vibration response imaging vibration response imaging or vri, is nominally a medical vr visualisation technology, although it has obvious uses in other fields. it was developed to image patient lungs, and works via detecting vibrations within the target body, via sensors deployed to either side, pressed against the surface. below, we offer a selection of links from our resource databases which may match this term. related dictionary entries for vibration response imaging : resources in our database matching the term vibration response imaging : as the demands for precise imaging in fields such as medicine, astronomy, and real - time machine vision in hostile environments continue to increase, so the demands placed on imaging equipment become ever more stringent. an imaging method based on single photon avalanche photodiodes ( spad ) offers the potential to ease this bottleneck greatly. technology review ' s long, and in depth look at the rise of diffusion spectrum imaging, and how this new neural interface imaging technique is rapidly accelerating the study of both human and animal brains to an extent unparalleled by any previous imaging technique, even fmri. diffusion spectrum imaging is a new technique at time of writing, which allows magnetic resonance brain imaging, at a much higher level of fidelity than fmri permits. in mid 2012, swiss researchers turned the world of alzheimers plaque imaging on its head : by combining a phased imaging source and an integral vr model generator, for the first time ever we can now track the formation of alzheimers plaques in real - time in living patients. ar based medical imaging technologies really began to take off in the early 2000s. there are a growing range of holographic, projective, interactive gesture recognition tools available, which can really make training and diagnosis so much easier. vrixp is a medical diagnosis device using what is perhaps a novel form of 3d visualisation. it uses audio analysis of vibration deep inside the body to assemble precise structural detail. fmri or functional magnetic resonance imaging, is one of the newest brain imaging technologies for the first decade of the 21st century. it is a basic form of brain - computer interaction. these are the proceedings of the fourth international medical imaging and augmented reality conference, held in tokyo, japan, august 1 - 2, 2008. these are the proceedings of the third international medical imaging and augmented reality conference, held in shanghai, china, august 17 - 18, 2006. these are the proceedings of the first international medical imaging and augmented reality conference, held in hong kong, 10 - 12 june 2001. industry news containing the term vibration response imaging : results by page currently, to


china, august 17 - 18, 2006. these are the proceedings of the first international medical imaging and augmented reality conference, held in hong kong, 10 - 12 june 2001. industry news containing the term vibration response imaging : results by page currently, to keep track of a game, soccer fans have the option of reading textual information of the game? s key events in near - real - time, or listening to audio of the text transferred to voice. however, these options require a user? s full... magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) can serve as a very sensitive technique for detecting small tumors in the body, but it is not as good at identifying the edges of a tumor. photoacoustic imaging tomography ( pat ) is not as sensitive as mri, b... a new 3d view of the body ' s response to infection - - and the ability to identify proteins involved in the response - - could point to novel biomarkers and therapeutic agents for infectious diseases. vanderbilt university scie... this week, researchers from philips electronics plan to describe a jacket they have lined with vibration motors to study the effects of touch on a movie viewer? s emotional response to what the characters are experiencing. new functional and imaging - based diagnostic tests that measure communication and signaling between different brain regions may provide valuable information about consciousness in patients unable to communicate. the new tests,...


april 19, 1996 this document contains a high - level proposal for embedding fonts in html documents on the world wide web. clients interact with platform - specific services ( called " embedding services " in this document ) that provide much of the embedding functionality. the embedding services used by the clients perform the following functions : the embedding services create an embedded font structure from a specified font or fonts. the font structure has a known length and stream identifier, which the clients use to package the structure appropriately. rather than actually embed a font structure in an html document, we propose that clients create a separate file to contain the embedded font or fonts, perhaps called a. font file, with its own url. this file would have the following mime specification : an html document would contain a reference to the associated font file, similar to the way graphics or other objects are referenced within a web document. we propose the tag < font file > to associate fonts with a web document. for example, < font file = name. font > the following scenario outlines the process an authoring client might follow when embedding a font in an html document : display clients will use a procedure similar to the following to load and display embedded fonts : open issue regarding html forms : fonts with read - only embedding privileges ( preview and print embedding ) have previously only been allowed to be loaded for use in read - only documents. a web author may unknowingly embed a read - only font for use with an html form, which allows a user to modify and enter text. rather than create a new embedding level for this purpose, or modifying the existing read - only level to permit this use of the font, the client should substitute a local font for the read - only font used in the form. authoring clients need to determine which fonts are actually used in a document before embedding the fonts. fonts that are associated with a document but not actually displayed should not be embedded. authoring clients also need to determine which of the fonts used in a document should actually be embedded. fonts that will exist on the remote system, such as the windows core fonts, should not be embedded. users may also notify the authoring client of fonts they do not want to embed. authoring clients are responsible for maintaining a shared typeface exclusion list that lists fonts that should not be embedded. if an authoring client


embedded. users may also notify the authoring client of fonts they do not want to embed. authoring clients are responsible for maintaining a shared typeface exclusion list that lists fonts that should not be embedded. if an authoring client requests the font be subsetted, the client must supply the list of characters used in the document. authoring and display clients are responsible for defining functions that the embedding services can use to write the font structure to the. font file. the embedding services report the embedding privileges the font creator has applied to the font, and clients must respect those privileges. after loading and displaying a document with a font intended for temporary use, a client must uninstall the font. when loading a document with embedded fonts that the creator has labeled fully - installable, the display client should ask the user whether to permanently install the font or use it only temporarily. otherwise, users may unwittingly load numerous fonts on their computer that they never regularly use. microsoft has worked with the font industry to develop standards for identifying embeddability within font files. the embeddability of a truetype font is determined by the creator of the font. information about the level of embedding permitted for the font is contained in the fstype bit field of the os / 2 table, as described in the truetype 1. 0 font file specification. os / 2 table description fstype bit settings 1 restricted license embedding. the font must not be modified, embedded, or exchanged in any manner without first obtaining permission of the legal owner. 2 preview and print embedding. the font may be embedded within documents, but must only be installed temporarily on the remote system. documents containing the font can only be opened as " read - only. " 3 editable embedding. the font may be embedded within documents, but must only be installed temporarily on the remote system. documents containing the font can be opened for reading and writing.


parents and schools what about school? a child with mental retardation can do well in school but is likely to need individualized help. fortunately, states are responsible for meeting the educational needs of children with disabilities. for children up to age three, services are provided through an early intervention system. staff work with the child ' s family to develop what is known as an individualized family services plan, or ifsp. the ifsp will describe the child ' s unique needs. it also describes the services the child will receive to address those needs. the ifsp will emphasize the unique needs of the family, so that parents and other family members will know how to help their young child with mental retardation. early intervention services may be provided on a sliding - fee basis, meaning that the costs to the family will depend upon their income. in some states, early intervention services may be at no cost to parents. for eligible school - aged children ( including preschoolers ), special education and related services are made available through the school system. school staff will work with the child ' s parents to develop an individualized education program, or iep. the iep is similar to an ifsp. it describes the child ' s unique needs and the services that have been designed to meet those needs. special education and related services are provided at no cost to parents. many children with mental retardation need help with adaptive skills, which are skills needed to live, work, and play in the community. teachers and parents can help a child work on these skills at both school and home. some of these skills include : - communicating with others ; - taking care of personal needs ( dressing, bathing, going to the bathroom ) ; - health and safety ; - home living ( helping to set the table, cleaning the house, or cooking dinner ) ; - social skills ( manners, knowing the rules of conversation, getting along in a group, playing a game ) ; - reading, writing, and basic math ; and - as they get older, skills that will help them in the workplace. supports or changes in the classroom ( called adaptations ) help most students with mental retardation. some common changes that help students with mental retardation are listed below under " tips for teachers. " the resources below also include ways to help children with mental retardation. tips for parents - learn about mental retardation. the more you know, the more you can help yourself and your child. see the list of resources and organizations at the end of this


also include ways to help children with mental retardation. tips for parents - learn about mental retardation. the more you know, the more you can help yourself and your child. see the list of resources and organizations at the end of this publication. - encourage independence in your child. for example, help your child learn daily care skills, such as dressing, feeding him or herself, using the bathroom, and grooming. - give your child chores. keep her age, attention span, and abilities in mind. break down jobs into smaller steps. for example, if your child ' s job is to set the table, first ask her to get the right number of napkins. then have her put one at each family member ' s place at the table. do the same with the utensils, going one at a time. tell her what to do, step by step, until the job is done. demonstrate how to do the job. help her when she needs assistance. give your child frequent feedback. praise your child when he or she does well. build your child ' s abilities. - find out what skills your child is learning at school. find ways for your child to apply those skills at home. for example, if the teacher is going over a lesson about money, take your child to the supermarket with you. help him count out the money to pay for your groceries. help him count the change. - find opportunities in your community for social activities, such as scouts, recreation center activities, sports, and so on. these will help your child build social skills as well as to have fun. - talk to other parents whose children have mental retardation. parents can share practical advice and emotional support. call nichcy ( 1. 800. 695. 0285 ) and ask how to find a parent group near you. - meet with the school and develop an educational plan to address your child ' s needs. keep in touch with your child ' s teachers. offer support. find out how you can support your child ' s school learning at home. tips for teachers - learn as much as you can about mental retardation. the organizations listed at the end of this publication will help you identify specific techniques and strategies to support the student educationally. we ' ve also listed some strategies below. - recognize that you can make an enormous difference in this student ' s life! find out what the student ' s strengths and interests are, and emphasize them. create opportunities for success. - work together with the


