with parents who make above a certain threshold may not qualify for all types of financial aid, there are still some products they could be eligible for. mary crowe, assistant director of financial aid and scholarships at elgin community college, told the elgin courier - news, “ we really advocate for [ elgin students ] to [ fill out the fafsa ], even if they don ’ t think they ’ ll qualify or get money. ” crowe explains that about 54 percent of students at her school currently get some sort of financial aid, which amounts to more than 6, 000 students on their campus. another problem is that completion of the fafsa is perceived as a major headache for students and their parents. the form requires a substantial amount of financial information and can be nearly as confusing as a tax return to decipher. however, there is plenty of help for completing the form online, and workshops available through community colleges to help parents and students make sense of the paperwork. while some of the workshops have already occurred, others are still to come on college calendars, giving students additional opportunities to learn more about how to use financial aid to their advantage. ivy tech offers financial aid assistance in ivy tech community college ’ s home state of indiana, the deadline for submitting fafsa paperwork is march 10. until that date, the community college is doing everything it can to help students get the financial aid they desperately need and qualify for. this week, ivy tech is hosting a financial aid workshop, featuring a financial aid expert who will be on hand to answer questions and guide students through the application process. according to a report at the greencastle banner - graphic, the workshop is to be held on the college ’ s campus, from 4 : 30 to 6 in the evening. ivy tech encourages students to meet the march 10 deadline when they can, since earlier fafsa submissions tend to receive greater amounts of financial aid. students 23 and younger must attend the workshop with their parents, while students 24 and older can attend solo. according to financial aid guidelines, 24 is the age when a student is considered financially independent and can apply for aid based on his own financial information. attendees are asked to bring 2011 tax returns, w - 2 forms and income information. other schools offering free help elgin community college is hosting open houses for students interested in applying for financial aid through june. the school provides financial aid professionals during those events to answer questions and offer guidance on application completion. northwest iowa community college hosted their financial aid assistance night earlier this month, with free information and advice


| 28th president of the united states | | term of office | march 4, 1913 - march 4, 1921 | vice president | | thomas r. marshall | | preceded by | | william howard taft | | succeeded by | | warren g. harding | | born | | december 28, 1856 | | died | | february 3, 1924 | | spouse | | ellen axson wilson | edith galt wilson thomas woodrow wilson ( 1856 - 1924 ), a democrat, was elected as the 28th president of the united states of america, and reelected in 1916, serving from 1913 to 1921. a princeton president who became an intellectual leader of the progressive movement, wilson demonstrated his mastery over congress by creating the federal reserve system, lowering the tariff, and revising the antitrust laws in a way that ended most of the " trust - busting " and drew clear lines on what was allowed. in general these policies would be in line with conservative recommendations in 2009. he supported liberal policies such as raising wages of railroad workers when they threatened a nationwide strike in 1916. trying repeatedly and failing to broker peace during world war i, wilson in 1917 led the united states into the war. he set up a draft and trained millions of soldiers, sending the american expeditionary forces to france under the command of general john j. pershing. woodrow wilson was also known for his racist policies promoting segregation, and promoted eugenics based off of darwinist theory. wilson played a dominant role in ending the war with his fourteen points and played the central role at the versailles conference that set the peace terms in 1919. he was the idealist who envisioned wilson advocated a new international order founded on self - determination, unfettered international trade, the end of militarism, and a worldwide organization of states - the league of nations. he failed to obtain senate approval for the versailles treaty because it required american entry into the league of nations and a possible loss of control over the war - making power. wilson refused to involve the republicans in the peace - making, even though they controlled congress, and refused the gop compromise that would have allowed american entry into the league without giving up sovereignty. wilson was a very complex man filled with paradox. he was a southern conservative - - an elitist with a profound distrust of radical ideas and such left - wing populists as william jennings bryan, but became the democratic party ' s most effective advocate of advanced progressivism. his progressivism in 2009 terms is a mix of liberal and conservative ideas, with a much deeper religious underpinning than


left - wing populists as william jennings bryan, but became the democratic party ' s most effective advocate of advanced progressivism. his progressivism in 2009 terms is a mix of liberal and conservative ideas, with a much deeper religious underpinning than is seen today. he ranks with theodore roosevelt, franklin d. roosevelt, lyndon b. johnson and ronald reagan as the nation ' s most active and dominant chief executives. he ranks with abraham lincoln and reagan as the most articulate spokesman for national values. he was a war president who largely ignored military affairs and focused on very complex diplomatic issues. he won his war, reshaped the world at the peace conference, and saw his nation reject his idealist league of nations because he refused to work with republicans on its mechanics. a rigid, self - exacting personality, whose uncompromising adherence to principles barred agreement on some of his most important political goals, he was a brilliant opportunist who won stunning electoral victories and led controversial laws through congress. he understood diplomacy and domestic affairs in depth, and was the first to recognize a solution that could satisfy most of the needs of the interested parties. he was willing to negotiate endlessly, usually getting his way in the end, especially when his powerful rhetoric energized his backers. a devout presbyterian who studied the bible every day, he elevated a religious style of idealism to the central place in american diplomacy. a lonely intellectual, he had few friends, and broke one - by - one with his closest advisors, until in his last two years in office he was an invalid controlled in large part by his wife. wilson ' s idealistic foreign policy, called " wilsonianism " sought to end militarism as a force in world affairs, vigorously promote national self determination, create international bodies to head off serious disputes, and use american resources to promote democracy. wilsonianism ( and " idealism " generally ) is opposed to " realism " in foreign policy, which stresses a concern for american self - interest, especially in economic and military terms. wilsonianism reshaped the world in the aftermath of the great war ; its values lie at the core of the foreign policy of george w. bush ( 2001 - 2009 ). wilson was the most profoundly christian political leader in the world in the 20th century. he felt assured that he was following god ' s guidance. wilson considered the united states a christian nation destined to lead the world. he was a prophet and a postmillenarian, and if idealism clashed


in the world in the 20th century. he felt assured that he was following god ' s guidance. wilson considered the united states a christian nation destined to lead the world. he was a prophet and a postmillenarian, and if idealism clashed with reality, he was certain idealism would prevail. wilson ' s father joseph ruggles wilson ( 1822 - 1903 ), born in ohio, was a presbyterian minister of scotch irish descent. woodrow ' s mother jesse was born in carlisle, england, to a scottish - born presbyterian minister ; her family moved to canada in 1835 and to ohio in 1837. woodrow ' s parents moved south in 1851, owned house slaves, and identified themselves with the culture and political values of the south. the father joseph wilson was a theologian, defended slavery and soon emerged as a leader of the southern presbyterian church and an avid supporter of the confederacy. wilson ' s grandfather ( joseph wilson ' s father ) was james wilson, who immigrated to the united states from northern ireland in 1807 and was first an editor of the jeffersonian republican newspaper the aurora in philadelphia, and later published whig newspapers in ohio and pennsylvania. since his father had been ostracized by the northern relatives, woodrow had no contact with his grandfather or uncles, who were active in antislavery republican politics in ohio and pennsylvania. woodrow grew up in the south during the civil war and reconstruction his father was a chaplain for the confederate army. woodrow saw the humiliation, economic ruin and shame that the loser of a war experiences and the hatred that grows from this, as well as the rampant corruption during reconstruction in columbia, the capital of south carolina. a victim of childhood dyslexia, he became an avid reader. his father imparted a love of literature and politics to his son ; much family activity revolved around bible readings, daily prayers, and worship services at the father ' s church. in 1885 wilson married ellen louise axson ( 1860 – 1914 ), the daughter of a presbyterian minister in savannah, georgia. she was an accomplished painter and a successful hostess ; they had three daughters. woodrow studied at davidson college in north carolina in 1873 - 1874 and at princeton university from 1875 to 1879. he proved a exceptional student, primarily interested in debate and politics. his father always wanted him to be a minister ; wilson greatly admired the british prime minister william e. gladstone, a christian in politics, and decided to emulate him. wilson saw politics as a divine vocation - - to be a statesman was an expression of christian service


him to be a minister ; wilson greatly admired the british prime minister william e. gladstone, a christian in politics, and decided to emulate him. wilson saw politics as a divine vocation - - to be a statesman was an expression of christian service, he believed, a use of power for the sake of principles or moral goals. wilson saw the " key to success in politics " as " the pursuit of perfection through hard work and the fulfillment of ideals. " politics would allow him to spread spiritual enlightenment to the american people. he was an editor of the princetonian and wrote his senior thesis on " cabinet government in the united states ; " it was later published. the essay stressed the superior qualities of the british cabinet system and said it ought to be tried in the united states. after graduation in 1879 he studied law at the university of virginia ; he was admitted to the bar and practiced in atlanta, in 1882. it was too boring. wilson ' s scholarship led him in 1883 to enter the new johns hopkins university graduate school where he studied government and history, taking a phd in 1885. wilson is the only president to have earned a phd. in 1885 wilson was appointed as a history instructor at bryn mawr college, an elite quaker school for women near philadelphia, at a salary of $ 1500 a year ( which was enough to hire a servant ). in 1888 he moved to wesleyan university, a methodist college in connecticut. his reputation as an outstanding leader in political science brought him a professorship of jurisprudence and political economy at princeton university in 1890. for the next twelve years he taught at princeton, popular alike with students and faculty ; he became the president of the school in 1902. henry wilkinson bragdon, woodrow wilson : the academic years ( 1967 ) < / ref > wilson soon emerged as the nation ' s foremost academic, in heavy demand in elite circle for his brilliant speeches. at princeton he created academic departments but otherwise downplayed the germanic model of the phd - oriented research university in favor of the " oxbridge " ( oxford and cambridge ) model of intense small group discussions and one - one - one tutorials. he hired 50 young professors, called preceptors, to meet with students in small conferences, grilling them about their reading. complaining that princeton was dominated by " eating clubs " in which students ate with each other and ignored the professors, he sought to build oxford - style colleges where students and faculty would eat and talk together. he failed - - the eating clubs are still there. wilson promote the leadership model, whereby


