coat of arms of serbia and montenegro | coat of arms of serbia and montenegro | coat of arms of sfr yugoslavia, used by serbia and montenegro 1992 - 1994 | use | | as official emblem of the state union of serbia and montenegro, 1992 - 2006. | the coat of arms of serbia and montenegro was the national symbol of serbia and montenegro ( federal republic of yugoslavia until 2003 ). official status the coat of arms was officially adopted by the federal parliament in 1994. it replaced the coat of arms of the socialist federal republic of yugoslavia which had remained as the federal republic ' s coat of arms from 1992 to 1994. usage of the arms was discontinued in 2006, after the dissolution of the state union of serbia and montenegro. usage as the coat of arms of serbia and montenegro the legal acts which reconstituted the federal republic of yugoslavia into the state union of serbia and montenegro stipulated that a law was to be passed by the end of 2003 specifying the union ' s coat of arms and anthem. such a law was never brought forward, and unlike with the flag and anthem, no notable proposals for a new coat of arms were ever put forward. thus the state union continued to use the yugoslav arms by inertia until its dissolution in june 2006. heraldic description gules, atwo - headed eagle argent, en surtout an inescutcheon, quarterly 1 and 4 a lion passant or ( montenegro ) and 2 and 3, a cross between four fire steels argent. ( serbia ) origins of coat of arms the coat of arms was designed after the breakup of the former socialist federal republic of yugoslavia, to symbolise the new union consisting only of serbia and montenegro. its design thus features the traditional heraldical elements connected historically with both countries. throughout history, the arms of both montenegro and serbia have featured a double - headed eagle, usually silver, on a shield, usually red, bearing on their chests usually a red shield, which in montenegro ' s case contained a golden lion while in serbia ' s a cross with four firesteels, usually silver. thus the arms of fr yugoslavia were designed by combining these elements : the eagle is the symbol common to both countries, symbolizing their unity, the lions represent montenegro and crosses with firesteels, serbia. the red shield in the middle was divided into 4 parts, although the federation consisted of 2 federal units. this was done with the intention to accommodate any possible further expansion of the federation. the coat of arms was initially proposed by dr. a. palavestra in 1992.


java virtual machine a java virtual machine ( jvm ) is a virtual machine that can execute java bytecode. it is the code execution component of the java platform. sun microsystems has stated that there are over 5. 5 billion jvm - enabled devices. a java virtual machine is a program which executes certain other programs, namely those containing java bytecode instructions. jvms are most often implemented to run on an existing operating system, but can also be implemented to run directly on hardware. a jvm provides a run - time environment in which java bytecode can be executed, enabling features such as automated exception handling, which provides root - cause debugging information for every software error ( exception ). a jvm is distributed along with java class library, a set of standard class libraries ( in java bytecode ) that implement the java application programming interface ( api ). these libraries, bundled together with the jvm, form the java runtime environment ( jre ). jvms are available for many hardware and software platforms. the use of the same bytecode for all jvms on all platforms allows java to be described as a write once, run anywhere programming language, versus write once, compile anywhere, which describes cross - platform compiled languages. thus, the jvm is a crucial component of the java platform. java bytecode is an intermediate language which is typically compiled from java, but it can also be compiled from other programming languages. for example, ada source code can be compiled to java bytecode and executed on a jvm. oracle corporation, the owner of the java trademark, produces the most widely used jvm, named hotspot, that is written in the c + + programming language. jvms using the java trademark may also be developed by other companies as long as they adhere to the jvm specification published by oracle corporation and to related contractual obligations. execution environment oracle ' s java execution environment is termed the java runtime environment, or jre. programs intended to run on a jvm must be compiled into java bytecode, a standardized portable binary format which typically comes in the form of. class files ( java class files ). a program may consist of many classes in different files. for easier distribution of large programs, multiple class files may be packaged together in a. jar file ( short for java archive ). the java application launcher, java, offers a standard way of executing java code. compare the jvm runtime executes


easier distribution of large programs, multiple class files may be packaged together in a. jar file ( short for java archive ). the java application launcher, java, offers a standard way of executing java code. compare the jvm runtime executes. class or. jar files, emulating the jvm instruction set by interpreting it or using a just - in - time compiler ( jit ) such as oracle ' s hotspot. jit compiling, not interpreting, is used in most jvms today to achieve greater speed. there are also ahead - of - time compilers that enable developers to precompile class files into native code for particular platforms. like most virtual machines, the java virtual machine has a stack - based architecture akin to a microcontroller / microprocessor. however, the jvm also has low - level support for java - like classes and methods, which amounts to a highly idiosyncratic [ clarification needed ] memory model and capability - based architecture. jvm languages although the jvm was primarily aimed at running compiled java programs, many other languages can now run on top of it. the jvm has currently no built - in support for dynamically typed languages : the existing jvm instruction set is statically typed, although the jvm can be used to implement interpreters for dynamic languages. java 7 supports dynamically typed languages which started as sun ' s " da vinci machine " project bytecode verifier a basic philosophy of java is that it is inherently safe from the standpoint that no user program can crash the host machine or otherwise interfere inappropriately with other operations on the host machine, and that it is possible to protect certain methods and data structures belonging to trusted code from access or corruption by untrusted code executing within the same jvm. furthermore, common programmer errors that often lead to data corruption or unpredictable behavior such as accessing off the end of an array or using an uninitialized pointer are not allowed to occur. several features of java combine to provide this safety, including the class model, the garbage - collected heap, and the verifier. the jvm verifies all bytecode before it is executed. this verification consists primarily of three types of checks : - branches are always to valid locations - data is always initialized and references are always type - safe - access to private or package private data and methods is rigidly controlled. the first two of these checks take place primarily during


three types of checks : - branches are always to valid locations - data is always initialized and references are always type - safe - access to private or package private data and methods is rigidly controlled. the first two of these checks take place primarily during the verification step that occurs when a class is loaded and made eligible for use. the third is primarily performed dynamically, when data items or methods of a class are first accessed by another class. the verifier permits only some bytecode sequences in valid programs, e. g. a jump ( branch ) instruction can only target an instruction within the same method. furthermore, the verifier ensures that any given instruction operates on a fixed stack location, allowing the jit compiler to transform stack accesses into fixed register accesses. because of this, that the jvm is a stack architecture does not imply a speed penalty for emulation on register - based architectures when using a jit compiler. in the face of the code - verified jvm architecture, it makes no difference to a jit compiler whether it gets named imaginary registers or imaginary stack positions that must be allocated to the target architecture ' s registers. in fact, code verification makes the jvm different from a classic stack architecture which efficient emulation with a jit compiler is more complicated and typically carried out by a slower interpreter. code verification also ensures that arbitrary bit patterns cannot get used as an address. memory protection is achieved without the need for a memory management unit ( mmu ). thus, jvm is an efficient way to get memory protection on simple architectures that lack an mmu. this is analogous to managed code in microsoft ' s. net common language runtime, and conceptually similar to capability architectures such as the plessey 250, and ibm system / 38. the original specification for the bytecode verifier used natural language that was incomplete or incorrect in some respects. a number of attempts have been made to specify the jvm as a formal system. by doing this, the security of current jvm implementations can more thoroughly be analyzed, and potential security exploits prevented. it will also be possible to optimize the jvm by skipping unnecessary safety checks, if the application being run is proved to be safe. bytecode instructions the jvm has instructions for the following groups of tasks : - load and store - type conversion - object creation and manipulation - operand stack management ( push / pop ) - control transfer ( branching ) - method invocation


safe. bytecode instructions the jvm has instructions for the following groups of tasks : - load and store - type conversion - object creation and manipulation - operand stack management ( push / pop ) - control transfer ( branching ) - method invocation and return - throwing exceptions - monitor - based concurrency the aim is binary compatibility. each particular host operating system needs its own implementation of the jvm and runtime. these jvms interpret the bytecode semantically the same way, but the actual implementation may be different. more complex than just emulating bytecode is compatibly and efficiently implementing the java core api that must be mapped to each host operating system. - the young generation stores short - lived objects that are created and immediately garbage collected. - objects that persist longer are moved to the old generation ( also called the tenured generation ). originally there was no permanent generation, and objects and classes were stored together in the same area. but as class unloading occurs much more rarely than objects are collected, moving class structures to a specific area allows significant performance improvements. secure execution of remote code a virtual machine architecture allows very fine - grained control over the actions that code within the machine is permitted to take. this is designed to allow safe execution of untrusted code from remote sources, a model used by java applets. applets run within a vm incorporated into a user ' s browser, executing code downloaded from a remote http server. the remote code runs in a restricted sandbox, which is designed to protect the user from misbehaving or malicious code. publishers can purchase a certificate with which to digitally sign applets as safe, giving them permission to ask the user to break out of the sandbox and access the local file system, clipboard, execute external pieces of software, or network. c to bytecode compilers | this section relies on references to primary sources. ( november 2011 ) | from the viewpoint of a compiler, the java virtual machine is just another processor with an instruction set, java bytecode, for which code can be generated. the jvm was originally designed to execute programs written in the java language. however, the jvm provides an execution environment in the form of a bytecode instruction set and a runtime system that is general enough that it can be used as the target for compilers of other languages. because of its close association with the java language, the jvm performs the strict runtime checks mandated by the java specification. that requires c to bytecode compiler