' ve also listed some strategies below. - recognize that you can make an enormous difference in this student ' s life! find out what the student ' s strengths and interests are, and emphasize them. create opportunities for success. - work together with the student ' s parents and other school personnel to create and implement an educational plan tailored to meet the student ' s needs. regularly share information about how the student is doing at school and at home. - if you are not part of the student ' s individualized education program ( iep ) team, ask for a copy of his or her iep. the student ' s educational goals will be listed there, as well as the services and classroom accommodations he or she is to receive. talk to specialists in your school ( e. g., special educators ), as necessary. they can help you identify effective methods of teaching this student, ways to adapt the curriculum, and how to address the student ' s iep goals in your classroom. - be as concrete as possible. demonstrate what you mean rather than just giving verbal directions. rather than just relating new information verbally, show a picture. and rather than just showing a picture, provide the student with hands - on materials and experiences and the opportunity to try things out. - break new tasks into small steps. demonstrate the steps. have the student do the steps, one at a time. provide assistance, as necessary. - give the student immediate feedback. - teach the student life skills such as daily living, social skills, and occupational awareness and exploration, as appropriate. involve the student in group activities or clubs. sourced from : mental retardation fact sheet ( fs8 ) national dissemination center for children with disabilities revision : january 2004


well inside the arctic circle, scientists have found black smoker vents farther north than anyone has ever seen before. the cluster of five vents — one towering nearly four stories in height — are venting water as hot as 570 f. dissolved sulfide minerals that solidify when vent water hits the icy cold of the deep sea have, over the years, accumulated around the vent field in what is one of the most massive hydrothermal sulfide deposits ever found on the seafloor, according to marvin lilley, a uw oceanographer. he ’ s a member of an expedition led by rolf pedersen, a geologist with the university of bergen ’ s centre for geobiology, aboard the research vessel g. o. sars. the vents are located at 73 degrees north on the mid - atlantic ridge between greenland and norway. that ’ s more than 120 miles from the previous northernmost vents found during a 2005 expedition, also led by pedersen. other scientists have detected plumes of water from hydrothermal vents even farther north but have been unable to find the vent fields on the seafloor to image and sample them. in recent years scientists have been interested in knowing how far north vigorous venting extends. that ’ s because the ridges where such fields form are so stable up north, usually subject only to what scientists term “ ultra - slow ” spreading. that ’ s where tectonic forces are pulling the seafloor apart at a rate as little as three - fifths of an inch in a year. this compares to lower latitudes where spreading can be up to eight times that amount, and fields of hydrothermal vents are much more common. “ we hadn ’ t expected a lot of active venting on ultra - slow spreading ridges, ” lilley said. the active chimneys in the new field are mostly black and covered with white mats of bacteria feasting on the minerals emitted by the vents. older chimneys are mottled red as a result of iron oxidization. all are the result of seawater seeping into the seafloor, coming near fiery magma and picking up heat and minerals until the water vents back into the ocean. the same process created the huge mound of sulfide minerals on which the vents sit. that deposit is about 825 feet in diameter at its base and about 300 feet across on the top and might turn out to be the largest such deposit seen on the seafloor, lilley said. additional mapping is needed. “ given the massive sulfide deposit, the vent field must surely have been active for many


300 feet across on the top and might turn out to be the largest such deposit seen on the seafloor, lilley said. additional mapping is needed. “ given the massive sulfide deposit, the vent field must surely have been active for many thousands of years, ” he said. the field has been named loki ’ s castle partly because the small chimneys at the site looked like a fantasy castle to the scientists. the loki part refers to a norwegian god renowned for trickery. a university of bergen press release about the discovery said loki “ was an appropriate name for a field that was so difficult to locate. ” indeed this summer ’ s expedition and the pinpointing of the location of the vents last month follows nearly a decade of research. finding the actual field involved extensive mapping. it also meant sampling to detect warm water and using optical sensors lowered in the ocean to determine the chemistry, both parts that involved lilley. he said a key sensor was one developed by ko - ichi nakamura of the national institute for industrial science and technology, japan, that detects reduced chemicals that are in the water as a result of having been processed through a hydrothermal vent. a remotely operated vehicle was used to finally find the vents. the difficulties of the task are described in an expedition web diary, see “ day 17 : and then there were vents ” at http : / / www. geobio. uib. no / view. aspx? mid = 1062 & itemid = 90 & pageid = 1093 & moduledefid = 71. the area around the vents was alive with microorganisms and animals. preliminary observations suggest that the ecosystem around these arctic vents is diverse and appears to be unique, unlike the vent communities observed elsewhere, the university of bergen press release said. the expedition included 25 participants from five countries.


well, the tri - state weather may take an unusual turn again in the seasons ahead. the latest from the national oceanic atmospheric administration indicates we could be set for an el nino winter. an el nino may form in the pacific ocean within six months, perhaps altering the number of atlantic hurricanes while bringing rain to the drought - stricken southeastern united states. for the tri - state, most studies show that an el nino winter often means less precipitation and warmer than usual temperatures during the season. the climate prediction center has issued an el nino watch because “ there is a 50 percent chance ” that the central pacific will warm before the end of the year. the formation of an el nino, a warming of the pacific, can, and usually does, have a major impact on the nation ' s weather and on energy and agriculture markets. the most immediate impact could be on this year ' s hurricane season. plus, this weather oddity can produce threats to the orange crops in florida. el nino enhances atlantic ocean wind shear, which is a change in speed or direction of winds at different levels in the atmosphere. the winds tear at the structure of growing tropical systems, preventing them from organizing or strengthening. across the nation, the southern united states can sometimes experience dangerous flooding because of the re - adjustment of the pacific jet stream. this storm track lines up across the south allowing for storms to repeatedly bring torrential rain to that area. as for our area, while many el nino years do produce warmer and wetter weather, the intensity of the el nino outbreak can have a lot to do with the outcome. if you would like to learn more, you can go here.


blood type test blood type tests are done before a person gets a blood transfusion and to check a pregnant woman ' s blood type. human blood is typed by certain markers ( called antigens ) on the surface of red blood cells. blood type may also be done to see if two people are likely to be blood the most important antigens are blood group antigens ( abo ) and the rh antigen. so the two most common blood type tests are the abo and rh tests. the abo test shows that people have one of four blood types : a, b, ab, or o. if your red blood cells have : - the a antigen, you have type a blood. the liquid portion of your blood ( plasma ) has antibodies that fight against type b blood. in the united states, about 40 % of the white population, 27 % of african americans, 28 % of asians, and 16 % of native americans are type a. - the b antigen, you have type b blood. your plasma has antibodies that fight against type a blood. in the u. s., about 11 % of the white population, 20 % of african americans, 27 % of asians, and 4 % of native americans are type - neither the a nor b antigen, you have type o blood. your plasma has antibodies that fight against both type a and type b blood. in the u. s., about 45 % of the white population, 49 % of african americans, 40 % of asians, and 79 % of native americans are type o. - both the a and b antigens, you have type ab blood. your plasma does not have antibodies against type a or type b blood. in the u. s., about 4 % of the white population, 4 % of african americans, 5 % of asians, and less than 1 % of native americans are blood received in a transfusion must have the same antigens as yours ( compatible blood ). if you get a transfusion that has different antigens ( incompatible blood ), the antibodies in your plasma will destroy the donor blood cells. this is called a transfusion reaction, and it occurs immediately when incompatible blood is transfused. a transfusion reaction can be mild or cause a serious illness and even death. type o - negative blood does not have any antigens. it is called the " universal donor " type because it is compatible with any blood type. type ab - positive blood is called the " universal recipient " type because a person who


heart disease and the heart biopsy a heart biopsy, also called myocardial biopsy or cardiac biopsy, is an invasive procedure to detect heart disease. it entails using a bioptome ( a small catheter with a grasping device on the end ) to obtain a small piece of heart muscle tissue that is sent to a laboratory for analysis. why do i need a heart biopsy? your doctor uses a heart biopsy to : - evaluate or confirm the presence of rejection after a heart transplant. - diagnose myocarditis ( inflammation of the heart muscle ) or certain other cardiac disorders such as cardiomyopathy or cardiac amyloidosis - - if common diagnostic tools like echocardiogram, ekg, or chest x - rays are not revealing suspected abnormal heart tissue, or a patient ' s heart condition is dramatically worsening without apparent cause. a heart biopsy can correctly pinpoint a specific diagnosis in 10 % - 20 % of cases. how should i prepare for a heart biopsy? to prepare yourself for a heart biopsy, you should know : - the biopsy takes place in the hospital as an outpatient procedure. typically, you come to the hospital the day of the test, but in some cases, you may be admitted the night before the procedure. - you can wear whatever you like to the hospital, but it is a good idea to leave valuables, such as jewelry, at home. you will wear a hospital gown during the procedure. - your doctor or nurse will give you specific instructions about what you can and cannot eat or drink before the procedure. in general, food and fluids are restricted for 6 to 8 hours before the test. - ask your doctor what medications should be taken on the day of your heart biopsy. be sure to tell your doctor if you are taking any nutrition supplements or herbal preparations, and tell your doctor which over - the - counter medications you are taking. please bring a list of all of your medications and the current dosages with you. - if you have diabetes, ask your doctor how to adjust your medications the day of your test. - tell your doctor and / or nurses if you are allergic to anything. - arrange for someone to drive you home after the test, as you may be groggy from the sedative given to numb the site where the catheter is inserted. - if you normally wear dentures or a hearing device, plan to wear them during the procedure to help with communication. if you wear glasses, plan


