says is a historicist but “ accurately puts forth the preterist position ” : these woes are supposed by many learned men to refer to the destruction of jerusalem : the first woe — the seditions among the jews themselves ; the second woe — the besieging of the city by the romans ; the third woe — the taking and the sacking of the city, and burning the temple. this was the greatest of all the woes, as in it the city and temple were destroyed, and nearly a million men lost their lives. our study of revelation 9 can be found here. all of our revelation chapter - by - chapter studies, and any other posts related to the book of revelation, can be found here. for more on the concept that 70 ad marked the birthing of god ’ s kingdom, in the exclusive sense that it was completely separated from the judaic system, see here here, and matthew 21 : 33 - 45, hebrews 8 : 13. one of the fascinating things in revelation is the way it portrays the experience of the people of god in terms very similar to what transpired for israel in egypt and the ten plagues of judgment. for example, 1 ) prominence of the red sea ( ex. 14 : 1 - 31 ) / / 1 ) prominence of glassy sea ( rev. 15 : 2 ) 2 ) song of deliverance ( ex. 15 : 1 - 18 ) / / 2 ) song of deliverance ( rev. 15 : 2 - 4 ) 3 ) god ’ s enemy : pharaoh / / 3 ) god ’ s enemy : the beast 4 ) court magicians of egypt / / 4 ) the false prophet 5 ) persecution of israel / / 5 ) persecution of the church 6 ) protected from plagues ( ex. 8 : 22 ; 9 : 4, 26 ; 10 : 23 ; 11 : 7 ) / / 6 ) protected from wrath ( rev. 7 : 1 - 8 ; 9 : 4 ) 7 ) hardened / unrepentant ( ex. 8 : 15 ; 9 : 12 - 16 ) / / 7 ) hardened / unrepentant ( rev. 16 : 9, 11, 21 ) 8 ] the name of god ( ex. 3 : 14 ) / / 8 ] the name of god ( rev. 1 : 4 - 6 ) 9 ) israel redeemed from bondage by blood / / 9 ) church redeemed from sin by blood 10 ) israel made a kingdom of priests ( ex. 19 : 6


wed december 12, 2012 what north korea ' s rocket launch means — and what it doesn ' t originally published on wed december 12, 2012 3 : 31 pm north korea ' s successful rocket launch may conjure up visions of nuclear missiles in the hands of one of the planet ' s least predictable regimes. but building a satellite launch vehicle doesn ' t directly translate into an ability to rain warheads on distant enemies. pyongyang still faces major obstacles before it can claim to possess reliable, nuclear - tipped intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of hitting its asian neighborhood and much of the pacific basin, including alaska. by launching the three - stage unha - 3 rocket into orbit wednesday, " the north has crossed a major threshold in terms of mating an icbm with a nuclear weapon, " victor cha, who holds the korea chair at the center for strategic and international studies, writes in a q & a for the think tank. cha says the unha - 3 has a range of possibly 4, 000 to 6, 000 kilometers. some estimates put it closer to 10, 000 kilometers, which would put much of the western united states in striking distance. while north korea might have the reach, it still faces the problem of perfecting a nuclear warhead — a much larger obstacle than simply exploding a nuclear device, which north korea first accomplished in 2006. " the north koreans have demonstrated some of the capabilities they would need to have in order to develop an icbm, " greg thielmann, a senior fellow at the arms control association, tells npr. " but that doesn ' t mean that they are ready to build one. " warheads need to be relatively small, able to withstand the intense heat and vibration of re - entry, and land on — or at least near — their intended targets. " they are not there on the nuclear end and would have to have many more tests to have enough confidence that they have a reliable mode of delivery, " says jim walsh, an expert in international security and a research associate at the massachusetts institute of technology ' s security studies program. " you need reliability. if you shoot one, you better be pretty confident it is not going to malfunction, hit your own territory and explode. " thielmann agrees that producing a useful warhead is fraught with difficulty. " based on the testing we ' ve seen and some other assumptions about north korean abilities, we don ' t think they ' re ready to arm an icbm with a nuclear warhead yet even if they had an icbm, which


with difficulty. " based on the testing we ' ve seen and some other assumptions about north korean abilities, we don ' t think they ' re ready to arm an icbm with a nuclear warhead yet even if they had an icbm, which they don ' t yet. " then there ' s the fuel problem. unlike most icbms, which run on solid fuel, the unha - 3 is powered by liquid fuel, which can ' t be stored for long periods inside the rocket, thielmann notes. liquid fuel rockets have other drawbacks, too. for starters, they are " really too big and too unwieldy to move around, " he says. " so, it ' s a stationary target. any stationary target is going to be vulnerable to pre - emption. " in other words, if it looks as though north korean leader kim jong un is planning an attack using an unha - 3 type of missile, washington might become aware of the preparations in time to destroy it on the launchpad. walsh concurs : " liquid - fueled rockets sitting on the ground for hours are seen as being vulnerable to strike. " while north korea isn ' t at the icbm stage right now, cha of the center for strategic and international studies cautions against underestimating that threat. " i think there ' s a natural tendency to discount the north koreans as being these crazy people who are not successful in terms of their technology, " he tells npr. " but i think there needs to be greater attention paid to the strategic significance of what they ' ve done. " there are still other technological thresholds they need to cross to target the u. s. with an icbm warhead, " he says. " still, it ' s only a matter of time before they are able to do that, as this test shows. "


do orchestras really need conductors? filed by kosu news in science. november 27, 2012 have you ever wondered whether music conductors actually influence their orchestras? they seem important. after all, they ’ re standing in the middle of the stage and waving their hands. but the musicians all have scores before them that tell them what to play. if you took the conductor away, could the orchestra manage on its own? a new study aims to answer this question. yiannis aloimonos, of the university of maryland, and several colleagues recruited the help of orchestral players from ferrara, italy. they installed a tiny infrared light at the tip of an ( unnamed ) conductor ’ s baton. they also placed similar lights on the bows of the violinists in the orchestra. the scientists then surrounded the orchestra with infrared cameras. when the conductor waved the baton, and the violinists moved their bows, the moving lights created patterns in space, which the cameras captured. computers analyzed the infrared patterns as signals : using mathematical techniques originally designed by nobel prize - winning economist clive granger, aloimonos and his colleagues analyzed whether the movements of the conductor were linked to those of the violinists. the scientists hypothesized that if the movement of the conductor could predict the movements of the violinists, then the conductor was clearly leading the players. but if the conductor ’ s movements could not predict the movement of the violinists, then it was really the players who were in charge. “ you have a signal that is originating from the conductor, because he is moving his hands and his body, ” aloimonos explained. “ and then the players, they perceive that signal, and they create another signal by moving the bows of the violin appropriately. so you have some sort of sensorimotor conversation. ” ( the research study is part of a larger project where aloimonos is trying to figure out if human movements share something in common with human language ; he suspects both are not only governed by a grammar, but that both may be based on similar processes in the brain. ) aloimonos said the study found that conductors were leading the violinists — the movement of the conductors predicted the movement of the violinists, not the other way around. but the study found more : the scientists had two conductors lead the same orchestra. one was a veteran who exercised an iron grip over the violinists. the other was an amateur. “ what we found is the more the influence of the conductor to the players, the more aesthetic — aesthetic


tue november 8, 2011 as asteroid approaches, here ' s how to watch it as we reported at the end of october, 2005 yu55, an asteroid bigger than an aircraft carrier, is set to have a very close rendezvous with planet earth. it ' ll be closer than the moon and today at 6 : 28 p. m. et, it will make its closest approach. don ' t worry. nasa is confident it will miss us. here ' s a video nasa put together that explains the trajectory and shows an animation : of course, the big question, here, is how can one see the asteroid. if you don ' t have a telescope, you ' re out of luck. wired reports while the asteroid is of moderate size, it will still be 201, 700 miles away, so you need at least a six - inch telescope. if you have a telescope, sky and telescope reports the track is favorable for viewing here in the united states. it will be moving very fast, says sky and telescope, you have to know exactly where to look. they explain : the object will traverse the 70° of sky eastward from aquila to central pegasus in just 10 hours, clipping along at 7 arcseconds per second. use the chart here to get a sense of what part of the sky it ' s in, then download our detailed finder chart for use between 9 and 10 p. m. november 8th eastern standard time ( 2 : 00 and 3 : 00 november 9th universal time ). if you don ' t have a suitable scope, or if it ' s cloudy tonight, check out the live webcast of the asteroid ' s flyby from bellatrix astronomical observatory in italy. also, for a little more context, space. com put together this amazing info - graphic :