general enough that it can be used as the target for compilers of other languages. because of its close association with the java language, the jvm performs the strict runtime checks mandated by the java specification. that requires c to bytecode compilers to provide their own lax machine abstraction, for instance producing compiled code that uses a java array to represent main memory ( so pointers can be compiled to integers ), and linking the c library to a centralized java class that emulates system calls. most or all of the compilers listed below use a similar approach. several c to bytecode compilers exist : - nestedvm translates c to mips machine language first before converting to java bytecode. - cibyl works similarly to nestedvm but targets j2me devices. - lljvm compiles c to llvm ir, which is then translated to jvm bytecode. - c2j is also gcc - based, but it produces intermediary java source code before generating bytecode. supports the full ansi c runtime. win32 only. - axiomatic multi - platform c supports full ansi c 1989, swt, and j2me cdc 1. 1 for mobile devices. - java backend for gcc, possibly the oldest project of its kind, was developed at the university of queensland in 1999. - javum is an attempt to port the full gnu environment to the jvm, and includes one of the above compilers packaged with additional utilities. starting with java platform, standard edition ( j2se ) 5. 0, changes to the jvm specification have been developed under the java community process as jsr 924. as of 2006 [ update ], changes to specification to support changes proposed to the class file format ( jsr 202 ) are being done as a maintenance release of jsr 924. the specification for the jvm is published in book form, known as blue book. the preface states : we intend that this specification should sufficiently document the java virtual machine to make possible compatible clean - room implementations. oracle provides tests that verify the proper operation of implementations of the java virtual machine. one of oracle ' s jvms is named hotspot. clean - room java implementations include kaffe and ibm j9. oracle retains control over the java trademark, which it uses to certify implementation suites as fully compatible with oracle ' s specification. see also - list of java virtual machines - comparison of java virtual machines


java implementations include kaffe and ibm j9. oracle retains control over the java trademark, which it uses to certify implementation suites as fully compatible with oracle ' s specification. see also - list of java virtual machines - comparison of java virtual machines - comparison of application virtual machines - automated exception handling - java performance - list of jvm languages - java processor - common language runtime - learn about java technology - " hotspot group ". openjdk. java. net. retrieved 2013 - 01 - 30. - " the java and javaw commands ". ibm. 2010. retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16. " the javaw command is identical to java, except that javaw has no associated console window. " - 1996, possibly the first new language specifically designed to run on the jvm ) - tolksdorf, robert ( 2005 ). " languages for the java vm ". retrieved 2008 - 06 - 08. - nutter, charles ( 2007 - 01 - 03 ). " invokedynamic : actually useful? ". retrieved 2008 - 01 - 25. - " oracle technology network for java developers ". java. sun. com. retrieved 2013 - 01 - 30. - krill, paul ( 2008 - 01 - 31 ). " sun ' s da vinci machine broadens jvm coverage ". retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06. - " the verification process ". the java virtual machine specification. sun microsystems. 1999. retrieved 2009 - 05 - 31. - stephen n. freund and john c. mitchell. 1999. a formal framework for the java bytecode language and verifier. in proceedings of the 14th acm sigplan conference on object - oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications ( oopsla ' 99 ), a. michael berman ( ed. ). acm, new york, ny, usa, 147 - 166. doi = 10. 1145 / 320384. 320397 http : / / doi. acm. org / 10. 1145 / 320384. 320397 - " frequently asked questions about garbage collection in the hotspot java virtual machine ". sun microsystems. 6 february 2003. retrieved 7 february 2009. - masamitsu, jon ( 28 november 2006 ). " presenting the permanent generation ". retrieved 7 february 2009. - nutter, charles ( 11 september 2008 ). " a first taste of invokedynamic ". retrieved 7 february 2009. - "


a misdialed call or wrong number is a telephone call to an incorrect telephone number. this may occur because the number has been physically misdialled, the number is simply incorrect, or because the area code or ownership of the number has changed. in north america, toll - free numbers are a frequent source of wrong numbers because they often have a history of prior ownership. in the united kingdom, many misdialled calls have been due to public confusion over the dialling codes for some areas. the recipient of a wrong number is usually unknown to the caller. this aspect has been used in social science experiments designed to study the willingness of people to help strangers, and the extent to which this is affected by characteristics such as race. this experimental method is known as the " wrong - number technique ". on a landline, wrong numbers are harmless to the recipient other than the annoyance of answering an unwanted call. but on a cellphone, if the plan charges minutes for incoming calls, a wrong number may cost the subscriber one or more minutes. sources of misdialled calls are similar to sources of typographical error : - pressing one or more wrong keys on the keypad of the phone ( example 2379 rather than 2349 ) - pressing a key on the dialpad more times than appears in succession in the phone number, thereby completing the length of the number prior to completing the intended number ( example 7522 - 7 with the final 7 being ignored rather than 7527 ) - getting the digits in the phone number out of order ( example 3416 rather than 3146 ) proper telephone etiquette recommends that the wrongly dialled party politely inform the caller of that fact, and also that the caller apologize rather than simply hanging up. often the two parties will confirm whether or not the intended number is indeed the number that was reached ( e. g. " is this 555 - 0184? " ) before ending the call. it is widely considered " dangerous " for the called party to disclose their phone number — rather it is considered more prudent to require the calling party to state which number he dialled and for the called party to simply confirm whether or not that is his number. see also - lee lapin, how to get anything on anybody 3, p. 560 - " dialling mix - up on hospital calls ". newbury today. 7 april 2007. retrieved 2 february 2012. - " calling sheffield 0114 3....... ". the star. 18 june 2009. retrieved


| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( december 2009 ) | oceanus procellarum is the large mare in the center and upper left of this image. visible in the upper right is another large mare, imbrium, and below is the small round mare humorum. | diameter | | 2, 592 km ( 1, 611 mi ) | | eponym | | ocean of storms | oceanus procellarum ( pron. : / / ; latin for " ocean of storms " ) is a vast lunar mare on the western edge of the near side of earth ' s moon. it is the only one of the lunar maria to be called an " oceanus " ( ocean ), due to its size : oceanus procellarum is the largest of the maria, stretching more than 2, 500 km ( 1, 600 mi ) across its north - south axis and covering roughly 4, 000, 000 km2 ( 1, 500, 000 sq mi ). like all lunar maria, oceanus procellarum was formed by ancient basaltic flood volcanic eruptions that covered the region in a thick, nearly flat layer of solidified magma. unlike the other lunar maria, however, oceanus procellarum may or may not be contained within a single well - defined impact basin. around its edges lie many minor bays and seas, including mare nubium and mare humorum to the south. to the northeast, oceanus procellarum is separated from mare imbrium by the carpathian mountains. on its north - west edge lies the 32 km wide aristarchus ray crater, which is considered as the brightest feature on the near side of the moon. also, the more - prominent ray - crater copernicus lies within the eastern edge of the mare, distinctly with its bright ray materials sprawling over the darker material. on the northern edge of oceanus procellarum lies sinus roris. there are several hypotheses about the origin of oceanus procellarum and a related asymmetry between the near and far sides of the moon. one of the most attractive is that procellarum was a result of an ancient giant impact on the near side of the moon. the size of the impact basin has been estimated to be more than 3, 000 kilometers, making it if existed one of the largest craters in the solar system. the impact likely happened very early in the lunar history : at the time when magma ocean still existed or just ceased to


basin has been estimated to be more than 3, 000 kilometers, making it if existed one of the largest craters in the solar system. the impact likely happened very early in the lunar history : at the time when magma ocean still existed or just ceased to exist. it deposited 5 – 30 km of crustal material on the far side forming highlands. if this is the case, all impact related structures such as crater rim, central peak etc have been obliterated by later impacts and volcanism. one piece of evidence in support of this hypothesis is concentration of incompatible elements ( kreep ) and low calcium pyroxene around oceanus procellarum. other hypotheses include spatially inhomogeneous tidal heating during the moon ' s formation and a late accretion of a companion moon on the far side. the latter postulates that in addition to the present moon, another smaller ( about 1, 200 km in diameter ) moon was formed from debris of the giant impact. after a few tens million years it collided with the moon and due to a small collisional velocity simply piled up on one side of the moon forming what is now known as far side highlands. the robotic lunar probes luna 9, luna 13, surveyor 1 and surveyor 3 landed in oceanus procellarum. the manned apollo 12 mission also landed in oceanus procellarum, with astronauts pete conrad and alan bean on board. their landing site, within 300m of surveyor 3, has become known as mare cognitum. - " oceanus procellarum ". gazetteer of planetary nomenclature. usgs astrogeology. retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23. - dk space encyclopedia : the near side of the moon - nakamura, r. ; yamamoto, s. ; matsunaga, t. ; ishihara, y. ; morota, t. ; hiroi, t. ; takeda, h. ; ogawa, y. et al. ( 2012 ). " compositional evidence for an impact origin of the moon ' s procellarum basin ". nature geoscience 5 ( 11 ) : 775. doi : 10. 1038 / ngeo1614. - byrne, c. j. ( 2008 ). " a large basin on the near side of the moon ". earth, moon, and planets 101 ( 3 – 4 ) : 153 – 188. doi : 10. 1007 / s11038 - 007 - 9225 - 8. -


penalty ( ice hockey ) a penalty in ice hockey is a punishment for an infringement of the rules. most penalties are enforced by detaining the offending player within a penalty box for a set number of minutes, during which the player can not participate in play. the offending team usually may not replace the player on the ice, leaving them short handed as opposed to full strength. the opposing team is said to be on a power play, having one player more on the ice than the short - handed team. the short handed team is said to be " penalty killing " until the penalty expires and the penalized player returns to play. while standards vary somewhat between leagues, most leagues recognize several common degrees of penalty, as well as common infractions. the statistic used to track penalties was traditionally called " penalty infraction minutes " ( pim ), although the alternate term " penalties in minutes " has become common in recent years. the first codified rules of hockey, known as the halifax rules, were brought to montreal by james creighton, who organized the first indoor hockey game in 1875. two years later, the montreal gazette documented the first set of " montreal rules ", which noted that " charging from behind, tripping, collaring, kicking or shinning the ball shall not be allowed ". the only penalty outlined by these rules was that play would be stopped, and a " bully " ( faceoff ) would take place. revised rules in 1886 mandated that any player in violation of these rules would be given two warnings, but on a third offence would be removed from the game. it was not until 1904 that players were ruled off the ice for infractions. at that time, a referee could assess a two, three or five minute penalty, depending on the severity of the foul. by 1914, all penalties were five minutes in length, reduced to three minutes two years later, and the offending player was given an additional fine. when the national hockey league ( nhl ) was founded in 1917, it mandated that a team could not substitute for any player who was assessed a penalty, thus requiring them to play shorthanded for the duration. the penalty was shortened to two minutes for the 1921 – 22 season, while five and ten minute penalties were added two years later. types of penalties both the nhl and the international ice hockey federation ( iihf ) recognize the common penalty degrees of minor and major penalties, as well as the more severe misconduct, game misconduct, and match penalties. quick reference chart |


