nation on may 14, 1948. jews back in their promise land, just as prophesied for the last days by all bible prophets. 1952 : 7 minutes to midnight in november, the united states tests its first hydrogen bomb on elugelap island. the bast was equal to 10. 4 megatons, 700 times the power of 1957 : 6 minutes to midnight the treaties establishing the european economic community ( eec ) and the european atomic energy community ( euratom ) are signed by the six ( belgium, france, germany, italy, luxembourg, netherlands ) in rome as of today they will be referred to as the " treaties of rome ". 1967 : 5 minutes to midnight on june 5 the six - day war begins : israel destroys the arab air forces ; captures land three times the area of itself ; and most importantly, the jewish people win the right to free control the city of jerusalem for the first time in over 2000 years. 1999 : 4 minutes to midnight in january of 1999 eleven european union countries begin using the euro as their common currency. 2002 : 3 minutes to midnight european leaders hammered out an agreement to bring 10 new countries into the european union. most of the new members will be former soviet eastern block states. 2004 : 3 minutes to midnight years of rapid growth in the chinese economy has caused the eastern giant to become a major competitor for the earth ' s scarce resources. china ' s growing dependence on oil will cause its interests to focus more on the middle east. 2005 : 3 minutes to midnight the 2005 atlantic hurricane season was the most active atlantic hurricane season in recorded history. records were set in the most number of storms - 28, the most reaching hurricane strength - 15, and the most reached category 5 strength - 4. hurricane katrina was the most destructive, and hurricane wilma was the most intense hurricane ever observed in the atlantic basin. 2008 : 2 minutes to midnight you would have to go back to the days before pearl harbor to find a more pronounced state of apathy about dangers facing the world.


the toyger is a cross between a striped domestic shorthaired cat and a standard bengal tabby. breeding began in the 1980s but only in 2007 was the toyger allowed into full championship status. the breed was created by judy sudgen to inspire people to care about tiger conservation in the wild. the current version of the toyger remains far from a tiger in appearance ; however the striations and coloring are largely developed. by 2010 breeders hope to have achieved rounded ears and a wider nose bridge on the cat, to make it more tiger - like. the toyger in its current state has a medium - sized head with small, rounded ears oriented at a 45 degree angle toward the center of the eyes. the fur on the temples and ears is thick. and the back of the ears should have white “ marks ’. the eyes of a toyger are wide - set, medium - sized, black - lined and almond - shape. the muzzle is well defined, long, and broad, and it looks like an inverted heart when viewed from the front. the nose widens toward the end. the stripes on the hair of the face should be circularly aligned around the face. the coat is short over their long, muscular torso which is strong but not too boxy. the legs are medium length and the tail is very long. oftentimes, the toyger has a slight ruff of fur around the neck. the stripes on the body are generally vertically aligned with encircling markings n the legs, neck and tail. the stripes should be bold but not necessarily uniform. the paw pads and the very tip of the long blunt tail should be black.


bosnia was on the boundary between the roman catholic and eastern orthodox churches. the croats to the west and hungarians to the north embraced roman catholicism, while the lands to the east and small southeastern parts of herzegovina embraced eastern orthodoxy. both the roman catholic and eastern orthodox churches considered the bosnian church heretical. the religious centre of the bosnian church was placed in mostre, near visoko, where the house of krstjani was founded. during the later middle ages most of bosnia was roman catholic as well, but no accurate figures exist as to the numbers of adherents of the two churches. the bosnian church coexisted with roman catholicism for much of the later middle ages ; certain geographic areas seem to have adhered to the bosnian church, others to the international catholic church, and there was little interchange between the two. the establishment of the bosnian church may have been due to intra - church politics ; during the 14th century, the roman church placed bosnia under a hungarian bishop, and the schism may have been motivated by a desire for independence from hungarian domination. after 1340 when a franciscan mission to the country was accepted and the rulers became catholic, king ostoja was the sole ( probable ) exception. fewer than ten noble families towards the end of the medieval bosnian state have been connected to the bosnian church, but those families included major figures such as hrvoje vukcic, the radenovic - pavlovici, sandalj hranic, stefan vukcic, and paul klesic. outsiders accused the bosnian church of links to the patarene heresy, and to the bogomils, a manichean sect centered in bulgaria. this misidentification ( either contemporaneous or latterly ) is likely with a dalmatian dualist church called the ecclesia sclavonia, some refugees of which ended up in bosnia. moreover, " domestic sources... ( bosnian and ragusan )... show that the bosnian church, unlike the bogomils, accepted an omnipotent god, the trinity, church buildings, the cross, the cult of saints, religious art, and at least part of the old testament. " a further example is that gost ( roughly " abbot " ) radin — a bosnian church leader and important diplomat — left a will in 1466 which showed the orthodoxy of his beliefs ( and, incidentally, his great wealth ). it " begins with a cross, refers to his patron saint, and leaves money to build a church at


leader and important diplomat — left a will in 1466 which showed the orthodoxy of his beliefs ( and, incidentally, his great wealth ). it " begins with a cross, refers to his patron saint, and leaves money to build a church at his grave. he also left money to the catholic church in dubrovnik and sought its prayers for his soul. " relations between bosnian church churchmen and catholic and orthodox clergy and states were cordial, an impossibility " had these bosnians been neo - manichees, " the bosnian church gospels depict john the baptist — rejected by dualists — favorably, and hrvoje vukcic was a member of the orthodox catholic order of the dragon. all of which argue that the bosnian church ' s split was a political - administrative separation, not a theological schism. it is thought today that the bosnian church accounted for the major part of bosnia ' s converts to islam. some historians now believe that the bosnian church had largely disappeared before the turkish conquest in 1463. the church had its own bishop and used the slavic language in liturgy. the bishop was called djed ( lit. " grandfather " ), and had a council of twelve men called strojnici. the monasteries were called hize ( lit. " houses, " sing. hize ), and the heads of monasteries were often called gost ( lit. " guest " ) and served as strojnici. the clergy were called krstjani. the church was mainly composed of monks in scattered monastic houses. it had no territorial organization and it is not known to have dealt with any secular matters other than attending people ' s burials. it did not involve itself in state issues very much. notable exceptions were when king ostoja had a djed as an advisor at the royal court between 1403 and 1405, and an occasional occurrence of a krstjan being a mediator or diplomat. the monumental tombstones called stecci ( plural ) / stecak ( singular ) that appeared in medieval bosnia and herzegovina are identified with the bosnian church, but evidence points to the fact that they were erected by members of all three churches alike. the muslims of bosnia - herzegovina : their historic development from the middle ages to the dissolution of yugoslavia. ( review ) jan 01, 1999 ; the muslims of bosnia - herzegovina : their historic development from the middle ages to the dissolution of yugoslavia. edited by...


the stanislaus river and environs experienced dramatic changes beginning with the gold rush. the site of the reservoir is at the very heart of gold country, and development began there with the arrival of the miners in the 1840s. water was immediately diverted, the riverbeds scoured for gold, and the banks colonized by miners and the businesses that served them. by 1900 the flowing water was used to create electricity. some of it was channeled out for use in agriculture. the original melones dam was built in 1926. the new melones project was authorized in 1944 to create a much larger reservoir and to establish a new hydroelectric plant. it would also be specifically designed to prevent floods. it was a controversial issue. the dam ' s opponents argued that its presence would inundate the river valley, eliminate the natural whitewater rapids, flood many of the massive unique limestone cave formations characteristic of the area, and destroy archaeological resources found along the river. initial archaeological surveys were made by the smithsonian river basin surveys in 1948 ( fredrickson 1949 ). further surveys were done by regional universities. the consensus after the surveys was that the dam would be built. upon the dam ' s completion, the valley filled with water, covering the old mining town of melones and the original melones dam. the lake was constructed by the us army corps of engineers and transferred to the bureau of reclamation shortly after its completion in 1980. cultural resources affected by the project were transferred to the department of the interior with the heritage conservation and recreation services ( hcrs, a short - lived organization that was established during the carter administration ) responsible for the archaeological mitigation program. new melones is a unit of the central valley project. today new melones lake provides irrigation water, hydroelectric power, flood control, wildlife habitat, fishing, camping, boating, and other recreation as part of the glory hole recreation area. the new melones visitor center and museum contains information about local history, cultural and natural history. exhibits focus on the use of the stanislaus river by prehistoric and historic peoples, including miwok indians, the california gold rush, ranchers, and the now defunct community of robinson ferry, renamed melones in 1902. other exhibits highlight the area ' s geologic past, natural history and the new melones project. new melones lake activities for spring 2012 support the america ' s great outdoors and let ' s move initiatives mar 23, 2012 ; washington - - the following information was released by the bureau of reclamation : the bureau of reclamation ' s central california


