the ” ). handel immediately realized that a great work of music could be made from jennens ’ libretto. he thought that jennens was a very clever person, and in his letters to him he calls the work “ your oratorio messiah ”. handel sat down in the front room of his house in brook street, london, and wrote the whole oratorio in twenty four days. it is a long work, lasting over four hours, and when one thinks that handel had to write out all the parts for the choir and orchestra, he must have worked unbelievably hard. when he had finished the work, he put it in a drawer for seven weeks. perhaps he thought it would never be played in london, because at that time the london audiences did not seem to like him. handel goes to dublin [ change ] just at that time he got an invitation to go to dublin. he was asked to give a concert to get money for charity. the main charity for which money was being raised was the debtor ’ s prison. in those days people who ran into debt ( meaning that they owed lots of people money but had no money to pay them ) were sent to prison. there they were fed by charity ( people who fed them out of kindness ). if no one fed them they just starved to death. handel had nearly been sent to a debtor ’ s prison himself a few years earlier. he went to dublin as soon as he could, and he was there by november. on 23 december he performed his oratorio l ’ allegro. unlike the london audiences, people in dublin loved it. this was followed by alexander ’ s feast, imeneo and, in april, messiah. he was a very great success in dublin, and he stayed there until august, when he returned to london. the writer alexander pope helped people to change their minds and listen to handel ’ s new music. he had just published volume 4 of dunciad. in this work he said how wonderful handel ’ s choruses were. when he heard messiah he must have known that he had written the truth. the music [ change ] messiah tells the story of christ. it is divided into three parts. part one tells of the coming and the birth of christ. part two is about his death on the cross, and his ascension into heaven, and part three has some thoughts about christ, with words from the books of job and corinthians book one. handel usually performed his oratorios in theatres, not


two is about his death on the cross, and his ascension into heaven, and part three has some thoughts about christ, with words from the books of job and corinthians book one. handel usually performed his oratorios in theatres, not in churches, and his audience went as a change from going to the opera. they did not go for religious worship. handel ’ s oratorios are normally dramatic, with the four solo singers ( soprano, alto, tenor and bass ) each taking the part of a character from the bible. messiah is different. the soloists sing about the story of christ. the great choruses, where the choir sings, praise the lord in the wonderful music. some of the music is homophonic ( e. g. the hallelujah chorus ), some of the choruses are dramatic dialogues ( e. g. lift up your heads ), or they are a fugue ( he trusted in god and amen ), or they describe things dramatically ( all we like sheep ). the hallelujah chorus [ change ] the most well known of all the movements in the messiah is the one popularly known as the hallelujah chorus, because of the frequently sung word “ hallelujah ”. it occurs at the end of the part two of the oratorio. ' there is a famous story about king george ii who attended a royal performance of messiah. when it came to the hallelujah chorus he stood up. whenever the king stood up, everyone in his presence had to stand up, so the whole audience stood. no one is really sure whether the king stood up because he liked the music or for some other reason, but it has become tradition for the audience to stand up when the hallelujah chorus is sung.


7 posts • page 1 of 1 it would be really cool if someone can help me with the following : i drew a tube in sketchup and i managed to hide some handles to scale ( via component attributes - behavior - scale tool ). so the user can only scale the tube in one direction. no i would like the scaling to snap on a multiple of 25. so when my tube is 100cm and i scale it to 523, the lenght should snap to 525. when i scale the tube to 7cm, it should snap to 25. 25cm is the shortest the tube can be. 12m is the longest the tube can be. does anyone now how to do this? i hope the question is clear enough. if not, don ' t hesitate to ask me more about the problem! thank you in advance and kind regads! the maths to do this is relatively simple - divide by your " snap unit ", round to an integer, then multiply up again by the snap unit. but first, you need to know about the way that new values get updated from the user interface. for this, you need the special function " current ( ) ". current ( ) receives a value from your mouse ( or vcb ) interaction, and then makes the dc equations update once, and only once. without this, a reference such as... lenx = round ( lenx / 25 ) * 25... doesn ' t know when to stop calculating, because every change to lenx makes it change again, and again - a circular reference. in reality, this kind of error is trapped, but still gives strange results. the correct form is... lenx = round ( current ( " lenx " ) / 25 ) * 25 note that you must wrap the parameter name in quotes as shown here. you could also use the functions ceiling ( ) or floor ( ), if you want the snapping to always round up, or always round down - round ( ) always goes to the closest one. also, watch out for small lengths that might snap to zero length - the if function can test for this, e. g... lenx = if ( current ( " lenx " ) > 25, round ( current ( " lenx " ) / 25 ) * 25, 25 ) here, if current ( " lenx " ) is over 25, you will get the result of the rounding functions, otherwise you get a fixed value of 25. and there is yet another thing


active regions on the solar surface are generally thought to originate from a strong toroidal magnetic field generated by a deep seated solar dynamo mechanism operating at the base of the solar convection zone. thus the magnetic fields need to traverse the entire convection zone before they reach the photosphere to form the observed solar active regions. understanding this process of active region flux emergence is therefore a crucial component for the study of the solar cycle dynamo. this article reviews studies with regard to the formation and rise of active region scale magnetic flux tubes in the solar convection zone and their emergence into the solar atmosphere as active regions. coronal holes are the darkest and least active regions of the sun, as observed both on the solar disk and above the solar limb. coronal holes are associated with rapidly expanding open magnetic fields and the acceleration of the high - speed solar wind. this paper reviews measurements of the plasma properties in coronal holes and how these measurements are used to reveal details about the physical processes that heat the solar corona and accelerate the solar wind. it is still unknown to what extent the solar wind is fed by flux tubes that remain open ( and are energized by footpoint - driven wave - like fluctuations ), and to what extent much of the mass and energy is input intermittently from closed loops into the open - field regions. evidence for both paradigms is summarized in this paper. special emphasis is also given to spectroscopic and coronagraphic measurements that allow the highly dynamic non - equilibrium evolution of the plasma to be followed as the asymptotic conditions in interplanetary space are established in the extended corona. for example, the importance of kinetic plasma physics and turbulence in coronal holes has been affirmed by surprising measurements from the uvcs instrument on soho that heavy ions are heated to hundreds of times the temperatures of protons and electrons. these observations point to specific kinds of collisionless alfven wave damping ( i. e., ion cyclotron resonance ), but complete theoretical models do not yet exist. despite our incomplete knowledge of the complex multi - scale plasma physics, however, much progress has been made toward the goal of understanding the mechanisms ultimately responsible for producing the observed properties of coronal holes. we review the properties of solar convection that are directly observable at the solar surface, and discuss the relevant underlying physics, concentrating mostly on a range of depths from the temperature minimum down to about 20 mm below the visible solar surface. the properties of convection at the main energy carrying ( granular ) scales are tightly constrained by observations, in particular by


the relevant underlying physics, concentrating mostly on a range of depths from the temperature minimum down to about 20 mm below the visible solar surface. the properties of convection at the main energy carrying ( granular ) scales are tightly constrained by observations, in particular by the detailed shapes of photospheric spectral lines and the topology ( time - and length - scales, flow velocities, etc. ) of the up - and downflows. current supercomputer models match these constraints very closely, which lends credence to the models, and allows robust conclusions to be drawn from analysis of the model properties. at larger scales the properties of the convective velocity field at the solar surface are strongly influenced by constraints from mass conservation, with amplitudes of larger scale horizontal motions decreasing roughly in inverse proportion to the scale of the motion. to a large extent, the apparent presence of distinct ( meso - and supergranulation ) scales is a result of the folding of this spectrum with the effective " filters " corresponding to various observational techniques. convective motions on successively larger scales advect patterns created by convection on smaller scales ; this includes patterns of magnetic field, which thus have an approximately self - similar structure at scales larger than granulation. radiative - hydrodynamical simulations of solar surface convection can be used as 2d / 3d time - dependent models of the solar atmosphere to predict the emergent spectrum. in general, the resulting detailed spectral line profiles agree spectacularly well with observations without invoking any micro - and macroturbulence parameters due to the presence of convective velocities and atmosphere inhomogeneities. one of the most noteworthy results has been a significant reduction in recent years in the derived solar c, n, and o abundances with far - reaching consequences, not the least for helioseismology. convection in the solar surface layers is also of great importance for helioseismology in other ways ; excitation of the wave spectrum occurs primarily in these layers, and convection influences the size of global wave cavity and, hence, the mode frequencies. on local scales convection modulates wave propagation, and supercomputer convection simulations may thus be used to test and calibrate local helioseismic methods. we also discuss the importance of near solar surface convection for the structure and evolution of magnetic patterns : faculae, pores, and sunspots, and briefly address the question of the importance or not of local dynamo action near the solar surface


. we also discuss the importance of near solar surface convection for the structure and evolution of magnetic patterns : faculae, pores, and sunspots, and briefly address the question of the importance or not of local dynamo action near the solar surface. finally, we discuss the importance of near solar surface convection as a driver for chromospheric and coronal heating. this article surveys the development of observational understanding of the interior rotation of the sun and its temporal variation over approximately forty years, starting with the 1960s attempts to determine the solar core rotation from oblateness and proceeding through the development of helioseismology to the detailed modern picture of the internal rotation deduced from continuous helioseismic observations during solar cycle 23. after introducing some basic helioseismic concepts, it covers, in turn, the rotation of the core and radiative interior, the “ tachocline ” shear layer at the base of the convection zone, the differential rotation in the convection zone, the near - surface shear, the pattern of migrating zonal flows known as the torsional oscillation, and the possible temporal variations at the bottom of the convection zone. for each area, the article also briefly explores the relationship between observations and models.