my first year teaching was during the ' 04 presidential primary. i drove into the school parking lot on the day of my state ' s primary and was ecstatic to realize the voting was being held at our school. knowing the families i taught and how many jobs they worked, i didn ' t think they would be taking their children along with them to vote. i doubted the children had ever seen what it was like to experience the voting process, and, as a first year teacher not yet obsessed by the demands of my plan book, i decided to remedy this. i got permission from the poll officials to bring my loud first graders down to our gym. then i tried to prep my kids. how do you explain a primary to first graders? ok, so you know we have a president. yes, george bush. no, not george washington dc bush, just george bush. no, george washington is dead. no, so is abraham lincoln. yes, a long time ago. so, yes, a president. well, every 4 years we decide if we want to keep the current president and we give other people a chance at the job. this went on for quite awhile. eventually we ended up holding a vote, who thinks george bush should stay president? who thinks someone else should get a chance? the results were a clear example of first grade logic. ' george bush should stay president because it is his turn now and we might hurt his feelings if we ask him to leave '. ' george bush can still be president. all those people saying that he does a bad job, well, they don ' t know what the job is. george bush does. ' ' my mom says george bush is president '. after our own classroom voting experience we walked down to the gym, ready to check out the voting booth. i might add that i am from a small town and as i stood there with my first graders i realized that it would also be my first time seeing how the electronic touch - screens work. ( to this day i still have not voted on one ). a kind elderly gentleman realized why we were there and offered to let us watch his vote, as long as we didn ' t tell anyone. aha! teachable moment on voting rights and privacy! so, we leaned in to listen to how the machine worked and watch the man vote. as we listened to the explanation one of my kiddos broke away from the pack. ' i want george bush, i want george bush ' he grumbled under his breath as he spun in


if you use exfoliating soaps, you might not know those little beads may be made of plastic - - or think about what happens to them when they go down the drain. but it ' s on the minds of marine science researchers, as well as a major company. unilever, the company that makes dove soaps, vaseline, pond ' s skin cream and other personal care products, announced recently it ' s phasing out the use of " plastic micro beads as a ' scrub ' material " in its personal care products. by 2015, the phase out should be complete, unilever said. the company said the " the issue of plastics particles in the ocean is an important issue. " microplastics are plastic pieces less than 5 millimeters ( 0. 2 inches ) long, and they are a major type of marine debris. they are used as scrubbers in hand cleansers and other domestic and industrial cleaning products, according to a 2009 review of the issue led by richard thompson, professor of marine science at the university of plymouth in the united kingdom. they also get into the environment through plastic pellets and powders being spilled in the manufacturing process for plastic products, in addition to the deterioration of larger pieces of plastic. research in microplastics suggests that very small particles, even tens of microns in diameter, can be retained in the tissues of marine invertebrates, thompson said. a 2008 study from thompson ' s group found that microplastic particles remained in mussels for 48 days. " it remains to be seen whether they produce harmful effects in their own right, " he said. an issue of more immediate concern is the particles ' ability to absorb contaminant chemicals in the water, he said. small plastic particles have a large surface area compared to their volume, offering ample opportunities for chemicals to latch onto their surfaces. the absorption of chemicals by these microplastic beads may be of concern to marine life, which could ingest them, thompson said.


editorial for the vaccine risk awareness network ( vran ) newsletter ( june - oct. 2001 ) the vaccine risk awareness network inc. was formed in winlaw, british columbia, in 1992 in response to growing parental concern about the safety of current vaccination programs in canada. the following editorial was written by vran coordinator and newsletter editor edda west to accompany a chronicillnet. org special report, " will the poliovirus eradication program rid the world of childhood paralysis? " the editorial is reprinted here with the permission of the author and vran. time and again, when parents call vran searching for vaccine risk information, the question of polio comes up. anxious mothers ask - - but what about polio - - isn ' t that an important vaccine to get? what if my child gets polio? although most young parents today didn ' t live through the polio era, there is an inherited fear that lingers on - - a fear that is reinforced by health officials who use the threat of the resurgence of infectious diseases like polio to elicit compliance with mass vaccination programs. statements like " these diseases are just a plane ride away " conjure images of predatory pathogens invading from more primitive corners of the world. that the polio virus is the sole cause of polio is accepted by most people as gospel, and that the salk and sabin vaccines eradicated polio in the western world is etched into our collective consciousness as the major medical miracle of our time. but the history of polio and its vaccines is shrouded in a murky mist of politico / scientific manipulation, altered statistics, redefinition and reclassification of the disease, increased cases of vaccine induced paralytic polio, and monkey viruses transmitted by contaminated vaccines to millions of people worldwide. live virus oral polio vaccine continues to be the only source of paralytic polio in north america. and the fallout continues as researchers find the imprint of sv40 virus in a wide range of cancers and tumours, even in people who were not exposed to contaminated polio vaccine. neenyah ostrom ' s feature article invites us to broaden our concept of the disease called polio. was the polio virus really to blame for all those cases of polio in the ' 40s & ' 50s - - and what factors other than a virus are precipitating polio - like paralytic disease? the last case of indigenous wild poliovirus transmission in canada and the


cases of polio in the ' 40s & ' 50s - - and what factors other than a virus are precipitating polio - like paralytic disease? the last case of indigenous wild poliovirus transmission in canada and the american region, was " certified " in september 1994, says health canada. yet, despite polio having been officially conquered in the western world, crippling disease still strikes young and healthy people, the majority being children between the ages of 6 - 10. in canada, health officials eagerly monitor all cases of acute flaccid paralysis because it is the yardstick by which they monitor polio. health canada ' s dr. paul varughese emphasizes that when symptoms of paralysis present " the single most important laboratory investigation is a stool specimen collected within two weeks of onset of paralysis for screening for wild or vaccine strain poliovirus, and that negative results of polio - specific investigations are as important as positive results for the evaluation of afp cases. " ( 1 ) with a measure of pride, health canada says that 59 confirmed afp cases were reported in 1999 in children under the age of 15. " the number of cases in 1999 represents a 40 % increase over the number of cases reported in an equivalent reporting period for 1998, indicating continued improvement in reporting and that the majority ( 83. 1 % ) of cases were diagnosed guillain - barre syndrome, followed by transverse myelitis ( 10. 2 % ). " ( 1 ) no speculation is offered as to what may have triggered the paralytic illnesses. within vran, we know of several families whose children have suffered acute long term paralytic illness following mmr vaccination which later was reclassified as transverse myelitis. yet the attending medical experts vociferously deny a vaccine association. one can almost hear a collective sigh of relief every time a paralysis is diagnosed as afp - - never mind what caused it - - it ' s not polio! within days of launching the salk vaccine in the u. s. in april 1955, 79 polio cases and 11 deaths were caused by the cutter vaccine, which was found to contain live virus. assuming contagion patterns, the numbers were later increased to 204 cases. ( 4 ) a fascinating chapter in the rodale encyclopedia of common diseases ( 1962 ) gives a year by year report of the salk polio vaccine drama. fast tracked through government approval processes, rigorous safety testing thrown to the winds, and a massive propaganda campaign oiled


fascinating chapter in the rodale encyclopedia of common diseases ( 1962 ) gives a year by year report of the salk polio vaccine drama. fast tracked through government approval processes, rigorous safety testing thrown to the winds, and a massive propaganda campaign oiled to the nines, the vaccine was thrust onto a fear filled public. as the salk vaccine program expanded, cases of paralytic polio began to increase - - " in 1959 more than 5, 000 paralytic polio cases occurred - - 50 % more than in 1958, and 100 % more than in 1957. this trend developed in spite of 300, 000, 000 doses of salk vaccine administered in the nation ( u. s. ) by the end of 1959. dr. harold fletcher predicted in the journal of the american medical association ( april 9, 1960 ) that of a probable 6, 000 paralytic cases expected by the end of 1960, 1, 000 were likely to have had 3 shots. " ( 2 ) rodale offers some prophetic insight : " beneath all the hullabaloo over the salk polio vaccine runs a consistent thread of hesitation and doubt expressed by responsible medical men throughout the world. there are doubts as to its safety ; doubts as to whether this is the best way to make the vaccine ; doubts as to whether, even if the vaccine does conquer the present - day forms of polio virus, we will perhaps then be confronted with a host of viruses just a little different, each of which will also have to have its own vaccine. " ( 2 ) one of the heroes that emerged during the salk polio vaccine debacle was dr. herbert ratner, md. as public health director in oak park illinois, assistant professor of preventive medicine and public health at stritch school of medicine in chicago, and editor of the bulletin of the american association of public health physicians, dr. ratner took on the corrupt polio vaccine establishment. in an eloquent editorial in the bulletin, he criticized the blatant manipulation of statistics, the " double standard " in reporting vaccine induced paralytic polio, and the secrecy that shrouded the 1954 polio vaccine field trials saying, " one questions the propriety of imposing upon the medical profession at large, and local health officers in particular, an ' enforced ' inoculation program in the absence of making available to them the written report on the basis of which the program was presumably launched. such a failure has the effect of converting the medical profession into slave


and local health officers in particular, an ' enforced ' inoculation program in the absence of making available to them the written report on the basis of which the program was presumably launched. such a failure has the effect of converting the medical profession into slave technicians. " ( 3 ) dr. ratner was referring to the francis report - - a key evaluation of the field trials that tested the vaccine on humans. fraudulently, it failed to disclose to the medical community " that those who contracted polio after their first inoculation and before their second inoculation were placed on the ' not inoculated ' list "! ( 4 ) citing the prudent approach of other countries, ratner hoped to infuse a measure of sanity into the chaos. " all european countries, with the exception of denmark, have discontinued their programs - - even denmark is reported to have found live virus in the salk vaccine... english authorities have cancelled the salk vaccine program as too dangerous. " and quoting dr. g. s. wilson, director of the british public health laboratory service, " i do not see how any vaccine prepared by salk ' s method can be guaranteed safe " and, "... canada has postponed its vaccination program until the early part of 1956 in keeping with its earlier prudent approach. " ( 3 ) in may of 1960, dr. ratner chaired a panel discussion, at the 120th annual meeting of the illinois medical society to review the increasing rise in paralytic polio in the u. s. the proceedings were reprinted in the august, 1960, illinois medical journal which exposed the salk vaccine as a frank and ineptly disguised fraud. one of the experts on the panel, statistician dr. bernard greenberg, who went on to testify at congressional hearings, revealed how data had been manipulated to hide the dangers and ineffectiveness of the vaccine from the pubic. dr. greenberg explained that the perceived overall reduction in polio cases was achieved by changing the criteria by which polio was diagnosed. ( 2 ) prior to 1954, all that was required was an examination on admittance and another 24 hours later ; if the classic polio symptoms were discernible, the patient was considered to have polio. no lab test, and no residual paralysis were required to establish a paralytic polio case definitely. when the new criteria was established in 1954, for a case to be reportable as polio, residual paralysis had to linger for 60 days or longer


