. the siege of saguntum lasted eight months, and in it hannibal was severely wounded. the romans, who had sent envoys to carthage in protest ( though they did not send an army to help saguntum ), after its fall demanded the surrender of hannibal. thus began the second punic war, declared by rome and conducted, on the carthaginian side, almost entirely by hannibal. the march into gaul hannibal spent the winter of 219 – 218 at cartagena in active preparations for carrying the war into italy. leaving his brother hasdrubal in command of a considerable army for the defense of spain and north africa, he crossed the ebro in april or may of 218 and marched into the pyrenees ( the romans, shortly before they heard of this, decided on war ). there his army — which consisted, according to polybius, of 90, 000 infantry, 12, 000 cavalry ( polybius ’ figures are probably exaggerated ; a total force of about 40, 000 is more likely ), and a number of elephants — met with stiff resistance from the pyrenean tribes. this opposition and the desertion of some of his spanish troops greatly diminished his numbers, but he reached the rhone river with but little resistance from the tribes of southern gaul. meanwhile, the roman general publius cornelius scipio transported his army, which had been detained in northern italy by a rebellion, by sea to massilia ( marseille ). as scipio moved northward along the right bank of the rhone, he learned that hannibal had already crossed the river and was marching northward on the left bank. realizing that hannibal probably planned to cross the alps, scipio returned to northern italy to await him. controversy has surrounded the details of hannibal ’ s movements after the crossing of the rhone. polybius states that he crossed it while the river was still in one stream at a distance of four days ’ march from the sea. fourques, opposite arles, is thought to be a likely place, but he may have made a crossing north of the confluence of the isere and the rhone. hannibal used coracles and boats locally commandeered ; for the elephants he made jetties out into the river and floated the elephants from these on earth - covered rafts. horses were embarked on large boats or made to swim. during this operation hostile gauls appeared on the opposite bank, and hannibal dispatched a force under hanno to cross farther upstream and attack them from behind. after crossing the alps and receiving friendly gallic leaders headed by the northern italian


or made to swim. during this operation hostile gauls appeared on the opposite bank, and hannibal dispatched a force under hanno to cross farther upstream and attack them from behind. after crossing the alps and receiving friendly gallic leaders headed by the northern italian boii, whose superior knowledge of the alpine passes must have been of the greatest value to hannibal ’ s plans, the carthaginians crossed the durance river ( or more probably an ancient branch of it that flowed into the rhone near avignon ) and passed into an area called “ the island, ” the identification of which is the key to hannibal ’ s subsequent movements on land. according to polybius, it was a fertile, densely populated triangle bounded by hills, by the rhone, and by a river that is probably either the aygues or the isere. on the “ island ” a civil war was being fought between two brothers ( of what tribe it is not clear ). brancus, the elder, in return for hannibal ’ s help, provided supplies for the carthaginian army, which, after marching about 750 miles in four months from cartagena, was in sore need of them. what made you want to look up " hannibal "? please share what surprised you most...


yellow seaarticle free pass yellow sea, chinese huang hai, korean hwanghae, large inlet of the western pacific ocean lying between mainland china on the west and north and the korean peninsula on the east. it is situated to the north of the east china sea, which it bounds on a line running from the mouth of the yangtze river ( chiang jiang ) to cheju island off south korea. it measures about 600 miles ( 960 km ) from north to south and about 435 miles ( 700 km ) from east to west. in the northwest part of the sea, northwest of a line between the liaodong peninsula to the north and the shandong peninsula to the south, is the bo hai ( gulf of chihli ). the area of the yellow sea proper ( excluding the bo hai ) is about 146, 700 square miles ( 380, 000 square km ) ; its mean depth is 144 feet ( 44 metres ), and its maximum depth is some 500 feet ( 152 metres ). physiography and geology the yellow sea, including the bo hai and korea bay, forms a flat, shallow, and partly enclosed marine embayment. most of the sea, which is deeper than the bo hai, consists of an oval - shaped basin with depths of about 200 to 260 feet ( 60 to 80 metres ). the floor of the yellow sea is a geologically unique, shallow portion of the continental shelf that was submerged after the last ice age ( i. e., roughly within the past 10, 000 years ). the seafloor slopes gently from the chinese mainland and more rapidly from the korean peninsula to a north - south - trending seafloor valley, with its axis close to the korean peninsula. this axis represents the path of the meandering huang he ( yellow river ) when it flowed across the exposed shelf during times of lowered sea levels and emptied sediments into the okinawa trough. the yellow sea derives its name from the colour of the silt - laden water discharged from the major chinese rivers emptying into it. the sea annually receives an immense quantity of sediments, mostly from the huang he ( via the bo hai ) and the yangtze river, both of which have formed large deltas. relict sandy sediments occupy the northern part of the yellow sea, the nearshore northern bo hai, the offshore old huang he delta, and the central part of the south yellow sea. the sandy layer is covered with silty and muddy sediments derived from the large rivers of china and korea since the last glacial period. the dividing line


northern bo hai, the offshore old huang he delta, and the central part of the south yellow sea. the sandy layer is covered with silty and muddy sediments derived from the large rivers of china and korea since the last glacial period. the dividing line between silt derived from china and sand derived from korea nearly coincides with the seafloor valley. generally, the climate is characterized by very cold, dry winters and wet, warm summers. from late november to march a strong northerly monsoon prevails, which in the bo hai is sometimes accompanied by severe blizzards. typhoons occur in summer, and in the colder season there are occasional storms. air temperatures range from 50 to 82 °f ( 10 to 28 °c ) and precipitation from about 20 inches ( 500 mm ) in the north to 40 inches ( 1, 000 mm ) in the south. sea fog is frequent along the coasts, especially in the upwelling cold - water areas. the warm current of the yellow sea is a part of the tsushima current, which diverges near the western part of the japanese island of kyushu and flows at less than 0. 5 mile ( 0. 8 km ) per hour northward into the middle of the sea. along the continental coasts, southward - flowing currents prevail, which strengthen markedly in the winter monsoon period, when the water is cold, turbid, and of low salinity. the tidal range is high ( 13 to 26 feet [ 4 to 8 metres ] ) along the shallower west coast of the korean peninsula, with a maximum spring tide of almost 27 feet ( 8. 2 metres ). along the coasts of china, it amounts to about 3 to 10 feet ( 0. 9 to 3 metres ), except around the bo hai, where it is somewhat higher. in the yellow sea the tides are semidiurnal ( i. e., they rise twice daily ). the tidal system rotates in a counterclockwise direction. the speed of the tidal current is generally less than 1 mile ( 1. 6 km ) per hour in the middle of the sea, but, near the coasts and in the straits and channels, stronger currents of more than 3. 5 miles ( 5. 6 km ) per hour are recorded. the innermost coastal sections of the bo hai freeze in winter, and drift ice and ice fields hinder navigation in parts of the yellow sea. surface temperature ranges from freezing level in winter in the bo hai to summer temperatures of 72 to 82 °f ( 22 to 28


coastal sections of the bo hai freeze in winter, and drift ice and ice fields hinder navigation in parts of the yellow sea. surface temperature ranges from freezing level in winter in the bo hai to summer temperatures of 72 to 82 °f ( 22 to 28 °c ) in the shallower parts. in winter the temperature and salinity in the sea are homogeneous from surface to bottom. in spring and summer the upper layer is warmed and diluted by the fresh water from rivers, while the deeper water remains cold and saline. this deep layer of cold water stagnates and moves slowly south in summer. around this mass of water, especially at its southern tip, commercial bottom - dwelling fishes are found. the dominant salinity in the region is relatively low : in the bo hai it is 30 to 31 parts per thousand, while in the yellow sea proper it is 31 to 33 parts per thousand. in the southwest monsoon season ( june to august ) the increased rainfall and runoff cause a further reduction in salinity in the upper layer. the yellow sea, like the east china sea, is famous for its fishing grounds. the rich demersal ( bottom - dwelling ) fish resources have been exploited by chinese, korean, and japanese trawlers for years. although the overall annual catch has grown, the catch by the japanese has decreased, while those of the chinese and south koreans have increased. the main species caught are sea bream, croakers, lizard fish, prawns, cutlass fish, horse mackerel, squids, and flounders ; all species, however, are overfished, and the catch of particularly valuable species has declined. oil exploration has been successful in the chinese and north korean portions of the yellow sea. in addition, the sea has become more important with the growth in trade among its bordering countries. the main chinese ports are dalian, tianjin, qingdao, and qinhuangdao ; the main south korean port is inchʾon ( incheon ), the outport for seoul ; and that for north korea is nampʾo, the outport for pʾyongyang. study and exploration the yellow sea has been studied extensively, but its geologic, physical, and biological properties remain incompletely understood. there is, for example, no comprehensive report on the sea ’ s fisheries, despite the awareness of stock depletion. there has been some cooperation between countries — china began joint oil explorations with foreign oil companies in 1979 — but the political tension


simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. history of ireland a brief threat to english control of ireland, made by edward bruce, brother of king robert i of scotland, ended when bruce was killed in battle at faughart near dundalk ( 1318 ). english control was reasserted and strengthened by the creation of three new anglo - irish earldoms : kildare, given to the head of the leinster fitzgeralds ; desmond, given to the head of the munster fitzgeralds ; and... invasion of antrim... settlements. antrim was partially penetrated by anglo - norman adventurers during the 12th century and formed part of the earldom of ulster. disorders in the late middle ages and the invasion by edward bruce ( later king of ireland ) and his army from scotland in 1315 caused the decline of english power. only carrickfergus remained in english hands until the tudor period ( 1485 – 1603 ),... landing at larne town, seat, and district ( established 1973 ), formerly in county antrim, northern ireland, bordering the irish sea north of belfast. the scot edward bruce landed near the present town site in 1315 when he attempted to free ireland from english rule. his death three years later ended all hopes of an independent scots - irish kingdom. larne town developed as a holiday resort after 1900. in 1914... what made you want to look up " edward bruce "? please share what surprised you most...


