurini, a celtic - ligurian group who occupied the upper valley of the padus river. once he and his gauls arrived in italia, they defeated the rasna at the ticino river and settled in northern italia. bellovesus then founded the city of medhlan. however, the presence of the celtic insubres suggests that celts had occupied northern


, one cannot discredit the success of the celtic war - machine, and not understand how a correlation in tribal society might be made. celtic nobles armed themselves with long - swords, varying in size from three feet long to the length of a man. earlier swords had defined points at the end, allowing for piercing as well as slashing, but later models had blunted tips, which meant the focus was placed more on slashing attacks. occasionally, such swords had artistic handles, such as a pommel crafted to resemble a human head or in the shape of a horse. celtic nobles wore armor, usually made from leather, while the richer nobles would wear ornate helmets made from either bronze or iron with crests and horns and inlays of gold or coral. chainmail, a celtic invention, was worn by the wealthiest of nobles. a chainmail suite would cover a man from his knees to his neck, and would allow greater mobility of the arms. also typical of celtic warfare is the battle chariot. a celtic chariot typically was a lightweight, two wheeled cart led by two yoked war - horses. most of the chariot would be made from wood, except for the iron tires and iron fittings to strengthen the hubs of said chariot. sometimes, metal rings were used to strengthen the joints of a chariot. though the celtic chariot may sound and look primitive at face value, especially when compared to the chariots used further east by the great empires of old, they were quite innovative. unlike most chariots in other parts of the world which had the platform directly attached to the axel, celtic chariots were unique in that they suspended the platform that a man stood on by ropes, in no way attached to the axel. this suspension not only made the ride more comfortable but also was easier to fight from because the as the chariot wheels would bump, the platform a man stood upon would not. celtic chariots would be manned in pairs : the charioteer, who stood in the front directing the horses, and the warrior, who would throw his spears from the chariot, and eventually jump off the chariot to fight on foot. the charioteer would then drive away and return to pick up the warrior, whether the warrior is victorious, wounded, or dead. celtic warriors rarely fought in formation. while anywhere from one hundred to one hundred thousand warriors might participate in any given celtic battle, they almost never used formation. instead, they trusted their brute strength and individual capability on the battlefield to overrun their enemy, surging over them like a tidal wave of shouting


from one hundred to one hundred thousand warriors might participate in any given celtic battle, they almost never used formation. instead, they trusted their brute strength and individual capability on the battlefield to overrun their enemy, surging over them like a tidal wave of shouting, painted, and often - naked men. any form of military organization used by celts in battle was more influenced by where the warrior ( s ) were from and what kind of weapons they carried. charioteers and cavalry were usually grouped together, but those using horses were different than those with swords, axes, or spears, and those were different than archers or slingers. more important than formation and tactics to the celts was psychological warfare. being able to instill fear into their enemy was of great importance. before charging into battle, the celts would shout and trash - talk their enemy, all while banging their weapons against their shields. horns called carnyx were blown before battle, and huge low drums were beat to create a hellish sound as the army approached. this combined with many of such men being naked and tattooed was a fierce sight to behold. adding to this, many put lemon juice in their hair, which would make it spike up and turn gold in color. gauls in particular are noted for dying their hair platinum blonde and for growing long mustaches as a sign of manhood, similar to a lion ’ s mane. and the celts were not easy to defeat. honor was based on a man ’ s feats performed in battle, and if you retreated or surrendered in battle, you had no honor. celtic warriors would likely have fought to the last man. many warriors would commit suicide, and even kill their close relatives and loved ones, rather than be captured and sold into slavery. modern day otl marseille ; mασσαλια prologue : a blip in history part three : the rise of the latins in 502 b. e. ( 509 b. c. ) the latins, an italic group living along the southern banks of the tiber river, threw off direct rasna rule. the city of roma in particular came to the forefront, throwing out their rasna king tarquin the proud and founded an oligarchic republic. these latins, many of whom called themselves romans, became the bane of the rasna. these romans quickly began waging wars with their neighbors as well as founding alliances, and proving worth as soldiers as well as diplomats. tarquin, however, was not going to let his thrown


called themselves romans, became the bane of the rasna. these romans quickly began waging wars with their neighbors as well as founding alliances, and proving worth as soldiers as well as diplomats. tarquin, however, was not going to let his thrown simply go. gathering support from the rasna cities of tarquinii and veii, he met the romans at the battle of the arsian forest. the battle concluded with the veientes ’ line breaking to the romans, exposing the right flank of tarquin ’ s army. the rasna were forced to retreat, and the romans claimed victory. but still, tarquin would not give up. he then went to the city of cevsin, a very powerful rasna city, and sought aid from the king pursenas. king pursenas led his army to roma, and the romans feared him at his approach. it is said that the romans went so far as to destroy bridges their own men fought upon to halt the rasna surge across the river. pursenas then determined that the best course of action would be to blockade the city. he sent raiding parties to the surrounding countryside, and blocked all river commerce. an assassination attempt by the romans was made upon pursenas in the night, but instead the king ’ s secretary was slain. pursenas grew to admire the romans ’ bravery, and eventually offered peace. his request to restore tarquin onto his thrown was denied, but the romans returned the lands they took from the city of veii. the romans made war with the aequi and the volsci under the leadership of a man named cincinnatus. this expanded their influence along the tiber river. war with the rasna ignited again and again between the two forces. the disunified rasna usually were unable to work together in an effort to defeat the romans, but on occasion they would, and the romans feared such unified armies, for on several occasions roman armies had been shattered by unified rasna forces. the rasna city of veii, closest in proximity and a competitor for control of the tiber, became roma ’ s nemesis. the rasna of veii would raid almost constantly, but refuse open battle with roman legions. the romans now fought on two fronts, with veii in the north, and the aequi and volsci in the east. the roman fabii tribe attempted to rebuff the raids made by veii. three hundred and six fabii with their clients made camp along the river cremera near veii.


the aequi and volsci in the east. the roman fabii tribe attempted to rebuff the raids made by veii. three hundred and six fabii with their clients made camp along the river cremera near veii. the fabii initially were successful in halting veientes raids, and won several battles against them. a truce was made between roma and veii, but the fabii broke the truce. the veientes continued to raid, but were time and again defeated, so much so, that fabii began to raid the countryside around veii. the veientes, frustrated with these hoplites, laid a trap, scattering a herd as bait. the fabii took the bait, and chased after the herd, but soon were surrounded by rasna. the fabii formed into a wedge and were able to push through and regrouped on a nearby hill, where they were able to repulse the rasna, until hoplites from veii came at them from behind, and slaughtered them. no roman survived the battle of cremera. while the romans slowly expanded through latin lands, the rasna remained the dominant force in the region. but everything changed in 467 b. e. ( 474 b. c. ) in the bay of neapolis. the etruscan name for clusium known by the romans as lars porsena prologue : a blip in history part four : the fall of the rasna historians generally agree that the undeniable turning point in rasna hegemony in northern italia occurred in 467 b. e. ( 474 b. c. ) at the battle of cumae. the rasna had for centuries been locked in a struggle with the greeks to the south. this struggle came to a head when the rasna sent a fleet to attack the euboan greek city of cumae near the city of neapolis. aristodemus, the tyrant ruler of cumae, allied with heiro i of syracuse met the rasna fleet in the bay of neapolis and defeated them. this battle brought to an end all southern expansion by the rasna, and ultimately brought about their demise. the rasna monopoly over the ligurian sea and tyrrhenian sea trade routes ended, but worse was still to come for the rasna. in 428 b. e. ( 435 b. c. ) the romans took the town of fidenes from the


