the bloody lane in antietam, maryland ; and bloodily repulsed the union assaults against the heights of fredericksburg, virginia, in 1862. it was his actions at the battle of gettysburg, fought in pennsylvania in july 1863, that haunted longstreet after the war. for most of lee ' s first year in command, the army of northern virginia possessed a highly effective command structure. thomas " stonewall " jackson commanded the army ' s ii corps and executed orders without much question. longstreet ' s role was often that of devil ' s advocate, as he promoted caution and identified potential flaws in his aggressive commander ' s plans. gettysburg marked the first major campaign for the army without jackson, who died in may 1863, and the beginning of problems within the army ' s high command. lee ' s refusal to fight defensively in pennsylvania rankled longstreet, who barely concealed his displeasure. longstreet strongly disagreed with his superior ' s tactics and behaved truculently at gettysburg. still, his assault in the afternoon on july 2 virtually destroyed the union army of the potomac ' s iii corps but failed to capture the prominent round tops that dominated the union position. lee refused to relinquish the initiative, however, and issued plans for a massive frontal assault on the union center the following day. his apathetic subordinate so adamantly opposed the july 3 attack that he could only nod when asked if his men should advance. the abject failure of " pickett ' s charge " was felt keenly throughout the army of northern virginia and the confederacy. in the fall of 1863 longstreet transferred to the west, where he played a decisive role in the confederate victory at the battle of chickamauga in north georgia. upon his return to the eastern theater, his troops ' timely arrival on may 6, 1864, prevented lee ' s destruction in virginia ' s wilderness. amid the confusion of the battle, longstreet was mistakenly wounded by his own men and lost to the army for several months. when he returned, the army was already entrenched near petersburg, virginia. lee ' s surrender on april 9, 1865, ended longstreet ' s military career. republican politician and southern pariah business, politics, and controversy marked longstreet ' s postwar career. with peace restored he moved to louisiana, where he engaged in various business ventures, including the lucrative insurance and railroad industries. controversy first swirled around longstreet when he published a letter in a new


marked longstreet ' s postwar career. with peace restored he moved to louisiana, where he engaged in various business ventures, including the lucrative insurance and railroad industries. controversy first swirled around longstreet when he published a letter in a new orleans newspaper advising acceptance of northern terms for reconstruction in 1867. although the letter advocated cooperation with the republican party in order to facilitate the restoration of the south ' s traditional ruling class and to control african american voters, most of his southern peers flatly rejected any collaboration with the " black " republicans. his letter also laid the foundation for a campaign vilifying longstreet after lee ' s death in 1870. a group of virginians, led by jubal a. early, fabricated charges that longstreet failed to execute lee ' s alleged order to attack at dawn on july 2, 1863, thereby costing the confederates the victory at gettysburg. longstreet ' s displeasure with lee at gettysburg became the basis for which early and his cohorts attacked him, and the campaign also served to absolve lee of any responsibility for the defeat. such criticism chafed longstreet, but he was unable to defend himself well in writing. his continued republican service only accentuated his image as the southern traitor. a warm friendship with u. s. president ulysses s. grant, however, helped longstreet attain numerous patronage positions in new orleans. after a local newspaper invited the general to move his family to gainesville, georgia, longstreet shifted his political support to his home state in 1875. he purchased the piedmont hotel in gainesville, as well as a farm outside town — which his neighbors derisively called gettysburg. once back in georgia he continued to hold minor political offices granted as thanks for his work on behalf of the republican party ' s southern wing. following a short stint as u. s. ambassador to turkey that ended in 1881, longstreet returned to georgia and assumed the duties of u. s. marshal in atlanta. evidence of widespread corruption involving his deputies, however, led to his removal from that office in 1884. longstreet spent his final decades managing his farm and hotel, writing about the war, enjoying the camaraderie of civil war reunions in spite of his tainted image, and spending time with his family. in 1889 his beloved wife of forty - one years, maria louisa garland longstreet, with whom he had several children, died. in 1897 he married helen dortch of nearby car


| version 5 ( modified by nicklas, 13 months ago ) | explanation of distance - calculation, overview the distance - calculation of today ( before postgis 1. 5 ) is investigating every combination of vertexes and every combination of vertex against edge in the two geometries inputed. if there is many vertexes this procedure is very heavy and slow. i have tried to find a way to narrow the distances calculated. the idea is only applicable on geometries not intersecting. hopefully there will come up some good idea how to solve that. until then the easiest is to check for intersecting bounding boxes ( of subgeoms ) and if thats the case pass it back to the old calculation. here i will try to explain the idea in a good way. here is two polygons that we want to calculate the smallest distance between. we start by finding an appropriate line between the polygons. the best one is the line between the center of the bounding boxes. now we want to find how every vertex is placed along this line. we illustrate this with two perpendicular lines describing p5 in polygon1 and p12 in polygon2. where those lines cross the x - axis gives us a value of where the points is situated along the line. we store that value for each vertex and order the vertexes by this value. p5 in polygon1 has the highest value of polygon1 and p12 has the lowest of polygon2. the first distance we calculate is between those two points. because we not will calculate the points in ring order we have to also check the edge before and after, so we are testing polygon1 p4, p5, p6 against p11, p12, p13. that calculation will give us a shortest distance between p6 in polygon 1 and p13 in polygon2. we now know that the distance we are searching is somewhere between the distance between the two parallel lines and the distance that we we have found between the points p6 and p13. now we take p5 from polygon1 and measure that to the points in polygon2 in order from closest to the line to more far away. we continue til we have reached the point that is that far from the left line like the shortest distance we have found that far. then we take the next point in polygon1, p8 that is the point next closest to the line and do the same procedure, measuring against each point in polygon2 until we are « out


the shortest distance we have found that far. then we take the next point in polygon1, p8 that is the point next closest to the line and do the same procedure, measuring against each point in polygon2 until we are « out of reach » for the already found shortest distance. this way we continue until the next point in polygon1 we are picking up is more far away from the right of the parallel lines than the shortest distance we have found. then there can be no shorter distances to find. as mentioned earlier every check between two points include checking the point before and the point after including the edges in between. the result is a distance calculated like described by this line from st _ shortestline. the gain from this process is that we don ' t have to iterate through all point. but as shown every point we actually investigate needs more calculations than todays functions because we have to search both forward and backward for each calculated point. maybe, because of this it is wise to just use this method if the number of vertexes is more than 20 or something like that. how this is done this calculation is implanted instead of the array _ array function when there is no intersection. i don ’ t know if the letters used is international but to describe a function of a line i here use y = k * x + z the steps are : - find bounding box for the two point arrays - check if bounding boxes intersecting. if so, send to old function - find center of bounding boxes and calculate deltax and deltay from the two points - calculate the “ z ” value from y = kx + z for each vertex with k - value from the slope between the two bbox - center points. to eliminate problems with dividing with zero and other limitations when getting closer to dividing with zero we instead change the x - axes with the y - axes by “ mirroring ” the coordinate system. in that way the “ z ” - value represents a lines crosspoint to the x - axes instead of the usual y - axes crossing. hope it is understandable since i don ’ t know the terminology, but it works : - ) - now we have a list with all vertexes with this calculated “ z ” - values together with the ordering - value from the geometry - array. - we order this list by the calculated “ z ” - value - now we take the two points from our list that is most close to each other according to this “ z ” - value and calculate the distance between them


this section is designed to provide you with all the resources you ’ ll need to present clean air issues to all age groups – from kindergarten to high school. browse our links to find government and corporate sources of environmental information, streaming video, and web cams, and lesson plans from other teachers. links for teachers … united states environmental protection agency : project aire this site contains dozens of warm - up exercises, activities, and reading materials formatted as pdf files. adaptable for all grade levels. epa office of air quality planning and standards education and outreach group timely and accurate information delivered via satellite conferencing allowing participants to interact with the nation ’ s leading authorities on air pollution control findings. over 100 governmental and university broadcast affiliates located across the united states are listed where seminars are available. plain english guide to the clean air act tired of interpreting legalese for your students? this collection of pages explains what the clean air act really means. history of the clean air act ever wondered why the clean air act was created in the first place? do you need to know the history of the clean air act for a school project? this site is the place to find out. texas natural resource conservation commission a good resource containing dozens of specific lesson plans for students in grades k through 12 on topics including air quality, pollution control, acid rain, and ozone concerns. epa environmental education center a valuable resource for teachers covering curriculum ideas and activities, community service projects, workshops and conferences, plus much, much more. virginia department of environmental quality a list of agencies, institutions, and organizations offering environmental education packages. while aimed at virginia, the information lists materials of use to educators in any state. air pollution : what ’ s the solution? an educational project for students, grades 6 – 12, that uses online real time data to guide student discovery of the science behind the causes and effects of ground level ozone. epa student center aimed at junior and senior high school students, this site offers a multitude of ideas, resources, and games, even help for homework. clean coal technology america ’ s electric power industry is implementing clean coal technology to reduce emissions and meet the nation ’ s growing demand for affordable electricity. the know zone the air resources board ’ s ( arb ) teachers ’ knowzone is the place to find information and teaching materials on air quality and environmental issues. spare the air a wide variety of information related to cleaner air from the sacramento metropolitan air quality management district. american lung association loads of information about air quality and lung disease, including indoor air quality.