this post has been corrected. see note at the bottom for details. new delhi - - warning and monitoring systems put in place after the 2004 asian tsunami appeared to work well wednesday after an 8. 6 - magnitude earthquake that struck roughly the same area off indonesia, said officials, civic groups and citizens in affected areas. however, the real test will only come with another major disaster. fortunately, no more than slightly higher than normal waves were seen in only a few coastal towns along the southwestern coast of sumatra island, with no reports of deaths or major damage. the rapid dissemination of warnings and relatively rapid evacuation of coastal areas throughout the indian ocean, including fairly isolated communities, were helped by fresh memories of the tsunami that battered the region eight years ago, killing 230, 000 people. also helpful was the footage aired after japan ’ s massive march 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster, motivating people to take the risk seriously, even though ultimately the wave proved elusive. from a public safety perspective, complacency is often the biggest killer, especially if people have not experienced or heard about a tsunami in decades. “ things worked quite well, ” said dailin wang, oceanographer with the pacific tsunami warning center in ewa beach, hawaii. the indonesian earthquake and tsunami of 2004 “ was not too long ago. people took it seriously and moved away from the coast. the challenge is to keep the knowledge alive. ” the earthquake was also deeper in the ocean and roughly twice as far from the indonesian island of sumatra as the 2004 temblor that generated that year ’ s tsunami. more importantly, it was of the strike - slip motion type often seen along the san andreas fault, said bruce w. presgrave, a geophysicist with the u. s. geological survey in denver. that means tectonic plates move horizontally, which tend to displace less water and therefore present less of a tsunami risk than quakes generating significant vertical movement. “ in general, for an earthquake of this size, it ’ s prudent to issue things like this warning, even if a tsunami didn ’ t occur, ” he said. “ prudence saves lives. ” according to the u. s. geological survey, the powerful quake was centered 20 miles beneath the ocean floor around 308 miles from the provincial capital aceh on the indonesian island of sumatra. another factor that has helped in warning more people relative to 2004 is the prevalence of cellphones. “ the mass media, mobile telephones and [ short messaging ] mainly contributed to getting the word


the provincial capital aceh on the indonesian island of sumatra. another factor that has helped in warning more people relative to 2004 is the prevalence of cellphones. “ the mass media, mobile telephones and [ short messaging ] mainly contributed to getting the word out, ” said suresh bartlett, the world vision charity director for sri lanka based in colombo. “ the news got to everybody. of course the roads were a bit congested as people tried to get to higher ground. ” so long as transmission towers and telecommunication infrastructure remain in place during a disaster, mobile phones can be more effective than tsunami sirens, which end up being posted every few miles and sometimes out of earshot, wang said. television footage immediately after wednesday ’ s earthquake showed terrified indonesians pouring into the street, making cellphone calls and hugging each other in fear, some going back into buildings to find lost colleagues. indonesian officials said lessons learned from 2004 were applied. " the early warning system in [ the affected areas of ] aceh and padang and the west coast of sumatra is much better, ” said sutopo nugroho, data information chief at the national disaster mitigation agency. “ people have fled to mosques and churches in the affected areas. we have established better communication networks and we know from speaking with them that a tsunami has not struck. " on the timeline front, the oceanographer wang said hawaii ’ s tsunami center sent an alert to the u. s. geological survey within six minutes of wednesday ’ s earthquake, which hit at around 2 : 30 p. m. local time in indonesia ( 12 : 30 a. m. pdt ). it issued a tsunami watch approximately a minute later to countries across the indian ocean region, he added, that included a warning that 28 nations were potentially vulnerable. officials in sri lanka, thailand, indonesia, india and pakistan reported that their system all worked well. as warnings were rescinded worldwide, experts breathed a sigh of relief. “ fortunately nothing too bad happened, ” wang said, “ this time. ” [ for the record, 2 : 22 p. m. pdt april 11 : an earlier version of this post incorrectly spelled geophysicist bruce w. presgrave ’ s last name as presgrove. it also incorrectly referred to the 2011 tsunami in japan as a tidal wave. additionally, the magnitude of the quake, earlier estimated as 8. 7, has been lowered to 8. 6. ] - - mark magnier special correspondent kate lamb in jakarta, indonesia contributed to


there ’ s lots of talk about the urgent need to improve latino students ’ math and science performance. but what programs exist that help latino students pursue the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics? “ we ’ re really focusing on the hispanic community because of the education statistics we see for our students and where we will be as a nation if we don ’ t address these students. ” said rudy reyna, executive director of the pre - freshman engineering program based in san antonio. “ these students are such a critical resource for the future of the nation. ” here are a few programs that i learned about during a presentation by the hispanic stem initiative at the college board ’ s recent “ preparate ” conference. the initiative ’ s members might be good resources for reporters looking to write about this topic. ♦ parent institute for quality education : the piqe organization recently piloted a stem awareness class for parents in stockton, calif. about 75 percent of parents participating in piqe programs are spanish - speaking. during the classes, parents were made aware of and encouraged to get their children involved with stem - related school clubs and math competitions. “ they get to hear what their children would be earning if they went into these fields, ” said david valladolid, president and ceo of piqe. “ they ’ re learning the preparation. parents leave the classes with a full list of classes their children need to take. ” ♦ prep - usa ( university of texas at san antonio ) : middle and high school students take part in a seven - week summer learning pre - freshman engineering program on college campuses, where they can earn elective high school credits. courses include problem solving, technical writing, water science and computer science. the program also takes place in other areas of the state, including dallas, houston and laredo. ♦ mesa ( mathematics engineering science achievement ) : this california program works on preparing a pipeline of stem students beginning in middle school and carrying through college. about 60 percent of the student participants are latino, said executive director oscar porter. the schools program is dedicated to year - round support for middle school and high school students. the community college program focuses on supporting students at the college level, improving their skills in calculus - based majors and encouraging them to transfer to universities. finally, the engineering program works on students at four - year institutions. mesa leaders say that the high school participants have a college - going rate of 70 percent, much higher than the state average.


us policy on access to low earth orbit ( leo ) is on the edge of a dramatic shift. currently, only three governments have the independent capability of launching astronauts into leo : the united states, russia and china. after the us space shuttle is decommissioned from service, there will be only two. the review of us human spaceflight plans committee, headed by the highly respected former aerospace executive, norm augustine, included in their report, the option of stimulating commercial efforts to provide access to leo. it makes sense : we have been flying to leo for almost fifty years, so the technology is quite mature and available. the challenge is to make this a commercial practicality. the idea of private, commercial space access has been around for decades. it is not a new one, and it is not one that has yet found success. the advent of spaceship one winning the ansari x - prize in 2004, was an important milestone. although the privately built vehicle was only designed for suborbital flight, it proved that a non - government spacecraft was possible. commercial orbital flight will be much more difficult, but i believe it is possible. many of my colleagues and peers have written articles and pieces, deriding the idea of commercial leo access. indeed, the track record of the self - described “ new space ” companies has thus far, been marked generally with failure and arrogance. not all, but many of these folks, before they run their companies into the ground, seem to spend the bulk of their time attending self - serving, self - aggrandizing conferences where openly slinging mud at nasa is sport. this is hardly constructive, and it brings discredit to others who have serious aspirations for the future of commercial spaceflight. however, i respectfully disagree with my colleagues who believe that only governments can and should engage in human spaceflight. we members of the augustine commission ( as the review committee came to be known ) fully intended for the commercial leo efforts to include contributions from the traditional aerospace companies. these companies, or their predecessors, built every us crewed spacecraft to date. they have much to offer. to exclude them entirely would be foolish and valuable knowledge wasted. the time is right for commercial human spaceflight. private companies should learn the lessons from nasa and traditional aerospace, and then try to apply them in a more efficient manner. it is understandable how and why the processes for government / contractor space programs have evolved into what they are today : bureaucratic and inefficient, but safe. the key is to work


your government information libguide this guide will lead you to the many government documents available through kraemer family library. the federal depository library program ( fdlp ) was established by congress to ensure that the american public has access to its government information. since 1813 depository libraries have collected, organized, preserved, and assisted users with information from the federal government. government documents include any publication issued by a government agency. this guide will help you locate information published in such documents. searching for government documents can be complicated and, therefore, somewhat daunting. but it can also be interesting and rewarding if approached with a sense of adventure and exploration. i hope this guide will be helpful in your search. the kraemer family library has been a selective depository in the federal depository system since 1974, collecting approximately 34 % of all documents published in a variety of formats. the specific titles we collect are determined by the needs and interests of our campus and the surrounding community. the library also collects selected colorado state documents as well as a number of local documents. in recent years, our collection has included more and more online documents in addition to the tangible formats such as print, microfiche, and cd ' s or dvd ' s. use the above tabs to help guide you to the information you need. how to find gov docs in kraemer family library the government documents collection in kraemer family library is in a separate collection located on the second floor. government documents contain information on almost every subject, including education, business, politics, the environment, medicine and history. they vary in size from one page brochures to lengthy research reports. some documents come in formats such as microfiche, cd ' s or dvd ' s and many titles are now published online by government agencies. records for many of our government documents can be found in the library ’ s online catalog. you may search by author ( personal or government agency ), title, subject, keyword, or call number. some of our pre - 2007 documents are not cataloged. they can be found through the document shelf list ( see map ). if you need assistance using the shelf list, ask at the reference desk or contact the government documents coordinator. to find government documents in the collection, use the call numbers provided in the online catalog, the cgp, or the shelflist. each document has a call number on its front cover or on its spine. federal document call numbers are called superintendent of documents call numbers or “ sudoc ”


use the call numbers provided in the online catalog, the cgp, or the shelflist. each document has a call number on its front cover or on its spine. federal document call numbers are called superintendent of documents call numbers or “ sudoc ” numbers. examples are he20. 2002 : b52 / 8 and y 4. c 43 / 2 : h75 / 2. ( see the how to read call numbers on documents tab above for more detail on this numbering system. ) when you have the sudoc call number, go to the documents area in the library to find the government document you are looking for. microfiche and maps are housed in special cabinets in the documents area. if you need a document that kraemer family library does not own, consult the catalog of u. s. government publications ( cgp ). prospector or interlibrary loan are available for requesting documents kraemer family library does not own. another source for documents is the fdsys database. this database provides free electronic access to more than 1, 000 databases of federal information. if you need assistance with the documents collection, contact the reference desk or the government documents coordinator. off campus access you do not need to connect to the library vpn in order to access online documents. they are available free for all patrons.