the expansion of wind energy plays a central role in the discussion surrounding energy transition, with much attention still focusing on onshore potential. a study conducted by the fraunhofer institute on behalf of the german wind energy association showed that theoretically at least, around 8 % of the land area in germany would be suitable for harnessing wind power. this study was the first to assess not only the areas identified already, but all geophysically feasible areas where wind speeds are adequate for the newer generation of large wind turbines. while these percentages will probably not be realised fully in practice, the study calculated that as little as two per cent of the land area would be sufficient for 189gw of installed wind capacity. thus, says the study, it would be possible for wind to generate enough electricity to meet over half of germany ' s annual energy demand of around 600twh. in southern germany in particular, where wind development has been relatively rare to date, an increasing number of new potential areas for harnessing wind power are being identified. in bavaria alone, experts are currently assessing around 100 sites for their suitability for wind farm development. in addition, the german state of baden - wuerttemberg, in the most south - westerly corner of the country, plans to build around 150 further wind turbines – generating a total capacity of around 350mw by 2020. thanks to hub heights of up to 150 metres, rotor diameters of around 80 metres and generators with a power capacity of up to 6mw, forest areas have now also become feasible sites for the effective use of wind energy. in germany, forests account for around 30 % of the land area. in contrast to coastal areas, the variety in relief structures greatly influences the factor known as ‘ near - ground wind field ' in inland areas. given this, the requirements for spatial modelling of wind speeds are higher in these areas. at altitudes of 120 metres and over, air turbulence decreases while wind speeds are high enough for profitable wind - turbine operation. to ensure data of the highest possible quality, experts preparing the wind potential assessment should cooperate as closely as possible with regional wind - farm operators, wind - turbine manufacturers, associations or authorities. this also applies when it comes to clarifying the requirements of a specific site. understanding site requirements to identify suitable sites, for example, a wind atlas was produced for baden - wuerttemberg ' s state ministry of economics. this mapped the entire land area of the state. to determine high - yield sites, the wind potential was assessed at altitudes of


suitable sites, for example, a wind atlas was produced for baden - wuerttemberg ' s state ministry of economics. this mapped the entire land area of the state. to determine high - yield sites, the wind potential was assessed at altitudes of 100 and 140 metres, broken down into a 50 × 50 - metre grid. high - yield sites are locations offering average wind speeds of over 6. 0 metres per second. a comparison of wind speeds measured at different altitudes showed that an additional 40 metres in height more than doubles the number of high - yield sites. the wind atlas also identified particularly high - yield areas on the hohenlohe plateau and in the black forest. open hilltop sites in mountainous south germany are particularly profitable. remote commercial forests presenting decentralised sites and large areas offer profitable ( yet also environmentally and socially acceptable harnessing of wind energy ) without adversely affecting nearby residential areas by sound emissions or shadow flicker. generally, the existing network of forestry roads can be used for site development. the possible impact of wind turbines on regional fauna of course needs to be discussed with forestry authorities at an early stage and kept to a minimum. detailed assessments of the sites, taking into account the wind speeds measured at different altitudes and the air turbulence in different zones, is imperative. furthermore, trees act as obstacles impeding wind flow, so the wind profile changes depending on the stand height. any necessary yield analysis must consider the forest growth structure ; tree density and tree - crown width ; seasonal changes ; foliage growth ; pest infestation ; and the thermal properties of the forest. case study : first projects started in late 2010, the first wind in the woods project was developed near hof in bavaria. with a hub height of 140 metres, the five wind turbines of the “ fasanerie ” feed 22. 5 million kwh / year of electricity from renewable sources into the public grid. this is enough to supply around 7, 500 households with electricity and save around 17, 500 tonnes of co2 a year. from an early stage, the project planners proactively involved the municipalities, project funders, site owners, approval authorities and residents in the planning process. the success of the project demonstrates that planning and implementation tools fine - tuned to each other help to make profitability, safety and social and environmental acceptability compatible. nevertheless, the expansion of wind power also has its critics. one point of criticism is the deforestation required for wind - turbine construction. however, experience has shown that the minimum area required for the foundation, the crane and


and environmental acceptability compatible. nevertheless, the expansion of wind power also has its critics. one point of criticism is the deforestation required for wind - turbine construction. however, experience has shown that the minimum area required for the foundation, the crane and the assembly is only 1, 350 to 2, 400 square metres and this area can be re - forested to some extent after the wind turbine ' s service life is complete. meanwhile, extensive measurements and modelling has proved that deforestation over larger areas only influences wind speeds near ground level. at high hub heights, however, potential energy - related advantages of additional deforestation have not been found. given this, further deforestation is not required from an economic perspective, when using larger turbines. significantly, according to research by the bavarian state forest enterprise, in regensburg, bavaria, the clearings made for wind turbine installation reduce the density of the forest area and, in doing so, have a positive ecological impact on the ecosystem of commercial forests, which are frequently characterised by monocultures. the german branch of friends of the earth also welcomes the development of potential wind - power sites in forest areas for this reason. so an increasing number of german states are opting to produce a comprehensive inventory of their potential wind - power areas. as profitable and sustainable wind energy benefits all stakeholders, contributions to this innovative form of energy need not be limited to political and site operator level. society as a whole can be involved. proactive involvement of all interested parties in an open and unbiased dialogue is essential. third - party expert opinions, extensive risk assessments and the assessment of wind potential are important building blocks on the path to achieving these goals. about the author : peter herbert meier works for wind cert services, tuv sud industrie service gmbh, which assesses potential areas for wind - farm sites by measuring wind speed and turbulence and analysing wind potential and yield.


roscoe — if you plant it, they will come. the first day of spring brought some disturbing news. according to a survey sponsored by the world wildlife fund and mexico ’ s national commission of protected areas, monarch butterflies have seen a significant drop in their population this year. every fall, monarchs migrate south across north america to a small section of mexico for the winter. this year, nine hibernating colonies occupied a space of 2. 94 acres — a 59 percent decrease from the previous year ’ s 7. 14 acres. why the drop? scientists point to drought conditions and extreme temperatures affecting the population during warmer months, as well as heavy pesticide use on habitat plants. even though it ’ s difficult to control what happens on farms and habitats across the continent, there is something big country residents can do right here. and it ’ s not as hard as you might think. regina mcvey, who owns mcvey ’ s native nursery in roscoe, just recently moved her business from its original location at her home in maryneal. mcvey ’ s business specializes in plants native to the region, many of which are food sources for butterflies such as the monarch. her business is at 300 n. ash st., about a quarter - mile north of the railroad crossing of u. s. business 84. she said two types of plants attract butterflies — a food source and a host plant. “ they are going to lay their eggs on their host plant. they ’ ll eat those down as caterpillars, ” she said. while butterflies eat from a wide range of flowering plants, mcvey said they are pretty particular about the host plant. “ if you wanted to attract a queen or a monarch, you could have a gregg ’ s blue mist or any kind of flower that they love to eat, ” she said. “ but then if you have a milkweed, that ’ s their host plant. ” she said you don ’ t need to maintain a massive garden to attract butterflies ; you can simply plant what they specifically want. there are so many butterfly species that it seems like almost any plant could serve as a host. if you want swallowtails, herbs such as dill or fennel are what you plant. flame acanthus brings out the texan crescents. the great purple hairstreak favors mistletoe. “ there is a lot of stuff native that attracts butterflies, ” said mcvey. “ you know, a peach tree is a host plant for butterflies, so is a red oak.


glossary for speech difficulties medical terms related to speech difficulties or mentioned in this section include : - abscess : this is an area of puss collected in a cavity which is constituted by necrotised tissue - adrenomyeloneuropathy : a form of x - linked adrenoleukodystrophy characterized by spinal cord dysfunction and brain involvement may or may not be present. those with brain involvement suffer serious symptoms that can eventually lead to total disability and even death. - alopecia : partial or total loss of hair due to aging, an endocrine disorder, drug reaction, anticancer medication or skin disease. - alopecia - - hypogonadism - - extrapyramidal disorder : a rare syndrome characterized by alopecia, progressive movement problems and a lack of gonadal function which affects puberty. - binswanger disease : multi - infarct dementia, caused by damage to deep white matter. - binswanger ' s disease : a type of senile dementia characterized by chronic cerebrovascular disease. - brain abscess : abscess in the brain may involve any of the lobes of the brain - brain symptoms : symptoms affecting the brain - cerebrocostomandibular syndrome : a rare genetic disorder characterized by a very small jaw, abnormal rib development and a small thorax as well as other abnormalities. - chromosome 22q13 deletion : a very rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of chromosome 22 is missing at the q13 location which results in various abnormalities. - communication symptoms : symptoms related to problems with communication. - creutzfeldt - jakob disease : a very rare degenerative brain disease that can be inherited, transmitted ( eg in surgical transplants using infected tissue ) or as a result of genetic mutations. the condition is fatal. - deep voice : deep or deepening voice as a symptom - deletion 22q13 : a very rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of chromosome 22 is missing at the q13 location which results in various abnormalities. - developmental problems : physical or mental development difficulty. - difficulty speaking : where one has a problem with communicating through speech - dystonia : dystonia is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary contractions of muscles in a repetitive, twisting manner. - face symptoms : symptoms affecting the face - hoarse : hoarseness or loss of voice - metastatic nervous system cancer : cns metastases are traditionally viewed as a late complication