the brazilian supreme court ' s recognition of same - sex unions in early may marks the latest victory for gay rights in latin america. the court ' s ruling grants equal legal rights to same - sex civil unions as those enjoyed by married heterosexuals, including retirement benefits, joint tax declarations, inheritance rights, and child adoption. an unlikely victory as the world ' s largest roman catholic country, brazil was an unlikely venue for such a promising gay rights victory. the roman catholic church has actively fought proposals for same - sex unions in brazil, arguing that the brazilian constitution defines a " family entity " as " a stable union between a man and a woman. " 2 the catholic church responded to the recent ruling with outrage. as archbishop anuar battisti put it, the supreme court ' s decision marked a " frontal assault " on the sanctity of the family. 3 the catholic church is losing its power in brazil, which helped pave the way for the supreme court ' s recent decision in favor of homosexuals. nevertheless, homophobia retains a tenacious grip on brazilian society. despite the fact that the nation boasts the world ' s largest gay pride parade, the lgbt movement has been unable to achieve fundamental progress and quell discrimination at a societal level. for instance, marcelo cerqueira, the head of the gay group of bahia, claims the country is " number one when it comes to assassination, discrimination and violence against homosexuals. " 4 additionally, in a disconcerting report, the gay group of bahia found that 260 brazilian gay people were murdered in 2010, exemplifying the level of hostility towards homosexuals. 5 because of this discriminating environment, gay rights activists traditionally have had little success in brazil. most notably, congress disregarded proposals for gay rights legislation for nearly ten years. the supreme court ’ s recent ruling was therefore a major turning point after a history of protracted, unsuccessful struggles. the judicial decision was made in response to two lawsuits, one of which was filed by rio de janeiro governor sergio cabral and the other by the office of the attorney general. while congress repeatedly ignored requests for equal rights for gay brazilian citizens, the supreme court argued that " those who opt for a homosexual union cannot be treated less than equally as citizens. " 6 in this way, by appealing to the judicial system, the lgbt movement was able to achieve success despite deep - seated hostility throughout brazilian society and in other branches of the government. latin america ' s gay rights revolution professor omar encarnacion of bard


in this way, by appealing to the judicial system, the lgbt movement was able to achieve success despite deep - seated hostility throughout brazilian society and in other branches of the government. latin america ' s gay rights revolution professor omar encarnacion of bard college calls the recent string of gay rights legislation in latin america a " gay rights revolution. " 7 brazil ' s ruling came on the heels of several other noteworthy gay rights victories in latin america, such as uruguay ’ s legalization of same - sex civil unions in 2007. shortly thereafter, in 2010, argentina became the first latin american nation and eighth nation worldwide to legalize gay marriage. other landmark decisions in the past few years include uruguay ' s decision to allow all men and women, regardless of sexual orientation, to serve in the military and mexico city ' s legalization of same - sex civil unions. the recent surge in gay rights victories throughout latin america is altogether stunning, considering the region has generally been regarded as very homophobic. the catholic church has traditionally been a formidable enemy to gay rights movements in the region, but the secularization of much of latin america has led to the impressive expansion of opportunities for gay rights movements. yet this success of gay rights movements throughout latin america cannot be attributed solely to the declining importance of religion in the region. it is equally important, if not more so, to recognize the vital roles played by gay activist groups and the dynamic strategies these groups employ. for instance, gay rights groups in brazil were able to reverse legislation banning gays from the workplace by forming partnerships with progressive businesses. in recent years, the use of social media has provided much of the gay movement ' s momentum by enhancing activist groups ' ability to communicate and spread information. for instance, as javier corrales notes, by simply posting a video of a hate crime in san juan or of a gay wedding in argentina on youtube, gay rights groups have been able to reach thousands of people and garner support. 8 these innovative strategies have brought success despite a notably hostile environment towards homosexuals. through a comparison with the united states, we can see how remarkable the success of gay rights in latin america has been. latin america is marked by a much more homophobic environment than the us, according to a survey conducted by mitchell seligson and daniel moreno morales. 9 however, although the us has lower levels of societal discrimination towards gays, it is hard to imagine that the united states would completely legalize same - sex civil unions or gay marriage on a national scale. the fact that this legalization


morales. 9 however, although the us has lower levels of societal discrimination towards gays, it is hard to imagine that the united states would completely legalize same - sex civil unions or gay marriage on a national scale. the fact that this legalization occurred in several latin american nations, despite the formidable opposition there, makes these recent rulings even more significant. furthermore, the recent victories for gay rights exemplify the considerable progress toward the region ' s consolidation of democracy. the three latin american countries that have now legalized same - sex unions — brazil, argentina, and uruguay — were each ruled by repressive military regimes just over two decades ago. even colombia, which is one of the region ' s worst human rights violators, granted same - sex unions equal rights regarding social security benefits and inheritance rights in 2007. the fact that gay liberation movements have been successful in these unlikely places is a testament to how far these countries have progressed in recent years. marilia brocchetto and luciani gomes. " same - sex unions recognized by brazil ' s high court. " 5 may 2011. yana marull. " brazil top court recognizes same - sex civil unions. " american free press. 5 may 2011. omar encarnacion. " a gay rights revolution in latin america. " americas quarterly. 17 may 2011. javier corrales. " latin american gays : the post - left leftists. " americas quarterly. 19 march 2010. mitchell a. seligson and daniel e. moreno morales, " gay in the americas, " americas quarterly, winter 2010.


from john robb i love the idea of participatory food. in fact, participatory food may be the way we achieve better and more abundant food in the future. what is participatory food? it ’ s when an entire community participates in the growing, preparing, and eating of food. participatory food isn ’ t new. we enjoy many the benefits of participatory food at home when we cook, eat, and clean up meals as a family ( intentional communities that share meals are an attempt to replicate this experience across a larger “ tribal ” group ). however, the big question remains. how does participatory food work in a larger community? i ’ ve identified three ways this may work. all three are based more on the production ( growing and raising ) of food than on the consumption of it. however, all three include celebrations of preparing and eating great food. celebrations that turn eating into the social experience it has been since time immemorial. ad hoc food this is an open approach to participatory food formulated by the incredible edible in todmorden ( the uk ). this approach doesn ’ t have a leadership cadre or a formal plan. it doesn ’ t focus on the negative. it merely encourages community groups to innovate on ways to increase food production. so far, this ad hoc approach has led to food gardens popping up all over town. from a garden outside of the police department to raised beds for each class at the local school. people were encouraged to participate in the care of the gardens, on and off public land. there was even a campaign to increase local egg production that taught people how to raise chickens and helped them sell the excess. gardens were even put near bus stops so that commuters could harvest fresh vegetables for dinner on their way home, or do some weeding while waiting for the bus in the morning. since so much food is being produced, even some of the private gardens put up signs encouraging neighbors to help themselves. to tie it all together, todmorden has an annual harvest festival that celebrates the preparation of foods grown in local gardens and the skills of local chefs / cooks. this approach is still in its early phases since it requires new development to be fully realized. however, bits of it are being pursued in many communities already. in this approach, every apartment and stand alone home has a garden allotment. by community charter, in the very same way community dues are assessed for golf course maintenance in retirement


however, bits of it are being pursued in many communities already. in this approach, every apartment and stand alone home has a garden allotment. by community charter, in the very same way community dues are assessed for golf course maintenance in retirement “ communities, ” every owner is required to grow food on the allotment. they can either do it themselves or contract with the community to do it. instead of a golf course, the community would feature a community kitchen ( with professional grade equipment ) and services to help people prepare, can, preserve, or slaughter ( per health code ) their food. the community kitchen would also serve as the kitchen for a community restaurant featuring locally grown foods prepared to the highest quality. finally, the community center square would feature a permanent facility, able to support regular farmers / artisans markets. the place where food could be routinely sold, showcased and celebrated. the final approach is one that is popping up all over. it integrates professional food production into the community. so far, the majority of this integration has been done through csa ( community supported agriculture ) programs. these farms make weekly deliveries to their members ( and in some cases owners ), invite members to participate in the harvesting process, and often hold feasts to celebrate a successful year. increasingly, we are seeing these farms move closer to the communities they serve. in built up areas and as a way to provide year round production, this is likely to take the form of aquaponics csas ( see the effort by portland purple water as an example ). another form is foodscaping lawns into farms. in this situation, a professional gardener that helps you plant and maintain your food garden on what was formerly your yard. they help you select the vegetables you want to grow, help you maintain them properly to get maximum yield, and give you ideas on how to best to prepare the food you grow. as you can see, there isn ’ t a lack of innovation out there. it ’ s really only a question of finding a model that works for your community and moving forward with it.