not like the gas carbon dioxide for which only ' crazies ' consider a pollutant. i suppose it could be said astronauts pollute their environment. they do not need to use the larger biosphere ( " to clean the air " ) which should tell you how easy it is. in addition to ground transport, air transport is a consideration. ( we can leave sea for another day... a large place to hide or dump trash for a time ) i did some editing and put in bold a comment about a or the rate - determining step involving a layer of atmosphere. the rds is a chemical term i searched for a few days ago and just got around to reading. you also will note that they do not use the word saturation but instead speak of a new equilibrium. table 4 ( concawe ( 1997 ), ec ( 1996 ) ) shows how the emissions of co, hydrocarbons, nox and particulate matter have been reduced in europe, reflecting the ability of technology to deliver reductions in emissions. the data show how the largest reductions in emissions have already taken place, with projections that further reductions will be possible by the introduction of on - board diagnostic systems, in - service emissions testing, recall programmes and fuel quality improvements ( concawe, 1997 ). these reductions in petrol and diesel engined vehicle emissions are sufficient to leave little room for improvement by switching to alternative hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas or vegetable oil. the only cleaner option, as far as local emissions are concerned, is for a zero - emissions vehicle powered by electricity or hydrogen fuel cells. for such vehicles, it is important to consider, however, the total environmental impact of their use, as the air pollution emissions from remote generation of electricity or production of hydrogen fuel could possibly exceed the exhaust emissions that a conventional vehicle would produce. the main advantage of zero - emission vehicles is that the emissions can be relocated to where they are further from human receptors, so benefits to human health can be obtained while other environmental impacts are not reduced ( see fig. 1 ). many decades, they say. you can probably take that with a grain of salt. when comparing different impacts of aircraft upon the global atmosphere with each other, and with the effect of emissions from other transport sectors and non transport related activity, the most challenging aspect of co2 is perhaps the time scale over which it has an effect. co2 is chemically sufficiently unreactive for its dominant removal process to be physical. solution in the water of the upper ocean and exchange of carbon between


the most challenging aspect of co2 is perhaps the time scale over which it has an effect. co2 is chemically sufficiently unreactive for its dominant removal process to be physical. solution in the water of the upper ocean and exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and terrestrial biomass are relatively rapid, with the combined annual flux amounting to 20 % of the atmospheric carbon reservoir mass of 750 gt ( houghton et al., 1996 ), but these fluxes are bi - directional. the rate determining step for net removal of carbon is mixing from the surface and intermediate ocean to the much larger carbon reservoir of the deep oceans. at the turn of the 21st century, anthropogenic carbon emissions of 7 to 8 gt per year ( including deforestation ) are greater than the equilibrium rate of removal at current atmospheric and surface ocean concentrations, such that an amount of carbon equal to around half the emissions each year are removed and the imbalance results in a steady increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. were emissions to remain constant at today ’ s rate, the atmospheric concentration would reach an equilibrium level about one third higher than today ’ s value towards the end of the 21st century. the global total emissions of co2 from aviation in 1990 was about 450 million tonnes of carbon ( barrett, 991 ), which was less than 20 % of global road transport emissions and about 3 % of total anthropogenic emissions. furthermore, historical emissions of co2 from aviation are almost zero going back just a few decades into the mid 20th century, while around half the carbon dioxide from all anthropogenic sources currently in the atmosphere was emitted before 1980, so the overwhelming majority of the total is from non - aviation sources. the small contribution of aviation is, however, increasing, and the small amounts of co2 being emitted by aircraft now will remain in the air for many decades. finally, water vapour from jet engines can also form line - shaped clouds in the free troposphere. the temperature of these clouds is lower than that of earth ’ s surface, so their black body radiation is less than what would be emitted from earth ’ s surface were the clouds not there, resulting in net warming. this is more significant than the amount of incoming solar radiation reflected, so that overall the contrails have a warming effect on climate at the surface. usually, contrails evaporate again within minutes or even seconds such that their impact is negligible, but under certain meteorological conditions they can be sufficiently persistent [ and ] a large part of the sky can become obscured continually


climate at the surface. usually, contrails evaporate again within minutes or even seconds such that their impact is negligible, but under certain meteorological conditions they can be sufficiently persistent [ and ] a large part of the sky can become obscured continually along a major flight path until weather conditions change many hours or days later. in the stratosphere, contrails are never persistent because of the low ambient relative humidity there, although the water vapour from aircraft is not removed rapidly by precipitation as it is in the troposphere so has a small warming effect on climate because of its greenhouse gas properties. - current ability to quantify impact and major sources of uncertainty - in theory, the impact of aircraft emissions on upper troposphere and lower stratosphere chemistry can be quantified using global models of circulation and chemistry ( such as johnson et al., 1999 ). however, despite the fact that the reaction mechanisms are now qualitatively understood, quantifying the impact of aircraft emissions remains elusive. there are two main reasons for this : firstly, the chemical reaction cycles are complex, as different gas - phase and heterogeneous pathways become more important at different temperatures. small errors in the predicted mix of different pollutants can propagate via resulting errors in the relative rates of two or more competing reactions to end up with quite unrealistic simulated o3 concentrations. not only must the chemical composition of the upper troposphere and stratosphere be simulated accurately, but rates of mixing between layers as well as chemistry determines the composition, the temperature needs to be known to determine where heterogeneous processes occur, and the temperature has a large influence on the mixing. the whole process of stratospheric o3 destruction in particular is a highly non - linear catastrophic process. secondly, emissions of aircraft in the upper troposphere and stratosphere occur along highly localised flight paths that vary in time and space. the physical size of these is much less than the resolution of the global - scale models that are required to simulate chemistry in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. this problem of scale is added to the fact that the total emissions from aircraft are at least as difficult to quantify as emissions for road traffic are on the ground. it is exacerbated by the fact that other sources of the same pollutants in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, such as lightening and mixing from the lower troposphere, are also very difficult to quantify accurately.


american entomologist william harris ashmead had an eye for detail and an infatuation with insects. he must have liked fruit, too. living in florida, he founded a publishing house to print agricultural tomes with a focus on bugs. his passion for pests was palpable, and in 1880 he penned a book called orange insects : a treatise on the injurious and beneficial insects found on orange trees in florida. this was just the beginning of his love affair with insects. in his career as an entomologist, ashmead identified and named more than 3, 000 insect species, specializing in ants, beetles, wasps and parasitic insects. among these, one creature has the gall to stand above the rest. the blueberry stem gall wasp is one of his naming legacies, and the scientific name that ashmead bestowed upon this small wasp is of interest. “ hemidas nubilipennis ” is what he called this insect, and its name doesn ’ t describe what you might think! “ pennis ” is not, as one might assume, an alternate spelling, but rather it is a latin root that roughly translates into “ feathers ” and describes the elongated shape of this insect ’ s most obvious feature — an ovipositor, a female appendage used for reproduction. another etymological reference ( to this entomological question ) translates it as a description of the non - gender - specific tail of this wasp. and how exactly does the female use its namesake appendage? this wasp has devised an ingenious method of reproduction. in the summer, the female wasp lays eggs in either the shoot, twigs or stems of the blueberry plant. she then goes to the very tip of that shoot and sabotages it, stabbing it repeatedly with her ovipositor. this repeated piercing damages the tissue in the area that was attacked, and will deter the growth of the fruit as those buds are damaged by the stabbing. at the same time, the damaged tissue allows the plant ’ s nutrients to be redirected to the tumor - like growth ( or gall ) to nourish the wasp ’ s growing larvae. all of this action happens inside the gall and cannot be seen. in the winter, the wasp larva lies in wait for a warmer season, when it will emerge as an adult. as it happens, the preponderance of these adult wasps will be female. evidence of h. nubilipennis is easy to find. look no further than the


in wait for a warmer season, when it will emerge as an adult. as it happens, the preponderance of these adult wasps will be female. evidence of h. nubilipennis is easy to find. look no further than the high and low bush blueberries that grow wild about the island. there you will see a kidney - shaped swelling on the tips of the stems and branches of blueberry bushes. these started off as spongy, green swellings in the summer and then dried and turned brown in the fall. they now appear as hard and woody tumors or galls. an interesting side note, for those who may feel that these wasps are taking unfair advantage of the blueberry plants, is that other species of insects are in turn taking advantage of them! inside those galls are about a dozen blueberry stem gall wasps, plus possibly more than half a dozen other parasitic insects that take advantage of the wasps ’ multi - chambered home. the exit strategy for the wasps is to preempt the bud break and chew out of the gall. holes in galls will then be visible where the wasps or other parasitic insects have emerged. with the right timing, the galls can be collected in the spring and the insects ’ emergence observed over time. so there is really more to the story than meets the eye! beneath the bumpy outer shell of the gall on the blueberry stem, a gregarious group of insect species is growing, out of sight but not out of mind, providing more for the insect - loving heirs of w. h. ashmead to appreciate. and more for fruit lovers to fear! suzan bellincampi is director of the felix neck wildlife sanctuary in edgartown.