causes involuntary contractions of muscles in a repetitive, twisting manner. - face symptoms : symptoms affecting the face - hoarse : hoarseness or loss of voice - metastatic nervous system cancer : cns metastases are traditionally viewed as a late complication of systemic disease, for which few effective treatment options exist. - mobius syndrome : a rare genetic condition characterized by defective cranial nerves ( 6th and 7th ), deafness, facial nerve paralysis and other abnormalities. - movement symptoms : changes to movement or motor abilities - musculoskeletal symptoms : symptoms affecting muscles or bones of the skeleton. - nerve symptoms : symptoms affecting the nerves - neuroacanthocytosis : an autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by tics, chorea, and personality changes - nonaffective psychosis : any mental disorder that is characterised by a significant derangement of ones personality and a loss of ones touch with reality - olivopontocerebellar atrophy type iv : a rare group of disorders caused by degeneration of certain specific parts of the brain ( cerebellum, pons, inferior olives ) and resulting in symptoms such as balance problems, loss of coordination and difficulties with speaking. - oromandibular - limb hypogenesis spectrum : a rare disorder characterized by a spectrum of disorders. - paraplegia - - brachydactyly - - cone - shaped epiphysis : a very rare syndrome characterized mainly by paraplegia, short fingers and bone abnormalities. the paraplegia progresses slowly. - polychondritis : a serious, progressive, episodic condition characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage in the body. the duration and severity of the episodes can vary. - progressive supranuclear palsy : a disorder characterized by reduced motor control, dementia and eye movement problems. - rapp - hodgkin syndrome : a rare genetic multi - system disorder characterized by skin, teeth, hair and / or nail abnormalities, reduced ability to sweat and oral clefts. - rubinstein - taybi syndrome : a rare congenital disorder characterized by very small stature, broad thumbs and toes, slanted palpebral fissures and hypoplastic maxilla. - shy - drager syndrome : also known as multiple system atrophy - slurred speech : slurring speech or difficulty articulating words - speech impairment : any impairment to ones ability to speek - speech symptoms : problems with


bronze, long celebrated for its durability and the wide range of effects that it offers, has been prized as an artistic material in many parts of the world throughout the ages. magnificent bronze sculptures from the ancient times have emerged unscathed after millennia on the sea bed. it is a material that has been used on all scales, from the minute to the monumental. this sumptuous catalogue examines bronze ' s earliest beginnings in north africa, the middle east and china as it transcended tools and weaponry to become a medium of fine art. expert authors chart the virtuousity of artists in ancient greece and rome ; developments in asia and africa ; bronze ' s great flowering in the european renaissance and its use in the modern era by artists such as rodin, picasso, brancusi and bourgeois. a unique testament to the works of art that one medium has inspired, bronze contains lavish colour plates of over 150 masterworks arranged chronologically to take the reader on a voyage through time, tracing the work of sculptors, casters and chasers through the centuries. this enthralling book is 30 x 24. 5cm, 248 pages, 260 illustrations. " the lavishly illustrated catalog for a london exhibition on the history of bronze as an artistic medium — " bronze " ( royal academy of arts ) — may well be the most beautiful book published anywhere in the world this year. impeccable essays by curator david ekserdjian and others make for enjoyable reading, but the breathtaking photography and creative layout of more than 150 color plates really make this volume sparkle. " the wall street journal. summer exhibition entry forms : if you have a query please call 0207 300 5929 or 0207 300 5969. alternatively click here to email the summer exhibition office. for online shop mail order queries call 0800 634 6341 or click here to email the online shop for friends membership queries call 0207 300 5664 or click here to contact the friends office.


geospatial analysis 101 : a place and time for business data shane skiles, development consultant, application development services thursday, october 18, 2012 while geospatial analysis is a relatively new concept in business intelligence, its essential concepts are really not novel at all. it is simply analysis of data which has a geographical aspect. the data itself can vary spatially and vary over time. it is simply taking this geographic aspect and putting it on a map to more easily analyze its relation to other sometimes disparate data sets. spatial analysis is something we do almost every day of our lives. it is how we assess where we are in our environment. it helps us determine where a cup is on a table, how far away the door is, even finding our way to the kitchen. we use our senses to help us determine our environment. geospatial analysis helps us determine where things are on a global scale. the simplest sense we can use to help determine an object ' s place in the world is with our sight using a map. you can ' t feel how far away something is if it isn ' t within reach, hear a zip code across the country, taste where a package is or smell where customers are. maps have been a part of human culture for thousands of years. from outlines drawn in dirt with sticks to high definition satellite imagery, maps have helped us find our place in the world. maps have advanced from crude estimations of distances, sizes, and relative directions to highly accurate tools that can be used for a multitude of purposes. almost everyone has seen surveying crews on the side of a street. their basic tool of the trade is a theodolite. a theodolite is a tool for measuring angles and planes and has been in existence since the 16th century. so, in a sense, " modern " cartography tools have existed for hundreds of years. since we have been mapping the world around us for so long, there are literally thousands of different types of information that can be overlaid on a map to help visualize data. some of the data sources available almost never or rarely change such as landmarks, addresses, state lines, topology or geology. other data sources change slowly over time such as household census data ( income levels, age groups, etc. ), wildlife ecology or drought regions. yet other data sources can change minute by minute such as weather ( reports, forecasts, and warnings ), earthquakes, gps enabled devices or even location enabled social media. with the advent of computers, geospati


, wildlife ecology or drought regions. yet other data sources can change minute by minute such as weather ( reports, forecasts, and warnings ), earthquakes, gps enabled devices or even location enabled social media. with the advent of computers, geospatial information systems started to evolve making maps more interactive. maps could be overlaid to create more comprehensive views of the data available. geospatial analysis allows for visual representation of data as it relates to the real world. temporal analysis is traditionally accomplished through graphs and charts using time as one of the axes. geospatial temporal analysis can be accomplished through playback of graphical elements displayed on a map. this makes it much easier to spot trends happening regionally over time within data sets. as far as practical business applications of geospatial analysis go, you first need to know what you want to analyze and where it is. any company with physical assets has geospatial data. mobile assets such as people and vehicles can be tracked in near real time with commercial devices or cellular phones. almost any stationary asset with an address, even customer and / or supplier assets can be geocoded to a location with a very high degree of accuracy. other assets without addresses will almost always have their locations recorded with a high degree of accuracy when they are installed, placed, or discovered in their environment. once geospatial data is identified, it can easily be aggregated into zip codes, counties, states, and so on. practically any type of business can benefit from spatial analysis for better decision making : - using demographic data alone, small businesses could identify zip codes target with advertising. this demographic could be higher income households with older residents and fewer children within the city. using a simple query like that may yield five zip codes to target. but once this data is visualized on a map, it is possible to use a geospatial data to see that four of the zip codes are grouped together and the other one is on the far side of the city, to help target advertising. - retailers have been able to use geospatial data to identify unexpected items that sell well before storms or severe weather. the sales numbers appear as just a small bump when looking at the big picture, but when displayed on a map, it could be a significant boost that follows a storm system. this could help in inventory planning for future storm events. - municipalities use geospatial data to help in urban planning and development. most towns and cities usually grew symbiotically through residents, infrastructure


a significant boost that follows a storm system. this could help in inventory planning for future storm events. - municipalities use geospatial data to help in urban planning and development. most towns and cities usually grew symbiotically through residents, infrastructure, businesses, environmental factors and other concerns. now cities can be planned to accommodate these factors and concerns with a multitude of others much more easily. this can help the health, happiness, and safeties of residents by ensuring needed resources are easily accessible to everyone. - utility companies can use up to the minute data to help determine storm paths, lightning strike, outage and service crew locations to help pre - position assets during storm events. geospatial analysis can be used as a tool for everyday operations or unexpected events. - oil and gas companies can easily visualize company and competitor assets along with existing and permitted wells using gis systems. by combining that data with existing gas analysis, geology, shale and gas play formation data they can make more informed decisions more easily using geospatial analysis. - trucking companies use geospatial analysis techniques to help plan routes and delivery schedules to save on mileage and monitor driver safety. these techniques are used so extensively that jack levis, ups director of process management, is quoted as saying, “ we ’ ve moved from being a trucking company that has technology, to a technology company that just happens to have trucks. ” the world as we know it has not changed dramatically since we first started making maps. however, in the past 30 years, our knowledge of the world and our ability to utilize maps has taken great leaps forward. the concepts behind geospatial analysis are not difficult to grasp, but the information that can be gleaned is significant. it is a very powerful tool that has only started to be used by business communities. we have barely begun to utilize this business paradigm and the possible applications are virtually limitless.