- an historic washington landmark - the past - first protestant agency in the nation ' s capital - the people - the present - the future - building use controversy the methodist episcopal church ought to have a worthy building at the nation ' s capital, " bishop william f. mcdowell stated in 1920. " the board of temperance, prohibition and public morals has the perfect site and the perfect plans... the new building will make our church visible and multiply its power at this world ' s center. " a building creates an image ; it is a symbol. the united methodist building, for 75 years, has been a symbol of justice and peace not only for the united methodist church, but for denominations worldwide. its message has been communicated through the people who work and live there, the offices that they operate, and the meetings and discussions that they conduct. for 75 years the united methodist building in washington, d. c., has served as a witness at the center of government power to the church ' s beliefs - - a reminder that the church is concerned for people and all that affects them. through its halls and in its offices have begun some of the most widespread justice movements of the 20th century. this is the story of that building, the people, the movements, the decisions - - past, present, and future. a historic washington landmark the united methodist building is the only non - government building on capitol hill. it is designed in italian renaissance style and constructed of indiana limestone with a craftsmanship that would be difficult to duplicate today. in addition to its architectural beauty, the building is significant for the role it has played at turning - points in the nation ' s history. these include the 1963 march on washington led by dr. martin luther king, jr. ; the 1968 poor people ' s march, the farmworkers ' boycott ; years of protest against the vietnam war ; era marches, the 1978 longest walk of native americans ; and the 1989 housing now! march. it ' s adjacent apartment complex, constructed in 1931, has been home to scores of congressional representatives ' methodist bishops and supreme court justices men and women in leadership roles who have shaped the fabric of american society. the building ' s beautiful simpson memorial chapel, named for a close personal friend of president abraham lincoln, has served as a place of sanctuary and prayer for those who live and work within the shadow of the capitol. within these walls, leaders from both parties and all religious persuasions have found the strength and courage to act on their convictions. on washington ' s capitol hill, a


of sanctuary and prayer for those who live and work within the shadow of the capitol. within these walls, leaders from both parties and all religious persuasions have found the strength and courage to act on their convictions. on washington ' s capitol hill, a muddy, billboard - cluttered corner lot was spotted in 1917 as the perfect site for methodism ' s social reform presence in the nation ' s capital. after its purchase, construction began on nov. 17, 1922. a five - story building, located at 100 maryland avenue, was completed in 1923 at a cost of $ 650, 000 to house the methodist episcopal church offices, especially the board of temperance, prohibition and public morals. money for the project was raised through individual and church gifts, some as small as 15 cents. at the building ' s dedication on jan. 16, 1924, its purpose was emphasized as being that of a " sentinel " and a supporter for social reform in the capital ; a voice for the religious community, a visible witness. speakers for the dedication were the famed orator william jennings bryan and pennsylvania governor gifford pinchot, who emphasized the need for reform efforts to be working all the time, not spasmodically. newspapers of the time noted the loyalty of methodists to the nation ' s political form and social tradition with " civic righteousness as the true foundation of sane progress. " the board added on the 110 building in 1931. money derived from the renting of its apartments made possible further expansion of the social witness and action of the church. it ' s 55 apartments were rented in less than 30 days, despite the competition of the depression. soon after that, the 110 building became a financial burden, and it was only through generous friends of the 100 building ' s founder, dr. clarence true wilson, that the 110 side survived the depression in methodist hands. from the beginning, ecumenical concerns were prominent in the methodist building. the board of temperance was moved by the denomination from topeka, kansas, to the nation ' s capital to fight for prohibition on an ecumenical front. when prohibition was voted into effect before the building was finished, the board faced the dilemma of what to do next. since its mandate already included gambling and public morals, broader fronts were opened up for work on issues such as obscenity in publications and films. the board also worked on stalling the repeal of prohibition. during the 1960s, groups and agencies against the war in vietnam coordinated their efforts for international peace from the building and protesters found refuge there during anti - war demonstrations. the


in publications and films. the board also worked on stalling the repeal of prohibition. during the 1960s, groups and agencies against the war in vietnam coordinated their efforts for international peace from the building and protesters found refuge there during anti - war demonstrations. the location also lead to the building being a focal point for other protests, demonstrations, and marches, such as the 1968 poor people ' s campaign, farm workers ' boycotts, the 1979 farmer ' s tractorcade, and the native american ' s longest walk. one of the major movements to come through the building was the women ' s movement. early on, women ' s equal rights supporters coalesced with some of the women from the prohibition and earlier anti - slavery movements to begin a new women ' s movement. supporters of the equal rights amendment used the building as a center for organization and activities during the 70 ' s and early 80 ' s. since the 1970 ' s the building has been the center of the ecumenical community ' s work on energy and environmental issues. it was the ecumenical center for the 1980 and 1990 earth day celebrations. human rights, a foundation of the gospel and cornerstone of the building, found expression in many agencies working on issues related to latin america, the middle east, haiti, africa, south africa, korea, taiwan and east timor, just to name a few. the americans with disabilities act ( ada ) had its genesis in the united methodist building. when george h. w. bush took office, he undertook a major effort to write and pass the ada. a representative was sent from the president ' s office to the building where a coalition of over 100 different organizations met weekly. it was there that the ada was written, edited, and perfected. children have long been a concern of the united methodist church, from its social creed in 1908 including reform measures for child labor, to the current work of the bishop ' s initiative on children and poverty. the united methodist building served as a launching pad for many movements on children ' s issues, including the stand for children march in the mid - 90 ' s that included almost every bishop in the denomination. the witness of the methodist building has not been restricted to the often - controversial " social " realm. the building ' s chapel, opened in 1929 and refurbished in 1954, 1971 and 1984, has experienced not only great preaching and worship, but also religious " rallies " for many causes. for example, the night congress adopted the law making martin luther king, jr. ' s birthday a national holiday, a celebration took place


1971 and 1984, has experienced not only great preaching and worship, but also religious " rallies " for many causes. for example, the night congress adopted the law making martin luther king, jr. ' s birthday a national holiday, a celebration took place in simpson memorial chapel with coretta scott king during which 150 candles were lighted to express thanks. first protestant agency in the nation ' s capital the united methodist building has not gone without threats to its existence. in the early days, the board ' s publication noted that " those people who would like to publish that we are here to dominate the thoughts of all residents, and everybody on capitol hill would find it difficult to reconcile this notion with the position recently taken by several occupants ( legislators ) of our building... we do not busy ourselves with their politics or their religion. " this was the first national protestant agency to locate in washington, d. c., and early promotion within the church more than hinted at a major catholic presence as a motivating factor. this prime property - - the only non - governmental site adjacent to the capitol - - was often the target for government expansion. one of these occasions led the owner - board to develop its own plans, later abandoned, for moving to a new site across town. at one point planners for the new supreme court building had proposals in congress to take over the neighboring methodist site. there have been, of course, those who complained about the church ' s presence adjacent to seats of political power. over the years, there have been a hand - full of bomb threats and evacuations as people sought to change, through violence, the social policies developed by the church. then, as now, the board follows the directions and mandates of the general conference. for at least one point in its history, the building provided evidence of other legitimate relationships to the centers of government. in 1976, the nation ' s bicentennial year, the building provided regular public worship services, displays, expanded briefings and visitor information. some people remember, in another generation, watching parades and fireworks from the roof of the building, and now find it is off limits, windows closed and locked, during such events as parades and presidential inaugurations. through 75 years, the exterior of the building hardly has changed ; there was no major renovation until 1998. interior change has been constant as the issues change and office space shifts to meet that need. people have been at the heart of the united methodist building since its inception. they include : the rev. clarence true wilson, executive director


major renovation until 1998. interior change has been constant as the issues change and office space shifts to meet that need. people have been at the heart of the united methodist building since its inception. they include : the rev. clarence true wilson, executive director of the board of prohibition, who saw the need for the building, recognized the right property, planned the development and raised its financing. mrs. wilson who, while her husband was raising building money, served as financial officer, property manager and director of operations. she also drew the original plans, which were approved by the board and given to the architect for development. members of the boards who maintained the vision, kept the building afloat through the depression and other adversity, recognizing the changes around them and adapting the building to meet them. staff members who supported the boards, carried on extensive research, developed policies, and worked to implement them. volunteers whose efforts supplemented staff work and extended the outreach of the agencies. individuals of all ages from across the globe who often got their first, more - than - superficial view of the us capital as seminars participants, interns, and visitors, where they learned about the church, the government, people ' s needs and ways to help. apartment residents, including a supreme court justice, several senators and representatives, and a presidential candidate. to think that this " sacred space " exists within steps of the seat of united states power is nothing short of a miracle. the united methodist building today continues to draw the best of the brightest to work on issues of concern to all people. the emphases related to the building are based on a series of documents, dating back to 1907, when a group of methodist episcopal church leaders developed, in washington, d. c., a social creed. that statement, adopted by general conference in 1908, became the pattern for similar declarations by other methodist denominations and the national council of churches. through the years the social creed was revised, expanded and perfected to meet the perceived new needs, largely under the ministry of the board of church and society. since 1972, the board has been considered the " trustee " of the social principles, a direct out - growth of the social creed. the wide array of religious and other agencies housed in the united methodist building is involved in research, seeking answers, proposing legislation ( to their denominations ), informing their constituents and lawmakers about church policy and practice, answering questions, and performing a host of other tasks on a long list of inter - related social issues. the list varies year by