mrs. marathon pundit and little marathon pundit traveled to latvia last month. last week i wrote about their visit to a german world war i cemetery in her hometown of sece. today we move on to the second world war. the largest civilian german concentration camp in the baltic states was salaspils, although nazi officials classified it as a work camp. estimates of the number of people who died here vary widely - - as few as 2, 000 or as high as 100, 000. since the retreating germans felt compelled to burn down the camp in 1944, i feel comfortable in dismissing the lower figure. adjacent to the concentration camp was a nazi prisoner of war camp where soviet officials said 43, 000 red army soldiers died of disease or starvation. salaspils was built by jewish slave laborers in 1941, but no jews were held there. the inmates consisted mostly of political prisoners from the baltic states. some soviet pows also toiled in the construction of the camp. at the entrance of the camp. the caption reads, " behind this gate the earth groans " " here human is punished because he committed no crime. here he is punished because he loved his country. " the salaspils memorial opened in 1967, the statues are of the socialist realism style. the fist represents defiance. expressionless faces, a characteristic of social realism, fits the somberness of the site. many children were sent to salaspils without their parents. this statue portrays a mother protecting her children. these toys honor the memory of the children who perished at the camp. this figure represents the shame endured by the incarcerated. that ' s a birch tree to the left, of which there are many in latvia. mrs. marathon pundit had visited salaspils just once before - - when she was a schoolgirl. she said the sound of a beating heart emanated from this wall, but apparently the sound system wasn ' t operating that day, she told me. sece, latvia ' s world war i german cemetery two russian army world war i pics lutheran church in sece, latvia twenty years ago : latvia ' s barricade days riga doms and latvia ' s barricade days latvia 20 years after independence : tearing down a stucka statue 1990 bread line in riga, latvia potato harvesting in latvia in the early 1970s from the other side of the iron curtain : gas mask drill in latvia vintage photo : janis ancits of latvia monument to the heroic defenders of leningrad latvian president valdis zatlers


about fifteen or so years ago, companion planting was all the rage. numerous books were written on the subject : don ’ t plant onions near beans, squash grows well with corn, etc. it was all so scientific and mind boggling! at times, it was enough to make a gardener throw in the towel in frustration! while it is true that some plants make better “ marriages ” together than others do, the art of companion planting doesn ’ t have to be complicated at all. companion planting can be defined in two different ways : first of all, there are those plants that enhance each other ’ s growth or add protection to one or the other plant by being planted together. secondly, there are those plants that make great partners simply because they look good together. let ’ s look a little into each of these concepts : for two examples of the first definition : plant garlic near roses. pests such as aphids are repelled by the scent of the garlic. native american culture that was passed along to the first settlers included the practice of planting the “ three sisters ” together : corn, beans, and squash. in a symbiotic relationship, beans fix nitrogen in the soil, allowing it to be made available to the corn. in turn, the corn provides support and shade for the climbing vines of the beans and squash. herbs are a group of plants that also assist in helping their companions. one of the most classic examples of plant combinations is the pairing of tomatoes and basil. since most herbs are aromatic, their essences attracts or repels insects, both beneficial and pests. for a short list of what to grow and what not to grow together : hyssop is an herb that will attract white cabbage butterflies. it is a companion to the cole crops, and acts as a trap crop for the cabbage butterfly. cabbage and cole crops in general do well in the presence of onions, cucumbers, potatoes, marigolds, beets and bush beans. interestingly, the cole family resents being planted near pole beans. strawberries are also a bad combination with the cole crops. beets do well with cabbage, onions, radishes, and bush beans. basil is a great companion for peppers and tomatoes. think italian! along with cabbage, pole beans aren ’ t very happy with beets or onions. the vegetable kingdom loves lovage! it gets along well with just about everybody. about the only plant it has a “ rhubarb ” with is rhubarb! peppers will sul


’ t very happy with beets or onions. the vegetable kingdom loves lovage! it gets along well with just about everybody. about the only plant it has a “ rhubarb ” with is rhubarb! peppers will sulk in the presence of onions. in addition to garlic, roses also do well around onions and tomatoes. artemisia helps to keep aphids off of roses. speaking of tomatoes : don ’ t locate tomatoes next to corn. they feud. slip some chives around your apple trees, including crab apples, to deter apple scab. other plants protected by chives are roses and carrots. garlic will help to prevent borers when planted around fruit trees and raspberries. marigolds repel many insect pests and are appreciated by most flowers and vegetables. they also act somewhat as a weed deterrent. these are just a few of the companions and enemies of some of our commonly grown plants. there are many others, and there are many resources out there, some easy to understand, others more complicated. a good rule of thumb is experience. if you have ever grown peppers next to onions, you will have discovered that the performance of the peppers is less than spectacular. you will not be very likely to grow them together again. the second concept of companion planting is not so much that it is for the function of a partnership as it is for the good looks in combination. roses are usually tops in anyone ’ s ornamental garden. the problem with roses is that while the tops of the plants are pretty, the bottoms of the plant can be somewhat sparse and leggy. try to under plant roses with other plants that hide their bottoms. lavender, catmint, and some of the taller growing dianthus are good companion plants for this purpose. for your taller growing or climbing roses, interplant with clematis. they look good together, and both will benefit from the application of rose food. parsley is not only good looking and great for hiding the legs of roses, it also acts as a deterrent to insects. when growing spring flowering bulbs, especially daffodils, add daylilies to the site. as the foliage of the bulbs starts to die down, the foliage of the daylilies will sprout up and hide the yellowing foliage of the bulbs. hostas and ferns are classics together in the shade garden. ditto for hostas, ferns, astilbe, and japanese forest grass, or hakonechloa.


##rout up and hide the yellowing foliage of the bulbs. hostas and ferns are classics together in the shade garden. ditto for hostas, ferns, astilbe, and japanese forest grass, or hakonechloa. ‘ silver mound ’ artemesia, with its feather - soft silver foliage, lends its naturally rounded form as a softening effect in the garden. pair it with the exclamation points of ‘ sunny border blue ’ veronica. many people plant rhododendrons, but shy away from planting other companions with them. hostas, dwarf mountain laurel, and ferns all make wonderful companions. monarda and feverfew are wonderful together. the red upright flowers of monarda blends well with the tiny, white, daisylike flowers of feverfew. the blue of a german or bearded iris is stunning when planted with the bright orange of the oriental poppy. not only is the color combination spectacular, but the contrast in foliage form and color is also complementary, as well. the swordlike green of the iris pairs wonderfully with the feathery soft green foliage of the poppies. there are many other plants that work well together. whether grown together as beneficial partners or for artistic effect, try out a few of them. not only will your plants thank you, but you can show off your green thumb and make your neighbors green with envy!


it is sad that one of the greatest culprits in the use of all sorts of fallacies is political campaign. this occurs because the united states is not, nor has it ever been, a true democracy. in a true democracy, as was practiced in ancient athens, each citizen is given one vote. rather than being a democracy ( one citizen one vote ), the united states ' type of government is called a republic. in a republic, like ancient rome, there is a select group of people who are elected to represent the citizenry of the country. for all of its benefits, this type of government has the side effect of placing vast power into the hands of a few ( or a few hundred ) people. because of this power, it has become cost effective to spend millions ( and occasionally hundreds of millions ) of dollars to ensure that the candidate of your choice is elected. with this much at stake, logic is generally the driving force in a campaign. it was this realization that shocked americans with the marketing and selling of richard nixon. do you want your congressmen to know how you truly feel about what kind of job they are doing? check out usa. gov where you can obtain contact information for elected officials. this political advertisement is blatantly illogical. - it associates the candidate with the american flag. - it portrays a glamorous view of the candidate. ( oddly, better looking candidates have an advantage over candidates who are not as good looking. - it begs the question by assuming that " they " don ' t want veronica in congress. - it also begs the question by assuming that veronica is honest. of the four political advertisements on page 139, this one has the greatest appeal to logic. - it appears to direct the reader to a web site, presumably in which issues are discussed. - it does not picture the american flag or other symbols of patriotism. to see why political campaign managers tend to use patriotic red - white - blue advertisements, try showing the four political ads on page 139 to several people. ask each person which ad is the most appealing. given no additional information, which of the four candidates would each person be most likely to vote for? if you find that the red - white - blue ads are chosen more often, then you can see why campaign managers choose this style. these comments are not screened before publication. constructive debate about the information on this page is welcome, but personal attacks are not. please do not post comments that are commercial in nature or that violate copyright. comments that we regard


heatmap displays a matrix as an image whose color intensities reflect the magnitude of its values. in addition, it enables you to specify the following properties : * x - and y - axes tick labels : display the row / column indices or any other numeric or text labels. x - axis tick labels can even be rotated. * text labels : overlay the heatmap image with formatted text labels. the text labels can be derived from the original numeric matrix or a different matrix or cell array for displaying another dimension of data. you can control the font size and font color of the labels. the labels update automatically with zooming, panning or resizing the figure. * custom color maps : use matlab ' s default color maps or specify your own. the function provides two additional color maps - " money " ( shown in the example image ) and " red " ( a color map of red color intensities ). specify linear or logarithmic color maps and the number of color levels. you can even use different color maps for different heat maps within a figure. * other configurable parameters such as grid lines, color bars. for detailed examples, see the associated document heatmap _ examples. m note : if using rotated tick labels, heatmap will resize the axes to make room for the tick labels. when overwriting existing heatmap plots with a new heatmap, use clf to first clear the figure. see heatmap _ examples for an illustration.