lab test, and no residual paralysis were required to establish a paralytic polio case definitely. when the new criteria was established in 1954, for a case to be reportable as polio, residual paralysis had to linger for 60 days or longer. from this time onward, all cases in which paralysis lasted less than 60 days would no longer be classified as polio! overnight, the majority of cases that would have been diagnosed as polio, were now shifted into a new disease category, cocksackie virus, or aseptic viral meningitis. in canada, the dominion bureau of statistics issued an official bulletin in june 1959 titled poliomyelitis trends, 1958. " data shown in this report are confined to paralytic poliomyelitis only. it may be noted that the dominion council of health at its 74th meeting in october 1958 recommended that for the purposes of national reporting and statistics the term non - paralytic poliomyelitis be replaced by ' meningitis, viral or aseptic, ' with the specific viruses shown where known. " ( 13 ) dr. ratner continued to stir up the dirt. having already publicly stated that " in 1957 the largest producer of salk vaccine in the u. s. had several million dollars worth of vaccine on hand which did not pass the minimum potency requirements of the u. s. public health service... and that subsequently, the division of biological standards reinterpreted the minimum requirements to make possible the commercial utilization of the vaccine, " he then dropped another bombshell in the february 16, 1961 issue of the journal of the american medical association. ratner denounced the salk vaccine as " an unstandardized product of an unstandardized process " and that the 335 million polio shots given until now were a waste because they were too weak to be effective and that one ' s chances against polio, regardless of the previous number of shots, were no more dependable than those of someone who had not been inoculated at all. ( 2 ) in her soon to be published book vaccination and the making of mass mind, author, educator and historian walene james exposes the ruthless methods employed by the medical / pharmaceutical industry to forward their toxic agenda with the complicity of government and the media as willing co - conspirator. having lived through the polio era, she bears witness to the hideous charade that masqueraded as a public health measure. with keen insight, she


with the complicity of government and the media as willing co - conspirator. having lived through the polio era, she bears witness to the hideous charade that masqueraded as a public health measure. with keen insight, she dissects the statistical and epidemiologcal evidence that was suppressed to forward the big lie. walene james gives voice to the many medical people whose views disagreed with the official polio ( viral caused ) construct, many of whom questioned polio being a contagious disease. some medical people had already begun to link paralytic polio - like illnesses as a response to the increasing use of serious neurotoxins like ddt, lead and arsenic compounds. dr. ralph r. scobey presented " compelling evidence " that the real cause of polio is not viral, but a response to poisons in a series of articles published in the archives of pediatrics ( 1946 - 53 ). ( 4 ) dr. scobey ' s work can be viewed on line at the images of poliomyelitis website. ( 10 ) revisiting the work of numerous doctors, naturopaths and chiropractors whose natural therapies helped heal polio victims, james cites the tremendous work done by dr. frederick klenner, md, whose unequivocal success with vitamin c in healing polio and many other diseases, including recovery from pesticide poisoning, is best described as a true gift to humanity. ( 5 ) another important discovery was forwarded by north carolina physician, dr. benjamin sandler, md, who found that polio could be prevented by a diet that eliminated refined carbohydrates, sugar, candy, cookies, pop and ice cream, which were ingested in enormous quantities in the summer months when polio was rampant. his research showed that hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ) was a common disorder in children and adolescents and was at the root of polio attacking this age group. low blood sugar is readily induced by wrong diet, followed by overexertion. many people followed sandler ' s recommendations, and the incidence of polio in north carolina dropped from 2, 402 cases in 1948 to 214 cases in 1949 when the country as a whole showed an increase in the number of cases in that time frame. ( 4 ) around the turn of the 20th century, people began reporting paralytic illness after smallpox vaccination. ( 15 ) by the 1920s, infantile


country as a whole showed an increase in the number of cases in that time frame. ( 4 ) around the turn of the 20th century, people began reporting paralytic illness after smallpox vaccination. ( 15 ) by the 1920s, infantile paralysis ( later renamed polio ) began to emerge as an important new disease that often afflicted the limb that had been vaccinated. and later, when typhoid vaccine, then diphtheria, tetanus vaccines and pertussis vaccines gained widespread use, illness and paralytic episodes following vaccination became common knowledge. provocation polio is a well known phenomenon precipitated by " diverse factors that provoke or increase the severity of polio in its victims, or localize it to a certain section in the nervous system. " some of these factors included : vaccination, trauma, tonsillectomies, pertussis vaccines, and the injection of numerous substances such as cortisone, bismuth, guanine and penicillin. ( 9 ) strangely enough, polio is the only disease whose rise has been linked to improvement in sanitation and hygiene. epidemiological theory speculates that early on in the 20th century, people in the upper classes who could afford a cleaner environment became more susceptible to polio than poorer class people who lived in more primitive conditions, where early exposure to the virus enhanced immunity readily acquired in infancy and early childhood. undoubtedly, the decline of breastfeeding among the upper classes played an equally important role in the increase of paralytic diseases involving enteroviruses. the infant immune system evolves from the gut, and intestinal integrity determines whether the baby ' s immune function will be weak or strong. the most critical immune protection arises from the foundation laid down by breastfeeding - - a foundation that cannot be derived from any source other than mother ' s milk. dr. derrick b. jelliffe, md, describes colostrum and breast milk as an " antiseptic intestinal paint, " protecting intestinal epithelial surfaces until the infant ' s own immune mechanisms mature. he explains that " the proven effect of siga [ secretory immuneglobulin a ] appears to be enteral, including as a mucosal protection, particularly against the dominant pathological bacteria in the newborn, and especially pathogenic e. coli, and enteroviruses such as polio virus and probably such newly recognized pathogens as rotaviruses... as


mucosal protection, particularly against the dominant pathological bacteria in the newborn, and especially pathogenic e. coli, and enteroviruses such as polio virus and probably such newly recognized pathogens as rotaviruses... as well as other microbacteria, including strptococci, staphylococci, and pneumococci. " dr. jelliffe lays particular emphasis on the crucial role of human milk in infant health : " this is extremely important as not only is infective diarrhoea a serious neonatal disease, but in addition many systemic generalized infections, such as some cases of septicaemia of the newborn and poliomyelitis, commonly enter via the intestinal tract. " ( 7 ) polio is in a class of eneteroviruses - - meaning they can colonize the gut. in a discussion paper on cfs ( chronic fatigue syndrome ), dr. william campbell douglas, md says that many researchers view cfs as another form of polio. " modern genetics has confirmed the genetic similarity between polio viruses, coxsackie, and another group called the echo viruses. before the advent of the salk and sabin vaccines, there were only three polio viruses. now, with the drastic alteration of the human gut over the years as a result of these vaccines, there are at least 72 viral strains that can cause polio - like diseases. " ( 6 ) " when the coxsackie viruses were first isolated from cfs patients, it wasn ' t realized that we were simply dealing with a new form of polio. this new polio was caused by the replacement of the polio viruses with their brothers, the coxsackie viruses. as the researchers didn ' t get the connection at first, these new polio cases were labelled ' post - polio syndrome, ' ' chronic fatigue syndrome, ' and ' myalgic encephalomyelitis. ' by altering the population ' s resistance to a particular organism, we alter the balance of infectious agents in the environment. the circulation of wild polio viruses 1 - 3 has declined through vaccination. however, this has left us open to the other 69 polio - related viruses, which have thrived. " ( 6 ) shortly before his death in 1997, dr. herbert ratner contacted sv40 virus researcher dr. michele carbone and gave him seven sealed vials of polio vaccine that had been stored in his basement fridge since 1955


thrived. " ( 6 ) shortly before his death in 1997, dr. herbert ratner contacted sv40 virus researcher dr. michele carbone and gave him seven sealed vials of polio vaccine that had been stored in his basement fridge since 1955. he had saved those vials for 42 years waiting for the right person to inherit them - - someone perhaps a little like himself, a man of integrity, a lover of truth, a whistleblower - - you could call it a kind of divine cosmic joke. i had the extraordinary privilege of meeting herbert ratner on a number of occasions at la leche league international conferences. he served on their medical advisory board for many years, along with dr. robert mendelsohn - - two fearless mavericks who dared to expose the lies of the vaccine establishment. herbert ratner was a philosopher, a theologian, a passionate advocate of family values and children ' s health, homebirth, and of course breastfeeding. he also published child & family, a journal on attachment parenting. he was a tremendous, loving human being. i loved his lectures - - they changed my life in the most profound way. " love is the cement of society and the prime function of the family is to raise children who know how to receive love - - who know how to give love, who develop the kind of self - respect and love for themselves they must have if they are going to love anybody else. we have to do everything possible to give the newborn infant a sense of worth. the function of the family is to turn the newborn individual into an adult who is emotionally secure and capable of loving because love is what keeps us together. " ( from a 1979 lecture. ) on analyzing dr. ratner ' s vaccine vials, dr. carbone made a startling discovery. " not only was the vaccine contaminated, it contained a second form of the virus - - an ' archetypal ' sv40 strain. " explains william carlsen in his in - depth review of sv40 viral research, " although manufacturers switched from rhesus monkeys to sv40 - free green african monkeys to grow the bulk vaccine in 1961, they have continued to use potentially contaminated polio seed strains originally grown on the rhesus monkey ( kidney ) tissue to start the bulk vaccine process. " ( 8 ) " manufacturers check the purity of their vaccine with a series of 14 - day tests to detect whether any sv40 slipped through. but when carbone replicated the tests, he found that the second, slower growing