in april, on the 30th anniversary of hostilities between britain and argentina over sovereignty of the falkland islands, the prime minster, david cameron, issued a statement saying that britain remains firmly committed to upholding the rights of the falkland islanders to self - determination. recently, argentina has stepped up its protestations over the status of the south atlantic archipelago, which it knows as the malvinas, as a self - governing overseas territory of the united kingdom. for example, argentina has refused to let cruise ships land at its ports if they carry the british flag. furthermore, legal action is being taken against five british firms prospecting for oil off the coast of the falklands. the bbc reports that on tuesday, the falkland islands legislative assembly announced that inhabitants who are on the electoral roll will be able to vote in the islands ’ first - ever referendum. the vote in 2013 will concern the islanders ’ own views on which country should govern them. a downing street spokesperson said the impetus for the vote came from the falklands, rather than from mainland politicians. cameron, speaking about the referendum, accused the argentinian government of “ shouting down ” the islanders ’ rights to be heard on the matter of sovereignty. he added : “ next year ’ s referendum will determine beyond doubt the views of the people of the falklands. britain will respect and defend their choice. we look to all un members to live up to their responsibilities under the un charter and accept the islanders ’ decision about how they want to live. ” the referendum announcement comes two days before argentinian president, cristina fernandez de kirchner, is due to raise the matter of the malvinas before a meeting of the united nations special committee on decolonisation. in 1965 the un general assembly approved a resolution from the un decolonisation committee, calling on both countries to proceed with negotiations over the sovereignty of the islands : “ bearing in mind the interests of the population of the falkland islands. ” both britain and argentina are signatories to the internationally - binding un charter, which provides for the “ self - determination of peoples ”, through peaceful means.


male bonding : the influence of male relationships in captive chimpanzee social groups mary catherine mareno faculty sponsor : dr. steven schapiro in laboratories in the united states, groups of captive chimpanzees are maintained in order to conduct behavioral and medical research that further 1 ) our understanding of human behavioral and cognitive evolution and 2 ) the fight against disease. many studies of wild populations of chimpanzees have examined the importance of male - male bonds to group cohesiveness and have found that variations in the number of males and their age distribution impact the interactions within the group. male - male interactions serve to maintain functional social groups and seem to be of more critical importance to group cohesiveness in chimpanzees than female - female bonds. in the wild, communities are based around a core of adult males who spend the majority of their time together and generally interact with one another affiliatively. these strong relationships maintain the cooperation needed to organize hunts and to protect their territory and females from other groups. considerably fewer data are available on the effects of differences in male composition on interactions within captive social groups. studies have shown that like in the wild, captive male chimpanzees prefer other males as grooming partners. yet many primate facilities shy away from housing multi - male groups for fear of increased aggression. to promote species - typical social conditions, which in turn allow for healthier subjects that yield more valid behavioral and medical data, a balance between affiliation and conflict among males must be achieved. however, the strategies to achieve such a balance are not particularly well characterized. to study the effects of different group compositions, 54 chimpanzees were observed living in five separate social groups at the university of texas m. d. anderson cancer center. each social group was comprised of a different number of male chimpanzees with varying age distributions. the group sizes ranged from eight to 14 animals, and the proportion of males in each group varied from 3 / 8 to 1 / 2. age differences between the oldest and youngest male in each group varied from 16 years to 25 years. each group was observed once a week for 15 weeks. these observations were balanced between morning and afternoon time periods, switching each week. during the observations, the frequencies of 15 behaviors were recorded for each male with special emphasis placed on affiliative and aggressive behaviors. in addition, every three minutes the whole group was scanned to record the social behavior of each individual, using the same 15 behaviors. the results indicate that group composition


source : climate change reconsidered bali, r., agarwal, k. k., ali, s. n. and srivastava, p. 2011. is the recessional pattern of himalayan glaciers suggestive of anthropogenically induced global warming? arabian journal of geosciences 4 : 1087 - 1093. bali et al. ( 2011 ) introduce their review of what is known about himalayan glaciers by noting that a “ glacial inventory carried out by the geological survey of india reveals the existence of over 9, 000 valley glaciers in india and at least about 2, 000 glaciers in nepal and bhutan, ” citing raina ( 2006 ). and they say that “ following the alarmist approach of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ), ” a number of subsequent reports related to the bleak future of himalayan glaciers have been issued, mainly through the media. these reports, as they describe them, have suggested that “ almost all indian glaciers including the gangotri glacier will vanish from the earth in the next few decades. ” more particularly, they say the reports suggest that “ initially, there would be flooding followed by the drying of glacial fed rivers of the indian subcontinent, desertification, rise of sea level, submergence of the coastal areas, spread of diseases, drop in the production of food grains, etc., ” all due, of course, to “ anthropogenically induced global warming. ” so what ’ s the real story? ( more … )


this document is provided to give you some help and guidance so that you can get the maximum number of points on the examinations in ecn 314 - money, banking and financial markets. many students are not used to the style of examination, so i have prepared this to give you some assistance so that you can get the highest score and grade possible. the exam style is more of a graduate exam style and requires a different strategy than a multiple choice exam. the exams are a combination of essays, t - f - uncertain / explain in an essay and problems. 1. write as legibly as possible, in complete sentences. try to avoid using shorthand ( e. g. writing b / c instead of the writing out the word " because " ), abbreviations, and / or symbols ( e. g. using up or down arrows instead of writing out the words " increase " or " decrease " ) in your answers. 2. full credit for an essay requires that you write a complete essay of a minimum of at least one full paragraph, with at least three or four sentences. in almost all cases, an essay of several paragraphs would be more appropriate. as a general rule, plan on writing an essay of at least one full page in your blue book. one or two sentence “ essays ” will not count for full credit. 3. t - f - uncertain / explain problems should be treated just like an essay question. one or two paragraphs are almost always required to fully explain your answer. you will find a sample t - f - u / explain question along with a complete answer, on the study guide section of my web page. remember that this is very different from a regular t - f exam question, which usually does not require an explanation. a t - f - u / explain question requires that you first select an answer ( indicate clearly whether you are selecting true, false or uncertain as your answer ) and then write a complete explanation of why that answer is correct. in some cases, more than one answer could be correct, and would depend on what assumptions you are making, how you choose to answer the question, etc. a common mistake here is to attempt to answer in one sentence, which will usually not count for full credit. for example, take the sample t - f - u / explain test question : “ if the current ytm is greater than a bond ’ s coupon rate, the bond will sell at a premium. ” an answer that would not qualify for full credit would be : “ false, the


f - u / explain test question : “ if the current ytm is greater than a bond ’ s coupon rate, the bond will sell at a premium. ” an answer that would not qualify for full credit would be : “ false, the bond would sell at a discount. ” a more detailed explanation would be required, with a discussion of the relation between coupon rates, current bond yields, and whether a bond sells at a discount or premium. this would probably require at least one full paragraph with three or more sentences, such as : “ the statement is false, the bond would sell at a discount, not a premium. assume that the coupon rate of the bond is 8 % and current bond yields are 10 %, so that the bond ’ s coupon rate is less than the current yields. in other words, bond yields have risen since the original bond was issued. bonds are now being issued with coupon rates of 10 % to reflect the current level of bond yields, and these bonds would sell at par ( p = $ 1000 ). in the bond market, previously issued bonds compete with newly issued bonds. a bond with a coupon rate of only 8 % would therefore be paying lower coupon payments ( $ 80 ) than current bonds are paying ( $ 100 ). therefore, the bond with a 8 % coupon rate would only sell if it was offered at a discount ( p < $ 1000 ). investors now expect a 10 % yield, and will only buy a 8 % coupon bond if it is sold at discount, so that it will give investors a 10 % rate of return. ” other explanations are also possible. when in doubt, you should probably write a longer essay instead of a shorter essay. however, try to not include any information that does not directly address the question. plan on writing a full one page essay in your blue book. if you want to practice writing an essay question or t - f - u / explain question for evaluation before the first exam, you may submit an essay answer to any one question from the list of study guide questions and i will grade it for you. 4. label all numbers with appropriate units. for example, instead of “ 5 ", you should put $ 5, 5 %, 5 years, ff5 / $, dm5, etc. 5. when you include a graph in your answer, make the graph large and carefully label the graph, with appropriate units specified on both the x and y axis, such as years, interest rate ( %


/ $, dm5, etc. 5. when you include a graph in your answer, make the graph large and carefully label the graph, with appropriate units specified on both the x and y axis, such as years, interest rate ( % ), price ( $ ), quantity of bonds, quantity of credit, quantity of money, etc.. 6. show all of your work on the problems to get maximum partial credit. if the answer is wrong, and there is no work to support the answer you could lose all of the points. if the answer is wrong and the work shown indicates that you understood the problem but made a relatively small calculation error, you would possibly qualify for almost common reasons that answers do not receive full credit : 1. answers for essay and t - f - u / explain questions are too short, and not enough information is provided for me to accurately assess whether you understand the problem / issue. for example, do not try to answer two or three essay questions on one page in your blue book! 2. answers for essay and t - f - u / explain questions are too long, especially when unnecessary, irrelevant or inaccurate information is provided. long essays may actually count for full credit, but will be costly in terms of the opportunity cost of your time! 3. the answer to a problem is wrong, and there is not enough work provided to assign partial credit accurately. if there was a small error in an initial calculation that was carried through and resulted in a wrong final answer, i can take this into account when assigning partial credit, assuming that your work is shown!!