added two years later. types of penalties both the nhl and the international ice hockey federation ( iihf ) recognize the common penalty degrees of minor and major penalties, as well as the more severe misconduct, game misconduct, and match penalties. quick reference chart | penalty type | | minor | | double minor | | triple minor | | major | | misconduct | | game misconduct | | match | | short - handed? | | yes | | yes | | yes | | yes | | no | | no | | yes ( 5 min ) | | ends with goal against? | | yes | | sometimes | | sometimes | | no | | no | | no | | no | | statistical penalty min nhl | | 2 | | 4 | | 6 | | 5 | | 10 | | 10 | | 10 | | statistical penalty min iihf | | 2 | | 4 | | 6 | | 5 | | 10 | | 20 | | 25 | minor penalty a minor penalty is the least severe type of penalty. a minor penalty is two minutes in length. the offending player is sent to the penalty box and in most cases, his team will play shorthanded. if the offending player is the goaltender or a team is given a " bench minor " penalty ( assessed against the team, rather than an individual player ), then any skater who was on the ice at the time of the infraction may serve the penalty. a team with a numerical advantage in players will go on a power play. if they score a goal during this time, the penalty will end and the offending player may return to the ice. in hockey ' s formative years, teams were shorthanded for the entire length of a minor penalty. the nhl changed this rule following the 1955 – 56 season where the montreal canadiens frequently scored multiple goals on one power play. most famous was a game on november 5, 1955, when jean beliveau scored three goals in 44 seconds, all on the same power play, in a 4 – 2 victory over the boston bruins. coincidental minor penalties occur when an equal number of players from each team are given a minor penalty at the same time. the permission of a substitute player depends on the league and the situation at the time of the infractions. in some leagues, such as the nhl, the teams will play four - on - four for the duration of the penalties if they occurred when both teams were at even strength. however, if there is already a manpower differential, then both teams are allowed to make


leagues, such as the nhl, the teams will play four - on - four for the duration of the penalties if they occurred when both teams were at even strength. however, if there is already a manpower differential, then both teams are allowed to make substitutions while the penalized players will remain in the penalty box until the first stoppage in play after their penalty expires. in other competitions, such as iihf events, coincidental penalties do not affect manpower in any situation. in some cases, a referee can impose a double minor or triple minor penalty. the infraction is counted as two separate minor penalties for a double minor, and three for a triple minor. if a team scores a power play goal during the first two minutes of a double minor, the first penalty expires and the penalty clock is reset to two minutes. the power play then continues until either the second penalty time expires or a second goal is scored. if the team with the power play scores a goal during the first two minutes, the penalty time is reset to four minutes ; and if a power play is scored after the first two minutes but before the last two minutes, the penalty clock is reset to two minutes. in the last two minutes of a triple minor penalty, the penalty ends if the team with the power play scores, or if the penalty time expires. major penalty a major penalty is a stronger degree of penalty for a more severe infraction of the rules than a minor. most penalties which incur a major are more severe instances of minor penalty infractions ; one exception is fighting, which always draws a major. a player who receives a major penalty will remain off the ice for five minutes of play during which his team will be short - handed. a major penalty cannot end if a goal is scored against the short - handed team. if major penalties are assessed to one player on each team at the same time, they may be substituted for, and teams will not be reduced by one player on the ice. they will remain in the penalty box until the first stoppage of play following the end of the penalties. this commonly occurs with majors for fighting. under iihf rules, every major penalty carries an automatic game misconduct penalty ; in other competitions, earning three major penalties in a game results in a game misconduct penalty, though a number of infractions that result in a major penalty automatically impose a game misconduct as well. misconduct penalty a player who receives a misconduct penalty will remain off the ice for ten minutes. the player may


game results in a game misconduct penalty, though a number of infractions that result in a major penalty automatically impose a game misconduct as well. misconduct penalty a player who receives a misconduct penalty will remain off the ice for ten minutes. the player may be substituted for on the ice and may return to the ice at the first stoppage in play following the expiration of the penalty ( unless other penalties were assessed ) ; however, in practice, misconduct penalties are normally assessed along with two minute minor penalties ( resulting in a penalty combination colloquially called a " two - and - ten " ) and another player will serve this penalty first. in the instances where a misconduct penalty is called, it is usually to allow tempers to cool and are sometimes also awarded in conjunction with fighting majors, giving the offending player ( s ) the opportunity to calm down as they sit out their 10 minutes. if an additional penalty is incurred with a misconduct penalty, the times run consecutively - one right after the other. for example, if a player receives a 2 minute minor plus a misconduct for boarding, they would have someone else serve the 2 minute minor. at the expiration of the minor penalty ( either goal scored or time elapsed ) the player serving the minor would be allowed out of the penalty bench and the 10 minute misconduct time would begin. this is according to usa hockey rule 401 ( a ). game misconduct penalty a player ( whether a skater, goaltender or any member of any team ' s coaching staff ) who receives a game misconduct penalty is ejected, and is sent to the team ' s dressing room. the player may be immediately substituted for on the ice ; however, in practice, game misconduct penalties are normally assessed along with five minute major penalties and another player will serve this penalty first. regardless of the time of the penalty, the player is charged with ten penalty minutes ( twenty in the iihf rules ) for statistical purposes. this rule also applies to match penalties ( see below ). in most leagues, the referee has the discretion to call a game misconduct on a player charged with boarding due to the likelihood of injury to the boarded player. however, in the nhl, if a boarded player suffers a head or facial injury, the offending player receives an automatic game misconduct. any player who is dismissed twice for stick infractions, boarding or checking from behind, or dismissed three times for any reason, in a single nhl regular season incurs an automatic one - match ban, and further discipline is possible for subsequent ejections. for each subsequent game


for stick infractions, boarding or checking from behind, or dismissed three times for any reason, in a single nhl regular season incurs an automatic one - match ban, and further discipline is possible for subsequent ejections. for each subsequent game misconduct penalty, the automatic suspension shall be increased by one game. salary lost as a result of a ban is usually donated to a league - supported charity or to a program to assist retired players. an example of a game misconduct penalty is getting out of the penalty box before the penalty time is served. match penalty a player who receives a match penalty is ejected. a match penalty is imposed for deliberately injuring another player, attempting to injure another player, or a goaltender going to the penalty box. any player other than the goaltender must be chosen to go to the penalty box to serve a five minute major penalty during which he may not be substituted for on the ice. if the goaltender receives a match penalty, another player serves the time so that the team may immediately insert a backup. in most cases, offending players are suspended from the next game their team plays, and often face hearings with the possibility of a lengthier ban. in the nhl, a match penalty and a game misconduct are virtually identical in application. however, a match penalty carries a larger fine, and the offending player is suspended indefinitely until the commissioner rules on the issue. in ncaa hockey, a similar penalty called a game disqualification results in automatic suspension for the number of games equal to the number of game disqualification penalties the player has been assessed in that season. for statistical purposes, match penalty is counted as ten minutes in nhl and as twenty - five minutes per the iihf rules. penalty shot a penalty shot is a special case of penalty for cases in which a scoring opportunity was lost as a result of an infraction ( like being tripped or hooked while on a breakaway ; or a player ( other than the goaltender ) covers the puck with their hand inside the crease ). the player who was deprived of the opportunity, or one chosen by the team, is allowed an unchallenged opportunity to score on the opposing goaltender as compensation. if the infraction occurred when the penalized team has pulled their goalie, a goal is immediately awarded to the other team rather than a penalty shot. apart from their use as a penalty, penalty shots also form the shootout that is used to resolve ties in many leagues and tournaments. gross misconduct penalty similar to a game misconduct, gross misconduct penalties have been eliminated from the nhl rulebook.