, seeking answers, proposing legislation ( to their denominations ), informing their constituents and lawmakers about church policy and practice, answering questions, and performing a host of other tasks on a long list of inter - related social issues. the list varies year by year, but over time, these issues have been at the forefront : as the building ' s 75th anniversary approached, the general board of church and society responded to the pressing need not only for refurbishing the structure but for adapting it to the needs of current users. the 100 maryland avenue building was evacuated for 12 months in 1998 - 99. entire floors of the structure were gutted, walls moved, stairs and doors removed or moved, utilities updated, computer cabling installed, efficient heating and cooling units installed, all during a multi - million dollar renovation. nearly all the office tenants returned to the 100 side, which today is all conference rooms and non - profit church agency space. the renovation of the united methodist building, financed like the original campaign by church and individual donations, is not complete. already in the thinking, if not the planning, is the eventual rehabilitation of the 110 building as well. but the original structure, the 100 building, is now in condition to house and sustain the patterns of social reform for which it was created, for generations to come. the story of the united methodist building tells of the movements of god ' s spirit and god ' s people to advocate for international human rights and justice. the building will be there in the future, to continue to share the messages developed within its walls, to house the meetings and talks needed to research and meet needs, to witness to the churches ' beliefs in social reform, and to continue to express concerns for people, supported by religious principles founded on the gospel of jesus christ, across a hurting, hungry, and hope - filled world. building use controversy the general board of church and society ( gbcs ) trustees seek to resolve as quickly as possible the questions that have recurred in the last several years concerning the proper use of the united methodist building and the income it generates. trust case information


the western region of the state is more advanced in terms of agriculture. majority of the population depends upon farming as its main occupation. wheat, rice, sugar cane, pulses, oil seeds and potatoes are its main products. sugar cane is an important cash crop almost through out the state and sugar mills and other cane crushers who produce gur and khandsari are common throughout the state. uttar pradesh is an important state in so far as horticulture is concerned. apples and mangoes are produced in the state. there are different types of minerals and several industries have came up based on the minerals. there are cement plants in the mirzapur area in the vindhya region, a bauxite based aluminium plant in the banda area and copper in pithora garh, almora chamboli and tehri garhwal. in the hills a number of minerals are to be found, mainly non - metallic minerals which are used as industrial raw materials. coal deposits are found in the singrauli area. the industries include a large printing establishment units engaged in manufacturing of scales, locks, letter boxes, furniture, badges and belts, leather goods, scissors etc. handloom, carpet, glass, electrical goods, electro plating, building material industries are also found in the city. the state is poor in mineral resources. the only considerable deposits are of limestone in mirzapur, dehra dun and almora districts. these are being quarried and are used largely in cement manufacture. dolomite occurs in small quantities in bandal and varanasi districts, gypsum in tehri garhwal, nainital and dehra dun districts, andalusite in mirzapur district, magnetite in almora and pithoragarh districts, pyrophyllite and diaspore in jhansi and hamirpur districts, phosphorite in the musoorie area and bauxite in karvi tehsil of banda district and in southern part of varanasi district. the occurrence of stibnite, a source of antimony has been reported from chamoli district. at singrauli in mirzapur district coalfield is located. livestock and fishery uttar pradesh supports about 15 % of the country ' s total livestock population. of its livestock in 1961, 15 % were cattle, 21 % buffaloes, 13 % goats and 8 % other livestock. between 1951 and 1956 there was an overall increase of 14 % in the livestock population. there are nearly eight lakh hectares of


hepatitis is swelling and inflammation of the liver. the term is often used to refer to a viral infection of the liver. causes, incidence, and risk factors hepatitis can be caused by : liver disease can also be caused by inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis, a condition that involves having too much iron in your body ( the excess iron deposits in the liver ). other causes include wilson ' s disease ( excess copper deposits in the body ). hepatitis may start and get better quickly ( acute hepatitis ), or cause long - term disease ( chronic hepatitis ). in some instances, it may lead to liver damage, liver failure, or even liver cancer. how severe hepatitis is depends on many factors, including the cause of the liver damage and any illnesses you have. hepatitis a, for example, is usually short - term and does not lead to chronic liver problems. the symptoms of hepatitis include : you may not have symptoms when first infected with hepatitis b or c. you can still develop liver failure later. if you have any risk factors for either type of hepatitis, you should be tested regularly. signs and tests you will have a physical exam to look for : your doctor may order laboratory tests to diagnose and monitor the hepatitis, including : your doctor will talk to you about treatment options. treatments will vary depending on the cause of your liver disease. your doctor may recommend a high - calorie diet if you are losing weight. there are support groups for people with all types of hepatitis. these groups can help you learn about the latest treatments and how to cope with having the disease. the outlook for hepatitis will depend on what is causing the liver damage. other complications include : calling your health care provider seek care immediately if you : have symptoms from too much acetaminophen or other medicines - - you may need to have your stomach pumped have bloody or tarry stools are confused or delirious call your doctor if : - you have any symptoms of hepatitis or believe that you have been exposed to hepatitis a, b, or c. - you cannot keep food down due to excessive vomiting. you may need to receive nutrition through a vein ( intravenously ). - you feel sick and have travelled to asia, africa, south america, or central america. talk to your doctor about vaccination for hepatitis a and hepatitis b lifestyle measures for preventing spread of hepatitis b and c from one person to another include : • avoid sharing personal items, such as razors or toothbrushes. • do not share drug needles or


doctor about vaccination for hepatitis a and hepatitis b lifestyle measures for preventing spread of hepatitis b and c from one person to another include : • avoid sharing personal items, such as razors or toothbrushes. • do not share drug needles or other drug equipment ( such as straws for snorting drugs ). • clean blood spills with a solution containing 1 part household bleach to 9 parts water. • be careful when getting tattoos and body piercings. to reduce your risk of spreading or catching hepatitis a • always wash your hands thoroughly after using the restroom and when you come in contact with an infected person ' s blood, stools, or other bodily fluid. • avoid unclean food and water. dienstag jl. hepatitis b virus infection. n engl j med. 2008 ; 359 : 1486 - 1500. jou jh, muir aj. in the clinic. hepatitis c. ann intern med. 2008 ; 148 : itc6 - 1 - itc6 - 16. sjogren mh, cheatham jg. hepatitis a. in : feldman m, friedman ls, brandt lj, eds. sleisenger & fordtran ' s gastrointestinal and liver disease. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2010 : chap 77. pawlotsky jm, mchutchison j. chronic viral and autoimmune hepatitis. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 151. david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine ; and george f. longstreth, md, department of gastroenterology, kaiser permanente medical care program, san diego, california. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.


the u. s. defense advanced research projects agency ( darpa ) wants to refurbish older satellites that are still in orbit. satellites that cannot be upgraded would be harvested for recycling rather than letting them burn up in reentry. even though a satellite may have outlived its usefulness it may still contain usable parts, such as solar panels, transmitters and other items that can be retrofitted onto newer satellites. now darpa says they have a plan that entails creating or fixing older satellites while still in orbit by means of a ground - controlled, robotic mechanic that will remain in orbit indefinitely. very soon darpa will be testing some robotic devices to be launched in space that can be commanded to disassemble or refurbish older satellites. they are calling it the ' phoenix program ', and the proposal will cost u. s. taxpayers around 180 million dollars, and that is just to test it all. " we ' re attempting to essentially increase the return on investment, ” said darpa program manager, david barnhart. barnhart stressed that the government is seeking ways in which to “ change the economics ” of satellites so that manufacturing costs will be far less expensive. the agency says that they will be looking at any proposals from interested technologies in february of this year as well. the first test of the project will come in 2016 when they will retrieve a non - working or decommissioned satellite while still in orbit. currently, there are approximately 140 retired u. s. satellites still in orbit with usable electronics and solar technologies that darpa has their eye on. the final project phase, if approved, would be to launch a robotic mechanic that will disassemble the satellites for their parts or make needed upgrades or repairs. darpa also wants to launch a string of mini - satellites in orbit where the robot would assemble them together, with the older retrieved parts, to create a new working satellite. darpa is well known for their strange ideas that draw a lot of attention, such as creating mind controlled artificial limbs ; laser guided bullets or even a flying “ submarine. ” in 2011 they helped kick start the 100 - year starship program, which is a means of making interstellar travel possible in the next 100 years. image source : darpa phoenix program ' s youtube channel


the earth has one moon, but it ’ s not the only rocky thing orbiting us ….. posted : december 21, 2011 i spend far too much time at pub quizzes. perhaps it ’ s because i ’ m an irritating know - it - all or i just like a vaguely intellectual pretense for going to the pub. one of the more geeky parts of it is correcting the quiz - master when they are wrong ( reykjavik is north of helsinki and blazin squad did not do the original of crossroads etc. ). one such wrong answer was a week or two back when it was claimed the earth has four moons. additional moons of the earth have long been claimed and were popularised a few years back when qi claimed that a co - orbital body called cruithne was a second moon. as far as the definition of stable, natural bodies orbiting the earth goes there is only one, although it would be entertaining if schoolchildren were taught about the wonderfully named wahrhafter wetter - und magnet mond ( or veritable weather and magnetic moon ). however there are sometimes other bodies that briefly orbit the earth. the solar system is a crowded place. besides the eight planets and numerous dwarf planets there are millions of asteroids. some of these have orbits that bring them close to the earth. while most of these whizz by us, some are in orbits which mean that they can gravitationally interact with the earth and the moon and go in to orbit around it. these orbits are not stable and the objects will eventually be kicked out of the earth - moon system. to date only one known object has been discovered to have undergone such a process. known as 2006 _ rh120 it is a small body, only 3 - 5m across. in 2007 - 2008 it undertook four orbits of the earth at a distance more than twice as far away as the moon. but how often do objects like this perform their temporary dance with the earth? well a new paper of has been looking in to the rate of capture and when such events happen. the authors use a simulation of the how asteroids will pass through the earth - moon system. they select a series of objects with orbital elements in the range where they could possibly be captured and then examine how they would be affected by coming close to the earth and moon. previously it was thought that a close encounter with the moon gave objects a gravitational tug allowing them to be captured by the earth. however the new model finds that while the moon does play a