the ligurian sea and tyrrhenian sea trade routes ended, but worse was still to come for the rasna. in 428 b. e. ( 435 b. c. ) the romans took the town of fidenes from the rasna at veii. they then colonized the town, and latinized it. in 389 b. e. ( 396 b. c. ) the city of veii fell to the romans and was sacked by them under their dictator camillus. the latins had been laying siege to the city for ten years, but to no avail. finally, they dug a tunnel beneath the city. when the moment was right, the romans camped outside the city assaulted the walls, seemingly recklessly. at that moment, the romans in the tunnel beneath the city emerged, apparently from beneath the temple of juno, and overran the city. camillus offered to spare all who surrendered their arms, and so the city of veii fell prostrate to the latins. but, unfortunately for camillus, this act of generosity earned him disfavor with the oligarchy in roma, and he was exiled shortly thereafter. alas, the rasna still lingered on, and remained powerful enough to be considered a threat to the romans regardless. but pressure was applied on their proverbial spine from another wave of invading gauls called senones around the year 393 b. e. ( 400 b. c. ) when they migrated into italia, through rasna lands, and finally settled along the adriatic coast of italia, ousting the umbrians living there as they did so. they made a small village known as sena, and made it their capital. indeed, when it broke in 384 b. e. ( 391 b. c. ) and the senones laid siege to the rasna city of clevsin, they had no one to turn to for help but the romans. naples. means literally in greek “ new city ” known today otl as senigallia the weighted scales : a world of an aborted rome apparently it ' s the best ancient tl of 2011. oh baby! the weighted scales : the world of an aborted rome chapter one : the reign of the senones part one : roman tension in 384 b. e. ( 391 b. c. ) brennos led the senones to lay siege to the mighty rasna city of clevsin, intending to negotiate land


fourth to last day of the karkinos in 380 b. e. ( 387 b. c. ) when the romans met the senones just north of the city of roma at a small tributary into the river tiber called allia. the romans, under quintus silpicius with approximately 24, 000 men in phalanx formation, were expecting to completely destroy the senones who approached their city with only half the number. it is uncertain exactly how the celts lead by brennos managed to not only come out of the battle victorious, but came out victorious after slaughtering the roman army and sustaining only minimal casualties. one popular theory is that the senone army comprised of veterans who had mostly been fighting their entire life, and who were larger, stronger, and completely superior to the romans in every way imaginable, instilled so much fear in the romans upon their charge, that the phalanx broke and the senones tore the roman army apart then and there. but this is inconsistent with fact. the romans army, too, was largely comprised of veterans who had fought not only the rasna to the north, but other italic and latin tribes to the east. the romans also were no cowards. one can assume based off their previous encounters with the senones in the mediation between the city of clevsin and brennos that the romans had some idea of what to expect. what is more likely to be the reason for the wholesale celtic victory can be found upon examination of most italic battle formations. the phalanx adopted by the italic tribes and the rasna certainly was not perfect. its main flaw was that the soldiers that comprised of it were not uniform. most italic armies that used the phalanx ( and the romans were no different ) required that each man be supplied with his own weapons. the wealthier, more heavily armored and well - armed hoplites made up the center, while the poorer and more poorly armed men made up the flanks. while this formation works well against others of its kind, it falls apart when matched against a more mobile army. what is most likely to have happened is that the senones rushed into the battle like any other celtic army of the time, but paid close attention to the weak points of the roman formation — the flanks. the senones likely fell upon the roman flanks like a hammer, beating them to the ground in pools of blood, and then surrounded the heavy hoplite center, where the wealthier romans were encircled


the weak points of the roman formation — the flanks. the senones likely fell upon the roman flanks like a hammer, beating them to the ground in pools of blood, and then surrounded the heavy hoplite center, where the wealthier romans were encircled and butchered. unfortunately for the romans, most of their leaders and heads of their city would be found within the center, and so much of the roman leadership would be gone. this left the city practically defenseless. those who managed to escape were all from the flanks. those on the left ran for veii, while those on the right fled for roma. and the senones followed. upon arriving at the city, the senones ransacked everything. what was left of the roman military and leadership barricaded themselves in their acropolis. brennos laid siege to the city, now in a state of despair. the oligarchy met in the acropolis to discuss what to do. they decided to send a messenger to their former dictator marcus furius camillus, who had been in exile in a town over twenty miles away. the messenger climbed a cliff that the senones had neglected, and almost escaped with the message, but was caught just outside the city by a group of band of senones gathering a herd of roman cattle. the unnamed messenger was promptly killed, and his head brought to brennos with the note he bore. later, the senones discovered the cliff by which the man had climbed, and made a charge up it to the acropolis. the city was plundered, and brought to its knees. all but the capitol hill had been looted and sacked. but both sides needed the siege to end. while the romans were obviously being sacked and looted, the senones were having their own problems. not having buried the bodies in the streets, many of the senones began to come down with sickness and disease. also, brennos seems to be aware of the fact that his army was not fully prepared for siege, and could not sustain on much longer. so, both sides met to negotiate the terms of roman defeat. the romans agreed to pay one thousand pounds in gold to brennos and his celts as ransom for their city. but when the transaction was made, the romans objected, claiming that brennos ’ scales were weighed and not set to standard. at this, brennos took his sword, and placed it upon the scale, snarling : “ woe to the defeated! ” brennos demanded that the


, claiming that brennos ’ scales were weighed and not set to standard. at this, brennos took his sword, and placed it upon the scale, snarling : “ woe to the defeated! ” brennos demanded that the romans bring more gold, but they refused. one of the roman tribunes placed his sword on the scale and claimed : “ not gold, but steel! ” battle soon broke out in the streets. the senones, outnumbering the few armed romans left alive, overcame their adversaries, chasing them up the acropolis, until every man was slain, and every woman was handed out. only after taking all the wealth within the city did the senones leave roma, burning as a sign of fortunes to come for italia. the fourth to last day of cancer : july 18 “ the hilled city ” or as we would know it, capitoline hill here is the pod. otl, the messenger managed to sneak passed the senones, and inform camillus that he was assigned dictator of rom. camillus then rallied an army, and drove the senones out of latium after paying the ransom for the city. so that ’ s where the name of this tl came from! “ vae victis! ” this might very well have been the first recorded instance of sarcasm in the western mediterranean. camillus was reported to have said this upon his arrival to oust brennos from latium. however, ittl, some other fool says it, and it gets him killed. chapter one : reign of the senones part three : the foundations of sena located on the adriatic, the town the senones settled, which would later become a city to be known as sena had humble beginnings. originally the war encampment of brennos ’ senone horde on the mouth of the river misa, it would later become a major political center of italia in later decades. when brennos returned from his war with the romans, he came back to sena with all the riches of the burnt city. the women of the city were taken by the celtic soldiers and distributed as wives or servants. it is estimated that after the burning of roma, and the consequent rape of roman women, the senone population boomed into the next generation. roman workers and slaves had two options : enslavement under the senones, or sacrifice to the celtic gods. most chose slavery, and carried much of the rubble of roma across the ape