with the meeting of the underground railroad conference in st. augustine in a few days, our attention turns to those who ran in the hope of freedom and to those who helped them. from the 1680s until the spanish turned over florida to the british in 1763, enslaved blacks ran to spanish florida from british colonies, especially from south carolina. a spanish royal decree in 1693 had encouraged the runaways by offering the possibility of freedom. much of what we know of the individuals who made it to st. augustine is provided by the records of st. augustine ’ s catholic parish. the parish records include information on blacks of the african “ nations ” of caravali, congo, guinea, mina, as well as others from jamaica, mexico, brazil, curacao, new york and new england. many runaways who arrived in st. augustine were baptized and were given freedom or provided with the possibility of freedom after a period of service. but sometimes, the runaways were returned to carolina, especially when tensions between the british and the spanish were an issue. tomas, a congo born in africa, was one of the runaways who appear in the parish records. his marriage was recorded in the 1740s. he might have talked to himself in this way : “ i started life in africa, was captured by slavers, carried across the ocean and after a few years working in the fields of barbados, then found myself moved to carolina. there, everyone knew about the offer made by the spanish that those who ran to florida would be freed. once in florida i agreed to be baptized and took the new name tomas. “ at first things went well for us who succeeded in escaping to florida. we were paid to work on defense projects. women worked in the well - to - do households. runaways married local black slaves and free blacks. but the spanish governors were more concerned about keeping things peaceful with the british. so it was never certain for a runaway what the course of action would be when he arrived in florida and st. augustine. “ the florida governors are concerned that the british might attack in order to take back us runaways. another time the crown decided that four years of royal service would have to be completed before we could be freed. and then, i sometimes wonder what the slaves who have been in florida all along think about the offer of freedom made to those who ran from carolina, but there is nothing similar offered for them. ” the monarchy of spain offered freedom to black runaways, but not at the expense of crown ’ s best


biafra – a history ( part iii – v ) “ as i have said before, and i repeat, the war we are fighting is an imperialist war, waged by britain and russia in an unholy alliance and with the tacit acquiescence of the united states, and fought by proxy. ” “ i see biafra as a bastion of the free in an age in which freedom and self - determination are conditioned by the color of the skin. i would go further to say that for the acceptance of the black race, there must be a biafra. if this biafra is stifled, then perhaps in the future another will emerge. ” – chukwuemeka odumegwu - ojukwu ( radio biafra broadcasts ; november / december ; 1968 ) by august of 1967, biafra had been forced to withdraw from the occupied territories in nigeria gained during its incursions in july and august. back behind its original borders, ojukwu could do nothing to prevent the destruction of most of his air force by the new nigerian migs. by september, three nigerian regiments had crossed the niger into biafra. with the abandonment of the capitol at enugu for the inland city of umuahia in september, 1967, biafra was effectively on the defensive. biafran soldier w / captured nigerian equipment ; 1968 ) now, his forces spread thin ( augmented by european volunteers and mercenaries committed to his cause of freedom ), ojukwu had to make the choice between losing his country, and losing his one deep - water port, port harcourt, in the south of biafra. port harcourt is on the shores of the bight of biafra, which in turn is part of the atlantic ocean. one of the world ’ s largest river - deltas, the niger river delta comprises the gateway to port harcourt, and is a natural ‘ staging area ’ for the large numbers of ships which come to port harcourt every day, bringing supplies to biafra, as well as taking the oil which was such a vital part of the biafran economy. ojukwu ’ s dilemma was plain – with the pressure of nigerian troop - columns threatening his capital, he had to maintain sufficient forces in the field in western biafra to counter this threat – but he also had to maintain port harcourt at all costs, defending the city while it was under siege. he chose to fight a delaying - action, surrendering over 150 miles


sufficient forces in the field in western biafra to counter this threat – but he also had to maintain port harcourt at all costs, defending the city while it was under siege. he chose to fight a delaying - action, surrendering over 150 miles of territory as the nigerian army pushed east, but holding the coast - district against the onslaught of nigerian artillery and egyptian / british - flown migs and ilushin bombers. savage fighting continued through most of the fall and winter of 1967 - 1968. reinforced by additional mercenaries, volunteers, and biafran regulars, the biafran army managed to hold out through most of spring, 1968. all the while, biafrans were starving. ( biafran children, in late - stages of starvation ; 1968 ) “ by the beginning of april, 1968, the truth about biafra and the genocide being perpetrated by nigerians was filtering in increasing volume to the outside world, ” said president ojukwu in a broadcast over radio biafra in the summer of 1968. in truth, the biafran famine was far worse than the media presented. by this time, the failure of harvest ( nigeria had occupied most of the biafran farmland close to the border near the niger river ) and the war itself was claiming 50, 000 biafran lives monthly. barring a miracle, biafra was on borrowed time. “ for nearly ten months now, we have been fighting a hard and bitter war in defense of our lives and property and the future of our children against nigeria ’ s calculated war of destruction and genocide. the immediate tragic circumstances which culminated in this war are well known to all of us …. ” – president chukwuemeka odumegwu - ojukwu ; broadcast of 31 march ; 1968 “ in africa, a thing can be true at first light, and a lie by noon. ” – ernest hemingway on 12 may, 1968, fifty thousand troops of the nigerian third marine commando under general adekunle and his second - in - command, general obasanjo, made an amphibious landing south of the biafran city of port harcourt in the niger river delta. at the same time, the nigerian air force stepped up its bombing raids on port harcourt, attacking the outer - ring of port harcourt ’ s defenses round - the - clock. over fifty thousand nigerian regulars, mainly hausa troops from the north with no love for the igbo, were chosen to assault the land - based defenses to the


attacking the outer - ring of port harcourt ’ s defenses round - the - clock. over fifty thousand nigerian regulars, mainly hausa troops from the north with no love for the igbo, were chosen to assault the land - based defenses to the west of the city. the outcome left little in doubt. toward the end, broadcasts from radio biafra grew strident in its pleas for military, medical, and united nations assistance. biafran troops, out of ammunition, threw gasoline bombs on advancing nigerian troop - carriers and fought hand - to - hand with fixed bayonets as the nigerian troops pushed deeper into the city. on 23 may, 1968, port harcourt fell. ( biafran soldier with french - made machine gun on hood of land rover – part of port harcourt burning in background – 1968 ) four brigades ( about 20, 000 effectives ) of biafran troops streamed through the now - chaotic city northward toward the city of owerri to make what might be a final stand. general adekunle, commander of the third marine commando ( nigerian army ), simply let his mainly - hausa troops have the run of the city for nearly a week. bayoneting anyone who resisted, the third marines engaged in a chaotic ‘ suppression ’ of the port harcourt population, raping women at will, murdering their husbands and children, and looting with abandon. entering the port harcourt hospital, they bayoneted the wounded biafran soldiers who could not evacuate, as well as the physicians who stayed behind ; raped nurses and new mothers in the maternity wards, looted all medical supplies, and eventually returned to their units. this complete breakdown in discipline on the part of nigerian third marine commando bought the remnants of the biafran defenders badly - needed time to establish their perimeters around owerri – but at a civilian cost of over 50, 000 biafran lives during the week - long orgy of murder, looting, and rape in port harcourt. biafra had lost its one deep - water port capable of bringing supplies to the nation via the sea. it had also lost its major population center, plus the oil resources so badly needed to fuel its economy. in august, over 2, 000 short - range rockets and millions of rounds of badly - needed ammunition began arriving at the airfield near owerri. at the same time, the oau ( organization of african unity ) began to lobby the international community for aid. ojukwu has long been criticized for his rejection of land - haulage for food -


arriving at the airfield near owerri. at the same time, the oau ( organization of african unity ) began to lobby the international community for aid. ojukwu has long been criticized for his rejection of land - haulage for food - aid – however, there is a long – standing west african tradition of using poison to eliminate one ’ s enemies, and an equally - long tradition of failing to differentiate between civilian and military personnel in this endeavor ; it may well be that the biafran government wanted to prevent this possibility. ojukwu demanded airlift - only as a means of resupply ; it ’ s often been suggested that he wanted this method so he could fly in arms along with food supplies ; however, there ’ s little practical evidence that this occurred. what is known is this – by the end of 1968, over 200, 000 biafrans were dying monthly, due to the nigerian blockade of all road - entries to biafra, plus the crowding of biafra ’ s population into a land - area a little less than one - half of the original size of the nation. contacted repeatedly by the biafran foreign - office in lisbon, portugal, the united states was content to do nothing, either to support a nation seeking its independence, or to provide material relief for the biafran civilian population. reinforced by fresh volunteers and french munitions, the biafran army went on a counter - offensive in october of 1968. this resulted in large numbers of nigerian army casualties along with the capture of owerri by the biafran army, but eventually resulted in a stalemate by spring of 1969 as the biafrans ran out of ammunition, food and other supplies. ( biafran refugees leaving owerri ; may, 1968 ) airlift of arms and supplies were neither enough nor of any frequency to sustain the life of the population nor the viability of the army. what followed – from early 1969 until the end – is a shameful chapter in modern history. nigeria, with the tacit agreement of the international community and with the active support of great britain and the soviet union, having squeezed the population of biafra into an area around half its original size, was allowed to simply starve biafra into submission. during 1969, biafrans died daily at a horrendous rate. at the peak of biafra ’ s suffering, it ’ s been estimated that nearly 250, 000 biafrans were dying monthly. on 22 december, 1969,