clubs " in which students ate with each other and ignored the professors, he sought to build oxford - style colleges where students and faculty would eat and talk together. he failed - - the eating clubs are still there. wilson promote the leadership model, whereby the college focused on training a small cadre of undergraduates for national leadership, " the minority who plan, who conceive, who superintend, " as he called them in his inaugural address as the university ' s president. " the college is no less democratic because it is for those who play a special part. " he confronted the dean of the graduate school, who had the german research model in mind and outmaneuvered wilson by obtaining outside funding for a graduate complex for serious scholarship that was well separated from the fun - loving undergraduates. wilson made significant contributions to political science. in 1885 he published his influential treatise congressional government : a study in american politics, based on his phd dissertation. it set a new standard in analyzing the actual workings of the federal government with striking clarity and thoroughness. although wilson had never visited congress, his emphasis on the centrality of committees in congress was a major contribution to the study of political science. noting how the constitution ' s separation of powers had been eroded since the civil war by the increasing power of congress, he suggested a remedy for this in a cabinet - style government of the variety proposed by walter bagehot in britain. by criticizing the constitutionalist and federalist traditions that had characterized american politics for a century, and showing their faults, wilson sought to open a serious debate on the political changes in the united states in the intervening century and whether the constitution remained an adequate regulator of these. by the time he wrote constitutional government in the united states ( 1908 ), wilson was advocating the need for constitutional reform that would make congress and president more representative and, above all, the need for a strong president who could influence congress rather than submit to it. wilson originated the notion that political parties, besides running campaigns, need to be responsible for clearly designed public policies, which they present to the electorate for approval. the key to responsibility was the presidency. hegelian conceptions of monarchy strongly influenced wilson, and his view of public opinion contrasted sharply with the madisonian view of factionalism. consequently wilson viewed parties as primarily the machinery through which strong leaders interpret and pursue the public will. wilson was a founder of the study of public administration by political scientists. wilson believed in a strong, active role for the central government and as president succeeded in


consequently wilson viewed parties as primarily the machinery through which strong leaders interpret and pursue the public will. wilson was a founder of the study of public administration by political scientists. wilson believed in a strong, active role for the central government and as president succeeded in establishing legislation that significantly enlarged its regulatory powers. with the publication of congressional government in 1885, wilson established himself as a leader of the political reform movement of the day. the book was the first of its kind to analyze policymaking by the central government and to provide recommendations for changing the process. wilson was one of the three most prominent public administrationists of the 1880s and 1890s. as an academician, he promoted a separate department for the study of public administration and wrote ' the study of administration ' ( 1887 ), the first published essay by a university scholar on the subject, established wilson as the leading authority in the field. during the next year he inaugurated a course in public administration at johns hopkins university, providing three 6 - week lecture series arranged in a 3 - year cycle. in 1889, wilson published a textbook, the state, and, in 1891, he began at hopkins a new 3 - year course which was a further significant step in the development of the study of administration. he was one of the first scholars to realize fully that all government was ultimately to be administration. wilson as president of princeton, and theodore roosevelt as president of the united states, took an intense interest in the controversy over the reform of college football. in the 1890s and early 1900s, college football faced sharp of criticism over injuries and the role of athletics in college life. roosevelt and wilson, loyal followers of harvard and princeton, had defended football in the 1890s. in the fall of 1905, however, president roosevelt called a conference of football experts at the white house to discuss brutality and unsportsmanlike conduct. thereafter, roosevelt worked behind the scenes to bring about sufficient reform to preserve football and insure that it would continue to be played at harvard. in the years 1909 - 10, when college football again faced an injury crisis, wilson worked with the presidents at harvard and yale to make reasonable reforms. both roosevelt ' s and wilson ' s approaches were consistent with their strategies for national political change. in the years that followed the reforms on the gridiron, football evolved rapidly into the ' attractive ' game that wilson had advocated and a far less brutal game than the unruly spectacle that roosevelt had tried to control. wilson was the first southerner elected president since zachary taylor in 1848, and much of his political base came from


the ' attractive ' game that wilson had advocated and a far less brutal game than the unruly spectacle that roosevelt had tried to control. wilson was the first southerner elected president since zachary taylor in 1848, and much of his political base came from young progressives in that region, especially intellectuals, editors and lawyers. many civil war veterans were still alive and wilson used the memory of the war to build nationalism and to facilitate reunion between the north and the south. in his academic work and public comments, wilson stressed the theoretical and constitutional causes of the war, devaluing the slavery issue and stressing the moral equality of north and south, all in the interest of lessening sectional animosity. during world war i and the struggle for the league of nations, wilson frequently drew comparisons between lincoln and the union ' s sacrifices to save the nation and american soldiers ' sacrifices during world war i to save the world. he succeeded in overcoming southern isolationism by convincing the middle class in the region that god had preserved the union in the civil war in order to spread democracy throughout the world. he appealed to southerners to demonstrate the patriotism that many said they lacked. he was able to convince them that they could wage war for democracy abroad without endangering white supremacy at home. wilson drew on southern conservatism in the development of his political philosophy and identity as a politician from the 1890s to 1921. while wilson forged a progressive reformist outlook that encompassed limited government intervention in social and economic matters, he embraced a conservative, organic conception of social change drawn partially from the thought of edmund burke and partially from a mythical vision of the old south as a model of social stability and integration. deeply alarmed by labor and agrarian radicalism in the 1890s, wilson resolved to cleanse the democratic party of populist influence. his political vision ultimately sought to adapt american society to the new economic conditions of the 20th century, chiefly defined by the magnification of corporate power, while retaining the race and class hierarchies of tradition. wilson ' s vision of southern conservatism as a regenerative force set the precedent for the conservative ideology that dominated american politics since the 1980s. as early as 1906 wilson came under the influence of colonel george harvey ( 1864 - 1928 ), a conservative democrat who owned a publishing empire that included the new york world and harper ' s weekly magazine, reaching the nation ' s intellectual elite. harvey, with close ties to wall street and j. p. morgan, saw a future conservative president and promoted wilson heavily.


owned a publishing empire that included the new york world and harper ' s weekly magazine, reaching the nation ' s intellectual elite. harvey, with close ties to wall street and j. p. morgan, saw a future conservative president and promoted wilson heavily. wilson became the intellectual leader of the anti - bryan, anti - populist wing of the democratic party. harvey helped convince the old - fashioned bosses in new jersey ' s cities to make wilson the democratic nominee for governor in 1910, explaining this would bring in the middle class vote. wilson, frustrated at princeton, made the move and was elected. wilson then broke with the bosses, and harvey, denounced wall street and the bosses, and electrified the nation with his progressive reforms in the notoriously corrupt government of new jersey. wilson by 1912 had emerged as the cleanest, most religious, best known and most dynamic leader of the progressive movement in the democratic party. election of 1912 william frank mccombs, a new york lawyer and a a friend from college days, instigated and managed wilson ' s campaign for president in 1912. much of wilson ' s support came from the south, especially from young progressive professionals. wilson managed to maneuver through the complexities of local politics. for example, in tennessee the democratic party was divided on the issue of prohibition. wilson was progressive and sober, but not a dry, and appealed to both sides. they united behind him to win the presidential election in the state, but divided over state politics and lost the gubernatorial election. at the convention deadlock went on for over 40 ballots as a two - thirds vote was needed. a leading opponent was house speaker champ clark, a prominent progressive strongest in the border states. other contenders were judson harmon of ohio, and oscar underwood of alabama. they lacked wilson ' s charisma and dynamism. clark was supported by publisher william randolph hearst, a leader of the left - wing of the party. the critical role was played by william jennings bryan, the nominee in 1896, 1900 and 1908, who blocked the nomination of any candidate who had the support of ' the financiers of wall street. ' he finally announced for wilson, who won on the 46th. wilson enjoyed the support of many black leaders including w. e. b. dubois ( a liberal at the time ). wilson ' s speeches and letters expressed the sentiments of a defender of the underprivileged. however the rejoicing over wilson ' s victory was short - lived among blacks as segregationist white southerners took control


liberal at the time ). wilson ' s speeches and letters expressed the sentiments of a defender of the underprivileged. however the rejoicing over wilson ' s victory was short - lived among blacks as segregationist white southerners took control of congress and many executive departments. in the campaign wilson promoted the " new freedom, " emphasizing limited federal government and opposition to monopoly powers - - positions that he reversed on coming to office. president william howard taft defeated ex - president theodore roosevelt in a bitter contest for the republican nomination, but roosevelt walked out of the republican convention and ran as a third party candidate. wilson ' s success in the electoral college was assured, despite his 41. 8 % of the popular vote.. wilson twice vetoed the burnett immigration restriction bill, which required a literacy test for immigrants and would have sharply reduced the number of poor immigrants from poland, italy and other parts of eastern and southern europe. as a moderate progressive, wilson believed southern and eastern european immigrants, though often poor and illiterate, to be capable of assimilation into a homogeneous middle class with other whites. he considered so - called hyphenated immigrants unacceptable because they acted as groups rather than blending into the common population. indeed he denounced the hyphenates. wilson sought to achieve american strength through unity, blending together the best characteristics of every nationality to create the ideal citizenry, opposing henry cabot lodge ' s nativist view that american civilization must be based on an anglo - saxon foundation. immigration from europe practically ended when the war began, so the issue was postponed ino the 1920s, when a quota system was set up to keep the country ' s ethnic balance unchanged. the extremely violent civil war that broke out in mexico in 1911 drove hundreds of thousands of refugees north across the border, and forced wilson to intervene. francisco madero, an idealistic reformer who came to power in 1911. madero tried to violently upend the social order in mexico by destroying the landed aristocracy and the catholic church. when madero was overthrown and murdered by victoriano huerta in february 1913, days before wilson took office, he refused to recognize the new mexican government. relations deteriorated between the two countries. after american sailors were arrested in tampico in april 1914 by huerta ' s soldiers, the armed conflict loomed. american soldiers occupied vera cruz. in july 1914 huerta fled to spain. in 1916 the civil war between warlords venustiano carranza and pancho villa continued, and in march villa raided columbus, new mexico, killing