penalty shot. apart from their use as a penalty, penalty shots also form the shootout that is used to resolve ties in many leagues and tournaments. gross misconduct penalty similar to a game misconduct, gross misconduct penalties have been eliminated from the nhl rulebook. it was imposed for an action of extreme unsportsmanlike conduct, such as abuse of officials or spectators, and could be assessed to any team official in addition to a player. infractions which garnered a gross misconduct now earn a game misconduct. the penalty had last been assessed in 2006 on atlanta thrashers coach bob hartley due to post - game comments made regarding referee mick mcgeough ' s blown call during a game versus edmonton. the phoenix coyotes ' shane doan was the last player to be given a gross misconduct penalty in 2005 for alleged ethnic slurs directed at french - canadian referees ( later investigated and subsequently cleared by the nhl ). however, this penalty is still in effect in canadian hockey. “ a gross misconduct penalty shall be assessed [ to ] any player or team official who conducts herself in such a manner as to make a travesty of the game. ” - this penalty can be assessed for actions which include the consumption of alcohol prior or during the game. - where a player or team official becomes involved in a fight with a team official or spectator. - any player or team official who sprays water on or at an official - any player or team official who engages in verbal taunts based on discriminatory grounds ( race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation ) enforcement of penalties the referee ( s ) make most penalty calls. linesmen generally may call only certain obvious technical infractions such as " too many players on the ice ". when a penalty is called, the official will put an arm in the air ; the official will stop play only once the offending team has control of the puck, or play is stopped by normal means. a delayed penalty is one in which the penalty is called but play is not yet stopped because the non - offending team retains the puck. the goaltender of the non - offending team will often go to the players ' bench upon seeing the arm signal to allow an extra attacker on the ice until the play is stopped. in the nhl, if the non - offending team scores a goal prior to play being stopped on a delayed minor penalty call, the penalty is waived. this used to be the case in college hockey as well, until the 2010 - 2011 season, when a rule change meant that the penalty would still


team scores a goal prior to play being stopped on a delayed minor penalty call, the penalty is waived. this used to be the case in college hockey as well, until the 2010 - 2011 season, when a rule change meant that the penalty would still be imposed even if a goal was scored. major penalties and match penalties are enforced in the usual manner, in both college hockey and the nhl, whether or not a goal is scored. the offending player ( s ) are sent to the penalty box where they must remain until the penalty has expired. typically a team will not be allowed to replace the penalized player on the ice ; the player will return directly to the ice once the penalty has expired. this creates a power play during which the penalized team will have one player fewer than their opponent and is said to be " short - handed ". if two players on a team are in the penalty box at the same time, their team will be in a " five on three " situation ( as is customary, the goalies are not counted in this expression ). additional players may be penalized, but a team will never play with fewer than three skaters on the ice. additional penalties will be delayed until one of the earlier penalties has expired. in leagues which play with a four - on - four overtime, the first penalty leaves the teams at four - on - three, while a second penalty to the same team during the first results in the opposing team adding a player, making the penalty five - on - three. if the first penalty expires without a goal being scored, the teams normally play five - on - four until the next stoppage of play when the teams will revert back to four - on - three. similarly, in the southern professional hockey league, where they play three - on - three overtime, each minor penalty results in the opposing team adding a skater to the ice. in the final two minutes of overtime, however, officials instead award a penalty shot to the team which would have received the powerplay, mainly to give the team a better chance at winning the game, since a powerplay would be cut short by the end of the game. while goaltenders can be assessed penalties, the penalty must be served by another player from their team who was on the ice at the time of the infraction ( the pim will be charged to the goaltender ). if the goaltender receives either ( a ) three major penalties ( nhl rule 28. 2 ), ( b ) one game misconduct penalty ( nhl rule 28


at the time of the infraction ( the pim will be charged to the goaltender ). if the goaltender receives either ( a ) three major penalties ( nhl rule 28. 2 ), ( b ) one game misconduct penalty ( nhl rule 28. 4 ), or ( c ) one match penalty ( nhl rule 28. 5 ) however, he or she is ejected for the remainder of the game and must be substituted. while a team is short - handed, they are permitted to ice the puck as they wish. being shorthanded during the final minutes of a game in which the opponents take their goaltender out for an extra attacker affords the short - handed team the ability to shoot at the empty net without the penalty of icing if they miss. stacked penalties when two players on one team are in the penalty box at the same time, it becomes a 5 on 3 situation. when a third player of the same team gets a penalty before either of the other two have expired, it remains 5 on 3 and it becomes a stacked penalties situation. this means that the third penalty will start when one of the others expire, whether the time expires or the opposing team scores on the powerplay. this is because there can be no fewer than three skaters for each team on the ice at one time. this also means that the player whose penalty expires first out of the three must wait for a stoppage in play, or the expiration of the second penalty, before leaving the penalty box so that it is appropriately 5 on 3, 5 on 4, and 5 on 5 in succession for each respective situation. in overtime, play is played as a 4 on 4, so when a team gets two penalties before the first expires, it becomes a 5 on 3 situation, rather than a 4 on 2. list of infractions in the nhl, infractions that result in penalties include : - abuse of officials - arguing with, insulting, using obscene gestures or language directed at or in reference to, or deliberately making violent contact with any on or off - ice official. this generally is issued in addition to other penalties or as a bench penalty against a coach or off - ice player, and is grounds for ejection under a game misconduct or match penalty in most leagues including the nhl. - aggressor penalty - assessed to a player who engages in a fight with an unwilling combatant. this is independent of the instigator penalty, and both are usually not assessed to the same player at one


leagues including the nhl. - aggressor penalty - assessed to a player who engages in a fight with an unwilling combatant. this is independent of the instigator penalty, and both are usually not assessed to the same player at one time ( in that case the player ' s penalty for fighting is usually escalated to deliberate injury of opponents, which carries a match penalty ). - attempt to injure - deliberately trying to harm an opponent ( successfully or not ). this type of infraction carries an automatic match penalty. - carries a major penalty. - pushing an opponent violently into the boards while the player is facing the boards. - butt - ending ( or stabbing ) - jabbing an opponent with the end of the shaft of the stick. it carries an automatic major penalty and game misconduct. - broken stick - engaging in play while holding a broken stick. - taking more than three strides or jumping before hitting an opponent. - checking from behind - hitting an opponent from behind is a penalty. it carries an automatic minor penalty and misconduct, or a major penalty and game misconduct if it results in injury. see checking. this is generally allowed in the nhl, as long as the player is not violently thrown into the boards, or if the player ' s head is not specifically targeted. - illegal check to the head - as of the start of the 2010 - 11 nhl season, any form of " lateral or blind side hit to an opponent, where the player ' s head is targeted and / or the principal point of contact " is punishable with a combination five - minute major penalty and game misconduct, due to the increasing concern following concussion injuries to nhl players following incidents such as david booth and marc savard ' s concussions in the 2009 - 10 nhl season. a second incident of this type caused by the same player in a season ( or post - season playoffs ) results in an automatic suspension for the following game their team plays, with the potential for increasing durations of suspension from active play, for any subsequent checks to opposing players ' head areas. - delivering a check below the knees of an opponent. if injury results, a major penalty and a game misconduct will result. - hitting an opponent with the stick when it is held with two hands and no part of the stick is on the ice. - delay of game - stalling the game ( for example, shooting the puck out of play, holding the puck in the hand, refusing to send players out for a faceoff, or even repeated deliberate offsides ). as


on the ice. - delay of game - stalling the game ( for example, shooting the puck out of play, holding the puck in the hand, refusing to send players out for a faceoff, or even repeated deliberate offsides ). as part of the rule changes following the 2004 – 05 nhl lockout, nhl officials also call an automatic delay of game penalty to goaltenders that go into the corners behind the goal line ( outside a trapezoid - shaped area just behind the net ) to play the puck. some delay of game offenses, such as taking too long to send players to take a faceoff, are not punished with a penalty : instead, the official may choose to eject the center of the offending team from the face - off circle and order him replaced with another player already on the ice. - diving ( or " embellishment " ) - falling to the ice in an attempt to draw a penalty. - hitting an opponent with the elbow. - carries a major penalty and often a match penalty. - engaging in a physical altercation with an opposing player, usually involving the throwing of punches with gloves removed or worse. minor altercations such as simple pushing and shoving, and punching with gloves still in place, are generally called as roughing. - goaltender interference - physically impeding or checking the goalie. visually impeding the goalie ' s view of the play with the body, called " screening ", is legal ; but at no time may a goaltender be hit or checked. - goaltender leaving crease - a goaltender may not leave the vicinity of his crease during an altercation. once he has left the crease during an altercation, he may be given a penalty. - hitting an opponent with the head. a match penalty is called for doing so. - touching an opponent with the stick above shoulder level. a minor penalty is assessed to the player. if blood is drawn, a double - minor ( 4 minutes ) is usually called. a common ( yet false ) belief is that blood drawn automatically warrants a double - minor. there is no such rule ; this is, however, the precedent that has been in place for years. referees may use their discretion to assess only a minor penalty even though blood was drawn. they may also assess a double - minor when blood is not drawn, but he believes that the player was sufficiently injured or that the offending player used excessively reckless action with his stick. if a player, while in the action of " following through " on a


assess a double - minor when blood is not drawn, but he believes that the player was sufficiently injured or that the offending player used excessively reckless action with his stick. if a player, while in the action of " following through " on a shot, strikes an opposing player in the head or face area with his stick, high sticking is not called unless the referee can determine that the player taking the shot was deliberately aiming to strike the opposing player. a penalty is also not called when the puck is hit by a high stick, but play will be stopped and the ensuing faceoff will take place at a spot which gives the non - offending team an advantage. also, a goal that is scored by means of hitting the puck with a stick above the height of the crossbar will not be counted, except if the goaltender is credited with his own goal, but an opponent scored against his own team. - grabbing an opponent ' s body, equipment or clothing with the hands or stick. generally a minor ; usa hockey rules call for a major and a game misconduct for grabbing and holding a facemask or visor. - holding the stick - grabbing and holding an opponent ' s stick, also called when a player deliberately wrenches a stick from the hands of an opposing player or forces the opponent to drop it by any means that is not any other penalty such as slashing. - using a stick as a hook to slow an opponent, no contact is required under new standards. - illegal equipment - using equipment that does not meet regulations, either by size ( length, width ) or number ( two sticks ) or other guidelines ( e. g. a goalie ' s facemask can no longer be the " jason voorhees " - style form - fit mask, a skater may not have a stick with a curve exceeding 3 / 4 " ( 19 mm ), nor may they play with a goalie ' s stick. a goalie may play with a regular player ' s stick. ). if a player ( non - goalie ) broke a stick, it is mandatory to drop the stick immediately and play without it until getting a replacement from the bench. otherwise this penalty will be assessed to the offending player ( some game summaries call this " playing with a broken stick " ). in addition, in the nhl a player may not pick a broken stick up off the ground after it has been dropped ( they can only receive a stick from another player or from the bench ; goalkeepers may not go to the