they would be affected by coming close to the earth and moon. previously it was thought that a close encounter with the moon gave objects a gravitational tug allowing them to be captured by the earth. however the new model finds that while the moon does play a role in the capture, none of their simulated near - earth objects came close enough to the moon to get a sufficient enough tug for capture. the model also found that capture most likely at aphelion and perihelion ( when the earth is furthest and closest to the sun during its orbit ). the same capture probability peaks were previously noted for temporary satellites of jupiter. it ’ s also possible that the moon itself could capture asteroids and get its own temporary satellites. however no objects in the simulation managed to complete an orbit of the moon. objects in unstable orbits around the earth will of course have the possibility entering the atmosphere and becoming meteors. about 1 % of objects in the simulation impacted on the earth, none on the moon. this means that a temporarily captured object is 3. 5 times more likely to strike the earth than an near - earth object in a similar orbit. in total the authors estimate that a tenth of one percent of objects striking the earth were in temporary orbit around us. in all the authors estimate based on their model and the fact there aren ’ t a large population of observable temporary satellites that at any one time there is one object of approximately one metre in size temporarily orbiting the earth along with potentially other smaller bodies. so the earth only has one moon, but it ’ s not the only natural object orbiting us. granvik, m., vaubaillon, j., & jedicke, r. ( 2011 ). the population of natural earth satellites icarus doi : 10. 1016 / j. icarus. 2011. 12. 003


this report describes the typical weather at the sørkjosen airport ( nordreisa, norway ) weather station over the course of an average year. it is based on the historical records from 2007 to 2012. earlier records are either unavailable or unreliable. nordreisa has a humid subarctic continental climate with cool summers and no dry season. the area within 25 mi of this station is covered by tundra ( 56 % ), oceans and seas ( 30 % ), forests ( 10 % ), and grasslands ( 3 % ). over the course of a year, the temperature typically varies from 13°f to 61°f and is rarely below 1°f or above 69°f. the warm season lasts from june 15 to september 14 with an average daily high temperature above 53°f. the hottest day of the year is august 3, with an average high of 61°f and low of 50°f. the cold season lasts from december 25 to march 4 with an average daily high temperature below 30°f. the coldest day of the year is february 14, with an average low of 13°f and high of 22°f. the length of the day varies significantly over the course of the year. the shortest day is december 21 with 0 : 00 hours of daylight ; the longest day is june 20 with 24 : 00 hours of daylight. due to its extreme latitude, nordreisa experiences polar day ( also known as the midnight sun ) during summer and polar night during winter. the precise start and end dates of polar day and night vary from year to year and depend on the precise location and elevation of the observer, and the local topography. in summer, the sun is continuously above the horizon for 68 days, from may 18 to july 25. in winter, the sun is continuously below the horizon for 49 days, from november 27 to january 15. daylight saving time ( dst ) is observed in this location during 2012, starting in the spring on march 25 and ending in the fall on october 28. the median cloud cover ranges from 70 % ( partly cloudy ) to 81 % ( mostly cloudy ). the sky is cloudiest on july 18 and clearest on january 30. the clearer part of the year begins around december 8. the cloudier part of the year begins around april 1. on january 30, the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 22 % of the time, and overcast or mostly cloudy 22 % of the time. on july 18


year begins around april 1. on january 30, the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 22 % of the time, and overcast or mostly cloudy 22 % of the time. on july 18, the cloudiest day of the year, the sky is overcast, mostly cloudy, or partly cloudy 42 % of the time, and clear or mostly clear 7 % of the time. the probability that precipitation will be observed at this location varies throughout the year. precipitation is most likely around september 30, occurring in 57 % of days. precipitation is least likely around january 24, occurring in 34 % of days. over the entire year, the most common forms of precipitation are light rain, light snow, moderate rain, and moderate snow. light rain is the most severe precipitation observed during 37 % of those days with precipitation. it is most likely around september 25, when it is observed during 31 % of all days. light snow is the most severe precipitation observed during 20 % of those days with precipitation. it is most likely around march 24, when it is observed during 21 % of all days. moderate rain is the most severe precipitation observed during 19 % of those days with precipitation. it is most likely around july 15, when it is observed during 17 % of all days. moderate snow is the most severe precipitation observed during 15 % of those days with precipitation. it is most likely around february 24, when it is observed during 16 % of all days. during the warm season, which lasts from june 15 to september 14, there is a 48 % average chance that precipitation will be observed at some point during a given day. when precipitation does occur it is most often in the form of light rain ( 56 % of days with precipitation have at worst light rain ), moderate rain ( 30 % ), and drizzle ( 11 % ). during the cold season, which lasts from december 25 to march 4, there is a 36 % average chance that precipitation will be observed at some point during a given day. when precipitation does occur it is most often in the form of light snow ( 44 % of days with precipitation have at worst light snow ), moderate snow ( 32 % ), light rain ( 12 % ), and moderate rain ( 7 % ). the likelihood of snow falling is highest around march 24, occurring in 35 % of days. the season in which it is relatively likely for snow to fall spans from october 13 to may 14. during peak snow season, accumulation at this location on


). the likelihood of snow falling is highest around march 24, occurring in 35 % of days. the season in which it is relatively likely for snow to fall spans from october 13 to may 14. during peak snow season, accumulation at this location on a given day is very likely. the chances of there being snow on the ground are highest around january 19, occurring 91 % of the time. the season in which snow is relatively likely to be on the ground spans from november 4 to may 6. the snow is typically at its deepest on april 1, with a median depth of 17. 2 " ; the depth exceeds 29. 5 " only one year out of ten. the relative humidity typically ranges from 50 % ( comfortable ) to 91 % ( very humid ) over the course of the year, rarely dropping below 38 % ( comfortable ) and reaching as high as 95 % ( very humid ). the air is driest around april 16, at which time the relative humidity drops below 55 % ( mildly humid ) three days out of four ; it is most humid around august 4, exceeding 89 % ( very humid ) three days out of four. dew point is often a better measure of how comfortable a person will find the weather than relative humidity because it more directly relates to whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. over the course of a year, the dew point typically varies from 4°f ( dry ) to 51°f ( very comfortable ) and is rarely below - 8°f ( dry ) or above 55°f ( very comfortable ). over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0 mph to 23 mph ( calm to fresh breeze ), rarely exceeding 30 mph ( strong breeze ). the highest average wind speed of 14 mph ( moderate breeze ) occurs around january 26, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 23 mph ( fresh breeze ). the lowest average wind speed of 6 mph ( light breeze ) occurs around august 4, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 13 mph ( moderate breeze ).


extension educator, horticulture beaten, eaten, poked, smoked, scorned, but rarely mourned. at some time in our lives a weed will be on our hit list. however some weeds are more than just a " plant out of place ". weeds at their worst can degrade natural areas and take over home landscapes to produce an unwanted one - plant show. garlic mustard, alliaria petiolata, has been the scourge of forested areas for years but now has moved into gardens. garlic mustard is native to europe where it hangs out in hedgerows, fencerows and open canopy woods. here in the midwest it loves the partial shade of our deciduous forests and backyard gardens where it can literally blanket the ground and choke out other plants in its path. as a cool season biennial, garlic mustard seeds germinate in early spring to form a rosette ( bouquet ) of kidney bean shaped leaves. in spring, usually starting the first of may, the mature plant sends up a 2. 5 - 3 foot tall flower stalk with numerous small four - petaled white flowers. it ' s actually kind of pretty. plants set seed and the original plant dies. one plant can produce thousands of seeds. just one year of seed production can produce a reoccurring nightmare of too much garlic. the leaves of garlic mustard resemble violets, however, garlic mustard leaves have more obvious veins and more deeply scalloped edges. the crushed leaves also have a distinct smell of garlic except in late fall and winter. because of its ability to dominate relatively undisturbed forests it has lead to the decline of populations of native plants and the insects and animals that rely on them. not only does garlic mustard shade out other plants, but it also produces chemicals that can keep other plants from growing around it. it ' s definitely a bully biennial in the forest or the garden. as with most exotic invasive weeds garlic mustard has no natural control here, even deer won ' t eat it. research continues on finding a biological control. so what can you do to halt the spread of garlic mustard? control garlic mustard in your garden or woodland now before it sets seed. early detection and eradication before plants set seed is the key to garlic mustard management. if you are not sure if what you have is garlic mustard, check out pictures at http : / / www. nps. gov / plants / alien / fact / pdf / alpe1. pdf. you are also welcome to send me pictures or bring a sample plant


the central amazon conservation complex makes up the largest protected area in the amazon basin ( over 6 million hectares ) and is one of the planet ’ s richest regions in terms of biodiversity. it also includes an important sample of varzea ecosystems, igapo forests, lakes and channels which take the form of a constantly evolving aquatic mosaic that is home to the largest array of electric fish in the world. the site protects key threatened species, including giant arapaima fish, the amazonian manatee, the black caiman and two species of river dolphin. the land to the left of the river is the eastern edge of the jau national park. the park is the largest forest reserve in south america and covers an area greater than 5. 6 million acres. © public domain justification for inscription criterion ( ix ) : the varzea and igapo forests, lakes, rivers, and islands of the proposed site together constitute physical and biological formations and demonstrate ongoing ecological processes in the development of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. they include a constantly changing and evolving mosaic of river channels, lakes, and landforms. the floating ( and constantly moving and changing ) mats of vegetation typical of the varzea watercourses include a significant number of endemic species, including the largest array of electric fishes in the world. anavilhanas contains the second largest archipelago of river islands in the brazilian amazon. criterion ( x ) : the expanded property substantially increases the already impressive protection offered by jau national park to the biological diversity, habitats, and endangered species found in the central amazon region. the area is one of the endemic bird areas of the world, is considered as one of the world wildlife fund ’ s 200 priority ecoregion for conservation, and it is also a centre of plant diversity. the expansion of jau national park to include an important sample of varzea ecosystems, igapo forests, lakes and channels significantly increases the representation of the aquatic biodiversity of the central amazon region. expansion of the site also enhance the protection of key threatened species including giant arapaima fish, the amazonian manatee, the black caiman, and two species of river dolphin. the central amazon conservation complex makes up the largest protected area in the amazon basin ( over 6 million hectares ) and is one of the planet ' s richest regions in terms of biodiversity. the site is made up of jau national park, demonstration area of mamairaua sustainable development reserve, amana sustainable development reserve and the anavilhanas ecological station located in amazonas state the site includes