the armed conflict loomed. american soldiers occupied vera cruz. in july 1914 huerta fled to spain. in 1916 the civil war between warlords venustiano carranza and pancho villa continued, and in march villa raided columbus, new mexico, killing 20 americans. wilson sent brigadier general john j. pershing deep into mexico to capture villa. villa escaped the americans. despite the demands of outraged senators, wilson did not declare war on mexico. he ran for reelection in 1916 on the slogan, " he kept us out of war, " meaning out of a war with mexico. in the 1910s, suffragists campaigned for the passage of a federal constitutional amendment that would grant women the right to vote. they argued it would purify politics because the new voters would be far less liable to corruption and saloon influences. the movement was led by protestant northern women, many of whom were active in the prohibition movement at the same time. wilson, originally opposed to the amendment, was converted through the efforts of women suffragists and became an advocate of critical importance. both the national american woman suffrage association ( nwsa ) and the national women ' s party ( nwp ) used symbolic representations of president wilson, conferring on him real or symbolic images of presidential power. in practice wilson hedged, realizing that male democrats in the big city machines in the north and in the rural south were hostile to woman suffrage. the meaning of democracy was at issue : the nwp portrayed wilson as a tyrant, the nawsa depicted him as a champion of freedom. both organizations played essential roles in the passage of the 19th amendment. after 1919, the absence of a common goal was a contributing factor to the subsequent divisions within the woman ' s rights movement, as was the loss of a unique adversary. entering the war wilson ' s commitment to the principle of self - determination affected his decision to intervene in russia in 1918, as the bolsheviks ( communists ) took power. unswayed by british, french, and japanese pressure, wilson insisted that, unless the russians invited them, the allies should not interfere with russia ' s internal affairs. in the summer of 1918, the president sent american troops into siberia with the sole purpose of protecting czechoslovak soldiers who had broken out of pow camps and were an independent force. later wilson realized that the other allied nations were using the rescue mission as an ' anti - bolshevik ' crusade and for imperialistic motives. as a result, the president ordered us forces to withdraw. wilson and subsequent presidents until 1933 refused to recognize


force. later wilson realized that the other allied nations were using the rescue mission as an ' anti - bolshevik ' crusade and for imperialistic motives. as a result, the president ordered us forces to withdraw. wilson and subsequent presidents until 1933 refused to recognize the new communist government, and russia was not invited to the paris peace conference. in november 1917, wilson endorsed the pro - zionist balfour declaration issued by britain. wilson ' s aims in this endorsement were both practical and religious. his deep christian sentiment led him to seek ' a direct governing role in the near east in the name of peace, democracy and, especially, christianity. by agreeing to the use of the mandate system by which the transition governments of the middle east were partially controlled by britain and france after the war, wilson was both contradicting and reaffirming his own ideals by allowing only limited self - determination of middle - eastern peoples while assuring some respect for property and order. paris peace conference, 1919 president wilson was present at the post - world war i paris peace conference, becoming the first president to ever visit europe whilst in office. along with prime ministers david lloyd george of the united kingdom and georges clemenceau of france, the three were collectively known as the big three and met and discussed the peace treaties that would shape post - war europe. president wilson pushed for terms that were not too harsh on the already war - crippled germany, though the british and french leaders pushed for the infamous ' war guilt clause ' that declared germany guilty of the war and forced her to pay harsh reparations. wilson particularly pushed for the league of nations to be created, a precursor to today ' s united nations. fight for the league wilson and religion a presbyterian of deep religious faith, he appealed to a gospel of service and infused a profound sense of moralism into wilsonianism. link finds that wilson from his earliest days had imbibed the beliefs of his denomination - in the omnipotence of god, the morality of the universe, a system of rewards and punishments and the notion that nations, as well as man, transgressed the laws of god at their peril. blum ( 1956 ) argues that he learned from william gladstone a mystic conviction in the superiority of anglo - saxons, in their righteous duty to make the world over in their image. moral principle, constitutionalism, and faith in god were among the prerequisites for alleviating human strife. while he interpreted international law within such a brittle, moral cast, wilson remained remarkably insensitive


the world over in their image. moral principle, constitutionalism, and faith in god were among the prerequisites for alleviating human strife. while he interpreted international law within such a brittle, moral cast, wilson remained remarkably insensitive to new and changing social forces and conditions of the 20th century. he expected too much justice in a morally brutal world which disregarded the self - righteous resolutions of parliaments and statesmen like himself. wilson ' s triumph was as a teacher of international morality to generations yet unborn. daniel patrick moynihan sees wilson ' s vision of world order anticipated humanity prevailing through the " holy ghost of reason, " a vision which rested on religious faith. wilson was a presbyterian elder and the son of a leading theologian. he read the bible daily ; he felt ' sorry for the men who do not read the bible every day. ' the bible, he argued, was ' the one supreme source of revelation of the meaning of life. ' wilson was prone to make explicitly christian claims about his nation, even excluding the word judeo from his characterization of the nation ' s religious heritage. ' america was born a christian nation, ' he explained in a speech on " the bible and progress " in 1911 : " america was born to exemplify that devotion to the elements of righteousness which derived from the revelations of holy scripture. " he held that the bible " is the one supreme source of revelation, the revelation of the meaning of life, of the nature of god and the spiritual nature and need of men. it is the only guide of life which really leads the spirit in the way of peace and salvation. " god was central in wilson ' s life and thought. his profound presbyterian style of thinking assured him that he was following god ' s guidance. wilson personified american optimism and considered the united states a christian nation destined to lead the world. he was a prophet and a postmillenarian, and if idealism clashed with reality, he was certain idealism would prevail. he saw himself as god ' s messenger and statesman in a divinely predestined nation ; thus he saw himself as god ' s agent in promoting democracy and world peace. his fourteen points and his covenant of the league of nations, were, in his view, divinely inspired paths to achieving a new world order. wilson ’ s discussions with presbyterian missionaries visiting princeton shaped his diplomacy toward china. wilson viewed christianity as a unifying force in the world and the chinese revolution of 1911 as the first step toward


view, divinely inspired paths to achieving a new world order. wilson ’ s discussions with presbyterian missionaries visiting princeton shaped his diplomacy toward china. wilson viewed christianity as a unifying force in the world and the chinese revolution of 1911 as the first step toward the spread of christianity and democracy for china. wilson gained the admiration of the missionaries and chinese when he prohibited us participation in a european loan to china. he moved to recognize the government of yuan shih - k ' ai, hoping that that regime could bring stability to china favorable to the introduction of christianity. he sought to appoint an ambassador to china who could express christian values. during world war i, missionaries successfully urged wilson ' s opposition to japanese demands on china. although the war and its aftermath diverted wilson from chinese problems, his foreign policy continued to be influenced by missionaries, particularly dr. samuel i. woodbridge and the reverend charles e. scott. wilson advocated a new international order founded on self - determination, democracy, unfettered international commerce, and a worldwide organization of states - the league of nations. wilson framed american participation in the war as the first step in ending all wars. although ' wilsonian nationalism ' has been blamed for the nationalistic emphasis on race and territory in europe during the 1920 ' s and 1930 ' s, wilson ' s policies had actually used ethnic and territorial issues to encourage self - determination and the development of democracy in postwar nations. woodrow wilson ' s most lasting political philosophy was his view that democracy should be installed around the world. as a major player in setting the terms to end world war i, he helped to break up the austrian - hungarian empire to advance his goal of installing democracy for each ethnic subpopulation. similar independence was granted with the breakup of the ottoman empire. many of these new nations were receiving self determination for the first time in centuries. wilson ' s view of installing democracy worldwide has since been copied by the neoconservatives. wilson was awarded the 1919 nobel peace prize for his efforts to start the league of nations. historians have been fascinated by wilson and have vigorously defended him ( link ) or attacked him ( new left ). since the collapse of the communism in europe in 1989, the mood had shifted in wilson ' s favor. even george kennan, a harsh critic who favored " realism " against wilson ' s idealism. has changed his tune. the new left attacks represented by lloyd gardner ' s highly critical a covenant with power have given way to thomas knock ' s laudatory to end all wars. the leftist tendency to


realism " against wilson ' s idealism. has changed his tune. the new left attacks represented by lloyd gardner ' s highly critical a covenant with power have given way to thomas knock ' s laudatory to end all wars. the leftist tendency to trace back to wilson a tradition of economic self - seeking and arrogant interventionism has yielded to a new impulse to see wilsonian diplomacy as having established " a new american agenda for world affairs, " as akira iriye writes, built upon " the ideas of economic interdependence and of peaceful settlement of disputes. " - brands, h. w. woodrow wilson 1913 - 1921 ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search 169pp ; good short summary by scholar - cooper, john milton. woodrow wilson : a biography ( 2009 ), 720 pp. major new biography by leading scholar - cooper, john milton. the warrior and the priest : woodrow wilson and theodore roosevelt ( 1985 ), fascinating double biography by leading scholar excerpt and text search - hofstadter, richard. " woodrow wilson : the conservative as liberal " in the american political tradition ( 1948 ), ch. 10. influential essay ; at acls e - books - link, arthur s. " woodrow wilson " in henry f. graff ed., the presidents : a reference history ( 2002 ) pp 365 - 388 - link, arthur stanley. wilson : the road to the white house ( 1947 ), first volume of standard biography ( to 1917 ) ; wilson : the new freedom ( 1956 ) ; wilson : the struggle for neutrality : 1914 - 1915 ( 1960 ) ; wilson : confusions and crises : 1915 - 1916 ( 1964 ) ; wilson : campaigns for progressivism and peace : 1916 - 1917 ( 1965 ), the last volume of standard biography ; online at acls e - books - maynard, w. barksdale. woodrow wilson : princeton to the presidency ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search - walworth, arthur. woodrow wilson 2 vol. ( 1958 ) ; pulitzer prize winning biography vol 1 online ; well - written but old - fashioned ( it was written in the 1950s ), it has been replaced by cooper ( 2009 ). domestic affairs and ideas - abrams, richard m. " woodrow wilson and the southern congressmen, 1913 - 1916, " journal of southern history, vol. 22, no. 4 ( nov., 1956 ), pp. 417 - 437 in jstor - clements, kendrick a. the presidency of woodrow wilson ( 1992 ), covers domestic and foreign policies ; liberal tone -