a view of the city this image of benin city is by a european artist. it gives us an idea of how the city might have looked over 300 years ago. you can see the palace in the background – each turret has a bird statue on top. at the front of the picture, there is a royal parade with music and dancing. it ' s behind you! this photograph was taken at the palace, during the expedition made by the british in 1897. in the background you can see the palace roof with a snake made of brass slithering down it. photos like this one are the best guide we have to knowing what benin looked like. this head was part of a brass snake on the palace roof – it was fixed to the roof with its body zigzagging down and its head at the bottom. fifteen of these snake heads survive. we are not sure if the snakes were meant to be protective pythons or threatening puff adders. we can tell that this plaque shows the palace of benin from the snake slithering down the roof, just like the one in the expedition photo. we ’ re not sure if the stairs in the middle are meant to be part of an altar or a gateway – what do you think? a very runny nose! this looks like an ornament or toy but it ’ s actually a water jug. when the jug is filled, the leopard ’ s tail is used as a handle to tip it, and water comes out of its nostrils! these days a jug like this is used for water to wash the oba ’ s hands before he makes important offerings. would you sit on a fish? the design on this stool is of two squirmy mudfish. the eyes are made of iron and there are lots of patterns on the surface. can you spot the long whiskers on the mudfish? many stools from benin were carved from wood, but this one is made of cast brass. the people of benin used many musical instruments. this one, in the shape of an oro bird, is called an idiophone or clapper. it was used during parades to celebrate the benin kingdom ’ s victories in battle. to play it, a brass rod is used to hit the bird ’ s beak. container of power this container was used in the ceremony of ugie erha oba, which was held for the oba to honour his ancestors. it was filled with magical medicines to keep the oba in power. it is covered with human heads, leaves and bells – you


just a decade ago, it would have been hard for all but the most tech - savvy to imagine the extent of cloud computing today. a complex system of data centers worldwide that store, process, and deliver information on demand over the internet, the cloud provides users with resources, applications, and information that they previously would have stored locally. the cloud — what some are calling “ the factory of the 21st century ” — is run by a network of it service companies, internet firms, and telecommunications services providers, and it offers services to all of us : from banks and retailers to individuals like you and me. it is both real — requiring traditional inputs such as electricity — and virtual. throughout the history of corporate responsibility, a few megatrends have redefined how we think about the ethics of business. the outsourcing of manufacturing to places with low labor costs and lax regulations led to a rise in consciousness about working conditions at supplier facilities. the increasing number of people living at the “ base of the pyramid ” ( the now 2. 5 billion people who exist on less than us $ 2. 50 per day ) prompted companies to address global poverty while advancing business interests. we believe cloud computing has the same potential to create profound new sustainability and ethical dilemmas. addressing these dilemmas calls for an update on how we think about corporate responsibility. to be clear, cloud services make a positive contribution to sustainability : the cloud encourages important clean - tech applications like smart grids, and it also encourages consumers to use virtual services such as video streaming to replace resource - heavy physical products. the cloud also draws resources to where they are used most efficiently, and its jobs tend to be cleaner and safer than those of more traditional industries. what follows is an evaluation of how cloud computing will affect two top sustainability issues of our time : climate change and human rights. the climate in the cloud at the bsr conference 2011, autodesk ceo carl bass posed a question about the power of what he called “ infinite computing, ” asking what we can do to harness the unlimited amount of computing to help solve some of today ’ s most pressing problems. there is no doubt that the expansive power of computing can help us address sustainability challenges, but this technology also draws from the earth ’ s finite environmental stocks and biosphere. data centers are already responsible for 1 to 2 percent of global electricity use, a level that doubled even during the economic slowdown between 2005 and 2010. there are troubling signs that data center power use will continue to grow substantially. against this backdrop


data centers are already responsible for 1 to 2 percent of global electricity use, a level that doubled even during the economic slowdown between 2005 and 2010. there are troubling signs that data center power use will continue to grow substantially. against this backdrop, there are several interconnected issues related to the cloud ’ s impact on climate change : its swelling energy footprint, the fact that location makes all the difference on the carbon footprint, the cloak of secrecy around data center sites, and the challenge of accounting for carbon when collaboration is so complex. on the first issue, regarding the data centers themselves, there have been breakthroughs in energy efficiency, such as chiller - less servers and pods that use low energy in harsh climates, and there will be more. but with global energy consumption set to rise by around 40 percent by 2030 — due to more affluent people desiring more high - tech equipment, and applications growing hungrier for energy — energy demand from data centers is likely to outstrip efficiency gains. facility location is another challenge : if all else is equal, data center operators will build facilities where the energy is cheap, and, usually, that means dirty. in the united states, more than half of all top data centers rely on coal for the majority of their energy needs, which means a lot of new data centers are clustered in north carolina and the midwest. meanwhile, there is a tendency for operators to keep quiet about where their sites are located, which runs against the good practice of making carbon information transparent. many companies keep certain site locations, such as suppliers, under wraps for competitive reasons, and cloud companies are even more secretive about data center locations due to often legitimate concerns about security. customers whose personal information is stored at these data centers tend to appreciate this. nevertheless, transparency about local carbon impacts remains a key element of climate responsibility, and companies will be under increasing pressure to disclose more and, when they can ’ t disclose, to explain why. finally, the cloud ’ s value chain is more complex than what current accounting and reporting systems can handle. even the new greenhouse gas protocol ’ s scope 3 standard, the authoritative framework for measuring carbon in value chains, offers little guidance. the difficulty lies in the fact that the disparate collection of it services companies, internet firms, telecommunications, and services providers make it hard to create accountability for carbon performance as a system. these four challenges point to some new themes that will soon be considered part of leading climate and corporate responsibility practice for cloud - services providers : location matters. one of the greatest


and services providers make it hard to create accountability for carbon performance as a system. these four challenges point to some new themes that will soon be considered part of leading climate and corporate responsibility practice for cloud - services providers : location matters. one of the greatest opportunities for cloud carbon reduction is with siting, since energy makes up such a large share of a data center ’ s footprint, and the carbon content of electricity is determined by the local grid ’ s portfolio. this makes alignment among sustainability, operations, and real estate teams crucial for managing carbon performance. furthermore, those building data centers for customers have a responsibility to educate clients about the carbon impacts and risks that result from where they commission facilities to be built. they also have an opportunity to strengthen relationships by offering better insights and services to help customers get the most out of low - carbon siting. companies have a role in influencing electricity grids. because data centers can be large energy customers, an additional point of leverage for developers and operators is to influence local policymakers and utilities to invest in more sustainable energy sources. on first thought, this might seem radical. but savvy companies already negotiate electricity prices with utilities and engage with local governments on a range of policy issues, so this can be an extension of those conversations. also, power utilities are effectively key suppliers — if not the key one — for energy - intense data centers, and the practice of engaging suppliers on sustainability is a common frame of reference. transparency will enhance collaboration. data center operators need to be more proactive about advancing carbon transparency by reporting as much as they can about carbon impacts through the carbon disclosure project, and communicating more earnestly about what can and cannot be disclosed. the more information companies can provide, the more tools researchers, civil society, and service providers will have to establish metrics and public policies that improve incentives for investments in energy and carbon - efficient operations. the human dimension of the cloud how much the cloud affects human rights will depend on the range of services it provides ; there will be less risk associated with corporate information than personal communications, for example. some categories of customers ( such as civil society organizations ) may have more reason to be cautious than others ( such as multinational corporations ). we believe cloud - services providers should consider their human rights responsibility in two main dimensions : data center location and their role as gatekeepers of information. the first responsibility is to integrate human rights factors into decisions about data center location. in addition to price and local energy supply, a key factor in determining the ideal location for a data center is


data center location and their role as gatekeepers of information. the first responsibility is to integrate human rights factors into decisions about data center location. in addition to price and local energy supply, a key factor in determining the ideal location for a data center is the local jurisdictional context. while some countries have strong privacy and security laws and practices, others do not, and this variation can significantly affect the cloud ’ s impact on privacy, security, and freedom of expression. when it comes to siting data centers, companies are understandably nervous about storing data in jurisdictions that may not respect the rights of their users and customers. for this reason, they often choose to locate data centers in places with favorable privacy laws, even if that means storing the data in a country outside the users ’ location. yahoo, for example, chose to locate its services targeted at the vietnamese market in singapore. however, governments are becoming wise to this and can retaliate by requiring that data be located in - country if the business is to be licensed to operate there. the second responsibility of the cloud provider relates to its role as the gatekeeper of user data when law enforcement comes knocking for personal information. in theory, it is often the customer — the bank or the retailer, for example, and not the cloud - services provider — that defines the response to a law - enforcement demand. however, what really happens in a law - enforcement context is shrouded in mystery, and there are various controls and conditions that local government can require as part of the local license to operate that could bypass the customer altogether and go straight to the cloud - services provider. additionally, and very importantly, when cloud - services companies provide services such as email or file storage to an individual customer, it is clearly the cloud - services company that defines the response to the law - enforcement demand. this places cloud - service providers in a difficult position : in theory, they exist to provide virtual services to anyone, anywhere, unrestricted by traditional geographical boundaries or physical presence. in reality, the cloud is connected to the ground, and there is a very real ethical question about where to locate its physical presence. and as more business transactions take place in the cloud, cloud - services companies are caught between protecting the rights of their users and abiding by the law - enforcement demands of their regulators. so what is a responsible company to do? consider three main ethical dimensions : location : for both the users and providers of cloud services, it is important to have a siting strategy that fully considers the legal and