, the senone population boomed into the next generation. roman workers and slaves had two options : enslavement under the senones, or sacrifice to the celtic gods. most chose slavery, and carried much of the rubble of roma across the apennines to sena to help build the city. while brennos by no means had any plans of a grand city, he was pragmatic. from the stones of roman buildings, a defensive wall was built around sena. like many celtic cities of the period, sena was shaped in a fort - like foundation with the wealthiest parts of the city found at the center. but the city certainly had an italian flair with stone walls, and houses, though of celtic architecture, built from materials used in italian houses. in 378 b. e. ( 385 b. c. ) brennos officially declared himself the king of the sena. though the decision would seem obvious, several senone nobles challenged brennos for the right to the throne. two prominent contenders included the chieftains catugaesum and tarvos. rallying their men, the three chieftains quickly resorted to violence to validate their claim to the throne. catugaesum ’ s faction met brennos in battle that summer outside sena. the two forces, relatively small compared to the force sent to sack clevsin and roma, probably comprised of one thousand men on each side. catugaesum stood out in front of his army dressed in full celtic noble armor. his long mustache flowed in the wind as he shouted insults at brennos, called him a coward, the son of a swine and a whore, and insulted his masculinity. brennos responded by shouting back that catugaesum was the coward, not he, and that catugaesum could not pleasure a woman without having the shaft of a spear to assist him in penetrating. both sides beat their shields and blew their war - horns like wolves howling in the wind. battle quickly ensued. in the fray, brennos met catugaesum and the two fought. in the end, brennos came out victorious, hewing catagaesum in half with his sword. as was tradition, brennos claimed his enemy ’ s head and hung it from around the neck of his horse. while catugaesum ’ s doom is well documented, little is known about the fate of brennos ’ other rival for the throne, tarvos. sources are contradictory


enemy ’ s head and hung it from around the neck of his horse. while catugaesum ’ s doom is well documented, little is known about the fate of brennos ’ other rival for the throne, tarvos. sources are contradictory, as some claim that brennos defeated him in a duel before both of their armies, while other sources claim that tarvos surrendered his claim to the throne in exchange for gold and land. regardless, it is certain that by the end of 377 b. e. ( 384 b. c. ) the senone chieftain brennos claimed the title of senonirix, king of sena. likely derived from the tribal name senone by other italic tribes names mean “ battle - spear ” and “ bull ” respectively. i must admit that both of these men are fictional, because so little is known about the senones of this period. not exactly classy or heroic, but the celts definitely knew how to make someone feel like shit before killing them. literally means king of the senones. at this period, the name the senones gave their city is unknown. the city would only later be known as sena. chapter one : reign of the senones part four : senonirix ’ s war after centralizing his command and officially claiming the title of senonirix brennos, the king brennos seemed to have recalled his reasons for settling down in italia to begin with. indeed, with the last major military power in northern italia laid low and out of the way, it appeared that the land was ripe for the taking. in the summer of 376 b. e. ( 383 b. c. ) the senone army marched into mexl rasnal and laid siege to perusia, a rasna city near the head of the tiber river. senonirix brennos demanded that perusia pay him tribute and give the senones its rich farmlands, or else see its doom. initially, the king of perusia refused, and attempted to fight off the senones. he led the rasna elite hoplites out to meet the senones, their armor glistening in the summer sun. the senones yelled and cried intimidating. senonirix brennos lead the charge, riding a chariot adorned with the heads of his fallen enemies. they bumped and pounded, dried hair twirling like flags of death, against the sides of his chariot. his long mustache blew in the wind as his driver brought him closer to


charge, riding a chariot adorned with the heads of his fallen enemies. they bumped and pounded, dried hair twirling like flags of death, against the sides of his chariot. his long mustache blew in the wind as his driver brought him closer to the phalanx line. his grey eyes narrowed as he grabbed his javelin, and at just the last second, he launched the weapon into the rasna line. just as his chariot turned, he saw the spear meat its mark. behind him, two thousand champions on chariots did likewise, riding forward at full speed, and launching their javelins just at the last moment before pulling back. with the line weakened, the footmen, far behind the swift charioteers, cut through the perusians like a blade through tender flesh. the rasna were slow, cumbersome, and rigid. the senones were fast, agile, and fluid. like a tidal wave, the men painted blue bore down, rushing through the golden fields and pastures. said fields and pastures soon turned scarlet from the rage of battle borne. when the senone footmen broke through the perusian line, tearing through the phalanx like wolves amongst the flock, the senone champions dismounted from their chariots and rushed to join them. glory in war, amongst all things, was what the senones wanted. indeed, the rich lands and the wealthy city were excellent boons for such a war, but the average man who not only ran, but made a mad dash in nothing but his skin, hair standing on end in rigid lemon - dried spikes, body painted blue, heart pounding like the deep drums and voice shouting like the battle - horns in the distance — yes, it was all for glory that they ran into the fray and carnage. the perusian center crumbled, the phalanx falling in on itself like a demolished building. rasna fought as best as they could, but with their long spears, they could not fight effectively in such close combat. many men dropped their spears entirely in preference for knives as weapons. some perusians did without their arms entirely, and fought the senones with nothing more than their fists for weapons. however, nothing they could do would hold back the waves of senones, crashing down harder and harder. the rasna quickly fled back into the walls of their city and barricaded the gates. the senones camped outside perusia for a month until the perusian king conceded and paid the senones seven hundred pounds of gold, a hundred cows,


the rasna quickly fled back into the walls of their city and barricaded the gates. the senones camped outside perusia for a month until the perusian king conceded and paid the senones seven hundred pounds of gold, a hundred cows, and three hundred sheep, and that was merely the compensation for the lost senone warriors. the farmlands around the city were handed over to senonirix brennos, and perusian itself was forced to pay an annual tribute of two hundred pounds of gold and four hundred pounds of silver, or else forfeit its sovereignty. the next year, senonirix brennos launched yet another campaign into rasna lands, this time for his old target of clevsin. the city was laid under siege once again, reminiscent of its ordeal with the senones in 384 b. e. ( 391 b. c. ). however, nine years later in 375 b. e. ( 382 b. c. ) the city had no romans to save it from its grim fate. the next spring, clevsin fell, and the senones not only sacked it, pouring through the gates and ransacking the city, but set it ablaze when they were done. it is unknown how or why. in fact, it seems counter - productive to the senones who had initially wished to make clevsin their new home and to replace sena as the capital of brennos ’ new kingdom. there are several stories about how the burning of clevsin occurred. the first, and most famous, is that the rasna king of clevsin lauxum insulted senonirix brennos by spitting in his face as brennos broke into his palace. brennos then took off lauxum ’ s head, claiming it as a trophy, and said : “ let his body be set afire with the rest of his palace, so that all shall know that senonirix has slain lauxum at last. ” however, when his servants set the palace on fire, a wind came in from the north, and blew the flames into the city. the senones quickly escaped while the fire grew out of control and devoured the city. another story is that lauxum himself set his palace on fire as brennos and his men approached. a rasna source claims he grabbed a lamp filled with oil and shouted to the gods : “ no barbarian shall have me or my city! clevsin will burn before being in the hands


palace on fire as brennos and his men approached. a rasna source claims he grabbed a lamp filled with oil and shouted to the gods : “ no barbarian shall have me or my city! clevsin will burn before being in the hands of outsiders! but my city will rise again from ash like the phoenix, and rain down justice upon the senones! ” and with that, lauxum poured the oil onto his skin, and set himself, his family, and his servants on fire, sacrificing his city to spite senonirix brennos. both stories hold credence, but both resulted in the same end. clevsin burned to the ground, and the senones returned to sena with all the riches of the city in tow. it was the beginning of a new age for italia, one that would lead to more war, more bloodshed, and perhaps more myth than truth in the shadowy depths of the past. what the etruscans called etruria. according to later historians, senonirix brennos was described as having grey eyes, although it is unknown if this is true. some historians debate if this was little flair added by the greeks who later settled italia as a nod to athena and her legendary grey eyes. while realistically this image does not hold as true as the poets of old would like, there is some merit to it. the senones, and celtic warriors in general, were very driven by personal honor as well as the greed that drives all men to war. probably not his real name. lauxum is etruscan for king or prince, so it is likely that this was documented as his name when in fact it was his title. the story is discredited by most modern historians because of this phrase. it was just a tad to prophetic for most historians to take seriously. while the possibility that the city was set on fire by the king is just as possible that brennos did it, this quote is thought to have been added to the story later. chapter one : reign of the senones part five : the rotting corpse historians note the lack of rasna literature and documentation during this time period. almost all of what is known comes either from the greeks to the far south, or from histories written a century later by the latin peoples who would later don the name of the etruscans. while in previous centuries, rasna documentation was uncommonly complete, even during their spat with the latin romans, but suddenly with the rise of