, biafrans died daily at a horrendous rate. at the peak of biafra ’ s suffering, it ’ s been estimated that nearly 250, 000 biafrans were dying monthly. on 22 december, 1969, the gowon government launched its final offensive. starving ; biafran troops could do no more. they simply threw down their weapons and faded into the jungle. nigerian columns advanced unopposed, cutting biafra in two and rendering the nation indefensible and the situation hopeless. nigerian troops began a systematic process of killing every male over the age of ten, raping and mutilating the women of childbearing - age, and destroying anything that might be of value. ( biafran folk - art painting of nigerian troops raiding biafran village – 1970 ) on 13 january, 1970, president ojukwu fled with most of the biafran government to abidjan in the ivory coast. the remainder of the biafran army capitulated later that day. the war for biafran independence — which held such promise both for the region and the world — was over. “ blockaded and besieged, we had no alternative but to cry out as loud as we could, so that, should we perish, somewhere, some people in the world, men of good will, would at least record the fact that at one time we did exist. may i take this opportunity to thank all those persons and organizations that have sacrificed that we might live – that we assure them that their sacrifice will not have been in vain. biafra lives. the struggle continues. long live the republic of biafra. ” – chukwuemeka odumegwu - ojukwu ( president ; biafra – broadcast - from - exile ; january, 1970 ) “ the world is a fine place, and worth fighting for. ” – ernest hemingway as an apologetic for nigerian statehood, biafra stood in sharp contrast to the artificiality of nigeria. biafra was the proof - made - manifest that political - constructs using arbitrary borders do not work in regions where familial and tribal affiliations hold sway. these lessons were learned in biafra, as they were to be learned later in yugoslavia in the 1990 ’ s, and in iraq in present day. biafra was also proof that the definition of genocide is very much determined by money, power and skin color – nearly the same number of ethnic igbos were killed between


in yugoslavia in the 1990 ’ s, and in iraq in present day. biafra was also proof that the definition of genocide is very much determined by money, power and skin color – nearly the same number of ethnic igbos were killed between 1967 - 1970 as the number of jewish people during the events in europe between 1937 - 1945 – but biafra was denied support for its nationhood and any form of united nations - sponsored peacekeeping or aid relief. the expected reprisals after the fall of biafra never occurred, largely due to pressure from both the british and u. s. governments to end the war quietly – it was believed that there was still a danger of biafra rising again due to popular support if the gowon government completed its genocide. as a result, the entire war, along with its atrocities, were metaphorically ‘ swept under the rug ’ by the international community. tactically, the war was lost in september, 1967, when the original capital at enugu was lost and biafra went over to a defensive posture. strategically, the war was lost when port harcourt fell, and in spite of the recognition of biafra by several west african states at that time, those recognitions did little to enhance biafra ’ s stance in the eyes of the rest of the world. deprived of its only deep - water port, its oil - reserves, half of its land - area and nearly all of its arable land, and with its population concentrated together in a manner which invited disease along with starvation, the question most people ask is “ why did ojukwu attempt to hold biafra together, when there was little hope of winning? ” the answer is plainly obvious to most of us who ’ ve studied the phenomenon in any depth – given the alternative between an uncertain future at the hands of a known enemy, and a certain future – even death - with one ’ s ‘ own ’ – a person will choose the familiar over the unfamiliar ; the miserable company of one ’ s own people over the ill - treatment of foreigners. – exact numbers are not possible after this time, but numbers between 2, 000, 000 and upward of 5, 000, 000 biafrans dead of starvation, disease, and direct military action ( wounds ) during the war have been suggested. – while reprisals never materialized after biafra ’ s capitulation, the igbo continue to be repressed. many have left their homeland for more - peaceful lives in great britain,


wounds ) during the war have been suggested. – while reprisals never materialized after biafra ’ s capitulation, the igbo continue to be repressed. many have left their homeland for more - peaceful lives in great britain, canada, and the united states, where their talents are more welcome. – the land east of the niger river has never fully recovered from the thirty months of war which marked the existence of the biafran republic. to this day, the igbo are persecuted. – the united states government has never admitted any failure surrounding the events in biafra from 1967 - 1970. to this date, the u. s. has no foreign policy which adequately addresses africa. – nigeria continues to suffer from the effects of military dictatorship and corruption to this day. – president ojukwu returned from exile in 1980 to the acclaim of over a million people who lined the owerri airport to welcome him home. he lives quietly in nnewe, in eastern nigeria. – president gowon saw a brief transition to democracy, then a descent into more chaotic military dictatorships, being overthrown in a coup in 1975. he lives comfortably today in lagos, nigeria. he was never called to account for his responsibility regarding the genocide in biafra. – general murtala mohammed was never called to answer for his crimes against humanity or genocide against biafra. the international airport in lagos is named after him. he was installed by coup as gowon ’ s replacement in 1975 ; his rule was cut short in another coup attempt in 1976, when his limousine was ambushed in lagos traffic. – neither general adekunle nor general obasanjo ( the two architects of the biafran genocide - by - starvation ) were held accountable for their crimes. in fact, adekunle said, “ i want to prevent even one igbo having one piece to eat before their capitulation, ” in response to a question regarding his strategy. adekunle now lives in retirement, and has recently published a memoir ; obasanjo is the current president of nigeria. on an academic level, i ’ d be remiss if i didn ’ t say i ’ d never have been able to complete either my masters ’ thesis in college or this small series if the good people at harper ; row hadn ’ t had the courage to publish the collected thoughts and speeches of president ojukwu in their fine book “ biafra ”, released in 1969. i ’ ve had


college or this small series if the good people at harper ; row hadn ’ t had the courage to publish the collected thoughts and speeches of president ojukwu in their fine book “ biafra ”, released in 1969. i ’ ve had a first - edition for many years ; it survived my housefire and is a book i ’ ve read several times since i bought it for $ 1. 50 at the used - book sale in college. fredrick forsyth ’ s book, “ the biafra story ” contributed greatly to my understanding of the conflict. there is much which was left out of this story for clarity ’ s sake – the minicoin airforce of swedish count vonrosen makes for a grand tale ; the memoirs of rolf steiner, the mercenary officer from germany, also offered invaluable perspective. i ’ m also indebted to the website biafraland. com, which provides much in the way of anecdotal material and other information about the land to the east of the niger. on a personal level – when biafra seceded from nigeria, i was 12 years old. while other boys were out playing softball, a combination of personal interest and a touch of asthma kept me indoors, either reading or listening to my shortwave radio ( a gift from dad – he told me he ’ d give me his old zenith when he knew i ’ d use it ). i had followed the problems in nigeria, right along with the war in vietnam, the six - day war in the middle east, and ( later ) the invasion of czechoslovakia by the soviet union. upon biafra ’ s secession, i thought – ‘ these people are in the right – the u. s. will have to do something for them! ” i put a map of nigeria on my wall, and followed the troop - movements, gleaned from broadcasts and magazine clippings. i asked my dad when he thought the biafrans would win. he said, “ actually, son, i think they ’ re going to lose this one. ” i was crestfallen. they were a new nation ; certainly deserving of freedom. i was 12 then. i had much to learn. surviving in biafra : the story of the nigerian civil war ( alfred obiora uzokwe ; 2003 ) writers ’ advantage press the biafra story ( frederick forsyth ; 1969 ; 2001 ) – cooper press ; uk the selected speeches of lt. col. ojukwu (


it should be a matter of intense interest to all muslims that islam is the only religion whose origins were recorded historically and thus are grounded not in legend but in fact. the koran was revealed at a time of great change in the arab world, the seventh - century shift from a matriarchal nomadic culture to an urban patriarchal system. muhammad, as an orphan, personally suffered the difficulties of this transformation, and it is possible to read the koran as a plea for the old matriarchal values in the new patriarchal world, a conservative plea that became revolutionary because of its appeal to all those whom the new system disenfranchised, the poor, the powerless and, yes, the orphans. muhammad was also a successful merchant and heard, on his travels, the nestorian christians ' desert versions of bible stories that the koran mirrors closely ( christ, in the koran, is born in an oasis, under a palm tree ). it ought to be fascinating to muslims everywhere to see how deeply their beloved book is a product of its place and time, and in how many ways it reflects the prophet ' s own experiences. however, few muslims have been permitted to study their religious book in this way. the insistence that the koranic text is the infallible, uncreated word of god renders analytical, scholarly discourse all but impossible. why would god be influenced by the socioeconomics of seventh - century arabia, after all? why would the messenger ' s personal circumstances have anything to do with the message? the traditionalists ' refusal of history plays right into the hands of the literalist islamofascists, allowing them to imprison islam in their iron certainties and unchanging absolutes. if, however, the koran were seen as a historical document, then it would be legitimate to reinterpret it to suit the new conditions of successive new ages. laws made in the seventh century could finally give way to the needs of the 21st. the islamic reformation has to begin here, with an acceptance of the concept that all ideas, even sacred ones, must adapt to altered realities. now i ' m not saying muslims must think of their scriptures as mere historical documents and not sacred, however, i do think it ' s important to realize that everything done during muhammad ' s time does not, in fact, have to be done today in the same way. you can ride in cars instead of camels. you can use a toothbrush instead of miswak. you


important to realize that everything done during muhammad ' s time does not, in fact, have to be done today in the same way. you can ride in cars instead of camels. you can use a toothbrush instead of miswak. you can wait until your daughter is grown instead of marrying her off to some old man when she is twelve or younger. you can have one wife instead of four. i ' ve seen some muslim women talking about this very thing on other blogs lately especially in regards to women ' s rights and roles in this world. i ' ve never read anything from this author before, but he said his hope is " to illustrate how much the west and the world as a whole can learn from the qur ' an, and to boldly offer the fruits of more than a hundred years of biblical criticism among christians and jews. " he hopes this will profit jews and christians so they can understand a religion they may know too little about. and he hopes to inspire muslims with " techniques of scriptural analysis " so they can " unlock the treasures of the qur ' an " for the benefit of everyone. i ' ve yet to get into this book ' s chapters because i had to first read the foreword, introduction, prologue, cast of characters and preface. i did glean a few things from those pages worth sharing. the author reminds us that we are no longer in a secular age like the 20th century was labeled. the liberal christians ' idea that we are in a " post - religious " age is just not true according to this liberal christian. also this author believes islam to be " beautiful " and will avoid speaking of leaders and followers, but the scriptures. he will talk of the torah, gospel and qur ' an instead of judaism, christianity and islam or even david, jesus or muhammad. so this seems like it will be interesting.. hope so. the author believes the " qur ' an is as hard to read as the books of daniel or revelation, and it is presented in a similar style. ( pg. 9 ) he had many muslims help with this book and he addressed how they were " aghast " at how the bible portrays the prophets and leaders as very imperfect people especially in the jewish scriptures. in the spirit of understanding the other point of view, he wanted the reader to realize this important distinction between muslims with their nearly - perfect prophets and jews and christians with their error - prone prophets. muslims, he claims, use this view of the prophets as proof the bible has been corrupted, whereas jews