law - enforcement demands of their regulators. so what is a responsible company to do? consider three main ethical dimensions : location : for both the users and providers of cloud services, it is important to have a siting strategy that fully considers the legal and jurisdictional issues where the data centers and network architecture are located. the role of law enforcement : for the providers of cloud services, it is important to have a clear understanding of how to manage law - enforcement relationships. this may mean insisting on due process, challenging law - enforcement demands that may jeopardize human rights, and promoting good governance and the rule of law. the global network initiative is a good example of a responsible approach that supports greater interaction between companies and governments to enforce laws that protect rights to privacy, security, and freedom of expression. the importance of raising awareness : the providers of cloud - based services — who are by implication the experts in cloud issues — have a responsibility to provide advice and guidance to users who know less about how the cloud affects privacy and freedom of expression. the changing ethics of the cloud in our conversations with companies about cloud computing, we ’ ve encountered objections to some of the views expressed here. we ’ ve heard it argued that cloud - services companies have no business trying to influence energy policy — that this is the purview of the energy industry. we ’ ve also heard that cloud providers should stick to their core contribution of “ dematerializing ” the economy and “ enabling solutions. ” and we ’ ve heard it argued that cloud - services companies should avoid engaging in human rights, the rule of law, and good governance in high - risk countries — that governments know best, and the role of business should be simply to follow their laws. but it ’ s important to remember the core definition of corporate responsibility ( as defined by the european union, iso26000, and many others ), which emphasizes the role of business in supporting sustainable development. in this regard, cloud computing represents two shifts that are highly relevant. first, its highly networked, decentralized structure blurs jurisdictional lines, raising questions about accountability that effectively have never been asked. second, today ’ s version of cloud computing is an embryo for what will be one of the most important industrial revolutions of the 21st century. with significant infrastructure to be built for an industry whose equipment is reinvented every two or three years, decisions made today will establish the architecture, communities, and choices we will have to work with later. as cloud computing takes hold and changes the profile of


the 2003 canberra bushfires were noted for very high levels of house loss deep into suburban areas. fire jumping from house to house was a major issue. project leader justin leonard of csiro sustainable ecosystems set out to look at what aspects of house construction contributed to such losses. he also looked at the safety of wooden power poles – many of which caught fire and fell, blocking roads, in the canberra fires – as well as the critical issue of surviving in a car if caught by fire on the road. in an effort to understand the role of critical elements in and around the home, the research team conducted a series of experiments over several years. at the new south wales hot fire facility at mogo, the team subjected typical home fences, decks, windows, water tanks and fences to flames typical of bushfires. the tests found, for example, that metal fences survived the best. hardwood fences, though they would burn, acted as a barrier to radiant heat, helping to protect a home. softwood fences such as treated pine had the worst performance – as well as burning, the resulting ash, containing arsenic, was a potential health issue. steel water tanks proved the most reliable, though their plastic liners needed replacing after a serious fire. as a result of this research, several companies have developed highly modified steel water tanks and water delivery systems that are commercially available for use in bushfire areas. “ ideally this research willalso help provide advice to property owners on the level of risk to their homes and businesses and help develop education programs for local communities, ” said leonard. fire agencies have long advised against being caught on the road in a bushfire, but there was little detailed research on how bushfires affect cars and how best to survive if you are in a car and confronted by a bushfire. in an experiment that placed seven common vehicles under the bushfire simulator, this research identified key issues that influenced survivability including the orientation of the car to the fire, the relative temperatures in different areas of the car, the adverse influence of an air conditioner or recirculating air systems, and the toxic chemicals produced inside a car subject to intense heat. the project ’ s postgraduate student, julian black of rmit university, worked on developing a geographical information system toolto allow for various residential scenarios, such as different types of windows, doors, or walls, to be developed and visualised, based on building and planning requirements. this tool could assist in developing building and planning regulations that enable residential areas to perform better under bushfire attack.


35 countries offer immunisation against pneumococcal disease wyeth announced that the first pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the market, has been added to saudi arabia ’ s national childhood immunisation programme to help protect infants and young children from pneumococcal disease – the leading cause of vaccine - preventable death in children younger than five years of age worldwide. the vaccine, also referred to as pcv7 is now included in the national immunisation programmes ( nips ) of 35 countries worldwide. pcv7, the global standard in pneumococcal disease prevention for infants and young children, helps protect against the seven pneumococcal serotypes contained in the vaccine that cause the majority of pneumococcal disease worldwide. pcv7 has both proven clinical efficacy and documented effectiveness resulting in significant public health impact. more than 235 million doses of pcv7 have been distributed across the world since its introduction. “ wyeth is pleased that 35 countries now share in the commitment to help protect current and future generations from pneumococcal disease – an urgent and pressing health issue. as a result, nearly 15 million children born this year will have the benefit of protection with pcv7, ” says dr e. david mcintosh, paediatrician and wyeth ’ s medical director for infectious disease and vaccines in europe, the middle east and africa. ‘ since its introduction, pcv7 has had a substantial impact on public health, dramatically reducing the rate of invasive pneumococcal disease where it is routinely used. ” in addition to saudi arabia, oman included pcv7 as part of their nip in 2009. other notable nips initiated this year include turkey, with an annual birth rate of more than 1 million, and sweden. south africa, which initiated a national immunisation programme in september 2008, plans to implement it nationwide on 1 april, covering more than 1 million children born this year. of the 35 countries now including pcv7 on their nip, 25 are in europe, the middle east and africa, which encompasses more than 7 million children born each year. according to the world health organization ( who ), pneumococcal disease causes up to 1 million deaths in children each year. the who recommends priority inclusion of pcv7 in national childhood immunisation programs worldwide due to the significant burden of pneumococcal disease and demonstrated vaccine efficacy.


| | | | the role of an advocateby georgina rayner open pdf version the role of an advocate may be vital at some point in our life to obtain and maintain the necessary changes and opportunities for our children and ourselves. by definition, advocacy involves speaking on behalf of a person ( s ) or yourself to ensure that their rights and needs are recognized. the word " advocacy " comes from latin and means ' to add a voice '. the purpose of advocacy is to assist in securing the rights of one ' s self or another. we all need to develop advocacy skills in order to ensure that our needs are met and our rights are respected. tips to be an effective advocate - believe in yourself - one person can do a lot. - be organized! - identify unmet need ( s ) or right ( s ). what is the problem? listen carefully to what the individual or family ' s concerns are and help them to focus on the issue ( s ). - research the law for understanding and how it impacts the case. - be systematic in your approach : know your resources and your allies. assess the nature of the barriers, resistance you might meet and / or the opposition. knowing what you are up against will sharpen your strategic thinking. what kind of pressure is possible and from where. - know and build your case. - identify all the key players - narrow down the problem - develop a plan or map of where everyone is on the issue. - do your homework. - document the facts - keep careful notes and logs of contacts and calls - listen carefully. - what are the desired outcomes? what is acceptable? what is unacceptable? - identify what conditions need to be developed or altered in order for change to take place. be assertive and communicate well. note : an assertive person clearly states a point of view but takes into account other points of view as well, then works for the right outcome cooperatively. analyze possible consequences. develop a back - up plan. - what is the possible fallout? - what historically has happened in other advocacy situations related to this issue? - what is the worst case scenario? - can the family / child live with it? remember the process is about the needs of the child. parental egos and / or your personal preferences should not influence the process or outcome. - look at alternate strategies to achieve the same goal. - be careful what you ask for as you might get it. - make sure you have plan b in case it is needed. do not accept that nothing will happen or change


back to the infoage homepageback to the press index by jack mofenson, evans signal laboratory, belmar n. j. dr. harold t. webb ( right ) adjusts the auxiliary tuning crystal in the lunar receiver while e. k. stodola looks on. behind stodola is the nine - inch type - a indicator which records the echoes. | the recent experiments performed by the signal corps engineering laboratories in receiving radar echoes from the moon have aroused much comment from engineers, astronomers and others engaged in technical pursuits. although the scientific aspects of sending radio - frequency signals throughthe ionosphere are certainly of importance, the work done on theproject is better classified as an engineering achievement. as yet, no long - term systematic observations have been made. this article is confined, therefore, to a discussion of the technical characteristics and general description of the equipment employed. briefly, the experiment consisted of transmitting quarter - second pulses of radio - frequency energy at 111. 5 mc every four seconds in the direction of the moon, and detecting echo signals approximately 2. 5 seconds after transmission. display of the detected signals was audible as well as visible. technically, theexperiment utilized well - established radar techniques, but with radicallydifferent constants throughout the system. considerations of pulsewidth, receiver bandwidth, transmitter power and the precise frequency of the returned signal due to doppler effect, were such thatcareful attention had to be givento the design of the overall equipment. after preliminary calculations were made concerning transmitterpower, the reflectivity coefficient of the target, and receiver noise figure, it was apparent that receiving radar echoes from the moon was technically possible. under the direction of lt. col. john h. dewitt, a project called " project diana " was set up in september 1945 to develop a radar system capable of transmitting r - f pulses to the moon, and detecting echoes more than 2seconds later. prior to entering the signal corps, colonel dewitt, who at that time was chief engineer of radio station wsm in nashville, tenn., designed and constructed transmitting and receiving equipment for the purpose of receiving echoes from the moon. this equipment employed substantially similar transmitter power and frequencyto that used by the signal corps, but the attempt was a failure due to insufficient sensitivity in the receiver. colonel dewitt ' s appreciation of the problem and personalsupervision were the driving forces that made the present experimentsuccessful. assisting lt. colonel dewitt were : e. k.