from histories written a century later by the latin peoples who would later don the name of the etruscans. while in previous centuries, rasna documentation was uncommonly complete, even during their spat with the latin romans, but suddenly with the rise of the senones to their direct east, and increasingly powerful hand in the affairs of mexl rasnal, the mysteriously rasna suddenly stopped writing. the most commonly accepted theory is that during this time where rasna cities were sacked ( and in the case of clevsin, burned ) almost yearly by this new and hyper - militant enemy, the educated classes of rasna suffered. either their fortunes were lost and less people could afford to buy or make materials to write with, or the senones slaughtered them upon reaching the more affluent parts of whichever city they sacked that year. the senones were not keen on burning script. in most celtic cultures, script was holy and only the druids could write ( both by law and ability ). it seems unlikely that the senones would intentionally burn any literature they found. this appears obvious when one looks at the historical record of events before the rise of sena as a power in italia left intact. but with the death of rasna literature, so it seemed the language itself was declining at a quickening speed. make no mistake ; it is easy for history books to discount the destructive force a raiding army can have upon a city and a civilization at large. it is estimated that the senones managed to cut rasna populations in half, while their population remained constant, if not increasing along the coast of the adriatic. the city of veii was already mostly latinized by the time the senones sacked and destroyed roma. in fact, after roma was left a burning rubble along the tiber, most of the survivors fled and settled in veii. this marked a growing trend of latins moving north into the devastated rasna cities and settling them. by 358 b. e. ( 365 b. c. ) it is believed that the population of native rasna speakers had dwindled down to as little as a quarter of what it once had in its heartland along the tiber with the continued senone military presence in the region and the latin population moving in. however, in the rasna cities further north, like mantua, felsina, spica, atria, and further west, like fufluna, felathri, and vetluna, rasna remained the majority language and ethnicity, mostly untouched by the


in and out of mexl rasnal without an utterance of contestation. the fortress stood at the top of a hill with two fortified stone walls surrounding it. the outer wall surrounded the city as well as the necropolis on usilpes, a hill adjacent to the city. the inner wall surrounded the acropolis, where the palace and public - square were. on the eastern side, the wall gave way to a steep cliff. outside the city, rasna farmers and peasants scurried about in their fields. senonirix brennos stood in his chariot, eyes fixed on the glimmering city in the distance. the sun had just come up behind him and his army. this would be the last massive battle his people would need to secure their territory in central italia. if arretium fell, the rest would crumble like dust. the senones would wash over the countryside like a great flood. behind him, he had assembled every man capable of bearing arms within his territory. senones, umbrii, piceni, and even some rasna filled his ranks, armed with whatever they had. he had hired five thousand insubre mercenaries, and two thousand latin hoplites. in all, the senonirix had mustered almost fifty thousand men, with a strong twenty thousand senone core. he thought to himself that any enemy would be a fool to dare contest such a horde. the senonirix placed his horned helmet atop his head. his body was draped in a coat of chainmail, and he was armed to the teeth. brennos said to his chariot driver : “ delgu marusego senoni pa dunum. eimu! ” the chariot driver nodded, and brought the horses to a run. brennos lifted his spear and let out a terrifying roar as his dyed hair whipped in the wind and his long mustache pulled back over his face. the heads of his enemies clanged against each other as the hung on the necks of his horses and the sides of his chariot. his war cry was followed by the booming sound of an entire army ’ s voices. the war - horns wailed balefully, and the low drums pounded, almost as loud as the thunderous pounding of hooves against the earth. the rasna peasants outside arretium, as if by instinct, dropped whatever they were doing, and made a mad dash for the city gates. some vainly attempted to hustle their herds of sheep and cattle into the city before the senones came


rasna peasants outside arretium, as if by instinct, dropped whatever they were doing, and made a mad dash for the city gates. some vainly attempted to hustle their herds of sheep and cattle into the city before the senones came down on them. brennos ’ chariot tore through the golden fields of wheat. without much thought, he lobbed off the head of peasant. the city of arretium would not have time to let in all of the farmers before the horde reached the gate. the gate shut closed, abandoning hundreds of rasna peasants outside. but brennos was clever like a hawk. instead of slaughtering the peasants, he had them rounded up and sold as slaves. the senone army began to ransack the countryside, burned down their houses, and took anything of value. brennos addressed the city of arretium, and gave them the choice to surrender to his mighty host, or fall beneath the feet of the mighty senone warriors. the siege took months. the senones cut off the water supply to arretium, and began to starve them out. by the fourth month of siege, the city smelled like sickness. if the wind blew the right way, the senone army could smell the dying inside the city, a death trap. by the seventh month of siege, the rasna force finally came out in an attempt to fight off the senone horde. the hoplites marched out of the gate in phalanx formation. the wealthy, upper class soldiers made the center, and the poorer, less equipped made the flanks. the rasna, short in comparison to the mighty senones, made themselves look taller by mounting huge crests of horsehair on their helmets. the invading army quickly rallied, and made a line. they beat their shields as the war drums boomed behind them and the war horns howled in the wind. the senones began to shout and roar. brennos came to the front and began to insult the rasna as was custom. he called them weaklings and cowards who hid behind walls, and fools for challenging his army. but the rasna continued to march closer. tired of the theatrics, and apparently just as ready for battle as the rasna, the senonirix took his spear, and bellowed as he launched it at the defending army. he saw one man fall, pinned to the ground, but the formation kept moving closer. brennos roared, and the senone army charged. the battle was


lifetime. it is said that the senones mourned for a month. accounts by their neighbors the latins claim that a mass human sacrifice took place in which one thousand rasna prisoners of war were burned in wicker men. however, this claim has been disputed not only by historians, but also by archaeological evidence. but nonetheless, in 372 b. e. ( 379 b. c. ) the senone chieftains were left with their king dead, and no clear successor. brennos ’ son belartos claimed the title of senonirix, but he claimed it to not much support. belartos, still young and not battle tested, was barely considered a man, and was a bastard at that, conceived by a slave girl. the other chieftains were not keen on answering to his kind. before long, at least five claimed the title of senonirix. belartos, brennos ’ bastard son, was the first. he was brennos ’ only known son, and so had hereditary claims to the kingship, but was not the mighty warrior that his father was. it is estimated that he was only twelve when his father died. marucingetos, another contender, was one of brennos ’ most high ranking warriors, and had been present in the senone invasion of italia from the beginning. though old, he had proved his worth on the battlefield time and time again. he himself claimed the head of the roman leader who had dared challenge brennos and the senones to battle in the streets of the forgotten city of roma. the chieftain of one of the largest senone clans, uros claimed the title of senonirix as well. having been the head of one of the clans, he already had a large body of support. on top of this, he was a noted warrior who had been at the head of the ram that broke the city gates of clevsin. glastus, a relatively young contender, though not nearly as young as belartos, he was only a boy when the senones settled in italia and carved out a kingdom there. but after the death of his father in the battle of perusia, he was elevated to the head of his clan. over the years, he proved his mettle on the battlefield, like all but one of his rivals, and had gained the respect of his people after having reportedly been shot three times with rasna arrows in a raid into mexl rasnal, and still claiming the heads