southern history, vol. 22, no. 4 ( nov., 1956 ), pp. 417 - 437 in jstor - clements, kendrick a. the presidency of woodrow wilson ( 1992 ), covers domestic and foreign policies ; liberal tone - cooper, john milton. woodrow wilson : a biography ( 2009 ), 720 pp. - cuff, robert d. " woodrow wilson and business - government relations during world war i, " review of politics, vol. 31, no. 3 ( jul., 1969 ), pp. 385 - 407 in jstor - curti, merle. " woodrow wilson ' s concept of human nature, " midwest journal of political science, vol. 1, no. 1 ( may, 1957 ), pp. 1 - 19 in jstor - daniel, marjorie l. " woodrow wilson - - historian, " mississippi valley historical review, vol. 21, no. 3 ( dec., 1934 ), pp. 361 - 374 in jstor - dimock, marshall e. " woodrow wilson as legislative leader, " the journal of politics, vol. 19, no. 1 ( feb., 1957 ), pp. 3 - 19 in jstor - link, arthur s. woodrow wilson and the progressive era, 1910 - 1917 ( 1954 ), remains the standard history of his first term. - link, arthur s. " woodrow wilson : the american as southerner, " journal of southern history, vol. 36, no. 1 ( feb., 1970 ), pp. 3 - 17 in jstor - link, arthur s. " woodrow wilson and the democratic party, " review of politics, vol. 18, no. 2 ( apr., 1956 ), pp. 146 - 156 in jstor cover 1913 - 14 - livermore, seward w. woodrow wilson and the war congress, 1916 - 1918 ( 1966 ) - macmahon, arthur w. " woodrow wilson as legislative leader and administrator, " american political science review, vol. 50, no. 3 ( sep., 1956 ), pp. 641 - 675 in jstor - malin, james c. the united states after the world war ( 1930 ) - pestritto, ronald j. ed. woodrow wilson and the roots of modern liberalism ( 2005 ) isbn : 0742515176 ' argues wilson subverted the ideas of the founders by his progressivism - pietrusza, david 1920 : the year of the six presidents new york : carroll & graf, 2007


modern liberalism ( 2005 ) isbn : 0742515176 ' argues wilson subverted the ideas of the founders by his progressivism - pietrusza, david 1920 : the year of the six presidents new york : carroll & graf, 2007. - saunders, robert m. in search of woodrow wilson : beliefs and behavior ( 1998 ) - turner, henry a. " woodrow wilson and public opinion, " public opinion quarterly, vol. 21, no. 4 ( winter, 1957 - 1958 ), pp. 505 - 520 in jstor - wolgemuth, kathleen l. " woodrow wilson and federal segregation, " the journal of negro history, vol. 44, no. 2 ( apr., 1959 ), pp. 158 - 173 in jstor - weinstein, edwin a., james william anderson and arthur s. link. " woodrow wilson ' s political personality : a reappraisal, " political science quarterly, vol. 93, no. 4 ( winter, 1978 - 1979 ), pp. 585 - 598 at jstor - wolfe, christopher. " woodrow wilson : interpreting the constitution, " review of politics, vol. 41, no. 1 ( jan., 1979 ), pp. 121 - 142 in jstor - woodward, carl r. " woodrow wilson ' s agricultural philosophy, " agricultural history, vol. 14, no. 4 ( oct., 1940 ), pp. 129 - 142 in jstor - ambrosius, lloyd e., “ woodrow wilson and george w. bush : historical comparisons of ends and means in their foreign policies, ” diplomatic history, 30 ( june 2006 ), 509 – 43. - bailey ; thomas a. wilson and the peacemakers : combining woodrow wilson and the lost peace and woodrow wilson and the great betrayal ( 1947 ) - clements, kendrick, a. woodrow wilson : world statesman ( 1999 ) - clements, kendrick a. the presidency of woodrow wilson ( 1992 ), covers foreign policy - clements, kendrick a. " woodrow wilson and world war i, " presidential studies quarterly 34 : 1 ( 2004 ). pp 62 +. - cooper, john milton. woodrow wilson : a biography ( 2009 ), 720 pp. - davis, donald e. and eugene p. trani ; the first cold war : the legacy of woodrow wilson in u. s. - soviet relations ( 2002 ) - greene, theodore p. ed. wilson at versailles ( 1957 ) - henderson, peter v. n. " woodrow wilson, victoriano hue


the first cold war : the legacy of woodrow wilson in u. s. - soviet relations ( 2002 ) - greene, theodore p. ed. wilson at versailles ( 1957 ) - henderson, peter v. n. " woodrow wilson, victoriano huerta, and the recognition issue in mexico, " the americas, vol. 41, no. 2 ( oct., 1984 ), pp. 151 - 176 in jstor - knock, thomas j. to end all wars : woodrow wilson and the quest for a new world order ( 1995 ) - kimitada, miwa. " japanese opinions on woodrow wilson in war and peace, " monumenta nipponica, vol. 22, no. 3 / 4 ( 1967 ), pp. 368 - 389 in jstor - levin, jr., n. gordon woodrow wilson and world politics : america ' s response to war and revolution ( 1968 ) - link, arthur stanley. woodrow wilson and the progressive era, 1910 - 1917 ( 1972 ) sumarizes diplomatic history - link, arthur s. ; wilson the diplomatist : a look at his major foreign policies ( 1957 ) - link, arthur s. ; woodrow wilson and a revolutionary world, 1913 - 1921 ( 1982 ) - magee, malcolm d. what the world should be : woodrow wilson and the crafting of a faith - based foreign policy ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search - may, ernest r. the world war and american isolation, 1914 - 1917 ( 1959 ) - trani, eugene p. “ woodrow wilson and the decision to intervene in russia : a reconsideration. ” journal of modern history ( 1976 ). 48 : 440 — 61. in jstor - walworth, arthur. wilson and his peacemakers : american diplomacy at the paris peace conference, 1919 online edition - clements, kendrick a. " the papers of woodrow wilson and the interpretation of the wilson era ", the history teacher, vol. 27, no. 4 ( aug., 1994 ), pp. 475 - 489 in jstor - seltzer, alan l. " woodrow wilson as ' corporate - liberal ' : toward a reconsideration of left revisionist historiography, " western political quarterly, vol. 30, no. 2 ( jun., 1977 ), pp. 183 - 212 in jstor - steigerwald, david. the reclamation of woodrow wilson? diplomatic history ; 1999 23 ( 1 ) : 79 - 99, on foreign policy in ebsco ; notes that new left revision


1977 ), pp. 183 - 212 in jstor - steigerwald, david. the reclamation of woodrow wilson? diplomatic history ; 1999 23 ( 1 ) : 79 - 99, on foreign policy in ebsco ; notes that new left revisionism ( by william appleman williams and n. gordon levin, jr. ) claiming that wilson ' s open door was a facade for the imperialistic extension of american economic advantage, has faded away - watson, jr., richard l. " woodrow wilson and his interpreters, 1947 - 1957, " mississippi valley historical review, vol. 44, no. 2 ( sep., 1957 ), pp. 207 - 236 in jstor, summarizes different interpretations as of 1957 - extensive essay on woodrow wilson and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and first lady from the miller center of public affairs - pestritto, ronald j. ed. woodrow wilson : the essential political writings ( 2005 ) - link, arthur s., ed. the papers of woodrow wilson complete in 69 vol, at major academic libraries. annotated edition of all of ww ' s letters, speeches and writings plus many letters written to him - tumulty, joseph p. woodrow wilson as i know him ( 1921 ) ] memoir by chief of staff [ online edition - wilson, woodrow. the new freedom ( 1913 ) 1912 campaign speeches online edition - wilson, woodrow. why we are at war ( 1917 ) six war messages to congress, jan - april 1917 - wilson, woodrow. selected literary & political papers & addresses of woodrow wilson ( 3 vol 1918 and later editions ) - wilson, woodrow. messages & papers of woodrow wilson 2 vol ( isbn 1 - 135 - 19812 - 8 ) - wilson, woodrow. the new democracy. presidential messages, addresses, and other papers ( 1913 - 1917 ) 2 vol 1926 ( isbn 0 - 89875 - 775 - 4 - wilson, woodrow. president woodrow wilson ' s fourteen points ( 1918 ). - full text of wilson books and messages online - ↑ http : / / home. comcast. net / ~ sharonday7 / presidents / ap060301. htm - ↑ http : / / www. waragainsttheweak. com / - ↑ in the 1880s joseph wilson argued at length that evolution was not in conflict with the bible ; he was thereupon forced out as head of the presbyterian seminary in south carolina. see fred kingsley elder, woodrow : apostle of freedom ( 1996 ) online review - ↑