a failure due to insufficient sensitivity in the receiver. colonel dewitt ' s appreciation of the problem and personalsupervision were the driving forces that made the present experimentsuccessful. assisting lt. colonel dewitt were : e. k. stodola, dr. harold d. webb, herbert p. kauffman and the writer, all of evans signal laboratory. credit is also due the members of the antennaand mechanical design croup, research section, theoretical studiesgroup and others. the practical implications of radar contact with the moon are numerous. during the war the germans used the v2 rocket whichclimbed some 70 miles above the earth, and the future holds the unhappy prospect of missiles going far higher than this. the matter oftransmission of radio signals to great distances above the earth for detection and control of such weapons becomes a problem of military importance. further, the use of a reflector far beyond the earth forradio waves makes possible directmeasurement of the ability of radio waves to penetrate the ionosphere. a more complete investigation in this direction is indicated. the possibility of using the moon as the reflector for a part - time long - distance point - to - point communication system is also being considered, as well as using the moon as a target to measure field strength patterns. lt. colonel john h. dewitt jr., in charge of the project, a modified version of the scr - 271 early - warning radar used at pearl harbor. dewitt is the former chief engineer of wsm. the author, jack mofenson, adjusts the position of the waveform - monitoring stub. over this transmission line traveled the 3 - kw transmitted pulse and a millionth of a billionth watt echo. determination of requirements several of the constants which determine the maximum distance at which a radar set can detect targetsare peak transmitter power, radio - frequency of the transmitted signal, duration of the signal, receivernoise figure, and target echoing area. these constants, among others, are concisely summarized inwhat has been called the free - space radar equation. this equation has already been derived in electronics in this equation, r is the radar range at which a signal may be detected, pt is the transmitter power during the pulse, go, the transmitting antenna power gain, a. the absorption area of the receiving antenna, o the effective echoing area of the target, and p, the power of a barely discernible signal, on the same basis as


power during the pulse, go, the transmitting antenna power gain, a. the absorption area of the receiving antenna, o the effective echoing area of the target, and p, the power of a barely discernible signal, on the same basis as pt. the power gain due to ground reflections ( not considered in the freespace equation ) at maximum effectiveness increases the range of thesystem by a factor of 2. this is equivalent to a power gain of 12 db. in the case of a target as large as the moon ( 2160 miles diameter ), calculations showed that in orderto receive an echo from the wholehemisphere of the moon at once a pulse width greater than 0. 02 seconds was required. this set a lower limit on the transmitter pulse widthwhich corresponds to an optimumbandwidth of 50 cps for the receiver. these requirements eliminate, for the present, the use of themicrowave frequencies, because of considerations of pulse length. propagation studies indicated that electromagnetic waves at a frequencyof 110 mc were capable of penetrating the ionosphere, and because ofavailability of equipment, a radar set operating at 111. 5 me was chosen for the experiment. the peak power available in this transmitter wasequivalent to 3000 watts for pt usinga 0. 25 - second pulse. the transmitter had the added advantage of being crystal controlled, deriving its final radio frequency after a series of frequency multiplication from a 516. 2 - kc crystal oscillator. the receiverassociated with the transmitter wasof the multi - mixer type ( quadruplesuperheterodyne ) capable of beating down radio - frequency signals to a final intermediate frequency of 180 cycles per second. such an arrangement permitted use of an extremely narrow pass band, 57 cps, thus making the receiver highly selective and limiting the noise to a very low value. the extremely narrow - band receiver was an advantage, also, because it permitted tuning the receiver to the exact radio frequency of the returned echo. the importanceof this can best be realized by considering the fact that due to the relative velocities of the earth and themoon, the returned signal may differ from the transmitted signal by as much as 300 cycles, due to the doppler frequency shift. in using a highly selective receiver whose final mixer is tuned to receive the precalculated frequency of an echo return from the moon, the receiver rejects any signal returned at anyother frequency. to reduce the noise contribution ofthe receiver


frequency shift. in using a highly selective receiver whose final mixer is tuned to receive the precalculated frequency of an echo return from the moon, the receiver rejects any signal returned at anyother frequency. to reduce the noise contribution ofthe receiver, a high - gain, low - noise - figure pre - amplifier was connected between the antenna and the receiverproper. the minimum perceptible received power was p, readily calculated from the formula for noise figure. in this formula e2 / 4r is the maximum available signal power at the receiver input terminals in watts, where e is the signal voltage at the antenna terminals, and r is the effective impedance in ohms. ktb is the maximum available noise power at the receiver input, where k is boltzman ' s constant, 1. 37 x 10 - 23 joules perdegree kelvin, t is the temperaturein degrees kelvin, chosen, at 300 degrees, and b is the noise bandwidthof the receiver in cycles per second. for this receiver b is 57. for a one - to - one ratio eq. 3 gives signal - powerto noise - power of 1. 48 x 10 - 18 watts, taking the effective noise figure of the receiver as 7 db. the best antenna available at this frequency was a 32 - dipole array utilized by the scr - 271 early - warning radar. two of these arrays were secured side by side and mounted on a 100 - foot tower. calculations show that the array had a power gain of152 times that of a single halfwave dipole antenna. since the effectivegain of a single dipole is 1. 64 times that of an isotropic radiator, the value of g. is given as 1. 64 x 152 or 250. the absorption area a, of the receiving antenna is calculated from substituting the value of g, previously given, ao = 522. 1 x 10 - 7 square miles. the remaining constant to be determined before solving eq. 1 is o theeffective echoing area of the target. calculations of the reflectivity coefficient made by walter mcafee of thetheoretical studies group, assumingzero conductivity and a dielectricconstant of six for the moon, resultedin the figure 0. 1766. the effective echoing area is this figure multiplied by the projected area of the moon, pi d2 / 4 where d is the lunar diameter. this gave an effective echoing areaof 0. 1766 ( 2160 ) 2 ( 3.


0. 1766. the effective echoing area is this figure multiplied by the projected area of the moon, pi d2 / 4 where d is the lunar diameter. this gave an effective echoing areaof 0. 1766 ( 2160 ) 2 ( 3. 1416 ) / 4 or 647, 000 square miles. substitution of these values in the free - space radar equation gave a maximum range of 573, 500 miles andindicated that the effective range of the equipment chosen was more thantwice that needed to receive echoesfrom the moon. by adding the powergain due to ground reflection, a further excess of power of 12 db or arange of 1, 140, 000 miles was indicated, which meant that accordingto calculations, the received signal should be about 20 db above thermal noise. this calculation of the signalstrength of the returned echo checked closely with observations and indicated that no appreciable attenuationoccurs in free space. once the determination of constant was completed, the choice ofavailable radar sets was made. since no attempt was made to design majorcomponents specifically for this experiment, the selection of receiverand transmitter was made from equipment on hand. a crystal - controlled radar transmitter and receiver designed by major e. h. armstrongfor another purpose were selectedsince they met the requirements of power and bandwidth. a block diagram of the complete transmitting, receiving and indicating system is shown in fig. 1. the transmitter is crystal controlled, deriving its final radio frequency of 111. 5 me after a series of frequency ' multiplications from a fundamental crystal oscillator frequencyof 516. 2 kc. keying is accomplished by causing a low - level multiplierstage to conduct by driving its cathode negative for the duration of thetransmitted pulse. in the initial setup, keying was performed mechanically by a relay, but this has since been replaced by an electronic keyer withthe pulse width controllable between0. 02 to 0. 2 seconds. a block diagram of the transmitter is shown in fig. 2. from the diagram it is apparent that the transmitter is of a conventional type. the output is fed overa 250 - ohm open - wire transmission line to the antenna array. the antenna contains 64 dipoles horizontally polarized. the effective power gainof the array is 250, or 24 db. the antenna, shown in fig. 3 ; ismounted on a steel tower 100 feet high and is controllable in azimuthonly