proved his mettle on the battlefield, like all but one of his rivals, and had gained the respect of his people after having reportedly been shot three times with rasna arrows in a raid into mexl rasnal, and still claiming the heads of each man who shot him while returning home with the boons of victory. and the last contender for the title of senonirix was cingetocintus, brennos ’ second - in - command and the leader of the senone cavalry. although celtic armies usually divided their troops based on where they were from as opposed to how well they were armed or what they were armed with, they always made a distinction for cavalry and charioteers. in fact, the cavalry, those who rode on horseback, were always distinct even from the charioteers, who were usually infantry riding in cart. this fact gave cingetocintus distinction not only as a warrior of note, but a man who already knew how to command warriors and lead a charge. it is he who is quoted as saying : “ there can only be one senonirix, else we loose all we have gained. ” and so the five chieftains rallied their supporters and went about preparing for the trials they would have to undergo next spring when battle - season began. and when it began, only one man would remain who dared name himself senonirix. the year was 371 b. e. ( 378 b. c. ) when the equinox came and the year began anew, each contender assembled their supporters and mustered their armies, except one. marucingetos, the eldest of those hoping for the title of king, grew ill over the winter and died from sickness. his support was split, but many lent their allegiance to cingetocintus, who had been a comrade and friend of marucingetos. belartos and uros met in a pitched battle about a league inland from sena. uros, before the battle, challenged belartos, senonirix brennos ’ only son, to a duel, a battle of champions to spare the bloodshed of their own men. uros, who already had the larger army, saw reason in containing the bloodshed so that the senones could continue to hold a firm military grip in the region. he also knew that belartos had never seen combat, and that the barely - man pretender would hardly be a challenge in a duel. uros would maintain his honor, while keeping the bloodshed to a


firm military grip in the region. he also knew that belartos had never seen combat, and that the barely - man pretender would hardly be a challenge in a duel. uros would maintain his honor, while keeping the bloodshed to a minimum. but belartos knew this as well, and refused to meet uros alone. he shouted that he did not have faith in the might of his own army, and that the war god segomo would favor the son of the senonirix. unfortunately for belartos, he was sorely mistaken. his army was crushed under foot, and belartos himself was slain by uros, who claimed his rival ’ s head. when cingetocintus and glastus met, however, an unlikely event occurred. instead of breaking into battle, as was expected, glastus marched casually across the battlefield to cingetocintus, dropped his sword and shield before him, and exclaimed : “ a raven foretold your favor by the gods of war. i shall not displease the gods, and present to you my men, who will follow you to victory. ” the young glastus would later become a trusted friend of cingetocintus, whose army was now doubled. the final confrontation would be between him and uros, the chieftain who claimed belartos ’ head. cingetocintus dismounted his chariot, and strode to the field between the two armies. the two senone warriors were equally well equipped ; both wore chain mail, both wore helmets with horns and crests, both held mighty shields, both bore spears, swords, axes, clubs, and knives, any weapon they could use to kill the other. uros made the first move, and charged with his spear, which cingetocintus deflected expertly with his own. cingetocintus made a jab with his spear, which uros blocked with his shield and thrust his own at his adversary ’ s neck. the spear hit cingetocintus ’ shield head on, bending the leaf - shaped blade and breaking splintering the shaft. uros did not have time to even drop his useless weapon before he was beat over the head with the blunt power of a celtic shield. uros went wheeling, but cingetocintus grabbed him by the torque around his neck and threw his enemy to the ground. he placed a booted foot down on uros ’ back and brought his spear down, staking his


shield. uros went wheeling, but cingetocintus grabbed him by the torque around his neck and threw his enemy to the ground. he placed a booted foot down on uros ’ back and brought his spear down, staking his rival to the earth. both armies roared and cheered : cingetocintus pulled his axe from his belt, and dispatched uros ’ head, his prize, his gift that gave him power. he took the head and held it up, blood and gore pouring out and running down the new senonirix ’ s arm. the armies shouted even louder than before, and beat their shields. they were his now. cingocintus become the senonirix. validated by an archaeological expedition on a hill outside sena purported to be the legendary king ’ s grave. the ancients started the new - year with the first day of spring, around march 21st the celts were extremely religious, and if there was one thing that would stop them from possibly gaining another victory to bolster their glory, it was an omen from the gods. ravens were often used as omens. also, could not find enough gaulish words to say that in their language, sorry all gaulish warriors wore a golden ring called a torque around their neck that supposedly protected them from harm in battle. chapter one : reign of the senones part eight : the first warrior cingetocintus is a figure of history shrouded in myth. we know he existed, he is well attested as a great military leader by the greeks in the south. his victories over the city - states in northern italia were of considerable note. but modern historians are quite critical of the man who would finish what brennos started. cingetocintus was certainly a brash and arrogant man, even compared to the stereotypical celtic warrior. when he moved in on curtun, the rasna city - state south of arretium, cingetocintus did not threaten the city, shouting and howling like a wild animal about how glorious his army was, but instead he approached the gate, and simply claimed the city as under the rule of the senonirix. the lands ruled by curtun were already completely surrounded by lands ruled over and slowly being settled by the senones. small raiding bands of senones had harassed their countryside for years already, stealing cattle and sheep, as well as ravaging the small villages that dotted the area. curtun was weak, and apparently it knew it. so the


the senones. small raiding bands of senones had harassed their countryside for years already, stealing cattle and sheep, as well as ravaging the small villages that dotted the area. curtun was weak, and apparently it knew it. so the tale goes, cingetocintus simply stood in front of the gates of curtun with his army at his back for the rest of the day, until finally, as the sun began to set, and the people within the city opened the gates and threw out their king, like a lamb to sate the hunger of a pride of lions. the king shouted and protested as his own personal guard dragged him through the gate, and threw him to the ground before cingetocintus ’ booted feet. the rasna king looked up, quivering in his robes. his brown, curled hair fell over his eyes in a mess. clearly he had been quite pristine before his scuffle with his own people. cingetocintus could smell the perfume on him. dust and mud tainted the tails of his linen robes, and clotted the man ’ s beard. the senonirix drew his sword and brought it down, severing the king of curtun ’ s head from his body. cingetocintus casually picked up the bloody prize and handed it to his chariot - driver. the guards who had delivered the rasna king stepped aside, allowing the senones to enter their city peacefully, and exclaimed that the senonirix was indeed their king. the year was 369 b. e. ( 376 b. c. ) two years later, senonirix cengetocintus pulled the same maneuver in perusia. perusia had been reduced to little more than a vassal city with almost no land left for its people to farm, and even less fodder left to feed its own people after their annual tribute. the people of perusia grew increasingly unhappy with their king, who they blamed for their current disparity. the etruscan historian octabion wrote that a perusian princess purportedly wrote a letter to the senonirix and asked for her to take her and the kingship of her city, claiming her brother was an evil man who squandered the wealth of their city and left their people to starve in the streets. so, when cingetocintus arrived at the gates of perusia, so the story goes, and simply said that the he was the king of perusia, he was let in and


and left their people to starve in the streets. so, when cingetocintus arrived at the gates of perusia, so the story goes, and simply said that the he was the king of perusia, he was let in and the actual perusian king delivered to him to be decapitated, his head added to cingetocintus ’ increasing collection of royal craniums. but this is not to assume cingetocintus, the great warrior who wont he title of senonirix had a peaceful reign. while two cities ( and apparently one princess ) gave into him without so much as a struggle, the same was not entirely true for the rest of the lands that would come under his yoke. having fully secured the head of the river tiber, the senonirix went about subjugating the piceni peoples directly south of sena, when he happened upon a fledgling greek colony ancona. ancona was founded in 380 b. e. ( 387 b. c. ) by a group of settlers from syracuse. they named their new colony so for the greek word, meaning elbow, to describe the way the land pointed out into the sea where they settled, protecting the harbor. here, these greeks built a tyrian purple dye factory. this wealthy and growing greek colony without doubt caught the eye of the senones living just to the north. in 364 b. e. cingetocintus amassed a horde of men measuring around forty - thousand men, many of whom were of rasna and latin origin as well as senone, and sacked the city of its gold, took the dye and sold it, massacred the population, and enslaved what was left. cingetocintus left the city standing only because on of his rasna advisors informed him of its strategic location on the adriatic sea. the hollowed skeleton of ancona was settled with senones as well as any rasna or latin man who served in his horde and wished to relocate there. the city would prove very prosperous in years to come, as well as very important in the history of the senones. year after year, the senone war - machine had humiliated and defeated the rasna confederacy, and finally the city - states remaining had decided they had had enough. in the old days, when need was great, the cities of mexl rasnal would work together and form a mighty army to defeat a foe. for a long time, they had been a squabbling and decaying