charles steinmetz papers, 1895 - 2001 ( bulk 1909 - 1923 ) 2. 5 linear ft. schenectady museum archives 15 nott terrace heights schenectady, ny 12308 ( 518 ) 382 - 7890, ext. 241 creation of this finding aid was supported by a grant from the center for history of physics, american institute of physics charles steinmetz ( 1865 - 1923 ) was one of the foremost inventors, scientists, engineers, researchers, and mathematicians of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. his most important work was performed at general electric ( ge ) from 1892 - 1923. at ge his major research strengths included hysterisis, the power lost in an electrical system due to the nature of the conducting material ; multi - phase motors ; alternating current theory ; and transient phenomena, the study of power surges and their effects on transmission systems. the study of electrical transients led steinmetz to develop his lightning generator, in order to allow system tests in a laboratory setting. steinmetz, who also conducted important work with arc lamps and railway and fan motors, was one of the engineers who helped transform electrical engineering into a respected profession, and was president of the american institute of electrical engineers in 1901. steinmetz was born carl august rudolph steinmetz in breslau, germany on april 9, 1865. he was the son of carl heinrich steinmetz, a lithographer for a german railroad, and caroline neubert steinmetz. caroline was the widow of carl heinrich ’ s brother august. caroline and august had two daughters, marie ( born 1853 ) and clara ( born 1857 ), before his death in 1864. caroline died in a cholera epidemic in 1866. carl heinrich, by 1874, lived with bertha mache, a widow of a government official. bertha had two children with her husband, clara and hedwig, and had a third daughter, margarethe, with carl heinrich. carl heinrich died in 1890. steinmetz enrolled in the university of breslau in 1883 and there he took classes in advanced mathematics, physics, and astronomy. in 1887 he began working towards a doctorate, focusing on synthetic geometry. involvement in socialist activities and impending legal action forced him to flee to zurich, switzerland in 1888. at zurich he decided on the study of engineering and enrolled at the swiss federal polytechnic institute for one semester. steinmetz ’ s mathematics background made him ideal to explore and understand the complex analyses involved with the new alternating current power systems


switzerland in 1888. at zurich he decided on the study of engineering and enrolled at the swiss federal polytechnic institute for one semester. steinmetz ’ s mathematics background made him ideal to explore and understand the complex analyses involved with the new alternating current power systems. steinmetz came to the united states in 1889 by the invitation of his zurich roommate oscar asmussen, and began working for rudolph eickemeyer as an assistant draftsman. eickemeyer ’ s company produced hat - making machinery, and was expanding into the electrical field with dynamos, elevator motors and alternating - current railway motors. by 1890 he had become active in the aiee, and by the time general electric purchased eickemeyer ’ s company in 1892, steinmetz was already a respected electrical engineer. steinmetz joined ge ’ s calculating department in lynn, massachusetts. the calculating department made calculations based on designs created by the railway and alternating - current engineering departments. steinmetz was transferred to schenectady with the calculating department in december 1893 and was placed in charge of the department in early 1894. ernst berg, another member of the department when it moved, became a close friend and roommate of steinmetz. berg, who handled steinmetz ’ s administrative affairs, roomed with steinmetz at rented homes on washington avenue and liberty street through 1901. as head of the calculating department, steinmetz unofficially became chief engineer of the company and the calculating department grew and became responsible for much of the design work in the company. as the most important engineer at general electric, steinmetz recognized the need for science - based industrial research at general electric, particularly to maintain its advantage in the incandescent lamp field, which was being threatened by new developments in europe. he recommended that the ge create a research laboratory, which was started in 1900. steinmetz was named to the research lab ’ s advisory council, but the lab itself was directed by willis r. whitney, an mit - educated chemist. by 1900, as motors became more standardized, design work, except for new lines of equipment, left the calculating department, and steinmetz became a consulting engineer to the company. after 1901, when the laboratory on his lot in the ge realty plot was completed, steinmetz did much of his work, which was focused at that time on electrochemistry and transient phenomena, at home. in 1910, based on steinmetz ’ s recommendation to coordinate engineering design throughout the company and regain the originality in design that steinmet


much of his work, which was focused at that time on electrochemistry and transient phenomena, at home. in 1910, based on steinmetz ’ s recommendation to coordinate engineering design throughout the company and regain the originality in design that steinmetz believed was lost due to the decentralization of design, ge established a consulting engineering laboratory, with steinmetz as technical director and c. w. stone as administrator. other members of this department included ernst alexanderson and john b. taylor. in 1919, the consulting engineering laboratory merged with the standardizing laboratory to form the general engineering laboratory ( gel ), which was directed by lewis t. robinson, former head of ge ’ s standardizing laboratory. steinmetz took charge of the high - voltage section of the gel. steinmetz became interested in activities outside of general electric. from 1902 to 1914 he chaired the newly created union college department of engineering. in 1911, the election of the socialist mayor george lunn rekindled steinmetz ’ s interest in socialism. steinmetz was appointed to the board of education in 1912 and elected its president. in 1913, lunn created the board of parks and city planning, naming steinmetz to the board, which then elected him chairman. when lunn was defeated for reelection, steinmetz was removed from his positions. lunn was reelected in 1915, and with him steinmetz as president of the common council. he was re - appointed to the school board, and again elected its president. a break with lunn over neutrality in world war i led to the end of steinmetz ’ s political career. steinmetz ’ s political and business views converged in his corporate socialist view in which large corporations were the most efficient organization and could best serve the public, but first had to maintain its responsibilities toward society and workers. steinmetz initially opposed the united states entering world war i against germany, his homeland. he supported the war once the united states entered, and in 1918, the consulting engineering department did work for the naval consulting department improving trajectories of high - explosive shells. he became involved in vladimir lenin ’ s attempt to electrify soviet russia, and continued his high - voltage experiments until his death in october 1923, shortly after returning from an extended tour of california. the tour had confirmed steinmetz ’ s status as one of the most popular men in america but devastated him physically. joseph hayden was transferred from lynn to schenectady in 1901 and assigned as an engineering laboratory


from an extended tour of california. the tour had confirmed steinmetz ’ s status as one of the most popular men in america but devastated him physically. joseph hayden was transferred from lynn to schenectady in 1901 and assigned as an engineering laboratory assistant. he became steinmetz ’ s administrator, filling the void left by ernst berg when he left liberty hall. steinmetz adopted hayden, and hayden and his wife moved into steinmetz ’ s home in the ge realty plot when it was completed in 1903. the hayden family, including wife corinne rost, and children joseph, born 1906, marjorie ( or midge ), born 1909, and william, born 1910, lived with steinmetz the remainder of his life. the hayden ’ s were often steinmetz ’ s subjects for his favorite hobby, personal photography. steinmetz took up personal photography while in lynn, and continued the hobby until his death. scope and content note this is a small artificial collection of materials created by the hall of electric history, containing materials related to charles proteus steinmetz. much of this material was created by steinmetz himself, including reports, photographs and correspondence. however, most of the material was collected by members of steinmetz ’ s family and by employees of the hall of history, and much of this material is secondary. these include publications, clippings and articles. schenectady museum separately holds a collection of 2, 000 glass negative photographs that were created by steinmetz. a larger collection of steinmetz ’ s papers is located at the schenectady county historical society. box # 3


competitions & awards the college has been working towards the greens schools programme for the last number of years but it took an enthusiastic and hard working committee to really get it off the ground in 2006. their efforts in recycling, and reducing and informing students worked well and we were awarded the green flag at the end of the school year 2005 - 2006 and our second flag in 2009. the flag was officially launched by mr. alan crosbie at our prize giving in november and now the flag flies high in our school yard. the second flag was raised by jeremy irons. in 2011, our students are looking at ways to save water and stop the waste, that we are now paying for. top tips to save energy!!!!!!!! 1. did you know that leaving on office equipment overnight could give you enough electricity for 1, 000 cups of tea? 2. don ' t fill up the kettle for just one cup. 3. close doors and windows when heating is on! 4. check your insulation! 5. turn your thermostat down by 1oc and you will save on your heating bill!!! 6. try to use less electricity between 5pm and 7pm at night. 7. use energy efficient light bulbs ( cfl ' s ) 8. do not leave appliances on stand by, it uses 20 % of the energy it would if it were on. 9. buy " a " rated appliances for your kitchen 10. try to walk or cycle instead of always using the car. 3rd theme for green schools is water here are some interesting facts & figures about water : 1. 99 % of the world ’ s water cannot be used because it is either saline ( i. e. salt water ) or is locked up in glaciers and ice sheets. 2. most of the remaining water is present in rocks as groundwater ( approx. 0. 6 % ), while just over 0. 3 % is present in rivers and lakes. 3. rapid expansion in urban populations has resulted in increased pressure on local authority waste water treatment facilities and, in many instances, the inability to cope with the increasing volumes of waste generated 4. a tap dripping once a second wastes about 10, 000 litres of water a year. 5. a hosepipe or sprinkler can use 1, 000 litres ( or 1 tonne ) of water per hour. this is as much as a family of four would normally use in two days! 6. our own bodies are two thirds water and our brains are at least 85 % water!


richland, wash. - - soot from pollution causes winter snowpacks to warm, shrink and warm some more. this continuous cycle sends snowmelt streaming down mountains as much as a month early, a new study finds. how pollution affects a mountain range ' s natural water reservoirs is important for water resource managers in the western united states and canada who plan for hydroelectricity generation, fisheries and farming. scientists at the department of energy ' s pacific northwest national laboratory conducted the first - ever study of soot on snow in the western states at a scale that predicted impacts along mountain ranges. they found that soot warms up the snow and the air above it by up to 1. 2 degrees fahrenheit, causing snow to melt. " if we can project the future - - how much water we ' ll be getting from the rivers and when - - then we can better plan for its many uses, " said atmospheric scientist yun qian. " snowmelt can be up to 75 percent of the water supply, in some regions. these changes can affect the water supply, as well as aggravate winter flooding and summer droughts. " the soot - snow cycle starts when soot, a byproduct of burning fossil fuels, darkens snow it lands upon, which then absorbs more of the sun ' s energy than clean white snow. the resulting thinner snowpack reflects less sunlight back into the atmosphere and further warms the area, continuing the snowmelt cycle. this study revealed regional changes to the snowpack caused by soot, whereas other studies looked at the uniform changes brought by higher air temperatures due to greenhouse gases. previous studies have examined the effect of airborne or snowbound soot on global climate and temperatures. qian and his colleagues at pnnl used a climate computer model to zoom in on the rocky mountain, cascade, and other western united states mountain ranges. they modeled how soot from diesel engines, power plants and other sources affected snowpacks it landed on. they found that changes to snow ' s brightness results in its melting weeks earlier in spring than with pristine snow. in addition, less mountain snow going into late spring means reduced runoff in late spring and summer. they will report their findings in an upcoming issue of the journal of geophysical research - - atmospheres. making snowhills from mountains researchers know that soot settles on snow. and like an asphalt street compared to a concrete sidewalk, dirty snow retains more heat from the sun than bright white snow. qian