bulk vaccine process. " ( 8 ) " manufacturers check the purity of their vaccine with a series of 14 - day tests to detect whether any sv40 slipped through. but when carbone replicated the tests, he found that the second, slower growing ' archetypal ' strain took 19 days to emerge. " carbone noted in a published report that it is possible that this second strain of sv40 had been evading manufacturers ' screening procedures for years - - and continued to infect vaccine recipients after 1962. ( 8 ) " by the end of 1996, dozens of scientists reported finding sv40 in a variety of bone cancers and a wide range of brain cancers, which had risen 30 percent over the previous 20 years. then, italian researchers reported finding sv40 in 45 percent of the seminal fluid samples and 23 percent of the blood samples they had taken from healthy donors. " this meant that sv40 was probably spreading through sexual activity, transmitted from mother to child, raising the possibility that the virus may now be incorporated into our genetic makeup. another possibility is that, undetected by vaccine manufacturers, the virus continues to contaminate current stocks of polio vaccine. at a recent sv40 conference, it was revealed that funding has been granted to develop an anti - sv40 virus vaccine! ( 8 ) and so goes the disease merry - go - round : create more vaccines to target the diseases caused by vaccines in the first place. it is a very old game. back in 1962, rodale reported that spraying programs of ddt were carried out " regularly in many parts of our country as a precaution against polio?.. we have never heard of any polio epidemic being stopped by spraying with ddt and we have heard of localities where the polio incidence rose after the ddt spraying. " ( 2 ) today 40 years after rodale ' s observations, new york researcher jim west has assembled an impressive body of evidence that traces the parallel rise of polio with the widespread indiscriminate use of highly neurotoxic chemicals used in increasing intensity in the 20th century. he has created an extraordinary website called images of poliomyelitis - - a critique of scientific literature. ( 10 ) early in the century, lead and arsenic compounds were the favourites to control pests in agriculture. later on in the ' 40s & ' 50s, powerful organochlorine nerve poisons like ddt & bhc ( benzene hexachloride ) were used as pesticides, for agricultural


to control pests in agriculture. later on in the ' 40s & ' 50s, powerful organochlorine nerve poisons like ddt & bhc ( benzene hexachloride ) were used as pesticides, for agricultural use, home and gardens and even sprayed over densely populated areas to control mosquitoes, exposing people to unprecedented poisonous chemical blasts. these neurotoxic chemicals were dumped into the environment by the billions of pounds. ( 10 ) ddt was a popular chemical used in the dairy industry, so in the peak polio years, during the ' 40s and ' 50s, children were heavily exposed to high levels of contamination in milk and cow ' s milk based infant formulas, which had become a popular substitute for breast milk. in retrospect, we can see the multiple disaster that unfolded through toxic contamination of milk, a primary food ingested by most children, as well as the wholesale deprivation of the basic immune protection afforded by breastfeeding - - which in that era had become nearly extinct with only an estimated 5 - 10 % of mothers initiating breastfeeding at birth. ddt was phased out in 1968 yet continues to be exported to the developing world where it is still widely used today as an agricultural chemical, and for mosquito control. jim west has create a composite graph of the most persistent pesticides : lead, arsenic, ddt and bhc ( benzene hexachloride ), a persistent, organochlorine pesticide that is several times more lethal than ddt, in terms of ld50 ( lethal dosage required to kill 50 % of a test population. the graph represents 3. 1 billion pounds of persistent pesticides. ( see the graph on jim west ' s web site, images of poliomyelitis - - a critique of scientific literature. ) these four chemicals were not selected arbitrarily. these are representative of the major pesticides in use during the last major polio epidemic. they persist in the environment as neurotoxins that cause polio - like symptoms, polio - like physiology, and were dumped onto / into human food at dosage levels far above that approved by the fda. they directly correlate with the incidence of various neurological diseases called ' polio ' before 1965. they were utilized in the " most intensive campaign of mass poisoning in known human history. " ( quote from biskind ) ( 10 ) " in 1983, via new legislation, ddt was allowed back into the u. s.


' before 1965. they were utilized in the " most intensive campaign of mass poisoning in known human history. " ( quote from biskind ) ( 10 ) " in 1983, via new legislation, ddt was allowed back into the u. s. marketplace, but only in pesticide blends. within only a few months of this re - entry, a new kind of polio epidemic suddenly occurred. it was labeled ' post - polio, ' the re - emergence of polio symptoms in former victims. this has involved approximately 600, 000 victims. like most of the data on this website, this correlation is not even a whisper in the mainstream media. " ( 11 ) central nervous system diseases other than polio continue in the u. s. and throughout the world : acute flaccid paralysis, chronic fatigue syndrome, encephalitis, meningitis, muscular sclerosis. a paper entitled " the environmental aspects of the post polio syndrome " explores the correlation. ( 12 ) i can remember walking to wellesley park in toronto with my three - year - old daughter in 1979 and fleeing in outrage because the city weed control people were there spraying herbicides all around the swings and slides. i remember thinking, " they " ( city officials & parks department ) must be insane to spray toxic chemicals where children play. phone calls and complaints to city officials fell on deaf ears. i heard years later that herbicide spraying in children ' s play areas was discontinued. today ' s parents of autistic and neuroimmune injured children, understand the devastating effects of exposure to neurotoxic substances, in particular mercury and other toxic chemicals injected into children via vaccines. we ' re talking about toxic exposures off the scale of insanity - - of injecting nerve and immune system destroying poisons directly into the internal fragile micro - environment of the young child. ( 14 ) naively, we have trusted our precious children to the experts who have violated their sacred oath of " first do no harm. " we are witness to the most shameful chapter in human history. children are the most vulnerable members of the human family. how gently and tenderly we cradle them when they are tiny infants. how carefully and lovingly we nurture them and guard them from harm. how diligently we protect their well being in their early years. how deeply we commit all our love and resources to ensure that they have the best opportunities to grow in the healthiest way possible. we hold them as the most precious gift that


. how diligently we protect their well being in their early years. how deeply we commit all our love and resources to ensure that they have the best opportunities to grow in the healthiest way possible. we hold them as the most precious gift that life can bless us with. what quality of commitment will it take to heal and protect our children? it will be the power of truth as the driving force that will propel us to move heaven and earth to make this world a healthier and safer place for all the children. vaccine notes & ingredients : both inactivated ( ipv ) and live oral ( opv ) poliovirus vaccines are licensed for use in canada, but because of the risk of vaccine associated paralytic polio, only ipv is recommended for routine use. ipv is contained in pentacel. starting at two months of age, canadian infants are injected with a five in one vaccine called pentacel that is a comarketing of 2 vaccines, quadracel and act - hib. pentacel ingredients : lyophilized haemophilus b conjugate vaccine ( bound to tetanus protein ) - - act hib, and is to be reconstituted with component pertussis vaccine and deiphteria and tetanus toxoids adsorbed combined with inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine - - - each. 05 ml. dose of act - hib contains purified capsular polysaccharide covalently bound to tetanus protein. - each. 05 ml. dose of quadracel contains pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae, pertactin ( a membrane protein ), diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid ( inactivated with formaldehyde ), aluminum (. 33mg ), purified inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine : type 1 ( mahoney ) ; type 2 ( m. e. f. 1 ) ; type 3 ( saukett ) ; and 2 - phenoxyethanol 0. 6 % + 0. 1 % added as preservative. the vaccine also contains 20 ppm tween 80, less than 0. 05 % human albumin, and less than 1 ppm bovine serum. trace amounts of polymyxin b and neomycin may be present from the cell growth medium. the three poliovirus types are inactivated by formalin ( formal


. 05 % human albumin, and less than 1 ppm bovine serum. trace amounts of polymyxin b and neomycin may be present from the cell growth medium. the three poliovirus types are inactivated by formalin ( formaldehyde ) and are grown on human diploid cells derived originally from aborted human fetuses. ( source : compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties 1999 ) toxicology notes on some vaccine ingredients : 2 - phenoloxyethanol contains phenol which has the ability to inhibit phagocyte activity, meaning it is toxic to all cells. it can disable the immune system ' s primary response mechanism. it can cause systemic poisoning, headache, shock, weakness, convulsions, kidney damage, cardiac or kidney failure, death. the ethylene oxide component is an irritant causing dermatitis, burns, blisters, eczema. animal studies have demonstrated that it can cause cancer in female mice. in 1978, the epa issued " a rebuttal presumption against registration of ethylene oxide for pesticide applications... on the basis of mutagenicity and testicular effects. " editor ' s note : but they can inject it into infants and babies! [ the quote is from : marshall sittig, handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals and carcinogens, 2nd ed. ( park ridge, nj : noyes publications, 1985 ) : 433f. ] tween 80 - - polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate : " previous studies by gajdova et al. have shown that polysorbate 80 ( also known as tween 80 ) administered by intraperitoneal injection to neonatal female rats on days 4 - 7 after birth produced estrogenic effects including earlier vaginal opening, prolongation of the estrus cycle and persistent vaginal estrus. some of these effects were evident many weeks after cessation of administration of polysorbate 80. " [ gajdova et al - " delayed effects of neonatal exposure to tween 80 on female reproductive organs in rats. " food chem toxicol 31 ( 3 ) : 183 - 90 ( 1993 ) institute of preventive and clinical medicine, limbova, bratislava. ] 1. acute flaccid paralysis - - canadian paediatric surveillance program 1999. http : / / www. hc - sc. gc. ca / hpb /