had had enough. in the old days, when need was great, the cities of mexl rasnal would work together and form a mighty army to defeat a foe. for a long time, they had been a squabbling and decaying mess, but with the increasing pressure from the senones in the east, a ravenous wolf slowly eating away at their body, they decided to finally do something about it as a single force. this would be the great battle that would send senonirix cingetocintus into the legendary pantheon of mighty military leaders of antiquity, like alexandros megas, hasdrubal barca, burebista, and many more. the two armies met in the spring of 362 b. e. ( 369 b. c. ) in a field by a small rasna hill - town called saina. the rasna forces consisted of an estimated 30, 000 men marching in phalanx formation. against them, an army of equal size approached in standard celtic regalia, horns blaring, drums beating, and men shouting — singing even — about the glory and imminent victory of the senones. the battle was bloody, harsh, and costly for both sides. but as per usual, the rasna phalanx formation could not stand against the waves of celtic onslaught. but this is not the reason why this battle was remembered as the peak of cingetocintus ’ military might. when, his enemies broke into a retreat, senonirix cingetocintus moved to the head of his army, and bid them halt ( a task nigh impossible in the face of thousands of blood thirsty senones ). he regrouped his horde, and quickly followed through with his plan. he split his army between his cavalry and his infantry. the senonirix took personal command of the cavalry, and he had his former rival glastus take command of the footmen. the men on foot were to continue following the retreating rasna and keep them on the run, while the cavalry were to harry their foes, like a shepherd dog directing the sheep by nipping at their heels to wherever they so desired. unaware of the trap they were being cajoled into, the rasna army, still rather formidable in size, was chased into a forest, where suddenly the senones disappeared. the rasna took it as good luck, and continued their way into the woods, hoping that they could make it home alive. the rasna army made camp


rather formidable in size, was chased into a forest, where suddenly the senones disappeared. the rasna took it as good luck, and continued their way into the woods, hoping that they could make it home alive. the rasna army made camp in the forest for the night, but just as the sun began to go down, they heard a cry in the brush. “ vers! ” came the cry, and they understood it. suddenly, balls of fire came at them from their flanks, and burned through the rasna army. scared and disoriented, they were unsure if the men attacking them were rasna or senone. they were darker than the senones, and shouted words they could understand, but many had mustaches and spiked hair like the senones. their weapons were both rasna and celtic, and their entire army was slaughtered before they even could put together that they were being killed by their own kind, rasna ruled under senones who had apparently adopted some of senone traditions to assimilate. some of the rasna who were being cut to pieces made a run for the fields, which lay a half - days march away back from where they had come, only to be met by the rest of the senonirix ’ s force, and dispatched. mexl rasnal suffered a major defeat, and was now ripe for the taking. you didn ’ t think they were just going to hole up in their crappy old city on the adriatic and just tax the hell out of the lands the conquered, did you? no, the main reason why the senones invaded italia in the first place was because they needed and wanted fertile lands for their exploding population. a name that bares an uncanny resemblance to the latin name octavian, don ’ t you think. while the hierarchy of the senones ’ growing kingdom was made up of a strong senone core, much of the population in their lands was still etruscan and latin. etruscan and latin men of value, especially those from cities that had surrendered peacefully to the senonirix, had a chance to become quite important in their own right. would later otl be known as siena “ vers ” is the etruscan word for red fire. chapter one : reign of the senones part nine : the final days of the rasna while the recent wars waged by the senones had wrought much destruction across northern italia, the city of sena surely profited. influxes of gold and loot filled its co


the senones part nine : the final days of the rasna while the recent wars waged by the senones had wrought much destruction across northern italia, the city of sena surely profited. influxes of gold and loot filled its coffers with every raid, and almost every tribe along senone borders paid annual tribute. it is still unknown why cingetocintus continued to keep sena as his center of operations. he had taken cities much larger with more ancient foundations that were surrounded by better land no less, but the senonirix continued to house himself in sena. but at least once a year, the senonirix was required to visit and house in one of the other cities he claimed kingship over. interestingly enough, cingetocintus did not only claim the title of senonirix, but also corturix ( king of curtun ) and parosirix ( king of perusia ). this not only implied that cingetocintus was the ruler of the senones, but the ruler of rasna as well, an act of politics that the greeks would admire, take note of, and one day adopt. so, when cingetocintus called upon his chieftains and advisors in the autumn of 360 b. e. ( 367 b. c. ), two years after the battle of saina where he had completely broken the back of mexl rasnal, one can imagine quite the motley assortment of men gathered around his table. senones, of course, made the upper echelons and likely the majority in cingetocintus ’ court. but there were also rasna, latins, and even a few greeks present to offer their intellect and wisdom. the plan was made, and the next year, cingetocintus would finally secure his people a place in italia that no outside force could remove from their grasp. in the spring of 359 b. e. ( 366 b. c. ) cingetocintus ’ army rendezvoused at perusia, which was to be the staging point for his last invasion of mexl rasnal. they marched down the tiber, overwhelming velzna, and then seizing veii without much of a fight. interestingly enough, and as evidence for an ongoing trend in mexl rasnal, especially further south, rasna translators in veii proved to be practically useless upon securing the city, and instead latin translators were used. some of cinge


. interestingly enough, and as evidence for an ongoing trend in mexl rasnal, especially further south, rasna translators in veii proved to be practically useless upon securing the city, and instead latin translators were used. some of cingetocintus ’ advisors suggested crossing the tiber and taking the region known as latium, the home of the latins, but cingetocintus replied that they needed to finish one war before they started another, or else victory would be prolonged. the senonirix ’ s army continued to march down the tiber, until they finally reached the tyrrhenian sea. along the way, cingetocintus had only minimal casualties, and the going seemed easy. but there were six rasna city - states that remained, half of the old confederacy. and they had been using the last two years to build up their defenses for just this occasion. the senone army moved north, following the coastline until they reached the rasna city of cisra. though heavily populated by latins, the city was by no means as latinized as veii. it was surrounded by two rivers, and controlled a major port, which brought the city great wealth. the city was known to trade with the carthaginians, greeks, fellow rasna, as well as the celts. but, like the rest of mexl rasnal, it was in fast decline. cingetocintus demanded that the city of cisra surrender, else suffer a terrible defeat. the king of cisra declined the senonirix ’ s offer, and instead ordered his men to shoot down at their enemies from their walls. one arrow nearly killed cingetocintus, striking him in the chest, just bellow his heart. perhaps had the arrow struck cingetocintus in the neck, he wouldn ’ t have been shouting threats and damnations upon the city of cisra as he was dragged back to camp, where the druids patched him up, and eventually brought him back to health. the senones quickly took action, and dammed up the two rivers, cutting of cisra ’ s water supply. they went about ravaging the farmlands and beheading any rasna who claimed allegiance to cisra outside the city walls. as was the senonirix ’ s order, they took each head, and stuck them on a stake in view of the city. each day, the number of heads presented increased, until ( according to octabi