of geophysical research - - atmospheres. making snowhills from mountains researchers know that soot settles on snow. and like an asphalt street compared to a concrete sidewalk, dirty snow retains more heat from the sun than bright white snow. qian and colleagues wanted to determine to what degree dark snow contributes to the declining snowpack. to get the kind of detail from their computer model that they needed, the pnnl team used a regional model called the weather research and forecasting model - - or wrf, developed in part at the national center for atmospheric research in boulder, colo. compared to planet - scale models that can distinguish land features 200 kilometers apart, this computer model zooms in on the landscape, increasing resolution to 15 kilometers. at 15 kilometers, features such as mountain ranges and soot deposition are better defined. recently, pnnl researchers added a software component to wrf that models the chemistry of tiny atmospheric particles called aerosols and their interaction with clouds and sunlight. using the wrf - chem model, the team first examined how much soot in the form of so - called black carbon would land on snow in the sierra nevada, cascade and rocky mountains. then the team simulated how that soot would affect the snow ' s brightness throughout the year. finally, they translated the brightness into snow accumulation and melting over time. " earlier studies didn ' t talk about snowpack changes due to soot for two reasons, " said atmospheric scientist and co - author william gustafson. " soot hasn ' t been widely measured in snowpack, and it ' s hard to accurately simulate snowpack in global models. the cascades have lost 60 percent of their snowpack since the 1950s, most of that due to rising temperatures. we wanted to see if we could quantify the impact of soot. " their simulations compared well to data collected on snowpack distribution and water runoff. but their first experiment did not include all sources of soot, so they modeled what would happen if enough soot landed on snow to double the loss of brightness. in this computer simulation, the regional climate and snowpack changed significantly, and not in a simply predictable way. overall, doubling the dimming of the snow did not lead to twice as high temperature changes - - it led to an approximate 50 percent increase in the snow surface temperature. the drop in snow accumulation, however, more than doubled in some areas. snowpack over the central rockies and southern alberta, for example, dropped two to 50 millimeters over the


feb. 17, 1998 screening all women younger than 30 years of age may be the most cost - effective method of stopping or limiting chlamydial infections and their consequences according to an article in the february 15 issue of annals of internal medicine. investigators from the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases ( niaid ) and johns hopkins university compared three strategies to screen 7, 699 women without symptoms who attended two family planning clinics in baltimore, md. in addition to the age - based screening found to be most effective, investigators evaluated universal screening and screening with the criteria recommended by the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). all women were tested with polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ). they calculated the cost - effectiveness of chlamydial screening by comparing total costs, including screening program costs, and estimating future medical costs of all sequelae. " certainly one of the great values of this study, " says anthony s. fauci, m. d., director of niaid, " is the confirmation that screening enables clinicians to identify and treat women with chlamydial infections and no symptoms, thus preventing many occurrences of serious sequelae, such as infertility. " chlamydial infection is one of the leading sexually transmitted diseases in the united states today. the cdc estimates that more than 4 million new cases occur each year. pelvic inflammatory disease, a serious complication of chlamydial infection, has emerged as a major cause of infertility among women of childbearing age. genital chlamydial infection is caused by the bacterium, chlamydia trachomatis, and is transmitted during vaginal or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. a pregnant woman may pass the infection to her newborn during delivery, with subsequent neonatal eye infection or pneumonia. the annual cost of chlamydial infections and their sequelae in the united states exceeds $ 2. 7 billion. " the majority of women infected with chlamydia do not have symptoms, and damage to their fallopian tubes resulting in infertility can occur silently over time if the infection remains undiagnosed and not treated, " said author thomas c. quinn, m. d., of niaid and johns hopkins university, baltimore, md. " in our study, 6. 6 percent of women attending the baltimore family planning clinics were found to be infected. because of the initial lack of symptoms and signs, most of these women would not have been diagnosed or treated if they


baltimore, md. " in our study, 6. 6 percent of women attending the baltimore family planning clinics were found to be infected. because of the initial lack of symptoms and signs, most of these women would not have been diagnosed or treated if they had not undergone routine screening for chlamydia using either urine or cervical specimens. new and simple tests make screening easier. " currently, the cdc recommends testing all women with evidence of an inflamed cervix and all women younger than 20 years of age. they also suggest : ( 1 ) testing women 20 to 23 years of age who have not consistently used barrier contraception or have had a new sex partner or more than one sex partner during the past 90 days ; and ( 2 ) testing women 24 years of age or older who have not consistently used barrier contraception and have had a new sex partner or more than one sex partner during the past 90 days. the investigators compared each screening strategy ' s ability to identify women at risk and thus trigger testing and treatment, which in turn would result in fewer or no sequelae and reduced overall medical costs. they defined medical outcomes as prevented cases of pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, male urethritis and epididymitis in adults, and conjunctivitis and pneumonia in infants. the results were dramatic. without screening, there would have been 152 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease and other sequelae in women, men and infants with an associated cost of $ 676, 000. screening according to cdc criteria would have prevented 64 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease and saved $ 231, 000. screening all women younger than 30 years of age would have prevented 85 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease and saved $ 305, 000. universal screening would have prevented an additional six cases, but would have cost considerably more than age - based screening - - approximately $ 3, 000 more per case of pelvic inflammatory disease prevented. the authors caution that although the study results suggest that age - based screening provides the greatest cost savings, universal screening is desirable is some situations. in general, screening with any criteria and a highly sensitive diagnostic test should be part of any chlamydial prevention and control program. niaid has a major commitment to develop new sexually transmitted disease ( std ) diagnostic tests that are rapid, inexpensive, easy - to - use and do not require an invasive sample. if such tests were available and acceptable to the patient,


mar. 18, 2003 the idea that even small asteroids can create hazardous tsunamis may at last be pretty well washed up. small asteroids do not make great ocean waves that will devastate coastal areas for miles inland, according to both a recently released 1968 u. s. naval research report on explosion - generated tsunamis and terrestrial evidence. university of arizona planetary scientist h. jay melosh is talking about it today ( march 17 ) at the 34th annual lunar and planetary science conference in league city, texas. his talk, " impact - generated tsunamis : an over - rated hazard, " is part of the session, " poking holes : terrestrial impacts. " given all life ' s worries, new evidence that asteroids smaller than a kilometer in diameter won ' t generate catastrophic tsunamis is welcome news, and not only for coast dwellers. it will save taxpayers the cost of financing searches for small earth - approaching asteroids, a savings of billions of dollars, melosh said. ( the current nasa - funded effort to search and map truly hazardous earth - approaching asteroids - - those one kilometer or larger in diameter - - is now half done and on track to be finished by the end of the decade, melosh noted. nasa funds neat, linear and the ua spacewatch programs in this effort. ) the idea that asteroids as small as 100 meters across pose a serious threat to humanity because they create great, destructive ocean waves, or tsunamis, every few hundred years was suggested in 1993 at a ua - hosted asteroids hazards meeting in tucson. at that meeting, a distinguished leiden observatory astrophysicist named j. mayo greenberg, who since has died, countered that people living below sea level in the netherlands for the past millennium had not experienced such tsunamis every 250 years as the theory predicted, melosh noted. but scientists at the time either didn ' t follow up or they didn ' t listen, melosh added. while on sabbatical in amsterdam in 1996, melosh checked with dutch geologists who had drilled to basement rock in the rhine river delta, a geologic record of the past 10, 000 years. that record shows only one large tsunami at 7, 000 years ago, the dutch scientists said, but it coincides perfectly in time to a giant landslide off the coast of norway and is not the result of an asteroid - ocean impact. in addition, melosh was highly skeptical of estimates that project small asteroids will generate waves that grow to a thousand meters or higher in a 4, 000 - meter deep ocean. concerned that such doubtful information


not the result of an asteroid - ocean impact. in addition, melosh was highly skeptical of estimates that project small asteroids will generate waves that grow to a thousand meters or higher in a 4, 000 - meter deep ocean. concerned that such doubtful information was - - and is - - being used to justify proposed science projects, melosh has argued that the hazard of small asteroid - ocean impacts is greatly exaggerated. melosh mentioned it at a seminar he gave at the scripps institution of oceanography a few years ago, which is where he met tsunami expert william van dorn. van dorn, who lives in san diego, had been commissioned in 1968 by the u. s. office of naval research to summarize several decades of research into the hazard posed by waves generated by nuclear explosions. the research included 1965 - 66 experiments that measured wave run - up from blasts of up to 10, 000 pounds of tnt in mono lake, calif. the experiments indeed proved that wave run - up from explosion waves produced either by bombs or bolides ( meteors ) is much smaller relative to run - up of tsunami waves, van dorn said in the report. " as most of the energy is dissipated before the waves reach the shoreline, it is evident that no catastrophe of damage by flooding can result from explosion waves as initially feared, " he concluded. the discovery that explosion waves or large impact - generated waves will break on the outer continental shelf and produce little onshore damage is a phenomenon known in the defense community as the " van dorn effect. " but van dorn was not authorized to release his 173 - page report when he and melosh met in 1995. melosh, ua planetary sciences alumnus bill bottke of the southwest research institute and others agreed at a science conference last september that they needed to find the report. bottke found the title - " handbook of explosion - generated water waves " - in a google search. given a title, ua science librarian lori critz then discovered that the report had been published and added to the university california san diego library collection in march 2002. bottke also tracked it down, and had the report by the time melosh requested it by interlibrary loan. both made several photocopies. melosh said, " i since found out it was actually read into the congressional record as part of the mx missile controversy. " biosketch : h. jay melosh melosh, a professor in the ua planetary sciences department and lunar and planetary laboratory, is well