s richest regions in terms of biodiversity. the site is made up of jau national park, demonstration area of mamairaua sustainable development reserve, amana sustainable development reserve and the anavilhanas ecological station located in amazonas state the site includes an important sample of annually flooded ( varzea ) ecosystems, igapo forests, lakes and channels which take the form of a constantly evolving aquatic mosaic that is home to the largest array of electric fish in the world. the rivers provide a landscape of white - sand beaches during the dry season and flooded forest during the wet season, as well as secondary stream beds of distinct sizes, channels, paranas and an important fluvial phenomenon, the ria lake, which is typical of all large rivers in the amazon region. the site contains the nine - tier waterfall of the carabinani river, and also includes a significant proportion of the black - water drainage system, the headwaters of which are located primarily in the guiane shield. its dark colour results from organic acids released into the water through the decomposition of organic matter and the lack of terrestrial sediments. the forest cover is linked to the extensive and continuous forests of the amazon central plain. it encompasses a landscape, which is characteristic of the lower negro river and was typified as follows : dense tropical forest, located primarily on terra firme, thereby free from inundation in the flooding season ; open tropical forest, apparently associated with the physiognomy of tropical forests and areas of ecological tension, such as wide soil and climatic transitions between two distinct geobotanical zones ; and campinarana, a vegetation mosaic restricted to the negro river watershed, occupying primarily upland regions and drained by tabular watercourses. the park protects an impressive sample of fauna, with many species associated to black - water river systems. there is a high diversity of vertebrates with 120 species of mammals, 411 birds, 15 reptiles and 320 fishes. numerous species of conservation concern live within the park, including jaguar, giant otter, amazonian manatee, south american river turtle and black caiman. the importance of the site for amazon fauna is reflected in the fact that it contains approximately 60 % of the species of fish reported to exist in the negro river watershed, and also 60 % of the birds recorded from the central amazon. the site is home to relics of past human occupation of the amazon region. a recent survey identified 17 archaeological sites at the mouth of the negro river, with collected material as of yet undated, suggesting that the area may


using numbers for sensible policy optimizing use of limited resources is one of the biggest challenges facing any decision - maker. economic assessment is therefore a vital tool. it can enumerate the potential costs and value the anticipated benefits of a proposed programme, policy or regulatory initiative, and reflect trade - offs inherent in alternatives. there is increasing recognition that environment and health impacts often require valuation in economic terms in order to receive adequate consideration in policy. an integrated economic analysis of such impacts can capture the hidden costs and benefits of policy options, as well as the synergies and institutional economies of scale that may be achieved through complementary policies that support sustainable development. for instance, the economic benefits to be derived from sustainable forestry practices may be considerable when impacts are analysed as part of a comprehensive policy package ; this would relate not only to issues of employment and poverty reduction, but also to the long - term environmental and economic impacts of forest maintenance or depletion, as well as to the health costs of diseases associated with deforestation. a key element of the heli tool kit, therefore, is a review of issues related to the economic assessment of linked environment and health impacts, as well as guidance for conducting such assessments. the heli exercise builds upon unep and who ’ s ongoing work on methods for quantifying the environmental impacts of a particular policy, on the one hand, and population health impacts ( burden of disease ) on the other. guidance for estimating the burden of disease from environmental risks such as air pollution, poor water and sanitation, etc. is available here through the section on scientific assessment tools. linking impact assessment and economic valuation some impacts of a policy on environment, health and human well - being cannot, however, be quantified or valued in terms of money or numbers. in many developing countries basic environment and health data may be missing or incomplete, making quantitative assessment a difficult task from the outset. social values and perceptions of risk and well - being also influence the manner in which many stakeholders assess the potential impacts of a policy. along with the review of economic valuation methods, as such, guidance is provided on the linked use of tools for impact assessment and economic analysis. - briefing on economic valuation of environment and health impacts - who guidance on cost - effectiveness assessment - economic instruments as a lever for policy " the political agenda in our country is called the ‘ economic catching up process. ’ this causes a significant bias towards short - term economic interests rather than long - term development. in this situation, the only successful way to promote healthy


we know that a single electron doesn ' t travel down the length of a wire, it ' s passed from atom to atom. true. that ' s why the light speed in a wire is lower than the light speed in a vacuum. i have not seen any evidence that there are a such thing as photons or that they travel through space. light is emitted by sources and exists in the form of electromagnetic waves, or photons. even though the latter is the name for the quantitzed elements that we measure when absorbed. it doesn ' t matter. what matters is, light somehow bridges the gap in a vacuum between object a and measurement device b. this exactly coincidences with our definition of travel. somehow denying this, and coming with some absurd philosophical point of view that this doesn ' t include traveling is absurd. what you can doubt, which is even part of relativity, is that any time passes from the frame of reference of the ' photon '. because there doesn ' t. but that ' s not the discussion right now, the one thing that is clear is that light travels. how else, could light be bended by a gravitational field? as far as i can tell, it could just as easily be atoms detecting and imitating one another in an orderly fashion, rather than massless intangible particle - waves transacting in a vacuum. in a vacuum there are no atoms. and if i follow you in your ridiculous standpoint, what you call " detecting one another " is called light, and this needs to bridge an amount of space, which is what we call travel. denying obvious real world results is a serious symptom of crankyness. not that you will ever admit this, even to yourself. does light look like it travels to you or does it look like you are seeing it right where it is? measurements show it starts and point a and can detected at point b. we call this phenomenon " movement ". as living members of the cosmos, are we not obligated to consider our own direct experience of phenomena as a factor in explaining that experience? no. our experience is a separate phenomenon. not to say that everything actually how it seems to us, but i would say that quite a bit can be explained better though first hand observation. it should not be disqualified. human observation or experience isn ' t disqualified. it is a separate phenomenon that is studied in a separate field, called psychology. there is no need whatsoever to connect two totally unrelated phenomena. our bodily detection and interpretation


observation. it should not be disqualified. human observation or experience isn ' t disqualified. it is a separate phenomenon that is studied in a separate field, called psychology. there is no need whatsoever to connect two totally unrelated phenomena. our bodily detection and interpretation devices are not fundamentally different from the mechanical ones that we created. we measure the behavior of the materials which we are using to do the experiment and their interactions with each other. light doesn ' t have to physically leave the atom doesn ' t mean it can ' t be measured, understood, and predicted as if it did. maybe nothing happens or exist at all, and we are connected to some sort of super computer that just make it ' as if ' things are happening while physically they are not. might be true, probably isn ' t. it ' s just another unprovable crackpot theory. yes. i probably know most of the same things that you know about photons, i ' m just interpreting that knowledge a different way. yes, in a totally nonsensical way, not related to science nor reality. i see photons as quantum events within matter here you prove you don ' t know that photons are matter and both are forms of energy. blablabla. wild, senseless speculation, not based on research, nor measurement. your observations are again scientifically meaningless. sorry, yet some more discussion, because i just can ' t stand your never ending stupidity. striping it doesn ' t make it any less true. not my problem if you don ' t like those observations.


milwaukee is the largest city in the state of wisconsin, united states. the city ' s population is 605, 013 with an estimated total of 1, 741, 316 in the milwaukee metropolitan area ( 2009 ). it is the 22nd largest city in the u. s. and is in the southeastern portion of the state on the western shore of lake michigan. milwaukee ' s human history begins with american indian people who lived near the confluence of milwaukee ' s three rivers into lake michigan for centuries. tribes who inhabited the area that is now milwaukee included menominee, fox, mascouten, sauk, and potawatomi. with the arrival of europeans and an increasing population, large and often violent divides become more prominent. these settlers built three dueling settlements ( juneautown, kilbourntown, and walker ' s point ) around what is now downtown. the two former communities were extremely competitive and created two non - aligning street grids. this is why 1st street is west of the milwaukee river and the reason that many of the city ' s bridges cross the river diagonally ( connecting the two grids ). milwaukee has historically been a major immigrant city. during the early 20th century, german and polish immigrants tended to dominate, and the city still strongly identifies with its german and, to a slightly lesser extent, polish heritage. for part of the early 20th century german was even the main language of the city, and german names are still very common. as waves of immigrants arrived in milwaukee they tended ( and tend ) to form communities in specific areas. the different areas of the city are still identified with the ethnic groups that originally populated them. the near north and northwest sides were originally german, but are now mainly african american with hmong enclaves. the near south side was originally polish but is now mainly hispanic. juneautown was originally mainly populated by english immigrants as well as people from the eastern united states. the city experienced ' white flight ' during the 1960 ' s and 70 ' s, creating a large socio - economic divide between the inner city and suburbs. today the city remains highly segregated with low rates of social and economic mobility within the inner city. milwaukee is home to some instantly recognized corporations such as miller brewing and harley davidson. harley holds an enormous celebration on every fifth anniversary attracting riders ( and celebrity riders such as jay leno ) by the millions to milwaukee each time. the 110th anniversary will be held in 2013. milwaukee was once the home to four of the world ' s largest