64 dipoles horizontally polarized. the effective power gainof the array is 250, or 24 db. the antenna, shown in fig. 3 ; ismounted on a steel tower 100 feet high and is controllable in azimuthonly. no provision has been made to incline the antenna in elevation. because of this restriction, the times of observation using the presentequipment were necessarily limitedto moonrise and moonset. that this condition of observation is the worst possible ( due to the long path through the atmosphere and the consequent possibility of trapped radiation ) has been recognized. but itwas impractical to procure an array of the equatorial type. aside from propagation deficiencies, a far more serious limitation was the fact that observations were limited to twoshort periods daily. the beam width of the array is approximately 15 deg at the half - powerpoints, with the first three lobes spaced approximately 3 deg in elevation. since the diameter of the moon subtends roughly one half degree of arc, most of the power transmitted does not illuminate the target, which constitutes a serious waste of power. the rate of rise of the moon along its ecliptic is 1 degree of are every 4 minutes, which allowed roughly 40 minutes of observation as the moon intercepted the first three lobes of the antenna. bending effects due to long transmission path through the ionosphere undoubtedly exist, but no precise measurement of this effect has yet been made. the receiving system is sufficiently different from conventional design to warrant a more complete description. a block diagram is shown in fig. 4. the entire receiver is frequency controlled, and contains four mixerstages which heterodyne the radio - frequency signal to a final intermediate frequency of 180 cps. since the first three injection frequency voltages as well as the final radio frequency are derived from multiples of common crystal oscillator, a highdegree of frequency stability is achieved in the system. this highdegree of stability is essential to permit tuning the highly selective receiver to the frequency of the echo signal. this tuning is accomplishedin the final heterodyne stage. in tuning it is necessary to take account of the change in frequency of the returned signal which resultsfrom variations in the relative velocity of the moon with respect to theearth. the frequency of the returning echo may differ from the transmitted frequency by as much as 300cycles per second, since the relativevelocities of the earth and moon vary from about + 900 mph at moonrise to - 900 mph


to theearth. the frequency of the returning echo may differ from the transmitted frequency by as much as 300cycles per second, since the relativevelocities of the earth and moon vary from about + 900 mph at moonrise to - 900 mph at moonset. at the frequency of the transmitter, a relativevelocity of 3 miles per hour between antenna and target causes a shift of approximately 1 cycle per second in the received signal. this frequency shift, due to relative velocities of thetransmitting antenna and target, ispresent in all radar echoes from moving targets, but is undetected in conventional receivers because the band - width of the normal receiver is many times greater than the frequencyshift. in the diana receiver, a band - width of 57 cps is achieved in the final if stages. it is therefore necessary to predetermine the doppler frequency shift for the particular observation being made, and to select the proper crystal for the final heterodyne mixer. to achieve the highdegree of accuracy required in thefinal mixer, provision is made to modify the frequency of the crystal - controlled oscillator by means of ascrewdriver control which varies theair gap above the crystal. final adjustment of the oscillator is made bybeating the crystal oscillator output against a secondary frequency standard source, and observing the outputon a monitoring oscilloscope. the output of the final heterodyne mixer is fed into two channels, one audio, the other video. the audiochannel is simply a power amplifier stage with the output connected toa loud speaker. the video outputchannel is fed into a second detectorto recover the envelope of the 180 cps intermediate - frequency signal, and then is amplified by a high - gain video amplifier and connected directly to the vertical deflecting plates of anine - inch cathode - ray tube. the horizontal deflection is a linear 4 - secondtype - a sweep. the visible output is the characteristic low - frequencynoise pattern representing a 57 - cycle bandwidth centered at 180 cycles. a sudden upward departure from the base line occurs when an echo signal is received from the moon. this isshown clearly in fig. 5. the audible signal is random noise of 57 - cyclebandwidth, superimposed on a fixed - frequency note, at the intermediatefrequency of 180 cycles, when the echo is received. as stated previously, tuning of the receiver is accomplished in


is random noise of 57 - cyclebandwidth, superimposed on a fixed - frequency note, at the intermediatefrequency of 180 cycles, when the echo is received. as stated previously, tuning of the receiver is accomplished in the final mixer. the injection signal frequency must be calculated for each observation to take into account the relative velocity of target and antenna due to both the rotational velocity of the earth and the orbital velocity of the moon. these data, together with azimuth angle and time, are calculated daily from information given by the nautical almanac and ephemeris. the detection of the frequencydue to doppler shift is made with a high degree of accuracy by the selective receiver. this in itself is corroboration that the echo signal is from the moon. also, the echo interval of 2. 4 seconds admits of no other explanation. the pre - amplifier of the receiver consists of a three - stage tuned r - f amplifier employing two grounded - grid stages ( 654 ) followed by a 6sh7 tuned amplifier at the transmitter frequency. the overall gain of the pre - amplifier alone is 30 db with an overall noise figure of 3. 5 db and a bandwidth of 1 me. the electrical design of the first two stages was suggested by a development of dr. f. b. llewellyn. a simplified schematic of the first two stages is shown in fig. 6. the use of concentric tubing inductances forthe tuned circuits provides automatic r - f filtering on the direct - current and filament leads. the pre - amplifier wasdesigned originally as an improvement kit for the scr - 271 radar, andlike the transmitter and receiver, was chosen for the diana experiment because it satisfied one of the requirements, that of a very low noise figure receiver. a tuned impedance - matching transformer is used between the receiver and transmission line to convert the 250 - ohm balanced input to the 50 - ohm unbalanced input ofthe pre - amplifier. the transmit - receive switching system ( t / r box ) employed in theoriginal experiment was a set of two mechanically - operated shorting barson the transmission line, operating from a multivibrator - controlled relay during the transmitted pulse interval of 0. 25 sec. one of the shorting barsserves to short out the receiver input during transmission, and the other shorts out the transmitter during reception. keyer and indicator the visual indicator used is a nine - inch electrostatic cat


interval of 0. 25 sec. one of the shorting barsserves to short out the receiver input during transmission, and the other shorts out the transmitter during reception. keyer and indicator the visual indicator used is a nine - inch electrostatic cathode - ray tube, 9ep7, with a long - persistence screen. the electron beam is caused to scan the width of the tube, synchronouslywith the transmitted pulse, in 4 seconds, forming a linear time base. the persistence of the tube is long enough to retain the pattern for atleast two sweeps. the circuit employed to generate this sweep is a direct - coupled transitron sawtooth oscillator, described below. a pulse equivalent in time to the keying pulseis also generated by this circuit and is applied to the cathode of a low - level multiplier stage of the transmitter, causing it to conduct for the pulseduration and to drive the subsequentmultipliers. the time - base generator consists essentially of a high - gain pentode amplifier with capacitance couplingbetween plate and grid. the schematic is shown in fig. 7. the capacitance coupled path includes a cathode follower stage, the left hand sectionof v2 for the duration of the conduction cycle, the anode voltage ofthe pentode v1, drops and capacitorc1, begins to discharge through thetube. as the voltage on the platedrops the current flow in c1, drives the grid negative, tending to cut off the plate current. a condition of dynamic equilibrium then exists with the plate voltage dropping at a linear rate determined by r1, and c1, and thegrid being maintained at a constant voltage, since each decrement in plate voltage causes a corresponding dropon the grid which keeps the grid signal and hence the output of the tube substantially constant. the time constant of r1, c1, is chosen to cause c1, to become fully discharged during the cycle. when the plate voltage drops to the point where electrons from the cathode can no longer flow to it, anincrease in screen current occurs which rapidly decreases the screen voltage and correspondingly decreases the suppressor voltage. thisaction, which is cumulative, has the effect of suddenly cutting off theanode current. this causes the cathode current to be retarded by the suppressor grid and made to flow to the screen. a negative pulse appears atthe screen, and c1


is cumulative, has the effect of suddenly cutting off theanode current. this causes the cathode current to be retarded by the suppressor grid and made to flow to the screen. a negative pulse appears atthe screen, and c1, begins to chargethrough the cathode follower until a point is reached where theplate begins to draw current and the oscillator is recycled. the screen returns to its original voltage, and the plate voltage begins to fall. by suitable choice of r1, and c1, a range of from about 0. 1 to 3 cps is obtained. keying - voltage signals are derived from the differentiated output of the negative pulse appearing on the screen of the oscillator. this is used to trigger a multivibrator whose time constant is controllable by a variable 5 meg resistor, varying the output pulse width from 0. 02 to 0. 25 seconds. the addition of the cathode follower stage v2, was made to shorten the charge time of c1, by causing it to charge through the grid cathode space of the cathode follower. this reduces the return trace time. tube v3, serves as a degenerative phase - inverting amplifier to secure push - pull sweep voltage. the keyer multivibrator is a conventional cathode - coupled flip - flopcircuit with the initiating trigger applied as a positive pulse on the grid of the normally non - conducting section. a positive pulse varying in width from 0. 02 to 0. 85 seconds is obtained at the plate of the other section. this signal is applied to a normally cut off pentode whose loadimpedance is the cathode of the12. 388 me amplifier stage in the transmitter. for the duration of thisapplied signal, the plate of the amplifier is driven negative, taking thecathode of the keying tube down with it, thus causing it to conduct. the first echoes from the moon were received at moonrise on january 10, 1946. the indication was of the audible type in the form of a 180 - cycle beat note occurring 2. 5 seconds after transmission. although numerous observations have been made, both at moonriseand moonset, echo returns do not occur after every transmission. further measurements are needed before precise scientific conclusions can be drawn. ( 1 ) the radar equation, electronics p. 92, april 1945. page updated february 7, 2004 page created july 7, 1998? back to the


in the world of birds, late fall is a time of lean feeding options. here on the hill, this means an increase in action at backyard birdfeeders. one frequent feeder visitor is our neighborhood ’ s most common woodpecker : the northern flicker. unlike smaller birds such as chickadees and juncos, flickers can demolish a feeder ’ s food stash alarmingly quickly — but it ’ s fun to watch them eat. the northern flicker is brownish overall, with black bars on the back and black spots on the front. it has a dapper black crescent on the breast and red markings around the head and wings. ( some individuals, called yellow - shafted northern flickers, have yellow rather than red on the wings. ) in the wild, flickers forage both on trees and on the ground, locating prey by sight or sound. when you see a flicker on a feeder, take the opportunity to observe its anatomy up close. like many other woodpeckers, flickers have thick tails that they use for extra support as they maneuver their bodies along tree trunks. these tails also come in handy as the birds hang on birdfeeders — especially feeders that swing and spin if you can get close while a flicker eats, you may see flashes of its exceptionally long tongue. this tongue is barbed and sticky, perfect for capturing insects — and pretty effective at demolishing suet cakes, too. the flicker ’ s skull is specially shaped so its tongue, when not in use, can furl around the eye socket and the back of the head. the shape of the flicker ’ s skull also provides a cushioning effect so the bird ’ s brain doesn ’ t get damaged during drumming. flickers are common in backyards and parks throughout the neighborhood. yellow - shafted northern flickers are relatively uncommon in our region, but i have occasionally spotted them at the washington park arboretum. interested in learning more? - for information and fun facts, check out the northern flicker ’ s page at the cornell lab of ornithology. - hear the song, call, and drumming pattern of the northern flicker at the macaulay library of natural sounds. - check out this new scientist article about the woodpecker ’ s skull structure and its influence on the design of shock absorbers. - if the northern flicker ’ s drumming is annoying you or damaging your house, the seattle audubon society has some helpful hints here. previous aviary posts - hill serves as winter destination for dark - eyed jun