" i since found out it was actually read into the congressional record as part of the mx missile controversy. " biosketch : h. jay melosh melosh, a professor in the ua planetary sciences department and lunar and planetary laboratory, is well known for his work in theoretical geophysics and planetary surfaces. his principal research interests are impact cratering, planetary tectonics, and the physics of earthquakes and landslides. his recent research has focused on studies of the giant impact origin of the moon, the k / t boundary impact that extinguished the dinosaurs, the ejection of rocks from their parent bodies, and the breakup and collision of comet shoemaker - levy 9 with jupiter. melosh also is active in astrobiological studies that relate chiefly to the exchange of microorganisms between the terrestrial planets. melosh earned his doctorate from caltech in 1973 and joined the ua faculty in 1982. he is on the 12 - member science team for deep impact, a $ 279 million robotic mission that will become the first to penetrate the surface of a comet when it smashes its camera - carrying copper probe into comet tempel 1 on july 4, 2005. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


oct. 3, 2006 among patients with schizophrenia whose medication is changed because of ineffectiveness or harmful side effects, second - generation antipsychotic drugs do not appear to offer significant benefits compared to first - generation antipsychotic drugs, according to a report in the october issue of archives of general psychiatry, one of the jama / archives journals. the findings run contrary to the widely held perception that second - generation antipsychotic agents are safer and more effective in treating patients with schizophrenia than the less - expensive first - generation class of medications. for almost 50 years, antipsychotic medications have been the primary method of treating schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder that causes a disconnect from reality and severe disturbances in thought, mood and behavior. patients taking first - generation antipsychotics - - so called because they were developed first - - often relapse or develop severe side effects, including sedation ( feeling tranquilized ) and involuntary muscle movements, according to background information in the article. the development of second - generation antipsychotics was thought to be a major advance primarily because the drugs reduced such side effects. claims that second - generation drugs are more effective than first - generation drugs have shifted treatment patterns away from first - generation medications, although research comparing the drug classes has had mixed results. peter b. jones, m. d., ph. d., university of cambridge and cambridgeshire and peterborough mental health nhs trust, cambridge, england, and colleagues studied 227 individuals age 18 to 65 with schizophrenia. " the key question was whether the additional acquisition costs of second - generation antipsychotics over first - generation antipsychotics would be offset by improvements in health - related quality of life or savings in the use of other health and social care services in people with schizophrenia for whom a change in drug treatment was being considered for clinical reasons, most commonly suboptimal efficacy or adverse effects, " the authors write. the participants were randomly assigned to receive one class of drug or the other. physicians determined which of the many first - or second - generation medications would be best for each patient. participants were assessed before and 12, 26 and 52 weeks after the change in treatment using a quality of life scale, with higher scores reflecting a better quality of life. the researchers estimated that second - generation antipsychotics would produce a five - point improvement in quality of life scores compared with first - generation antipsychotics. symptoms, side effects, treatment costs and satisfaction with the drug also were measured. of the 227


estimated that second - generation antipsychotics would produce a five - point improvement in quality of life scores compared with first - generation antipsychotics. symptoms, side effects, treatment costs and satisfaction with the drug also were measured. of the 227 patients, 118 ( 52 percent ) were randomly assigned to take first - generation medications and 109 ( 48 percent ) to second - generation medications. after 12 weeks, quality of life scores averaged 49. 2 for the first - generation group and 46. 6 for the second - generation group ; after 26 weeks, 49. 2 for first - generation and 50. 4 for second - generation ; and after one year, 53. 2 for first - generation and 51. 3 for second - generation. " participants in the first - generation antipsychotic arm showed a trend toward greater improvements in quality of life scale and symptom scores, " the authors write. " participants reported no clear preference for either drug group ; costs were similar. " although surprising, these results align with other recent studies performed in the united states, they continue. " all the data suggest that careful prescribing of first - generation antipsychotics, at least in the context of a trial, is not associated with poorer efficacy or a greater adverse effect burden, both of which would translate into lower quality of life in the medium term, " the authors conclude. " this suggests that despite recent policy statements and prescribing patterns, further randomized and other evaluations of second - generation antipsychotics would still be useful in establishing their role in the long - term management of schizophrenia and, likewise, the continued role of older drugs. " other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


june 8, 2007 how do sweet children turn into delinquents seemingly right before our eyes? a unique study appearing in the june issue of psychological science, a journal of the association for psychological science, shows that, in children, a highly reactive autonomic nervous system, which regulates our cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory functions, paired with a stressful family environment leads to increased instances of maladaptive personality change. rutgers university psychologist, daniel hart, and colleagues nancy eisenberg and carlos valiente of arizona state university, used a skin conductance response ( scr ) test to assess 138 elementary school aged children. scr is a frequently used as an appraisal of autonomic arousal in humans and, specifically, measures the amount of sweat on the participant ' s palm when exposed to stressful stimuli. in this case, the children watched a video of a dolphin swimming in the ocean so that the researchers could collect their baseline stress response. next, they watched a second, more stressful, film involving a lamp causing a fire in a girl ' s room, which elicited their normal autonomic arousal patterns under stress. the results show that the combination of high scr and high family risk predicted substantial increases in personality change and behavior problems. the researchers observed the children four separate times over the course of six years, making this the first study to show that the interaction of family adversity with a biological characteristic is associated with longitudinally measured change in childhood personality. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


oct. 21, 2012 the brain ' s key " breeder " cells, it turns out, do more than that. they secrete substances that boost the numbers and strength of critical brain - based immune cells believed to play a vital role in brain health. this finding adds a new dimension to our understanding of how resident stem cells and stem cell transplants may improve brain function. many researchers believe that these cells may be able to regenerate damaged brain tissue by integrating into circuits that have been eroded by neurodegenerative disease or destroyed by injury. but new findings by scientists at the stanford university school of medicine suggest that another process, which has not been fully appreciated, could be a part of the equation as well. the findings appear in a study that will be published online oct. 21 in nature neuroscience. " transplanting neural stem cells into experimental animals ' brains shows signs of being able to speed recovery from stroke and possibly neurodegenerative disease as well, " said tony wyss - coray, phd, professor of neurology and neurological sciences in the medical school and senior research scientist at the veterans affairs palo alto health care system. " why this technique works is far from clear, though, because actually neural stem cells don ' t engraft well. " neural stem cells can endure essentially unchanged for decades in two places in the mammalian brain, replicating just enough to meet the routine needs of those regions. in most parts of the brain, they aren ' t found at all. while of critical importance to maintaining healthy brain function, true neural stem cells are rare. far more common are their immediate progeny, which are called neural progenitor cells, or npcs. these robust, rapidly dividing cells are poised to travel down a committed path of differentiation to yield new brain cells of several different types including neurons. it ' s known that treating humans with radiation or drugs that prevent npc replication causes memory deficits ( " chemo brain " ) and, in children, iq losses of up to 20 points. conversely, studies are being initiated to see whether infusing neural stem cells into brains affected by alzheimer ' s disease can enhance patients ' memory function. one category of brain cells, microglia, descends not from neural stem cells but from an immune lineage and retains several features of immune cells. " microglia are the brain ' s own resident immune cells, " wyss - coray said. unlike most other mature brain cells, microglia can proliferate throughout adulthood, especially in response to


and retains several features of immune cells. " microglia are the brain ' s own resident immune cells, " wyss - coray said. unlike most other mature brain cells, microglia can proliferate throughout adulthood, especially in response to brain injury. they can, moreover, migrate toward injury sites, secrete various " chemical signaling " substances, and gobble up bits of debris, microbial invaders or entire dead or dying neurons. microglia normally are distributed throughout the brain - - rather small, quiescent cells sprouting long, skinny projections that meekly but efficiently survey large areas that, taken together, cover the entire brain. but if this surveillance reveals signs of a disturbance, such as injury or infection, the microglia whirl into action. they begin proliferating and their puny bodies puff up, metamorphosing from mild - mannered clark kent - like reporters to buffed supermen who fly to the scene of trouble, where they secrete substances that can throttle bad actors or call in reinforcements. within these activated cells, internal garbage disposals called lysosomes form in large numbers and start whirring, ready to make mincemeat out of pathogens or cellular debris. in addition to their part patrol - officer, part cleanup - crew status, microglia can also secrete substances that help neurons thrive. they also contribute to the ongoing pruning of unneeded connections between neurons that occurs throughout our lives. but like immune cells elsewhere, said wyss - coray, microglia can be a force for evil if they engage in too much or inappropriate activity. they might, for instance, start to remove healthy cells ( as occurs in parkinson ' s ) or stop cleaning up garbage strewn about the brain ( for example, alzheimer ' s plaque ). in a series of experiments, wyss - coray and his colleagues have shown that npcs secrete substances that activate microglia. first, the researchers observed that microglia were uncharacteristically abundant and activated in the two regions in the mammalian brain where npcs reside and new neurons are formed. wondering whether the npcs might be causing this increased microglial activity, the investigators incubated mouse microglia in a culture medium in which npcs had previously been steeped. two days later, they saw that the microglia had multiplied more, expressed different amounts of various signal molecules and featured more lysosomes. " the microglia were ready for action, " said