1880s joseph wilson argued at length that evolution was not in conflict with the bible ; he was thereupon forced out as head of the presbyterian seminary in south carolina. see fred kingsley elder, woodrow : apostle of freedom ( 1996 ) online review - ↑ francis p. weisenburger, " the middle western antecedents of woodrow wilson, " mississippi valley historical review, vol. 23, no. 3 ( dec., 1936 ), pp. 375 - 390 in jstor - ↑ see white house biography of ellen louise axson wilson - ↑ edward s. corwin, " woodrow wilson and the presidency, " virginia law review, vol. 42, no. 6 ( oct., 1956 ), pp. 761 - 783 in jstor. it was published in a journal edited by henry cabot lodge, who became wilson ' s bitter enemy in 1919. - ↑ w. barksdale maynard, woodrow wilson : princeton to the presidency ( 2008 ) - ↑ yale and harvard later did adopt the college model for undergraduates, but not princeton. w. barksdale maynard, woodrow wilson : princeton to the presidency ( 2008 ) - ↑ he also wrote popular history of high quality, including a five - volume history of the united states and a life of george washington. - ↑ scot j. zentner, " president and party in the thought of woodrow wilson, " presidential studies quarterly ; 1996 26 ( 3 ) : 666 - 677, in jstor - ↑ richard j. stillman, ii, " woodrow wilson and the study of administration : a new look at an old essay, " american political science review, vol. 67, no. 2 ( jun., 1973 ), pp. 582 - 588 in jstor ; larry walker, " woodrow wilson, progressive reform, and public administration, " political science quarterly, vol. 104, no. 3 ( autumn, 1989 ), pp. 509 - 525 in jstor - ↑ john s. watterson, iii, " political football : theodore roosevelt, woodrow wilson and the gridiron reform movement, " presidential studies quarterly 1995 25 ( 3 ) : 555 - 564 in jstor - ↑ arthur s. link, " woodrow wilson : the american as southerner, " journal of southern history, vol. 36, no. 1 ( feb., 1970 ), pp. 3 - 17 in jstor andrew johnson was not elected ; he moved from vice president to president after lincoln ' s death in 1865. - ↑ anthony gaugh


history, vol. 36, no. 1 ( feb., 1970 ), pp. 3 - 17 in jstor andrew johnson was not elected ; he moved from vice president to president after lincoln ' s death in 1865. - ↑ anthony gaughan, " woodrow wilson and the legacy of the civil war, " civil war history 1997 43 ( 3 ) : 225 - 242 ; online in questia ; gaughan, " woodrow wilson and the rise of militant interventionism in the south, " journal of southern history 1999 65 ( 4 ) : 771 - 808, in jstor - ↑ michael dennis, " woodrow wilson and southern reform conservatism, " southern studies : an interdisciplinary journal of the south 2006 13 ( 3 - 4 ) : 1 - 28. - ↑ arthur s. s. link, " democratic politics and the presidential campaign of 1912 in tennessee, " east tennessee historical society ' s publications 1979 51 : 114 - 137 - ↑ arthur s. link, " the baltimore convention of 1912, " american historical review 1945 50 ( 4 ) : 691 - 713 in jstor - ↑ nancy j. weiss, " the negro and the new freedom : fighting wilsonian segregation, " political science quarterly 1969 84 ( 1 ) : 61 - 79, in jstor - ↑ lewis l. gould, four hats in the ring : the 1912 election and the birth of modern american politics, ( 2008 ) ; link ( 1947 ) - ↑ hans vought,. division and reunion : woodrow wilson, immigration, and the myth of american unity. journal of american ethnic history ; 1994 13 ( 3 ) : 24 - 50. - ↑ james a. sandos, " pancho villa and american security : woodrow wilson ' s mexican diplomacy reconsidered, " journal of latin american studies, vol. 13, no. 2 ( nov., 1981 ), pp. 293 - 311 in jstor - ↑ christine a. lunardini, and thomas j. knock, woodrow wilson and woman suffrage : a new look. political science quarterly ; 1980 - 1981 95 ( 4 ) : 655 - 671, in jstor - ↑ betty miller unterberger, " woodrow wilson and the bolsheviks : the ' acid test ' of soviet - american relations, " diplomatic history 1987 11 ( 2 ) : 71 - 90, - ↑ frank w. brecher, woodrow wilson and the origins of the arab - israeli conflict. american jewish archives ; 1987 39 ( 1 ) : 23 - 47, - ↑ john morton


history 1987 11 ( 2 ) : 71 - 90, - ↑ frank w. brecher, woodrow wilson and the origins of the arab - israeli conflict. american jewish archives ; 1987 39 ( 1 ) : 23 - 47, - ↑ john morton blum, woodrow wilson and the politics of morality ( 1956 ) ; richard m. gamble, " savior nation : woodrow wilson and the gospel of service, " humanitas volume : 14. issue : 1. 2001. pp 4 + ; cooper, woodrow wilson ( 2009 ) p 560. - ↑ arthur s. link, " a portrait of wilson, " virginia quarterly review1956 32 ( 4 ) : 524 - 541 - ↑ john morton blum, woodrow wilson and the politics of morality ( 1956 ), p p10, 197 - 99 - ↑ david steigerwald, wilsonian idealism in america ( 1994 ) p. 230. - ↑ arthur s. link, ed. the papers of woodrow wilson ( 1977 ) 23 : 20, speech on the bible, in denver may 7, 1911 - ↑ josephus daniels, the life of woodrow wilson 1856 - 1924 ( 1924 ) p. 359 - ↑ malcolm d. magee, what the world should be : woodrow wilson and the crafting of a faith - based foreign policy ( 2008 ) - ↑ eugene p. trani, " woodrow wilson, china, and the missionaries, 1913 - 1921, " journal of presbyterian history 1971 49 ( 4 ) : 328 - 351, - ↑ see steigerwald, ( 1999 )


new york ( reuters health ) - organic produce and meat typically isn ' t any better for you than conventional varieties when it comes to vitamin and nutrient content, according to a new review of the evidence. but organic options may live up to their billing of lowering exposure to pesticide residue and antibiotic - resistant bacteria, researchers from stanford university and the veterans affairs palo alto health care system found. " people choose to buy organic foods for many different reasons. one of them is perceived health benefits, " said dr. crystal smith - spangler, who led the new study. " our patients, our families ask about, ‘ well, are there health reasons to choose organic food in terms of nutritional content or human health outcomes? ' " to try to answer that question, she and her colleagues reviewed over 200 studies that compared either the health of people who ate organic or conventional foods or, more commonly, nutrient and contaminant levels in the foods themselves. those included organic and non - organic fruits, vegetables, grains, meat, poultry, eggs and milk. many of the studies didn ' t specify their standards for what constituted " organic " food - which can cost as much as twice what conventional food costs - the researchers wrote monday in the annals of internal medicine. according to united states department of agriculture standards, organic farms have to avoid the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, hormones and antibiotics. organic livestock must also have access to pastures during grazing season. many conventional farms in the u. s., in contrast, use pesticides to ward off bugs and raise animals in crowded indoor conditions with antibiotics in their feed to promote growth and ward off disease. the food and drug administration has been examining that type of antibiotic use and its contribution to drug - resistant disease in humans. smith - spangler and her colleagues found there was no difference in the amount of vitamins in plant or animal products produced organically and conventionally - and the only nutrient difference was slightly more phosphorus in the organic products. organic milk and chicken may also contain more omega - 3 fatty acids, they found - but that was based on only a few studies. there were more significant differences by growing practice in the amount of pesticides and antibiotic - resistant bacteria in food. more than one - third of conventional produce had detectable pesticide residues, compared to seven percent of organic produce samples. and organic chicken and pork was 33 percent less likely to carry bacteria resistant to three or more antibiotics than conventionally - produced meat. smith - spangler told reuters health it


my saved article | atomic number : | | 33 | | atomic symbol : | | as | | atomic weight : | | 74. 9216 | | electron configuration : | | 2 - 8 - 18 - 5 | | melting point : | | 817 @ 28 atm. oc | | boiling point : | | sublimes @ 613oc | | uses : | | leds, deadly poison, semiconductors | history ( l. arsenicum, gr. arsenikon, yellow orpiment, identified with arenikos, male, from the belief that metals were different sexes ; arabic, az - zernikh, the orpiment from persian zerni - zar, gold ) sourceselemental arsenic occurs in two solid modifications : yellow, and gray or metallic, with specific gravities of 1. 97, and 5. 73, respectively. is believed that albertus magnus obtained the element in 1250 a. d. schroeder published two methods of preparing the element. arsenopyrite, ( fesas ) is the most common mineral from which, on heating, the arsenic sublimes leaving ferrous sulfide. propertiesthe element is a steel gray, very brittle, crystalline, semimetallic solid ; it tarnishes in air, and when heated is rapidly oxidized to arsenous oxide with the odor of garlic. handlingarsenic and its compounds are poisonous. arsenic is used in bronzing, pyrotechny, and for hardening and improving the sphericity of shot. compoundsthe most important compounds are white arsenic, the sulfide, paris green, calcium arsenate, and lead arsenate ; the last three have been used as agricultural insecticides and poisons. marsh ' s test makes use of the formation and ready decomposition of arsine. arsenic is finding increasing uses as a doping agent in solid - state devices such as transistors. gallium arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into


technology transfer sponsored by most consumer attention to oysters and mussels has centered on their taste, beautiful by - products or aphrodisiac effects ; however, their adhesive properties are what caught the attention of jonathan wilker, phd, associate professor of chemistry, and his research team at purdue university. wilker ’ s team has been studying marine biological adhesives for years and has found that the two mollusks produce adhesives that form a non - toxic, strong bond in wet environments. although wilker mainly has worked to develop synthetic versions of the adhesives for medical use, he is investigating other applications, which may include personal care. wilker has studied the adhesives produced by various marine entities, including mytilus edulis ( the blue mussel ) and crassostea virginica ( eastern oyster ) — an oyster popular in the human diet. he notes one similarity. “ mussels, oysters and barnacles all use cross - linked proteins, ( long biological polymers ), to make their adhesive, ” said wilker. the difference, however, is in the composition of the adhesive. to study the adhesive, wilker and his team cut open the shells of oysters and observed the interface where they were attached ; he compared this with separate, unattached portions of shell as a control. “ [ since ] the oyster ’ s adhesive is comprised of materials similar to the shell, we speculate the cement comes from the same place, system or organ as the shell, ” he furthered. both the oyster shell and adhesive consist of calcium carbonate and protein as starting materials but the shell is mostly calcium carbonate with a small amount of protein, whereas there is more protein and less calcium carbonate in the adhesive. “ in the cement, the extra reactivity is added to the proteins so they crosslink together, ” wilker explained. the adhesive produced by oysters is 10 - 15 % protein and 85 - 90 % calcium carbonate ( chalk ), which according to wilker results in a hard inorganic, cement - like material. unlike oysters, wilker notes that mussels separately produce their adhesive and shell. “ if you crack open a mussel, a separate organ [ is present that ] produces the adhesive, ” said wilker. he added that the adhesive produced by mussels is about 99 % proteins and more like soft organic glue.