cisra outside the city walls. as was the senonirix ’ s order, they took each head, and stuck them on a stake in view of the city. each day, the number of heads presented increased, until ( according to octabion ) a ring of heads was made around the city. starving and dying of thirst, disease broke out within the city. those who attempted to escape the city were decapitated, and joined the ring of heads. then, the senones took the port, completely cutting off the city from the outside. after that, it was only a matter of weeks before the city fell, and a very vengeful ( and at this point still injured ) senonirix brought down the entire wrath he could upon cisra. women were raped, men were slaughtered, and every child old enough to speak ill of cingetocintus was thrown into the ocean to drown. cingetocintus personally slew the king of cisra. he had the king tied to a post outside the gates of his city, and shot him twelve times, until finally ending his life with a well - aimed arrow to the heart. again, it was cingetocintus ’ advisors who reminded him of the strategic importance of the city, and the wealth it could give, thus preventing him from tearing the city down brick by brick. the senones wintered inside cisra, and prepared for another year of conquest when 358 b. e. ( 365 b. c. ) came around. they continued to march north, until they reached tarchna. the inhabitants of tarchna had heard the horrible stories of the fate of cisra, but the king refused to yield. cingetocintus, in a stroke of genius, promised safety for themselves and their families and even rewards for anyone who renounced the king of tarchna and swore fealty to the senonirix. one would have expected the people of tarchna to throw open the gates and hailed their new king with open arms after such an offer, but unlike perusia and curtun, tarchna had been relatively unaffected by senone incursions into mexl rasnal, so the rasna within that city were not nearly as impoverished. added to this was the ancient tradition of god - kings in rasna society, where the reigning monarch was believed to be a deity, or at least connected to the gods, and maintained order. so, within tarchna, there was mixed sentiments about ci


this was the ancient tradition of god - kings in rasna society, where the reigning monarch was believed to be a deity, or at least connected to the gods, and maintained order. so, within tarchna, there was mixed sentiments about cingetocintus ’ offer. but that was all he needed. when the king of tarchna prepared for the siege to come, cingetocintus apparently caught a break. a man from inside the city waved a flag at the army one night, and offered to help them enter the city. in one week, he was to gather those who had chosen the senonirix, and throw down ropes to help them scale the walls. in the meantime, their families were to place a bushel of wheat over their doorway. finally, when the day came, a group of men came to the wall and threw down ropes. a group of senones quietly scaled the walls, killed the sentries, and opened the gates. true to his word, cingetocintus did not harm anyone within the houses with a bushel of wheat above their doorways. tarchna was taken. by the end of the year, they had seized velch and vetluna as well without much struggle. it seemed even after three years, the great rasna cities could not muster any force strong enough to challenge the senone horde. 357 b. e. ( 364 b. c. ) proved to be a harder year. cingetocintus ’ forces marched to fufluna only to find a huge wall blocking their way. fufluna was a major port city, located on a small peninsula jutting out from mexl rasnal. the rasna living there, it seemed, had built this wall across the peninsula, halting the senone advance from even coming near their city. the senones attempted to breach the wall, but were unable to. though they had conquered many walled cities, siege had never been one of their strong points, the senones preferred open battle, which fufluna was actively denying them. so, cingetocintus decided to bypass fufluna for now, and attacked felathri to the north. felathri too proved difficult. the senones, after wintering outside the city, finally resorted to scaling the walls in 356 b. e. ( 363 b. c. ), a risky and rash decision which led to a fair amount of senone casualties by arrow and slingshot, but the


water supply, and food, until the city was rotting from within with disease and starvation. a fire broke out from within the city, and the gates flew open as the people from within attempted to escape. instead they ran right into the wolf ’ s jaws, and were slaughtered. the senones and the ligurians entered the city and tore it apart. when the city was finally taken, and there was not a soul left within who had resisted the senones, the senones put out the fire, and allowed the ligurian pirates to live within the city as long as they swore fealty to the senonirix. they agreed. and so came to an end mexl rasnal. notice how he does not deny that the senones would achieve victory, only that it would take longer if they waged another war. this was quite the common mentality of the senones. this is separate from other celtic groups. we would know them as the gauls, a name that was given to them by the romans. the gauls referred to themselves as celtos. chapter one : reign of the senones part ten : examining impact with the fall of fufluna in 355 b. e. ( 362 b. c. ), the rasna were no longer the dominant cultural force in northern italia. in fact, the recent wars and pillaging are estimated to have cut the rasna population in half, and that is a conservative estimate. after almost thirty years of raiding, pillaging, and conquest, the senones had not only completely slaughtered the entire population of four major cities, but had burned two more to the ground entirely. the only centers that remained predominantly rasna after the conquests of brennos and cingetocintus were perusia and curtun within senone dominion, and felsina, mantua, spica, and atria. this caused huge demographic changes. it is estimated only 24 out of a hundred native residents of what was once mexl rasnal have a bloodline descended from the rasna. another 32 out of a hundred are traced to celtic or senone ancestry, and another 35 from latin lineage. indeed, the most unexpected change from the senone conquest of mexl rasnal was that the latins, not the senones, became the majority in the region. the senones are attributed to introducing soap ( sepa ) to the italian peninsula. made from lye, ash, and tallow, celtic soap was considered to be


the latins, not the senones, became the majority in the region. the senones are attributed to introducing soap ( sepa ) to the italian peninsula. made from lye, ash, and tallow, celtic soap was considered to be of great quality. this greatly improved the wellbeing and health of the region in the long run, and was a contributing factor in the population explosion that would occur a century later. to this day, there remains a celtic - speaking minority along the adriatic coast. they speak a language called senias. while the language has a great many influences from the other italian languages and even greek, the tongues of the italian peninsula, too, have a great many of their words derived from celtic origins. the senones catalyzed the introduction of the god cernunnos, the antlered god, to the italian pantheon, which previously had been almost all consisted of greek gods. the cult of cernunnos would later possess great power in the region, rivaling the cult of isis and the followers of immanu ’ el. the cult of cernunnos later gained particular prevalence in perusia and the surrounding area. the senones also are attributed to introducing the now common tradition of tattooing among the common man and aristocracy. previous to the senone invasions, tattooing was something reserved for marking slaves and convicts. but with the rise of a senone aristocracy in northern italia, the art of tattooing became acceptable, and actually became a mark of wealth and power, completely reversing the previous trend in the region. mustaches and long hair also became popularized and acceptable in the region for much the same reason. there are documented cases of ambitious latin and rasna under senone dominion dying their hair lighter and putting lemon juice in their mustaches in an attempt to look more celtic. ironically, however, the senones also gave the region their first military heroes. brennos and cingetocintus are both venerated as heroes who brought peace and stability to the region ( again, the irony ) plagued by the squabbling of local city - states. this is made especially ironic given the future of the region and the events leading to the break - up of the senonirix ’ s kingdom. the etruscan cities that were not involved in the etruscan league and stood further north along the po river. otl soap was not used by the romans until 300 b. c. and only then it was greatly restricted to washing clothes. to use


the senonirix was indeed an old man. of his three sons, all had produced sons of their own. cingetocintus ’ eldest grandson, in fact, was to be wed soon. so you can imagine how his bones ached when word reached his ear that a small latin army had crossed the tiber and was laying siege to veii in the spring of 352 b. e. ( 359 b. c. ). the small army of latins, estimated to have been some 8, 000 strong, is believed to have been the cause of overpopulation in latium. unlike mexl rasnal, latium was relatively untouched by the senones, with the notable exception of the burning of roma in 380 b. e. ( 387 b. c. ). the latins were purportedly from the city of ardea, and had migrated north like many latins to fill the vacuum left by the now decimated rasna. but unlike most of the other latin migrants who had come peacefully and without any organization further than familiar bonds, but these ardeans were more interested in expanding their influence in latium and along the river tiber. senonirix cingetocintus quickly mustered a grand army, the first time he had done so since the taking of fufluna three years earlier. since then, glastus, cingetocintus ’ former rival for the title of senonirix, and his most trusted general, had been eagerly attempting to convince the senonirix to invade latium and expand the senone lands further. however, cingetocintus was older than glastus, and was tired of war. but when war with the latins did come, glastus was the first to gather his men and prepared for battle. by the cycle of karkinos that year the senonirix arrived to relieve veii from the ardeans. with an army of near 20, 000 men ( and that was not even half of what the senonirix was capable of mustering ), the ardeans were quickly routed, and fled back across the tiber. “ this is our chance, ” glastus said, riding up to cingetocintus ’ side. “ we can show the latins our might so that they will never again invade our lands. ” tired as cingetocintus was, he was not about to disappoint his men who were already thirsting for blood. the senones crossed