of preventive and clinical medicine, limbova, bratislava. ] 1. acute flaccid paralysis - - canadian paediatric surveillance program 1999. http : / / www. hc - sc. gc. ca / hpb / lcdc / publicat / cpsp - pcsp / cpsp _ i _ e. html 2. j. i. rodale : the encyclopedia of common diseases, rodale books inc., emmaus pennsylvania ( 1962 ) 3. bulletin of the american association of public health physicians, november 1995 4. walene james : vaccination and the making of mass mind ( quotes from the manuscript ) 5. frederick r. klenner, m. d., f. c. c. p. " observations on the dose and administration of ascorbic acid when employed beyond the range of a vitamin in human pathology. " journal of applied nutrition vol. 23, no ' s 3 & 4, winter 1971. http : / / www. doctoryourself. com / klennerpaper. html 6. william campbell douglas, md : " chronic fatigue syndrome : the hidden polio epidemic. " second opinion newsletter 7. derrick b. jelliffe and e. f. patrice jelliffe, human milk in the modern world, oxford university press, 1979 8. william carlsen : " rogue virus in the vaccine - - early polio vaccine harbored virus now feared to cause cancer in humans. " san francisco chronicle, july 15, 2001. http : / / www. sfgate. com / cgi - bin / article. cgi? file = / chronicle / archive / 2001 / 07 / 15 / mn193825. dtl j. trueta and r. hodes, " provoking and localizing factors in poliomyelitis, " lancet ( 1954 ) : 998 - 99. 10. images of poliomyelitis : http : / / www. geocities. com / harpub 11. ddt allowed back in the u. s. http : / / www. geocities. com / harpub / pol _ all. htm 12. " the environmental aspects of the post polio syndrome. " www. dogpile. com this article establishes a strong correlation between environmental factors and post - polio. http : / / www. aehf. com / articles / a56. htm 13. poliomyelitis trends, 1958, dominion bureau of statistics (


diabetes is commonly associated with a greater risk for blindness, infections and amputation. those are serious problems. but adults with diabetes are also two to four times more likely than those without diabetes to die from heart problems or to have a stroke. in fact, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of early death for people with diabetes. over time, high blood sugar levels are associated with more fatty deposits in the walls of blood vessels. fatty materials can build up and form a plaque. this can narrow or block blood vessels. plaque can make it more likely that a clot will form. this can restrict blood flow to your heart. controlling your blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol can help lower your risk of heart disease. you should get regular tests for all of these. and if all of these levels are normal, that ' s fantastic. it ' s absolutely vital that you keep them in the normal range by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and following your diabetes management program. however, others with diabetes may already have high blood pressure or high cholesterol. that said, if you do have diabetes, you can help keep those levels in check by taking important lifestyle steps. eat heart - healthy foods eating the right mix of protein, fat and carbohydrates may vary according to each person ' s needs. however, knowing the amount of carbohydrates you are taking in will help you control your blood sugar. include 14 grams of fiber for every 1, 000 calories in your diet. high - fiber foods include oatmeal, whole grain breads and cereals, dried beans and peas and fruits and vegetables. cut down on foods with saturated fat. these include fatty meat, poultry skin, butter, dairy products with fat, lard and tropical oils. limit your saturated fat intake to less than 7 percent of total calories. keep your cholesterol to 200 milligrams a day. cholesterol is found in meat, eggs and dairy. if you already have heart disease, your doctor may want you to eat even less cholesterol each day. look in the nutrition facts section of food labels to find out if a product has trans fat. it can be found in crackers, cookies, microwave popcorn, cake mixes and salad dressings. trans fat can raise blood cholesterol. try to minimize your intake of trans fat. think of small ways to increase your activity level, like taking the stairs instead of the elevator. but make sure you check with your doctor first to determine the safe level of


can raise blood cholesterol. try to minimize your intake of trans fat. think of small ways to increase your activity level, like taking the stairs instead of the elevator. but make sure you check with your doctor first to determine the safe level of exercise for you. try to get at least 150 minutes of moderate - intensity exercise spread over at least three days a week. don ' t go more than two straight days without exercise. also aim to do muscle - strengthening exercises for the major muscle groups at least two days a week, provided you don ' t have other contraindications. always get your doctor ' s approval before starting an exercise program. if you choose to drink, limit your intake. men should aim for two drinks or less per day. women should aim for one drink or less a day. talk with your doctor about how much weight he or she wants you to lose if you are overweight. ask a registered dietitian for help with meal planning. and go slowly. aim to lose no more than 1 or 2 pounds each week. ditch the cigarettes smoking doubles your risk of getting heart disease. it cuts the amount of oxygen that goes to your organs, raises bad cholesterol and raises blood pressure. make a quit plan. set a quit date and tell people what it is. write down your reasons for quitting. toss your cigarettes, matches, lighters and ashtrays. ask a friend who smokes to quit with you. resources like smokefree. gov provide advice, information and encouragement. ask your doctor about aspirin studies have shown that low doses of aspirin each day can help cut the risk of a heart attack or stroke. but aspirin is not right for everyone. be sure you get medical advice before taking it. if you have diabetes as well as high blood pressure or high cholesterol, here are some additional steps you could take. follow your doctor ' s instructions for taking your blood pressure medications and incorporating lifestyle changes. those include adopting a dietary approaches to stop hypertension ( dash ) - style diet, losing weight, lowering your sodium intake, increasing your potassium intake, moderating your alcohol intake and getting more physical activity. eat less saturated fat, cholesterol and trans fat. eat more omega - 3 fatty acids, fiber and plant sterols / stanols. those are substances that keep the body from absorbing cholesterol. follow your doctor ' s guidance for losing weight and getting more exercise. your doctor may also prescribe statins. if you already


, fiber and plant sterols / stanols. those are substances that keep the body from absorbing cholesterol. follow your doctor ' s guidance for losing weight and getting more exercise. your doctor may also prescribe statins. if you already have heart disease, it ' s crucial that you work with your doctor to prevent any further events. your doctor may give you different ( stricter ) lifestyle recommendations. you can do it. just be sure to work with your team, take your medications, live a healthy lifestyle and keep all of your medical appointments. heart disease — and its prevention — should be taken seriously. but stay optimistic. you do have control over your diabetes and its threats. these web sites are for your informational use only. it is not a substitute for professional medical advice. it may not represent your true individual medical situation. do not use this information to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease without consulting a qualified health care provider. also consult your healthcare provider before starting any medications or supplements or beginning or modifying any exercise program. © 2013 optumhealth, inc. all rights reserved. no part of information on this page may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the written permission of optumhealth, inc.


one of the most significant repercussions of the economic downturn has been its effect on the labor market. it goes without saying that too many americans are out of work. and as you dig deeper into the data, it becomes evident that the age pattern of changes in labor force participation rates is different now than during past downturns. as the graph below shows, labor force participation rates have actually increased among those near and at traditional retirement. since the end of 2007, labor force participation has increased by 1. 4 percentage points among men above age 65 and even more among men ages 62 - 64, while it has decreased by about 1 percentage point among younger men. simply, older workers are forgoing retirement and working longer. this pattern is different from what was observed in recessions in the previous several decades. during the four recessions between 1970 and 2000, labor force participation rates among older men consistently decreased more than the participation of younger men. in the recession of the early 2000s, this trend reversed somewhat, but not to the same degree as during the current period. why is this happening? three factors may be at play. first, we may simply be observing a continuation of the trend towards later retirement that began in the early 1990s : labor force participation among older workers has been on the upswing over the past decade — reflecting a number of factors, including better heath, changes in kinds of work and work patterns, and shifts in employer pensions from defined benefit to defined contribution and a decline in employer - provided retiree health insurance. these factors may be particularly important for the traditional " early retirement " group, ages 62 - 64. second, the current pattern could reflect declines in the value of retirement assets. with the shift away from defined benefit and towards defined contribution pensions like 401 ( k ) s, changes in financial markets have a more direct effect on many workers ’ retirement savings. with a smaller nest egg, older workers may thus have decided that they cannot yet afford to retire. finally, both the employment rate and the unemployment rate for workers over 65 have increased across the current downturn ( this is in contrast to younger age cohorts, who have seen employment rates hold steady or decrease as unemployment has increased ). this suggests that not only are older workers working longer, but some older workers are choosing to remain in the workforce through a period of unemployment and search for a new job — perhaps for the reasons discussed above — when older workers in the past may have transitioned out of the labor force. ( since the unemployed are counted as part of


hello, whole latte love lovers. i was on the phone the other day with some of you and realized that as much as i was going over machines with customers, i was also going over the terms we throw around. the espresso lingo can be confusing and terms can sometimes be counter - intuitive to a layman. so, i ’ ve decided to put together a glossary of common terms to help you decipher the espresso talk. here is the first part of the espresso and coffee - related dictionary : backflush – the main process of maintenance for a prosumer - level machine. using a blind filter basket or backflush disc, the water pressure is pushed back into the machine, agitating any scale, mineral or coffee build up loose, and then kicking it out of the machine via the three way solenoid valve. in a regular household, it should be done weekly, alternating between backflushing with and without a cleaner like cafiza. brush – a cleaning instrument used to clean different parts of an espresso machine. base – a stand for the grinder and espresso machine that usually has a storage drawer and / or a built - in knock bar. we have bases for pasquini, rancilio and gaggia machines and grinders. blade grinder – a coffee grinder that has two or four blades that spin around chopping the coffee beans to a small size. blade grinders are ok for drip coffee, but since the process causes a lot of friction, blade grinders can alter the flavor and aroma of coffee and are not recommended for espresso. burr grinder – a coffee grinder that uses two notched rotating burrs to grind the coffee into specific sizes. this is the preferred method for coffee and espresso grinding, because it significantly reduces heat transfer and produces better grind uniformity. ceramic burrs – burrs made out of ceramic are relatively new. they can last twice as long as the ones made of steel. ceramic burrs are usually flat. the advantages are three fold : durability, noise reduction ( they are a few decibels quieter than their steel counterparts ) and thermal control ( they transfer less heat to the beans ). conical burrs – these burrs are conical in shape ; the beans start at the top of the cone area and grind downward — through the burrs and into the narrower section. as the beans progress through the burrs, the grind gets finer and finer. smaller conical