broken stick " ). in addition, in the nhl a player may not pick a broken stick up off the ground after it has been dropped ( they can only receive a stick from another player or from the bench ; goalkeepers may not go to the bench but must have a stick carried out to them ). this rule is generally not enforced in amateur leagues except for broken sticks or egregiously out - of - spec equipment as the cost of acquiring gear that meets nhl specifications " post - lockout " is prohibitive, especially for goalies. goalies will now receive a two - game suspension for the use of oversized equipment. their teams will also be fined $ 25, 000 and the trainer will be docked $ 10, 000. - instigator penalty - an instigator of an altercation is a player who demonstrates any of the following actions : distance travelled ; gloves off first ; first punch thrown ; menacing attitude. a player deemed an instigator will receive a instigating minor penalty. a player who instigates a fight in the final five minutes of a game will receive an automatic one - game suspension. the length of the suspension would double for each additional incident. the players coach will be fined $ 10, 000, a penalty that would double for each recurrence. - impeding an opponent who does not have the puck, or impeding any player from the bench. - joining a fight - also called the " 3rd man in " rule, the first person who was not part of a fight when it broke out but participates in said fight once it has started for any reason ( even to pull the players apart ) is charged with an automatic game misconduct in addition to any other penalties they receive for fighting. - kicking an opponent with the skate or skate blade. kicking carries a match penalty if done with intent to injure, but otherwise carries a major penalty and a game misconduct. ( under hockey canada rules, kicking or attempting to kick an opponent always carries a match penalty regardless of intent. ) - hitting an opponent with the knee. - leaving the penalty bench - a penalized player who leaves the penalty bench before his penalty has expired, whether play is in progress or not, shall incur an additional minor penalty after serving his unexpired penalty. any player who, having entered the penalty bench, leaves the penalty bench prior to the expiration of his penalty for the purpose of challenging an official ’ s ruling, shall be assessed a game misconduct penalty. he shall also be automatically suspended


the offending team fails to put the starting lineup on the ice at the beginning of each period, the exception being injuries. for this penalty to be called, the captain of the non - offending team must bring this breach of the rules to the referee ' s attention immediately at the first stoppage of play. also the penalty may be given if a player is not put on the scoresheet at the beginning of the game and plays. the only way for this to be called is if the official scorer notifies the referee of this oversight. - substitution infraction ( illegal substitution ) - this rare bench minor penalty is called when a substitution or addition is attempted during a stoppage of play after the linesmen have signalled no more substitutions ( once the face - off is set ) or if a team pulls its goalie and then attempts to have the goalie re - enter play at any time other than during a stoppage of play. too many men on the ice and / or starting the wrong lineup can also simply be called a substitution infraction. - throwing the stick / throwing stick / throwing equipment - often accompanied by a penalty shot. if any player on the ice who throws his stick or any part thereof or any other object ( i. e. equipment ) in the direction of the puck or an opponent in any zone, except when such act has been penalized by the assessment of a penalty shot or the awarding of a goal then a minor penalty will be assessed. should any player, coach, or non - playing person on the players ’ bench or penalty bench throw anything on the ice during the progress of the game or during a stoppage of play, a bench minor penalty unsportsmanlike conduct shall be assessed. can be upgraded to game misconduct or match penalty depending on severity. - too many men on the ice - having more than the allowable number of players ( six, including the goalie, if not already short handed ) on the ice involved in the play at any given time. " involved in the play " is key ; players that are entering the ice as substitutes for players coming off ( line changing ) may enter the ice once the player returning to the bench is less than five ( 5 ) feet from his team ' s bench ( rule 74. 1 ) ; at that point the returning player is considered out of the play, even if the play passes in front of the bench, unless he actively makes a move for the puck. players entering the ice are part of the play as soon as their


1 ) ; at that point the returning player is considered out of the play, even if the play passes in front of the bench, unless he actively makes a move for the puck. players entering the ice are part of the play as soon as their skates touch the ice. - using a stick or one ' s body to trip an opponent, no contact is required under new standards. - unsportsmanlike conduct - arguing with a referee ; using slurs against an opponent or teammate ; playing with illegal equipment ; making obscene gestures or abusing an official. can carry either a minor, misconduct, game misconduct or match penalty, depending on the gravity of the infraction ( for instance, using obscene language to a referee initially results in a minor, but making an obscene gesture to an opponent, fan or official carries a game misconduct. ) also, in some leagues the penalty progression is different for players and team officials ( for example, in the usa hockey rulebook players get a minor for their first infraction, a misconduct for their second and a game misconduct for their third, whereas the option of a misconduct is removed for coaches ; in addition, after each penalty for a team official, the penalty count resets itself ). unsportsmanlike conduct may also be called if a player drops gloves and stick in preparation for a fight, but the non - offending player does not drop the corresponding equipment and has committed no action ( verbal or physical harassment ) to attempt to instigate a fight. since 2008, the nhl has ruled that standing in front of an opposing goalie and engaging " in actions such as waving his arms or stick in front of the goaltender ' s face, for the purpose of improperly interfering with and / or distracting the goaltender " will draw a minor unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, a rule interpretation inspired by the play of sean avery against martin brodeur. list of minor penalties - closing hand on puck - delay of game - goalkeeper interference - holding the stick - illegal equipment - illegal stick - leaving penalty bench too early - leaving the crease ( goalkeeper ) - participating in the play beyond the center red line ( goalkeeper ) - throwing puck towards opponent ’ s goal ( goalkeeper ) - throwing stick - unsportsmanlike conduct list of bench minor penalties - abuse of officials - delay of game - deliberate illegal substitution - face - off violation - illegal substitution - improper starting line - up - interference from players ’ or penalty bench - interference with an official - leaving bench at end of period - refusing to start play


abuse of officials - delay of game - deliberate illegal substitution - face - off violation - illegal substitution - improper starting line - up - interference from players ’ or penalty bench - interference with an official - leaving bench at end of period - refusing to start play - stepping onto ice during period ( coach ) - throwing objects onto ice - too many men on the ice - unsportsmanlike conduct - unsustained request for measurement list of major penalties - checking from behind - illegal check to the head list of misconduct penalties - banging boards with stick in protest of an official ’ s ruling - continuing or attempting to continue a fight - deliberately breaking stick or refusing to surrender stick for measurement - deliberately throwing any equipment ( including stick ) out of playing area - entering or remaining in the referee ’ s crease - fighting off the playing surface ( or with another player who is off the playing surface ) - inciting an opponent - instigating a fight - interfering or distracting opponent taking a penalty shot - knocking or shooting puck out of reach of an official - leaving bench to speak to official - refusing to change non - regulation piece of protective equipment ( second violation ) - use of profane or abusive language - verbal abuse of an official list of game misconduct penalties - continues or attempts to continue a fight - fighting off the playing surface or with an opponent who is off the playing surface - first or second player to leave the players ’ bench during or to start an altercation - first to intervene in an altercation ( third man in ) - interferes with a game official in the performance of their duties - leaving the penalty bench during an altercation - obscene gestures - persists to challenge or dispute an official ’ s ruling - physically abuses an official - player who has been ordered to the dressing room but returns to the bench or the ice - player who deliberately attempts to injure a manager, coach or other non - playing club personnel in any manner - certain major penalties, generally stick infractions - interfering with or striking a spectator - racial taunts or slurs list of match penalties - attempt to injure ( in any manner ) - checking from behind - deliberate injury ( in any manner ) - goalkeeper who uses his blocking glove to the head or face of an opponent * - grabbing of the face mask - hair pulling - illegal check to the head - kicking a player - punching and injuring an unsuspecting opponent * - throwing stick or any object - wearing tape on hands in altercation * - * infraction must have match penalty assessed if injury results other leagues typically


check to the head - kicking a player - punching and injuring an unsuspecting opponent * - throwing stick or any object - wearing tape on hands in altercation * - * infraction must have match penalty assessed if injury results other leagues typically assess penalties for additional infractions. for example, most adult social leagues and women ' s hockey leagues ban all body checking ( a penalty for roughing or illegal check is called ), and in most amateur leagues, any head contact whatsoever results in a penalty. if a player pulls down another female ' s ponytail, they will be charged with a game misconduct penalty. penalty as strategy | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( october 2011 ) | coaches or players may occasionally opt to commit an infraction on purpose. in some cases, it is hoped that the infraction can be concealed from the officials, avoiding a penalty. gordie howe was one player renowned for his ability to commit infractions without being called. hockey players that opt to commit an infraction despite the punishment do so in order to degrade the opposing team ' s morale or momentum, or boost their own. this is most common with fighting, because the likely coincidental penalties do not result in a hindrance for their team. hockey players also sometimes commit infractions with the hope of drawing the other player into committing a retaliatory infraction, and being penalized, while not being caught themselves. hockey players known as " pests " specialize their game in the strategy of trying to draw opponents into taking a penalty. an example is sean avery, who is renowned in his ability to goad opponents into taking penalties as well as making other fundamental mistakes. some players, coaches, and fans find this technique unsportsmanlike. it is also not uncommon to see players " dive " or make a borderline hit appear to be a penalty by embellishing or exaggerating their reaction to it ; this, however, is a penalty in itself, although it is inconsistently enforced. another common reason to commit an infraction is as last resort when an opposing player has a scoring opportunity, when a penalty kill is the preferable alternative to the scoring opportunity. these are referred to on most broadcasts as " good penalties ". nhl penalty records the nhl keeps individual statistics on the penalties each player accrues through the penalties in minutes statistic ( abbreviated " pim " ). players renowned for their fighting or for being dirty players will usually lead their team in