mount carmel for america : carmelite monks, messengers of new springtime bishops of the church were chosen and the church was continually renewed. in the west, the great monasteries of europe became the beating heart of the emergence of christendom. the extraordinary intellect exhibited in the emerging theological tradition birthed in the monasteries enabled the church to contend with daunting challenges, welcome them without fear, contend for the faith and offer the claims of truth incarnate. the " father " of western monasticism saint benedict is a great example of the patrimony of western monasticism. he was born around the year 480 in umbria, italy. he is the co - patron of europe ( along with saints cyril and methodius ). as a young man, benedict fled a decadent and declining rome for further studies and deep prayer and reflection. he gave his life entirely to god as a son of the catholic church. he traveled to subiaco, the cave that became his dwelling and the place where he communed deeply with god. it is now a shrine called " sacro speco " ( the holy cave ). it is still a beautiful sanctuary for pilgrims. among them was joseph cardinal ratzinger before he became pope benedict xvi. just before his election to the chair of peter he visited that very place to entrust his priestly ministry to the lord. it is no accident that he took the name benedict when he said " yes " to the call to the chair of peter thereafter. he signaled his vision for the re - christianization of the west. st. benedict lived a life of prayer and solitude for three years and studied under a monk named romanus. his holiness drew other men and women and soon, twelve small monasteries were founded. he later traveled to monte cassino, where he completed his " rule for monks. " from those benedictine monasteries, an entire monastic movement was birthed which led to the evangelization of europe and the emergence of an authentically christian culture. this led to the birth and flourishing of the academy, the arts and the emergence of what later became known as christendom. it is in this trajectory of god ' s loving plan for his church that the monks of " carmel of the immaculate heart of mary " come to us at the beginning of the third christian millennium. these are real monks and real men, passionately and courageously in love with the lord jesus christ and dedicated to renewing in our day the great treasury of monasticism. as i spoke with father prior daniel mary, the


the third christian millennium. these are real monks and real men, passionately and courageously in love with the lord jesus christ and dedicated to renewing in our day the great treasury of monasticism. as i spoke with father prior daniel mary, the bell rung in the background calling the brothers to prayer, one of the many times of prayer which animate and inspire their life. he continued speaking with me, sharing with enthusiasm the beginning of their community, obviously filled with the joy which is a gift and fruit of the holy spirit. fr. prior daniel mary grew up on a ranch in cody, wyoming, only six miles away from the new property the monks are hoping to purchase. there they will build the " new mount carmel for america " on 2, 500 acres. he dreamed of establishing a monastery in wyoming as a younger man. he knew that the beauty of the land, the rugged simplicity and faith of the people, and the challenge of the times required such a place. he was quick to tell me that, contrary to the naysayers, vocations are not a problem for these monks. they receive 200 inquiries a year. however, they know that their calling to live the radical monastic life, in fidelity to the original vision of the carmelites, is a specific calling. the monks who are living there are happy, healthy and courageously eager to live that vision. i will be writing much more about the elements of that vision in future articles. for many of our readers, the monks of mt carmel are known for their absolutely wonderful " mystic monk coffee " which is one of the ways they support their sacrificial life for the lord. i encourage all of our readers to order it, drink it, and with every sip pray for these mighty men of god. buy it here. however, there is so much more to their way of life. that is why this article is only a " teaser ". i was so moved by the monks of mt. carmel, i have more articles to come. we will examine their way of life, their vision for the future, their worship and the implications of their role as a prophetic sign of god ' s unfolding work for the church. stay tuned! visit their virtual place of peace and worship on the world wide web. while there, read of their wonderful vocation and mission. listen to their chant, order their coffee. oh, and visit the " new mount carmel foundation " site. look around. mark my words, when the history of the third millennium


web. while there, read of their wonderful vocation and mission. listen to their chant, order their coffee. oh, and visit the " new mount carmel foundation " site. look around. mark my words, when the history of the third millennium is written, this monastery will be one of many where historians recount the rebirth of christendom. now, picture that absolutely beautiful monastery, built and filled with holy men chanting the divine office, offering the holy sacrifice of the mass and bringing earth to heaven and heaven to earth by their life, for the sake of the church and the world. then reach deep within and make it a reality by giving. these men are what my dear part irish mother called " the real mccoy ". we need them. we need to help them! finally, pray for fr. daniel mary. you will soon be reading some of the stories this wonderful holy man shared with me because i want you to be encouraged in an age of despair. the church of jesus christ is in the beginning of a new springtime. this wonderful order of monks are seeds of a genuine renewal which has only just begun. - - - pope benedict xvi ' s prayer intentions for january 2013 general intention : the faith of christians. that in this year of faith christians may deepen their knowledge of the mystery of christ and witness joyfully to the gift of faith in him. missionary intention : middle eastern christians. that the christian communities of the middle east, often discriminated against, may receive from the holy spirit the strength of fidelity and perseverance. rate this article leave a comment more vocations news - archbishop jost h. gomez on praying for priests and promoting vocations - col exclusive : fr. pontifex - see what this priest does to deliver his powerful message - sisters of bon secours host project good help to assist underserved in baltimore - benedictine monks from oklahoma move to ireland ' s stamullen priory - benedictine monks from oklahoma become missionaries to the irish church - knights of the holy eucharist announce facebook page - child casket fund : trappist monks of new melleray practice the corporal works of mercy - melkite catholic church to ordain married men to the priesthood in the us - trappist monks and nuns revive interest in monastic vocations online - fr. paul schenck : finding living faith on catechetical sunday - the movie yellow : incest as ' normal ' and cassavates ' s slides into the world of woes - the chicago


cost of solar energy in today ’ s highly technological world, many people are turning to more affordable sources of energy. this includes renewable energy such as water, wind, and solar powered sources. if you want to receive the same great energy services at half the cost, consider investing in solar energy. solar energy is heat and light energy harnessed from the sun. but what are the costs of solar energy and how much can it actually save you? when considering any alternative energy project, you should think about the cost of the materials and initial installation as well as the energy savings. as far as materials are concerned, you will probably be paying about $ 6 - $ 9 per watt. the size of your house doesn ’ t matter, but you should examine your current electric bill to decide how much energy you use each month. you also need to see how much direct sunlight your home receives. if you do decide to install solar panels, you will be saving yourself thousands of dollars in the long run. you can even save up to 80 % on your initial overall cost. tax rebates and other incentives often cover the cost of solar energy panel installation. you will also be adding value to your home by installing solar panels. if you plan on living in your house for more than five to eight years, your investment will start paying you. by installing your solar panels, you will also be able to guard yourself against increased energy costs in the upcoming years. you will also be able to have the security of an efficient energy source even during the times that the grid is down. your savings in electricity bills will probably pay for your system in less than ten years and you ’ ll most likely end up recouping your investment three times over during the lifetime of your solar panel system. taking this all into consideration, why would you not invest in solar power? the initial investment may be a bit costly, but you will be saving thousands upon thousands of dollars by using solar energy.


information for the public recreational water illness ( rwi ) - basics of recreational water illnesses ( rwis ) swimmer protection resources - health promotion materials ( brochures, fact sheets, podcasts, posters, videos / tv ) - steps of healthy swimming steps of protecting swimmers against recreational water illnesses ( rwis ). - triple a ’ s of healthy swimming information to help activist swimmers take the lead in preventing rwis at their swimming facility. - pool user tips fact sheet look ; ask ; act ; practice... tips for preventing rwis this summer when using the pool. - hot tub user tips fact sheet heed ; observe ; talk... tips for preventing rwis when using the hot tub or spa. - pool and spa ( hot tub ) test strips home test instructions instructions for using pool and hot tub / spa test strips at home. - inflatable and plastic pools ( kiddie pools ) - swim diapers and swim pants - breastfeeding in pools and hot tubs / spas - water play areas and interactive fountains - state healthy swimming information - animals and pools - diarrhea and swimming - pinworm and swimming - poolsafely. gov : parents & families get email updates to receive email updates about this page, enter your email address : - centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd atlanta, ga 30333 tty : ( 888 ) 232 - 6348 - contact cdc – info - for more information, please contact us at healthyswimming @