in which npcs had previously been steeped. two days later, they saw that the microglia had multiplied more, expressed different amounts of various signal molecules and featured more lysosomes. " the microglia were ready for action, " said wyss - coray. so they injected npcs into an area of mice ' s brains where these cells are normally not found. in the same area in the opposing brain hemisphere, they injected a control solution. again they found significant differences in microglial proliferation and activity, and more microglia in the npc - injected side had assumed a " superman " as opposed to a " clark kent " body shape. when they repeated this experiment using only the npcs ' " discarded bath water " rather than npcs themselves, they got similar results. clearly npcs were secreting something, or some things, that were spurring microglia to action. using sophisticated lab techniques, the team monitored purified npcs plus several other cell types found in the brain and assessed nearly 60 different substances known to have powerful cell - to - cell signaling properties. several such substances, it turned out, were secreted in much larger amounts by npcs than by the other cell types : most notably, vascular endothelial growth factor, or vegf - - a well - known molecule produced by many cell types throughout the body. vegf stimulates the formation of blood vessels and exerts a beneficial effect on neurons. conversely, drugs that block vegf ( such as avastin ) are frequently used to combat cancer because tumors require an immense blood supply in order to grow quickly. vegf is also known to boost microglial proliferation. because it is produced in such volumes by npcs, wyss - coray ' s team wanted to see if vegf alone could mimic any of the changes wrought by npcs or their culture - medium - borne detritus. so they injected vegf into mice ' s right brain hemisphere, and saline solution into the left - - again with the same outcomes. taking the opposite tack, the team injected npc - saturated medium devoid of the cells, as they had done earlier. but this time they first used various laboratory techniques to deplete the fluid of the vegf secreted by its former inhabitants. doing this almost completely reversed its microglia - activating effects. " all of this strongly suggests that vegf produced by npcs is playing a strong role in influencing microglial behavior, " said wyss - coray.


future reactor : the advanced test reactor at idaho national laboratory, with a maximum capacity of 250 megawatts, would qualify as a small modular design, although it is primarily used to test nuclear components for larger reactors. image : courtesy of idaho national laboratory small may be beautiful for the nuclear power industry so argue a host of would - be builders of novel nuclear reactors. while the u. s. government has not given up on investing in large units that boast conventional designs, the department of energy has also announced the availability of $ 450 million in funds to support engineering and licensing of so - called " small modular reactors. " " the obama administration and the energy department are committed to an all - of - the - above energy strategy that develops every source of american energy, including nuclear power, " said secretary of energy steven chu in a statement announcing the funding, which aims to get such modular reactors hooked into the grid by 2022. " the energy department and private industry are working to position america as the leader in advanced nuclear energy technology and manufacturing. " globally, large reactor designs remain the predominant technology. one alternative to cut costs could be small, novel reactors, appropriate for areas with smaller electricity demands or as part of a flexible power production facility that could scale up quickly as necessary. small reactors would have a maximum capacity of 300 megawatts of electricity, or enough to power more than 200, 000 u. s. homes for a year. in addition, the reactors would be modular — made in factories and shipped to sites — to reduce costs. but such reactors still require the same electricity - generating, safety, and waste disposal systems as the hulking light - water reactors presently being built as well as identical rigorous licensing requirements, at least in the u. s. — and that may cost them. " yeah, there ' s less concrete and, yeah, there ' s less steel in the reactor vessel, " says nuclear engineer eric loewen, chief consulting engineer at ge hitachi nuclear energy, which is proposing a modular fast reactor to help the u. k. with its plutonium problem. but the list of other expenses associated with nuclear will not change with the new designs and " that gives pause to small modular reactors. " a modern pressurized water reactor, like the two being built in georgia, can pump out more than 1, 000 megawatts worth of power using the heat from fission to boil water to spin a turbine. babcock & wilcox — one - time builder of large pressurized water reactors as well as smaller


gavin buckingham, now a postdoctoral researcher at the centre for brain and mind at the university of western ontario in canada, and his phd supervisor dr. david carey, asked left - and right - handed participants to reach first toward a pair of targets with both hands at the same time and, immediately afterwards, toward a new single target with only their closest hand. just before they began the reach, subjects were given a short vibratory pulse on one of their hands, giving them a clue about where the new target would appear, and hence which hand should perform this second portion of the reach. on a small proportion of trials, the pulse was given to the wrong hand, which meant that subjects had to restrain the reach with this incorrectly - cued hand in order to make the reach with the correct hand. the right - handed subjects had far greater trouble dealing with this incorrect cue when it was given to their right hands, making more mistakes and taking longer to successfully inhibit the reaches, almost as if the right hand was already pre - selected to carry on during the bimanual reach. the left - handed subjects showed no such asymmetries, suggesting that they are less inherently biased to select one hand over the other. these findings build on a series of studies from the same researchers which have indicated that right - handers have their attention largely directed at their right hands during bimanual tasks. " one explanation for these data is that hand choice is related to hemispheric specialisation for speech and language " says dr carey. " many left - handed people have " right - handed " brains, which weakens the typical bias towards choosing their dominant left hand. "


also known as : activity - increased and hyperkinetic behavior - attention deficit disorder - brain or central nervous system disorders - emotional disorders - your child seems persistently hyperactive. - your child is very active, aggressive, impulsive, and has difficulty concentrating. - your child ' s activity level is causing social difficulties, or difficulty with schoolwork. - is this a new behavior for the child, or has the child always been very active? - is the behavior getting worse? - exactly what behavior have you noticed? - is the child physically active? - is the child easily distracted? - does the child have trouble following directions? - have you noticed anything that makes the child more or less active? - is the child more active at school than at home? - what other symptoms are present? hyperactivity is a state of too much muscle activity. this term is also used to describe a situation when a particular portion of the body is too active, such as when a gland produces too much of its particular hormone. hyperactive behavior usually refers to a group of characteristics. these can include constant activity, being easily distracted, impulsiveness, inability to concentrate, aggressiveness, and similar behaviors. typical behaviors may include fidgeting or constant moving, wandering, too much talking, and difficulty participating in quiet activities ( such as reading ). hyperactivity is not easily defined, because it often depends on the tolerance of the observer. behavior that seems excessive to one observer may not seem excessive to another. however, certain children - - when compared to others - - are clearly far more active, which can become a problem if it interferes with school work or making friends. hyperactivity is often considered more of a problem for schools and parents than it is for the affected child. however, many hyperactive children are unhappy or even depressed. hyperactive behavior may make a child a target for bullying, or make it harder to connect with other children. schoolwork may be more difficult, and hyperactive kids are frequently punished for their behavior. hyperkinetic ( excessive movement ) behavior often decreases as the child grows older, and may disappear entirely by adolescence. a child who is normally very active often responds well to specific directions and a program of regular physical activity. a child with a hyperactivity disorder, on the other hand, has a hard time following directions and controlling impulses. call your health care provider if what to expect at your health care provider ' s office the medical history will be obtained and a physical examination performed. there may also


the benefits of theatre seminole state ' s theatre program gives students a solid education while promoting self - expression. students have the opportunity to : - learn team building skills - explore various crafts of theatre production - use creativity to produce each unique production seminole state also offers other benefits, such as : - the opportunity to gain production experience - a curriculum that parallels the first two years of a four - year degree program - smaller class size and individual attention to help students reach their full potential - selected studies for a unique education opportunity there are many aspects to the theatre. it ' s more than performing on stage or creating a set. - for performers : performing on stage is rewarding and fun. but did you know potential employers also look at your performing experience? performers often have high confidence levels and are able to speak with large groups of people comfortably and clearly. these are desirable qualities for hiring companies. - for scenic sets and costume designers : the visual aspects of a production are as crucial as the quality of the performance. costumes reveal character. makeup transforms the actor into the character. sets are critical to defining the location, tone and mood of a scene. the ability to create a vibrant world out of one ' s imagination is important when working in marketing, sales or diplomatic positions. - for sound and light designers : sound and lighting are integral parts of a production. they enhance many moods and rhythms of a show and they highlight characters and places, all of which add to the success of a production. the ability to seamlessly combine technology with other components of the production is a highly desired skill for technical professions. - for stage managers and directors : a production is a large - scale project. you must organize performers, costumes, makeup, rehearsals and set designs, as well as continually make changes, house management and many other responsibilities. they are all vital to a successful production. when you manage or direct a production, you ' re showing potential employers you are well organized, can establish and maintain professional working relationships and are able to handle responsibility. these are desirable traits for hiring managers and future career growth.