technology in africa : building innovative ecosystems across africa, an innovation culture is starting to emerge. in kenya, pesapal piggybacks on the popular m - pesa mobile payments service, enabling kenyans to buy and sell on the internet. tanzania ’ s techno brain is selling software for managing businesses in 13 countries. and south africa ’ s cobi interactive, a mobile communications software company, is developing popular applications for smart phones. yet for africa to fulfill its potential and emerge among the world ’ s economic tigers, social and business leaders agree that much more innovation must happen there. the continent ’ s cities, universities, entrepreneurs and commercial r & d organizations can become engines of innovation producing new products and services that are tailored for the african experience. and, in order to make this transition, african institutions and businesses – plus multinational corporations – must work together to create innovation ecosystems that foster this kind of creativity. at ibm ’ s smarter planet leadership forum today in nairobi, kenya, ceo ginni rometty said ibm hopes to work collaboratively with the people and institutions in africa : “ we want to be seen as a citizen of the countries, essential to the government, companies and people. ” rometty said ibm ’ s decision to locate an ibm research laboratory on the continent – beginning with an office in nairobi – sends the strong signal about the company ’ s commitment to africa. the message is clear : rometty wants ibm to play an active role in building innovation ecosystems in africa. california ’ s silicon valley is the prototype innovation ecosystem. it benefitted from the combination of good universities, entrepreneurial companies, government incentives and robust supplies of venture capital. many of other places have tried to copy silicon valley ’ s formula — some quite successfully, among them bangalore, india, and singapore. kenya is among the countries in africa that have the potential of creating a vibrant innovation ecosystem. students and entrepreneurs dream of tapping science and technology to solve social and business problems. universities aim to expand their research and teaching programs in science, math and technology. business leaders are creating startup incubators to encourage entrepreneurship — places like ihub, fablab nairobi and nailab the government is playing a vital role, too, by making bold moves aimed at establishing kenya as an information technology hub for east africa. the government recently broke ground for konzo techno city, a new municipality being built from scratch south of nairobi to bring research universities, corporations and government agencies together to support job creation, research collaboration and economic development. another key move was the launch by the kenya ict


recently broke ground for konzo techno city, a new municipality being built from scratch south of nairobi to bring research universities, corporations and government agencies together to support job creation, research collaboration and economic development. another key move was the launch by the kenya ict board of an incubation program for high - tech startups — including seed capital funding. “ if we can build the skills and innovate, it will change the entire continent, ” said bitange ndemo, permanent secretary of kenya ’ s ministry of information and science. but there ’ s an important role for foreign companies and academic institutions to play, as well — as partners with african institutions in making progress. ibm research ’ s new research laboratory in nairobi is the first basic scientific research lab to be established in africa by a foreign multinational firm. we have allied with catholic university of eastern africa to locate the lab on its nairobi campus. the goal of the lab is to produce innovations within africa and also bring in great ideas from ibm ’ s other 11 research labs around the world. “ we want to create technology solutions optimized for africa that can be exported to the rest of the developing world, ” john kelly, senior vice president and director of ibm research said earlier this week. while the first lab office is in nairobi, ibm plans on expanding elsewhere around the continent and also performing collaborative research with a number of universities. already, the company is engaging with the university of nairobi and strathmore university in collaborative programs where scientists from ibm will work with university faculty members on projects of mutual interest. in another sign that kenya is beginning to offer an attractive academic environment, columbia university, one of the leading academic institutions in the united states, has set up columbia global centre / africa as a venue for research aimed at helping african nations reach their un millennium development goals. we believe that foreign firms and institutions won ’ t succeed if they try to build islands of expertise. they must work with local universities on collaborative research and to improve the quality of degree programs. sure, if this happens it will mean that ibm research will have to compete vigorously to recruit and retain the most skilled and ambitious young people. but so be it. “ this is a long term investment, ” said kelly. “ we ’ re here to help build the skills and, hopefully, we ’ ll get our fair share of the most talented graduates. ” sustainable cities collective


spaceship circles dc region tuesday morning did you see the shuttle? add your photos to patch! update ( tuesday, 12 : 45 p. m. ) : did you get a photo of the shuttle? add your photos to patch by clicking on a green " upload photos and videos " button ( to the left of this text and at the top of this post ). original post ( monday, 4 : 45 p. m. ) : have you ever seen a spaceship fly through the sky? it ' s not an entirely hypothetical question. on tuesday morning, april 17, the space shuttle discovery is slated to circle the washington, dc, region as it makes its final trip — riding piggyback on a 747 airplane — from the kennedy space center in florida to the shuttle ' s " retirement home, " the smithsonian institution ’ s steven f. udvar - hazy center, according to the washington post. before it makes its final landing, the space shuttle, which has made 39 trips into space since 1984 and is nasa ' s oldest surviving shuttle, will make " a spectacular flyover visible to much of the [ dc ] region, " the post reported. the shuttle - and - 747 combo will leave florida at 7 a. m., weather permitting, arrive in the dc area at around 10 a. m., and circle the nation ' s capital in a 40 - minute aerial tour. nasa and national air and space museum officials are not releasing the exact flight plan, due to security concerns, but the shuttle will likely fly over the maryland side of the capital beltway, the post reported. the air and space museum encourages people to tweet photos of the shuttle as it flies overhead to # spottheshuttle. the shuttle has a long and important history. " discovery ' s list of achievements include delivering the hubble space telescope to orbit, carrying the first russian cosmonaut to launch on a u. s. spaceship, performing the first rendezvous with the russian space station mir with the first female shuttle pilot in the cockpit, returning mercury astronaut john glenn to orbit, and bringing shuttle flights back to life after the challenger and columbia accidents, " the associated press reported.


we mentioned in one of our earlier posts – blindfold reading - that we had enrolled tammy in a midbrain activation program which activates a person ’ s mid - brain ( also known as mesencephalon ) thereby allowing him / her to use both brains instead of using predominantly only one - side of the brain. the benefits of this midbrain activation are said to include improvement in memory, concentration, creativity and self - confidence. any talents a child has, can be unleashed multiple folds ( be it academic, music or sports ). the child is also said to be more emotionally stable with a balanced character. some friends were curious how the midbrain activation is done. i was and still curious too. the instructors are careful to guard that information and no parents are allowed into the room. however, we are told that the midbrain activation is done through play, games, music and sound. when i asked tammy what went on in the room, she said that they were exposed to a variety of extremely loud sounds of high frequency / pitch. i did some research and discovered that sounds can actually create shapes. this video demonstrates the visualisation of cymatics ( study of sound and vibrations ) by sprinkling sand on a metal plate and vibrating the plate through sound. could this be how midbrain activation is done?


google automated self driving car test drove successfully! aligning with google ’ s optimistic view about technology ’ s ability to advance society, google has made a surprising move! google developed the technology for automated cars and test drove the car from google ’ s mountain view campus to santa monica office and on to hollywood boulevard and logged over 140, 000 miles ( 225, 308 kms )! this project uses artificial - intelligence software that can sense anything near the car and mimic the decisions made by a human driver. the automated cars use video cameras, radar sensors and a laser range finder to “ see ” other traffic, as well as detailed maps to navigate the road ahead. while the test is conducted, the car was manned by a trained safety driver behind the wheel who can take over as easily as one disengages cruise control. with this automation, google expects to reduce traffic accidents. “ your car should drive itself ; it ’ s amazing to me that we let humans drive cars, ” eric schmidt, chief executive officer of google, said at a technology conference last month. “ it ’ s a bug that cars were invented before computers. ” [ bloomberg ] the project is the brainchild of sebastian thrun, the 43 - year - old director of the stanford artificial intelligence laboratory, a google engineer and the co - inventor of the street view mapping service. google is using six priuses and an audi tt in the project. googleblog email : email @ example. com


the population growth that we have increases the production of waste materials on earth. though there are different waste management processes that have been conducted to minimize our waste still, it grows every day. landfills are now being subject for disapproval by environmentalist and the residents who will be greatly affected in building of dump sites in their area. since having landfills in the area can be a cause of health issues and pollution that will greatly affect the environment and population. recycling facilities are being created to solve the landfill concern that we have nowadays. the recycling facility are responsible for receiving, separating and preparing recyclable waste materials that will be used to produce a new product or selling it to manufacturers. but even if there is a recycling facility, landfill can still be useful because that is where the waste materials are stocked. there are different kinds of recycling facility but clean and dry facility is generally used to distinguish the types of waste materials. wet recycling facility is also being utilized nowadays for specific wet or liquid types of waste material. clean recycling facility is the composition of waste materials that are already separated from the municipal solid waste before it reaches the facility. the waste materials are already sorted according to certain specification and processed accordingly. the process may include shredding, drying crushing, compacting and preparing for shipment to the market. dirty recycling facility on the other hand, is the facility that accepts mixed waste materials. after receiving the mixed waste material, it is being separated and segregated to its different types through mechanical or manual sorting. the sorted waste materials that can be recycled will undergo the processing procedure and the other mixed waste materials will be disposed to a different kind of facility such as landfill. dirty recycling facility can be a great challenge since it requires more labor and expensive than having a clean recycling facility. though having a dirty recycling facility provides higher recovery rates than a clean recycling facility since it can recover more waste materials that can be recyclable. compared to a clean recycling facility, the sorting process is already conducted from the source of the waste material whereas in a dirty recycling facility, they are the ones who also do the sorting process to which, they can have a greater control in selecting the waste materials that can be recycled or sell to the market.