have you ever lost precious files when your hard disk died suddenly? if yes, then you should know about raid. for those who haven ' t heard of it, raid is a redundant array of inexpensive disks, ie a way of arranging data on two ( or more ) disks in order to maximize performance and / or availability. there are many possible raid setups, most of which are probably too excessive for home / desktop uses ( if you need to ask, then you don ' t need it! ). the simplest and most useful one is raid 1 ( mirroring ), which maintains at all times a persistent copy of your data on two physical disks. if one disk fails, you can replace it without losing any data. let me give you a real life example : on my 24 / 7 linux file and proxy server i had installed a raid 1 mirror for the home directory. i hadn ' t checked the status of the server, but a friend of mine, who was using it regularly, complained of slower performance. curious to check this out, i went on - site and realized that one disk had failed 15 days ago. i realize that i sound like a crappy sysadmin, but this was really a server for limited use by me and a few of my friends. nevertheless, no data had been lost from the home directory, the machine had kept running and merely complained about the inability to do reads / writes on the second drive. i replaced the drive and the server was up and running in less than 30 minutes. the good news is that you can have a raid setup under linux using only a software driver and two disks ( same can also be done under xp, to be fair ). although you probably have a raid controller on your motherboard, it ' s a less flexible solution and it ' s not going to be faster unless you invest on specialized hardware. most on - board raid controllers are not “ true ” hardware raid. i ' m not going to give an extensive article on software raid, there are special howtos for that. i am going to show you how to install a very simple raid - 1 setup to protect crucial files ( photos, documents and anything that is very hard to replace ). you will need : - 1. root access (! ) - 2. two partitions of approximately the same size on separate hard drives. if you ' re going to use pata disks, the drives should be connected to different channels, ie not on the same ribbon cable. the location and the number of the


arthurian and grail poetry algernon charles swinburne ( 1837 - 1909 ) algernon charles swinburne was born april 5, 1837 in grosvenor place, london, the son of admiral sir john swinburne ; but spent most of his boyhood on the isle of wight. with shelley and byron, he is one of the very few poets since the days of raleigh and sidney to come from the aristocracy. he had a very orthodox upper - class education, attending eton and then oxford. influenced by the poetry of shelley and possessed of the common student leanings toward political radicalism, swinburne became known, along with james thompson, as a kind of poet laureate of atheism. at oxford, he met nearly everyone who would influence his later life, including rossetti, morris, and burne - jones, who in 1857 were painting their arthurian murals on the walls of the oxford union. benjamin jowett, the master of balliol college and translator of plato, recognized his poetic talent and tried to keep him from being expelled for his radical leanings and atheism with the statement that he did not want " oxford to sin twice against poetry " ( the expulsion of shelley being the first ). leaving oxford in 1860, he continued his friendship with the rossettis. after elizabeth siddall ' s ( mrs. rossetti ) death in 1862, he and rossetti moved to tudor house in chelsea. swinburne had an addictive personality. throughout the 1860s and 70 ' s, he rode a destructive cycle of alcoholic binges, dissolution, collapse, drying out in the country, then returning to london where he would begin the cycle all over again. on several occasions, he collapsed in public in an apparent epileptic seizure, a condition made much worse by drinking past excess to unconsciousness. more than once while he was living with rossetti, he was delivered to the door in the small of the night, dead drunk. in 1879, with swinburne nearly dead from alcoholism and dissolution, his legal advisor theodore watts - dunton took him in, and was successful in getting him to adopt a healthier style of life. swinburne lived the rest of his days at watts - dunton ' s home outside london. he saw less and less of his old friends, who thought him " imprisoned ", but his growing deafness accounts for some of his decreased sociability. he died of influenza in 1909. swinburne


##ton ' s home outside london. he saw less and less of his old friends, who thought him " imprisoned ", but his growing deafness accounts for some of his decreased sociability. he died of influenza in 1909. swinburne was brought up in the anglican church and possessed a detailed knowledge of the scriptures and of standard interpretative methods, including typology, prophecy, and apocalyptics. in his poetry, he often used language with biblical associations because his victorian audience was accustomed to such allusions when discussing serious issues and perhaps he enjoyed turning the church ' s own words against them. he delighted in opposing organized religion and savagely attacked the roman catholic church for its political role in a divided italy, using biblical allusion, parodies, and ' blasphemous ' satires. even though swinburne attacked the religious establishment, he never became indifferent to its place in his life or his country ' s, as his poems " hymn to proserpine " and " hertha " make clear. atalantain calydon ( 1865 ) was the first poem to come out under his name and was received enthusiastically. for the next several years he produced a number of works including poems and ballads and songs before sunrise. just before his final breakdown and rescue in 1879, he produced the second series of poems and ballads and about a decade later a third series. his works show the usual greatness in the early works and a slow decline. some of the better works in the later series were actually written during his oxford years. tale of balen the day before the trial king ban : a fragment tristram of lyonesse


your baby ' s development your baby now weighs about 2 pounds, 2 ounces ( 1, 000 grams ) and measures about 10 inches ( 25 cm ) from crown to rump. at your next prenatal appointment, your health care provider may tell you whether your baby is headfirst or feet - or bottom - first ( called breech position ) in the womb. babies who are in the breech position may need to be delivered by cesarean section. your baby still has 2 months to change position, though, so don ' t worry if your baby is in the breech position right now. most babies will switch positions on their own. the folds and grooves of your baby ' s brain continue to develop and expand. in addition, your baby continues to add layers of fat and has continued hair growth. your health care provider probably sent you for some blood tests early in your pregnancy. one thing blood tests measure is the rh factor, a substance found in the red blood cells of most people. if you don ' t have it ( if you ’ re rh negative ) but your baby does ( is rh positive ), there is potential for your baby to have health problems, such as jaundice and anemia. your doctor can prevent these problems by giving you a vaccine called rh immune globulin at 28 weeks and again after delivery.


what is a complete blood count and why is it done? doctors may want you to get a type of medical test called a complete blood count ( cbc ) if you ' re feeling more tired than usual, seem to have an infection, or have unexplained bruising or bleeding. the cbc is a common blood test that helps doctors get information about the three major types of cells in the blood : - red blood cells. these are the cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. the cbc measures the number of red blood cells in the body, along with other information about red blood cells, such as amounts of an oxygen - carrying protein called hemoglobin. this information can help doctors test a person for anemia, which can happen due to loss of blood, or problems with the production or destruction of red blood cells. - white blood cells. these cells help the body fight infection. the cbc measures the number of white blood cells ( also called leukocytes ) in the blood and also looks at the different types of white blood cells in the blood and how they relate to one another. problems with the number of white blood cells can be signs that a person has an infection or other stress in the body. for example, a bacterial infection can cause the white blood cell count to go up or down. medications, like certain anticancer drugs, also can affect a person ' s white blood cell count. - platelets. these cells play an important role in blood clotting and the prevention of bleeding. when a blood vessel is damaged or cut, platelets clump together and plug the hole until the blood clots. if the platelet count is too low, a person can be in danger of bleeding in any part of the body. you don ' t need to do anything special to get ready for a complete blood count test. however, you should tell your doctor about any medications ( including over - the - counter medicines or herbal supplements ) you ' re taking because certain drugs might alter the test results. it can help to wear a t shirt or other short - sleeve top on the day of the test to make things faster and easier for the technician who will be drawing the blood. a health professional will usually draw the blood from a vein in your arm — most often on the inside of the elbow, but sometimes on the back of the hand. the technician cleans the skin surface with antiseptic and ties an elastic band ( tourniquet ) around the upper arm so the veins


in your arm — most often on the inside of the elbow, but sometimes on the back of the hand. the technician cleans the skin surface with antiseptic and ties an elastic band ( tourniquet ) around the upper arm so the veins swell with blood and are easy to see. next, it ' s time for the needle. it should feel like a quick pinprick. occasionally, it can be hard to find a vein so a nurse, doctor, or technician may need to try more than once. that ' s not the norm, though — most people ' s veins are easy to find. it ' s best to try to relax and stay still during the procedure since tensing muscles can make it harder and more painful to draw blood. and if you don ' t want to watch the needle being inserted or see the blood collecting, you don ' t have to. look the other way and maybe relax by focusing on saying the alphabet backwards, doing some breathing exercises, thinking of a place that makes you happy, or listening to your favorite music. the technician will draw the blood so it collects in a vial or syringe. collecting blood will only take a few minutes. once the technician has enough blood, he or she removes the needle and covers the area with cotton or a bandage to stop the bleeding. after the test, you may notice some bruising — that ' s normal and it should go away in a few days. don ' t be afraid to ask the technician if you have any questions about the blood draw. a blood test is a safe procedure and there are no real risks. some people may feel faint or lightheaded during a blood test. and, while nobody really loves needles, a few teens have a strong fear of them. if that ' s you, talk to your doctor since there ways to make the procedure easier for you. the blood sample will be processed by a machine. it usually only takes a few hours or a day or so for your doctor to get the results ( in an emergency, results on some blood tests can come back much faster ). if the results point to anemia, infection, or other problems, your doctor may want to do other tests to find out what the cause is and how to treat it. reviewed by : steven dowshen, md date reviewed : february 2011


whenever i eat carrots or cantaloupe, my throat itches and it takes an hour or so for it to go away. what could it be? i love cantaloupe, so does this mean i can ' t eat it? you might have something called oral allergy syndrome ( oas ) — you ' ll need to see a doctor to find out for sure. oas is an allergic reaction that usually happens only in the mouth and throat. people with oas can react to specific foods, such as certain fruits, vegetables, peanuts, or tree nuts. when they eat the food they ' re allergic to, they may notice itching, tingling, swelling, and redness of the lips, mouth, or throat — often within minutes. people who are allergic to tree pollens are more likely to have oas. in fact, oas is also called pollen - food allergy syndrome. oas usually only involves the mouth and throat. but occasionally the reaction can affect other parts of the body as well. if your doctor thinks oas is causing your symptoms, he or she may give you a list of foods to be careful with. you might also need to carry emergency medication, such as an epinephrine auto - injector, if you are at risk of a severe reaction. until you see a doctor, avoid the foods that are causing symptoms. and if you ever have trouble breathing, ask someone to call 911 immediately. reviewed by : larissa hirsch, md date reviewed : april 2010 * names have been changed to protect user privacy.