penalties ". nhl penalty records the nhl keeps individual statistics on the penalties each player accrues through the penalties in minutes statistic ( abbreviated " pim " ). players renowned for their fighting or for being dirty players will usually lead their team in pim and have such statistics highlighted by the media. the record for the most penalty minutes in one season is held by dave schultz of the philadelphia flyers with 472 in the 1974 – 75 nhl season. the record for most penalty minutes in a career is held by tiger williams who had 3, 966 over 14 years. the active penalty minute leader is chris neil from the ottawa senators, who has accumulated 1, 925 pim. neil is now playing in his 12th nhl season. the most penalties in a single game occurred in a fight - filled match between the ottawa senators and philadelphia flyers on march 5, 2004 when 419 penalty minutes were handed out. statistically, a game misconduct counts as 10 penalty minutes, in addition to other penalties handed out. in rare cases ( as a result of multiple infractions, for instance the player participating in multiple fights ), multiple game misconducts may be handed to a player — that is merely statistical, not ( automatically ) a multi - game suspension, although the league will often suspend the player in a subsequent decision. [ original research? ] khl penalty records on 9 january 2010, a massive brawl broke out in an avangard omsk game against vityaz chekhov. the conflict started during pre - game warm - ups when darcy verot intentionally shot a puck at lasse kukkonen forcing alexander svitov to stand up for his team - mate. soon after the game started brandon sugden challenged svitov to another fight, which then involved all other 8 skaters on the ice. a number of other fights ensued resulting in a bench - and penalty - box clearing. the officials had to suspend the game just after 3 minutes 39 seconds in the first period as there were only four players left to play the game. a world record total of 707 penalty minutes were incurred during the game. the khl imposed heavy fines on both teams, some players and the head coaches as well as disqualifying 6 vityaz ' s players and avangard ' s dmitry vlasenkov, who was first to leave the bench during a fight. the game was counted as a 5 - 0 defeat for both teams with no points being awarded. - nhl. com - the national hockey league web site - mckinley,


dmitry vlasenkov, who was first to leave the bench during a fight. the game was counted as a 5 - 0 defeat for both teams with no points being awarded. - nhl. com - the national hockey league web site - mckinley, 2006, p. 7 - mckinley, 2006, p. 8 - " new rules for the regulation of the game ". montreal gazette. 1886 - 01 - 08. p. 8. retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29. - duplacey, 1996, pp. 56 – 57 - www. talkicehockey. co. uk / guides / ice _ hockey _ penalties. html, " ice hockey penalties ". p. 29. - rule 501 – minor penalty, iihf, 2010, pp. 57 – 59 - rule 16 – minor penalties, nhl, 2011, p. 26 - rule 19 – coincidental minor penalties, nhl, 2011, p. 28 - rule 512 – coincidental penalties, iihf, 2010, p. 63 - " six penalty minutes, all at once ". the sports xchange. 1 - 19 - 2012. retrieved 16 may 2013. - rule 18 – double minor penalties, nhl, 2011, p. 27 - nhl rules - rule 21 - match penalties - rule 25 – awarded goals, official nhl rules - rule 4. 7 ( b ) 2012 - 2014 hockey canada rule book - " rule 15 - calling of penalties ". national hockey league. retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14. - rule 48 – illegal check to the head, official rules, nhl. com - rule 27 - goalkeeper ' s penalties, official rules, nhl. com - " rule 60 - high - sticking ". national hockey league. retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22. - " rule 80 - high - sticking the puck ". national hockey league. retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22. - " a look at the nhl ' s new rules ". nbcsports. com, 2005, p. 26. - " a look at the nhl ' s new rules ". nbcsports. com, 2005, p. 26. - nhl rule 55. 3 hooking – major penalty - iihf rule 533 hooking - nhl rule 56. 4 interference – major penalty - " understanding major penalties in ice hockey ". isport. com, p. 27. - " khl hands out fines, suspensions for brawl ". yahoo! sports. 2010 - 01 - 10. - " khl game suspended at 3 : 39 ". iihf. 2010 - 01


principality of minsk | this article does not cite any references or sources. ( august 2012 ) | | principality of minsk | languages | | old east slavic | the principality of minsk was a ruthenian principality centered around the city of minsk in modern belarus, that existed from its founding in 1101 until it was integrated into the grand duchy of lithuania in 1242, and only nominally until 1413. the principality originally occupied territories around the drut, svislach and berezina river basins. besides the capital city of minsk, other population centers in the principality included barysaw, lahojsk, zaslawye, orsha and the historical town of drutsk. the area around minsk was controlled by the principality of polotsk beginning from the 10th century. following the death of vseslav of polotsk in 1101, polotsk was divided into six smaller principalities each to be inherited by one of his six surviving sons. vseslav ' s second born son, gleb vseslavich inherited the lands surrounding minsk and started the minsk branch of the princes of polotsk. almost immediately following his fathers death, gleb vseslavich started a war against his brothers davyd, prince of polotsk and roman, prince of drutsk to expand his territory. in 1106, he had partaken in a raid against the baltic tribes in semigallia. in 1116, he started a war with vladimir ii of the principality of kiev and burned the town of slutsk to the ground. in retaliation, vladimir marched towards minsk and laid a two - month siege which was at first unsuccessful but vladimir wanted to continue the siege following the winter season. gleb vseslavich upon seeing the preparations for a long siege, sent peace envoys to the enemy camp and agreed to a peace treaty on the condition of good behavior on his part. completely ignoring the peace treaty, gleb resumed his hostilities and in 1117, attacked smolensk. in retaliation, vladimir ii sent his son mstislav to minsk with a large army. he besieged and took minsk, and brought gleb to kiev as prisoner, where he died in 1119. following the death of gleb vseslavich, the principality of minsk fell under kievan influence. in 1146, gleb ' s son, rostislav glebovich regained control of minsk. rostislav and his descendents would fight wars with the princes of drutsk


the principality of minsk fell under kievan influence. in 1146, gleb ' s son, rostislav glebovich regained control of minsk. rostislav and his descendents would fight wars with the princes of drutsk and vitebsk. this period saw the principality ' s relationship with the grand duchy of lithuania grow, and in 1164, rostislav ' s son, volodar glebovich with the help of the lithuanians, won an important battle against the prince of polotsk, which affirmed the principalities independence from polotsk. in the 13th century, the influence of lithuanian princes grew and the princes of minsk were virtually vassals of the grand duchy of lithuania. minsk escaped the mongol invasion of rus in 1237 - 1239, however, in later years it was attacked by nomadic invaders from the golden horde, who ravaged and vassalized many principalities to the south. trying to avoid the tatar yoke, the principality of minsk sought the protection of the their lithuanian allies and in 1242, minsk was peacefully annexed by the grand duchy of lithuania. in 1249, a combined minsk and lithuanian army repelled a tatar - mongol invasion. the city of minsk oversaw periods of growth and prosperity during lithuanian reign and many local nobles enjoyed high ranking in the society of the grand duchy. for instance, in 1326, a treaty between grand duchy of lithuania and the city of novgorod was signed for lithuanian prince gediminas by vasily, the then ruler of minsk. in 1413, when the grand duchy of lithuania and the kingdom of poland signed the union of horodło, the principality of minsk ceased to exist and the city became the center of the newly created minsk voivodeship. see also


prophetic medicine ( ' al - tibb al - nabawi, arabic : الطب النبوي ) refers to the actions and words ( hadith ) specifically of the islamic prophet muhammad with regards to sickness, treatment and hygiene, and the genre of writings undertaken primarily by non - physician scholars to collect and explicate these traditions. it is distinct from islamic medicine, in that the latter is a broader category encompassing a variety of medical practices rooted in greek natural philosophy. prophetic medical traditions exhort humans to not simply stop at following muhammad ' s teachings, but encourage them to search for cures as well. the literature of prophetic medicine thus occupies a symbolic role in the elucidation of islamic identity as constituted by a particular set of relationships to science, medicine, technology and nature. there has historically been a tension in the understanding of the medical narratives : are they of the same nature as muhammad ’ s religious pronouncements, or are they time - sensitive, culturally - situated, and thus not representative of a set of eternal medical truths? this body of knowledge was fully articulated only in the 14th century, at which point it was concerned with reconciling sunnah ( traditions ) with the foundations of the galenic humoral theory that was prevalent at the time in the medical institutions of the islamicate world. it is nonetheless a tradition with continued modern - day currency, as suggested by the online presence of resources on the genre. prophetic medicine is sometimes casually identified with unani medicine or traditional medicine, although it is distinguished from some iterations of these and from scientific medicine most predominantly by the former being specifically a collection of advice attributed to muhammad in the islamic tradition.. one would do well to note that medieval interpretations of the medical hadith were produced in a galenic medical context, while modern - day editions might bring in recent research findings to frame the importance of the genre. in the hadith, muhammad recommended the use of honey and hijama ( wet cupping ) for healing and had generally opposed the use of cauterization for causing " pain and menace to a patient ". other items with beneficial effects attributed to muhammad, and standard features on traditional medicine in the islamicate world, include olive oil ; dates ; miswak as a necessity for oral health and nigella sativa or " black seed " or " black cumin " and its oils. these items are still sold in islamic centers or sellers of other islamic goods. the value of honey is traced to specific mention


as a necessity for oral health and nigella sativa or " black seed " or " black cumin " and its oils. these items are still sold in islamic centers or sellers of other islamic goods. the value of honey is traced to specific mention of its virtues in the quran and not just muhammad : and thy lord taught the bee to build its cells in hills, on trees, and in ( men ' s ) habitations ; then to eat of all the produce ( of the earth ), and find with skill the spacious paths of its lord : there issues from within their bodies a drink of varying colours, wherein is healing for men : verily in this is a sign for those who give thought. make use of medical treatment, for allah has not made a disease without appointing a remedy for it, with the exception of one disease, namely old age. this belief can be said to be a grounding philosophy of this otherwise loosely - defined field, and is said to have encouraged early muslims to engage in medical research and seek out cures for diseases known to them. while the prominent works focused on treatment of the hadith related to health date from several centuries a. h., sahih al - bukhari and other earlier collections included these as well. ' abd allah b. bustam al - nisaburi ’ s tlbb al - a ' imma, aggregating a legacy of several shi ’ ite imams, is widely considered to be the first known treatise on prophetic medicine, although it is rooted in a somewhat different cosmology. the canonical al - bukhari corpus, divided into 97 books with 3450 chapters, includes over a 100 traditions in its book 76 loosely related to medicine, covering topics ranging from precautions against leprosy and epidemics to the forbidding of alcohol and suicide. the most notable works that still survive are attributed to religious scholars and largely not to galenic physicians, although the latter are occasionally referenced. ibn qayyim al - jawziyya in the 1300s produced one of the most influential works about prophetic medicine in his 277 - chapter book, al - tibb al - nabawiya. al - jawziyya deals with a diversity of treatments as recommended by muhammad but also engages with ethical concerns, discussing malpractice and the hallmarks of the competent doctor. ethics of medical practice continue to be an important marker of islamic medicine for some. al - jawziyya also elaborates on the relationship between medicine and religion.