these burrs are conical in shape ; the beans start at the top of the cone area and grind downward — through the burrs and into the narrower section. as the beans progress through the burrs, the grind gets finer and finer. smaller conical burr grinders for the home, such as the maestro plus, are ideal for drip and french press grinding. larger commercial conical burr grinders, like the mazzer kony, provide much more surface area and can create a consistent grind for espresso brewing. coarse grind – larger - sized coffee grounds, used primarily for drip, french press and vacuum brewing. bar – measure of pressure, equal to 100, 000 pa, really close to one atmosphere ( 101, 325 pa ). espresso is brewed between 8 and 9 bars ; you will constantly see pump ratings varying from 15 to 19 bars, depending on the brand. blank shot – sometimes called a blind shot, this term refers to running water through your group head to either warm the entire system or, in some cases, cool the boiler down. boiler – the part of an espresso machine that holds the water as it is being heated for brewing or steaming. brew group – where the “ magic ” happens in a super - automatic machine. once ground coffee is added, it is then tamped, water goes through the grounds to extract the beverage and the final product is delivered into the cup. afterwards, the used grounds, or puck, is expelled into a dreg drawer. bypass doser – in super - autos, the feature that allows you to use a different pre - ground coffee and bypass the grounds from the beans in the hopper. a bypass doser is the ideal feature for users who brew both regular and decaf. commercial portafilter basket – the part of the semi - automatic espresso machine that holds the coffee. the commercial part refers to the fact that it is non - pressurized, and the coffee itself is what the pump pushes against to create the necessary 8 - 9 bars for espresso brewing. bottomless portafilter – a specially augmented portafilter that has the bottom machined off. there is a two - fold reasoning behind the augmentation. first, it can be used as a teaching instrument ; if you grind and tamp correctly, the brewed espresso will form into a single stream as it is being extracted. second, a bottomless portafilter gives you the ability to hold a triple shot ( 21g ).


; if you grind and tamp correctly, the brewed espresso will form into a single stream as it is being extracted. second, a bottomless portafilter gives you the ability to hold a triple shot ( 21g ). brewing – any process of putting water through coffee grounds to produce a drink. cold brew – a different way of brewing your coffee, using cold instead of hot water. it ’ s usually done in a bowl or large bottle in the fridge and takes between 3 and 12 hours to complete. cold - brewed beverages are stronger than drinks made using conventional methods. cold brewing is famous in the louisiana area and it ’ s gaining popularity with the new hourglass brewer. carafe – the “ pot ” the drip coffeemaker brews into. there are two types of carafes. the glass one is usually accompanied by a warming plate and a thermal carafe, which often features double - walled metal. the metal ones do need to be preheated, but they can retain the coffee ’ s temperature for hours after brewing. americano – a drink that mimics a cup of drip coffee, minus the bitter edge. generally a double shot of espresso ( 2 - 2. 5 ounces ), with 3 - 4 ounces of hot water added ( adjusted to taste, of course ). cafe con leche – similar to a latte, this drink uses steamed milk and has a 50 / 50 ratio between the brewed espresso or coffee and milk. cafe crema – similar to an americano, this drink also mimics drip coffee. but, instead of adding hot water to the espresso, you over extract and run 4 - 6 ounces through a regular amount of grounds. cafe lungo – this drink is shorter than a cafe crema, but longer than a shot of espresso. it usually has a volume of 3 - 4 ounces. cappuccino – one of the most classic and loved espresso - based drink. traditionally it is a double shot of espresso, with 4 - 6 ounces of frothed milk, adjusted to taste of course. coffee – it felt wrong to leave this off the dictionary, but we don ’ t really have to define this do we? it ’ s the bean of the coffee cherry that gives us all of these wonderful drinks and concoctions when dried, ground and brewed.


major histocompatibility complex ( human ), class i, a29 | alleles | | a * 2901 < / br > a * 2902 < / br > a * 2903 | | structure ( see hla - a ) | 2901 2902 2903 hla - a29 ( a29 ) is an hla - a serotype. the serotype identifies the more common hla - a * 29 gene products. a29 is a split antigen of the a19 broad antigen serotype group. it is similar to the antigens a30, a31, a32, a33, and a74. a31 is more common in japan, siberia and indigenous americans. it is also more frequent in ne europe than sw europe. a29 allele frequencies | basque, gipuzkoa ( spain ) | | 10. 3 | | basque, san sebastion ( spain ) | | 7. 5 | | pasiegos valley ( spain ) | | 5. 4 | | basque, arratia ( spain ) | | 5. 3 | | | | cornish ( gr. britain ) | | 5. 3 | | huate corse ( france ) | | 4. 3 | | s. african ( indig. ) | | 2. 7 | a29 - cw16 - b44 ( a * 2902 : cw * 1601 : b * 4403 ) appears to have originated in west africa were cw * 16 frequency is highest and had undergone more linkage equilibrium. cw * 16 decline slowly heading north and more rapidly to the east and northeast, with the highest frequency / latitude north generally along eastern spain into the british ilses, some flow up the channel but haplotype frequency drops in the interior of europe. a * 2901 : cw * 1601 : b * 4403 : drb1 * 0701 : dqa1 * 0201 : dqb1 * 0202 and, the cw16 component is in strong linkage disequilibrium with the dr7 - dq2. 2 component suggesting that since the haplotypes introduction into europe there has not been adequate time for equilibration, supporting its recent introduction into europe. this particular haplotype supports theories of migration that are more numerous than those supported by mtdna or y chromosomal information, many such ' smaller ' migrations are evident with hla haplotypes, suggesting a much greater complexity to human population than haploid loci make


1. the first amendment and false light the constitutional defense to damage actions is a comparatively recent event in first amendment law. in 1964, the supreme court ruled in new york times v. sullivan, 376 u. s. 54 ( 1964 ) that a public official may not recover damages for a defamatory falsehood relating to his official conduct unless he proves with convincing clarity that the statement is made with actual malice. the court defined actual malice as the knowledge that the statement is false, or the " reckless disregard " of its truth or falsity. later decisions expanded the defense to include libel actions brought by " public figures. " curtis publishing co. v. butts, 388 u. s. 130 ( 1967 ) ; associated press v. walker, 388 u. s. 130 ( 1967 ). a plurality of the court in 1971 appeared to extend the first amendment protection to any article or broadcast of public interest or concern, regardless of the public figure status of the plaintiff. rosenbloom v. metromedia, inc., 403 u. s. 29 ( 1971 ). however, the expansion of first amendment protection was short - lived. in 1974, a majority of the court rejected rosenbloom and held once again that the constitutional privilege applies only to cases involving defamation of public officials or public figures. gertz v. robert welch, inc., 418 u. s. 323 the supreme court first applied the constitutional defense to a privacy action in time, inc. v. hill, 385 u. s. 374 ( 1967 ). james hill filed a lawsuit against life magazine for reporting that the broadway play, " the desperate hours, " was a factual presentation of an incident involving the hill family. the hills had been held captive in their home by three escaped convicts. the play sensationalized the incident and added physical violence that had not occurred. while the article did not ridicule the family and thus was not defamatory, the article ' s suggestion that the play was factual arguably placed the hills in a false light before the public inasmuch as all of the incidents in the play did not take place. a jury awarded hill $ 75, 000 in damages. the sum later was reduced to $ 30, 000, and the supreme court reversed that judgment in its entirety upon the ground that the first amendment provided a 2. negligence is not enough. at 389 - 90. accord, matthews v. wozencraft, 15 f. 3d 432 ( 5th cir. 1994 ) (


that judgment in its entirety upon the ground that the first amendment provided a 2. negligence is not enough. at 389 - 90. accord, matthews v. wozencraft, 15 f. 3d 432 ( 5th cir. 1994 ) ( rejecting false light claim of convicted former undercover narcotics agent against his former spouse / colleague ' s account in the book and movie " rush " ). see also lamonaco v. cbs, inc., 21 media l. rep. ( bna ) 2193 ( d. n. j. 1993 ), aff ' d, 27 f. 3d 557 ( 3d cir. 1994 ) ( false light claim cannot be raised by family members ). against either innocent or negligent misstatement would represent a grave hazard of discouraging the press from exercising the ' ' ' but the constitutional guarantees can tolerate sanctions against calculated falsehood without significant impairment of their essential function. we held in new york times that calculated falsehood enjoyed no immunity in the case of alleged defamation of a public official concerning his official we find applicable here the standard of knowing or reckless falsehood, not through blind application of new york times co. v. sullivan, relating solely to libel actions by public officials, but only upon consideration of the factors which arise in the particular context of the application of the new york statute in cases involving private the courts have held that " a plaintiff may not avoid the strictures of the burdens of proof associated with defamation by resorting to a claim of false light invasion. " moldea v. new york times, 22 f. 3d 310 ( d. c. cir. 1994 ) ; accord hustler magazine, inc. v. falwell, 485 u. s. 46 ( 1988 ). and in some respects, the first amendment protections against invasion of privacy claims are greater than against defamation simple negligence or carelessness on the part of the writer will not be sufficient to hold the publication liable. unless there is proof of reckless or knowing falsity, the publication cannot be held liable for false light invasion of privacy where the subject matter of the article is one of public interest. to this extent, therefore, the news media have more protection in a false light invasion of privacy case than they do in a defamation action. the first amendment serves as a defense in defamation cases where the plaintiff is a public official or public figure. gertz v. robert welch, inc., 418 u. s. 323 ( 1974 ). yet, the defense