adam lewinter surveys birthday canyon, about 150 feet deep, in greenland on june 28, 2009. / james balog, extreme ice survey photographer james balog set out to film climate change by placing two dozen time - lapse cameras throughout the arctic. the result, aside from frostbit fingers and a near helicopter crash, are stunning images of melting glaciers. his footage is captured in " chasing ice, " a 75 - minute documentary with scenes of a house being washed away by surging water - a timely visual given superstorm sandy ' s recent rampage along the east coast. the film opened friday in new york city and will enter select u. s. theaters later this month. balog, once a skeptic of global warming, was surprised by what he and his crew found. " in the first few months, we were seeing tremendously mind - boggling change in some of the cameras, " he says. " then as a few years went on, we all started to get the feeling of, god, this is such a powerful piece of history. we ' ve got monumental change happening in front of our eyes. " he says he wrestled a long time over how to film climate change. " my brain kept coming back to ice, " he says, recalling how he settled on the idea of time - lapse photography after an assignment in the arctic for national geographic. in 2007, he launched the extreme ice survey and began putting cameras - initially set to shoot every hour and, later, every half hour or 20 minutes - in alaska, montana, greenland and iceland. his crew battled 150 mph winds, up to 20 feet of snow and " we had temperatures down to minus 35 on a dogsled trip in greenland in the wintertime. the frost bit my fingers and my nose, " he says. " we had cameras destroyed by falling rocks coming off cliff faces. " other equipment was ruined by snow, foxes and ravens. at one point, balog broke down in tears when he realized a camera wasn ' t working and the project may have lost months of filming. in another scene of chasing ice, witnessed by film director jeff orlowski, who joined the expeditions, the edge of greenland ' s ilulissat glacier - also known by its danish name, jakobshavn - breaks off and falls into the sea below in a thunderous crash. scientists have used satellites for decades to document a related development : sea ice levels in the arctic and the antarctic. in september, the university of colorado ' s national snow


##shavn - breaks off and falls into the sea below in a thunderous crash. scientists have used satellites for decades to document a related development : sea ice levels in the arctic and the antarctic. in september, the university of colorado ' s national snow and ice data center ( nsidc ) reported arctic sea ice had fallen to its lowest level since measurements began in 1979, attributing the loss partly to climate change. it reported a slight increase in antarctic sea ice but said that may also - counterintuitively - be a result of warmer temperatures. the loss of arctic sea ice, which can reflect the sun ' s heat and thus mitigate the earth ' s warming, could contribute to glaciers melting, but the extent has not been quantified, says julienne stroeve, an nsidc scientist. she ' s proposing to research that. patrick michaels, director of the center for the study of science at the libertarian cato institute, says people shouldn ' t panic about the loss of arctic sea ice. he says history suggests the arctic has lost all its summer sea ice before, but its ecosystems adapted. " the polar bears clearly survived, " says michaels, who describes himself as " lukewarm " on climate change. stroeve says that may be the case, but natural climate variability was likely the cause in the past while human - induced climate change accounts for about half of the sea ice lost in the arctic in recent decades. she adds : " it ' s a very different force driving ice loss today. " balog says chasing ice, which won the cinematography award from this year ' s sundance film festival, and his extreme ice survey provide irrefutable proof of climate change. " now the project seems destined to go on forever, " he says, citing plans to expand it to the andes in south america. " there ' s tremendous change happening down there, too, and we need to get some coverage on it. " copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : climate change documented in ' chasing ice ' film


occupational asthma is a lung disease in which the airways overreact to dust, vapors, gases, smoke or fumes that exist in the workplace. did you know that fingernails grow faster than toenails? or, that nails grow faster in the summer than in the winter? about half of people with nail problems have fungal infections. for some of these people, antifungal medications may help. if you ’ re heading out of town, and you or your child has allergies or asthma, proper planning can help you keep sneezes, sniffles, wheezing and attacks under control. roughly one person in four has some kind of allergy. the most common is " allergic rhinitis, " which includes seasonal hay fever and year - round allergies to dust, animal dander, mold and some foods. as you age, you should check with your health care provider about any allergy medications you take and make sure you are up to date on your shots. a short glossary of asthma terms. some treatment programs teach problem drinkers to reduce their drinking, an approach that appeals to people who otherwise might not seek treatment. find out more about this degenerative disease of the brain by taking this quiz. answer this one : what is the most common cause of anemia? learning about hpv can help you avoid infection and seek treatment, if necessary. although some behavior problems can be attributed to normal child development, some require professional help. most of the time, however, a cold passes in a week, with or without the use of antibiotics. taking these drugs does not help you get better faster. in fact, it can create problems. if you are having problems with back pain, shin splints, knees or hips, look to your feet. although these ailments might seem totally unrelated to one another, they can sometimes be linked to problems that start with your feet and how they ' re built, foot experts say. doctors and physical therapists say people with arthritis can improve their health and fitness through exercise without damaging their joints. ascites is a condition in which fluid collects in spaces within your abdomen. although the most common cause of ascites is cirrhosis of the liver, for about 10 percent of people with ascites, the cause is cancer. college can pose challenges for the student with asthma. new and unfamiliar living quarters, school and social stresses, and other factors can trigger a flare - up. it ' s important to understand common terms used in asthma


##cites, the cause is cancer. college can pose challenges for the student with asthma. new and unfamiliar living quarters, school and social stresses, and other factors can trigger a flare - up. it ' s important to understand common terms used in asthma management. by recognizing the early warning signs and talking with your health care provider, you can help keep little flare - ups from turning into big ones. research shows that informed, supportive teachers and staff can play a big role in helping students manage their asthma. when the weather turns cold, it ' s a good idea to move your workout indoors. you may be wondering what questions the provider will ask or what tests and exams your child will need. your new inhaler is better for the environment and just as good for your asthma as your old inhaler. try to breathe evenly while chewing. if you begin feeling short of breath, take a break between bites. if you think you may have allergies, talk with your health care provider about getting tested. add can have a significant social impact on a person ' s life, affecting relationships in the family and on the job. if allergies bother you in the fall, you ’ re most likely sensitive to one or more molds, weeds, trees or grasses. putting babies to sleep on their backs has dramatically reduced the incidence of sids. one unexpected side effect : many infants now have a flattened head. eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia have risen steadily to affect nearly 10 million women ( and 1 million men ).


here are some interesting facts about the march 2, 2012 tornado outbreak. the first tornado on record for martin county, kentucky occurred on march 2, 2012. the first tornadoes of ef2 intensity or greater on record for menifee, magoffin, johnson and martin counties occured on march 2, 2012. the tornado that hit west liberty on march 2, 2012 was the longest tracked tornado in the united states last year. this tornado had a continuous path of an astonishing 85 miles through eastern kentucky and western west virginia, the path length of this tornado in kentucky alone was 60 miles, making it the second longest tracked tornado in kentucky going back to 1950. for records extending back to 1950, the only tornado with a longer path length in kentucky was an f4 tornado on april 3, 1974 that had a path length of 79 miles through anderson, franklin and scott counties. the path of the tornado that hit salyersville also extended an amazing 49 miles in kentucky and west virginia. the tornado that hit the east bernstadt area of laurel county had a path length of 7 miles and the tornado that hit bath county had a path length close to 7 1 / 2 miles. total path length of all the tornadoes that hit the jackson national weather service ( nws ) forecast office service area on march 2, 2012 was 98. 3 miles. this was the second greatest combined total path length for a tornado outbreak on record for the jackson nws service area. the tornadoes from the april 3, 1974 outbreak produced a total combined path length of 171. 8 miles in the nws jackson service area. however most of the tornadoes in the april 3, 1974 outbreak were over central kentucky, with areas near and east of lake cumberland in the nws jackson service area being especially hard hit. the march 2, 2012 tornado outbreak stands as an event like no other for far eastern kentucky. for more information please see :


the " c " in " ct " stands for " computer " in its broadest sense. think of it as any device using " computer technology ". while this set of devices certainly includes traditional mainframes and minicomputers, as well as your own personal computer, it also includes many others. for example, personal digital assistants ( pdas ) are small, handheld devices that generally have much less power than traditional computers and a more limited set of uses. but as personalized information appliances, pdas are very important when it comes to telephony integration. similarly, a whole new generation of intelligent, programmable consumer electronics products will transform everyday devices such as vcrs, tvs, watches, games, etc., into what we consider to be " computers " for purposes of ct. the telephone network is the largest and single most important network in the world. virtually any human being on the planet is able to interact with any other through the telephone network and it acts as the interconnection between, most other networks in the world. in fact, there are very few people, fax machines, computers or data networks in the world that cannot be reached through the worldwide telephone network. despite the high levels of acceptance for various other forms of information technology, including consumer electronics products and personal computers, the telephone ( in all of its forms ) remains the only communication device that can be considered ubiquitous. ct provides an alternative means of accessing the power of telephony technology. computers are empowering because they allow people to extend their reach, and they can take on time - consuming and non - creative tasks. computer technology allows for tremendous customization and personalization. you can have a user interface and work environment that is optimized for your needs. ct gives you full access to the power of the telephony technology you need in the form that is best for you. a computer working on your behalf becomes your assistant. using ct technology, your computer can screen calls, handle routine requests for information without your intervention, and interact with callers in your absence. the following examples illustrate how computer technology amplifies the power of telephony and makes it more accessible. the promise of ct technology the motivation behind ct is customization and control. the real significance of integrating computer technology with telephony is the opportunity to tie any form of intelligent appliance, whether it be a mainframe computer, personal computer, or other personal information appliance, into the telephone system in order to create a customized, and


hurricane, w. va. - sporting black tape below each eye - one piece reading " go! " and the other " 49ers! " - 8 - year - old caleb allawat left no doubt that he ' s a football fan. his level of engagement during math class monday might have been a little misleading as to his fondness for the subject. thanks to the super bowl statistics used during the lesson, the third - grader was finding math more fun. " because it ' s about football, " caleb said. this is the sixth year sue pate has incorporated statistics from the nfl championship game into her math lessons. an avid football fan herself - one of her sons plays for fairmont state university and the other for hurricane high school - pate said she already was following the statistics in the newspaper. in a " light bulb moment, " she realized the statistics could be a new way to engage her students. " it ' s just using math outside their textbooks in a fun and exciting way. " she usually presents the themed lesson the friday before the big game. because last week ended with a snow day, she had to settle for a little post - game analysis. handing out the super bowl informational graphic published in the daily mail, she asked students to look at the yearly statistics from the baltimore ravens and the san francisco 49ers, the two teams that played in the super bowl. students added up passing yards, determined the dimensions of the playing field and figured out how many touchdowns players scored per game. gianna muto, 9, was one of two students in the class not wearing the purple of the ravens or red of the 49ers. sporting her pittsburgh steelers gear, gianna said she ' s also a big math fan. lessons usually focus on one basic concept, but the football exercise required students to use several different techniques.