verb ( used with object ) 1. to gather slowly and laboriously, bit by bit. 2. to gather ( grain or the like ) after the reapers or regular gatherers. 3. to learn, discover, or find out, usually little by little or slowly. verb ( used without object ) 4. to collect or gather anything little by little or slowly. 5. to gather what is left by reapers. free for the taking. the email popped up in my mailbox the morning after a night of heavy persistent rain. a farm market 30 miles west not only got the rain but had also been hit by hail. their asparagus fields had survived but the hail had made the remaining stalks unsuitable for sale. however. if you didn ' t mind a little pocked marked asparagus, you could have as much as you could pick up. i quickly did the math. $ 2. 99 a pound for grocery store asparagus or as much as i could pick for the price of a short road trip? i slapped on my mudders and pointed my little car west. the fields were at their end of their season. john, the cheerful man shuttling folks back and forth to the fields explained that we could take whatever we found, stalks lying on the ground, small tips just starting to emerge, take it all because it was just going to be plowed under the next day. armed with my little green grocery basket i went to work. i thought more people would be out gathering the bounty but i toiled alone in my field while this man worked the field next to me. no matter, it was a beautiful day and the birds were chattering to one another in their secret bird language songs. it was better than any ipod music i could jammed into my ears. picking the stalks was not as easy as one would imagine. you ' re searching for green stalks in a green field. nor is it a physically easy. the stalks are low to the ground and you ' ve got to bend to get to them. i got into a rhythm once i did spot the stalks, stoop, snap, rise, crouch, snap and rise again. slowly my basket started to fill. happily not everything was crushed by hail. this was one of the many lady bugs i saw as i picked. a good sign of a nice healthy field. stoop, snap, rise, stoop, snap, rise. my knees and back starting speaking to me as i continued my gleaning. " don ' t you think it


as i picked. a good sign of a nice healthy field. stoop, snap, rise, stoop, snap, rise. my knees and back starting speaking to me as i continued my gleaning. " don ' t you think it ' s time to stop? " they urged, " you have plenty of asparagus. " the cheapskate side of my brain shouted them down. " free, it ' s free, just keep picking. " i tried to distract myself with all the things i would do with my bounty. a majority of it would be blanched and vacuumed sealed to go into the freezer. the tender little tips i had made sure to also pick were destined to become pickles. the best and most tender stalks would go into my dim sum sunday dish. with my basket finally full, i walked back up to the market store to say thanks for the gift and perhaps see what else might make the trip back home. while there was no sign saying how much they were, i ' m betting they were as free as the asparagus. did i mention we got a lot of rain? i drove home happy. my body ached, my nails had a fine line of soil beneath them and my jeans were tatooed with that wonderful black soil. i hadn ' t planned to use asparagus for my dim sum dinner. i had a totally different dished planned. even now there ' s a beautiful pork loin in the fridge still waiting for me. but this was just too good to pass up. i decided to blanch and stir fry my green treasure in sambal sauce. i only made half the amount and instead of shrimp paste i used anchovies crushed into a paste. i added a couple of panko fried soft shell crabs to complete my spring to the extreme dish. the asparagus couldn ' t have been more tender and fresh. the spicy sweet peanut sauce danced through both the salty brine of the crab and the distinctive flavor of the asparagus. it was a beautiful marriage of flavors that made all the hard work and pain very much worth the effort. and while i was very sorry for the farmer ' s loss i was very thankful for his generosity that allowed me such a wealth of goodness.


milky way ' s birkeland current falsifies " black hole " assumption anatomy of the milky way core at present, we find ourselves in the unsatisfying position of having remarkable new observational insight into the nature of the galactic center but lacking a sturdy interpretive framework. - robert l. brown and harvey s. listz " sagittarius a and it ' s environment " annual review of astronomy and astrophysics written in 1984 it appears that since then things have only according to some estimates the bright radio source known as sagittarius a * ( pronounced a - star ), residing at the heart of our milky way galaxy, is more than 50 light - years wide. it ' s radio glow stems from synchrotron radiation, the result of charged particles spiraling around magnetic field lines at relativistic speeds. assumptions have been made that the sag a * complex is the result of a massive black hole. yet, save for mathematical computer models based on gravitational conjecture, not a single black hole has ever been found. might the well known plasma dynamics of an electric universe reveal the true nature of the milky way ' s galactic center? the central most region of our galaxy is filled with a variety of dense molecular clouds ( plasma ). a variety of factors such as temperature, chemical composition, bulk velocity etc are known to separate plasma of differing characteristics into separate molecular clouds. this self - organization is a fundamental aspect of plasma and is the ' life like ' quality that prompted irving langmuir to so name them after blood plasma. the sagittarius a complex is divided into " sag a east " and " sag a west ". running perpendicular to the galactic plane is a series of filaments known to be magnetic called the arc. they collectively form a long linearly polarized filament that appears to also interact with other molecular clouds but the filaments do not appear to be deflected by that interaction. that characteristic and their perpendicular relationship also implies that the " threads " composing the arc are tracing the path of magnetic field lines. one of these molecular clouds is known as " m - 0. 02 - 0. 07 " or simply the " 50 km s - 1 cloud ". this particular dense cloud of plasma, often mistakenly called a " gas ", is considered " unique " due to high levels of energetic activity. this energetic activity is the result of an interaction which produces the central " plasma - focused plasmoid " and non - thermal filamentation as


mistakenly called a " gas ", is considered " unique " due to high levels of energetic activity. this energetic activity is the result of an interaction which produces the central " plasma - focused plasmoid " and non - thermal filamentation as explained in wheel within a wheel within the brightest region of sagittarius a * yet another dynamic feature resides. it is known as the " circumnuclear disk " and has been described as an orbiting oval shaped ring of " molecular gas ". however, that description belittles the true nature of the milky way galaxy ' s plasma torus. at an estimated 100 kilometers per second the plasma torus appears to orbit, and is said to " feed " the central 7 light - year wide feature known as the " the " wheel within a wheel " of our milky way galaxy. the mini - spiral is composed of the " eastern arm ", the " western arc ", the " northern arm " and all three appear to be joined at a relatively small central " bar " such as those which distinguish barred spiral galaxies from spiral galaxies. astrophysicists are generally at great pains to determine the cause of such highly energetic activity but not one of their number has, or can, explain how their gravity only universe can account for the wide variety of compelling features collectively embodied in the milky way ' s galactic nucleus. it ' s " wheel within a wheel ", or the " mini - spiral ", has sent them scrambling for any number of assumptive gravitational scenarios such as ' tidally stretched and disrupted clouds ', " gravitational potential due to the point - mass ", " accretion disk ", explosive " blast waves " from supernova - although the magnitude of sag a * refutes that notion, ' molecular cloud collisions ', " shock models ", and of course a theoretical black hole " with over times the mass of the sun. " or is it 3. 7 million solar masses? but no one has explained how so many supposedly " young stars " and star clusters, such as the arches cluster, and the quintuplet cluster can exist in a region so close to an alleged black hole. in it ' s attempts to wrestle with the cause of anomalous gravitational behavior modern astrophysics inadvertently misconstrues the known plasma dynamic of self - organization and reinterprets the observed behavior as " self - consistent ". atop this interpretation any number of gravitational scenarios and inferences are then placed. the conventional theory of stellar formation via


misconstrues the known plasma dynamic of self - organization and reinterprets the observed behavior as " self - consistent ". atop this interpretation any number of gravitational scenarios and inferences are then placed. the conventional theory of stellar formation via gravitational collapse fails at galactic center. for example : the standard model for star formation, gas clouds from which stars form should have been ripped apart by tidal forces from the supermassive black hole. evidently, the gravity of a dense disk of gas around sagittarius a * offsets the tidal forces and allows stars to form. the tug - of - war between the black hole ' s tidal forces and the gravity of the disk has also favored the formation of a much higher proportion of massive stars than normal. - " stars surprisingly form in extreme environment around milky way ' s black hole " [ emphasis added ] finding such big star clusters so near the gravitational pull of the galactic center is surprising ; tidal forces should rip them apart. - angelle tanner, sky & telescope when observation contradicts the gravity only cosmology the result is to immediately ' morph ' the supposed gravitational characteristics of the ever pliable theoretical black hole. it is habitually done on not only do we see the ' scavenging ' of plasma via well known marklund convection which " inwards, with the normal e x b / b2 velocity, towards the center of a cylindrical flux tube " it has been a lack of familiarity with plasma dynamics that has gravitationally interpreted the e x b drift of plasma towards the mini - spiral as " material... falling inward ". the serpent in the sky when we assign culpability for radio structures many hundreds of kilo parsecs in extent to " nuclear activity " and then ascribe that activity to a massive nuclear black hole, we appear to basing our conclusions in large measure on informed, or perhaps inspired speculation. we may be correct, but we also may be simply engaged in clever legerdemain. - robert l. brown and harvey s. listz " sagittarius a and it ' s environment " : annual review of astronomy and astrophysics [ emphasis added ] the double helix nebula in infrared - credit : m. morris ucla in june 2006 nasa ' s spitzer space telescope and ucla announced the " unprecedented " discovery of double helix nebula. the customary photo released on the occasion merely revealed the approximately 80 light - year long tip of a proverbial iceberg. it appears to have been mark morris of ucla who made the