posted dec 13, 2012by on this day – december 13, 1972 – 40 years ago today eugene cernan and harrison schmitt begin the third and final extra - vehicular activity ( eva ) or “ moonwalk ” of apollo 17. to date they are the last humans to set foot on the moon. in december of 1972, apollo 17 astronauts eugene cernan and harrison schmitt spent about 75 hours on the moon, in the taurus - littrow valley, while colleague ronald evans orbited overhead. the apollo 17 crew returned with 110 kilograms of rock and soil samples, more than from any of the other lunar landing sites. and after thirty years, cernan and schmitt are still the last to walk on the moon. ( ap, wikipedia, wikicommons ) the gettysburg cyclorama was demolished in early 2013. here ’ s a photo gallery that will allow you to take a s this collection of photos shows some of the veterans and those who came to pay their respects at the battlefield du youths rioted in several different suburbs around stockholm, sweden for a fifth consecutive night on may 24, 2013. on this day – january 3, 1870 – the construction of the brooklyn bridge begins. the brooklyn bridge is a section of the interstate 5 bridge over the skagit river between mount vernon and burlington, washington collapse the gettysburg monuments are a large attraction for visitors to the area. the photos show the various monuments in


a reference resource life before the presidency john quincy adams was born on july 11, 1767, in the village of braintree ( now quincy ), massachusetts, a few miles south of boston. his early years were spent living alternately in braintree and boston, and his doting father and affectionate mother taught him mathematics, languages, and the classics. his father, john adams, had been politically active for all of john quincy ' s life, but the calling of the first continental congress in 1774 marked a new stage in john adams ' activism. the older adams would go on to help lead the continental congress, draft the declaration of independence, and oversee the execution of the revolutionary war. he was also absent from his children ' s lives more often than he was present, leaving much of their raising and education to their mother, abigail. in the first year of the war, young john quincy adams feared for the life of his father and worried that the british might take his family hostage. indeed, when john adams signed his name to the declaration of independence, he committed an act of treason against england, an offense punishable by death. for john quincy, these years were actually the beginning of his manhood, and he recalled later in life feeling responsible — as the eldest son — for protecting his mother while his father attended to the business of revolution. john quincy witnessed the battle of bunker hill with his mother from the top of one of the braintree hills and regularly saw soldiers passing through his hometown. the revolutionary war was not some distant, theoretical event but an immediate and frightening reality. grooming for the world stage from ages ten to seventeen, adams experienced an incredible european adventure that prepared him for his later career in the foreign service of his country. in late 1777, john adams was posted to europe as a special envoy, and in 1778, john quincy accompanied him to paris. over the next seven years, john quincy would spend time in paris, the netherlands, and st. petersburg, with shorter visits to england, sweden, and prussia. the young adams experienced his first formal schooling at the passy academy outside of paris where — together with the grandsons of benjamin franklin — he studied fencing, dance, music, and art. the adamses remained in france for a little over a year and then returned home for some three months. when john adams was again posted to europe in november 1779, tasked with negotiating the peace with britain, he returned with his sons john quincy and charles, reaching paris in february 1780 after a harrowing journey in first a leak


home for some three months. when john adams was again posted to europe in november 1779, tasked with negotiating the peace with britain, he returned with his sons john quincy and charles, reaching paris in february 1780 after a harrowing journey in first a leaky ship, then overland on mules from spain. john, recognizing that there was little likelihood of peace negotiations, decided in the summer of 1780 to relocate to amsterdam along with his sons, both of whom briefly attended the university of leiden. charles proved unhappy in europe and was sent home after a year and a half. around the same time in 1781, john quincy ' s education was interrupted when francis dana, the newly appointed u. s. emissary to st. petersburg, asked that john quincy, then fourteen years old, accompany him as translator and personal secretary. a year later, john quincy traveled alone for five months from st. petersburg to the hague, the dutch seat of government, to rejoin his father. when he returned to america in 1785, adams enrolled in harvard college as an advanced student, completing his studies in two years. after college, adams studied law and passed the massachusetts bar exam in the summer of 1790. while preparing for the law exam, he mastered shorthand and read everything in sight, from ancient history to popular literature. he especially enjoyed the humorous novel tom jones by henry fielding, which he deemed " one of the best novels in the language. " always in awe of thomas jefferson, a close friend of his father and the principal author of the declaration of independence, adams considered jefferson ' s notes on virginia a brilliant piece of writing. as a young man, adams stood apart from his age group. he took no part in the usual college pranks nor did he think much of his teachers — many of whom were less well read and had less worldly experience than he had. but adams did have an appreciative eye for young women. his first love, at age fourteen, was a french actress whom he never met personally but dreamed about after seeing her stage performance. during his legal apprenticeship, john quincy fell deeply in love with a young woman he met in newburyport, massachusetts, where he was studying law. the romance lasted for several months before his mother, abigail adams, persuaded him to put off marriage until he could afford to support a wife. john quincy agreed, and the two drifted apart. it was a parting that he always regretted, but it demonstrated a character trait in adams that accompanied him throughout his life : his respect for the opinions of his


until he could afford to support a wife. john quincy agreed, and the two drifted apart. it was a parting that he always regretted, but it demonstrated a character trait in adams that accompanied him throughout his life : his respect for the opinions of his parents. from 1790 to 1794, adams practiced law with little success in boston. as a new, young lawyer competing for clients with far more established and senior men, he had difficulty attracting paying clients. not even the fact that his father was now vice president of the united states seemed to help. when not practicing law, adams wrote articles in support of the washington administration and debated the political issues of the day with his fellow lawyers. finally, in 1794, just as john quincy ' s law career was beginning to make headway, president george washington, appreciative of the young adams ' s support for his administration and aware of his fluency in french and dutch, appointed him minister to the netherlands. it was a good time for the young diplomat. he carefully managed the repayment of dutch loans made to america during the american revolution and sent well - regarded official reports to washington on the aftermath of the french revolution. a moody suitor while traveling in france as a young boy, john met louisa catherine, the four - year - old daughter of joshua johnson, an american merchant who had married an englishwoman and was then living in nantes, france. years later, in 1797, when louisa had grown into a pretty 22 - year - old woman, she and adams met again. now he was a 30 - year - old diplomat and the son of the president of the united states. she was living in london, where her father served as the american consul, and adams had been sent to london from the hague to exchange the ratifications of the jay treaty. the johnson family provided the social center for americans in london, and adams regularly visited. in time, he began to court louisa, dining nightly with the family but always leaving when the girls began to sing after the evening meal — adams disliked the sound of the female voice in song. louisa found herself intrigued by her moody suitor. the two were married on july 26, 1797, over the initial objections of adams ' s parents, who did not think it wise for a future president to have a foreign - born wife. right around the time of their marriage, john quincy was appointed u. s. minister to prussia, where he remained until his father lost his reelection bid for a second term as president in 1800. the adamses returned to


a foreign - born wife. right around the time of their marriage, john quincy was appointed u. s. minister to prussia, where he remained until his father lost his reelection bid for a second term as president in 1800. the adamses returned to the united states in 1801 with their son george washington adams, and john quincy threw himself into local politics, winning election to the state senate. then the massachusetts legislature appointed him to the u. s. senate in 1803. career in diplomacy as the u. s. senator from massachusetts, he shifted from his nominally federalist position to support the democratic - republican administration of president thomas jefferson. he supported the louisiana purchase, one of only two federalists to do so, and the imposition of the embargo act of 1807 against foreign trade. in 1808, the federalist - controlled massachusetts state legislature was infuriated by adams ' s pro - jeffersonian conduct and expressed their displeasure by appointing adams ' s successor nearly a full year before adams ' s term was complete. adams promptly resigned and subsequently changed his party affiliation from federalist to democratic - republican. shortly after the loss of his senate seat, president james madison appointed adams the first u. s. minister to russia. although adams had previously expressed negative feelings about russia as a nation of " slaves and princes, " he soon developed a strong personal attachment to czar alexander, whom he admired for his willingness to stand up to napoleon. while in russia, adams persuaded the czar to allow american ships to trade in russian ports, and when napoleon invaded russia in 1812, adams ' s dispatches home provided madison with detailed and perceptive accounts of the war. in 1814, president madison appointed adams to head a five - person delegation to negotiate a peace agreement ending the war of 1812 with britain. it was an auspicious group of americans who met in ghent, belgium : special envoy john quincy adams, secretary of the treasury albert gallatin, senator james a. bayard of delaware, speaker of the house henry clay, and u. s. minister to sweden jonathan russell. the treaty negotiations took five months, resulting in an agreement to end the fighting and restore all territory to the status quo at the beginning of the war. no mention was made of the issues that had started the war, such as the impressment of american seamen or the rights of neutral commerce. still, the treaty was a significant victory for the united states : the young nation had engaged the greatest military power in the world without conceding anything in return for peace. the


as the impressment of american seamen or the rights of neutral commerce. still, the treaty was a significant victory for the united states : the young nation had engaged the greatest military power in the world without conceding anything in return for peace. the treaty was signed on december 24, 1814, two weeks prior to the great victory of u. s. forces over the british at the battle of new orleans. word did not reach america of the treaty until mid - february, and the senate ratified it unanimously on february 17, 1815. madison subsequently posted adams to england for two years. with the election of james monroe as president, adams accepted appointment as secretary of state, serving from 1817 to 1825. during his long tenure as head of the state department, he compiled an impressive record of diplomatic accomplishments. at the top of the list stands his role in formulating the monroe doctrine, which warned european nations not to meddle in the affairs of the western hemisphere. although thomas jefferson and james madison had advised president monroe to issue the proclamation in a joint statement with britain, adams — understanding the diplomatic symbolism involved — persuaded monroe to make a unilateral and independent statement as a mark of u. s. sovereignty in the hemisphere. secretary of state adams also successfully negotiated u. s. fishing rights off the canadian coast, established the present u. s. - canadian border from minnesota to the rockies, formulated a pragmatic policy for the recognition of newly independent latin american nations, and achieved the transfer of spanish florida to the united states in the adams - onis treaty of 1819. this treaty also fixed the southwestern boundary of the united states at the sabine river ( in present - day texas ) and removed spanish claims to oregon. adams also halted russian claims to oregon. within the state department, he appointed staff on the basis of merit rather than patronage, and upon his election as president in 1824, he left behind a highly efficient diplomatic service with clear accountability procedures and a system of regularized correspondence in place.