a bronze statue of helen keller was unveiled wednesday at the us capitol. while politicians praised keller ’ s work campaigning for people with disabilities, they ignored the radical political involvement that plays another key part of her life story. keller identified as a pacifist, socialist and member of the industrial workers of the world. we speak with keller biographer kim nielsen. [ includes rush transcript ] this is a rush transcript. copy may not be in its final form. juan gonzalez : a bronze statue of helen keller was unveiled wednesday at the us capitol. house speaker nancy pelosi said, quote, " helen keller ignited a century marked by progress for people with disabilities. " keller was born in 1880 in alabama. she lost her sight and hearing before her second birthday. but with the help of her teacher, annie sullivan, keller learned to communicate. during her lifetime she became a prolific author and a world - renowned advocate for people with disabilities. on wednesday, politicians praised keller for campaigning for people with disabilities, for racial equality and for the rights of women. but they ignored another part of helen keller ’ s story : her radical political leanings. she identified as a pacifist, socialist and member of the iww, the industrial workers of the world. to talk more about this often forgotten side of helen keller, we ’ re joined by kim nielsen. she ’ s a professor at the university of wisconsin - green bay and the author or editor of several books on helen keller, including the radical lives of helen keller. kim nielsen, welcome to democracy now! kim nielsen : thank you. good morning. juan gonzalez : can you tell us about this other side of helen keller that most americans probably are not aware of? kim nielsen : sure. helen keller was an incredibly active, political, passionate woman. she became involved in politics very early as an adult and continued throughout the rest of her life. once she was finished with college, she became incredibly concerned about economic inequalities, as you said, joined the socialist party, affiliated with the iww, became a suffragist on behalf of women ’ s suffrage. she sought to educate women about venereal disease, a very taboo topic at that time, and continued similarly the rest of her life. juan gonzalez : how did she get involved in the radical movement initially? kim nielsen : well, in college, she read a lot. she went to radcliffe, which was the female counterpart of harvard at the time. and some of her professors — she also made friends with a man


get involved in the radical movement initially? kim nielsen : well, in college, she read a lot. she went to radcliffe, which was the female counterpart of harvard at the time. and some of her professors — she also made friends with a man named john macy, who became the husband of her teacher. and she toured. she talked to people. she became interested because she cared and because she was very passionate. juan gonzalez : she wrote some essays, including “ why i am a socialist, " and laying out her viewpoints on her political — her adopted political views? kim nielsen : she did. she wrote the essay, as you said. she wrote quite a bit. she wrote about working conditions. she wrote about the lives of people who were poor. she wrote about living conditions. she wrote some about racial inequalities. it was incredibly frustrating to her that she had a hard time selling those things. people wanted to read about her life as a woman with a disability, particularly her life as a child with a disability. but she was able to market some of those materials. she gave speeches. she spoke at rallies. she did as much as she could. and then, in the teens, she went on the vaudeville and the chautauqua circuit and spoke quite a bit there about socialism, about war. she spoke out against world war i as a pacifist. she critiqued it as a money - making venture for industrialists. and she gathered great crowds wherever she went. juan gonzalez : this statue that was unveiled of hers of her as a, i think it was, a seven - year - old girl or as young girl, learning — at the moment that she discovered how words had meaning, could you talk about that? kim nielsen : yes, yes. you know, i haven ’ t seen the statue in person. it was just unveiled yesterday. the pictures i ’ ve seen, it certainly looks like a beautiful statue. what ’ s striking to me is that keller lived to be eighty - eight years old, and we remember her primarily right now as a seven - year - old. and i don ’ t know about you, but when i get to be eighty - eight, i don ’ t want to be remembered for what i did as a seven - year - old. but, you know, it certainly is a beautiful statue. i think it ’ s important to have a statue of someone with a disability in the capitol, someone recognized as a person with a disability. but we tend


a seven - year - old. but, you know, it certainly is a beautiful statue. i think it ’ s important to have a statue of someone with a disability in the capitol, someone recognized as a person with a disability. but we tend, as a culture, to infantilize people with disabilities. and keller was always really frustrated that people only wanted to hear about her life as someone with a disability. but that was a very important moment in her life. and she cared quite a bit for her teacher, anne sullivan macy. and she valued anne sullivan macy and what macy had done. but, you know, she did go on to have a very active adult life, and she really wanted to be remembered for that. juan gonzalez : what about her involvement with the wobblies, the international workers of the world? what did she do? kim nielsen : let ’ s see. my earpiece has just fallen out here. juan gonzalez : ok. kim nielsen : could you say that one more time, please? juan gonzalez : sure. i asked you about her involvement with the wobblies, the international workers of the world. what exactly did she do — - kim nielsen : sure. juan gonzalez : — - as a member of that organization? kim nielsen : sure. well, she — keller loved public events, and she was a prime extrovert, i guess. and she had — went to meetings, certainly. she spoke at rallies, particularly rallies of striking female workers in new england, and raised money for them. she gave money of her own. she publicized and wrote about giving money, so that she would draw attention to the needs of the workers there. that was very important to her. juan gonzalez : and, of course, her involvement in the feminist movement and the battle over women ’ s rights to vote, but at the same time she was critical of the — of just seeing democracy as exercising that right to vote. kim nielsen : yes, she was very interested in women ’ s rights and suffrage and worked on behalf of that in the teens, nineteen - teens. she was affiliated with the national women ’ s party and alice paul, sort of the radical arm of the suffrage movement, and was picketing the white house. she encouraged women to vote in the 1920s. she felt that voting was important, but, as you said, not all. when she traveled post - world war ii, she traveled over fifty countries around the globe and always visited women ’ s organizations there, feminist organizations in


vote in the 1920s. she felt that voting was important, but, as you said, not all. when she traveled post - world war ii, she traveled over fifty countries around the globe and always visited women ’ s organizations there, feminist organizations in the countries to which she traveled. she sought to encourage women in those countries to vote, particularly in countries where women could not vote. she encouraged women ’ s employment, women ’ s education and, as i said, women ’ s education about their bodies and physical illness, venereal disease, support for women in prenatal care. those were always very important issues to her. juan gonzalez : tell as a little bit about her life. how did she grow up and how did she learn to speak? kim nielsen : well, keller grew up in tuscumbia, alabama. her parents were relatively well - off, not quite as well - off after the civil war as they wanted to be. they were devastated by the war. but she grew up there. very early, when she was seven, anne sullivan macy came to tuscumbia, alabama to teach her. i talk about this in my new book, beyond the miracle worker. and macy and she became tremendous friends. macy was a very successful educator with keller and taught her signed language. keller had used some signs to communicate before macy arrived, her teacher, anne sullivan. but keller just grew exponentially with her education once anne sullivan macy arrived, and then largely lived up in new england around boston and perkins school for the blind for a while in new york. and then she and macy stayed together the rest of macy ’ s life, largely, however, living in new england, but they traveled extensively internationally. keller was always involved in international politics. but she lived a very active public life. she loved to read. she loved to talk with people. she loved to eat with people, have dinner with people. she loved to travel to new places. to me, she lived one of the most energetic, amazing lives there was. juan gonzalez : did she ever marry in later life or have children? kim nielsen : she did not marry. she once applied for a marriage license. she fell in love with a man named peter fagan in the late teens. and this was a period of time where eugenics was very strong. many felt that women particularly with disabilities should not marry, should not have children. and keller became engaged to fagan, contrary to the wishes of and the knowledge of everyone in her family


this was a period of time where eugenics was very strong. many felt that women particularly with disabilities should not marry, should not have children. and keller became engaged to fagan, contrary to the wishes of and the knowledge of everyone in her family and her friends. and once it became public news that she had gotten a marriage license, the paparazzi of the time got a hold of this. it hit the newspaper very big, and peter fagan was, in essence, chased out of keller ’ s life. her family was not pleased about this at all. much of the public were questioning. this was a time of great difficulty in anne sullivan macy ’ s life, as well. and keller left the relationship. and i think that was very hard for her. she didn ’ t write that much about that the rest of her life. she left that topic alone and didn ’ t leave me, as a historian, the juicy letter i wanted. but she did have that romantic relationship. she always had a great deal of friends the rest of her life and, you know, loved to eat with them, as i said, to travel with them. she was a dear friend of jo davidson, who was a political activist and sculptor after world war ii, and talked with him extensively about progressive politics. but she always remained as passionate and interested in friends and travel for the rest of her life. juan gonzalez : well, kim nielsen, professor of history and women ’ s and gender studies at the university of wisconsin - green bay, i ’ d like to thank you for being with us on this week when, in congress, a new statue of helen keller was unveiled in the capitol.


definition of gypsy : 1. a cunning or crafty person 2. a dark - complexioned person. 3. alt. of gipsy, moth 4. one of a vagabond race, whose tribes, coming originally from india, entered europe in 14th or 15th centry, and are now scattered over turkey, russia, hungary, spain, england, etc., living by theft, fortune telling, horsejockeying, tinkering, etc. cf. bohemian, romany. 5. pertaining to, or suitable for, gypsies. 6. the language used by the gypsies. 7. to play the gypsy ; to picnic in the woods. - you mane a gypsy that rides round the counthry? - " flamsted quarries ", mary e. waller. - but will and joe and the gypsy puglioni went back to their gin, and robbed and cheated again in the tavern of foul repute, and knew not that in their sinful lives they had sinned one sin at which the angels smiled. - " the sword of welleran and other stories ", lord dunsany. - the eyes of the stranger and the gypsy met. - " the redemption of david corson ", charles frederic goss.