and ucla announced the " unprecedented " discovery of double helix nebula. the customary photo released on the occasion merely revealed the approximately 80 light - year long tip of a proverbial iceberg. it appears to have been mark morris of ucla who made the connection and described the double helix nebula in a manner appropriate for the active plasma dynamics of an electric the direct connection between the circumnuclear disk and the double helix is ambiguous, but the images show a possible meandering channel that warrants further investigation - m. morris " a magnetic torsional wave near the galactic centre traced by a ' double helix ' nebula " nature journal letters vol 440 [ emphasis added ] the double helix nebula not sitting still. at a distance of perhaps some 300 light - years from the sag a * complex the double helix nebula exhibits unusually high dust temperatures for a galactic feature so far above the galactic plane and unaccompanied by nearby star formation. morris also points out that the axis of the double helix nebula points " roughly " towards galactic center and is oriented along the galaxy ' s axis of rotation. morris and his colleagues say the cause of the twist may be a huge disc of gas, known as the circumnuclear disc, which orbits just a few light years outside the black hole at our galaxy ' s center. morris told new scientist the magnetic lines should be anchored in the circumnuclear again, to accredit the existence of such fully formed electromagnetic structures within such close proximity to a theoretical black hole should refute the existence of the latter. morris then searched for a " meandering channel " through which a possible " torsional alfven wave " could travel from the bright circumnuclear disk of the sag a * complex. although heavily obscured by dust as can bee seen from comparative photos, it appears that morris successfully traced the ' dust infused ' portion of a " meandering " birkeland current at least 300 light - years in length towards it ' s point of intersect with the 50 km s - 1 cloud and circumnuclear disk. in addition, the unusually hot dust within the 80 light - year long tip is directly related to the scavenging of dust and plasma via the plasma related process of marklund convection as misconstrued in the abovementioned sky & telescope article as being " falling inward ". the plasma flow is usually inwards as matter is accumulated in the filaments revealing helically twisted densities greater than


of marklund convection as misconstrued in the abovementioned sky & telescope article as being " falling inward ". the plasma flow is usually inwards as matter is accumulated in the filaments revealing helically twisted densities greater than the surrounding when coupled with the work of anthony peratt wherein : plasmas in relative motion are coupled by the currents they drive in each other and nonequilibrium plasma often consists of current - conducting in the laboratory and in the solar system, filamentary and cellular morphology is a well - known property of plasma. as the properties of the plasma state of matter is believed not to change beyond the range of our space probes, plasma at astrophysical dimensions must also be filamentary. - a. l. peratt and the universe : large scale dynamics, filamentation, and consider the structural formations : the plasma torus ( circumnuclear disk ), the " mini - spiral " enclosed within it, dust undergoing inwardly directed radial convection apparently up and out along the massive birkeland current filament away from the galaxy center. the very existence of such structural integrity stares in complete defiance of said black hole theory. during particle - in - cell simulations with up to 12 filaments peratt also noted that multiple birkeland currents can " neck off " leaving fewer ( 2 - 3 ) in number to account for the majority of " cosmic plasma phenomena ". through the decades long work of plasma physics the electric universe is not found " lacking a sturdy interpretive framework ". the double helix nebula fully demonstrates the nature of galactic - dimensioned birkeland currents. the double helix nebula : a magnetic torsional wave propagating out of the galactic centre : mark morris ( ucla ), keven uchida ( cornell ), tuan do ( ucla ) ( see pages 11 & 14 for graphical presentation of a trip to galactic center : sky & telescope the origin of the high - energy activity at the galactic center : f. yusef - zadeh, w. purcell, e. gotthelf permalink to this article. public comment may be made on this article on the thunderbolts forum / thunderblogs ( free membership required ).


if you read last week ' s blog you learned that prepared baby and toddler foods are often high in sugar, particularly added sugar. and as previously mentioned, because infancy and toddlerhood is a critical time period for forming taste preferences and possibly preventing future disease, the need for caretakers to take steps to limit these products is high. this week, we ' re revealing the findings on sodium content of baby and toddler foods from the same research study ( see last week ' s blog for information on what products were analyzed ). 1 as we did with sugar, let ' s start with the sodium recommendations. the american academy of pediatrics and the american heart association recommend that children ages 1 - 3 consume no more than 1, 500 mg of sodium per day ; 4 - 8 consume no more than 1, 900 mg of sodium per day ; 9 - 13 consume no more than 2, 200 mg of sodium per day ; and 14 - 18 consume no more than 2, 300 mg of sodium per day. the american dietetic association recommends even less at 1, 200 mg / day or less for 4 - 8 year - olds and 1, 500 mg / day or less for older children. thus, toddlers should clearly be consuming less than 1, 200 to 1, 500 mg of sodium per day – about 3. 8 grams of salt or 2 / 3 teaspoon of table salt. so what did the researchers find? over 12 percent of toddler products analyzed contain more than 130 mg of sodium per serving. sixteen products contain more than 260 mg of sodium per serving. and 11 products contain over 400 mg of sodium per serving. toddler entrees / dinners topped the ' high - sodium ' list with some products exceeding 500 mg of sodium per serving – 1 / 2 to 1 / 3 of their daily limit. and similar to what was found with sugar, sodium levels in baby / toddler products are not always nutritionally superior ( less sodium ) than adult products. one such case is yogurt where the amount of sodium was less in the comparable adult product. thus, while not quite as problematic as sugar, researchers found sodium levels in toddler products to be higher than expected. and therefore, the recommendation given at the end of the last week ' s blog on sugar also applies here : parents need to carefully select the foods they serve their babies and toddlers. products marketed toward this age group are not necessarily healthy and oftentimes are quite the opposite. so what ' s the busy parent to do? read food labels


by eric simon ( based on a conversation with rabbi dov lipman ) what is tu b ' shevat? any answer ought to start from the same place that all of our jewish tradition flows from : torah and talmud. the torah doesn ' t mention the date, but it is a subject in tractate rosh hashana. in fact, the tractate opens up with the following words : " there are four new years. on the first of nisan is the new year for kings and for festivals. on the first of elul is the new year for the tithe of animals. r eliazar and r shimon say on the 1st of tishrei. on the 1st of tishrei is the new year for the years, for the shmitta ( sabbatical ) and yovel ( jubilee ) years, for the sapling and for the vegetables. on the 1st of shevat is the new year for the tree according to beis shammai, beis hillel say on the 15th. " o. k. so it ' s a new year for trees. what does that tell us? well, tithing is a pretty important concept regarding produce in israel. without getting into all the complications of it, suffice it to say that tithing is on a seven - year cycle ( the seventh year is the " shmitta " year, where we are not allowed to grow anything in the land of israel - - btw, this year is a shmitta year ), and different years require different tithes, and you are not allowed to pay the tithe of one year with produce from a later in the talmud ( rh 14b ), we read the following rule : " if one picked fruit from an esrog tree on the eve of the 15th of shevat before the sun went down, and he then picked more of its fruit after the sun went down, we may not separate the tithes from one batch for the other... either from the new crop for the old or from the old crop for the new one... " so, the 15th of shevat marks the end and the beginning of the " fiscal year " by the 11th century, we can read from the writings of rebbenu gershom ( he is probably most well known as the one who issued the decree that a jew may not marry two wives ) that one may not fast on that day, just as we may not fast on rosh hashana. by the


not cut down the trees. the entire verse, deut. 20 : 19, reads : " when you lay siege to a city for many days to capture it by making war against it, you shall not destroy its tree, wielding an axe against it ; for you shall eat of it but not cut it down ; for man is a tree of the field... " man is a tree? ( i should hasten to point out that halachically speaking, and you can see in this verse where it comes from, that one is only prohibited from cutting down trees that bear fruit! ) in tractate ta ' anit ( 7a ) we read : rabbi zeira explained the strange verse " ki ha ' adam eitz ha ' sadeh " ( for a man is a tree in the field ) with the seemingly contradictory verse there " ki mimenu sochel, ve ' oso lo sichros " ( for you shall eat of it and not cut it down ) - - that if he is a worthy teacher, then eat from him ( learn from him ). otherwise, destroy him and cut others consider the fruit of one ' s " tree " as the mitzvos that we do. and, indeed, trees are often a metaphor for torah. the most famous expression of this is in proverbs ( 3 : 18 ) : " it is a tree of life for those who hold fast to it. " i ' d like to bring in one other tradition about shevat : in jewish tradition, the entire book of deuteronomy was moshe ' s last speech, and he gave it over the last 5 weeks of his life. tradition posits that he started on the 1st of shevat. it is said that the average person who was there and listening to it began to feel spiritual growth on the 15th of shevat - - tu b ' shevat. ( it occurs to me, i wonder if the dispute about the " new year for trees " between beis shammai ( who asserted it was on the 1st ) and beis hillel ( who asserted it was on the 15th is related to this...? ). so, tying it all together : we see that the 15th of shevat is an important growth period for trees. we also see that trees, in our tradition, are related to both torah and to mankind, and that the 15th of shevat was a time when there was major spiritual growth among jews. so, tu b ' shevat is