today ’ s new york times has a wonderful feature article on how language shapes our perception of the world. the infamous sapir - whorf hypothesis claimed that our understanding was limited by language and has long been used as an example of a ‘ dead theory ’ but new evidence is suggesting that certain aspects of a language can indeed influence how we think the nyt piece is a wonderfully engaging look at the studies which have shown how our perceptions are biased by language and is written by linguist guy deutscher. some 50 years ago, the renowned linguist roman jakobson pointed out a crucial fact about differences between languages in a pithy maxim : “ languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey. ” this maxim offers us the key to unlocking the real force of the mother tongue : if different languages influence our minds in different ways, this is not because of what our language allows us to think but rather because of what it habitually obliges us to think about …. in recent years, various experiments have shown that grammatical genders can shape the feelings and associations of speakers toward objects around them. in the 1990s, for example, psychologists compared associations between speakers of german and spanish. there are many inanimate nouns whose genders in the two languages are reversed. a german bridge is feminine ( die brucke ), for instance, but el puente is masculine in spanish ; and the same goes for clocks, apartments, forks, newspapers, pockets, shoulders, stamps, tickets, violins, the sun, the world and love. on the other hand, an apple is masculine for germans but feminine in spanish, and so are chairs, brooms, butterflies, keys, mountains, stars, tables, wars, rain and garbage. when speakers were asked to grade various objects on a range of characteristics, spanish speakers deemed bridges, clocks and violins to have more “ manly properties ” like strength, but germans tended to think of them as more slender or elegant. with objects like mountains or chairs, which are “ he ” in german but “ she ” in spanish, the effect was reversed. link to ‘ does your language shape how you think? ’


school : down to earth school area of science : engineering interim : we are concerned about children in our area getting burned by slides at local parks and in yards at home. children all over the u. s have been burned by playground equipment from the ages of 6 months to 6 years. most of the burns occur due to young children not having the reaction of pulling away from heated materials quick enough. density is defined as weight per unit volume, though more properly called “ specific weight ”. less dense materials heat faster because the amount of atoms is less and they take less time for all to heat. light from the sun excites electrons in the atoms which create the materials themselves. this is knows as “ radiationless transitions ”. the atoms of the material vibrate and that vibrational energy is roughly equal to the electronic energy ( photons ) absorbed from the sun. we hope to find a safer alternative material for slides by learning how the density of material holds heat and changes temperature. we hope to use this information to design a safer slide. the model programming we are using is netlogo. we will be modeling a slide being heated by rays from the sun. we plan to have the sun move across the sky, and agent - based heat rays that will travel to heat the slide. the slide will be made of color changeable patches. when the patches are hit by the rays they will change color. the starting patch color will depend on the density of the material in use and the temperature surrounding the area. the slide will begin flashing the warm colors when the temperature gets to skin burning degrees. we have the main part of our research completed to start our model. we have started on all our other projects involved in the challenge. we have begun our model with the sun and heat rays. we are working on getting the sun path laid out so the sun will follow it. we are also working on getting the heat rays attached to the sun and heading set for the slide. we would like for the model to show the suns angle and how it affects the temperature of the material. the results we expect to get include finding out what material heats up the most based on the density. we hope to find a solution on what materials would be safest.. we will be using the information to create a “ safe slide ”. kristen hampton. wistv. com. 621, 12 wbtv. http : / / www. wistv. com / story / 1884371 / hot - playground - equipment - can - burn - children


the term biomass refers to all the earth ' s vegetation and many products and coproducts that come from it. biomass is the oldest known source of renewable energy - humans have been using it since we discovered fire - and it has high energy content. the energy content of dry biomass ranges from 7, 000 btus / lb for straws to 8, 500 btus / lb for wood. domestic biomass resources include agricultural and forestry wastes, municipal solid wastes, industrial wastes, and terrestrial and aquatic crops grown solely for energy purposes, known as energy crops. biomass is an attractive energy source for a number of reasons. first, it is a renewable energy source as long as we manage vegetation appropriately. biomass is also more evenly distributed over the earth ' s surface than finite energy sources, and may be exploited using less capital - intensive technologies. it provides the opportunity for local, regional, and national energy self - sufficiency across the globe. and energy derived from biomass does not have the negative environmental impact associated with non - renewable energy sources. according to the u. s. department of energy, " developing a strong biomass industry in the united states will have tremendous economic benefits including trade deficit reduction, job creation, and strengthening of agricultural markets. growth of the biomass industries can create new markets and employment for farmers and foresters, many of whom currently face economic hardship. growing biomass energy crops provides new uses for agricultural land currently out of production which can help conserve farm land for future generations. biomass usage can spur the development of new processing, distribution, and service industries in rural communities. additionally, using biomass residues rather than disposing of them in landfills can also reduce a major land use problem. " the map below shows biomass potential for the u. s. to learn more about biomass and bioenergy, visit the department of energy ' s biomass program website.


five little known “ facts ” about christopher columbus in october of 1492, as every child is taught in school, christopher columbus sailed the ocean blue and discovered america. he was granted the ability to come to america by king ferdinand and queen isabella of spain. but is that how everything really happened? most of us aren ’ t told about the real christopher columbus. here are five things you might not have known about this famous explorer. christopher columbus : the man columbus may have been born in genoa. no one really knows, but the name we know him as is an english version of the name. the genoese knew him as, chrisoffa corombo. he was born around 1451 and went to sea at the age of ten. columbus worked for some wealthy businessmen and it is known that he traveled to the aegean sea, england, ireland and iceland – where he may have heard rumor of lands to the west. the moment in time while we have often heard that people thought the earth was flat in columbus ’ day and that he convinced the royalty of spain to let him prove his theories, this is simply not true. the flat - earth story actually comes from a biography on columbus by washington irving in 1828, known as “ the life and voyages of christopher columbus ”. the round earth was widely known in columbus ’ day. the ancient greeks knew about the curvature of the earth and the means to calculate it ’ s diameter through use of an astrolabe was used by eratosthenes in the second century b. c. columbus ’ calculations were based on information from arabic and phoenician scientists, but miscalculated the information. columbus was able to get the money to do his journey because the spanish had just finished a conflict with the moors in january, 1492 and the spanish needed gold because the war was so costly. the nina, the pinta, and the santa maria columbus left spain on august 3, 1492 in three ships – the nina ( spanish for ‘ little girl ’ ), the pinta ( spanish for ‘ the painted ’ ), and the santa maria ( saint mary ). right? well, sort of. the real names of the ships were : the caravel, the santa clara, which was nicknamed the nina, after its owner juan nino. the caravel, the pinta and the huge carrack, the santa maria, which was known by its nickname, the gallega. it took him five weeks to make the journey to the new world. while they were there, they lost the


the caravel, the pinta and the huge carrack, the santa maria, which was known by its nickname, the gallega. it took him five weeks to make the journey to the new world. while they were there, they lost the santa maria to a sand bar and columbus came back with a skeleton crew after leaving 39 men to keep watch on what is now haiti. they were killed by local natives. as for the rest – they brought a special treat back to europe with them – syphilis. play it again, chris... columbus went back to the new world three more times in his lifetime trying to find china. he never realized that he was in the wrong place and always thought he could find the right passage to keep going. on his later journeys, columbus proved his inability to be a great leader and was considered a scourge to the new world. he enslaved the natives with impunity, was a cruel leader to his own people, and got himself banished from hispaniola by the spanish crown because he was such a terrible person. in fact, columbus had two goals while making his trips : find gold at all costs and enslave the populace. he did both without remorse. he is sometimes described as a religious zealot. he brought christianity to the new world – but not for the natives. the catholic law stated that it was illegal to enslave other christians – so columbus refused to baptize any natives on the island. the death of christopher columbus the older columbus got, the more religious and demanding he became. he tried forcing the spanish crown to give him 10 % of all gold found in the new world. they refused, claiming he had done such a lousy job running the place that he deserved nothing. some stories claim that he died penniless, while there is some belief that he had a modest fortune at his death at the age of 55 in 1506. while today, columbus is revered as a hero in the united states, italy, and spain, he was really not that well known during his life or even thereafter. his fame came about centuries later after america had been named after fellow explorer, amerigo vespucci. today, he is considered the father of exploration.