an enormous celebration on every fifth anniversary attracting riders ( and celebrity riders such as jay leno ) by the millions to milwaukee each time. the 110th anniversary will be held in 2013. milwaukee was once the home to four of the world ' s largest breweries ( schlitz, blatz, pabst, and miller ), making it the number one beer producing city in the world for many years. despite the decline in its position as the world ' s leading beer producer through the loss of three of those breweries, its one remaining major brewery, miller brewing company is a key employer. miller employs over 2, 200 people on milwaukee ' s west side. all this beer brewing has earned the city the nickname " brew city " and its identification with and fondness for beer remains strong as ever. milwaukee has advertised itself as the " city of festivals, " especially emphasizing an annual summer party along the lakefront called summerfest. listed in the guinness book of world records as " the largest music festival in the world ", summerfest attracts about a million visitors a year to its twelve stages. smaller ethnic festivals throughout the summer celebrate many of milwaukee ' s ethnic groups. milwaukee is probably best known from tv as the settings of the 1970 ' s sitcoms " laverne and shirley " and " happy days ". it has also served as the backdrop for numerous hollywood films. the recent films bridesmaids, transformers 3, mr. 3000 and milwaukee, minnesota are both set in the area. milwaukee, minnesota gives a good winter portrait of the city and was largely filmed in the bay view neighborhood. weather patterns in milwaukee can fluctuate daily, often with little consistency in temperature or conditions. in general six months of the year are cold, overcast, and wet. milwaukee is the second coldest major city in the country ; winter is very long and cold! spring is often very wet and sometimes cold and miserable. it is not unheard of to get snowfall in early april. winter visitor may quickly get an idea why there are so many bars, bowling alleys and festivals in milwaukee. the best time to visit is by far in the summer or the early fall during indian summer when the whole place comes to life and everybody is outside. there is an array of almost every transportation mode thinkable to get to milwaukee. the cheapest way is by bus, but many travelers prefer the comfort and convenience of air, boat, car, or train travel. chicago, a masive transportation hub, is less than 100 miles (


transportation mode thinkable to get to milwaukee. the cheapest way is by bus, but many travelers prefer the comfort and convenience of air, boat, car, or train travel. chicago, a masive transportation hub, is less than 100 miles ( 161 km ) away. direct international flights are offered a few times daily from canada, and seasonally from mexico, the dominican republic and jamaica. other international travelers will have to connect or fly to chicago and take ground transportation. milwaukee county transit system ( mcts ) buses run frequent airport service from roughly 4am to 2am. the fare is $ 2. 25 ( exact change required ). the new greenline express bus goes from mitchell airport to the north shore via bay view, the third ward, the eastern edge of downtown and the east side. route 80 goes from mitchell through the south side into the the middle of downtown and continues north to villard ave. ( both lines cross the main wisconsin ave. transit corridor, and have stops a couple blocks from the intermodal station. ) go airport shuttle shared taxi - van shuttle. approximately $ 12 to downtown. taxi approximately $ 30 to downtown. coach bus or train is an alternative, but only faster if you are lucky with timing and need to go to or near the intermodal station. several bus lines ( badger, wisconsin coach usa, lamers ) and the amtrak hiawatha train go downtown en - route as part of incoming or outbound onward services. buses ( and the shuttle to the airport rail station ) all leave from just outside the baggage claim, if you ' re lucky there ' ll be one waiting ( on average there are 1 - 2 per hour ). $ 4 - 6. chicago ' s main airports — o ' hare international airport ( iata : ord ) or midway airport ( iata : mdw ) — can be cheaper or easier alternatives, especially for destinations not served from milwaukee. there is an hourly direct shuttle from chicago o ' hare airport to milwaukee intermodal station run by wisconsin coach lines. $ 26. it is possible take a cta ' l ' train from either of the chicago airports to chicago union station ( $ 2. 25 ) and then go on to milwaukee with either bus or amtrak saving time or money in some cases. with ideal timing you can make it from midway to downtown milwaukee via rail in under 3 hours from landing. however, many flights arrive at chicago after or near the time that shuttle or rail service end for the day. greyhound does offer late runs to milwaukee from their


timing you can make it from midway to downtown milwaukee via rail in under 3 hours from landing. however, many flights arrive at chicago after or near the time that shuttle or rail service end for the day. greyhound does offer late runs to milwaukee from their downtown depot, in case of a late arrival in chicago, but is not for the faint of heart. greyhound also has a few buses each day from the cumberland cta blue line station, just two stops outside of o ' hare on the cta blue line ' l '. amtrak serves downtown and an airport station. the newly remodeled milwaukee intermodal station offers connectivity to inter - city bus services and is located downtown a short distance from many attractions and hotels. the hiawatha has 7 daily round trips to chicago. it offers the quickest travel time to chicago, power outlets at your seat, a quiet car, and snack & beverage service. it runs between milwaukee downtown intermodal station, stops at milwaukee mitchell airport, sturtevant ( racine ) wi, glenview il, and arrives downtown chicago union station. $ 23. the empire builder has 1 daily round trip from chicago through milwaukee to seattle / portland, via central wisconsin, minneapolis, fargo, spokane and many other smaller cities. the empire builder only stops at the milwaukee intermodal station. passengers wishing to reach mitchell airport must change trains to the hiawatha at milwaukee intermodal station. ' weekly special ' internet fares can be found for $ 120 to portland and $ 40 from the twin cities. milwaukee is served by several interstate bus lines daily, there is competiton on most routes as well as onward connections. book a few weeks ahead online for the best prices. most buses stop at or across the street from the milwaukee intermodal station ( where all trains stop as well ) on st paul street on the south edge of downtown milwaukee. chartered tours of milwaukee are also arranged from cities in the region, and there are casino charters from across the midwest. badger coaches, 635 n james lovell st ( between wisconsin and michigan aves. this service does not depart from the intermodal station ),. operates six scheduled services from madison daily and 4x weekly from minneapolis, with a few local stops in between. madison $ 19, minneapolis $ 53. edit greyhound, ( at the intermodal station ), + 1 414 272 - 2156,. open 24h / day. greyhound makes additional stops on request at 84 and o ' connor, milwaukee mitchell airport, and some


53. edit greyhound, ( at the intermodal station ), + 1 414 272 - 2156,. open 24h / day. greyhound makes additional stops on request at 84 and o ' connor, milwaukee mitchell airport, and some suburban locations. greyhound mostly operates " express " branded services to milwaukee, featuring wifi, extra legroom, and 110v outlets. tickets from $ 1 online. 11 of 15 daily buses from chicago offer " express " amenities. chicago $ 1 - 16 / madison $ 1 - 23 / minneapolis $ 1 - 61. edit indian trails, ( at the intermodal station ),. daily service from milwaukee to michigan ' s upper peninsula. onward connections are available. buses have wifi and power outlets. edit jefferson lines, ( at the intermodal station ),. operates daytime scheduled service between milwaukee and minneapolis ( via green bay ), with interim stops across wisconsin. jefferson prides itself on its ' eco - friendly ' new coaches. connections are available at minneapolis. minneapolis $ 34 - 53. edit lamers, ( at the intermodal station ),. operates daytime scheduled service between milwaukee and wausau, with interim stops across wisconsin. also stops at the badger bus depot and at the airport. $ 4 - 46 depending upon destination. edit megabus, on 5th st just n of st paul ave ( opposite the intermodal station downtown ),. megabus offers four times daily round trip service to chicago and minneapolis. buses have wifi and often 110v power outlets. no walk - up tickets sold, only via internet or phone, same - day prices vary. chicago $ 1 - 20 / minneapolis $ 1 - 52. edit tornado, 1017 s 16th st. ( this service does not depart from the intermodal station ),. twice daily service from dallas via west memphis and chicago. dallas $ 140. edit wisconsin coach, 5th st just n of st paul ave ( opposite the intermodal station downtown ), ( toll free : + 1 877 - 324 - 7767, email @ example. com ),. wisconsin coach offers 14 buses daily, departing every hour to o ' hare airport starting at around 4am. there are several pickup points including the intermodal station, 4960 s 13th st, and mitchell airport. $ 26. edit a summary of bus fares, frequencies and services including the lowest internet fare, the walk - up ticket price and how often the buses run : 15x day ( 11 express ) 6x day