twisted web is : - an http server, that can be used as a library or run as a stand - alone server - an html templating engine - an http client library twisted web supports numerous standards ; for example, it can serve as a wsgi and cgi container, or an xmlrpc server. it can also serve static content. twisted web provides built - in support for name - based virtual hosts, reverse proxying, xml parsing, and more. twisted web is a very simple to set up stand - alone server. for example, to run a server that serves static content out of the current directory, you can just run this short command line : twistd web - - path. - - port 8080 to run a wsgi application, it ' s just as simple : twistd web - - wsgi my. application. name - - port 8080 because twisted web is also a python library with a documented api, you can configure your server entirely using python. for example, let ' s say you have a bunch of directories with names corresponding to each domain you want to serve from your web server. here ' s the configuration file which creates a virtual host configuration serving static content for each domain out of the directory matching its name : # virtual. rpy from twisted. python. filepath import filepath from twisted. web. static import file from twisted. web. vhost import namevirtualhost resource = namevirtualhost ( ) for p in filepath ( ". " ). children ( ) : resource. addhost ( p. basename ( ), file ( p. path ) ) this configuration can be run with : twistd web - - resource - script = virtual. rpy - - port 8080 unlike some other simple - to - run python web servers, twisted web is an production - grade server that can be used to deploy real applications. among other sites, this web site ( twistedmatrix. com ) is run entirely via twisted web. because it ' s programmable, you can customize your deployment as much or as little as you like, including having your web server run periodic tasks. because it ' s self - contained and requires no configuration, it ' s ideal for developing web applications because your production environment can mirror your deployment environment very closely with little effort. what it ' s not twisted web is a web server, and a framework for doing things with the web - although it shares some components in


once you have chosen between a model i and model ii anova, the next step is to test the homogeneity of means. the null hypothesis is that the all the groups have the same mean, and the alternate hypothesis is that at least one of the means is different from the others. to test the null hypothesis, the variance of the population is estimated in two different ways. i ' ll explain this in a way that is strictly correct only for a " balanced " one - way anova, one in which the sample size for each group is the same, but the basic concept is the same for unbalanced anovas. if the null hypothesis is true, all the groups are samples from populations with the same mean. one of the assumptions of the anova is that the populations have the same variance, too. one way to estimate this variance starts by calculating the variance within each sample — take the difference between each observation and its group ' s mean, square it, then sum these squared deviates and divide by the number of observations in the group minus one. once you ' ve estimated the variance within each group, you can take the average of these variances. this is called the " within - group mean square, " or mswithin. for another way to estimate the variance within groups, remember that if you take repeated samples of a population, you expect the means you get from the multiple samples to have a standard deviation that equals the standard deviation within groups divided by the square root of n ; this is the definition of standard error of the mean, or remember that the standard deviation is just the square root of the variance, so squaring both sides of this gives : so the second way of estimating the variance within groups is n×varmeans, the sample size within a group times the variance of the group means. this quantity is known as the among - group mean square, abbreviated msamong or msgroup. if the null hypothesis is true and the groups are all samples from populations with the same mean, the two estimates of within - group variance, mswithin and msamong, should be about the same ; they ' re just different ways of estimating the same quantity. dividing msamong by mswithin should therefore be around 1. this quantity, msamong / mswithin, is known as fs, and it is the test statistic for the anova. if the null hypothesis is not true, and the groups are samples of populations with different means,


1. this quantity, msamong / mswithin, is known as fs, and it is the test statistic for the anova. if the null hypothesis is not true, and the groups are samples of populations with different means, then msamong will be bigger than mswithin, and fs will be greater than 1. to illustrate this, here are two sets of five samples ( n = 20 ) taken from normally distributed populations. the first set of five samples are from populations with a mean of 5 ; the null hypothesis, that the populations all have the same mean, is true. | five samples ( n = 20 ) from populations with parametric means of 5. red bars indicate sample means. | | five samples ( n = 20 ) from populations with parametric means of 5. thick horizontal lines indicate sample means. | the variance among the five group means is quite small ; multiplying it by the sample size ( 20 ) yields 0. 72, about the same as the average variance within groups ( 1. 08 ). these are both about the same as the parametric variance for these populations, which i set to 1. 0. | four samples ( n = 20 ) from populations with parametric means of 5 ; the last sample is from a population with a parametric mean of 3. 5. red bars indicate sample means. | | four samples ( n = 20 ) from populations with parametric means of 5 ; the last sample is from a population with a parametric mean of 3. 5. thick horizontal lines indicate sample means. | the second graph is the same as the first, except that i have subtracted 1. 5 from each value in the last sample. the average variance within groups ( mswithin ) is exactly the same, because each value was reduced by the same amount ; the size of the variation among values within a group doesn ' t change. the variance among groups does get bigger, because the mean for the last group is now quite a bit different from the other means. msamong is therefore quite a bit bigger than mswithin, so the ratio of the two ( fs ) is much larger than 1. the theoretical distribution of fs under the null hypothesis is given by the f - distribution. it depends on the degrees of freedom for both the numerator ( among - groups ) and denominator ( within - groups ). the probability associated with an f - statistic is given by the spreadsheet function fdist ( x


it depends on the degrees of freedom for both the numerator ( among - groups ) and denominator ( within - groups ). the probability associated with an f - statistic is given by the spreadsheet function fdist ( x, df1, df2 ), where x is the observed value of the f - statistic, df1 is the degrees of freedom in the numerator ( the number of groups minus one, for a one - way anova ) and df2 is the degrees of freedom in the denominator ( total n minus the number of groups, for a one - way anova ). here are some data on a shell measurement ( the length of the anterior adductor muscle scar, standardized by dividing by length ) in the mussel mytilus trossulus from five locations : tillamook, oregon ; newport, oregon ; petersburg, alaska ; magadan, russia ; and tvarminne, finland, taken from a much larger data set used in mcdonald et al. ( 1991 ). tillamook newport petersburg magadan tvarminne 0. 0571 0. 0873 0. 0974 0. 1033 0. 0703 0. 0813 0. 0662 0. 1352 0. 0915 0. 1026 0. 0831 0. 0672 0. 0817 0. 0781 0. 0956 0. 0976 0. 0819 0. 1016 0. 0685 0. 0973 0. 0817 0. 0749 0. 0968 0. 0677 0. 1039 0. 0859 0. 0649 0. 1064 0. 0697 0. 1045 0. 0735 0. 0835 0. 1050 0. 0764 0. 0659 0. 0725 0. 0689 0. 0923 0. 0836 the conventional way of reporting the complete results of an anova is with a table ( the " sum of squares " column is often omitted ). here are the results of a one - way anova on the mussel data : | sum of squares | | d. f. | | mean square | | fs | | p | if you ' re not going to use the mean squares for anything, you could just report this as " the means were significantly heterogeneous ( one - way anova, f4, 34 = 7. 12, p =


| p | if you ' re not going to use the mean squares for anything, you could just report this as " the means were significantly heterogeneous ( one - way anova, f4, 34 = 7. 12, p = 2. 8×10 - 4 ). " the degrees of freedom are given as a subscript to f. note that statisticians often call the within - group mean square the " error " mean square. i think this can be confusing to non - statisticians, as it implies that the variation is due to experimental error or measurement error. in biology, the within - group variation is often largely the result of real, biological variation among individuals, not the kind of mistakes implied by the word " error. " graphing the results | length of the anterior adductor muscle scar divided by total length in mytilus trossulus. means ±one standard error are shown for five locations. | the usual way to graph the results of a one - way anova is with a bar graph. the heights of the bars indicate the means, and there ' s usually some kind of error bar : 95 % confidence intervals, standard errors, or comparison intervals. be sure to say in the figure caption what the error bars represent. how to do the test i have put together a spreadsheet to do one - way anova on up to 50 groups and 1000 observations per group. it calculates the p - value, does unplanned comparisons of means ( appropriate for a model i anova ) using gabriel comparison intervals and the tukey – kramer test, and partitions the variance ( appropriate for a model ii anova ) into among - and within - groups components. some versions of excel include an " analysis toolpak, " which includes an " anova : single factor " function that will do a one - way anova. you can use it if you want, but i can ' t help you with it. it does not include any techniques for unplanned comparisons of means, and it does not partition the variance. several people have put together web pages that will perform a one - way anova ; one good one is here. it is easy to use, and will handle three to 26 groups and 3 to 1024 observations per group. it does not calculate statistics used for unplanned comparisons, and it does not partition the variance. another good web page for anova is rweb. there are several sas procedures that will perform


and 3 to 1024 observations per group. it does not calculate statistics used for unplanned comparisons, and it does not partition the variance. another good web page for anova is rweb. there are several sas procedures that will perform a one - way anova. the two most commonly used are proc anova and proc glm. either would be fine for a one - way anova, but proc glm ( which stands for " general linear models " ) can be used for a much greater variety of more complicated analyses, so you might as well use it for everything. here is a sas program to do a one - way anova on the mussel data from above. data musselshells ; input location $ aam ; cards ; tillamook 0. 0571 = = = = see the web page for the full data set = = = = tvarminne 0. 1045 proc glm data = musselshells ; class location ; model aam = location ; run ; the output includes the traditional anova table ; the p - value is given under " pr > f ". sum of source df squares mean square f value pr > f model 4 0. 00451967 0. 00112992 7. 12 0. 0003 error 34 0. 00539491 0. 00015867 corrected total 38 0. 00991458 if the data show a lot of heteroscedasticity ( different groups have different variances ), the one - way anova can yield an inaccurate p - value ; the probability of a false positive may be much higher than 5 percent. in that case, the most common alternative is welch ' s anova. this can be done in sas by adding a means statement, the name of the nominal variable, and the word welch following a slash. here is the example sas program from above, modified to do welch ' s anova : proc glm data = musselshells ; class location ; model aam = location ; means location / welch ; run ; here is the output : welch ' s anova for aam source df f value pr > f location 4. 0000 5. 66 0. 0051 error 15. 6955 sokal and rohlf, pp. 207 - 217. zar, pp. 183. mcdonald, j. h., r. seed and r. k. koehn.