on march 22, the global day of water, thousands participated in the plurinational march for water, life, and dignity to protest the ecuadorian government ’ s promotion of large - scale mining — correa ’ s government is the first to open up the country to large - scale mining. communities that suffered through the civil wars of the 1980s and 1990s are once again faced with violence as they defend their land against international interests. this article was published in the spring 2012 issue of the nacla report on the americas, " central america : legacies of war. " william brownfield, u. s. assistant secretary of state for the bureau of international narcotics and law enforcement affairs ( inl ), toured central america last week to quell the growing opposition to u. s. drug war policies that have failed to reduce demand for drugs in the united states or disrupt supply routes from producer countries. even to many who paid attention to the rest of latin america, central america was terra incognita into the 1970s. i distinctly remember one night in the late 1970s when i pulled out the atlas and located the central american countries in the very small area that they occupied on the continental map. this was the beginning of my intense engagement with central america, and there was much more to learn. thirty years ago, today, on march 23, 1982, guatemalan general efrain rios montt overthrew president romeo lucas garcia. the new military junta suspended the constitution, closed the legislature, and installed one of the bloodiest military regimes in guatemalan history. three decades later, for the first issue of our 45th anniversary volume, we look to the legacies of war in central america. over the weekend of february 18 and 19, in tocoa, honduras, more than 1, 400 campesinos, indigenous people and their allies met to continue their fight against repression. activists organized the international gathering in solidarity with honduras to expose the rampant violations of human rights and the systematic killing of campesinos. the complexities of the armed conflict in colombia ' s drug - producing region of catatumbo are set to garner greater attention from both the colombian military and the media. this is underscored by the fact that in addition to the presence of the epl, farc, and eln guerrilla forces, the region is also host to the neo - paramilitary organizations los rastrojos and los urabenos. on december 9, santos decreed law 4635, ostensibly creating the means for the colombian government to compensate


farc, and eln guerrilla forces, the region is also host to the neo - paramilitary organizations los rastrojos and los urabenos. on december 9, santos decreed law 4635, ostensibly creating the means for the colombian government to compensate and assist afro - colombian victims that have been kicked off their land. however santos failed to consult afro - colombians prior to the decree — a right protected in the constitution. without such consultation this is just another piece of legislation that has made a mockery of the rights of afro - descendants. protestors in cajamarca, peru, are anxiously awaiting a ruling by the peruvian constitutional court. the court is expected to decide this week if the cajamarca regional council overstepped its constitutional authority when it unanimously approved a law on december 28 banning the construction of the new multibillion - dollar minas conga gold and copper mine. on monday morning, crowds gathered in the community of el mozote to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the signing of the peace accords that ended el salvador´s 12 - year - long civil war. at the solemn event, el salvador ’ s first leftist president, mauricio funes, apologized for the state role in the 1981 el mozote massacre and announced reparations for the victims and their families.


6 oct. 1772 – 13 aug. 1833 leonard henderson, lawyer, teacher, and chief justice of the north carolina supreme court, was born in the nutbush community near williamsboro, granville county, the third son of six children of richard and elizabeth keeling henderson. his grandfather was samuel henderson, first sheriff of the county, and his wife, elizabeth williams, who had moved there from hanover, va., in 1740. at their home, jonesboro, the richard hendersons raised two daughters ( fannie, who married judge spruce macay ; and elizabeth, who became mrs. william lee alexander ) and four sons ( richard, who moved to virginia and became a judge ; archibald, who moved to salisbury and there married the sister of governor nathaniel alexander ; leonard ; and john lawson, who often represented the borough of salisbury in the general assembly, and was comptroller of the state and clerk of the supreme court in raleigh ). leonard ' s education was confined to instruction by local teachers and the reverend henry pattillo, the prescribed courses at springer college, and one or two sessions at a school in salisbury. afterwards he studied law at williamsboro under judge john williams, of montpelier, who had married henderson ' s maternal grandmother and with whom he lived after the death of his parents. he was admitted to the bar and for a time was clerk of the district court in hillsborough. a freemason, in 1797 he was senior warden of hiram lodge no. 24. in 1802 he was elected to the council of state, and in 1807 he was appointed a commissioner of the town of williamsboro. in 1808, two years after the district system of courts was abolished, henderson was elected by the general assembly to fill a vacancy on the superior court bench caused by the death of judge spruce macay. the election of henderson, a thoroughgoing federalist and an ardent supporter of alexander hamilton and john marshall, was a high tribute to his character and eminent qualifications, as the legislature was solidly republican. about this time henderson opened a law school at williamsboro and soon earned a reputation for thoroughness and accuracy. although he did not formulate the case method of instruction, his pupils were well versed in concrete cases selected by henderson from numerous volumes. among the many young men who studied with him were richmond m. pearson, william horn battle, robert ballard gilliam, robert h. burton, and hutchins g. burton. the school at henderson ' s home, jonesboro, was the forerunner of richmond hill and the university


with him were richmond m. pearson, william horn battle, robert ballard gilliam, robert h. burton, and hutchins g. burton. the school at henderson ' s home, jonesboro, was the forerunner of richmond hill and the university of north carolina law schools. after eight years as a superior court judge and with a growing family, henderson resigned in 1816 to resume his law practice in williamsboro and teach in his law school. in 1817 he was elected a trustee of the university of north carolina, serving until his resignation in 1828. late in 1818 the court system was again changed and the supreme court of north carolina was established. judges henderson and john hall, with john louis taylor as chief justice, comprised the first court. in 1829, after the death of taylor, henderson became chief justice, a position he held until his own death. henderson county and the cities of henderson and hendersonville were all named in the judge ' s honor. he was described as a large man, over six feet tall and weighing 212 pounds, with dark hair, gray eyes, a large, symmetrical head, and a long chin. he was buried at montpelier, his childhood home, and survived by his wife, frances farrar, whom he had married on 3 nov. 1795 ; she was the niece of judge john williams, who had guided his legal studies at williamsboro. they had four sons and two daughters : archibald erskine, william farrar, john leonard, and richard ( who died three years before his father ), fannie ( who married dr. william v. taylor and moved to memphis, tenn. ), and lucy ( who married dr. richard sneed and moved to henderson, ky. ). a portrait of chief justice henderson was presented to the north carolina supreme court on 20 apr. 1909. john l. cheney, jr., ed., north carolina government, 1585 – 1979 ( 1981 ). dab, vol. 4 ( 1960 ). t. b. kingsbury, " chief justice leonard henderson, " wake forest historical society papers ( 1899 ). samuel t. peace, " zeb ' s black baby, " vance county, north carolina ( 1955 ). nannie may tilley, " studies in the history of colonial granville county " ( m. a. thesis, duke university, 1931 ). c. l. van noppen papers ( manuscript department, duke university library, durham ). john b. watkins, historic vance county ( 1941 ). john h. wheeler


" ( m. a. thesis, duke university, 1931 ). c. l. van noppen papers ( manuscript department, duke university library, durham ). john b. watkins, historic vance county ( 1941 ). john h. wheeler, historical sketches of north carolina ( 1851 ). " leonard henderson 1772 - 1833. " n. c. highway historical marker g - 99, n. c. office of archives & history. http : / / www. ncmarkers. com / markers. aspx? sp = markers & k = markers & sv = g - 99 winston, robert w. and clark, walter. " leonard henderson : address of judge robert w. winston presenting the portrait of chief justice henderson to the supreme court of north carolina. " [ raleigh? : s. n. ]. 1908. http : / / archive. org / details / leonardhenderson111wins ( accessed january 4, 2013 ). north carolina supreme court historical society. " portrait of chief justice leonard henderson. " http : / / www. ncschs. net / henderson _ leonard. aspx ( accessed january 4, 2013 ). horton, lucy henderson, compiler. " leonard henderson " family history compiled by lucy henderson horton. franklin, tenn. : press of the news. 1922. 283 - 284. http : / / books. google. com / books? id = hwtvaaaamaaj & pg = pa283 # v = onepage & q & f = false ( accessed january 4, 2013 ). w. h. battle, " memoir of chief justice leonard henderson. " north carolina university magazine 9, no. 4 ( november, 1859 ) : 193 - 202. http : / / books. google. com / books? id = tawyaqaamaaj & pg = pa193 # v = onepage & q & f = false ( accessed january 4, 2013 ). t. b. kingsbury, " chief justice leonard henderson, " wake forest student. november, 1898. " lithograph, accession # : h. 19xx. 331. 67. " 1900 - 1920. north carolina museum of history. 1 january 1988 | royster, lucy b.