if you ’ ve ever experienced heartburn and were left stumped as to what the cause was, perhaps you should turn your gaze toward the bottom of your cup – your coffee cup, that is. experts from the university of california, los angeles, are suggesting that alcohol and caffeinated beverages can have a direct effect on heartburn. this is because a ring of muscle located between the stomach and esophagus called the “ lower esophageal sphincter ” can be temporarily affected by alcohol and caffeine in some people. as reported by npr, ucla gastroenterologist kevin ghassemi, explained that this muscle is meant to be closed at all times except for when food is passing into the esophagus. but because alcohol relaxes it, it creates an opening. and when this happens, he says, stomach acid can come back up into the esophagus, which is reflux – which is what causes the burning sensation we experience with heartburn. furthermore, ghassemi makes the link to caffeine as well saying, “ the caffeine that ’ s in coffee or other caffeinated beverages also will relax the sphincter muscle. ” if you ’ re one of the lucky few who doesn ’ t experience heartburn after consuming caffeine or alcohol, consider yourself normal. ghassemi points out that some people are naturally predisposed due to a “ weak or faulty sphincter muscle. ” this, he says, can often be influenced by being overweight or obese because it increases the risk. previous studies have suggested that spicy and acidic foods can be a contributing factor to conditions like acid reflux and heartburn. but a study by gastroenterologist karthik ravi of the mayo clinic, would suggest otherwise. according to ravi ’ s research, people are afraid of foods like citrus and tomato sauce because they fear their acidity may be problematic. but this fear is unfounded, he says, suggesting that there ’ s actually little evidence proving that these foods actually increase acid secretion. so what ’ s a person to draw from these studies? ravi suggests focusing more on how you eat rather than what you eat. for instance, if you ’ re craving a burger, have one, but keep it within a reasonable portion size and only eat a few fries rather than opting for a double whopper and super size fry. doing so, he says, will not only help control reflux symptoms, but also establish mindful eating


research | / animal behavior how do pets find their way home? scientists say it could be chemical trails, magnetism more science stories local stories from thisweek - police believe employee helped stage robbery in grove city - columbus sets priorities for $ 842 million bond package - mcclure to be named new uahs principal - eat and run : changes to hayes cafeteria stress efficiency researchers are looking at ways all kinds of animals find their way home. a couple from west palm beach, fla., lost their cat in daytona beach in november, only to have the animal show up two months later less than a mile from their house. the cat had apparently walked 200 miles. an australian cat reportedly traveled 1, 000 miles over the course of a year to get home. bobbie the wonder dog was a minor celebrity in the 1920s after walking home to oregon from indiana. a labrador named buck traveled 500 miles from winchester, va., to myrtle beach, s. c., last year. how do animals find their way home from such great distances? “ rats and dogs follow scent trails, ” says matthijs van der meer, who studies the neuroscience of spatial decision - making at the university of waterloo in canada. “ worms follow chemical trails, moving in the direction that increases the concentration of the chemicals that attract them. ” birds, perhaps the most famed animal navigators, can detect earth ’ s magnetic field. when a goose is migrating north for the summer, one of its strategies is to sense the planet ’ s magnetic north and go toward it. the task is much more complicated when an animal can ’ t directly sense its goal. it needs a new set of capabilities. the most fundamental is memory : it has to remember something about the place it wants to be. cats, dogs, even birds all have this sort of ability. another fundamental skill is the ability to relate one ’ s location to other places, what we humans refer to as a sense of direction. “ a pigeon can detect north using its magnetic sense, ” van der meer says, “ but that doesn ’ t help if it needs to go east. it has to add the additional knowledge of knowing the relationship between north and east. ” scientists don ’ t know whether and how strongly mammals can sense magnetic north, but they have other orientation strategies. mammals have tiny hairs inside their ears that are pushed to one side or the other as they turn, telling the brain that the body is rotating. visualizing location is another orientation strategy. when someone asks for directions, you might


have other orientation strategies. mammals have tiny hairs inside their ears that are pushed to one side or the other as they turn, telling the brain that the body is rotating. visualizing location is another orientation strategy. when someone asks for directions, you might say, g o right at the church or t urn left when you see the coffee shop. animals also rely on landmarks. according to van der meer ’ s tests, a laboratory rat spun to the point of disorientation will use visual cues, such as a human - made exit sign or a light bulb, as a pole star to find its way home. there is also neurological evidence that other mammals share the human ability to construct a mental map. as a rat explores a maze, special mapmaking neurons called head cells spring into action. but what about that cat who walked from daytona to west palm beach? the ocean was probably a key. west palm beach is 200 miles straight down the coast from daytona. once the cat found the ocean, it had to make only one choice : left or right? “ it ’ s possible cats have a weak magnetic sense or that it remembered which side the ocean was on during the northward journey, ” van der meer says. “ but it may have been a lucky guess. ”


by manuela braun only andreas knoblach ' s legs hang out from under the cover of the ' cockpit '. they are dangling in five metres above the ground while the enormous robotic arm slowly swivels the virtual - reality ' capsule ' and its occupant and moves along a track in front of a large screen. mountains, valleys and meadows are visible. knoblach can see the same scene on a screen in front of him. he is about to begin a flight that simulates everything. it lasts only a few minutes and he has already turned upside down and back again. the robotic arm moves forwards and backwards, swivelling the man at the joystick up and back down again. finally the german aerospace center ( deutsches zentrum fur luft - und raumfahrt ; dlr ) scientist ends up sitting upside down in the capsule while he flies virtually through the air in a twin - engine light aircraft, working his way through spectacular aerobatic manoeuvres. the forces affecting him as he does so allow him to experience one thing in particular : how it feels when the acceleration pushes a pilot into his seat. the same applies to the simulation of a light aircraft, a trip in a virtual car or a helicopter flight. andreas knoblach in the robot motion simulator a whole body experience researchers at the dlr institute of robotics and mechatronics have achieved this by significantly extending the freedom of movement of a conventional robocoaster, as they are known in amusement parks. the robotic arm is not attached to a fixed point but travels forwards and backwards on a 10 - metre - long track, along with the capsule and its occupant. " this enables us to carry out even larger manoeuvres such as evasive tactics with almost complete accuracy, " says dlr researcher tobias bellmann. among other things, he is responsible for the path planning, which sets out the sequence of movements for the robotic arm. " translating acceleration in the real world to the simulated world is a complex task. " the simulator ' s movements further enhance perception with the eyes and ears, through the whole body ' s perception – acceleration, rolling turns or braking manoeuvres travel through the legs, eyes and balance system and ultimately give the impression that you are actually sitting in an aircraft. simulator carries out control movements up in the air, andreas knoblach can feel with his own body how well his colleagues have implemented the path planning algorithms. with his right hand on the joystick, he controls


you are actually sitting in an aircraft. simulator carries out control movements up in the air, andreas knoblach can feel with his own body how well his colleagues have implemented the path planning algorithms. with his right hand on the joystick, he controls his ' plane ' independently above the alps, flies upwards close to a mountainside and dives back into the valley beyond the ridge. robocoasters have already been used in amusement parks for some time – although in those cases the robotic arm executes a preset program that the passengers cannot alter during the ride. but it is quite different in the hall at the dlr site in oberpfaffenhofen – every control movement made by the pilot is implemented directly by the dlr robot motion simulator. project leader johann heindl in the control room andres knoblach ' s face is visible on a monitor in the control room. a small camera is transmitting the image from the capsule. project leader johann heindl sits and watches the computer screens and displays. " everything ok? " he asks ; the pilot and ground team communicate with one another via radio. a panic button in the capsule ensures that the robotic arm can return to its starting position quickly and gently in the event of an emergency. this is not the first time knoblach has flown and he knows how far he can trust himself and the dlr robot motion simulator. modular system for new scenarios enabling the dlr robot motion simulator to respond so flexibly to all its pilot ' s input requires a great deal of work in advance. the vehicle or plane ’ s acceleration is calculated using a set of algorithms to move the robotic arm. driving and flight dynamics libraries that the institute has developed form the basis for the simulations. for example, various aircraft masses, engine powers, wind strengths and air currents have been stored for flight simulations. this means that new scenarios can be created from these various elements via a modular system and precise path planning can be carried out. progress using a newly - developed simulator capsule fast turns in the new capsule using a newly - developed simulator capsule that is currently being tested, researchers at the dlr institute of robotics and mechatronics are taking another step towards the most realistic simulations possible. different mounting points enable the new capsule on the robotic arm to simulate additional scenarios. fast turning manoeuvres such as spinning in a car or helicopter are just as possible as a horizontal roll in an aircraft. during the simulation, the passenger is almost completely enclosed and sees the virtual landscape or road not on a small


additional scenarios. fast turning manoeuvres such as spinning in a car or helicopter are just as possible as a horizontal roll in an aircraft. during the simulation, the passenger is almost completely enclosed and sees the virtual landscape or road not on a small screen, but as a stereo projection on the entire inner surface of the capsule. in addition to this 3d view, authentic background noise is supplied via loudspeakers. the interior of the capsule can be modified depending on the simulation – if the passenger is meant to have the illusion of driving on a racing circuit in a car, a steering wheel and pedals are installed ; if he is a pilot flying through the air, the capsule is fitted with a side stick, rudder pedals and a throttle lever. " thus, the simulator can be set up in different ways, " says bellmann. the individual instrument packages are complete units with control instruments, seat and loud speakers and can also be used separately as a static simulator. " we want to develop a new type of simulator that is not only cheaper than comparable simulators by a factor of 10 or even 20 because of its mass - produced robotic mechanics, but also has a much larger working area for the same installation space. " in the robot motion simulator, andreas knoblach has already experienced that – luckily – virtual reality also has its limits. after several climbs and dives, curves and loops, he flies straight into a mountain ; but the crash has no consequences. " we haven ' t enabled any collisions, " says bellmann on the ground. " purely for safety reasons. "