“ how it got out of the closed session, i don ' t know. somebody had to tell it. ” riddick, interviewed by senate historian donald ritchie, explains a 1929 change to the senate rules that allowed for open executive sessions of the senate, redefining a " closed session. " ritchie : when you mentioned the inaccessibility of the senators in an earlier period, it ' s interesting that they met in executive session quite frequently, for all nominations and treaties. they actually closed the doors. riddick : oh yes! i think that ' s a part of the nature of the senate then as contrasted to today. sometimes i ' m inclined to think that the country might even be better off if they did it again. until 1929, unless the senate actually voted to open up an executive session ( and an executive session meant the senate was then considering either nominations or treaties ), every door was closed and supposedly everything transacted accordingly was closed. in 1929, the rule was changed and everything was done openly unless they voted to go into closed session either on executive business or legislation. i think in recent years nearly everyone would say that the committees would go into executive session. going into executive session doesn ' t necessarily mean closed ; it did gain the concept of being closed because executive sessions of the senate were closed, as provided for under the rules before 1929. ritchie : they kept two sets of books, an executive journal and a legislative journal ; they had an executive clerk and a legislative clerk. riddick : that ' s correct ; and when they went into executive session the executive clerk would come in and sit in the closed session. the parliamentarian, of course, stayed in both executive session and the legislative session. ritchie : it seems like after world war ii the practice of holding executive sessions really began to decline. i think in the whole 1960s there wasn ' t a single executive session. but now in the last five years they must have had five or six executive sessions. the whole thing has been revived all over again. riddick : yes, but we don ' t refer to them any longer as executive sessions, we refer to them as closed sessions. rule 35 provides for closed sessions, but executive sessions for consideration of nominations and treaties up until 1929 were closed, and that ' s when the rules were amended so that they would be opened unless they voted to have them closed. it was during that period, when the executive sessions were closed, that they used to refer to them as " executive sessions of committees, " when they


s when the rules were amended so that they would be opened unless they voted to have them closed. it was during that period, when the executive sessions were closed, that they used to refer to them as " executive sessions of committees, " when they had the old mark - ups ( of course, that rule has been changed now, too ; since the so called " sunshine " rule proposed by senator [ lawton ] chiles was adopted. ) most of the mark - up sessions were all closed, and the same was true with the conference committees. but the " sunshine " rule provides that they all have to be open, whether it ' s hearings or mark - up sessions, unless for one of the eight specified reasons they are permitted to vote to go into closed sessionunless it ' s done in accordance with one of those provisions set forth in the " sunshine " rule. ritchie : one of the problems the senate had with their executive sessions was that reporters were always finding out exactly what went on inside. riddick : that ' s one of the reasons they threw them open, the reason they amended the rule. the vote on a nomination in an executive session would appear in complete detail in the next day ' s new york times, or somewhere. ritchie : i suppose that caught someone like preston in between, because he was trying to serve the senate, but on the other hand he had to keep all those reporters happy. riddick : keep them satisfied, yes. how it got out of the closed session, i don ' t know. somebody had to tell it. ritchie : it was a persistent problem all through the 19th and early 20th centuries. a lot of them must have been relieved that they didn ' t have to worry about keeping it closed after 1929. riddick : that ' s another case where the precedents changed greatly. what we ' ve done was to establish that the rule providing penalties for breaking secrecy and so forth for the old executive sessions is now applicable to closed sessions. so what was done by the rulings of the chair and precedents with regard to security matters was transferred to the closed sessions as well. they don ' t apply anymore to executive sessions unless they ' re closed. the senate has just transferred all the secrecy and penalties provisions in the rules against senators and employees to the closed session rule. ritchie : have there been many cases, since you ' ve been connected with the senate, of people being held in contempt for releasing information? riddick : no, it ' s sort of died out. you remember


employees to the closed session rule. ritchie : have there been many cases, since you ' ve been connected with the senate, of people being held in contempt for releasing information? riddick : no, it ' s sort of died out. you remember the case of senator [ mike ] gravel, when he read the confidential report from the pentagon. there was some talk of censuring him, and i was consulted by both sides on the matter as to what could, should, and so forth, be done. but it never came to fruition ; they just never acted on it. ritchie : could they, if they had wanted to, censured him, or cited him for contempt for what he had done? would the precedents and the rules have supported that? riddick : well, they censured senator [ hiram ] bingham of connecticut for a much less thing than that. he was on the finance committee and when they were working out one of the tariff bills, one of his employees who attended these closed sessions was feeding the information out to corporations secretly. he was censured because he had allowed this employee in there who was revealing this information. so they have censured senators for things not as bad as a senator himself divulging secret information.


members of each major party meet in closed sessions known as party conferences ( or party caucuses ) to elect floor leaders, make committee assignments, and set legislative agendas. the democratic leader serves as chair of the party conference, while the republican party separates the positions, electing a chairperson for the party conference, apart from the floor leader. democratic conference chair : senator harry reid republican conference chair : senator john thune see a list of former conference chairs in the history section. the senate created democratic and republican policy committees in 1947. until 2000, the democratic policy committee was chaired by the party floor leader, who also served as chair of the democratic conference. a co - chair position was added in 1989. in the 106th congress, the majority leader dropped his co - chair status and the chair of the policy committee is now an elected post. the republican policy committee elects its chairperson separate from the party floor leader. democratic policy committee chair : senator charles schumer republican policy committee chair : senator john barrasso see a list of former policy committee chairs in the history section. party conference secretaries each party elects a conference secretary or vice chairman who is responsible for keeping the minutes of the party conferences. democrat conference secretary : senator patty murray republican conference vice - chair : senator roy blunt see a list of former conference secretaries in the history section.


- special sections - public notices ‘ no plan survives contact with the enemy. ’ field marshal helmuth von moltke the elder ( 1800 - 1891 ) the bloody battle of the somme, which commenced on july 1, 1916, has continued to fascinate me. my english father, sgt. reginald george bareham, was one of 19, 240 british soldiers – nearly 20 percent of the entire british fighting force – who were killed that day on the french countryside in one of the pre - eminent battles of world war i. i was born a week later, on july 8. that lifetime interest in this pivotal battle has been reawakened recently by a definitive study, three armies on the somme, by british historian william philpott, which describes the planning among the allies, britain, france and russia, that commenced more than six months before the battle and the bickering at the highest political level and within the high commands of france and britain who were to conduct the attack on the western front while russia was expected to attack on germany ’ s eastern front, thus deterring any attempt by germany to reinforce its western armies. from those small details of a vast campaign comes much of the richness of philpott ’ s story, and it provides much insight into the background and the history of the battle that took my father ’ s life. formation of the 11th suffolks in september 1914, a " kitchener " battalion was formed in cambridge, england, from volunteers who flocked to the colors after great britain ’ s declaration of war on germany on aug. 4. my father, reginald “ reg ” bareham, who was helping his father operate the historic farm of sir charles waldstein in newton, cambridgeshire, had written in 1913 : “ the farm work is going on as nicely as ever and we have every promise of a successful harvest. i am very often told i ought to get a better job, but i think it is my duty to stick to my people, and what is more i mean to do so, other people can please themselves. i think anyone who keeps steady and tries hard can always succeed in life. ” but he would not remain long on the farm. he was one of the first to answer the call for volunteers by lord kitchener, minister of defense, becoming a member of what was then called “ kitchener ’ s army. ” often recruited by community or geographic area, these men were organized into battalions containing friends and neighbors, who called themselves “ pals. ” i have been in contact with phil curm


a member of what was then called “ kitchener ’ s army. ” often recruited by community or geographic area, these men were organized into battalions containing friends and neighbors, who called themselves “ pals. ” i have been in contact with phil curme of england, a historian of the 11th suffolks, who has provided a plethora of information about my father ’ s battalion. he has walked the somme battlefield and many others, which he has described in a blog, available at walkingthebattlefields. com. he has traveled widely in this endeavor, including visits to american civil war battle sites. he writes : “ the battalion conducted its own recruiting campaign. specially selected officers and ncos accompanied by drummers, buglers and recruiting sergeants, made excursions to [ nearby communities ]... ” curme writes that there were four companies in the 11th suffolks. reg bareham, living in newton, seven miles from cambridge, was undoubtedly a member of company a, which included the recruits from cambridge. by december 1914, the battalion was given a choice of joining the norfolk or the suffolk regiments. they chose the latter and were thenceforth known as the “ 11th suffolks ” or the “ cambs suffolks. ” in january 1915 the battalion reached its full strength of 1, 350, and in march their original blue uniforms were replaced by khaki, which were much more suitable for combat. on may 19, 1915, their battalion left cambridge for ripon, yorkshire, where they became part of the 101st brigade of the 34th division. on june 24, 1915, my mother, florence freestone of orwell, cambridgeshire, 20 years old, married reginald bareham, then a sergeant. they had met at a dancing class in newton. it was his 21st birthday. he would have but one more. they had a short honeymoon, after which he returned to his station near warminster in southern england. a note of honor in december the 34th division was ordered to mobilize for egypt, but the destination was changed, undoubtedly because of the developing plans for the somme campaign, and on jan. 7, 1916, they sailed for france. they were not long delayed in moving into the british front lines north of the somme river, with sgt. bareham serving as a platoon leader, a position normally occupied by a lieutenant. there was a great shortage of trained officers needed to meet the requirements of kitchener ’ s expanding army. on april 20, bareham was presented with a “ card of honour