the causes of bone cancer is extremely unclear despite the developing medical sciences. structured be explained by doctors as to why some individuals develop bone cancer. however, this cancer is just not contagious. adhere to what they we have an exposure of your person towards the risks, the illness could be developed. as being the causes are unknown, various risks are taken into account. the numerous risks are mentioned below : 1. being at certain age. 2. being adult, child or young. 3. previous chemotherapy or radiation. 4. reputation of bone cancer in family. 5. paget ’ s disease 6. inheritance of retinoblastoma. there are numerous methods for managing bone cancer. that depends over the extent of tumor. various factors such as harshness of cancer and its location are usually noted before recommending any treatment. listed below are the various treatments : 1. surgery is one such opportunity for dealing with this cancer. it is almost always done if the tumor can be quite big and possesses to become removed completely. a patient resorts to surgery once the bone or surrounding portions of the bone lead to further problems. full bones are examined from the pathologist for checking if you have any tumor growth. in case the removing tumor is not complete, cellular matrix will become growing slowly. the entire small area around it will probably be affected. bone cancer may reoccur when the surgical treatment is not done with proper care. 2. in past times, amputations needed to be undergone for removing bone cancer. however, sophisticated and new techniques are introduced for getting eliminated tumor. the tumor is usually scraped when it is really small. 3. a compact bone graft may address a reduced tumor. however, if considerable damage has been carried out to the bone, larger graft might be opted from the surgeons. bone implantation could also be used. 4. chemotherapy enables you to stay away from the growth and development of cells. the development of cancerous cells is stopped. chemotherapy is often suggested before the surgery. this way, tumor can shrink bigger. the surgery becomes very easier and success rate can be quite higher. the cancer cells are effectively killed with the chemotherapy sessions. however, sometimes the healthy cells can also be killed. thinning hair, nausea and giddiness may perhaps be experienced patients after sessions of chemotherapy. 5. radiation will be killing the body of bone cancer. couple of weeks or months could be taken because of the therapy. the dosage and kind of radiation differs in line with the cancer type. bone cancer is a


patients after sessions of chemotherapy. 5. radiation will be killing the body of bone cancer. couple of weeks or months could be taken because of the therapy. the dosage and kind of radiation differs in line with the cancer type. bone cancer is a really malignant condition which means that both adults and children might be affected. a variety of diseases are encompassed during the term “ bone cancer ”. therefore, number of variation can be bought in the symptoms of the cancer. as one, the categorization of cancer can be done in line with the origination of cancer and whether it has spread on a vacation location from the bone or not. secondary bone cancer is a cancer which spreads towards the bones off their areas of the body. this cancer is quite called as opposed to primary bone cancer. there ’ s a simple variation inside indication of this cancer. this will likely rely upon the type of cancer. the best commonly experienced symptom could be the pain. the appearance of this cancer is frequently perfectly located at the long bones on the legs as well as the arms. thus, these became a regular site for pain. you have to remember all bone tumors usually are not cancerous. some are benign too. the relation of bone pain is frequently carried out with a benign condition which includes a trauma. it is far from often associated with cancer. other indications of this cancer include : 1. inflammation or joint tenderness 2. fractures which result because of weakness in bones. 3. usually there are some non specific symptoms also which include fat reduction, unintentional fat loss, fever and anemia. this can also the principle the signs of this cancer on a later stage. these indicate severe conditions. if someone is experiencing bone pain just in case he thinks he has cancer of bone, consulting the physician becomes essential. the expression or worry early over bone cancer may be very essential. do that so the thoughts can be remedied from the doctor quickly. one needs to also remember that cancer of bone is quite uncommon. thus, the symptoms can be linked to less serious conditions as well. the conditions may be ruled out because of the doctor before his efforts to diagnose bone cancer. there are some common signs and symptoms of this cancer like inflammation, tenderness, decrease in range and bone pain. however, this will likely not resume prompt the doctor for seeking additional tests for investigating the reason behind the symptoms. many exams are also useful for diagnosing bone cancer. thus, one must properly experience the indications of bone cancer and take treatment accordingly.


( called also victorinus marius, or marius fabius victorinus, and frequently referred to as victorinus afer. ) a fourth - century grammarian, rhetorician, philosopher, and theologian, b. in africa about the year 300. in pursuance of his profession as teacher of rhetoric he migrated to rome where he attained such fame and popularity that in 353 a statue was erected in his honour in the forum of trajan ( jerome, " chron. " ad an. 2370 ). details regarding his life come almost entirely from jerome or augustine, the latter of whom calls him a man of the highest learning and thoroughly skilled in the liberal arts. in addition to his activities as a teacher he was a copious author and wrote or translated many works. three works written before his conversion still exist : " liber de definitionibus " ; a commentary on the " de inventione " of cicero ; and a treatise on grammar, " ars grammatica ". works from the same period which have perished are : a treatise on logic, " de syllogismis hypotheticis " ; commentaries on the " topica " and the " dialogues " of cicero ; a translation and commentary of artistotle ' s " categories " ; a translation of the same author ' s " interpretation " ; translations of porphyry ' s " isagoge ", and works of other neo - platonists. the conversion of victorinus, which took place before 361, was brought about, according to augustine, through study of the bible. a seeming reluctance at first to enroll himself in the christian community was compensated for afterwards by his insistence on making his profession of faith as publicly as possible. his accession to the church, which was received with joy by the christians of rome, did not cause victorinus to abandon his profession, and he continued to teach until the edict of julian in 362, closing the teaching profession to christians, caused him to retire. nothing more is known of his subsequent career except what can be gleaned from his writings. the range and fulness of these manifest his diligence and zeal in defence of his faith. most of the writings of his christian days have perished. those which survive are an anti - arian treatise, " liber de generatione divini verbi " ; a work " adversus arium " in four books, a tract " de hoimoousio recipiendo " ; three hymns " de trinitate "


treatise, " liber de generatione divini verbi " ; a work " adversus arium " in four books, a tract " de hoimoousio recipiendo " ; three hymns " de trinitate " ; commentaries on st. paul ' s epistles to the galatians, to the ephesians, and to the philippians. other works of doubtful authenticity are " liber ad justinum manichaeum " ; " de verbis scripturae : factum est vespere et mane dies unus " ; " liber de physicis ". many references in his own writings show that victorinus was the author of many other works of a theological, exegetical, or polemical character. he is also credited with the translation of some of origen ' s works and the authorship of other christian hymns. though a man of varied books and great erudition victorinus is little studied. this neglect is largely attributed to the fact that his style is obscure and burdensome in the extreme. recent study of his works tends to enhance his position in the history of pedagogy, letters, and theology, and above all as a potent influence in disseminating neo - platonic doctrines in the west. there is no critical edition of the works of victorinus. p. l., viii, is the most accessible. koffmann, de mario victorino philosopho christiano ( breslau, 1880 ) ; monceaux, histoire litteraire de l ' afrique chretienne, 111 ( paris, 1905 ), 373 - 422. apa citation. ( 1912 ). caius marius victorinus. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 15414b. htm mla citation. " caius marius victorinus. " the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 15. new york : robert appleton company, 1912. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 15414b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by thomas m. barrett. dedicated to the poor souls in purgatory. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. october 1, 1912. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor


geoengineering schemes need ranking system to avoid wasting money, destroying the planet october 26, 2008 with so - called geoengineering proposals proliferating as concerns over climate change mount, philip boyd of new zealand ' s niwa warns that " no geo - engineering proposal has been tested or even subjected to preliminary trials ". he says that despite widespread media attention, scientists have yet to even come up with a way to rank geoegineering schemes for their efficacy, cost, associated risk, and timeframe. thus is it unclear whether ideas like carbon burial, geochemical carbon capture, atmospheric carbon capture, ocean fertilization, cloud manipulation, " space sunshades ", or strategically - placed pollution can be effective on a time - scale relevant to humankind, economical, or even safe. " the rationale for any geo - engineering scheme must be based on its efficacy, " he writes, then noting that existing proposals have often started out with " overoptimistic claims on efficacy ", " oversimplistic cost estimates ", and failure to recognize " unwanted " and " potentially expensive " side - effects. to better evaluate human solutions to a human - created problem, boyd writes that scientists " must apply metrics that incorporate efficacy, cost, risk and time in order to rank where future research effort is best focused. " he proposes a transparent ranking system based on objective criteria to determine what projects are most promising and therefore worthy of limited government research funds. " such an assessment of all of the well - established proposals is urgently needed but so far entirely lacking, " he writes. " funding research into only a few promising schemes, according to such metrics, may lead to one or two relatively reliable mitigation options that can be placed in a ' climate - change toolbox '. in the near future, we must decide the relative importance of time, cost, risk and efficacy in tackling climate change if it is decided to press ahead with a geo - engineering approach. of course, it could transpire after such an analysis that climate mitigation strategies with a very low risk but apparently higher costs, such as direct carbon capture and storage, are the best approach. " " as the costs of inaction and of delaying the mitigation of climate change are rising, an initial high investment — matched with a very low risk — may seem more and more reasonable, " he concludes. philip w. boyd. ranking geo - engineering schemes. nature geoscience | vol 1 | november 2008 | www.


are rising, an initial high investment — matched with a very low risk — may seem more and more reasonable, " he concludes. philip w. boyd. ranking geo - engineering schemes. nature geoscience | vol 1 | november 2008 | www. nature. com / naturegeoscience shell oil funds " open source " geoengineering project to fight global warming ( 7 / 21 / 2008 ) shell oil is funding a project that seeks to test the potential of adding lime to seawater as a cost - effective way to fight global warming by sequestering large amounts of carbon dioxide in the world ' s oceans, reports chemistry & industry magazine. geoengineering solution to global warming could destroy the ozone layer ( 4 / 24 / 2008 ) a proposed plan to fight global warming by injecting sulfate particles into earth ' s upper atmosphere could damage the ozone layer over the arctic and antarctic, report researchers writing in the journal science. planktos kills iron fertilization project due to environmental opposition ( 2 / 19 / 2008 ) planktos, a california - based firm that planned a controversial iron - fertilization scheme in an attempt to qualify carbon offsets, announced that it failed to find sufficient funding for its efforts and would postpone its project indefinitely. too early to say if iron seeding will slow global warming - scientists ( 1 / 10 / 2008 ) schemes to use feed the ocean with iron as a way to enhance carbon sequestration from the atmosphere are premature and could be damaging to sea life and marine ecosystems, warns a letter published in the journal science by an international group of scientists. new research discredits a $ 100 billion geoengineering fix to global warming ( 11 / 29 / 2007 ) scientists have revealed an important discovery that raises doubts concerning the viability of plans to fertilize the ocean to solve global warming, a projected $ 100 billion venture.