with ethical concerns, discussing malpractice and the hallmarks of the competent doctor. ethics of medical practice continue to be an important marker of islamic medicine for some. al - jawziyya also elaborates on the relationship between medicine and religion. a theologian renowned for his exegetical endeavors, al - suyuti also composed two works on prophetic medicine, one of which was on sexual relations as ordered by muhammad. al - suyuti ' s other manuscript divides medicine into 3 types : traditional, spiritual and preventive ( e. g. dietary regimen and exercise ). along with al - jawziyya, al - suyuti also included commentary that spoke to dealing with contagion and thus was relevant to the black death in the islamic world. both of the works above also address bioethical issues of abortion and conception, issues that, like the idea of islamic medical heritage as being holistic, continue to be important in constructions of modern islamic identity.. other notable works include those of ibn tulun ( d. ad 1546 ) and al - dhahabi ( d. ad 1348 ). - muzaffar iqbal, science and islam ( westport, ct : greenwood press, 2007 ), 59 - ahmed ragab. journal of the american oriental society 132. 4 ( 2012 ). 657 - 673. - stearns, justin ( 1 december 2011 ). " writing the history of the natural sciences in the pre - modern muslim world : historiography, religion, and the importance of the early modern period ". history compass 9 ( 12 ) : 923 – 951. doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1478 - 0542. 2011. 00810. x. - tibb - e - nabawi ~ healing by islam, both for the body & soul, for the doctor & patient, for the sick & healthy ; prophetic - medicine - rosenthal, franz ; marmorstein, jenny ( 1975 ). the classical heritage in islam. berkeley : university of california press. p. 182. isbn 0 - 520 - 01997 - 0. - deuraseh nurdeen. " ahadith of the prophet on healing in three things ( al - shifa ' fi thalatha ) : an interpretational ". journal of the international society for the history of islamic medicine 2003 ( 4 ) : 14 – 20. - quran 16 : 69 - borchardt, john k. ( 2002 ).


thedraw is a text editor for ms dos to create ansi and animations as well as ascii art. the editor is especially useful to create or modify files in ansi format and text documents, which use the graphical characters of the ibm ascii code pages, because they are not supported by microsoft windows anymore. the first version of the editor was developed in 1986 by ian e. davis of thesoft programming services. the last public version of the editor was version 4. 63, which was released in october 1993. thedraw was one of the first ansi editors that supported ansis longer than 25 rows. the limit in the latest available version is still 100 rows. other editors, such as aciddraw are able to support ansis larger than 100 lines for a single ansi / ascii ( aciddraw supports 1, 000 lines ). the animation mode is limited to 50 lines ( rows ). the column width can be extended from the standard 80 characters to 160, but this also reduces the row limit down to 50. compatibility with microsoft windows the program runs stably in a dos window on windows xp and allows the user to maintain mouse control. used with windows vista however, thedraw performs with less predictable results. it works with dosbox. significant features some of the features of the editor include : - mouse support to select blocks of text within the editor ( even under windows in window and full - screen mode ) - for the selected area / block exist a number of unique functions - fill function to change the color of a whole section of the text - copy / move and paste function to copy / move entire blocks of text within the document. - erase function that clears the selected area of any characters without the surrounding characters changing position. - replace function to replace the content of the selected area with the content of the thedraw " clipboard ". - load / save function to save only the selected area or load an ansi / ascii from the hard disk into the selected area ( replace ). - font manager to create / modify and organize ascii and ansi fonts to be used within the editor - additional file formats in addition to ansi (. ans ) and text (. asc ). - the proprietary pcboard (. pcb ) and wildcat! bbs (. bbs ) file formats. - the avatar (. avt ) file standard defined by fidonet. - save files for various programming languages, including assembly (


while once more widely used, the primary use of tinplate now is the manufacture of tin cans. formerly, tinplate was used for cheap pots, pans and other holloware. this kind of holloware was also known as tinware and the people who made it were tinplate workers. the untinned sheets employed in the manufacture are known as black plates. they are now made of steel, either bessemer steel or open - hearth. formerly iron was used, and was of two grades, coke iron and charcoal iron ; the latter, being the better, received a heavier coating of tin, and this circumstance is the origin of the terms coke plates and charcoal plates by which the quality of tinplate is still designated, although iron is no longer used. tinplate was consumed in enormous quantities for the manufacture of the tin cans in which preserved meat, fish, fruit, biscuits, cigarettes and numerous other products are packed, and also for the household utensils of various kinds made by the tinsmith. the practice of tinning ironware to protect it against rust is an ancient one. this may have been the work of the whitesmith. this was done after the article was fabricated, whereas tinplate was tinned before fabrication. the manufacture of tinplate was long a monopoly of bohemia, but about 1620 the industry spread to saxony. tinplate was apparently produced in the 1620s at a mill of ( or under the patronage of ) the earl of southampton, but it is not clear how long this continued. andrew yarranton, an english engineer and agriculturist, and ambrose crowley ( a stourbridge blacksmith and father of the more famous sir ambrose ) were commissioned to go to saxony and if possible discover the methods employed. they visited dresden in 1667 and found out how it was made. in doing so, they were sponsored by various local ironmasters and people connected with the project to make the river stour navigable. in saxony, the plates were forged, but when they conducted experiments on their return to england, they tried rolling the iron. this led to the ironmasters philip foley and joshua newborough ( two of the sponsors ) in 1670 erecting a new mill, wolverley lower mill ( or forge ). this contained three shops, one being a slitting mill ( which would serve as a rolling mill ), and the others were forges. in 1678 one of these was making frying pans and the other drawing out blooms made in finery forges elsewhere. it is likely that the


in 1891. one of the greatest markets was the united states of america, but that market was cut off in 1891, when the mckinley tariff was enacted there. this caused a great retrenchment in the british industry and the emigration to america of many of those who could no longer be employed in the surviving tinplate works. in 1891, the united states made 11, 000 tons of tinplate and imported 325, 100 tons, but in 1899, it made 360, 900 tons, importing only 63, 500 tons ( mostly for re - export ). british exports were further hindered by the dingley tariff, which removed the advantage of welsh plate on america ' s pacific coast., had by 1900 increased to more than 849, 000, 000 lb, of which over 141, 000, 000 lb were terne - plates. the total imports in that year were only 135, 264, 881 lb. in later years, again, there was a decline in the american production, and in 1907 only 20 % of the american tinplate mills were at work, while the british production reached 14 million boxes. despite this blow, the industry continued, but on a smaller scale. nevertheless there were still 518 mills in operation in 1937, including 224 belonging to richard thomas & co. however the traditional ' pack mill ' had been overtaken by the improved ' strip mill ', of which the first in great britain was built by richard thomas & co. in the late 1930s. strip mills rendered the old pack mills obsolete and the last of them closed in about the 1960s. plate production methods the pack mill process the pack mill process begins with a tin bar, which is a drawn flat bar that was usually purchased from an ironworks or steel works. the tin bar could be wrought iron or mild steel. the cross - section of the bar needed to be accurate in size as this dictates the length and thickness of the final plates. the bar was cut to the correct length to make the desired size plate ; for instance, if a 14 in × 20 in ( 360 mm × 510 mm ) plate is desired the tin bar is cut to a length and width that is divisible by 14 and 20. the bar is then rolled and doubled over, with the number of times being doubled over dependent on how large the tin bar is and what the final thickness is. continuing the example, if the starting tin bar is 20 in × 56 in ( 510 mm × 1, 400 mm ) then it must be at least finished on the


doubled over dependent on how large the tin bar is and what the final thickness is. continuing the example, if the starting tin bar is 20 in × 56 in ( 510 mm × 1, 400 mm ) then it must be at least finished on the fours, or doubled over twice, and if a thin gauge is required then it may be finished on the eights, or doubled over three times. the tin bar is then heated to a dull red heat and passed five or six times through the roughing rolls. between each pass the plate is passed over ( or round ) the rolls, and the gap between the rolls is narrowed by means of a screw. the plate is then reheated and run through the finishing rolls. if the plate is not finished on singles, or without doubling the plate over, it is doubled over in a squeezer. the squeezer was like a table where one half of the surface folds over on top of the other and a press flattens the doubled over plate so the rolled end will fit in the rollers. it is then reheated for another set of rolling. this is repeated until the desired geometry is reached. note that if the plate needs to be doubled over more than once the rolled end is sheared off. the pack is then allowed to cool. when cool, the pack is sheared slightly undersized from the final dimensions and the plates separated by openers. at this point, the plates are covered in scale and therefore must be pickled. this involves dipping the plates in sufuric acid for five minutes. the pickling turns the scales into a greenish - black slime which is removed via annealing. the plates are annealed for approximately 10 hours and then allowed to slowly cool. at this point the plates are known as pickled and annealed black plates. these plates were commonly sold for stamping and enameling purposes. after this, the plates are still rough and not straight, so they are cold rolled several times. the rolling lengths the plates to their final dimension. they are then annealed again to remove any strain hardening. these plates are called black plate pickled, cold rolled, and close annealed ( black plate p. cr. and ca. ). to attain perfect cleanliness the plates are pickled again in a weak sulfuric acid. finally they are rinsed and stored in water until ready to be tinned. the tinning set consists of at least one pot of molten tin, with a zinc chloride flux on top