defamation action. the first amendment serves as a defense in defamation cases where the plaintiff is a public official or public figure. gertz v. robert welch, inc., 418 u. s. 323 ( 1974 ). yet, the defense applies in privacy actions in all cases involving matters of public interest whether the plaintiff is a private or a public person. inasmuch as the supreme court recently has narrowed the category of persons considered public figures, it may be well for news media lawyers to attempt to characterize lawsuits as false light privacy cases, rather than libel lawsuits, when that is possible. two decisions released the same day in 1979 by the supreme court appear to require that a person " thrust himself or his views into public controversy to influence others... " in order to be considered a public figure. in proxmire, 443 u. s. 111 ( 1979 ), a research scientist who was well - known in his field, but was not known generally, was considered to be a private person for purposes of his libel suit against a u. s. senator. likewise, wolston v. readers digest association, 443 u. s. 157 ( 1979 ) determined that a person involved in an espionage probe and convicted of contempt of court was not a public figure. he had not " engaged the attention of the public in an attempt to influence the resolution of the issues involved. " id. at 168. once the constitutional privilege is found to apply, the news media defendant generally will win the case, whether for libel or invasion of privacy. a plaintiff faces an extraordinary task in proving with " convincing clarity " that the writer either knew the falsity of his statements, or recklessly disregarded the truth. while it is difficult to prove actual malice, i. e., knowing or reckless falsity, it is not impossible. the surest path to trouble in either a libel or privacy case is for a wrier to invent details and events. when a reporter described the appearance of a woman he had never seen and misrepresented her family ' s poverty and the conditions of her home, the supreme court determined that false light invasion of privacy was proven with actual malice. see cantrell v. forest city publishing co., 419 u. s. 245 ( 1974 ). the court reasoned that the writer must have known of the falsity of his account because he fabricated much of the account. id. at 3. confusion in florida courts the enduring problem with the false light publicity


. s. 245 ( 1974 ). the court reasoned that the writer must have known of the falsity of his account because he fabricated much of the account. id. at 3. confusion in florida courts the enduring problem with the false light publicity claim is that it duplicates a defamation claim. not surprisingly, a number of states - - georgia, mississippi, north carolina, and texas to name a few - - have renounced false light as a viable theory of recovery. although the debate continues, florida courts have been guided by the supreme court ' s recognition of the tort in florida publishing co. v. fletcher, 340 so. 2d 914 ( fla. 1976 ). in the decision, the supreme court addressed a false light claim, and held that falsity is the lynchpin of the claim. still, considerable confusion has been spawned by florida courts wrestling with a claim aimed at an unflattering message and cast as false light publicity or false light invasion of most recently, in december 2003, a pensacola circuit court jury returned an $ 18 million compensatory damages verdict against pensacola ' s news - journal ( anderson v. gannett co., inc. ) in what the plaintiff argues is false light invasion of privacy by the newspaper. although the newspaper article at issue is a true rendition of events, the trial judge allowed the case to be decided by a jury through a ruling that falsity need not be proved as an element of a false light claim. the judge relied upon the second district court of appeal ' s 2001 decision in heekin v. cbs, 789 so. 2d 355. in starting a veritable chain reaction of incorrect rulings on the proof requirements for false light claims, the second district in heekin misread cason v. baskin, 155 fla. 198 ( 1944 ), a " private facts " invasion of privacy case, in concluding that truth is not a defense to a false light claim. the pensacola paper plans to appeal the false light liability and damages verdict to ensure that plaintiffs targeting publication on a false light theory do not evade the applicable common law and constitutional rules protecting the press in these cases.


last week, those who survived the dancing at simchat torah heard the first account of creation in torah. we are all familiar with the passage. how god created the heavens and the earth in six days and rested on the seventh this week we continue the story, reading an altogether different account of how the world was created. here, there is no seven days - no time scale given at all. here, instead of a watery chaos there is an earth barren and dry. here man is created first and the vegetation and the animals after him. here woman is created last and not created equally. the contrast of the two stories is neatly summarised in the first verses of each. the first story begins : bereshit bara elohim et hashamayim ve ’ et h a ’ aretz. - in the beginning god created the heaven and the earth. but the second story begins : beyom asot elohim eretz veshamayim on the day that god made earth and heaven genesis chapter one views creation from the heavens – god is pictured brooding over chaos. slowly we see in the universe a world take shape. genesis chapter 2 views creation from earth. a dry dusty plain with no features at all it seems, till god set to work. we would regard them as two distinct stories, creation myths prevalent in different parts of the middles east that made their way into the consciousness of the people of israel at different times. when describing theology, we always use the imagery of the culture with which we are familiar. thus there are many parallels between the first creation story and the babylonian epic ‘ enuma elish ’. the babylonians had a great fascination with cosmology. they were famous as astronomers and astrologers, so for them to see the world from the viewpoint of the stars makes sense. that the universe pre creation was a watery mess suggests a luxurious overabundance of water, with god having to move back all this water to find dry land. the people who conceived of ‘ tohu vevohu ’ – the pre - existent aquatic mess - were familiar with floods. by contrast, the second story is dry. dry as a bone. life comes in the form of water – a mist that rises up from the earth and falls as rain and irrigates the earth. this setting would appear more in keeping the geographical facts of the land of israel. there since prehistoric times, life was only possible through the careful preservation of water. with no rivers to speak of the farmer depended totally


and irrigates the earth. this setting would appear more in keeping the geographical facts of the land of israel. there since prehistoric times, life was only possible through the careful preservation of water. with no rivers to speak of the farmer depended totally on rain - ‘ the first rains and the latter rains ’ promised in the shema. the only invention attributed to the people of ancient israel is the water cistern ; large underground pits in which quantities of water could be saved and stored and rationed out to maintain the agriculture upon which life was so dependent. the two stories are legacies of our peoples ’ history in israel and in babylon. it attests to our ability to adopt myths and adapt them to our particular view. but the greatest skill comes from combining the two seeming contradictory stories into one overarching whole. to understand this, we need to think, not ‘ book ’ but ‘ film ’ narrative. how many films have you seen where the opening scene has been a shot of the world, then a country, then a city? then the camera zooms in on a street, then a house, then the figures in the house, which is where the story begins? this is how we should view the two stories of creation. we start in outer space. space being the operative word. then we see the earth emerging – see it from the viewpoint of the stars. then we zoom in onto earth, onto a specific place on earth, the dry plain where we see the emergence of man. from then on and through the rest of torah it is this particular man and his descendents that occupy our interest. in combining the two accounts, the redactor of torah created a myth that is universal. you don ’ t have to be a babylonian, or an israelite to understand it. it doesn ’ t matter if your personal experience is of flood or drought, we all share an interest in what it the purpose behind the combined story, the nature of humanity and our purpose in the world. the first two chapters of genesis set the scene for everything that is to come. rabbi sybil sheridan


this is a drawing of the galileo probe exploring the environment of jupiter. click on image for full size image from : the jet propulsion laboratory can there be life in the environment of titan? titan ' s atmosphere is a lot like the earth ' s, except that it is very cold, from - 330 degrees to - 290 degrees! like the earth, there is a lot of nitrogen and other complex molecules. there also may be an ocean of methane, or perhaps a liquid water layer inside the moon. except for the cold, these signs would be favorable for some sort of life. some creatures on earth are known to live in an environment of very cold water. in the atmosphere there are layers of clouds composed of complex molecules such as methane. moreover there is energy from ultraviolet light, and the charged particles of the magnetosphere. this type of environment, aside from the cold, is the kind of environment in which scientists think life began. overall, the environment sounds unfriendly to life as we know it on earth, because of the cold. since not much is known about the moon titan, up close exploration of this moon, with a probe, as shown in this drawing, would help scientists better understand if life could survive there. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store on science education, ranging from evolution, classroom research, and the need for science and math literacy you might also be interested in : this is an image of the earth ' s moon, shown in the lower left, with the much smaller icy moons of saturn. the moons in order, starting from the top left are : mimas, enceladus, tethys, dione, rhea, and... more dione was discovered by g. cassini in 1684. dione is the 7th farthest moon from saturn, with a standoff distance of 377, 400 km. it is a small icy moon, lightly cratered, with wispy white streaks across... more the surface of dione does not have many craters. instead it has wispy white streaks similar to those found on rhea extending for many kilometers over the entire surface. these two things indicate that... more the surface of enceladus does not have many craters. instead it has grooves similar to those found on ganymede. these grooves extend for many kilometers over the surface. the presence of grooves indicates... more helene was discovered by the french astronomers pierre laques, raymond despiau and j. lecache


white wine differs from red wine in, first and most obviously, color. under that skin, the pulpy part of a white grape is the same color as that of a red grape. the skin dictates the end color for red wine, which differs from the white ' s color determinates. this is mainly due to the pressing of the grapes. when white grapes are picked, they are immediately pressed and the juice is removed from the skins with little contact. color in white wine does vary, often from the type of grape, occasionally from the use of wood. listed below are a few of the most common white varieties in the world wine market and of wine. com. they are listed from lighter bodied, and lighter colored, to fuller bodied with deeper colors. the list is not set in stone – winemaker ' s decisions and climate may affect the end result of a white wine ' s body and color – we just give you the guidelines. | | where primarily grown | pinot grigio / pinot gris | | alsace, france ; italy ; oregon ; california | | loire, france ; new zealand ; california ; south africa | | loire, france ; south africa | | germany ; alsace, france ; australia ; new zealand ; washington state ; california | | burgundy, france ; australia ; california ; south america ; south africa ; oregon | | rhone, france ; california other white grapes to notice, listed alphabetically : | | where they grow best | | alsace, france ; germany | | bordeaux, france ; australia