s 13th st, and mitchell airport. $ 26. edit a summary of bus fares, frequencies and services including the lowest internet fare, the walk - up ticket price and how often the buses run : 15x day ( 11 express ) 6x day ( 3 express ) ²train. aaa, isic, sa, senior discounts : chicago $ 18, minneapolis from $ 44. ³tickets must be purchased via internet or telephone ( $ 3 fee ). getting around in milwaukee is easy. block numbers are consistent across the city, including most of the suburbs, starting roughly where the milwaukee and menominee rivers meet. all numbered streets run north - south, increasing in number as you head west from 1st street. most named streets go east - west, with the notable exception of streets east of 1st st. standard blocks are 1 / 8th of a mile long north to south, and 1 / 12th of a mile east to west. milwaukee ' s bus system, mcts, has an extensive coverage area ( 85 % of milwaukee county ) and core routes with very frequent service. outlying suburbs have shorter hours, slower and less - frequent service. express buses called " freeway flyers " provide excellent service from park and ride lots across the county to downtown as well as to brewers games and festivals saving you the hassle of traffic, parking and worries of drunk driving. express buses called " ubuses " offer service to the university of wisconsin - milwaukee. mcts also serves mitchell international airport with both a local bus and a new, more express route ; see get in for details. most routes run from about 5am until at least midnight. monthly pass : $ 64 ( valid from the 1st of the month until the last day of the month. ) 10 tickets : $ 17. 50 ( no expiration ) reduced fare : $ 1. 10 ( children 6 - 11, seniors 65 + with medicare card, passengers with disabilities. ) premium fare : applicable fare plus $ 1. ( express services, denoted in green on a bus stop sign. ) festival shuttles : $ 6 round trip. ( paid in cash on inbound trip. ) drivers only accept exact cash fare. if you do not have exact change, you will not have any choice but to pay extra ( although you can get a refund later, it ' s not worth the effort ). drivers do not sell passes or tickets. passes and ten ride ticket packs are only available from outlets displaying an mcts sticker. ( mostly grocery stores. ) cash or ticket fare includes


refund later, it ' s not worth the effort ). drivers do not sell passes or tickets. passes and ten ride ticket packs are only available from outlets displaying an mcts sticker. ( mostly grocery stores. ) cash or ticket fare includes a one hour transfer, get a transfer slip from the driver while paying. showing this transfer will allow you to board as many buses as you wish before the time runs out. there are currently no audio - visual stop announcements. if you need any information don ' t hesitate to ask the bus operator for help. most drivers know the city well and will be happy to give you directions or call your stop. ozaukee county is served by the ozaukee county express from downtown milwaukee ( some service also to milwaukee ' s south side ) via the i - 43 corridor. ozaukee county transit also offers shared - ride taxi services. wisconsin coach lines offer service from racine and kenosha in the south to downtown milwaukee, and from waukesha and mukwonago in the west to downtown milwaukee and to the university of wisconsin - milwaukee. milwaukee was awarded bronze status from the league of american bicyclists in 2004 and again in 2009. a bike map is available from the city or for sale at local shops. weather permitting, milwaukee is a very pleasant place to bicycle. there are several separated bike lanes and network of leisurely trails called the oak leaf trail. some are even limited access paths ( think : bike freeway ) as well as 65 mi ( 105 km ) of on - street bike lanes and 75 mi ( 121 km ) of signed bike routes ( the city aims to raise that number to several hundred miles of on - street bike lanes as streets are re - paved ). bicycle rentals and tours milwaukee bike and skate rental a kiosk in veterans park on the lake michigan shore, just north of the art museum. brew city bike tours offer rental as well as tours including pub spin, bite ' n bike and history 101. while there are plenty of taxis to meet demand, do not expect to simply flag one down. with the notable exceptions of queues at larger hotels, the airport, train - and bus stations, largely attended events and most of the downtown area, you should call for one. even going from the upper east side to downtown can cost $ 20. the number one company is yellow cab ( + 1 414 271 - 1800 ), with phone numbers of other taxi companies available here :. in the warmer ( and occasionally the colder ) months there


the upper east side to downtown can cost $ 20. the number one company is yellow cab ( + 1 414 271 - 1800 ), with phone numbers of other taxi companies available here :. in the warmer ( and occasionally the colder ) months there are alternative ways of getting point to point. horse - drawn carriages are available downtown and sometimes on the east side, and often outside public events. cream city rickshaw available for private events, bike - taxi services. while it is possible to use the bus to go to many suburbs, some tourists prefer driving. parking outside the downtown / east side is overall a non - issue. traffic conditions vary. parking downtown and in some business districts ( on the east side, in some suburbs ) costs money. keep an eye out for electronic meters : there will be a number on a post at each space, and you need it to pay at a machine down the block ( cards accepted ). visitors parking overnight on city streets should call the city at + 1 414 286 - 8300 by 1am to request parking permission. overnight parking can also be registered for free ( up to 3 nights ) online at the dpw ' s night parking site. us bank center, 777 e wisconsin ave. built in 1973, is the tallest building in the state at 42 stories. bud selig, the commissioner of major league baseball and former owner of the brewers has an office inside. edit hoan bridge, i - 794. the hoan bridge is one of the most recognizable milwaukee landmarks. it is a tied arch bridge suspended over the port of milwaukee on the milwaukee river. it ' s part of i - 794 that leads into downtown. edit pabst brewery complex, ( southwest of winnebago and 9th ),. the former brewery sits on the north east side of downtown, adjacent to the milwaukee county courthouse and overlooking i - 43. it contains many wonderful " old world " style buildings. though the brewery is no longer in operation it still remains an icon of the city. it is currently under renovation and is being re - developed for condos, offices, and restaurants. edit pabst mansion, 2000 w wisconsin ave ( just w of the marquette campus, bus 10 and 30 from downtown ), + 1 414 931 - 0808,. m - sa 10am - 4pm, su noon - 4pm ( closed m mid - jan - feb ). in 1892, the flemish renaissance revival mansion of captain frederick pabst, world famous beer


931 - 0808,. m - sa 10am - 4pm, su noon - 4pm ( closed m mid - jan - feb ). in 1892, the flemish renaissance revival mansion of captain frederick pabst, world famous beer baron, accomplished sea captain, real estate developer, philanthropist and patron of the arts, was completed. from the day the house was inhabited, it was considered the jewel of milwaukee ' s famous avenue of mansions called grand avenue and represented the epitome of america ' s gilded age splendor in milwaukee. $ 9. edit the domes, mitchell park ( s layton blvd and w pierce st, buses 19 and 27 ),. one of the city ' s most recognizable landmarks. the three huge glass domes serve as the city ' s horticultural gardens, and house a desert habitat, rainforest, and varying themed exhibits. edit milwaukee art museum, lincoln memorial dr. santiago calatrava - designed addition is another of milwaukee ' s most recognizable landmark, and the bird - like wings of the building ' s quadracci pavilion open and close several times each day, depending on the weather. the war memorial which the museum is connected to was designed by the architect eero saarinen. edit city hall, ( n water and e wells sts ). was the possibly city ' s most important landmark before the completion of the calatrava addition to the museum. the architecture is heavily german influenced, and is a symbol of milwaukee ' s large german immigrant population at the turn of the century. edit st. josaphat basilica, lincoln and 6th ( bus 80 from downtown ). on the city ' s south side, it was built by the city ' s polish community from the dismantled materials of the old chicago customs house and post office. each block was carefully measured and numbered for a best fit in the new design so that hardly any stone was re - cut or went to waste. in the end, even the original ornamental bronze railings, lighting fixtures, and doorknobs of the customs house were used for furnishings. opulently decorated and designed, it is perhaps one of the finest examples of the so called " polish cathedral " style of church architecture in north america. edit allen - bradley clocktower, s 2nd and greenfield ( bus 15 from downtown ). underneath it sits the home of rockwell automation. it is instantly recognizable from i - 43 between downtown and the south side of milwaukee. it was the largest four - sided clock in the world, until saudi arabia


and greenfield ( bus 15 from downtown ). underneath it sits the home of rockwell automation. it is instantly recognizable from i - 43 between downtown and the south side of milwaukee. it was the largest four - sided clock in the world, until saudi arabia built the largest in 2010, al bait towers, a. k. a. mecca royal clock hotel tower. these clocks are about about 140 feet in diameter. allen bradley ' s are 40. 2 feet. milwaukee ' s clock is nicknamed the " polish moon. " edit milwaukee public museum, 800 w wells. on downtown ' s west side, it ' s excellent for children and adults alike, containing exhibits on numerous topics including large historical dioramas, an imax theater, and the largest planetarium in the state. well - known permanent exhibits include a " butterflies alive " garden and the streets of old milwaukee which feature the world ' s oldest continually functioning gas streetlight system. edit discovery world museum at pier wisconsin,. features in depth interactive exibits about the great lakes and local natural science. edit betty brinn children ' s museum, 929 e wisconsin,. large children ' s museum connected to the mam via a pedestrian bridge. edit charles allis art museum ( 1801 n prospect ) and villa terrace decorative arts museum ( 2220 n terrace ) are located in re - purposed, east side mansions. they are great stops as you explore the east side neighborhood. milwaukee county zoo, 103rd and w bluemound ( bus 10 from downtown ). one of the best zoos in the us. features 2500 animals representing 300 species on 200 acres ( 81 ha ). besides animal showcases, the zoo also features train tours, sea lion shows, and a dairy farm. check with zoo schedules for fun special events like sleepovers at the zoo or trick - or - treating at the zoo on halloween. edit harley - davidson museum, 400 canal st ( just south of the amtrak station on s 6th, bus 80 from downtown ), ( toll free : 1 - 877 - hd museum ),. walk through a variety of exhibits that tell the stories of the extraordinary people, products, history and culture of harley - davidson. in addition to the fantastic motorcycle collection, stories are told through a variety of media - including photographs, videos, apparel, rare documents and other fascinating artifacts. peek into a portion of the archives, never before open to the public, and home base to more than 450 motorcycles, and hundreds of thousands of artifacts that the archives team can pull from for