research & innovation omegaven saves livers many children who have complex intestinal surgery can ’ t eat normally for a long time. these children are usually placed on an intravenous method of feeding called pareneteral nutrition ( pn ). - pn provides the necessary nutrition for children until their digestive systems adapt and they can eat on their own. pn has revolutionized treatment for diseases such as hirschsprung ’ s and short bowel syndrome. but its prolonged use often damages the liver, potentially leading to liver failure and the need for a transplant. and unfortunately, infants are at the greatest risk due to the small size of their livers. back in 2001, children ’ s surgeon mark puder, md, surgical resident jenna garza, md, and pharmacist kathy gura, pharmd, decided to conduct studies in mice to see why pn was causing liver disease. - they found evidence that the fat used in standard pn solutions, called intralipid, was contributing to liver disease by causing fat to accumulate in the liver. they then tested omegaven, an iv fat mixture made from fish oil. fish oil contains omega - 3 fatty acids, which have been shown to prevent fat accumulation and have anti - inflammatory properties. - as they had hoped, pn using omegaven as the fat prevented liver injury in the mice. surgeon rusty jennings, md had heard of puder ' s research and wanted to try omegaven in one of his patient. since omegaven wasn ' t approved for use in the united states, puder had to receive special permission from the fda to use omegaven rather than intralipid in his pn solution. - within eight weeks, the baby ' s liver function improved so much that he was removed from the liver transplant list. puder later treated a second child, a premature baby whose bowel had ruptured ; he too had complete resolution of liver disease. now, more than 100 children at children ’ s have received omegaven. puder and colleagues are now conducting a formal clinical trial aimed at preventing liver disease in pn recipients. - their work has caused a worldwide shift in treatment.


it may seem straight out of moby dick, but a rare white whale is thrilling australians off the eastern coast. the albino humpback has been nicknamed " migaloo " by researchers who track his movements. albino whales are rare and migaloo is the only documented all - white humpback adult, according to peter harrison, director of marine ecology research at southern cross university in australia. migaloo was first seen in 1991 when he was a juvenile, harrison says, and researchers believe he is now in his 20s. the humpbacks are on their annual migration from their breeding grounds along the great barrier reef back to feed in the antarctic. " everyone here is quite excited, " says oskar peterson, who runs a website that tracks sightings of white whales around the globe. " we see him almost every year now, but it ' s still front page news when he turns up. " migaloo is expected to pass by cape byron, the easternmost point in australia, in the coming hours after passing by surfer ' s paradise, peterson says. spotters of the whale share sightings at his website male humpbacks can travel up to 140 kilometers ( 87 miles ) a day during their migration, according to experts. but they often hang around cape byron searching for mates, so whale watchers may see the albino humpback for a few more days, harrison says. he warns fans to steer clear - - at least 500 meters away at all times - - to ensure the whale ' s survival. too much noise and chasing can disturb him and cause him to use precious energy he needs for migration. whale watchers may be able to enjoy migaloo for decades. humpback whales are believed to survive as long as 90 years in the wild, harrison says.


chroma spin columns are spin columns packed with gel filtration resin to rapidly purify and size select nucleic acid samples. the columns can be used to purify single - or double - stranded dna or rna from contaminants such as salts, solvents, enzymes, or proteins. molecules larger than the particular matrix pore size are eluted out of the column while smaller molecules are retained inside the column matrix. as a result, these columns are ideal for size fractionation of libraries or for removal of primers. available in three different sterile buffers - te buffer : ideal for routine dna applications - ste ( 0. 1 m nacl + te ) buffer : used for applications requiring a higher salt concentration to prevent ionic interaction between molecules - depc - treated water ( + 0. 1 mm edta ) : useful for rna purification and those applications requiring a completely nuclease - free environment choose from six column pore sizes chroma spin - 10, - 30, - 100, - 200, - 400, and - 1000. all columns, matrices, and buffers have been autoclaved to destroy nucleases. for optimal recovery and purification, there should be at least a threefold difference between the size of the desired nucleic acid molecules and the size of the contaminants.


surveyor soars toward red planet satellite to map martian surface november 7, 1996 web posted at : 1 : 30 p. m. est cape canaveral, florida ( cnn ) - - nasa launched a 10 - month, unmanned mission to mars thursday, the first step in a multi - spacecraft bid to determine if there is - - or ever was - - life on the fourth rock from the sun. ( 848k / 19 sec. quicktime movie ) global surveyor, the first of 10 nasa probes bound for mars the next decade, replaces one that mysteriously disappeared three years ago. the spacecraft soared aloft at noon est atop a delta 2 rocket launched from cape canaveral air station in florida. the launch, originally scheduled for wednesday, was postponed 24 hours because of surveyor will take 10 months to make the 470 - million - mile trip and another six months to ease into a mapping orbit. later, it will dip into the red planet ' s thin atmosphere, using its wing - like solar panels as brakes. surveyor will study the martian surface and atmosphere, but will not land. more to come it is the first of three spacecraft, two u. s. and one russian, destined for mars this year. the next launch is mars pathfinder, equipped with a robotic ground vehicle, that is scheduled for liftoff december 2 and will land july 4, 1997, two months ahead of surveyor. nasa plans to send pairs of spacecraft every 26 months through 2005 but has no firm plans for a manned mission to thursday ' s launch comes amid controversial revelations by scientists of possible ancient life on mars. " one of our goals is ultimately to return a sample of the surface of the planet itself, " nasa ' s wes huntress told cnn in a live interview. scientists hope the sample has " evidence on whether or not there was early life on the planet, " huntress said. observer : lost in space surveyor was designed and built in record time to replace nasa ' s $ 1 billion mars observer probe, which spun out of control - - for reasons unknown - - just days before it was due to enter the planet ' s orbit in 1993. surveyor carries copies of five of the seven scientific instruments on its ill - fated predecessor, but at $ 215 million is much less expensive. it was made mostly from leftover parts from observer. the problem : where to look? from an altitude of 230 miles ( 365 km ), its telephoto camera will see objects on the surface as small as a compact car. by the end of one


what might have taken 10 minutes to do with a hard copy textbook only took two minutes during sarah wolsey ' s monday class at top of the world elementary school. wolsey began the morning talking about empires in her fifth - grade classroom while the 32 students tapped, scrolled and searched on ipads. " where have you heard the word emperor before? " wolsey asked the class. " use google to find as many empires as you can. " wolsey ' s class is one of four fifth - grade classes at top of the world incorporating ipads into traditional instruction. each class rotates the ipads, which were given to school as a donation. she gave students five minutes to locate empires and list their findings on the machine ' s notes app. one boy grabbed a cordless keyboard to begin the assignment. other students typed the screen to find the answers. student cosette chesley asked her partner, " did we get china? " spencer collins, also a student, wondered, " how do you copy and paste? " once time was up, students shut the ipads and said how many empires they found. " nineteen. fourteen, " they said. wolsey then singled out student sammer tarazi ' s work. " sammer brilliantly copied and pasted [ the list of empires ], " wolsey told the class. the exercise was to become familiar with the number of empires throughout history. wolsey then asked each student to select one empire from their list and discover one of its characteristics. some students used wikipedia. others utilized google. one student had a description of the british empire on the screen. " this is the future, " wolsey said. " any lesson can be enhanced using the technology. there are so many apps ; there ' s always something you can do to incorporate technology into a lesson. " one app wolsey ' s students were using was edmodo. she asked students to vote whether empires rule or empires are evil. the app compiled the results, allowing students to see how classmates voted. wolsey began using the ipads in october. she said she spent several nights on the couch learning the tablet herself. " they make learning fun and everyone is super excited to use them, " cosette said. they use them about three times a week, she added. classmate sara jacobs said, " [ ipads ] are a more visual way to learn. " apps like edmodo allow wolsey to post assignments and


the deadline for submitting the free application for federal student aid ( fafsa ) is looming, and colleges across the country are offering assistance with financial aid paperwork. this basic form, which is the first step in gaining grants or loans from the federal government, have helped many students pay for the rising costs of higher education. for those with questions about the fafsa, answers may be as close as their local community college. what is fafsa? the fafsa is the first step in the financial aid process, whether students are looking for federal or state assistance. according to a report at the rhode show, this mother of all financial aid forms allows the federal government to determine a student ’ s eligibility for financial aid. the states also use the paperwork to determine whether students qualify for loans or grants at the state level. colleges and universities use the information on the fafsa to get an idea of just how much financial aid a student might need to attend a specific school. the fafsa opens the door to a variety of financial aid options, including the popular stafford loans and grad plus loans. student loans like these are preferable to private loans for most students because they come with low interest rates and an array of consumer protections and benefits. one of the most attractive features of some of these loans is an income - based repayment plan that allows students to pay off balances in increments they can afford once they graduate from college. low participation in fafsa, despite benefits despite the many potential benefits of financial aid, universities and community colleges agree that not nearly enough students take the time to complete the fafsa each year. the president ’ s council on financial capability reported last fall that two - thirds of students who take out private loans to foot the bill for higher education never exhaust their financial aid options first. it is no wonder that institutions of higher education across the country put in a push to get more fafsas submitted each year. one reason for the low application rate is that many students believe their families make too much money to qualify for any sort of financial aid. however, the sallie mae website states, “ no matter how much your family earns and how substantial your assets, you qualify for an unsubsidized stafford loan. ” while students with parents who make above a certain threshold may not qualify for all types of financial aid, there are still some products they could be eligible for. mary crowe, assistant director of financial aid and scholarships at elgin community college, told the elgin courier - news