the plates are pickled again in a weak sulfuric acid. finally they are rinsed and stored in water until ready to be tinned. the tinning set consists of at least one pot of molten tin, with a zinc chloride flux on top, and a grease pot. the flux dries the plate and prepares it for the tin to adhere. if a second tin pot is used, called the wash pot, it contains tin at a lower temperature. this is followed by the grease pot, which contains oil and a tinning machine. the tinning machine has two small rollers that are spring - loaded together so that when the tinned plate is inserted the rolls squeeze any excess tin off. the springs on the tinning machine can be set to different forces to give different thicknesses of tin. finally, the oil is cleaned off with fine bran and dusted clean. what is described here is the process as employed during the 20th century. the process grew somewhat in complexity with the passage of time, as gradually it was found that the inclusion of additional procedures improved quality. however the practice of hot rolling and then cold rolling evidently goes back to the early days, as the knight family ' s tinplate works had ( from its foundation in about 1740 ) two rolling mills, one at bringewood ( west of ludlow ) which made blackplate, and the other the tin mill at mitton ( now part of stourport, evidently for the later stages. the strip mill | this section requires expansion. ( september 2009 ) | early hot rolling strip mills did not produce strip suitable for tinning, but in 1929 cold rolling began to be used to reduce the gauge further, which made tinning achievable. the plate was then tinned using the process outlined above. tinning processes there are two processes for the tinning of the black plates : hot - dipping and electroplating. tinplate made via hot - dipped tin plating is made by cold rolling steel or iron, pickling or remove any scale, annealing to remove any strain hardening, and then coating it with a thin layer of tin. originally this was done by producing individual or small packs of plates, which became known as the pack mill process. in the late 1920s strip mills began to replace pack mills, because they could produce the raw plates in larger quantities and more economically. in electroplating, the item to be coated is placed into a container containing a solution of one or more tin salts. the item is connected to an electrical circuit,


mills, because they could produce the raw plates in larger quantities and more economically. in electroplating, the item to be coated is placed into a container containing a solution of one or more tin salts. the item is connected to an electrical circuit, forming the cathode ( negative ) of the circuit while an electrode typically of the same metal to be plated forms the anode ( positive ). when an electrical current is passed through the circuit, metal ions in the solution are attracted to the item. to produce a smooth, shiny surface, the electroplated sheet is then briefly heated above the melting point of tin. most of the tin - plated steel made today is then further electroplated with a very thin layer of chromium to prevent dulling of the surface from oxidation of the tin. - terne - plate is a similar product to tinplate, but the bath is not of tin, but of tin and lead mixed, the latter metal constituting from 7. 59 % of the whole. the name derives from ' terne ' - meaning dull or tarnish. terne - plates began to be produced in england about the middle of the 19th century, and are widely employed in the united states for roofing purposes. - for many purposes, tinplate has been replaced by galvanised ( zinc - coated ) vessels, though not for cooking as zinc is toxic, where stainless steel is often used. zinc protects iron electrolytically, that is, the zinc will oxidise and turn to a white powder to preserve the iron, whereas tin will only protect the iron if the tin - surface remains unbroken, as it electrolytically cannibalises unprotected iron to preserve itself. see also - brown 1988, pp. 42 – 8 - king 1988, pp. 104 – 13 - king 1988, p. 109 - h. r. schubert, history of the british iron and steel industry... to 1775, 429. - minchinton 1957, p. 10. - data extracted from d. p. hussey et al., gloucester port books database ( cd - rom, university of wolverhampton 1995 ). - minchinton 1957, pp. 67 – 68. - tregoning 1901, pp. 1278 – 1279. - tregoning 1901, pp. 1279 – 1280. - tregoning 1901, pp. 1280 – 1281. - tregoning 1901, p. 1281. - tregoning 1901, pp


– 1279. - tregoning 1901, pp. 1279 – 1280. - tregoning 1901, pp. 1280 – 1281. - tregoning 1901, p. 1281. - tregoning 1901, pp. 1281 – 1282. - minchinton 1957, pp. 250 – 3. - l. ince, the knight family and the british iron industry ( 1991 ). - brown, p. j. ( 1988 ), " andrew yarranton and the british tinplate industry ", historical metallurgy 22 ( 1 ) : 42 – 8 - king, p. w. ( 1988 ), " wolverley lower mill and the beginnings of the tinplate industry ", historical metallurgy 22 ( 2 ) : 104 – 113 - minchinton, w. w. ( 1957 ), the british tinplate industry : a history, clarendon press, oxford - tregoning, w. h. ( 1901 ), " proceedings - institution of mechanical engineers, parts 3 - 5 ", in institution of mechanical engineers ( great britain ), the manufacture of tin - plate, institution by mechanical engineering publications ltd., pp. 1273 – 1282. - this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : chisholm, hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). encyclopædia britannica ( 11th ed. ). cambridge university press. further reading - f. w. gibbs, ' the rise of the tinplate industry ' annals of science 6 ( 1950 ), 390ff ; 7 ( 1 ) ( 1951 ), 25ff ; 43ff ; 113ff. - p. jenkins, ' twenty by fourteen ' : a history of the south wales tinplate industry 1700 - 1961 ( gomer, llandysul, dyfed 1995 ). - d. a. irwin, ' did late nineteenth century u. s. tariffs promote infant industries? evidence from the tinplate industry ' ( nber working paper 6835 1998 )


by marianthe bickett ’ 15, student farm crew leader the tail end of fall here has been unseasonably warm, allowing for more enjoyable farm work and enthusiastic volunteers. we ' ve been lucky to have students from the environmental science class working on the farm as a class requirement, as well as other students and community members. much of our time is spent working steadily on building beds by layering rich composted horse manure and straw over loosened soil. we are excited to be more prepared for spring planting then last year at this time, thanks to our expanded staff. volunteers helping manage the farm as winter approaches. we ' ve also been hard at work cultivating our food forest. a food forest is a permaculture design that works by planting perennial food - producing trees, bushes, and herbs in a layered arrangement so that as they mature it looks like a forest, only everything offers something edible. over the last year, we ' ve planted many fruit and nut trees, berry bushes, and herbs, but it is a continual process to eliminate invasive species we don ' t want and allow the useful plants to propagate. students harvesting greens in the hoop house. we ' ve been hard at work digging out poisonous hemlock, which had managed to run rampant all over what is now the farm. we were diligent in chopping it down before it could go to seed during the last growing season ; however, it has a biennial life cycle. this will allow it to persist in our garden at least another season, requiring continued attention to eradicate it. we also have a bounty of stinging nettle and catnip growing wildly around the farm, and have been transplanting them into larger patches where we can more easily access them. stinging nettle has many health benefits and can be used in soup, or dried as a tea. black astralorp chickens roaming the farm. our student employees have been working on individual projects in their areas of interest as well. al zork ’ 16 has been making beautiful signs with a wood burner to label all our plants in the food forest, so we can easily locate and harvest them. kiersten savage ’ 16 and diana harvey ’ 16 have started growing sunflower sprouts in birch commons for us to eat in the dining hall. sam cottle ’ 16 and emma louise mutrux ’ 16 traveled with kat christen, antioch farm manager, to the acres conference in louisville, kentucky, where they picked up lots of useful information on ecological food


what regulations exist for organic materials and compost facilities? organic material management is regulated ( i. e., siting, permitting, and management ) at the state level, except for biosolids and animal manures. states have assumed the lead role in regulating composting facilities. composting facilities may need approval from the state before operating. the permit requirements for composting facilities vary among states. examples of topics covered in the permitting process include : a detailed facility design, operating plans, a description of incoming materials, the amount and types of residue to be generated in the plant, monitoring plans, potential environmental releases, landfills to be used, and potential markets for the compost. on the federal level, the standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge ( 40 cfr part 503 under the clean water act ) was published in the federal register ( 58 fr 9248 to 9404 ) on february 19, 1993. this act pertains to land application ( and biosolids composting ), surface disposal, and combustion of biosolids sewage sludge. many of the standards promulgated in this rule can be applicable to municipal solid waste compost. for more information about this regulation, please go to epas biosolids page. under section 301 of the clean water act ( title 33, chapter 26, 1311, usc ), epa has the authority to regulate point source discharges ( including cafos ) into us waters through the national pollutant discharge elimination system ( npdes ) permitting program. manure and wastewater from cafos have the potential to release pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, organic matter, sediments, pathogens, heavy metals, hormones, antibiotics, and ammonia to the environment. excess nutrients in water ( i. e., nitrogen and phosphorus ) can result in or contribute to low levels of dissolved oxygen ( anoxia ), eutrophication, and toxic algal blooms. these conditions may be harmful to human health and, in combination with other circumstances, have been associated with outbreaks of microbes such as pfiesteria piscicida. decomposing organic matter can reduce oxygen levels and cause fish kills. pathogens, such as cryptosporidium, have been linked to impairments in drinking water supplies and threats to human health. pathogens in manure can also create a food safety concern if manure is applied directly to crops at inappropriate times. in addition, pathogens are responsible for some shellfish bed closure