can show the latins our might so that they will never again invade our lands. ” tired as cingetocintus was, he was not about to disappoint his men who were already thirsting for blood. the senones crossed the tiber once again, passing through the ruins of roma, and marched straight for ardea. the senones had a very stern point to make in latium that seemed to have been forgotten since last time they had been there. the message was simple yet powerful : if you spill senone blood, justice will be dealt. however, more than half of his army had never set foot on the southern shores of the tiber, and latium was a foreign land. many years had passed indeed. it took only a few weeks to march the senone horde to ardea, as medium sized city nestled between the fork where two small rivers met and flowed into the tyrrhenian sea. the ardeans were the descendants of the rutuli, an ancient latin tribe that was defeated by the romans under the reign of their last king. ironically, however, a sizeable amount of the ardeans ’ population was made up of romans ( called romi in the city ) who had escaped their doom twenty - eight years earlier. so when once again they saw a senone horde outside their city, they had good reason to panic. the senonirix demanded that those responsible for the attempted siege on veii be handed over, and if they were not, the city would fall. but when the gates opened, and the ardeans handed over the men responsible, something unexpected happened. excited by the prospect of plunder, many of cingetocintus ’ warriors charged, slaughtering the hostages ( who would have died anyway ), and leaving the city open for the sacking. there was little the senonirix could do to stop his horde from rushing into ardea, and there was probably little he wanted to do to stop it. ardea was sacked. women were taken, men were enslaved, and loot was divvied out. but on the way back, cingetocintus fell ill. his breathing became hard, and his inner circle feared the worst. etruscans had a long - standing tradition of king worship. mind you, he was probably fourteen. this would not be the first time the senones had to fight a latin host during the constellation of cancer. chapter one : reign of the senones part twelve


had a long - standing tradition of king worship. mind you, he was probably fourteen. this would not be the first time the senones had to fight a latin host during the constellation of cancer. chapter one : reign of the senones part twelve : the sailors of fufluna entelakwa narrowed his eyes and scoured the blue horizon. one of his rowers babbled on in celt - ligure pidgin excitedly, pointing towards the dark shape moving across the horizon, but entelakwa hardly listened. the dark shape was barely visible, but to entelakwa ’ s keen vision, he knew exactly what it was : a ship. the ligure waved his hand, and his rower shut up, and went back to work, twice as fast as before. the ligure captain licked his lips, and prayed to the gods that whatever hapless men sailed on the horizon were foreign. entelakwa had left fufluna three weeks ago with a crew dead - set on raiding the small ligurian settlements to the north, but a strange wind was blowing, and their direme was forced south. though the storm was unfortunate, he partially blamed the senones on board. while they were not the majority on his ship, they were all incompetent enough to make a trip against the wind impossible. so, he planned to make a large circle in the tyrrhenian sea and hopefully wait out the foul winds. with only one ship, entelakwa knew it would be impossible to raid anything larger than a small coastal town, or perhaps prey upon a lone merchant ship. fortunately for him, as they neared the island of the shardi there seemed to be plenty of lone merchant ships for the taking. meanwhile, baalhanno had no clue a ligure - senone ship was stalking him. he had just made vast profits off a small raid himself off the greek colonies near the rhone, and was sailing back to carthage to get a profit off the slaves he had collected, not to mention the silver, gold, salt, and other such valuables. he sat quite contentedly in his small quarters, feasting on roasted mutton and grass - tea. he thought about the riches he would earn selling all that was on his ship, how he might even sacrifice a few captors to appease ba ’ al. he hoped to use this money to gain an early retirement, let his sons take over their father ’ s trade, and perhaps buy


selling all that was on his ship, how he might even sacrifice a few captors to appease ba ’ al. he hoped to use this money to gain an early retirement, let his sons take over their father ’ s trade, and perhaps buy his way into the council of elders. yes, that would have been nice. that was when he heard screaming on deck. baalhanno quickly grabbed his whip and cutlass. no mutiny would go unpunished on his ship. but just as he opened the door, an arrow plunged through his neck, and jets of blood painted his doorway crimson. all was chaos on the carthaginian deck. strange men had boarded their ship without even making a sound until it was too late. the senones and ligures were swift, and had made battle over the open seas before the carthaginians could even grab their weapons. entelakwa drew his cutlass and lopped off the head of a punic rower. a large man ran at him with a knife drawn, but the ligure captain needed only to plunge his blade into the man ’ s unprotected chest. arrows whistled overhead from the other ship, and many of them met their marks. the deck was cleared of carthaginians. the fight had now moved to the ladders, where the men below had had enough time to gather their weapons and arm themselves. the fighting on the ladders was bloody, heated, and messy, and it was only then that entelakwa remembered why he had brought so many senones. the large men howled the names of their fathers as they struck down carthaginian after carthaginian with their massive swords and axes. once the fighting reached the deck below, there was no way the carthaginians could succeed, and they knew it. many dropped their weapons and hoped for captivity only to be fiercely cut down. only when entelakwa demanded they stop the fighting did they. he ordered that they take the survivors as prisoners and tie them up, while the ligures went about gathering all the goods stored in the hull. oh yes, he thought, he would certainly make a profit off of this venture. horses, cattle, sheep, exotic birds, slaves, silver, copper, gold, carthaginian coins, dye, spices, it seemed as if anything that could possibly be sold was on board. entelakwa smiled. he would have to prey on carthaginian ships more often … li


, copper, gold, carthaginian coins, dye, spices, it seemed as if anything that could possibly be sold was on board. entelakwa smiled. he would have to prey on carthaginian ships more often … ligurian name meaning “ between water ” possible ancient name for pre - roman sardinians marijuana has been found within sunken carthaginian ships, and they were known to make a mild tea - like beverage from it. the weighted scales : a world of an aborted rome apparently it ' s the best ancient tl of 2011. oh baby! the weighted scales : the world of an aborted rome chapter two : the wars of succession part one : those who followed even as the senonirix, breathing ( but barely ), laid on his bed in the other room at his palace in sena, his sons, generals, and chieftains argued riotously. they had all been forced to leave their weapons at the palace gates, something they had all agreed upon so that no one would be killed during this parlay, but with tensions running as high as they were in the room, weapons might not have been necessary. twenty or so men, all standing, and all shouting in angry celtic were gathered around a small oak table. they were, of course, debating who would succeed cingetocintus as the senonirix. no decision could be made ( obviously ), but a few forerunners seemed to be established in the struggle for power whose seeds were already being sown before even the senonirix was dead. glastus, who had once before vied for the title, threw his fist down on the table, and stated that no other man deserved to succeed cingetocintus more than he did. he had the support of much of the senone elite, and the loyalty of many soldiers. he had fought countless victories, and many would surely follow during his reign. marumarka, cingetocintus ’ eldest son, begged to differ. senonirix blood ran through his veins, and the gods would favor his rule as they had favored his father. his brother segoveco agreed, having always been content to live in his brother ’ s shadow with no personal ambition of his own. but the youngest of the senonirix ’ s sons, dubiepos made his own stand for power, claiming he was his father ’ s favorite anyway. three senone chieftains, adiat, gutus, and uxellosirom